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import SwiftUI
import UIKit
import MaasCore
private struct CornerRadiusButton: EnvironmentKey {
static var defaultValue: CGFloat { CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale.Default().ButtonRadius) }
}
public extension EnvironmentValues {
var cornerRadiusButton: CGFloat {
get { self[CornerRadiusButton.self] }
set { self[CornerRadiusButton.self] = newValue }
}
}
public struct CornerRadius {
public let value: CGFloat
public static var none: CornerRadius { .init(value: CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale().none)) }
public static var xxs: CornerRadius { .init(value: CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale().xxs)) }
public static var xs: CornerRadius { .init(value: CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale().xs)) }
public static var sm: CornerRadius { .init(value: CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale().sm)) }
public static var lg: CornerRadius { .init(value: CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale().lg)) }
public static var xl: CornerRadius { .init(value: CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale().xl)) }
public static var round: CornerRadius { .init(value: CGFloat(CornerRadiusScale().round)) }
}
|
X11 BIRDS OF LAGPLATA
brother, residing in Buenos Ayres. In acknowledging the book he charged his brother with a message to me, and his letter, written in Spanish, was sent on to me in London. The message, translated, was as follows : ““ Why are you staying on in England, and what can you do there: I have looked at your romance and find it not unreadable, but this you must know is not your line—the one thing you are best fitted to do. Come back to your own country and come to me here in Cordova, These woods and sierras and rivers have a more plentiful and interesting bird life than that of the pampas and Patagonia. Here I could help you and make it possible for you to dedicate your whole time to observation of the native birds and the fauna generally.” I read the letter with a pang, feeling that his judgment was right : but the message came too late ; I had already made my choice, which was to remain for the rest of my life in this country of my ancestors, which had become mine. Now after so long a time the pang returns, and when I think of that land so rich in bird life, those fresher woods and newer pastures where I might have done so much, and then look back at this— the little I did as shown in these volumes—the reflection is forced on me that, after all, I probably made choice of the wrong road of the two then open to me.
|
Lonely Belle
Plot
A woman named Belle Harding was reported on the city's main "Hugging "statue with a slit throat.
Summary
Victim Murder Weapon Killer SUSPECTS
* Belle Harding (Found with a slit throat in the grasp of a statue.)
-
Killer's profile
* The killer has a wound.
* The killer wears "Eu de Feum" perfume.
* The killer has blue eyes.
* The killer has a crossed eye tattoo.
* The killer has a pearl necklace.
Steps
Chapter 1
-
Chapter 2
-
Chapter 3
-
Additional investigation
-
|
import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import { BasePickerListBelow, makeStyles, Text } from '@fluentui/react';
import { useScreenClass } from 'react-grid-system';
const useStyles = makeStyles((theme) => ({
item: {
textAlign: 'center',
padding: theme.spacing.m,
color: theme.palette.neutralSecondary,
marginTop: theme.spacing.s2,
'& > *': {
padding: theme.spacing.s2,
border: `1px solid ${theme.palette.themeSecondary}`,
},
},
suggestion: {
padding: theme.spacing.m,
},
root: {
'& input': {
backgroundColor: theme.palette.white,
color: theme.palette.neutralTertiary,
'& ::placeholder': {
color: theme.palette.neutralTertiary,
},
},
},
}));
const defaultGetText = (item) => item.text;
const defaultRenderSuggestionItem = (getText, classes) => (item) => (
<div className={classes.suggestion}>
<Text variant="mediumPlus">{getText(item)}</Text>
</div>
);
const defaultRenderItem = (getText, classes) => (item) => (
<div className={classes.item} key={item.key}>
<Text variant="mediumPlus">{getText(item)}</Text>
</div>
);
const SinglePicker = ({
options,
getTextFromItem,
selected,
onSelect,
onRenderItem,
onRenderSuggestionsItem,
placeholder = 'Select or search a value in the list...',
className,
styles,
maxHeight,
}) => {
const classes = useStyles();
const sc = useScreenClass();
const [_selected, setSelected] = useState([]);
const [maxWidth, setMaxwidth] = useState(200);
const inputRef = useRef();
const getText = getTextFromItem || defaultGetText;
const renderItem = onRenderItem || defaultRenderItem(getText, classes);
const renderSuggestionsItem = onRenderSuggestionsItem
|| defaultRenderSuggestionItem(getText, classes);
const handleFilter = (filter, suggestions) => {
if (filter === '') return suggestions;
return options.filter(
(option) => getText(option).toLowerCase().indexOf(filter.toLowerCase()) !== -1,
);
};
const handleSelect = (item) => {
if (onSelect) {
onSelect(item);
}
setSelected([item]);
};
useEffect(() => {
if (inputRef.current) {
setMaxwidth(inputRef.current.clientWidth);
}
}, [inputRef, sc]);
return (
<div ref={inputRef} className={`${classes.root} ${className}`}>
<BasePickerListBelow
inputProps={{
placeholder,
}}
pickerCalloutProps={{
styles: {
root: {
width: maxWidth,
},
},
}}
pickerSuggestionsProps={{
styles: {
suggestionsContainer: {
maxHeight,
},
},
}}
styles={styles}
selectedItems={selected ? [selected] : _selected}
onItemSelected={handleSelect}
onEmptyResolveSuggestions={() => options}
onResolveSuggestions={handleFilter}
onRenderItem={({ item }) => renderItem(item)}
getTextFromItem={getText}
onRenderSuggestionsItem={renderSuggestionsItem}
/>
</div>
);
};
SinglePicker.propTypes = {
options: PropTypes.arrayOf(
PropTypes.shape({
key: PropTypes.string,
}),
).isRequired,
getTextFromItem: PropTypes.func,
selected: PropTypes.shape({
key: PropTypes.string,
}),
onSelect: PropTypes.func,
onRenderItem: PropTypes.func,
onRenderSuggestionsItem: PropTypes.func,
placeholder: PropTypes.string,
className: PropTypes.string,
styles: PropTypes.shape({
input: PropTypes.shape({}),
itemsWrapper: PropTypes.shape({}),
root: PropTypes.shape({}),
screenReaderText: PropTypes.shape({}),
text: PropTypes.shape({}),
}),
maxHeight: PropTypes.string,
};
SinglePicker.defaultProps = {
getTextFromItem: defaultGetText,
selected: null,
onSelect: null,
onRenderItem: null,
onRenderSuggestionsItem: null,
placeholder: 'Select or search a value in the list...',
className: '',
styles: null,
maxHeight: '600px',
};
export default SinglePicker;
|
MVVM with Knockout.js
I'm trying to implement a MVVM based Single Page Application and currently am using the framework Knockout.js to handle the viewmodel/view portion of MVVM. I'm confused though, as every example I've looked at for implementing Knockout involves saving an entire viewmodel to the database. Aren't these examples missing a "model" step, where the viewmodel syncs with the data-layer model and the model does validation / Server synchronization.
I would like to have multiple different templates/views on the single page each with a different viewmodel. Another thing that I find is missing with knockout.js is synchronizing a single model (not viewmodel) across different views. I don't think it makes sense to have one giant viewmodel that every view shares, so I was thinking that each view would have its own viewmodel but each viewmodel would sync with the fields of just a few application-wide models that are needed for each view.
The page I'm working on fetches a giant model (30+ fields, multiple layers of parent/child relationships) and I think it makes sense to just have all of my viewmodels sync with this model. I have investigated Knockback.js (which combines knockout.js and backbone.js) however I ended up re-writing the majority of the functions such as fetch, set, save, because the page is getting data from an API (and I can't just sync an entire model back and forth with the server) so I decided against it.
visual example of my application:
(model layer)
M | M
(viewmodel/view layer) VM-V | VM-V | VM-V | VM-V
another example
An example model would be User = {firstName: "first", lastName: "last", ... }
one viewmodel only needs first name, another viewmodel only needs last name
ViewModelA={firstName: app.User.firstName()}ViewModelB={firstName: app.User.lastName()}
Is the only way to do this to define a pub/sub system for Model and Viewmodel changes? Is this even good/maintainable architecture? Am I missing a basic concept here? All advice welcome.
If I read this correctly, there's a lot of questions in here all focused on how to build a MVVM / SPA with Knockout. There are a few things to tackle, as you pointed out. One is how to communicate between viewmodel/view pairs.
Master ViewModel
One way to do that is to have a master viewmodel as the answer from @Tyrsius. Your shell could have a viewmodel that binds more available data. The master viewmodel could orchestrate the child view models, too. If you go this route then you have to be careful to bind the outer shell to the master viewmodel and the inner ones to specific HTML elements in the DOM. The master viewmodel could facilitate the communication between them if need be.
Decoupled View/ViewModel Pairs
Another option is to use viewmodel/view pairs and no master viewmodel. Each view is loaded into a region of the DOM and bound on its own. They act as separate units and are decoupled from one another. You could use pub/sub to then talk between the, but if all you need is a way for the data to be synched through observables, Knockout provides many options. The one I like is to have each viewmodel surface model objects. So a view has a viewmodel which surfaces data (from a model) that is specific for the view. So many viewmodels may surface the same model in different ways. So when a view updates a viewmodel property (that is in a model) it then ripples to any other loaded viewmodel that also uses the same model.
DataContext
Going a bit further, you could create a datacontext module that manages the data in the models. You ask the datacontext for a model (ex: list of customers) and the datacontext checks if it has them cahced already and if not, it goes and gets them from an ajax call. Either way that is abstracted from the view model and models. The datacontext gets the data and returns a model(s) to the viewmodel. This way you are very decoupled, yet you can share the data (your models) via the datacontext.
I could go on and on ... but please tell me if this is answering your question. If not, happy to answer any other specifics.
** Disclaimer: I'm building a Pluralsight course on SPA's (using Knockout and this strategy) :-)
First off, sorry for the delayed response John and @Tysirius, I got put on another project for the past week.
I really like the Decoupled V/VM structure that you're suggesting. I like the idea of an overall model persisting regardless of what "page" you're on in the SPA.
Essentially, how I interpreted it was that I have a model which has say 10 fields (right now all ko.observable()), then multiple View Models that sync with a partial representation of that model (only a few of the fields), and the "rippling" is working brilliantly.
Hi John, I found this post after reading your blog on the SPA KnockoutJs template. In the template there is a form tag has submit: addTodo then makes a server roundtrip, I've been attempting to do this from a button click and no roundtrip ie. simple push and its flummoxed me - do you know how I might invoke the todoList.prototype.addTodo function from the datacontext? or is this a bad idea? great sample btw!
@MikeW I'm not following. Sound slike you want a buttom to call a function. Use the click binding to do this and call the function in the viewmodel. The viewmodel should then make any datacontext calls that you want. Don;t couple the datacontext to the view. Make sense?
This is a popular field of interest right now, so I expect you will get some better answers, but here goes.
The Model
Yes, you should absolutely have a server-side representation of the data, which is your model. What this is depends on your server, and your database. For MVC3, this is your entity model. For Django or Ruby, your will have defined db models as part of your db setup. This part is up to your specific technology. But agian, yes you should have a model, and the server should absolutely perform data-validation.
The Application (ViewModel)
It is recommended that your views each have their own viewmodel. Your page could then also have a viewmodel, an App Viewmodel if you will, that keeps track of all of them. If you go this route, the app viewmodel should be responsible for switching between the views, and implementing any other application level logic (like hash bashed navigation, another popular single page tool). This hierarchy is very important, but not always simple. It will come down to the specific requirements of your application. You are not limited to one, flat viewmodel. This is not the only possible method.
Ad Hoc Example:
var ThingViewModel = function(name, data){
this.name = ko.observable(name);
//Additional viewmodel stuffs
};
var AppViewModel = function(initialData){
//Process initial data
this.thing = new ThingViewModel(someName, someData);
};
I am working on a similar project right now, purely for study (not a real world app), that is hosted here on GitHub, if you would like to take a look at some real exmaples. Note, the dev branch is quite a bit ahead of the master branch at the moment. I'm sure it contains some bad patterns (feel free to point them out, I am learning too), but you might be able to learn a few things from it anyway.
Hi there! - re: your point on "you should absolutely have a server-side representation of the data" , does this mean that each change to your viewmodel should go via the server first?
Absolutely not! What I meant was that a model class should exist on the server, because the server is persisting this data (usually to a database), and the server has to work with it. Knockout viewmodel operations should remain on the client as much as possible.
I have a similarly complex solution in which I am reworking a WPF application into a web version. The WPF version dealt with complex domain objects which it bound to views by way of presenter models.
In the web version I have implemented simplified and somewhat flattened server-side view models which are translated back and forth from / to domain objects using Automapper. Then those server-side view models are sent back and forth to the client as JSON and mapped into / onto corresponding Knockout view models (instantiable functions which each take responsibility for creating their children with sub-mapping options) using the mapping plugin.
When I need to save / validate my UI, I map all or part of my Knockout view model back to a plain Javascript object, post it as JSON, the MVC framework binds it back to server-side view models, these get Automapped back to domain objects, validated and possibly updated by our domain layer, and then a revised full or partial graph is returned and remapped.
At present I have only one main page where the Knockout action takes place but I anticipate that like you, I will end up with multiple contexts which need to deal with the same model (my domain objects) pulled as differing view models depending on what I'm doing with them.
I have structured the server side view model directories etc in anticipation of this, as well as the structure of my Knockout view models. So far this approach is working nicely. Hope this helps.
thanks for this answer, I haven't started the JSON mapping yet but I'm sure this will come in handy!
During a project i developed a framework (which uses KnockoutJS) which provides decoupled View/ViewModel pairs and allows to instantiate subviews in a view. The whole handling of the view and subview instantiation is provided by the framework. It works like MVVM with XAML in WPF.
Have a look at http://visto.codeplex.com
|
Added 3D Parallax Effect
Changes
Added orientation.lock after entering fullscreen to lock orientation to portrait mode on supported browsers
Added a layer of stars to the 7-planets story to have a better parallax effect
Implemented the 3d parallax effect using deviceorientation (enabled by default on all pages)
Implemented a per-page opt-out attribute no-3d-parallax
Closed in favor of ampproject/amphtml#12168
|
SpongeBob SquarePants: Patrick SmartPants/SquidBob TentaclePants Credits (2005)
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Stephen Hillenburg
LINE PRODUCER
Dina Buteyn
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Jennie Monica
ART DIRECTOR
Peter Bennett
SUPERVISING DIRECTOR
Alan Smart
STORY EDITORS
Steven Banks
Tim Hill
WRITERS
Dani Michaeli
Paul Tibbitt
CAST OF "PATRICK SMARTPANTS"
Tom Kenny
SpongeBob,
Old Head
Bill Fagerbakke
Patrick
Rodger Bumpass
Squidward
Mr. Lawrence
Plankton
Carolyn Lawrence
Sandy
Keith Dickens
Belcher
CAST OF "SQUIDBOB TENTACLEPANTS"
Tom Kenny
SpongeBob, Gary, Narrator,
Male Fish, Skeleton Fish
Rodger Bumpass
Squidward, Doctor,
Audience Fish #3
Clancy Brown
Mr. Krabs
Carolyn Lawrence
Sandy
Jill Talley
Female Fan, Teacher,
Mrs. Smith
Dee Bradley Baker
Timmy, Therapist, Alien #1
Sirena irwin
Alien Fish #2,
Audience Fish #2, Lady Fish
Mark Fite
Male Fish, Male Fish ,
Audience Fish #1
CASTING DIRECTOR
Maryanne Dacey
CASTING ASSISTANT
Shannon Reed
SUPERVISING RECORDING ENGINEER
Justin Brinsfield
2nd RECORDING ENGINEER
Mishelle Smith
ORIGINAL CHARACTER DESIGN
Stephen Hillenburg
STORYBOARD ARTISTS
Clint Bond
John Magness
Maureen Mascarina
Ted Seko
Marcelo Souza
Monica Tomova
Brad Vandergrift
STORYBOARD REVISIONIST
Karen Heathwood
CHARACTER & PROP DESIGNER
Robert Ryan Cory
CLEANUP ARTIST
Derek L'estrange
LAYOUT SUPERVISOR
Kenny Pittenger
BG LAYOUT DESIGN
Olga Gerdjikov
BACKGROUND PAINTERS
Peter Bennett
Kit Boyce
Andy Clark
COLOR KEY SUPERVISOR
Teale Reon Wang
PRODUCTION COORDINATORS
Derek Iverson
Noeli Rosas
WRITING COORDINATOR
Melissa Webster
PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS
Devon Lombardi
George Rincon
FINAL CHECKER
Misoon Kim
SHEET TIMERS
Andrew Overtoom
Tom Yasumi
Alan Smart
POST PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR
Eric Weyenberg
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Jason Stiff
ADDITIONAL POST PRODUCTION SERVICES
Andre Boutilier
J.F. Kinyon
SUPERVISING PICTURE EDITOR
Christopher Hink
PICTURE EDITOR
Lynn Hobson
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Justin "Resident" Smith
CG SUPERVISOR
Ernest Chan
ANIMATIC EDITOR
Steve Downs
POST PRODUCTION SOUND
SUPERVISOR AND MIXER
Timothy J. Borquez
SOUND FX DESIGNER & EDITOR
Jeffery Hutchins
DIALOGUE EDITOR
Mishelle Smith
RE-RECORDING MIXER
Eric Freeman
FOLEY TEAM
Monette Becktold
Tony Orozco
MUSIC EDITOR
Nicolas Carr
MUSIC COMPOSED BY
Steve Belfer
Nicolas Carr
Sage Guyton
Barry Anthony
Jeremy Wakefield
SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS THEME
SONG LYRICS BY
Stephen Hillenburg
Derek Drymon
COMPOSED BY
Hank Smith Music
PERFORMED BY
Pat Pinney
DAVINCI COLORIST
Dexter P.
POST PRODUCTION SERVICES
Hacienda Post
Encore
ANIMATION SERVICES
Rough Draft Studios, Korea
OVERSEAS SUPERVISOR
Scott Mansz
LIVE ACTION ISLAND FOOTAGE BY
Bad Clams Productions, inc.
TITLE STILL PHOTOGRAPHY BY
David Frapwell
DEVELOPED BY
Derek Drymon
Tim Hill
Nicholas R. Jennings
SPECIAL THANKS
Margie Cohn
Mark Taylor
Claudia Spinelli
EXECUTIVE IN CHARGE FOR
NICKELODEON
Eric Coleman
"SpongeBob SquarePants" and all related logos,
titles and characters are trademarks of Viacom International Inc.
(C)2005 Viacom International Inc. All rights reserved.
United Plankton Pictures inc.
Nicktoons (2005) (SpongeBob SquarePants)
|
NAVITACTICS. 509
These consisted of balistsc, for hurling stones heavy enough to pierce the bottom of the opposing ship, and sink it, as they fell ; dolphins, or battering rams, of iron, suspended from the mast, and made to swing, with heavy blows, against the sides of the enemy ; or crows, which were long beams with iron hooks at the prows, first used by the Roman consul Duillius, to grapple with the Carthaginian fleet ; by means of which the Romans were at once enabled to board their enemy. Ignited combustibles were sometimes thrown upon the foe, to burn his vessels; and the Greek fire, invented at a late period, served this purpose most effectually, as it could not be extinguished. The ancient mode of drawing up a fleet, was in the form of a trian gle : the admiral's ship being in front ; the others extending from his, in two diverging lines ; and the store ships forming a connecting line in the rear.
With the general introduction of fire arms, and improvement of navigation and ship-building, naval warfare assumed a new aspect. Ships of war were built so large that oars became insufficient to move them ; and they were propelled by means of sails alone. Port holes, were invented by Decharges, a French navitect at Brest, in 1500; and the Great Harry, of 1000 tons burthen, built in 1509, under Henry VII., was the first British ship of war which carried guns on two decks. In the reign of James I., ten ships were built, of 1400 tons burthen, and 64 guns each ; but they, were still inferior in size to the ships of the Spanish and Portuguese. The earlier ships of war were greatly encumbered by lofty forecastles and quarterdecks, forming as it were, towers at the ends of the ship, but greatly impeding her sailing, increasing her exposure, and diminishing her force. The use of naval signals, is said to have been improved and extended by the Duke of York ; but it is only within the last century that the evolutions of fleets have been reduced to anything like system. The invention of the mode of attack by breaking the enemy's line, is claimed by Mr. Clerk ; who wrote on this subject in 1779 : but its originality has been strongly disputed by Sir Howard Douglass.
Our own country may claim to have made some decided improve ments, both in naval architecture, and naval tactics ; as the results of former wars abundantly testify. The introduction of Paixhan guns, throwing shells of great, weight horizontally, is likely to render naval warfare more hazardous, and its results more decisive than they have hitherto been deemed. This we regard as a happy omen : for the more dangerous war becomes, the less disposed will nations be to engage in it. The use of steam, for propelling large vessels, is also likely to make some change in naval warfare ; though it will not probably turn the balance of power, unless it be against those who neglect it. The idea has been entertained by some persons, that the use of steam batteries, for harbor defence, will supersede the necessity of fortifications on shore. This opinion we cannot adopt : but considering the great advantage which forts possess over floating batteries, in regard to safety, certainty of aim, and permanency, where they are well planned and constructed, we think they must continue to be regarded as an essential element of coast and harbor defence.
|
FOR CARPENTERS AND BUILDERS.
Hussey's National Cottage Architecture ; or, Homes for Every One. — With Designs, Plans, Details, Specifications, and Cost ; with Working Scale, Drawings complete, so that Houses may be built direct from the book. Adapted to the popular demand for practical, handsome, and economical homes. Royal Quarto. Six Dollars, post-paid.
Houses. — Illustrated with about 150 engravings. Hints and Suggestions as to the General Principles of House-building, Style, Cost, Locutiou, etc. Post-paid, $1.50. Monckton's National Stair-Builder. — Is a complete work on Stair-Building and Hand-Railing. Fully explained and illustrated by large scale diagrams, in two colors, ■with designs for Staircases, Newels, Balusters, and Hand-RaUs. Royal Quarto. Postpaid, $6.00 Monckton's National Carpenter and Joiner. — A complete work, covering the whole science of Carpentry, Joinery, Roofing, Framing, etc., fully explained and illustrated by large scale diagrams in two colors. Royal Quarto. Postp.iid, $6.00. Woodward's National Architect.— 1,000 Designs, Plan?, and Details for Country, Suburban, and Village Houses; willi Perspective Views, Front and Side Elevations, Sections, Full Detail Drawings, Si>ecifications, and Estimates. Also, Detail Drawings to Working Scale, of Brackets, Cornices, Frencli Roofs, Sectional and Framing Plans of French Roofs, Dormer- Windows for French Roofs, Bay-Windows, Verand.is, Porches, Plaster Finish, Cornices, Ceilings, Hard-wood ManleU, and all that is required by a Builder to design, specify, erect, and finish in the most approved slj-le. One superb quarto volume. -Post-paid, $12.00
ORANGE JUDD COilPANT.
"Woodward's Suburban and Country Houses. — TO Designs and Plans, and numerous e.\amples of the French Roof. Postpaid, $1.50. "Woodward's Country Homes. -150 Designs and Plans, with Description of the Manner of Constructing Balloon Frames. Post-paid, $1.50. Woodward's G-raperies and Horticultural Buildings.— Designs and Plans of Hot-Beds, Cold-Pils, Propagating Houses, Forcing Houses, Hot and Cold Grajieries, Green Houses, Conservatories, Orchard Houses, etc., with the various modes of Ventilating and Heating. Post-paid, $1.50. Jacques' Manual of the House.— How to Build Dwellings, Barns, St;ibles, and Out-Buildings of all kinds. 136 Designs and Plans. Post-paid, $1.50. Wheeler's Rural Homes.— Houses suited to Country Lite. Post-paid, $2.00. Wheeler's Homes for the People.— 100 Original Designs, wilh lull Descriptions, and Constructive and Miscellaneous Details. Post-paid, $3.00. Harney's Bams, Out-Buildings, and Fences. — Containing Designs and Plans of Stables, Farm-Barns, Oitl-Buildings, Gates, Gateways, Fences, Stable Fittings and Furniture, with nearly 200 Illustrations. Royal quarto. Post-paid, $6.00.
Houses, or Cheap Houses for All Classes, comprising eighty-four pages of designs. The object, in almost every instance in these designs, has been to secure as large an amount of space and comfort as was possible with the least expenditure of money, without neglecting the exterior features of each building. Royal Quarto. Post-paid, $6. Eveleth's School-house Architecture. — A new and original work, containing Seventeen Designs for School-houses, Sixty-sevcu Plates with Perspectives, Elevations, Plans, Sections, Details, Specifications all drawn to working scale, with methods of Heating and Ventilation. Large quarto. Post-paid, $6.00. Copley's Plain and Ornamental Alphabets.^Giving examples in all styles, together with Maps, Titles, Borders, Meridians, Ciphers, Monograms, Flourishes, etc., adapted for the practical use of Surveyors, Civil Engineers, Drau2htsmen, Architects, Sign Painters, Schools, etc. Post-paid, $3.00. Publishers, 245 Broadway, New York. containing a great varittij of Itemi!. indwling viany good Hints and Suggestions vhich n-e thwiv into smailtr type and condensed form, for ivant of gpace dseivhere. Continued from p. 291. Seir-Opcuing Oate.— "M. M.," Chat> tahoochee. Fla. We do not know of any maniifticturer of any automatic gate, nor do we know of any such gate that i? of practical use; the difficulty of keeping them in working order being too mnch for the patience of the owners. A really serviceable gate of this kind would be very desirable. Caliooii-s Ifiroadcast So-wer,— " S. H. J.," Colfax Co., New Mexico. We c mnot vouch for the trutli of the represeiitationa made by the engravings of the Cahoou's Broadcast Sower, as to the vigorous and eflective ecattering of the seed, but we do know it to be a good machine for sowing seed broadcast, and that it does its work better and more quickly than hand sowing. To Remove Mildew.— "Mrs. A. G.," Louisville, Ky. Chloride of lime water will remove mil- ■ dew from cotton cloth or linen. A large teaepoonful of the fresh chloride is stirred into a quart of water and strained. The cloth is dipped in the solution, and laid in the sunlight for a few minutes ; if this is not eftective, the dipping should be repealed. This will not injure the cloth, if sufficiently weak, and the cloth is well rinsed in clear water, as soon as the spots are discharged. Cement or Plank Floors.— "C. H. C, Owatonna, Minn. The relative cost of cement and plank floors are as follows. One barrel of cement, three barrels of sand, and seven barrels of coarse gravel or broken stone will lay 25 cubic feet of concrete, or 75 square feet of stat.le floor, four inches thick. At $4 per bbl. for the cement, the cost of cement alone would be $.V2 for a floor of about 1000 square feet, or for a stable of 40x55 feet. If plank can be procured for $16 a thousand feet, b. m., the same floor will cost for this material only $32. The labor of laying a cement floor is many tiraea greater than that of laying a plank floor, and if it is not skillfully done, it will not last so long. You will doubtless choose the plank floor. PlymontU Rocks, — *' Enquirer,'' Detroit, Mich. Some varieties of Plymouth Rocks have the legs slightly feathered ; this is not a sign of impurity of blood, but whether it is a disqualification for exhibition or not, we arc unable to say. To breed out the leg feathers is probably a judicious course, so as to produce uniformity in the various strains. Chick? may be permanently marked by clipping off any one of the toe claws. Ifle;*ri'inis in Ponllry.— "H, D. W.," Baltimore. When fowls arc over-fed and have but little exercise, they sometimes become dull, sleepy, and stupid, staggering or moping about, or standing or sitting lazily with closed eyes. Water frcqui-nlly drops from the mouth when thns aff"ected. The cause is probably indigestion and inaction of the liver. The usual treatment is to give a tea-spoonful of castor oil daily, reduce the food, turn the fowls out and let them scratch, giving them morning and evening a few pills of bread and castile soap, with a pinch of cayenne pepper in each. HomeoMade Morse-Po^^'er. — '*A. J. W.," Apsley, Out. Asubstatial horsse-power would need much iron work, the castings of which would cost more to make than the ready made machine could be purchased for. It would be better and cheaper to buy a good railroad horse-power than to attempt to make cue. Cattle at the International. — The Centennial Commission proposes to adopt a scale to regulate the respective numbers of each breed of neat or homed cattle to be entered for competition. It is assumed that seven hundred (700) head will cover all desirable entries ; and upon that basis will be calculated the number of stalls which will be apportioned each breed. The scale divides the aggregate number into ten parts, and of these, four-tenths (Vio) ^^e assigned to Short-horns, two-tenths (Vio) to Channel Islands, one-tenth ^Vio) to Devons, one-tenth (Vio) to Holsteins, one-tenth (Vio) to Ayrshires, and one-tenth (Vio) to animals of other pure breeds. The exhibition in each breed will comprehend animals of various ages, as well a3 of both sexes. Draft and fat cattle will be admitted irrespective of breed. The exhibition of horned cattle will open September 20th, 1876, and continue fifteen days. It is desirable that all
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CUCULUS CANORUS.
Cuckoos are fairly numerous about Wei Hai Wei^ and it is surprising never to find tlieir eggs in the nests of Calandrella pispolet.ta. The only egg obtained, m hieh may be safely assigned to this species, Mas found in a nest of Emheriza cioides, and bears a remarkable likeness to that of its host; it was taken on May 28th.
Bubo MAXnyius.
The Eagle-Owl is a resident in the hills near Wei Ilai W"ei, and young birds have been procured there early in INIay. The birds are not common, and they are stated to breed in very difficult places in the hills.
Circus spilonotus.
At North-East Promontory, in September, these Harrier's were very numerous on certain days, hawking over the marshy and grassy places. Almost all seen were females, and they did not remain in the localily for more than about a day.
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Thread:Iamnater1225/@comment-3340859-20180206033741/@comment-3340859-20180206034122
Dipper Pines: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHH!!!
Mabel Pines: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHH!!!!
Eddy and Edd: AAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHH!!!!! (runs off)
SpongeBob and Patrick: (turns around) AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHH!!!!!
Squidward Tentacles: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHH!!!! (as his spots spring up)
Lightning McQueen: AAAAAAAAAAHHHHH!!!
Mater: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!
Cruz Ramirez: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHH!!!
Dusty Crophopper: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHH!!!
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Add create, read, update, and delete operations for the user schema
Making it easier to perform crud operations on the user schema.
Thanks!
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Talk:Deceit (2004 film)
External links modified
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<?php
namespace app\api\resources;
use app\api\models\{Sale, SaleSearch};
use app\models\SoftDeleteQuery;
use tecnocen\roa\actions\SafeDelete as ActionSafeDelete;
use yii\db\ActiveQuery;
/**
* Resource to
*/
class SaleResource extends \tecnocen\roa\controllers\Resource
{
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public function actions()
{
$actions = parent::actions();
$actions['delete']['class'] = ActionSafeDelete::class;
return $actions;
}
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public $idAttribute = 'sale.id';
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public $modelClass = Sale::class;
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public $searchClass = SaleSearch::class;
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
protected function baseQuery(): ActiveQuery
{
return parent::baseQuery()->andFilterDeleted('sale')->innerJoinWith([
'employee' => function (SoftDeleteQuery $query) {
// only active employees
$query->andFilterDeleted('employee');
},
'employee.shop' => function (SoftDeleteQuery $query) {
// only active shops
$query->andFilterDeleted('shop');
},
]);
}
}
|
James A. CARR, Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).
No. 25S04-1004-CR-219.
Supreme Court of Indiana.
Sept. 29, 2010.
Rehearing Denied Dec. 29, 2010.
Jay A. Rigdon, Adam D. Turner, Rock-hill Pinnick LLP, Warsaw, IN, Attorneys for Appellant.
Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana, Arturo Rodriguez II, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.
DICKSON, Justice.
Appealing his conviction for Murder, the defendant alleges four errors: (1) denial of his motion for discharge under Indiana Criminal Rule 4; (2) admission of his statement to a police detective despite his repeated invocation of his right to counsel; (8) limitations on defense questioning of the police detective; and (4) refusal of tendered instructions regarding lesser included offenses. The Court of Appeals affirmed in a memorandum decision. We granted transfer and now reverse and remand for new trial.
The defendant was convicted following a jury trial for the November 4, 2006, murder of Roy Allen Shaffer at Kewanna, Fulton County, Indiana. The killing occurred when the defendant fired his shotgun directly into the victim's face during an argument between the two men. The defendant then drove to a bar in Monterey, Indiana, and admitted the killing to the bartender, stating, "I shot Allen [Shaffer] ... he wouldn't tell me the truth and I just, I just shot him," Tr. at 324, and "I pulled the trigger," id. at 326. The defendant, while in police custody, further described the incident during an ensuing videotaped police interview the day after the crime.
1. Denial of Motion for Discharge for Delay under Criminal Rule 4
The defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his February 4, 2009, motion for discharge pursuant to Indiana Criminal Rule 4(C). He argues that, because two of his continuance requests should have "been propérly attributed to the State," he was not brought to trial within one year as required by the Rule. Appellant's Br. at 18. In relevant part, the Rule provides:
(C) Defendant Discharged. No person shall be held on recognizance or otherwise to answer a criminal charge for a period in aggregate embracing more than one year from the date the criminal charge against such defendant is filed, or from the date of his arrest on such charge, whichever is later; except where a continuance was had on his motion, or the delay was caused by his act, or where there was not sufficient time to try him during such period because of congestion of the court calendar; provided, however, that in the last-mentioned cireumstance, the prosecuting attorney shall file a timely motion for continuance.... Any continuance granted due to a congested calendar or emergency shall be reduced to an order, which order shall also set the case for trial within a reasonable time. Any defendant so held shall, on motion, be discharged.
* * *
(F) Time periods extended. When a continuance is had on motion of the defendant, or delay in trial is caused by his act, any time limitation contained in this rule shall be extended by the amount of the resulting period of such delay caused thereby.
Ind.Crim. R. 4(C) and (F) (emphasis added). Neither party makes any claim of court congestion as a factor in this case.
We first observe that the defendant incorrectly refers to whether delay should be attributed to the State. It has not been uncommon for lawyers and courts to address Rule 4 claims in part by considering whether delay should be "chargeable to the State," but the role of the State is an irrelevant consideration in the analysis. The Rule does not call for any attribution of delay to the State but only for delay attributable to the defendant or insufficient time due to court congestion or emer-geney. To resolve a motion for discharge made under Rule 4(C), it is necessary to identify only those delays attributable to the defendant and those attributable to court congestion or emergency. For purposes of Criminal Rule 4 evaluations, the phrase "chargeable to the State" is an unfortunate misnomer, inexact, and potentially misleading. No purpose is served by devoting time and effort to evaluate whether a delay is "chargeable to the State." The Rule does not involve assessment or attribution of any fault or accountability on the part of the State, but generally imposes upon the justice system the obligation to bring a defendant to trial within a set time period, which is extended by the amount of delay caused by the defendant or under the exception for court calendar congestion or emergency. Employing the rhetoric of "delay chargeable to the State" should be avoided.
Rephrased accordingly, the essence of the defendant's claim here is that the delays caused by two of his continuance motions should not be used to extend the one-year period within which the justice system was required to bring him to trial. He asserts that his August 8, 2007, and November 7, 2007, motions for continuance were necessitated by the State's untimely response to the defendant's request for the autopsy report and the results of firearm testing, and any delay attributable to such motions should not be used to extend the one-year deadline for bringing him to trial. When a trial court grants a defendant's motion for continuance because of the State's failure to comply with the defendant's discovery requests, the resulting delay is not chargeable to the defendant. Isaacs v. State, 673 N.E.2d 757, 762 (Ind.1996).
The defendant's August 8, 2007, motion to continue the trial date initially requested that the resulting delay be "charged to the state," in effect a request that the delay not be charged to the defendant. At the ensuing hearing on August 8, counsel for the defendant said that, "[this is our continuance and therefore the delay [should] be charged to the defendant." Tr. at 54. The trial court rescheduled the trial from August 20, 2007, to January 22, 2008, but expressly noted the defendant's request for delay "Charged to the State withdrawn." Chronological Case Summary (CCS), Appellant's App'x at 5. This continuance motion resulted in a 170-day delay in the scheduled trial date, but in light of the defendant's own declaration, it is properly attributed to the defendant.
On November 7, 2007, the CCS reflects that on motion of the defendant the jury trial was reset from January 22, 2008, to May 6, 2008. This resulted in a 105-day delay in the trial date. The defendant argues that this motion was made "because he had not received certain firearm testing evidence," Appellant's Br. at 11, but this claim is not supported by the record as presented in the CCS and transcript. The reasons given in support of the oral motion instead were the defense counsel's own scheduling conflict and his need for more time to employ and work with a forensic pathologist. Tr. at 62.
The defendant's appellate claim of error in denying his motion for discharge is predicated upon his assertion that these two continuances should not have been charged to the defendant. Rejecting this claim, we find no error in the trial court's decision to charge both delays to the defendant and thus to deny the defendant's motion for discharge under Criminal Rule 4(C).
2. Admission of Custodial Statement Made After Invoking Right to Counsel
The defendant next contends that his custodial statements made during his videotaped interview by police the morning after the crime were improperly admitted into evidence. He asserts that he repeatedly and unequivocally invoked his right to counsel and did not thereafter waive this right. But police ignored his requests and continued the interrogation, resulting in the defendant providing statements that he alleges were a key element in the State's case. The defendant asserts that the admission of the interview evidence violated his right to counsel. The State responds that the defendant's requests for an attorney were equivocal and ambiguous and, if not, that any resulting error was harmless.
As established in Miranda v. Arizona, prior to any questioning of a person taken into custody, "the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed." 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1612, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, 706-07 (1966). If the accused requests counsel, "the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present." Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 482, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 1883, 68 L.Ed.2d 378, 384 (1981) (quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 474, 86 S.Ct. at 1628, 16 L.Ed.2d at 723). An accused's request for counsel, however, must be unambiguous and unequivocal. Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. -, -, 130 S.Ct. 2250, 2259, 176 L.Ed.2d 1098, 1110 (2010). The cessation of police questioning is not required "if a suspect makes a reference to an attorney that is ambiguous or equivocal in that a reasonable officer in light of the circumstances would have understood only that the suspect might be invoking the right to counsel." Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 459, 114 S.Ct. 2350, 2355, 129 L.Ed.2d 362, 371 (1994). An accused may waive the right to counsel, if done voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444, 86 S.Ct. at 1612, 16 L.Ed.2d at 707. A waiver that comes from "the authorities' behest, and not at the suspect's own instigation ... [is] not the purely voluntary choice of the suspect." Maryland v. Shatzer, 559 U.S. -, -, 130 S.Ct. 1213, 1219, 175 L.Ed.2d 1045, 1053 (2010) (quoting Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S. 675, 681, 108 S.Ct. 2093, 2097-98, 100 L.Ed.2d 704, 713 (1988)). As recently expressed in Shatzer:
[When an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during custodial interrogation, a valid waiver of that right cannot be established by showing only that he responded to further police-initiated custodial interrogation even if he has been advised of his rights.... [He] is not subject to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.
559 U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219, 175 L.Ed.2d at 1053 (quoting Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484-85, 101 S.Ct. at 1884-85, 68 L.Ed.2d at 386). Even if an accused elects to waive his rights, such waiver may later be rescinded at any time, and "[if the right to counsel or the right to remain silent is invoked at any point during questioning, further interrogation must cease." Berghuis, 560 U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 2263-64, 176 L.Ed.2d at 1115.
Following his arrest on the evening of the crime, the defendant was questioned at the police station by Detective Daniel Pryor of the Fulton County Sheriffs Department. The following excerpts pertinent to the claimed violation of his right to counsel are taken from the interview:
[After a quick exchange of pleasantries between the defendant and Detective Pryor, the defendant stated]: Mr. Pryor I want to be cooperative ... but at the same point I'm in a situation where I feel like ... I really need an attorney to ... talk with, and for me. [Emphasis added.]
[Detective]: Well, and you're absolutely entitled to that sir. ... I'm not going to violate your rights (inaudible) that way. The only reason I was in here, we know what happened, that's not why I was in here, I just wanted to know why. It might not be as bad as it appears, but only you know those cireumstances, but you're entitled to an attorney and I'm not going to.
[Defendant]: Yeah, OK. Well I mean ask me, ask me what you want to ask me. [Emphasis added.]
[Detective]: Well I mean that's up to you.... I have to read you your rights because you're in custody (inaudible) ... I want to do things by the book.... Like I said, things look bad but they're not always as they look.
Appellant's App'x at 389.
[Defendant]: Well, believe me it's bad, you know what I mean? It's bad.
[Detective]: Well, ... I won't lie to you Jim, it doesn't look good. But like I say, it may look worse than what it actually is. That's why I'm here in fairness.
Id. at 390.
[Shortly thereafter, the detective advised the defendant of his rights to remain silent and to counsel before making any statement or answering any questions, including his right to appointed counsel, and the defendant acknowledged understanding them.]
[Detective]: Like I said Jim things looks bad I won't lie to you based on what it looks like it looks like murder. Ok? It may not be that. There's different degrees of things. Ok? Like I say only person that knows the cireumstances as to why things happened would be yourself.
Id. at 391-92.
[Detective]: ... I'm straight with you, I'm straight with anybody I talk to. What good does bs-ing people do, nothing. This isn't a game.
[Defendant]: And I know it's not a game I mean I understand what's happened and that's why, that's why I feel as though, you now, I need to have an attorney to deal with because this is a serious thing, you know, it's a very serious thing, I know it's a very serious thing. [Emphasis added.]
[Detective]: Yes sir I understand. And I won't question you. -- I'm just throw ing this out here and you've asked for an attorney and you're entitled to it.
Id. at 392.
[The defendant then asks for a cigarette, and the detective provides one.]
[Detective]: Those aren't meant to get you to talk to me.... I'm a smoker. My point, my point is this -- there's a difference between murder, something that murder kind of embodies, someone planned something and then there's lesser degrees of that so.
[Defendant]: I'll just tell you straight out that there was no plan. No plan whatsoever -- none. And I -- The weapon that was used is a uh-are we on, we're on camera? Right?
* * *
[Detective]: ... [YJou said something about a lawyer I don't want to ... you have the right to tell me you don't want that but I don't want to.
[Defendant]: Well I want, I want to tell you that it was not a planned situation.... And uh the weapon that was used is my gun. And ub, [Allen] had, had - - he's been stealing things from me for quite some time.... All I'm telling you is that it was not a planned thing.... we were angry -- well I was angry with him I don't know if he was angry with me or not I have no idea so-other than that I got, really I just feel like in this situation as serious as it is that I need to consult an attorney before I say anything more. [Emphasis added.]
[Detective]: And I respect that and it's your right. Part of what you just told me you wanted to tell me without the lawyer?
[Defendant]: Right, exactly.
Id. at 393.
* * *
[Detective]: You wanted to tell me that without the lawyer. I didn't [cloeree you in any way, I want to be fair to both.
[Defendant]: Other than that, just that the weapon was provided, it was not, you know, I did not bring it with me-I did not think about-I had no thoughts of [it] whatsoever.
[Detective]: That's all you're comfortable with talking about [it] now?
[Defendant]: Right now, yeah. Do you have any idea how long it will be before I can see an attorney? [Emphasis added.]
[Detective]: [TJhe jailor will be able to help you with that. I mean you're entitled to a phone call you're entitled to those things and like I said I respect your constitutional rights and we won't go any further as far as interviewing or asking questions.
* * *
[Detective]: That's where we're at right now if that's OK. We'll go from there, and uh, just relax smoke your cigarette-sit here tight and we'll figure out what's going on....
Id. at 394.
[Defendant]: Now, you know I've watched enough LAPD and Blue and all that kind of stuff. Now if we do talk I mean what happens? I mean I don't want to 'lawyer up' as they say, you know. I mean, I just like I say this is a serious thing, you know it's a serious thing.
[Detective]: Yes we both know that, we're both grown adults.... There's no place to BS.... I mean you're curious as to what would happen if you wanted to talk? But then again you have to voluntarily make that decision I don't want to coerce you in any way to make any decisions.
[Defendant]: Well why don't we do it this way. (Go ahead and ask me questions and if I feel comfortable telling you I will tell you. You know. [Emphasis added.]
[Detective]: Ok. That's fair enough. You're freely saying that you don't want a lawyer right now, you're willing-
[Defendant]: I'm willing to answer questions, you know, up to a point I suppose. You know. [Emphasis added.]
[Detective]: ... like I said its apparent what happened here. The man was shot.... [alt that house. Where the activity took place? [question mark in transcript] ... If, if you're willing to share with me I guess-I'll put it this way, would it be easier for you, would it be easier for you if you, just tell me with what you're comfortable, what you're willing to tell me and we'll leave it at that right now. Would that, would that be easier Jim?
[Defendant]: Well Dan I'm not sure.
Appellant's App'x at 395.
[Detective]: Right. I understand. I mean what I was thinking it might be easier because you know the things that you're willing to answer. Maybe you could just-if it would be easier for you and me to just tell me that information and then whatever you're comfortable with.
Id. at 395-96. At that point, the defendant provided a detailed explanation of the crime, concluding, "and so and um-I picked up the gun and I was holding it. At one point I cocked it and looked at it and he said 'do it, do it, do it, do it' and not the first time or the second time or the third time one of those times-finally, I did it." Id. at 396. The detective then expressed sympathy to the defendant for his stressful personal situation, and the interview continued.
* * *
[Detective]: Sounds like there's a lot there.
[Defendant]: Seriously ... Go ahead and ask me questions ... I mean Fl waive the attorney right and I'll just go ahead and talk with you about this because of (inaudible).
Id. at 398. This was the last reference relating to the defendant's request for counsel. The interview continued with the defendant providing considerable additional information about the details of the crime.
Detective Pryor's interrogation style was neither threatening nor intimidating. Instead, he was respectful, considerate, and courteous during the interview. The detective's technique may have had the effect of ingratiating himself with the defendant and putting the defendant at ease, thus eliciting the defendant's willing ness to provide a statement. Whether a product of the detective's natural style or a caleulated technique, such an interrogation style is not inherently coercive because it does not threaten, cause injury, or evoke fear. "[The Fifth Amendment privilege is not concerned 'with moral and psychological pressures to confess emanating from sources other than official coercion.'" Berghuis, 560 U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 2263, 176 L.Ed.2d at 1114 (quoting Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 170, 107 S.Ct. 515, 523, 93 L.Ed.2d 473, 486 (1986) (quoting Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 305, 105 S.Ct. 1285, 1290, 84 L.Ed.2d 222, 229 (1985))).
Nevertheless, we find several instances when the defendant's right to counsel was violated during his interrogation. These relate primarily to the detective's usual response, when confronted with the defendant's invocation of his right to counsel, to acknowledge the request but then to keep the conversation going.
The defendant's right to counsel was first violated at the beginning of the interview when the defendant stated, "I'm in a situation where I feel like ... I really need an attorney to ... talk with, and for me." Appellant's App'x at 389. This was an unequivocal and unambiguous invocation of his right to counsel. The detective understood this and acknowledged, "you're absolutely entitled to that sir.... I'm not going to violate your rights (inaudible) that way." Id. But the detective did not cease further interrogation but nevertheless continued by inviting the defendant to talk more, adding, "The only reason I was in here, we know what happened, that's not why I was in here, I just wanted to know why. It might not be as bad as it appears, but only you know those cireumstances, but you're entitled to an attorney." Id. This precipitated the defendant to respond, "Yeah, OK. Well I mean ask me, ask me what you want to ask me." Id. This statement does not constitute a valid waiver of the defendant's right to counsel for two reasons. First, the detective's failure to immediately cease all questioning until the defendant's attorney was present was in violation of Edwards, 451 U.S. at 482, 101 S.Ct. at 1883, 68 L.Ed.2d at 384. Once the defendant stated, "I really need an attorney," Appellant's App'x at 389, the defendant's right to counsel should have been "scrupulously honored." Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479, 86 S.Ct. at 1630, 16 L.Ed.2d at 726. Instead, the detective's ongoing conversation initiated further custodial interrogation, and the defendant's subsequent disclosures were not a product of his own initiation of communication. Pursuant to Shatzer, Roberson, and Edwards, the defendant did not voluntarily waive his right to counsel. Second, when this exchange occurred, the detective had not yet informed the defendant of his Miranda rights. "No effective waiver of the right to counsel during interrogation can be recognized unless specifically made after the warnings we here delineate have been given." Miranda, 384 U.S. at 470, 86 S.Ct. at 1626, 16 L.Ed.2d at 721.
The defendant's next invocation of his right to counsel was similarly disregarded. When he declared, "I need to have an attorney to deal with because this is a serious thing," Appellant's App'x at 392, the detective immediately acknowledged that the defendant had "asked for an attorney and you're entitled to it," id., but nevertheless continued the interview by telling the defendant while a planned killing may be a murder, there are "lesser degrees." Id. at 393. This statement, in the nature of an open-ended invitation encouraging further communication from the defendant notwithstanding his second unambiguous and unequivocal invocation of his right to counsel, succeeded in persuading the defendant to admit that "there was no plan," and he was angry at the victim, and that "the weapon that was used is my gun." Id. Even if we consider only this second invocation of the right to counsel, because the defendant's resulting incriminating statements were the product of communications initiated not by him but by police, no valid waiver existed.
As soon as the defendant made these responses, he again declared, "I just feel like, in this situation as serious as it is, that I need to consult an attorney before I say anything more." Id. Again, the detective responded by acknowledging the defendant's right to counsel but sought to obtain a waiver of the right from the defendant, asking him, "Part of what you just told me you wanted to tell me without the lawyer?" to which the defendant replied, "Right, exactly." Id. In the ensuing colloquy, the detective repeatedly sought and obtained the defendant's confirmation that he had "wanted to tell me that without the lawyer," and that he was not coerced "in any way," and that he was "comfortable with talking about [it] now." Appellant's App'x at 394. This attempt by the detective to establish the defendant's waiver of his unambiguous invocation of the right to counsel is not permitted under Shatzer, Roberson, and Edwards. The defendant's purported waiver was a result of the detective's failure to serupulously honor the defendant's invocation of his right to counsel and was the result of police instigation, not further communication voluntarily initiated by the defendant.
Immediately after this exchange, the defendant again invoked his right to counsel-now for a fourth time-stating, "Do you have any idea how long it will be before I can see an attorney?" Id. The detective again acknowledged the defendant's right and stated, "we won't go any further as far as interviewing or asking questions." Id. The detective then engaged in further communication, but it does not appear intended to be evocative. Rather, it informed the defendant of the standard procedures that would be followed for the defendant to be able to telephone an attorney. When the defendant volunteered, "Now if we do talk I mean what happens? I mean I don't want to "lawyer up' as they say, ... like I say this is a serious thing," the detective replied, "I mean you're curious as to what would happen if you wanted to talk? But then again you have to voluntarily make that decision I don't want to coerce you in any way to make any decisions." Id. at 395. The defendant's subsequent statements including, "Go ahead and ask me questions and if I feel comfortable telling you I will tell you," "I'm willing to answer questions, you know, up to a point I suppose," and "Well Dan I'm not sure. You know, I mean, I want to be cooperative with you -- but, you know, as I said earlier I'm in a serious situation," id., together suggest either a voluntary waiver or at least an equivocation that would serve to undermine his invocation of the right to counsel. But such purported waiver or equivocation would not have occurred had the detective serupulously honored the defendant's unequivocal and unambiguous invocations of the right to counsel by immediately ceasing further communications with him until an attorney was present. Instead, however, the detective prolonged the conversation and thus instigated the subsequent dialogue. This pattern occurred three times. This violates the principle that
a suspect indicates that "he is not capable of undergoing [custodial] questioning without advice of counsel," "any subsequent waiver that has come at the authorities' behest, and not at the suspect's own instigation, is itself the product of the 'inherently compelling pressures and not the purely voluntary choice of the suspect."
Shatzer, 559 U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219, 175 L.Ed.2d at 1053 (quoting Roberson, 486 U.S. at 681, 108 S.Ct. at 2097-98, 100 L.Ed.2d at 713). In addition, the detective's persistent resumptions of communications after the defendant's invocation of rights runs afoul of Michigan v. Mosley, which warned, "To permit the continuation of eustodial interrogation after a momentary cessation would clearly frustrate the purposes of Miranda by allowing repeated rounds of questioning to undermine the will of the person being questioned." 423 U.S. 96, 102, 96 S.Ct. 321, 326, 46 L.Ed.2d 313, 320 (1975). Because of the detective's failure to immediately cease further communications following the defendant's unambiguous and unequivocal invocations of his right to counsel, we cannot give credence to the defendant's subsequent apparent waiver or equivocation as to his right to counsel. As a result, the videotape and transeript of the police interview of the defendant were erroneously admitted in evidence. See Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201, 84 S.Ct. 1199, 12 L.Ed.2d 246 (1964); Spano v. New York, 360 U.S. 315, 79 S.Ct. 1202, 3 L.Ed.2d 1265 (1959).
Not every error in the admission of evidence, however, requires a reversal. Milton v. Wainwright, 407 U.S. 371, 92 S.Ct. 2174, 33 L.Ed.2d 1 (1972). And "before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 828, 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 710-11 (1967). The defendant's statements during the police interview contained considerable details regarding his state of mind during the killing-details not provided by other evidence.
The State's first witness, Jan French, drove the defendant to his home from the bar he visited after the shooting. She had noticed blood on the defendant's pants. During the trip home, the defendant told her that he "was gonna go to jail," Tr. at 324, and that "I shot Allen ... he wouldn't tell me the truth and I just, I just shot him," id., and "I pulled the trigger," id. at 326. After dropping off the defendant, French drove to the victim's residence to determine his condition and whether to call for medical assistance but found his lifeless body with an apparent gunshot wound to the face. Testimony of forensic pathologists showed that the fatal shot was fired from close range, possibly up against the victim's face. The blood on the defendant's trousers was found to contain DNA consistent with that of the victim. The defense's single witness testified that the victim's blood alcohol level was three times the legal limit. The thrust of the defense's final argument was that both he and the victim were intoxicated and that the evidence was consistent with an accidental shooting possibly precipitated by the vice-tim's falling forward into the gun, and thus there was insufficient evidence to establish a knowing or intentional killing. The jury's final instructions covered two offenses, Murder and Voluntary Manslaughter. The contested issue was whether the State provided sufficient evidence of the defendant's state of mind to prove Murder, a knowing or intentional killing; Voluntary Manslaughter, a knowing or intentional killing done under sudden heat; or neither.
The defendant's statements during his police interview asserted that he had befriended Roy Allen Shaffer for several months prior to the crime, arranged for Shaffer to rent a home owned by the defendant's mother, paid Shaffer's rent, found him jobs, and provided him with use of a truck. But Shaffer then took and sold various items of the defendant's personal property. The defendant was angry at Shaffer as "an individual who does not respect people or property or anything. No gratitude." Appellant's App'x at 410-11. The defendant's statements appeared to stress that the killing was not premeditated, stating that he did not have an advance plan, id. at 393, 397, 410; that it "was nothing I thought about doing," id. at 397; that it "was not an intended thing," id. at 399; that there was "no malice aforethought, nothing planned," id. at 406; and that it was "just a spur of the moment thing," Appellant's App'x at 407. The defendant also asserted that he asked Shaffer about various missing personal belongings and that both men were intoxicated at the time. The defendant described the fatal incident as follows:
I have no idea how much money [he] has taken in -- I have no idea what he sold things for -- and so and um -- I picked up the gun and I was holding it. At one point I cocked it and looked at it and he said "do it, do it, do it, do it" and not the first time or the second time or the third time one of those times - - finally, I did it.
Id. at 396. Later in the interview, he said, "Well and you know like I said I had the gun and he kept saying 'do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, do it, and I did it." Id. at 405.
As to the key contested element, the defendant's state of mind at the time he fired the shotgun, the defendant's statements during the police interview did not merely supplement the earlier undisputed testimony of Jan French, to whom the defendant had admitted only pulling the trigger and shooting the victim. The videotaped police interview shown to the jury (and provided as a written transcript) provided the jury with significant additional evidence of the defendant's state of mind. At the time the defendant pulled the trigger, he was angry because the victim had engaged in a series of property thefts from the defendant and because the victim lacked gratitude despite the defendant's numerous acts of kindness and generosity toward the victim. And the defendant repeatedly and vividly admitted during the police interview that "I did it" in response to a series of taunts from the victim to "do it." Such evidence significantly amplified the proof that the defendant's killing of the victim was at least done knowingly, if not intentionally. We are unable to conclude that the erroneous admission of the defendant's police interview was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and thus requires reversal of his conviction.
The State is not, however, precluded from retrying the defendant for this offense. A reversal for insufficient evidence bars retrial under the Double Jeopardy Clause, but an analysis for such sufficiency includes consideration of the erroneously admitted evidence. Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 40, 109 S.Ct. 285, 290, 102 L.Ed.2d 265, 273 (1988). Here, although reversal is required because of trial error in the admission of evidence, "clearly with that evidence, there was enough to support" the jury's verdict of guilty and the resulting conviction. Id. at 40, 109 S.Ct. at 291, 102 L.Ed.2d at 273 (emphasis in original). See also Lambert v. State, 534 N.E.2d 235, 237 n. 2 (Ind.1989). The defendant therefore may be subject to retrial.
3. Limitation of Defense Examination of Detective
The defendant contends that the trial court erred when it prohibited the defense from cross-examining the detective about the defendant's level of intoxication. The defendant argues that such questioning was relevant to the issue of the voluntariness of his police interview statements. Notwithstanding our determination that the conviction must be reversed and the case remanded for retrial, we address this issue because of the possibility that it may arise on retrial.
The specific trial court ruling here challenged by the defendant occurred during the testimony of Detective Pryor, who was recalled as a witness by the State to facilitate its proffer of the videotaped interview into evidence. Preliminarily, the State asked the detective whether he had utilized a statement of rights form and read it to the defendant. The detective confirmed this and identified an exhibit as that document. When the State then offered the exhibit into evidence, the defense sought and received permission to voir dire the witness. During the voir dire questioning, the defense began to ask the detective about whether he "had information before you came into that room to speak with Mr. Carr about his consumption of alcohol had you not?" Tr. at 678. The State objected, stating, "this goes way beyond the admission of this Exhibit." Id. The defense responded that "our client was in no position to give a voluntary waiver of rights under his circumstances and I was just exploring that issue." Id. The trial court sustained the State's objection but told defense counsel, "you'll be given that opportunity but {not] for this particular Exhibit at this particular time." Id. When the State subsequently offered into evidence the actual videotape and its transcription, the defense again requested "to voir dire the witness on ... the voluntariness of whatever statement our client may have made due to his state of intoxication." Id. at 680. At this point the jury was excused and the defense and the State each explored the issue with the detective without restraint, after which the defense objected to the admission of the videotape evidence "based upon the state of intoxication of our client" and sought to "renew the motion to suppress ... based primarily upon our client's Miranda rights." Id. at 684-85. After extensive further argument of counsel, the defendant's objection was overruled, the jury was seated, and the videotape was presented to the jury. At no time thereafter did the defense seek to cross-examine the detective about the defendant's state of intoxication during the custodial interview. The defense did not conduct further cross-examination of the detective nor did they recall him as a defense witness.
We agree that questioning the detective about the defendant's state of intoxication during the interview generally would have been proper and permissible. The defendant's challenge, however, is to the trial court's refusal to permit voir dire examination of the detective on the issue of the admissibility of the statement of rights form. This exhibit merely identified the location of the interview, date, time, and officer's name; stated the defendant's basic Miranda rights; and contained the defendant's signature acknowledging "the reading and understanding of my rights as they are stated above." Appellant's App'x at 413. The exhibit did not purport to constitute any waiver of the defendant's rights nor contain any other statement of the defendant. The existence and extent of the defendant's intoxication at the time the detective read him the statement of rights form is irrelevant to the admissibility of the form itself. The trial court did not err in sustaining the State's objection.
4. Refusal to Give Tendered Instructions on Lesser Included Offenses
The defendant contends that the trial court erroneously refused his tendered instructions that would have permitted the jury to find the defendant guilty of Involuntary Manslaughter, Criminal Recklessness, and/or Battery, as an alternative to Murder. Denying the instructions, the trial court found that "there is not a serious evidentiary dispute over the element or elements that distinguish the crime charged from those lesser included." Tr. at 732. Challenging this evaluation, the defendant points to testimony that he had been drinking and to the defendant's videotaped statement to police, admitted into evidence, that the shooting was simply an unplanned impulse occurring after drinking and argument and without premeditation. Appellant's Br. at 20. To support the existence of a serious eviden-tiary dispute that would warrant the giving of his tendered lesser included offense instructions, the defendant largely relies on evidence from his custodial police interview. Because we have determined that it should have been excluded by the trial court, this issue is not likely to reappear upon retrial and thus does not merit further discussion in this appeal.
Conclusion
While concluding that the defendant was not entitled to discharge under Criminal Rule 4, we hold that his custodial statements, taken by police in disregard of his invocation of his right to counsel, were erroneously admitted and that such error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, thus requiring a reversal of the conviction and remand for retrial.
SHEPARD, C.J., and SULLIVAN, BOEHM, and RUCKER, JJ., concur.
. Ind.Code § 35-42-1-1.
. While generally averring a violation of his right to counsel under both the federal and state constitutions, the defendant's citations to authority are based on federal jurisprudence. He does not present any argument contending that the right to counsel provided under the Indiana Constitution differs from that provided under the United States Constitution. We therefore consider his claim only under federal constitutional jurisprudence.
. Notwithstanding the United States Supreme Court's holdings in Chapman and Milton, recognizing that a reversal is not required for constitutional errors if harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, at least one Indiana decision interpreting federal jurisprudence appears to suggest otherwise. Propes v. State, 550 N.E.2d 755, 758 (Ind.1990) ("violation of the right to counsel is ... reversible per se despite other, independent evidence sufficient to support a conviction"). To the extent that it is inconsistent with Chapman, this statement is incorrect.
. Voluntary Manslaughter is defined by Indiana Code § 35-42-1-3, which states in pertinent part:
(a) A person who knowingly or intentionally ... kills another human being ... while acting under sudden heat commiis voluntary manslaughter, a Class B felony. However, the offense is a Class A felony if it is committed by means of a deadly weapon.
(b) The existence of sudden heat is a mitigating (actor that reduces what otherwise would be murder under section 1(1) of this chapter to voluntary manslaughter.
. "[NJor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." U.S. Const. amend. V, cl. 2.
. As required by Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(e), the appellant's brief purports to set out the defendant's tendered instructions defining the lesser included offenses, but does not identify their location in the record. Our review is somewhat impeded because we do not find the actual tendered instructions in the Appellant's Appendix or in the transcript of evidence.
. Wright v. State, 658 N.E.2d 563, 567 (Ind.1995).
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Thailand Protests 2008 · Global Voices
Anti-government protesters led by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) have been conducting provocative street actions for several months demanding the removal of the elected government. They believe the current leadership is a proxy of ousted Thai leader Thaksin Shinawatra.
Last August thousands of protesters occupied Thailand's Government House. Protests continued until September; the group was able to disrupt the railway operations and the Phuket airport. Last October the police violently dispersed a protest action which generated public sympathy in favor of the protesters.
PAD has upped the ante this November. They vowed to push for a “Final Battle” campaign to remove the elected government. On November 24 they were able to surround the Parliament Building. The following day they took over a major airport in Bangkok. On Thursday they occupied Bangkok's second major airport paralyzing air travel in the country.
The Prime Minister won't resign. The military does not want to intervene; although the military chief has called for a new round of elections. There are persistent coup rumors.
The political crisis is far from resolved. The protesters want a new form of government. The ruling party has widespread rural support. It seems Thailand will continue to be besieged by divisive protest actions.
Please contact our South East Asia Editor, Mong Palatino if you have comments or links to share.
Global Voices coverage of the protest actions
Dec 31 – Thailand: Revenge of the reds
Dec 10 – Thailand: Foreigner who stayed in the airport blockade
Dec 10 – Thailand political crisis: Reactions from the region
Dec 3 – Thailand: Airports reopen but crisis not yet over
Dec 2 – Thailand: Airport crisis hurting ordinary persons
Dec 1 -Thailand: How will the airport chaos end?
Nov 29 – Sleepless and stranded in Thailand
Nov 28 – Thailand: Airport takeover and Twitter
Nov 28 – Thailand: Protesters occupy airports
Nov 25 – Thailand: Rallies and Twitter updates
Sep 16 – Thailand protests: Conflict of elites
Sep 3 – First day of State of Emergency in Bangkok
Sep 1 – Thailand: Protesters misunderstood by Western media?
Aug 30 – Thailand: People's coup or putsch?
Link posts
Dec 12 – Thailand: Flights cancelled because of ‘political conditions’
Dec 8 – Thailand: Mastermind behind the crisis
Dec 6 – Wife of ousted Thai leader returns to Bangkok
Dec 6 – Thailand: Why did they choose the airport?
Dec 6 – Thailand: Protesters honor their fallen comrades
Dec 5 – Thailand: Journalists caught in the crossfire
Dec 5 – Thailand: Complaint of stranded Filipinos
Dec 3 – Thailand: Going Home Finally
Dec 2 – Thailand: PAD to Stop Airport Blockade
Nov 30 – Thailand: Free Ride to PAD
Nov 26 – Thailand: Airport chaos and travel advisory
Nov 25 – Thailand: Protesters surround Parliament building
Nov 20 – Thailand: Blast inside protest site
Nov 4 – Thailand: Interview with opposition leader
Oct 7 – Thailand: Protesters clash with police
Sep 17 – Thailand's new Prime Minister
Sep 12 – Thailand: Samak out, but protests continue
Sep 11 – Thailand: Student protesters
Sep 8 – Thailand: New constitution to end crisis
Other resources
Wikipedia page on the People's Alliance for Democracy
Pro-PAD website
Bangkok Pundit coverage of the political crisis
BBC's Q&A: Bangkok Protests
Reuters: Q+A-Thailand's intractable political crisis
Reuters: What's in store for politically riven Thailand?
Thailand Tourism page for stranded passengers
Google Map of protest centers
Photos
Pictures from Pantip
Check also the photo gallery at The Manager, Boring Days and Falling Into You
Video
YouTube user mlehm63 says:
I shot this video with my cell phone at 6:30 am on Wednesday, November 26 – this shows the area at Suvarnabuhmi, Thailand's main airport, that is normally used for drop offs for international departures. The airport was taken over by tens of thousands of protesters late in the afternoon the day before. I went to the airport at about 5 am and attempted to get out on an 8 am flight to Hong Kong but no luck. Shot this short video before leaving the terminal.
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[Federal Register Volume 66, Number 187 (Wednesday, September 26, 2001)]
[Pages 49165-49167]
[FR Doc No: 01-24116]
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
[I.D. 071101A]
Small Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities;
Seismic Retrofit of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge, San Francisco Bay,
CA
AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.
ACTION: Notice of issuance of an incidental harassment authorization.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: In accordance with provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection
Act (MMPA) as amended, notification is hereby given that an Incidental
Harassment Authorization (IHA) has been issued to the California
Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) to take small numbers of
Pacific harbor seals and possibly California sea lions, by harassment,
incidental to seismic retrofit construction of the Richmond-San Rafael
Bridge (the Bridge), San Francisco Bay, (the Bay) CA.
DATES: This authorization is effective from September 19, 2001, through
September 18, 2002.
ADDRESSES: A copy of the application may be obtained by writing to
Donna Wieting, Chief, Marine Mammal Conservation Division, Office of
Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East-West
Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3225, or by telephoning one of the
contacts listed here.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kenneth R. Hollingshead, Office of
Protected Resources, NMFS, (301) 713-2055, ext 128, or Christina Fahy,
Southwest Regional Office, NMFS, (562) 980-4023.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Sections 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.)
direct the Secretary of Commerce to allow, upon request, the
incidental, but not intentional, taking of marine mammals by U.S.
citizens who engage in a specified activity (other than commercial
fishing) within a specified geographical region if certain findings are
made and either regulations are issued or, if the taking is limited to
harassment, a notice of a proposed authorization is provided to the
public for review and comment.
Permission may be granted if NMFS finds that the taking will have a
negligible impact on the species or stock(s) and will not have an
unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of the species or
stock(s) for subsistence uses and that the permissible methods of
taking and requirements pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of
such takings are set forth. NMFS has defined ``negligible impact'' in
50 CFR 216.103 as ``an impact resulting from the specified activity
that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably likely to,
adversely affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates
of recruitment or survival.''
Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA established an expedited process
by which citizens of the United States can apply for an authorization
to incidentally take small numbers of marine mammals by harassment. The
MMPA defines ``harassment'' as:
any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which (i) has the
potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the
wild; or (ii) has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine
mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral
patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing,
nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.
Section 101(a)(5)(D) establishes a 45-day time limit for NMFS
review of an application followed by a 30-day public notice and comment
period on any proposed authorizations for the incidental harassment of
small numbers of marine mammals. Within 45 days of the close of the
comment period, NMFS must either issue or deny issuance of the
authorization.
Summary of Request
On June 8, 2001, NMFS received a letter from CALTRANS, requesting
reauthorization of an IHA that was first issued to it on December 16,
1997 (62 FR 6704, December 23, 1997), and renewed on January 8, 2000
(65 FR 2375, January 14, 2000), with an effective date for the IHA
beginning on September 1, 2000, and expired on August 31, 2001. The
renewed authorization would be for the harassment of small numbers of
Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and possibly California sea lions
(Zalophus
californianus), incidental to seismic retrofit construction of the
Bridge.
The Bridge is being seismically retrofitted to withstand a future
severe earthquake. Construction is scheduled to extend until the year
2005. A detailed description of the work planned is contained in the
Final Natural Environmental Study/Biological Assessment for the
Richmond-San Rafael Bridge Seismic Retrofit Project (CALTRANS, 1996).
Among other things, seismic retrofit work will include excavation
around pier bases, hydro-jet cleaning, installation of steel casings
around the piers with a crane, installation of micro-piles, and
installation of precast concrete jackets. Foundation construction will
require approximately 2 months per pier, with construction occurring on
more than one pier at a time. In addition to pier retrofit,
superstructure construction and tower retrofit work will also be
carried out. Because seismic retrofit construction between piers 52 and
57 has the potential to disturb harbor seals hauled out on Castro
Rocks, an IHA is warranted. The duration for the seismic retrofit of
foundation and towers on piers 52 through 57, which has not taken place
as of this date, will take approximately 7 to 8 months to complete.
Comments and Responses
A notice of receipt of the application and proposed authorization
was published on July 23, 2001 (66 FR 38258), and a 30-day public
comment period was provided on the application and proposed
authorization. Comments were received only from the Marine Mammal
Commission (MMC). The MMC concurs with NMFS' preliminary determination
that the short-term impact of conducting the proposed seismic retrofit
construction activities will result, at most, in a temporary
modification in behavior by harbor seals, and, potentially, California
sea lions. The MMC also concurs that the monitoring and mitigation
measures proposed by CALTRANS appear to be adequate to ensure that the
planned activities will not result in the mortality or serious injury
of any marine mammal. As a result, the MMC recommends that the
requested IHA be issued, provided NMFS is satisfied that the monitoring
and mitigation programs will be carried out as described in the
application.
Description of Habitat and Marine Mammals Affected by the Activity
A description of the affected San Francisco Bay ecosystem and its
associated marine mammals can be found in the proposed authorization
document (July 23, 2001, 66 FR 38258), and in the references provided
therein. Additional information can be found in the earlier notice of
IHA issuance (62 FR 67045, December 23, 1997). Please refer to these
documents for further information.
Potential Effects on Marine Mammals
The impact to the harbor seals and California sea lions is expected
to be disturbance by the presence of workers, construction noise, and
construction vessel traffic. Disturbance from these activities is
expected to have a short-term negligible impact to a small number of
harbor seals and sea lions. These disturbances will be reduced to the
lowest level practicable by implementation of the proposed work
restrictions and mitigation measures (see Mitigation).
During the work period, the incidental harassment of harbor seals
and, on rare occasions, California sea lions is expected to occur on a
daily basis upon initiation of the retrofit work. If harbor seals no
longer perceive construction noise and activity as being threatening,
they are likely to resume their regular haulout behavior. The number of
seals disturbed will vary daily depending upon tidal elevations. It is
expected that disturbance to harbor seals during peak periods of
abundance will not occur since construction activities will not take
place within the restricted work area during the peak period (see
Mitigation).
Whether California sea lions will react to construction noise and
move away from the rocks during construction activities is unknown. Sea
lions are generally thought to be more tolerant of human activities
than harbor seals and are, therefore, less likely to be affected.
Potential Effects on Habitat
Short-term impacts of the activities are expected to result in a
temporary reduction in utilization of the Castro Rocks haul-out site
while work is in progress or until seals acclimate to the disturbance.
This will not likely result in any permanent reduction in the number of
seals at Castro Rocks. The abandonment of Castro Rocks as a harbor seal
haul-out and rookery is not anticipated since existing traffic noise
from the Bridge, commercial activities at the Chevron Long Wharf used
for off-loading crude oil, and considerable recreational boating and
commercial shipping that currently occur within the area have not
caused long-term abandonment. In addition, mitigation measures and
proposed work restrictions are designed to preclude abandonment.
Therefore, as described in detail in CALTRANS (1996), other than the
potential short-term abandonment by harbor seals of part or all of
Castro Rocks during retrofit construction, no impact on the habitat or
food sources of marine mammals are likely from this construction
project.
Mitigation
Several mitigation measures to reduce the potential for general
noise will be implemented by CALTRANS as part of their activity.
General restrictions include: no piles will be driven (i.e., no
repetitive pounding of piles) on the Bridge between 9 p.m. and 7 a.m.
with the exception of the Concrete Trestle Section; a noise limit of 86
dBA at 50 ft (15 m) between 9 p.m. and 7 a.m. for construction; and a
limitation on construction noise levels for 24 hrs/day in the vicinity
of Castro Rocks during the pupping/molting restriction period (February
15 through July 31).
To minimize potential harassment of marine mammals, NMFS is
requiring CALTRANS to comply with the following mitigation measures:
(1) Restriction on work in the water south of the Bridge center line
and retrofit work on the Bridge substructure, towers, superstructure,
piers, and pilings from piers 52 through 57 from February 15 through
July 31 ; (2) no watercraft will be deployed by CALTRANS employees or
contractors, during the year within the exclusion zone located between
piers 52 and 57, except for when construction equipment is required for
seismic retrofitting of piers 52 through 57; and (3) minimize vessel
traffic to the greatest extent practicable in the exclusion zone when
conducting construction activities between piers 52 and 57. The
boundary of the exclusion zone is rectangular in shape (1700 ft (518 m)
by 800 ft (244 m)) and completely encloses Castro Rocks and piers 52
through 57, inclusive. The northern boundary of the exclusion zone will
be located 300 ft (91 m) from the most northern tip of Castro Rocks,
and the southern boundary will be located 300 ft (91 m) from the most
southern tip of Castro Rocks. The eastern boundary will be located 300
ft (91 m) from the most eastern tip of Castro Rocks, and the western
boundary will be located 300 ft (91 m) from the most western tip of
Castro Rocks. This exclusion zone will be restricted as a controlled
access area and will be marked off with buoys and warning signs for the
entire year.
Monitoring
NMFS will require CALTRANS to monitor the impact of seismic
retrofit
construction activities on harbor seals at Castro Rocks. Monitoring
will be conducted by one or more NMFS-approved monitors. CALTRANS is to
monitor at least one additional harbor seal haul-out within San
Francisco Bay to evaluate whether harbor seals use alternative haulout
areas as a result of seismic retrofit disturbance at Castro Rocks.
The monitoring protocol will be divided into the Work Period Phase
(August 1 through February 14) and the Closure Period Phase (February
15 through July 31). During the Work Period Phase and Closure Period
Phase, the monitor(s) will conduct observations of seal behavior at
least 3 days/week for approximately one tidal cycle each day at Castro
Rocks. The following data will be recorded: (1) Number of seals and sea
lions on site; (2) date; (3) time; (4) tidal height; (5) number of
adults, subadults, and pups; (6) number of individuals with red pelage;
(7) number of females and males; (8) number of molting seals; and (9)
details of any observed disturbances. Concurrently, the monitor(s) will
record general construction activity, location, duration, and noise
levels. At least 2 nights/week, the monitor will conduct a harbor seal
census after midnight at Castro Rocks. In addition, during the Work
Period Phase and prior to any construction between piers 52 and 57,
inclusive, the monitor(s) will conduct baseline observations of seal
behavior at Castro Rocks and at the alternative site(s) once a day for
a period of 5 consecutive days immediately before the initiation of
construction in the area to establish pre-construction behavioral
patterns. During the Work Period and Closure Period Phases, the
monitor(s) will conduct observations of seal behavior, and collect
appropriate data, at the alternative Bay harbor seal haul-out at least
3 days/week (Work Period) and 2 days/week (Closure Period), during a
low tide.
In addition, NMFS will require that immediately following the
completion of the seismic retrofit construction of the Bridge, the
monitor(s) will conduct observations of seal behavior at Castro Rocks
at least 5 days/week for approximately 1 tidal cycle (high tide to high
tide) each day and for 1 week/month during the months of April, July,
October, and January. At least 2 nights/week during this same period,
the monitor will conduct an additional harbor seal census after
midnight.
Reporting
CALTRANS will provide weekly reports to the Southwest Regional
Administrator (Regional Administrator), NMFS, including a summary of
the previous week's monitoring activities and an estimate of the number
of harbor seals that may have been disturbed as a result of seismic
retrofit construction activities. These reports will provide dates,
time, tidal height, maximum number of harbor seals ashore, number of
adults, sub-adults and pups, number of females/males, number of harbor
seals with a red pelage, and any observed disturbances. A description
of retrofit activities at the time of observation and any sound
pressure levels measurements made at the haulout will also be provided.
A draft interim report must be submitted to NMFS by April 30, 2002.
Because seismic retrofit activities are expected to continue beyond
the date of expiration of this IHA (presumably under a new IHA), a
draft final report must be submitted to the Regional Administrator
within 90 days after the expiration of this IHA. A final report must be
submitted to the Regional Administrator within 30 days after receiving
comments from the Regional Administrator on the draft final report. If
no comments are received from NMFS, the draft final report will be
considered to be the final report.
CALTRANS will provide NMFS with a follow-up report on the post-
construction monitoring activities within 18 months of project
completion in order to evaluate whether haul-out patterns are similar
to the pre-retrofit haul-out patterns at Castro Rocks.
National Environmental Policy Act
NMFS prepared an Environmental Assessment (EA) in 1997 that
concluded that the impacts of CALTRANS' seismic retrofit construction
of the Bridge will not have a significant impact on the human
environment. A copy of that EA, which includes the Finding of No
Significant Impact, is available upon request (see ADDRESSES).
Conclusions
NMFS has determined that the short-term impact of the seismic
retrofit construction of the Bridge, as described in this document,
should result, at worst, in the temporary modification in behavior by
harbor seals and, possibly, by some California sea lions. While
behavioral modifications, including temporarily vacating the haulout,
may be made by these species to avoid the resultant visual and acoustic
disturbance, this action is expected to have a negligible impact on the
animals. In addition, no take by injury and/or death is anticipated,
and harassment takes will be at the lowest level practicable due to
incorporation of the mitigation measures mentioned previously in this
document.
Authorization
For the above reasons, NMFS has issued an IHA for a 1-year period
effective September 19, 2001, for the incidental harassment of harbor
seals and California sea lions by the seismic retrofit of the Richmond-
San Rafael Bridge, San Francisco Bay, CA, provided the above mentioned
mitigation, monitoring and reporting requirements are incorporated.
Dated: September 19, 2001.
Wanda Cain,
Acting Deputy Director, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine
Fisheries Service.
[FR Doc. 01-24116 Filed 9-25-01; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-S
|
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
namespace DotNetCoreThumbor.Test
{
[TestClass]
public class ThumborTest
{
private IThumbor thumbor;
[TestInitialize]
public void Initialize()
{
thumbor = new Thumbor("http://localhost/", "secret_key");
}
[TestMethod]
public void BuildSignedUrl_ShoudBe_SameSecretKey()
{
// Act
var thumborUrl = thumbor.BuildSignedUrl("http://myUrl/myimage.jpg");
// Assert
Assert.AreEqual(thumborUrl, "/Vmtcp9WWg_QGB_UahYp2zHni4Xc=/http://myUrl/myimage.jpg");
}
[TestMethod]
public void BuildImage_Resize_to_300x300_Contains300x300()
{
// Act
var thumborUrl = thumbor.BuildImage("http://myUrl/myimage.jpg").Resize(300,300);
// Assert
Assert.AreEqual(thumborUrl.ToUrl(), "dDRIn5qUtwPceuMImU2cCkEGRec=/300x300/http://myUrl/myimage.jpg");
Assert.IsTrue(thumborUrl.ToUrl().Contains("300x300"));
}
[TestMethod]
public void BuildImage_FullUrl_Contains_Localhost()
{
// Act
var thumborUrl = thumbor.BuildImage("http://myUrl/myimage.jpg").Resize(300, 300);
// Assert
Assert.IsTrue(thumborUrl.ToFullUrl().Contains("http://localhost"));
}
[TestMethod]
public void BuildImage_Url_Contains_Smart_When_Smart_Is_True()
{
// Act
var thumborUrl = thumbor.BuildImage("http://myUrl/myimage.jpg").Resize(300, 300).Smart(true);
// Assert
Assert.IsTrue(thumborUrl.ToUrl().Contains("smart"));
}
[TestMethod]
public void BuildImage_False_NotEquals_Create_New_Image_with_Another_Key()
{
// Arrange
var newthumbor = new Thumbor("http://localhost/", "secret_key_2");
// Act
var thumborUrl = thumbor.BuildImage("http://myUrl/myimage.jpg").Resize(300, 300).Smart(true);
var thumborUrl2 = newthumbor.BuildImage("http://myUrl/myimage.jpg").Resize(300, 300).Smart(true);
// Assert
Assert.AreNotEqual(thumborUrl.ToUrl(), thumborUrl2.ToUrl());
}
}
}
|
### The Cooper Challenge
This is the API of the first full stack application that we have created!
We have used Ruby on Rails <IP_ADDRESS> to create a backend API and used React 16.12.0 for the frontend and user interface.
The application is a calculation of the Cooper test where the user can sign up, log in and then fill in the distance they ran in 12 minutes, gender and age. In the return the user gets a Cooper index.
The user can show their previous results and will then get a line diagram with all their previous data.
### Link:
https://cooper-client.netlify.com/
To check out our React Client:
https://github.com/pierre-1/cooper_client.git
https://github.com/emtalen/cooper_client.git
There you have some more details in the repo as well.
### Tested With:
- We have used Rspec for both Unit testing and acceptance testing.
### License:
#### MIT-license
|
Optical inertial measurement apparatus and method
ABSTRACT
An optical inertial measurement system is also disclosed.
This invention relates to an optical inertial measurement apparatus and method for estimating for six degrees of freedom (6DOF) pose.
There are many applications which require position and/or orientation ofa moving platform to be determined and monitored, where the degree of freedom required is often application dependent. Degrees of freedom refers to the movement of a rigid body inside space. There are six degrees of freedom in total, divided into two different types:translations and rotations. Translational movement refers to the three degrees of freedom in which a body can translate, namely forward/back,left/right and up/down. Rotational movement, on the other hand, refers to the three degrees of freedom in which a body can rotate, namely pitch, yaw and roll. The above-mentioned 6DOF comprises both of these movement types, typically aligning with a left- or right-handed Cartesian coordinate system.
An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is a device that measures velocity,orientation and gravitational forces, traditionally using a combination of sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers).
Optical approaches for position and orientation estimation have been proposed, which employ cameras for recovering pose. Ego motion is defined as the 3D motion of a camera within an environment. The goal of estimating the ego motion of a camera is to determine the 3D motion of that camera using a sequence of images taken by the camera. The process of estimating a camera's motion within an environment involves the useof visual odometry techniques on a sequence of images captured by the moving camera. This may be done by feature detection to construct an optical flow from two image frames in a sequence, but other methods of extracting ego motion information from images exist.
The task of visual odometry is, therefore, to estimate motion of a camera and, by association, the platform to which it is attached, using a sequence of camera images.
A single view from a monocular camera, without additional constraints can only recover scale and not depth, also referred to as range or distance, prohibiting a 6DOF pose being estimated. However, it has been shown that it is possible to estimate a 6DOF pose using stereo cameras or multiple cameras with overlapping views.
Nistér, et al, “Visual Odometry”, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, volume 1, pages 652-659, 2004proposes a technique which uses a calibrated stereo camera system with overlapping fields of view for visual navigation. The proposed algorithm employs a stereo camera system to recover 3D world points up to an unknown Euclidean transformation. In Frahm et al, “Pose Estimation for Multi-Camera Systems”, DAGM, 2004, a 6DOF estimation technique using a multi-camera system is introduced, which assumes overlapping camera views to obtain the depth of the camera motion.
However, there are some disadvantages to using stereo or multiple overlapping camera views for calculating depth. Importantly, the estimated depth accuracy is dependent on very precise intrinsic andextrinsic camera calibration. The use of stereo cameras also reduces the useable field of view, because only features that lie in the intersection of the field of view of two or more cameras can be used.
For a single monocular camera, it is not possible to recover depth inthe optical axis for arbitrary camera motion when using monocularimaging without using some additional information such as distance and attitude of the camera from the ground plane. Recent work, such as that described by B. Kitt et al, “Monocular visual odometry using a planar road model to solve scale ambiguity”, Proc. European Conference on Mobile Robots (September 2011), shows that under the assumption that the imaged areas are flat and level, it is possible to use visual odometrywith monocular imaging. However, this poses a significant constraint in that the proposed methods fail if the imaged areas are not guaranteed tobe flat.
Zhang, Ji et al, “Robust Monocular Visual Odometry for a Ground Vehicle in Undulating Terrain”, Carnegie Mellon University Research Showcase@CMU, November 2012 proposes a method in which visual odometry,coupled with wheel odometry, is used to recover pose in undulatingsettings using monocular vision. The proposed system uses a singlemonocular camera attached to the front of a wheeled vehicle. The proposed visual odometry algorithm requires the imaged areas to be locally flat in order to accurately estimate both translation and rotation and any ground inclination angle is found by tracking coplanarfeatures on the ground. However, in cases where the imaged areas are not locally flat, the translation estimation using monocular vision is compromised, and the proposed method resorts to wheel odometry to resolve the translation estimation. Clearly, therefore, whilst provision is made in the proposed system to recover pose in 6DOF using a monocularcamera, in practice, in order to achieve the required accuracy,additional components and significant additional computational overhead is required.
Aspects of the present invention are intended to address at least someof these issues.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided an optical inertial measurement method for determining a 6DOF pose in respect of a moving platform, the method comprising:
- - providing, in respect of said moving platform, a camera unit comprised of at least three monocular cameras spatially fixed with respect to one another and configured such that their fields of view do not overlap and cover motion of said platform along each of three principal, substantially orthogonal axes; - receiving video outputs from each of said cameras; - determining individual point correspondences from said video outputs, and estimating, for each camera, a transform that includes translation values representative of direction of translation in the x and y axes, rotation about the optical axis and a scale factor, each transform being expressed with respect to a local 3D coordinate system associated with a respective camera; and - mapping said translation values in the x and y axes to a global 3D coordinate system, having its origin defined by a point between said cameras, and multiplying said translation values by a respective scale factor so as to determine a 6DOF pose in respect of said camera unit.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided optical inertial measurement apparatus for determining a 6DOF pose in respect of a moving platform, the apparatus comprising:
- - a camera unit comprised of at least three monocular cameras spatially fixed with respect to one another and configured such that their fields of view do not overlap and cover motion of said platform along each of three principal, substantially orthogonal axes; and - a central processing unit for receiving video outputs from each of said cameras, and being configured to: - determine individual point correspondences from said video outputs, and estimate therefrom, for each camera, a transform that includes translation values representative of direction of translation in the x and y axes, rotation about the optical axis and a scale factor, each transform being expressed with respect to a local 3D coordinate system associated with a respective camera; and - map said translation values in the x and y axes to a global 3D coordinate system, having its origin defined by a point between said cameras, and multiply said translation values by a respective scale factor so as to determine a 6DOF pose in respect of said camera unit.
Thus, a key feature of the present invention is the use of multiplemonocular cameras in an orthogonal, non-overlapping configuration,corresponding to a left-handed or right-handed Cartesian coordinate system without the constraints associated with overlapping camera arrays, such as stereo. More specifically, depth is not required to be calculated, but is instead directly measured by the movement of the orthogonal cameras, thereby not only circumventing the limitation posed by a single view from a monocular camera, but also the constraint of two views from a stereo camera or multiple overlapping views from multiple cameras.
An additional advantage of the orthogonal camera arrangement is that there is no limit on depth resolution: a problem which arises in respect of two views from a stereo camera or multiple overlapping views from multiple cameras, as the baseline between cameras limits the range at which depth can be measured accurately.
The camera unit may comprise three monocular cameras spatially fixed with respect to one another by being rigidly connected together, wherein the optical axis of each of said three cameras is aligned with a respective one of said three principal orthogonal axes. Alternatively,the camera unit may comprise three or more monocular cameras rigidlyconnected together, wherein a first of said cameras has its optical axis aligned with a first one of said three principal orthogonal axes, and a plurality of further monocular cameras are configured to capture non-overlapping views from along the remaining two principal axes.
In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, the local 3D coordinate system for each camera may be a Cartesian coordinate system having its origin at the optical centre of the respective camera. In this case, thez-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system may coincide with the optical axis of the respective camera.
The global 3D coordinate system may have its origin at the centre point between said cameras.
Although illustrative embodiments of the invention are described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise embodiments.
Furthermore, it is contemplated that a particular feature described either individually or as part of an embodiment can be combined with other individually described features, or parts of embodiments, even ifthe other features and embodiments make no mention of the particular feature. Thus, the invention extends to such specific combinations not already described.
Thus, embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, inwhich:—
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the principal components of optical inertial measurement apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a left-handed coordinate system employed in an optical inertial measurement method according toan exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises a camera unit 10 and a central processing unit 12. The camera unit, which may be mounted on a moving platform (not shown), comprises three monocular cameras 14, 16,18 rigidly mounted together such that their principal optical axes are in an orthogonal, non-overlapping configuration.
Each camera has its own local 3D coordinate system {C_(1,2,3)} with its origin at the respective camera optical centre and the z-axis coincidingwith the camera principal axis. The x-y plane is parallel to the camera image sensor with the x-axis parallel to the horizontal direction of the image, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 2 of the drawings.
A global 3D coordinate system is also defined in respect of the three-camera system, with its origin at the centre point of the three cameras. It will be appreciated that, since each camera is fixed and the resultant system is a rigid body, physical measurements can be used to determine an absolute value for the centre point of the three cameras.
It can be seen from FIG. 2 that, in this exemplary embodiment of the invention, the global coordinate system is a left-handed Cartesian coordinate system to which the individual local coordinate systems of respective cameras are mapped. However, it will be appreciated that the local coordinate systems could equally be mapped to a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, or any bespoke Cartesian coordinate system as required by the application and/or the computational infrastructure employed.
The ego motion of each individual camera is estimated or calculated basedon its own video output running on its own CPU thread to the central processing unit 12. Any known approach can be used to calculate each individual camera's ego motion, and the present invention is not necessarily intended to be limited in this regard. An exemplary algorithm for estimating the ego motion of a single camera is provided in, for example, Frank Pagel, “Robust Monocular Ego motion Estimation Based on an IEKF”, IEEE Computer Society 2009 Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, IEEE 2009, in which epipolar and trilinearconstraints are optimised with respect to motion parameters using a robust Iterated Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF). Another exemplary method is presented by Scaramuzza, Davide et al, “Real-Time Monocular VisualOdometry for On-Road Vehicles with 1-Point RANSAC”, Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, 2011, which uses feature extraction to recover the trajectory of a vehicle from the video input of a single camera.
It will be appreciated that these and other known methods of estimatingego motion require the application of assumptions by some form of motion model, thus requiring platform knowledge.
In contrast, aspects of the present invention circumvent the requirement for a motion model and, therefore, platform knowledge. Thus, theego motion of each individual camera can be estimated using a simple algorithm which, for example, extracts feature points and determinescorrespondences for every frame-pair fed into a geometric hypothesis and test architecture to produce a statistically robust estimate of the transform between each frame-pair captured by motion of the respectivecamera
Example algorithms for each of these steps can be found in Nistér, et al“Visual Odometry”, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, volume 1, pages 652-659, 2004. Each transform estimates a geometric model, using for example, an affine transformation, giving pure translation in the x- and y-axes, in-plane rotation and scale both about and in the optical (z) axis.
In order to recover the actual translation in the optical axis for each camera, the translations in the x- and y-axes are scaled using the scale as a multiplier from the other two orthogonal, rigidly configured cameras which have their x- and y-axes parallel to the optical axis ofthe camera being considered. This removes scale ambiguity from the motion parallax for each camera.
The resultant geometric models are then mapped to a global Cartesian coordinate system, in this case a left-handed Cartesian coordinate system, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 2 of the drawings, so as to recover motion on all three principal axes, and thus produce a full 6DOFpose.
It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that modification sand variations can be made to the described embodiments, without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed. For example,whilst the invention requires the use of multiple cameras which have non-overlapping fields of view that cover motion in each of the three axes, it is possible to provide the cameras in alternative configurations. In one exemplary alternative embodiment, a single camera may be provided which faces upward, and five cameras may be provided that face outward, in a substantially pentagonal configuration.
The invention claimed is:
1. An optical inertial measurement method for determining a 6DOF pose in respect of a moving platform, the method comprising: receiving video outputs from each of at least threemonocular cameras, said at least three cameras included in a camera unit and spatially fixed with respect to one another, such that their fields of view do not overlap and cover motion of said platform along each of three principal, substantially orthogonal axes; determining individual point correspondences from said video outputs, and estimating therefrom,for each camera, a transform that includes translation values representative of direction of translation in x and y axes of a respective camera, rotation about an optical axis of the respectivecamera, and a scale factor of the respective camera, each transform being expressed with respect to a local 3D coordinate system associatedwith the respective camera, wherein the scale factor of the respectivecamera is based on the x and y axes of two of the other said at least three cameras that are parallel to the optical axis of the respectivecamera; and mapping said translation values in the x and y axes to a global 3D coordinate system, having its origin defined by a point between said at least three cameras, and multiplying said translation values by the respective said scale factor so as to determine a 6DOFpose in respect of said camera unit.
2. The method according to claim 1,wherein said camera unit comprises three monocular cameras rigidlyconnected together, wherein the optical axis of each of said three cameras is aligned with a respective one of said three principal orthogonal axes.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a first of said at least three cameras has its optical axis aligned with a first one of said three principal orthogonal axes, and a plurality of furthermonocular cameras are configured to capture non-overlapping views from along the remaining two principal axes.
4. The method according to claim1, wherein the local 3D coordinate system for each camera is a Cartesian coordinate system having its origin at an optical centre of the respective camera.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein thez-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system coincides with the optical axis of the respective camera.
6. The method according to claim 1,wherein said global 3D coordinate system has its origin at a centrepoint between said at least three cameras.
7. An optical inertial measurement apparatus for determining a 6DOF pose in respect of a moving platform, the apparatus comprising: a camera unit comprised of at least three monocular cameras connected rigidly together and configured suchthat their fields of view do not overlap and cover motion of said platform along each of three principal, substantially orthogonal axes;and a central processing unit configured to receive video outputs from each of said at least three cameras, and further configured to determine individual point correspondences from said video outputs and estimate therefrom, for each camera, a transform that includes translation values representative of direction of translation in x and y axes of a respective camera, rotation about an optical axis of the respectivecamera, and a scale factor of the respective camera, each transform being expressed with respect to a local 3D coordinate system associatedwith the respective camera, wherein the scale factor of the respectivecamera is based on the x and y axes of two of the other said at least three cameras that are parallel to the optical axis of the respectivecamera, and map said translation values in the x and y axes to a global3D coordinate system, having its origin defined by a point between said at least three cameras, and multiply said translation values by the respective said scale factor so as to determine a 6DOF pose in respect of said camera unit.
8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said camera unit comprises three monocular cameras spatially fixed with respect to one another, wherein the optical axis of each of said three cameras is aligned with a respective one of said three principal orthogonal axes.
9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein a first of said at least three cameras has its optical axis aligned with a first one of said three principal orthogonal axes, and a plurality of furthermonocular cameras are configured to capture non-overlapping views from along the remaining two principal axes.
10. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the local 3D coordinate system for each camera is a Cartesian coordinate system having its origin at an optical centre ofthe respective camera.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the z-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system coincides with the optical axis of the respective camera.
12. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said global 3D coordinate system has its origin at a centre point between said at least three cameras.
13. An optical inertial measurement apparatus, comprising: a camera unit comprised of three monocular cameras spatially fixed with respect to one another,such that their fields of view do not overlap and cover motion of a moving platform along each of three principal, substantially orthogonal axes; and a central processing unit configured to receive video outputs from each of said cameras, and further configured to determine individual point correspondences from said video outputs and estimate therefrom, for each camera, a transform that includes translation values representative of direction of translation in x and y axes of a respective camera, rotation about an optical axis of the respectivecamera, and a scale factor of the respective camera, each transform being expressed with respect to a local 3D coordinate system associatedwith the respective camera, wherein the optical axis of each of said three cameras is aligned with a respective one of said three principal orthogonal axes, wherein the scale factor of the respective camera is based on the x and y axes of the other two of said three cameras thatare parallel to the optical axis of the respective camera, and map said translation values in the x and y axes to a global 3D coordinate system,having its origin defined by a point between said cameras, and multiply said translation values by the respective said scale factor so as to determine a 6DOF pose in respect of said camera unit.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein a first of said cameras has its optical axis aligned with a first one of said three principal orthogonal axes,and a plurality of further monocular cameras are configured to capture non-overlapping views from along the remaining two principal axes. 15.The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the local 3D coordinate system for each camera is a Cartesian coordinate system having its origin at an optical centre of the respective camera.
16. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the local 3D coordinate system for each camera is a Cartesian coordinate system having its origin at an optical centre of the respective camera.
17. The apparatus according to claim16, wherein said global 3D coordinate system has its origin at a centrepoint between said cameras.
18. The apparatus according to claim 16,wherein the z-axis of said Cartesian coordinate system coincides withthe optical axis of the respective camera.
19. The apparatus accordingto claim 18, wherein said global 3D coordinate system has its origin ata centre point between said cameras.
20. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said global 3D coordinate system has its origin at a centre point between said cameras.
|
Share
Share is CoCo's third studio album.
Album Information
* This is the last album that Seno Azusa participated in before leaving the group.
Tracklist
* 1) Sayonara (さよなら; Farewell)
* 2) Onegai HOLD ME TIGHT (お願いHOLD ME TIGHT; Please Hold Me Tight)
* 4) Mugon no FALSETTO (無言のファルセット; A Silent Falsetto) (song by Haneda Erika with CoCo)
* 5) Egao de No-Side (笑顔でNo-Side; No-Side to Smile) (song by Miyamae Maki with CoCo)
* 6) Anata toita Kisetsu (あなたといた季節; The Season Belongs to You) (song by Miura Rieko with CoCo)
* 8) Himawari (ひまわり; Sunflower)
* 9) Yume dake Miteru (夢だけ見てる; My Only Dream) (album version)
* 10) Onaji Hoshi no ue de... (同じ星の上で…; Together on the same Star...)
|
The Wavebinder
Tenets:
* One should assert their dominance over those who are less powerful.
* One should do everything they can to survive. Accepting charity is for the weak.
* One should protect the denizens of the Plane of Water.
|
import { Component, OnInit, ViewChild } from '@angular/core';
import { PostComponent } from './component-list/post-component';
import { Post } from '../../shared/post/post';
import { PostService } from '../../shared/post/post.service';
import { LoaderService } from '../../shared/loader/loader.service';
import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators } from '@angular/forms';
import { Router } from '@angular/router';
@Component({
moduleId: module.id,
selector: 'wb-new-post',
templateUrl: 'new-post.component.html',
styleUrls: ['new-post.component.css'],
})
export class NewPostComponent implements OnInit {
post: Post;
postForm: FormGroup;
loading: boolean;
errorMessage: string;
formErrors: any = {
'title': '',
'coverUrl': '',
'author': '',
'metaTitle': '',
'metaDescription': '',
'tags': ''
};
validationMessages: any = {
'title': {
'required': 'Tytuł jest wymagany'
},
'coveryUrl': {
'required': 'Obrazek tytułowy jest wymagany'
},
'author': {
'required': 'Autor jest wymagany'
},
'metaTitle': {
'required': 'Meta tytuł jest wymagany'
},
'metaDescription': {
'required': 'Meta opis jest wymagany'
},
'tags': {
'required': 'Tagi są wymagane'
}
};
private components: PostComponent[] = [];
constructor(private postservice: PostService,
private loaderService: LoaderService,
private fb: FormBuilder,
private router: Router) {
}
ngOnInit(): void {
this.post = new Post();
this.buildForm();
this.loaderService.hide();
}
buildForm(): void {
this.postForm = this.fb.group({
'title': [this.post.title, [Validators.required, Validators.minLength(5)]],
'coverUrl': [this.post.coverUrl, Validators.required],
'author': [this.post.author, [Validators.required, Validators.minLength(2)]],
'metaTitle': [this.post.metaTitle, Validators.required],
'metaDescription': [this.post.metaDescription, Validators.required],
'tags': [this.post.tags, Validators.required]
});
this.postForm.valueChanges.subscribe(data => this.onValueChanged(data));
this.onValueChanged(); // (re)set validation messages now
}
onValueChanged(data?: any) {
if (!this.postForm) {
return;
}
const form = this.postForm;
for (const field in this.formErrors) {
// clear previous error message (if any)
this.formErrors[field] = '';
const control = form.get(field);
if (control && control.dirty && !control.valid) {
const messages = this.validationMessages[field];
for (const key in control.errors) {
this.formErrors[field] += messages[key] + ' ';
}
}
}
}
isBasicStepCompleted(): boolean {
const titleControl = this.postForm.get('title');
const authorControl = this.postForm.get('author');
return titleControl.dirty && titleControl.valid && authorControl.dirty && authorControl.valid;
}
isImageStepCompleted(): boolean {
const coverUrlControl = this.postForm.get('coverUrl');
return coverUrlControl.dirty && coverUrlControl.valid;
}
isSEOStepCompleted(): boolean {
const metaTitleControl = this.postForm.get('metaTitle');
const metaDescriptionControl = this.postForm.get('metaDescription');
return metaTitleControl.dirty && metaTitleControl.valid && metaDescriptionControl.dirty && metaDescriptionControl.valid;
}
isTagsStepCompleted(): boolean {
return this.postForm.value.tags && this.postForm.value.tags.length > 0;
}
handleTagsUpdate(tags: String[]) {
this.postForm.patchValue({
tags: tags
});
}
onSubmit() {
this.loading = true;
if (this.componentsValid()) {
const tags = this.postForm.value.tags.split('|');
this.post = this.postForm.value;
const bodyComponents = [];
for (const p of this.components) {
bodyComponents.push(p.toBodyComponent());
}
this.post.body = bodyComponents;
this.post.tags = tags;
}
this.postservice.createPost(this.post).subscribe(
resp => this.router.navigate(['/manager']),
error => this.errorMessage = error,
() => this.loading = false
);
}
componentsValid(): boolean {
console.log(this.components);
for (const comp of this.components) {
console.log(comp.fields);
for (const field of comp.fields) {
if (!field.value || field.value === '') {
return false;
}
}
}
return true;
}
}
|
Macros: Url macro
Closes #180
Current full url ${__url}
Current url only path ${__url.path}
Current url only state ${__url.state}
Current url only state without query parameter ${__url.state:exclude:var-handler}
Current url only state include only specified query parameters ${__url.state:include:from,to,var-instance}
there is also an option to not use fieldPath and let these be separate macros __url, __url_state, __url_path
TODO
Review feedback
Update docs
Any missing variants / capabilities?
I think this could be useful
Current parent path ${__url.parent} (to link to a sibling url)
@dprokop pushed some docs for macros , please review when you have time
|
import { KeyUsages } from "../types";
import { AesProvider } from "./base";
export declare abstract class AesCtrProvider extends AesProvider {
readonly name = "AES-CTR";
usages: KeyUsages;
checkAlgorithmParams(algorithm: AesCtrParams): void;
abstract onEncrypt(algorithm: AesCtrParams, key: CryptoKey, data: ArrayBuffer, ...args: any[]): Promise<ArrayBuffer>;
abstract onDecrypt(algorithm: AesCtrParams, key: CryptoKey, data: ArrayBuffer, ...args: any[]): Promise<ArrayBuffer>;
}
|
Minecraft (Ren Edition)
"Minecraft (Ren Edition)" is a TV Show (Fanfiction lol) about Minecraft and it is complete chaos.
Links to episodes:
|
Valkyrie Carrier
General
"Its Phased Projectile field ensures more direct damage to the enemy's armor."
- Sybil
The Valkyrie Carrier is a Tier 4 hull with more advanced VEGA Security technology.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Trivia
|
import { ObjectDirective, DirectiveBinding } from 'vue'
import LightboxReplace from './LighboxReplace'
import { OptionProps } from '../types'
export default {
mounted(el: HTMLElement, binding = { value: undefined } as DirectiveBinding) {
const _ops: OptionProps | undefined = binding.value
new LightboxReplace(el, _ops)
}
} as ObjectDirective
|
xCode crash when i run app on my iPhone
Hi guys I have a strange problem.
Trying to run my app on the iPhone, xcode has a sudden crash. This only happens if I use my university account to develop. If I sign the application with my personal account (the one where the signature expires after 7 days) xcode does not crash.
Why ?!
If I start the app on the emulator with my university account, do not crash.
:O
This is crash log:
System Integrity Protection: enabled
Crashed Thread: 0 Dispatch queue: com.apple.main-thread
Exception Type: EXC_CRASH (SIGABRT)
Exception Codes: 0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000000000000
Exception Note: EXC_CORPSE_NOTIFY
Application Specific Information:
MainQueue: -[IDEProvisioningManager setDelegate:callbackQueue:]_block_invoke
ProductBuildVersion: 8E3004b
ASSERTION FAILURE in /Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/IDEFrameworks/IDEFrameworks-12175.1/IDEFoundation/Provisioning/Mechanic/UserActions/IDEProvisioningUserAction.m:125
Details: method -[IDEProvisioningUserAction userActionName] is a responsibility of subclasses of IDEProvisioningPermissionsFailureUserAction
Object: <IDEProvisioningPermissionsFailureUserAction: 0x7f9f7d82a870>
Method: -userActionName
Thread: <NSThread: 0x7f9f78e00ce0>{number = 1, name = main}
It's obviously a permissions issue IDEProvisioningPermissionsFailureUserAction...
how to fix....?
This is a permissions issue, and usually happens because the device UDID needs to be added to the developer account you are using.
Once the UDID is added to the account Xcode should be able to create the provisioning profiles and shouldn't crash. If you're not the administrator of the developer account you're trying to use with the device you'll need to ask them to add the UDID of the Apple device to it's certificate.
|
/**************************************************************************
* Sistrategia.SAT.CFDI.Emisor.cs
*
* Author(s): José Ernesto Ocampo Cicero <[email protected]>
* Last Update: 2014-Oct-10
* Created: 2010-Dec-16
*
* (C) 2010-2014 José Ernesto Ocampo Cicero
* Copyright (C) José Ernesto Ocampo Cicero, 2010-2014
* All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*************************************************************************/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Xml.Serialization;
namespace Sistrategia.SAT.CFDI
{
/// <summary>
/// Nodo requerido para expresar la información del contribuyente emisor del comprobante.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// See full schema at http://www.sat.gob.mx/sitio_internet/cfd/3/cfdv32.xsd
/// </remarks>
[Serializable]
[DesignerCategory("code")]
[XmlType(AnonymousType = true, Namespace = "http://www.sat.gob.mx/cfd/3")]
public class Emisor
{
#region Private Fields
private string rfc;
private string nombre;
private UbicacionFiscal domicilioFiscal;
private Ubicacion expedidoEn;
//private IList<RegimenFiscal> regimenFiscal;
private List<RegimenFiscal> regimenFiscal;
//private RegimenFiscal[] regimenFiscal;
#endregion
/// <summary>
/// Atributo requerido para la Clave del Registro Federal de Contribuyentes correspondiente al contribuyente emisor del comprobante sin guiones o espacios.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <code>
/// <xs:attribute name="rfc" type="cfdi:t_RFC" use="required">
/// <xs:annotation>
/// <xs:documentation>Atributo requerido para la Clave del Registro Federal de Contribuyentes correspondiente al contribuyente emisor del comprobante sin guiones o espacios.</xs:documentation>
/// </xs:annotation>
/// </xs:attribute>
/// </code>
/// <code>
/// <xs:simpleType name="t_RFC">
/// <xs:annotation>
/// <xs:documentation>Tipo definido para expresar claves del Registro Federal de Contribuyentes</xs:documentation>
/// </xs:annotation>
/// <xs:restriction base="xs:string">
/// <xs:minLength value="12"/>
/// <xs:maxLength value="13"/>
/// <xs:whiteSpace value="collapse"/>
/// <xs:pattern value="[A-Z,Ñ,&]{3,4}[0-9]{2}[0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9][A-Z,0-9]?[A-Z,0-9]?[0-9,A-Z]?"/>
/// </xs:restriction>
/// </xs:simpleType>
/// </code>
/// </remarks>
[XmlAttribute("rfc")]
public string RFC {
get { return this.rfc; }
set { this.rfc = SATManager.NormalizeWhiteSpace(value); }
}
/// <summary>
/// Atributo opcional para el nombre, denominación o razón social del contribuyente emisor del comprobante.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <code>
/// <xs:attribute name="nombre">
/// <xs:annotation>
/// <xs:documentation>Atributo opcional para el nombre, denominación o razón social del contribuyente emisor del comprobante.</xs:documentation>
/// </xs:annotation>
/// <xs:simpleType>
/// <xs:restriction base="xs:string">
/// <xs:minLength value="1"/>
/// <xs:whiteSpace value="collapse"/>
/// </xs:restriction>
/// </xs:simpleType>
/// </xs:attribute>
/// </code>
/// <xs:minLength value="1"/>
/// <xs:whiteSpace value="collapse"/>
/// </remarks>
[XmlAttribute("nombre")]
public string Nombre {
get { return this.nombre; }
set { this.nombre = SATManager.NormalizeWhiteSpace(value); }
}
/// <summary>
/// Nodo opcional para precisar la información de ubicación del domicilio fiscal del contribuyente emisor.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Antes era requerido
/// <code>
/// <xs:element name="DomicilioFiscal" type="cfdi:t_UbicacionFiscal" minOccurs="0">
/// <xs:annotation>
/// <xs:documentation>Nodo opcional para precisar la información de ubicación del domicilio fiscal del contribuyente emisor</xs:documentation>
/// </xs:annotation>
/// </xs:element>
/// </code>
/// </remarks>
[XmlElement("DomicilioFiscal")]
public UbicacionFiscal DomicilioFiscal {
get { return this.domicilioFiscal; }
set { this.domicilioFiscal = value; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Nodo opcional para precisar la información de ubicación del domicilio en donde es emitido
/// el comprobante fiscal en caso de que sea distinto del domicilio fiscal del contribuyente emisor.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <code>
/// <xs:element name="ExpedidoEn" type="cfdi:t_Ubicacion" minOccurs="0">
/// <xs:annotation>
/// <xs:documentation>Nodo opcional para precisar la información de ubicación del domicilio en donde es emitido el comprobante fiscal en caso de que sea distinto del domicilio fiscal del contribuyente emisor.</xs:documentation>
/// </xs:annotation>
/// </xs:element>
/// </code>
/// </remarks>
[XmlElement("ExpedidoEn")]
public Ubicacion ExpedidoEn {
get { return this.expedidoEn; }
set { this.expedidoEn = value; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Nodo requerido para incorporar los regímenes en los que tributa el contribuyente emisor. Puede contener más de un régimen.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <code>
/// <xs:sequence>
/// <xs:element name="RegimenFiscal" maxOccurs="unbounded">
/// <xs:annotation>
/// <xs:documentation>Nodo requerido para incorporar los regímenes en los que tributa el contribuyente emisor. Puede contener más de un régimen.</xs:documentation>
/// </xs:annotation>
/// <xs:complexType>
/// <xs:attribute name="Regimen" use="required">
/// <xs:annotation>
/// <xs:documentation>Atributo requerido para incorporar el nombre del régimen en el que tributa el contribuyente emisor.</xs:documentation>
/// </xs:annotation>
/// <xs:simpleType>
/// <xs:restriction base="xs:string">
/// <xs:minLength value="1"/>
/// <xs:whiteSpace value="collapse"/>
/// </xs:restriction>
/// </xs:simpleType>
/// </xs:attribute>
/// </xs:complexType>
/// </xs:element>
/// </xs:sequence>
/// </code>
/// </remarks>
[XmlElement("RegimenFiscal", IsNullable = false)]
public List<RegimenFiscal> RegimenFiscal {
//public RegimenFiscal[] RegimenFiscal {
//public IList<RegimenFiscal> RegimenFiscal {
get { return this.regimenFiscal; }
set { this.regimenFiscal = value; }
}
}
}
|
Michael ELLIS, petitioner, v. ILLINOIS.
No. 18-5371.
Supreme Court of the United States
Oct. 1, 2018.
Petition for writ of certiorari to the Appellate Court of Illinois, First District denied.
|
/* SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause */
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright 2018-2019, Fraunhofer SIT sponsored by Infineon Technologies AG
* All rights reserved.
******************************************************************************/
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "tss2_fapi.h"
#include "ifapi_json_serialize.h"
#include "fapi_crypto.h"
#include "fapi_int.h"
#include "fapi_util.h"
#include "tss2_esys.h"
#define LOGMODULE fapi
#include "util/log.h"
#include "util/aux_util.h"
/** One-Call function for Fapi_NvExtend
*
* Performs an extend operation on an NV index with the type extend.
*
* @param[in,out] context the FAPI context
* @param[in] nvPath The path to the NV index that is extended
* @param[in] data The data to extend on the NV index
* @param[in] dataSize The size of the data to extend. Must be smaller than
* 1024
* @param[in] logData A JSON representation of the data that is written to the
* event log. May be NULL
*
* @retval TSS2_RC_SUCCESS: if the function call was a success.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_REFERENCE: if context, nvPath, or data is NULL.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_CONTEXT: if context corruption is detected.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_PATH: if nvPath is not found.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_NV_WRONG_TYPE: if the NV is not an extendable index.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_POLICY_UNKNOWN: if the policy is unknown.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_SEQUENCE: if the context has an asynchronous
* operation already pending.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_IO_ERROR: if the data cannot be saved.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_MEMORY: if the FAPI cannot allocate enough memory for
* internal operations or return parameters.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_NO_TPM if FAPI was initialized in no-TPM-mode via its
* config file.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_VALUE if an invalid value was passed into
* the function.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_PATH_NOT_FOUND if a FAPI object path was not found
* during authorization.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_KEY_NOT_FOUND if a key was not found.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_TRY_AGAIN if an I/O operation is not finished yet and
* this function needs to be called again.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_GENERAL_FAILURE if an internal error occurred.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_AUTHORIZATION_UNKNOWN if a required authorization callback
* is not set.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_AUTHORIZATION_FAILED if the authorization attempt fails.
* @retval TSS2_ESYS_RC_* possible error codes of ESAPI.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_NOT_PROVISIONED FAPI was not provisioned.
*/
TSS2_RC
Fapi_NvExtend(
FAPI_CONTEXT *context,
char const *nvPath,
uint8_t const *data,
size_t dataSize,
char const *logData)
{
LOG_TRACE("called for context:%p", context);
TSS2_RC r, r2;
/* Check for NULL parameters */
check_not_null(context);
check_not_null(nvPath);
check_not_null(data);
/* Check whether TCTI and ESYS are initialized */
return_if_null(context->esys, "Command can't be executed in none TPM mode.",
TSS2_FAPI_RC_NO_TPM);
/* If the async state automata of FAPI shall be tested, then we must not set
the timeouts of ESYS to blocking mode.
During testing, the mssim tcti will ensure multiple re-invocations.
Usually however the synchronous invocations of FAPI shall instruct ESYS
to block until a result is available. */
#ifndef TEST_FAPI_ASYNC
r = Esys_SetTimeout(context->esys, TSS2_TCTI_TIMEOUT_BLOCK);
return_if_error_reset_state(r, "Set Timeout to blocking");
#endif /* TEST_FAPI_ASYNC */
r = Fapi_NvExtend_Async(context, nvPath, data, dataSize, logData);
return_if_error_reset_state(r, "NV_Extend");
do {
/* We wait for file I/O to be ready if the FAPI state automata
are in a file I/O state. */
r = ifapi_io_poll(&context->io);
return_if_error(r, "Something went wrong with IO polling");
/* Repeatedly call the finish function, until FAPI has transitioned
through all execution stages / states of this invocation. */
r = Fapi_NvExtend_Finish(context);
} while (base_rc(r) == TSS2_BASE_RC_TRY_AGAIN);
/* Reset the ESYS timeout to non-blocking, immediate response. */
r2 = Esys_SetTimeout(context->esys, 0);
return_if_error(r2, "Set Timeout to non-blocking");
return_if_error_reset_state(r, "NV_Extend");
LOG_TRACE("finished");
return TSS2_RC_SUCCESS;
}
/** Asynchronous function for Fapi_NvExtend
*
* Performs an extend operation on an NV index with the type extend.
*
* Call Fapi_NvExtend_Finish to finish the execution of this command.
*
* @param[in,out] context the FAPI context
* @param[in] nvPath The path to the NV index that is extended
* @param[in] data The data to extend on the NV index
* @param[in] dataSize The size of the data to extend. Must be smaller than
* 1024
* @param[in] logData A JSON representation of the data that is written to the
* event log. May be NULL
*
* @retval TSS2_RC_SUCCESS: if the function call was a success.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_REFERENCE: if context, nvPath, or data is NULL.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_CONTEXT: if context corruption is detected.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_VALUE: if dataSize is larger than 1024
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_PATH: if nvPath is not found.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_NV_WRONG_TYPE: if the NV is not an extendable index.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_POLICY_UNKNOWN: if the policy is unknown.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_SEQUENCE: if the context has an asynchronous
* operation already pending.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_IO_ERROR: if the data cannot be saved.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_MEMORY: if the FAPI cannot allocate enough memory for
* internal operations or return parameters.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_NO_TPM if FAPI was initialized in no-TPM-mode via its
* config file.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_PATH_NOT_FOUND if a FAPI object path was not found
* during authorization.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_KEY_NOT_FOUND if a key was not found.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_NOT_PROVISIONED FAPI was not provisioned.
*/
TSS2_RC
Fapi_NvExtend_Async(
FAPI_CONTEXT *context,
char const *nvPath,
uint8_t const *data,
size_t dataSize,
char const *logData)
{
LOG_TRACE("called for context:%p", context);
LOG_TRACE("nvPath: %s", nvPath);
if (data) {
LOGBLOB_TRACE(data, dataSize, "data");
} else {
LOG_TRACE("data: (null) dataSize: %zi", dataSize);
}
LOG_TRACE("logData: %s", logData);
TSS2_RC r;
/* Check for NULL parameters */
check_not_null(context);
check_not_null(nvPath);
check_not_null(data);
/* Check for maximum allowed dataSize. */
if (dataSize > 1024) {
LOG_ERROR("dataSize exceeds allowed maximum of 1024. dataSize = %zi", dataSize);
return TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_VALUE;
}
/* Helpful alias pointers */
IFAPI_NV_Cmds * command = &context->nv_cmd;
memset(command, 0 ,sizeof(IFAPI_NV_Cmds));
/* Copy parameters to context for use during _Finish. */
uint8_t *in_data = malloc(dataSize);
goto_if_null2(in_data, "Out of memory", r, TSS2_FAPI_RC_MEMORY,
error_cleanup);
memcpy(in_data, data, dataSize);
command->data = in_data;
strdup_check(command->nvPath, nvPath, r, error_cleanup);
strdup_check(command->logData, logData, r, error_cleanup);
command->numBytes = dataSize;
/* Reset all context-internal session state information. */
r = ifapi_session_init(context);
return_if_error(r, "Initialize NV_Extend");
/* Load the nv index metadata from the keystore. */
r = ifapi_keystore_load_async(&context->keystore, &context->io, command->nvPath);
goto_if_error2(r, "Could not open: %s", error_cleanup, command->nvPath);
/* Initialize the context state for this operation. */
context->state = NV_EXTEND_READ;
LOG_TRACE("finished");
return r;
error_cleanup:
/* Cleanup duplicated input parameters that were copied before. */
SAFE_FREE(command->data);
SAFE_FREE(command->nvPath);
SAFE_FREE(command->logData);
return r;
}
/** Asynchronous finish function for Fapi_NvExtend
*
* This function should be called after a previous Fapi_NvExtend.
*
* @param[in,out] context The FAPI_CONTEXT
*
* @retval TSS2_RC_SUCCESS: if the function call was a success.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_REFERENCE: if context is NULL.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_CONTEXT: if context corruption is detected.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_SEQUENCE: if the context has an asynchronous
* operation already pending.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_IO_ERROR: if the data cannot be saved.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_MEMORY: if the FAPI cannot allocate enough memory for
* internal operations or return parameters.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_TRY_AGAIN: if the asynchronous operation is not yet
* complete. Call this function again later.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_PATH if a path is used in inappropriate context
* or contains illegal characters.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_VALUE if an invalid value was passed into
* the function.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_GENERAL_FAILURE if an internal error occurred.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_PATH_NOT_FOUND if a FAPI object path was not found
* during authorization.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_KEY_NOT_FOUND if a key was not found.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_AUTHORIZATION_UNKNOWN if a required authorization callback
* is not set.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_AUTHORIZATION_FAILED if the authorization attempt fails.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_POLICY_UNKNOWN if policy search for a certain policy digest
* was not successful.
* @retval TSS2_ESYS_RC_* possible error codes of ESAPI.
* @retval TSS2_FAPI_RC_NOT_PROVISIONED FAPI was not provisioned.
*/
TSS2_RC
Fapi_NvExtend_Finish(
FAPI_CONTEXT *context)
{
LOG_TRACE("called for context:%p", context);
TSS2_RC r;
ESYS_TR authIndex;
json_object *jso = NULL;
IFAPI_CRYPTO_CONTEXT_BLOB *cryptoContext = NULL;
TPMI_ALG_HASH hashAlg;
size_t hashSize;
ESYS_TR auth_session;
/* Check for NULL parameters */
check_not_null(context);
/* Helpful alias pointers */
IFAPI_NV_Cmds * command = &context->nv_cmd;
TPM2B_MAX_NV_BUFFER *auxData = (TPM2B_MAX_NV_BUFFER *)&context->aux_data;
ESYS_TR nvIndex = command->esys_handle;
const uint8_t *data = command->data;
IFAPI_OBJECT *object = &command->nv_object;
IFAPI_OBJECT *authObject = &command->auth_object;
IFAPI_EVENT *event = &command->pcr_event;
switch (context->state) {
statecase(context->state, NV_EXTEND_READ)
/* First check whether the file in object store can be updated. */
r = ifapi_keystore_check_writeable(&context->keystore, command->nvPath);
goto_if_error_reset_state(r, "Check whether update object store is possible.", error_cleanup);
r = ifapi_keystore_load_finish(&context->keystore, &context->io, object);
return_try_again(r);
return_if_error_reset_state(r, "read_finish failed");
if (object->objectType != IFAPI_NV_OBJ)
goto_error(r, TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_PATH, "%s is no NV object.", error_cleanup,
command->nvPath);
/* Initialize the NV index object for ESYS. */
r = ifapi_initialize_object(context->esys, object);
goto_if_error_reset_state(r, "Initialize NV object", error_cleanup);
/* Store object info in context */
nvIndex = command->nv_object.public.handle;
command->esys_handle = context->nv_cmd.nv_object.public.handle;
command->nv_obj = object->misc.nv;
/* Determine the kind of authorization to be used. */
if (object->misc.nv.public.nvPublic.attributes & TPMA_NV_PPWRITE) {
ifapi_init_hierarchy_object(authObject, ESYS_TR_RH_PLATFORM);
authIndex = ESYS_TR_RH_PLATFORM;
} else {
if (object->misc.nv.public.nvPublic.attributes & TPMA_NV_OWNERWRITE) {
ifapi_init_hierarchy_object(authObject, ESYS_TR_RH_OWNER);
authIndex = ESYS_TR_RH_OWNER;
} else {
authIndex = nvIndex;
}
*authObject = *object;
}
command->auth_index = authIndex;
context->primary_state = PRIMARY_INIT;
/* Start a session for authorization. */
r = ifapi_get_sessions_async(context,
IFAPI_SESSION_GEN_SRK | IFAPI_SESSION1,
TPMA_SESSION_DECRYPT, 0);
goto_if_error_reset_state(r, "Create sessions", error_cleanup);
fallthrough;
statecase(context->state, NV_EXTEND_WAIT_FOR_SESSION)
r = ifapi_get_sessions_finish(context, &context->profiles.default_profile,
object->misc.nv.public.nvPublic.nameAlg);
return_try_again(r);
goto_if_error_reset_state(r, " FAPI create session", error_cleanup);
if (command->numBytes > TPM2_MAX_NV_BUFFER_SIZE) {
goto_error_reset_state(r, TSS2_FAPI_RC_BAD_VALUE,
"Buffer for NvExtend is too large.",
error_cleanup);
}
auxData->size = command->numBytes;
memcpy(&auxData->buffer[0], &data[0], auxData->size);
command->data_idx = auxData->size;
fallthrough;
statecase(context->state, NV_EXTEND_AUTHORIZE)
/* Prepare the authorization data for the NV index. */
r = ifapi_authorize_object(context, authObject, &auth_session);
return_try_again(r);
goto_if_error(r, "Authorize NV object.", error_cleanup);
/* Extend the data into the NV index. */
r = Esys_NV_Extend_Async(context->esys,
command->auth_index,
nvIndex,
auth_session,
ENC_SESSION_IF_POLICY(auth_session),
ESYS_TR_NONE,
auxData);
goto_if_error_reset_state(r, " Fapi_NvExtend_Async", error_cleanup);
command->bytesRequested = auxData->size;
command->data = (uint8_t *)data;
fallthrough;
statecase(context->state, NV_EXTEND_AUTH_SENT)
r = Esys_NV_Extend_Finish(context->esys);
return_try_again(r);
goto_if_error_reset_state(r, "FAPI NV_Extend_Finish", error_cleanup);
command->numBytes -= context->nv_cmd.bytesRequested;
/* Compute Digest of the current event */
hashAlg = object->misc.nv.public.nvPublic.nameAlg;
r = ifapi_crypto_hash_start(&cryptoContext, hashAlg);
return_if_error(r, "crypto hash start");
HASH_UPDATE_BUFFER(cryptoContext,
&auxData->buffer[0], auxData->size,
r, error_cleanup);
r = ifapi_crypto_hash_finish(&cryptoContext,
(uint8_t *)
&event->digests.digests[0].digest,
&hashSize);
return_if_error(r, "crypto hash finish");
event->digests.digests[0].hashAlg = hashAlg;
event->digests.count = 1;
event->pcr = object->misc.nv.public.nvPublic.nvIndex;
event->content_type = IFAPI_TSS_EVENT_TAG;
memcpy(&event->content.tss_event.data.buffer[0],
&auxData->buffer[0], auxData->size);
event->content.tss_event.data.size = auxData->size;
if (command->logData) {
strdup_check(event->content.tss_event.event, command->logData,
r, error_cleanup);
} else {
event->content.tss_event.event = NULL;
}
/* Event log of the NV object has to be extended */
if (command->nv_object.misc.nv.event_log) {
command->jso_event_log
= json_tokener_parse(command->nv_object.misc.nv.event_log);
goto_if_null2(command->jso_event_log, "Out of memory", r,
TSS2_FAPI_RC_MEMORY,
error_cleanup);
json_type jsoType = json_object_get_type(command->jso_event_log);
/* libjson-c does not deliver an array if array has only one element */
if (jsoType != json_type_array) {
json_object *jsonArray = json_object_new_array();
json_object_array_add(jsonArray, command->jso_event_log);
command->jso_event_log = jsonArray;
}
} else {
/* First event */
command->jso_event_log = json_object_new_array();
}
command->pcr_event.recnum =
json_object_array_length(command->jso_event_log);
r = ifapi_json_IFAPI_EVENT_serialize(&command->pcr_event, &jso);
goto_if_error(r, "Error serialize event", error_cleanup);
json_object_array_add(command->jso_event_log, jso);
SAFE_FREE(object->misc.nv.event_log);
strdup_check(object->misc.nv.event_log,
json_object_to_json_string_ext(command->jso_event_log,
JSON_C_TO_STRING_PRETTY),
r, error_cleanup);
/* Set written bit in keystore */
context->nv_cmd.nv_object.misc.nv.public.nvPublic.attributes |= TPMA_NV_WRITTEN;
/* Perform esys serialization if necessary */
r = ifapi_esys_serialize_object(context->esys, &command->nv_object);
goto_if_error(r, "Prepare serialization", error_cleanup);
/* Start writing the NV object to the key store */
r = ifapi_keystore_store_async(&context->keystore, &context->io,
command->nvPath,
&command->nv_object);
goto_if_error_reset_state(r, "Could not open: %sh", error_cleanup,
command->nvPath);
fallthrough;
statecase(context->state, NV_EXTEND_WRITE)
/* Finish writing the NV object to the key store */
r = ifapi_keystore_store_finish(&context->io);
return_try_again(r);
return_if_error_reset_state(r, "write_finish failed");
fallthrough;
statecase(context->state, NV_EXTEND_CLEANUP)
/* Cleanup the session. */
r = ifapi_cleanup_session(context);
try_again_or_error_goto(r, "Cleanup", error_cleanup);
context->state = _FAPI_STATE_INIT;
r = TSS2_RC_SUCCESS;
break;
statecasedefault(context->state);
}
error_cleanup:
/* Cleanup any intermediate results and state stored in the context. */
if (command->jso_event_log)
json_object_put(command->jso_event_log);
ifapi_cleanup_ifapi_object(object);
ifapi_cleanup_ifapi_object(&context->loadKey.auth_object);
ifapi_cleanup_ifapi_object(context->loadKey.key_object);
ifapi_cleanup_ifapi_object(&context->createPrimary.pkey_object);
if (cryptoContext) {
ifapi_crypto_hash_abort(&cryptoContext);
}
if (event)
ifapi_cleanup_event(event);
SAFE_FREE(command->data);
SAFE_FREE(command->nvPath);
SAFE_FREE(command->logData);
SAFE_FREE(object->misc.nv.event_log);
ifapi_session_clean(context);
LOG_TRACE("finished");
return r;
}
|
Rebuild & Reborn: Creator's Wiki
Click here to Start.
Welcome to the Wiki, I guess
Rebuild and Reborn - An RPG Maker MV Game
Latest activity
Photos and videos are a great way to add visuals to your wiki. Add one below!
|
sidered formed.
Later Pruning. The above work should be completed usually by the middle of the third season. After this the pruning should be reduced as much as possible until the trees come into bearing. A little thinning out in the dense places, removal of the crossing or plainly superfluous limbs, and an occasional heading back of the extra-vigorous branches will be
are desired.
The fruit spurs should always be saved and also the early blossoms, unless they become too numerous, in which case the fruit should be thinned. A little fertilizing of the right sort will avoid any possible injury from early fruiting and the early formation of the bearing habit is usually desirable.
In all pruning, make the cuts close to the parent branch and avoid trimming the limbs to poles. Also keep all blighting twigs off of the main limbs, so far as possible, to avoid the formation of the cankers in which the winter is passed by the blight organisms.
|
Talk:Keefe and Sophie/@comment-39014312-20191007034926/@comment-39957185-20191007195148
Its not a fanfic, I went to Barnes and Nobles and read it
|
$(function() {
for(var _idx=1; _idx>0; ++_idx) {
obj = $('#chart-pie-'+_idx);
if(obj.length == 1) {
data = jQuery.parseJSON($('#chart-pie-data'+_idx)[0].innerText)
var plot = $.plot($('#chart-pie-'+_idx), data,
{
series: {
pie: {
show: true,
radius: 1,
label: {
show: true,
radius: 2/3,
formatter: function(label, series){
return '<div style="font-size:8pt;text-align:center;padding:2px;color:white;">'+label+'<br/>'+Math.round(series.percent)+'%</div>';
},
threshold: 0.1
}
}
},
legend: {
show: false
}
});
}else{
break;
}
}
});
|
Fix addOption bugs
This function doesn't work correctly:
You can't add dynamic option if you adding it to the optgroup because index variable is calculating default index of full container but not of given optgroup.
IMHO, optgroup must be created automatically if it doesn't exist yet.
Related issues:
https://github.com/lou/multi-select/issues/173
https://github.com/lou/multi-select/issues/128
Great fix!
This was great! Finally able to get optgroup created automatically when it doesn't already exist.
I am seeing an issue now though where after the page loads the selected container displays the optgroup values even though no items have been selected yet.
Is anyone else seeing this? Any thoughts?
Here's how I'm writing my code:
<label>
<span>Multi-Select Field:</span>
<select name="selectField" id="selectField" multiple required></select>
</label>
var selectField = $jq("#selectField");
$.getJSON("url/to/my/json/file",function(data) {
$.each(data,function(index,value) {
selectField.multiSelect('addOption',{value:value.value,text:value.text,nested:value.nested});
});
});
selectField.multiSelect({selectableOptgroup:true});
Probably not the cleanest way to do it, but I just called a "deselect_all" after I was done adding all my options. This took care of my problem.
|
Information Systems and Sign Systems
. The organisational world can be considered as a collective of social sign systems and formal sign systems (computer based information systems). In this paper the issue of the fundamental differences between the two kinds of sign systems will be discussed, and the implications of these fundamental differences for system development.
Introduction
Semiotics is the study of sign processes.In organisational context it covers the study of the use and the production of signs in the execution of business processes.The information flows within an organisation are inextricably connected to the use of signs.Signs are the tangible or intangible carriers used for the transfer of information, and interpretation of signs generates meaning.
Within an organisation all kinds of different sign systems are used.In the development of information systems, we generally tend to be focused solely on one kind of sign system, namely the highly structured and formalised IT sign system.In analysis, modelling, requirements elicitation, specification, design and building we use partly formalised language in order to construct IT artefacts, rigid and formal computer based sign systems.Yet, in the daily routine of business processes, real people do not use only or even primarily formalised language.People interact through various kinds of social sign systems like natural language, specialised language (jargon), body language, pictorial information, and they use experience and background knowledge in their daily business routines.People interact on the basis of a combination of patterns, conventions, and norms.In the execution of their organisational tasks real people must deal with real world situations and with the expectations of other real people, using IT systems, natural language, sensory information, experience and background knowledge simultaneously in order to interpret the situation, take the correct actions, and inform people and automated processes in subsequent processes.Much organisational work is routine and can be automated.At the same time, automation itself is a human activity.Both automation projects and working with the results of automated operational processes are human activities and must necessarily be cov-ered by human responsibilities in the organisation.This implies that formal sign systems (computer systems) will always be embedded in social sign systems.
In the study of the use of information systems in organizational context, we should focus on the role of information in the business processes.The primary question should be: what information is needed in what form to carry out the tasks and responsibilities in business processes, where the tasks and responsibilities must necessarily include the production of information for subsequent processes.A similar focus on information rather than on technology is expressed by Ron Weber when he states that the core of the information systems discipline will lie in theories that account for information systems-related phenomena, and not in theories that account for information technology-related phenomena [1].However, in much of ISR literature, and also in the statement on the IFIP website of the scope of TC8, the emphasis seems to be on the application of information technology [2].
For the exchange of information between business processes different kinds of sign systems are involved, some formal, some informal.The different sign systems may complement each other, or they may overlap.One can distinguish between the mechanisms of the formal organisation (as specified in the official documents) and 'shadow' mechanisms (as evolved through the needs of the processes as perceived by the people involved).This leads to the following questions: Which different kinds of sign systems can be distinguished within an organisation, and what are their respective characteristics? What are the implications of the differences between sign systems for system development?To find answers to these questions I will first discuss some basic insights from semiotics, and I will give tentative definitions of the concepts of sign system, formal sign system and social sign system.The paper will continue with a discussion of the economic criteria for the execution of business processes.The core of the paper is in the presentation and discussion of a typical business case and the role of formal and social sign systems in the case.To conclude, I will give provisional answers to the questions asked above, and I will indicate lines for further research.
Semiotics
Kecheng Liu writes in his work on organisational semiotics about the use of signs in organisations: "that all organised behaviour is effected through the communication and interpretation of signs by people, individually and in groups" [3].According to a much used definition by Peirce "a sign, or representamen, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity" (2.228) [4].Any individual percept can (must) be interpreted and as such function as a sign.In semiosis, humans are aware of the difference between the sign itself and that which is represented by the sign.This awareness is fundamental for semiosis, as Van Heusden has analysed in his work.He defines: "Semiosis is the relating, by someone, of a form and an icon" [5].In this definition, the form represents the general, the convention, the stability and the continuity.This allows us to communicate with each other.The icon represents the specific situation, the individual perception.The awareness of the difference between form and icon is the driving force in the development of meaning.New words and new meanings of words are implicitly learned by ostension (pointing out typical examples) by use, and by generalising from individual instances of use to general conventional meaning [6].A specific case of the development of general (and binding) meaning by conscious assessment of individual cases against general meaning is the administration of justice.One example from the Dutch High Court: when the maximum amount of nitrate on lettuce is explicitly bound by law, does the same law apply to crinkly lettuce?Is crinkly lettuce a different vegetable, or is it just another kind of lettuce?[7] In the context of organisational semiotics, Van Heusden and Jorna have analysed how in organisations types of knowledge can be related to the use of signs.In sensory knowledge (the craftsman) the iconicity is predominant, in theoretically concrete knowledge standardised forms (codification) is predominant (classification schemes, conventional signs such as pictograms), and in theoretical knowledge (structures) the relation between abstract forms is predominant [8].Their semiotic space, an adaptation of the information space of Boisot [9], has thus three axes: degree of sensory detail (global/detailed), degree of codification (weak/strong), and degree of theoretical abstraction (concrete/abstract).The semiotic space indicates the kind of knowledge that is predominant in a specific business process as the relative weight of the three dimensions.In each and every case, however, all three dimensions are present.Pure iconicity cannot be communicated (works of art come close), pure theory would be unconnected to concrete events (mathematics and logic come close).In our social world we deal mostly with signs in the context of more or less comprehensive sign systems.Natural language is an example (utterances stand for meaning and intentions), it is the sign system in which our culture as a whole is embedded.Morse code is another example, and is a dedicated sign system designed for a specific purpose, both in a narrow sense (the coding of letters in dots and bars) and in a broad sense (the conventions that regulate the communication by means of Morse code).The nautical system of flag signals is another example of a sign system.To elaborate a little on the last examples (and in agreement with the general system theory that says that any coherent set of elements and relations can be considered a system): the system of flag signals, the system of colours and forms of buoys, the convention of nautical radio communication, the use of symbols on water charts can each be considered as separate sign systems, or the sum of all conventions regarding nautical communication together can be considered as a single sign system.Each part of the nautical sign system is governed by explicitly stated rules and conventions, the nautical sign system as a whole is both governed by the underlying rules and conventions, and will probably also show emerging social habits and patterns that are characteristic for certain places or for certain types of sea traffic.In natural language a lot of different sign systems could be differentiated, and it would be difficult to find good demarcations between them.Lotman has coined the term "semiosphere" for the grand total of all the different and overlapping sign systems that make up the environment a human being lives in [10].It is certainly not my ambition in this paper to develop a method for distinguishing all kinds of possible sign systems in human communication.For this paper it suffices to make the essential distinction between formal sign systems (especially as used in computer systems) and social sign systems (as used in human communication).I will start with some tentative definitions of sign system, formal sign system, and social sign system.
A sign system is a set of signs, used by a social group in a social context, together with for that group in that context settled practices regarding the application and interpretation of the signs and combinations of signs.
A formal sign system is a sign system where the set of signs and the set of rules governing well-formed formulas as valid combinations of signs are formally defined.A good example of a definition of such a system is the proposal for an International Algebraic Language (IAL, precursor of Algol-60) by Backus in his paper at the ACM-Conference in Zürich in 1959 [11].Backus writes in this paper: "(1) There must exist a precise description of those sequences of symbols which constitute legal IAL programs.Otherwise it will often be the case that a program which is legal and translatable for one translating program will not be so with respect to another.
(2) For every program there must be a precise description of its "meaning", the process or transformation which it describes.Otherwise the machine language programs obtained by two translating programs from a single IAL program may behave differently in one or more crucial respects."What is stated here, is that given the formal and deterministic nature of translator programs (translating source code into machine code), the rules for the source code must be fully specified.If not, writers of translator programs may make different choices, resulting in different behaviour for the same source code.
A social sign system is a sign system where the set of signs and the set of habits governing the application and interpretation of signs are formed by social practices, varying from explicit stated rules via social conventions to evolving patterns).In law, we find explicitly stated rules.In the application of law (police, court) we recognise the normative force of social conventions and social patterns.For example, what counts as "self-defence" is dependent on the societal context and of the interpretation of the actual situation and the societal context.In the case of Oscar Pistorius in South Africa the judge had to decide whether to interpret Pistorius' killing of his girlfriend as an act of mistaken self-defence, as an act of manslaughter, or an act of murder.
Meaning and Sign Systems
Meaning can only be found in the use of social sign systems.A formal sign system by itself is devoid of meaning, although there is often the suggestion that it does have meaning.Backus writes "meaning" between quotation marks when discussing automatic processing or transforming, to indicate there is no real meaning involved here (my interpretation).I will give an example from daily practice of the meaninglessness of formal sign systems.Some time ago I needed a new bank card because the old card was pretty damaged.It was still functioning, but it would be broken soon.In order to request a new card via the website of the bank I had to log in first.For this action I needed to use my damaged but functioning card.The request form for the new card asked for the reason (an obligatory choice) for requesting a new bank card: (A) my card is broken; (B) my card was lost; (C) my card was stolen.My reason did not appear in the options.How to answer the question?My line of thought was: if I choose either "lost" or "stolen", I will probably get a new PIN code.If I choose "broken", I will retain my PIN code.Therefore, I chose "broken".Then, I finished the other questions on the form and concluded my dialogue with the website by again using my damaged card and entering the security code connected to that card.The final message of the website was: "You requested a new bank card because your current card does not function any more.The new card will be available after three working days".So, I had to use my damaged card twice to tell the system the self-same card did not function any more.I was quite happy this formal sign system did not have meaning!This example shows three different domains of interpretation: (1) natural language as used and interpreted in human communication, here used for the description of the case; (2) the formal operations within the ICT system according to the formally declared variables, their values, and the conditions as specified in the program code; and (3) natural language in the presentation layer of the software.The last domain suggests the use of meaningful terms by the computer, but is nothing more than an alias for some formal variable or value on a variable.
Economic Norms
Information systems are resources for business processes, and just like any other kind of resource organisational and economic norms apply for their effective and efficient deployment.Information systems include all kinds of organised exchange of information, both computer based and based on numerous other forms of exchange of information by face to face meeting, email, reporting, and so on.Norms of effectiveness and efficiency are generic economic criteria and are always relevant.These norms apply for the use of sign systems in business processes like they apply for the use of every kind of resource.Sign systems fulfil a role in the transfer of information within and between internal business processes, as well as in the interaction and transfer of information between the organisation and its customers, suppliers, and any other external stakeholder.Sign system A is better suited than sign system B for a certain task if A consumes less resources than B. Like many other economic issues the generic criterion is straightforward and clear.However, practice is more often than not complex and not straightforward: (1) the criteria for the successful execution of the task are multi-dimensional, (2) the term resources encloses a heterogeneous group of very different kinds of resources, (3) the determination of the price per unit consumed for a resource can be a highly complex and challenging issue, and (4) the attribution of the amount of resources to specific tasks is often difficult.All these consideration do not take away the fundamental insight that the issues of effectiveness and efficiency always apply in an organisational context.Sometimes effectivity will prevail, sometimes efficiency, but it is always an essential consideration in an organisational context.Apart from the generic criteria mentioned above specific norms for the particular organisation will apply.Partly, these norms derive from the position of the organisation in its environment (for a company: primarily market relations, in combination with relations with other external stakeholders), and partly the norms derive from the internal organisation (Mintzberg: the way of splitting up the tasks and the supplementary mechanisms for coordination of the tasks) [12].In the context of this paper for the market relationship (both as seller and as buyer) the difference between classical contracts and relational contracts is very important [13].Classical contracts are explicit and based on standard terms.These kind of contracts are therefore suited for elementary stand-alone economic transactions between anonymous trading partners, such as can be found on spot markets (buying a paper at the news stand or buying a shipload of crude oil).Relational contracts are not fully specified and are based on a longer lasting trusting relationship between the trading partners.In traditional economic theory, the model of the classical contract prevails with its notion of the individualistic and selfish behaviour of economic actors.In real economic relationships, elements of relational contracts are usually present.The relational aspect of economic relationships of the company with its customers and suppliers is the basis for some of the company's operational norms in business processes.In executing its processes the implicit rules of the economic relationship with the customer must be obeyed (and rules apply for the behaviour of the customer towards the company also).For those who are familiar with the Demo method: in Demo literature the examples are typically examples of transactions in classical contracts, and give therefore a distorted view of business practices [14].
Case Study
The following example shows what the considerations are in choosing the right sign system.Suppose a customer has a long standing relationship with his supplier / producer, and the customer asks: "Could you deliver about 3000 kg trimming in the second half of next week, not too fat".The supplier answers: "I will take care of it!".What kind agreement do we have here, as expressed in loose natural language?And how will this agreement be translated into the computer systems of the supplier / producer, from order entry, through production and shipping to delivery and invoicing?Producer / Supplier 1 Suppose the supplier / producer has a simple and small-scale computer system for sales & invoicing.The internal processes are not supported by this system.In this situation the order will be put into the sales-system with customer-number, delivery date either Thursday or Friday (more or less arbitrarily), the quantity ordered is 3000kg, and the item-number for the product with the description "trimmings 80/20" (trimmings with 80% meat and 20% fat), price.If it is a regular order from a regular customer, this information will suffice.If this order is in some respect an exception to the regular habits and patterns, some notes will be made to remind the colleagues in production and shipment department what is to be known about this particular order.These notes might be made into the computer system (if some comment fields for free text are available), or in the sales-agenda of the sales-person, or on some paper.When later on the order is prepared, and it is a regular order from a regular customer, then the information Customer C, Product P, Delivery D, Amount A will be sufficient for the production department to select or produce the trimmings that will satisfy this customer order.Just the variable parameters of the order are communicated to the shop floor.All further information to fulfil this order is known by the employees on the shop floor, including the slack permitted in the product specifications, the delivery date and the amount to be delivered (routine is presupposed).In other words: to know the customer and the product ordered is sufficient for the execution of the order on the work floor, all to specifications and expectations.Part of the established habits of this particular customersupplier relationship might be that the supplier informs the customer on Tuesday or Wednesday what will probably be delivered, and when.Or the customer informs the supplier that due to unforeseen demand he has a shortage, so please deliver at the earliest possible moment.Producer / Supplier 2 Suppose, by contrast, a supplier / producer who has a highly integrated ERP system.Here also the first step is order entry with the customer-number, product-number, delivery date, quantity, price.The differences are in the subsequent processes.The order data are processed in production planning, as a result production orders will be generated to have exactly the ordered quantity of the ordered product available at the shipping date.Next, production will execute the production orders.The shop floor control module of the ERP system will be monitoring the progress and results of the production processes.Deviations from the production planning are detected and result in corrective actions.If the output from production is less than planned, production will be replanned to produce the lacking quantity.If the output from production is more than planned, the extra output will be added to stock.Is demand for that product-number more than what is available, for example because of late orders from other customers, replanning (or buying) must provide the lacking quantity.All the actions indicated above can be executed automatically in the ERP system.
Analysis of the Sign Systems in the Business Case
In the examples above we see two different sign systems at work.The first supplier / producer uses a natural language sign system with apparently vague descriptive terms and very loosely formulated and imprecise specifications.The trade partners have a stable relationship and each of the trade partners in this economic relation understands the product, the market, and the partner.In this situation, the margins of the trade are sufficiently clear, the trade partners grant each other some latitude in the interpretation of the agreement, and as a result both the internal and external transaction costs are kept at a minimum level.It is a typical example of a relational contract.
For the financial aspects some very specific formal obligations apply.Financial transactions must be factual, consistent and transparent for external stakeholders (In-land Revenue, chartered accountants).Therefore, each invoice must have a unique number (with checks on completeness), and each invoice will show the VAT number of seller and buyer, and each invoice must declare the delivered goods (description and quantity).These formal requirements are met in the sales / invoicing system, partly automatically generated (unique successive invoice-number), partly configuration (VAT-rate, own VAT number), partly master data (VAT-number customer, address data of the customer, description of the product), and partly from order / delivery data (product-number, price, possibly discount, quantity delivered).
The second supplier / producer uses a formal sign system which operates by unique ID's for customers, address data, sales items and all other entities involved in the processing of information.The of Material specifies precisely which resources in which quantities are required to produce one unit of a sales unit, sometimes in combination with a specification of setup times for production, sometime with a specification of setup times dependent on the preceding product on the production line.The ordering process (commerce), the production planning process (coordination), and the production and distribution processes (material handling) are (dis)connected by the ERP system At the beginning of the trade process, at order entry, there is no difference between the two suppliers / producers.Basically, they record the same information in the same way.At the end of the trade process, after establishing the delivery data, the subsequent processes of preparing the delivery documents (either on paper or electronically), and invoicing are the same.The latter processes are bound by financial rules and commercial law.But in between, in all processes involved in order fulfilment, important differences can be found.In the case of the first supplier / producer, the order entry data are made available for the internal processes, and all interpretation is done by knowledgeable employees.In the case of the second supplier, the order entry data of this particular order is automatically processed together with a bunch of other customer orders.Formally derived information is made available for specific processes.The two essential differences between the cases are: (1) the kind of interpretation / processing of information, and (2) the kind of information that is available at different points in the order fulfilment processes.Both differences have a strong connection with the predominant sign system used for the internal processes in the organisation: a social sign system in the first case (common natural language, professional language, organisational terminology), formal sign systems in the second case (computer systems).
Sign Systems and Business Processes
From the example case it will be clear that formal and social sign systems differ in their characteristics to a considerable extent.A general problem in developing computer based information systems is a lack of awareness of these differences.Taken collectively, the user community tends to neglect the differences and ascribe meaning and a capacity of understanding to machines and automata, while the system developer community tends to neglect the differences and blame users for not making clear what they are doing and what they want.Under the hypothetical assumption that in a concrete project both user community and developer community (1) are well aware of the differences between formal sign systems and social sign systems, and (2) are well aware of the double embeddedness of formal sign systems in social sign systems (both in the development of formal sign systems and in the operational application of formal sign systems), the question is what the practical implications are of the differences in the development of an information system.
The same economic norms apply for information systems as for all other kind of resources; the information systems should be effective and efficient.Towards external stakeholders, effectiveness means satisfying their justified requirements and expectations (the expectations being an essential component of relational contracts).For the internal business processes, the effectiveness of the information systems means satisfying the maxims of Grice for a conversation: give all relevant information for the task at hand, avoid all irrelevant information, be accurate, brief, clear and orderly [15].To meet these Gricean maxims, some information is best provided by computer systems, and some by human communication.Situational factors like the kinds of relationship with the outside world and the internal company's culture are codetermining for what the best mix between formal and social sign systems would be.
John Kay writes: "The firm is defined by its contracts and relationships.Added value is created by its success in putting these contracts and relationships together, so it is the quality and distinctiveness of these contracts that promote added value" [16].To sustain the distinctive capabilities of a company with relational contracts, social sign systems matter most.
Also important is the human accountability for actions in an organisational context.Tasks and decisions may be delegated to computer systems, but people are responsible for the execution of the automated tasks.Firstly, this implies that in the configuring of a computer system the responsible people in the organisation must determine the categorisations and the business rules, and must be able to observe and approve the behaviour of the system before operational application of the system.This makes high demands on the translation of the organisational practices into formalised models, and vice versa.Secondly, in operational use people must be able to translate their operational situation into meaningful categories in the computer system (N.B.: this means meaningful for the employee!).Thirdly, in operational use people must be able to translate output of the computer into meaningful information for their task at hand.
Conclusions
In the sections above the fundamental differences between social sign systems and formal sign systems were discussed and illustrated with some business examples.When practitioners in both the user community and the developer community are more aware of these differences, much would be gained already.Subsequent research is necessary to further conceptualise sign systems and its properties, and to analyse business processes in relation to the properties of sign systems.Apart from the essential distinction between social sign systems and formal sign systems, many subtypes in both social and formal sign systems can be differentiated.However, there is the risk of uncontrolled proliferation in such differentiation when a clear goal is lacking.In Information Systems Research, the goal would be to gain a better understanding of the fit of computer based information systems to the business processes.In this perspective, both social sign systems, formal sign systems and business processes should be analysed and categorised in relation to each other.Several kinds of problems are to be solved: (1) the practical problem of the translation of information between formal sign systems and social sign systems; (2) the practical problem of the translation of information between different formal sign systems (in a heterogeneous landscape of different computer systems, also EDI issues); (3) the practical problem of translation between different social sign systems (a classical organisational issue); and last but not least (4) the fitness of a specific sign system for specific business processes.To conclude, insight in the nature and characteristics of different kinds of sign systems is highly relevant for information system development, and will gain both economic results (effectiveness and efficiency, competitiveness) and organisational results (better definition of tasks, less erosion of responsibilities).
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Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon, arising in approximately 0.1--5% of the population, depending on series \[[@CR1]\]. While some variations may be associated with increased risk of ischemic events or sudden death, others may be benign findings which do not pose additional risk nor warrant treatment. Even less described is the usage of donor hearts with anomalous coronary anatomy for transplantation. In this article, we present a case of successful utilization of a donor graft with a single coronary artery for transplantation.
Case presentation {#Sec2}
This study was approved by our institutional review board (MOD18120143-003, approved 3/9/2020), and written consent was obtained.
A 60-year-old male with history of nonischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular ejection fraction of 20% was admitted to the hospital with recurrent ventricular tachycardia. He had undergone three unsuccessful ablation procedures and had also failed multiple outpatient anti-arrhythmic pharmacotherapies. While inpatient, he was maintained on a continuous intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Initially, he was listed as Status 3E, and remained inpatient awaiting a heart offer for over four months. Eventually, he was upgraded to Status 2E due to increased burden of ventricular tachycardia. On post-upgrade day 16, he received a donor offer.
The donor was a 40-year-old male who underwent brain death pronouncement after sustaining blunt head trauma. On echocardiography, the heart had good biventricular function. Due to the donor's age, left coronary catheterization was performed, which revealed an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA). The LCA and right coronary artery arose from a single ostium within the right sinus of Valsalva (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}A). Chest computed tomography demonstrated a retro-aortic course of the LCA (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}B). A discussion was held among the heart failure cardiology and cardiac surgery team. Because the LCA did not appear to have an inter-arterial or other malignant course, nor did it appear to have flow limitation or restriction on angiography, the decision was made to pursue transplantation. A heart team was sent to the donor facility, and the heart was accepted and later transplanted (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Video). Transplantation was performed using our usual implantation technique without modification, beginning with the left atrial cuff anastomosis followed by the aortic anastomosis. The single coronary ostium was widely patent upon inspection, and did not require unroofing.Fig. 1Evaluation of donor cardiac graft included **A** left heart angiogram demonstrating both left and right coronary arteries arising from single ostium within the right sinus of Valsalva and **B** chest computed tomography revealing retro-aortic course of the left coronary artery. *LAD* left anterior descending, *LCA* left coronary artery, *RCA* right coronary artery
The patient did well post-transplant. His hospital course was prolonged primarily due to pretransplant physical deconditioning, having been hospitalized for four months prior to transplant. On posttransplant day 36, he was discharged to a rehabilitation facility, and was discharged home 24 days later.
Anomalous origins of coronary arteries are infrequent phenomena within the general population, and seldomly encountered at time of heart transplantation. Because left heart catheterization is not routinely performed as part of the standard evaluation of donor grafts, unless the donor is male and older than 45 (or \> 50 years for female donors) or other concerns for possible coronary artery disease exist, these findings are typically unknown prior to procurement. Several reports \[[@CR2]--[@CR4]\] have documented the use of donor heart grafts with anomalous coronary anatomy. However, in most cases, these findings are often not recognized until the time of in-person donor evaluation, or even after donor cardioectomy. In this case, left heart catheterization was performed prior to evaluation by the surgical team, and thus, the diagnosis of single coronary artery was known beforehand.
Various variations of aberrant coronary anatomy exist, all with separate risk profiles. The most lethal variant described is the LCA originating from the right coronary sinus with an inter-arterial course, which carries the highest risk of sudden or exercise-induced death, particularly in younger patients \[[@CR5]\]. As in our case, a retro-aortic course of an aberrant coronary is generally thought to have no hemodynamic consequence \[[@CR6]\]. Given these facts, we felt this anatomy to be a benign variation and a suitable graft for this recipient---a gentleman of increased age and with a prolonged pre-transplant hospitalization. Given the fact the patient remained hospital-dependent for more than 4 months awaiting a heart offer, the benefits of transplantation of this donor graft appeared to outweigh the risks of continued hospitalization and waiting. When evaluating these grafts, we advocate that great care be taken to ensure there is no evidence of flow limitation or restriction through the anomalous coronary artery. Any suspicion of ischemia through donor history or cause of death should be of concern. When performing angiography of these vessels, intravascular ultrasound may be a useful tool to rule out impingement, restriction, or any other flow-limiting lesions of these anomalous vessels if concern exists. Given the coronary anatomy in this case, implantation of the cardiac graft did not require modification from usual practice, unlike that of Vasseur and colleagues, who applied a slight modification using a shorter pulmonary artery trunk and longer aortic trunk to create a wide aorto-pulmonary window for implantation of a graft with an inter-arterial LCA \[[@CR3]\].
Though a relatively uncomplicated immediate posttransplant course, it is unclear how this graft may perform in the long-term. A previous retrospective analysis \[[@CR1]\] has suggested that perhaps anomalous coronary artery patters may demonstrate a higher prevalence of significant atherosclerosis, however, little is known about the development of chronic allograft vasculopathy within a transplanted graft .
In this report, we demonstrate the successful identification and utilization of a donor cardiac graft with anomalous single coronary anatomy for heart transplantation. In select cases these grafts can be successful utilized for transplantation with excellent outcomes.
**Additional file 1**. Assessment of 40-year-old cardiac donor revealed single coronary argery with left and right coronary arteries arising from the right sinus of Valsalva and with a retro-aortic course. Due to non-malignant course of the left coronary artery, cardiac graft was deemed suitable for transplantation.
: Left coronary artery
NRH: Conception and design, collection and assembly of data, manuscript and writing, final approval of manuscript. MEK: manuscript and writing, final approval of manuscript. CAF: manuscript and writing, final approval of manuscript. DJK: Conception and design, provision of study patients, manuscript and writing, final approval of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
All methods were performed in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki. This report was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pittsburgh (MOD18120143-003, approved 3/9/2020)**.** Written consent for publication was obtained from the patient described in this report.
Written consent for publication was obtained from the patient described in this report.
The author's declared that they have no competing interests.
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Scaraleaf Dungeon
is a dungeon.
Location
is found at (1,26) on the Scaraleaf Plain.
Access
Entry requires giving a Scaraleaf Dungeon Key to El Scarador, which is consumed.
Rooms
Room 1
* 5 Random Scaraleaves
Room 2
Room 3
* 6 Blue and White Scaraleaf
Room 4
* 6 Green and Red Scaraleaf
Room 5
* 7 Black, Red and Blue Scaraleaves
Room 6
* 7 Black, Green and White Scaraleaves
Room 7
* 7 Scaraleaves (Green, Red, Blue, White, and Immature)
Room 8
* 1 Golden Scarabugly (70~78)
* 3 Black Scaraleaf (40~48)
* 1 Red Scaraleaf (28~36)
* 1 Green Scaraleaf (28~36)
* 1 Blue Scaraleaf (28~36)
* 1 White Scaraleaf (28~36)
Rewards
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Board Thread:General Discussion/@comment-8846246-20160305005354/@comment-27440185-20160305005449
It would be a waste of time to delete it if they return.
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Denouement family tree
* 1) Unknown + Unknown
* 2) Dewey Denouement + Kit Snicket
* 3) Beatrice Snicket
* 4) Ernest Denouement
* 5) Frank Denouement
Related Families
* Snicket family
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Crockpot Swedish Meatballs
Ingredients
* 4 slices white bread, finely chopped
* 2 lbs lean ground Beef
* 4 egg yolks
* 4 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley
* 2 tablespoons dried Onion flakes
* 1 teaspoon salt
* 1 teaspoon mustard powder
* 1 teaspoon ground ginger
* 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
* 1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper
* 1 can condensed French Onion soup
* 1/4 cup all-purpose flour
* 1/4 cup sour cream
* 1 tablespoon sauce
Directions
* 1) Combine bread with 1/2 cup water.
* 2) Let stand about 2 minutes.
* 3) Stir in Beef, yolks, 2 tablespoons parsley, Onion, salt, mustard, ginger, garlic, and pepper.
* 4) Roll heaping tablespoonfuls of meat mixture into balls, about 60.
* 5) Place in crockpot.
* 6) Mix together soup and flour, pour over meatballs.
* 7) Cook on high about 4 hours, stir.
* 8) Stir in sour cream and sauce.
* 9) Serve sprinkled with remaining parsley.
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Discussion+1-Cameras+in+the+Community
[|photo one]
[|photo 2]
[|photo 3] The photo above shows the shooter caught on the school's camera in the cafeteria.
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Board Thread:General Discussion/@comment-24439254-20140616212410/@comment-99965-20140617013357
Oh snap, a puke segment. Haven't had one of those in awhile.
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User:Sparklingdemon
[ they / them ]
Heya! I'm Sparks, I like Pokepastas a lot.
Please consider following me on my deviantART and tumblr!
https://www.deviantart.com/sparklingdemon / https://sparklingdemon.tumblr.com/
My favorite pages
* Pokemon Dead Channel
* My Shining Star (REMADE)
* Forever Mine (REMADE)
* Bad Egg Manaphy
* HM Slave
* Fallen Leaf
* PMD: Explorers of Death
* Tommy Boy
* Nasty Plot
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Complete this political debate on the topic of Quebec Pipelines starting with: Mr. Speaker, every day, 50,000 Quebeckers work in the petrochemical industry. Whether they...
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Echo Knight
Description
Manifest Echo
Manifest Echo
Echo Avatar
Shadow Martyr
Reclaim Potential
Legion of One
Notable Echo Knights
* Quana Kryn: General of the Aurora Watch and partner to Bright Queen Leylas Kryn.
* Verin Thelyss: Taskhand in charge of Bazzoxan, brother of Essek Thelyss.
Trivia
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What's the best way to determine if a temporary table exists in SQL Server?
When writing a T-SQL script that I plan on re-running, often times I use temporary tables to store temporary data. Since the temp table is created on the fly, I'd like to be able to drop that table only if it exists (before I create it).
I'll post the method that I use, but I'd like to see if there is a better way.
IF Object_Id('TempDB..#TempTable') IS NOT NULL
BEGIN
DROP TABLE #TempTable
END
The OBJECT_ID function returns the internal object id for the given object name and type. 'tempdb..#t1' refers to the table #t1 in the tempdb database. 'U' is for user-defined table.
IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb..#t1', 'U') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE #t1
CREATE TABLE #t1
(
id INT IDENTITY(1,1),
msg VARCHAR(255)
)
The best way is to use:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #TempTable
For SQL Server 2016 onwards.
SELECT name
FROM sysobjects
WHERE type = 'U' AND name = 'TempTable'
Keith, it looks like that query will find normal user tables, but not temporary tables.
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Black Diamonds (1938 film)
Black Diamonds (Hungarian: Fekete gyémántok) is a 1938 Hungarian drama film directed by Ladislao Vajda and starring Zita Szeleczky, Zoltán Greguss and Valéria Hidvéghy. It is based on an 1870 novel of the same name by Mór Jókai, the title referring to coal. It was remade in 1977.
The film's sets were designed by the art director József Pán.
Cast
* Zita Szeleczky as Evila
* Zoltán Greguss as Szaffrán Péter - Evila võlegénye
* Valéria Hidvéghy as Marica - bányászlány
* Gyula Csortos as Sondersheim herceg
* Pál Jávor as Berend Iván
* László Kemény as Bányász
* Gerö Mály as Spitzhase
* László Misoga as Bányász
* Kálmán Rózsahegyi as Pali bácsi
* Gyula Szöreghy as Kocsmáros
* Jenö Törzs as Kaulmann Félix, bankár
* Zoltán Várkonyi as Bányász
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INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE INVESTIGATIONS.
Mr. Camphkkl. Tlio next is tho item for investigation and develop ment of methods of manufacturing insecticides and fungicides. The work under this item has been devoted to a study of the conditions found to exist in commercial insecticides and fungicides that are (m the market now. Certain chisses of insecticides and fungicides or disinfectants have been tested against a certain organism, upon which the standard of that product would be gauged. \ ery naturally we have been curious to know whether or not it would be equally effective against other cla.sses of in.secticidal or fungicidal attack and to determine whether or not the standard serving as a basis for the estimate of the value of this product applied with respect to its application to all classes of organisms, and we found that it has not been so in some cases.
We have also found this, that in the class of nicotine products, for instance, the packao:es containing them seemed after a while to lose their potencv for msecticidal use: after a while they did not seem to possess the strength or the value that they were claimed to have originally, and we found that there was a deterioration in the product itself' under certain conditions, and gave attention to the methods under which the products should be prepared in order to maintain their potent condition for a protracted period of time.
The work of fundamental importance under this appropriation very naturally is to try to find some type of an insecticide or fungi cide that will i)e effective in destroying the parasites but at the same time work no injury to the plant itself or to man or animal in the application of them and at the same time have the advantage of being cheap; that is the ideal product.
Mr, Campbell. It is rather a hard job. It is something that can not be done in a minute, but, nevertheless, we are working on that, and we do have right now under way the study of certain compounds of a chrtnical kind that bid fair to supplant certain types of msecti cides we have had, particularly nicotine products, that will have the advantage of being as potent as the nicotine product itself and at the same time very much cheaper.
After you work things of that sort out on a laboratorj' scale very naturallv you have to determine from the standpoint of the cost involved whether it is a practical proposition to do it on a commercial scale.
INVESTIGATION OF CALCIUM ARSENATE.
We have just had this experience recently in connection with work that was done under this fund. Calcium arsenate, you know, is being manufactured and shipped extensively into the South for the purpose of ((inibnling I lie boll weevil and it has l)een found that dilferent shipments acted in dilFerent ways; in other words, the water-soluble arsenic that was found present has been sullicient to burn the plants in a great many rases, and one of our men from the lal)oratorv made a stu<ly of that situation in the South. He f(»und that it was not altogether cliniati*- conditions that were responsible for this excessive water-soluble arsenic, but it appeared that some of the mineral f)roperties which the plant itself had exuih'd and were found to be in
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Thirsty Thursday: 3 Classic Eggnog Recipes
November 10, 2011
It's that time of year again -- the leaves are falling, the temperature is dropping and tinsel is starting to crop up all over the place! While it seems like most people associate eggnog with Christmas, 5 years at Starbucks has my bevera-logical clock programmed differently -- as far as I'm concerned, eggnog season starts the Tuesday after Halloween. Why Halloween and not Thanksgiving? It just seems -- right. Thanksgiving to Christmas isn't very long and, for a brief period each year I take a hiatus from healthy and indulge in far too much warm eggnog. Here are 3 classic DIY/homemade eggnog recipes to get you started this holiday season! (Oh, and they're all naturally gluten free, of course! Just watch your alcohols -- if you have a sensitivity to whiskey or bourbon, use brandy or rum instead.)
Classic Homemade Eggnog
The key is using fresh eggs and high quality booze whiskey or bourbon.
Coquito - Puerto Rican Eggnog with Coconut
A traditional Puerto Rican version using coconut milk and rum (no worries, folks -- using Malibu is completely at your own discretion!) Don't forget to check out the 'choquito' (chocolate coquito/eggnog!) recipe, too.
Butterscotch Scotch Eggnog
Made with smoky Scotch, brown sugar and of course, brandy, this holiday classic gets a smoky-sweet makeover that will have you and your guests begging for more!
Stay tuned for an upcoming article on allergy friendly eggnog recipes (including milk/dairy free & vegan!)
Image Sources:
.
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Benchmark
Extra empthasis on non-benchmark
I see now that unfortunately in the blog we have "Results from Benchmarking Deep Learning Frameworks". Not sure what you guys think about this?
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Cleanup unneeded files
Spotted these while I was looking at how the crushinator works.
Hmm, build failure on bundle install: "Could not find rb-fsevent-0.10.1 in any of the sources"
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Display device with reduced leakage current
ABSTRACT
A display device includes: a semiconductor layer; a gate insulating film; a first display wire; a first interlayer insulating film; a second display wire; a second interlayer insulating film; and a third display wire stacked on a substrate in this order, pixel circuits being provided corresponding to intersections of data signal lines and scanning signal lines included in the third display wire, each of the pixel circuits including a first transistor and a second transistor in which any one of the scanning signal lines overlaps the semiconductor layer through the gate insulating film, one terminal of the first transistor and one terminal of the second transistor are connected together through a connector included in a conductor region of the semiconductor layer, and the connector includes an overlap connector overlapped in a plan view with the data signal lines through a constant potential wires included in the first display wire.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The disclosure relates to a method for producing a display device formed on a substrate, and the display device.
BACKGROUND ART
Recent advancement in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technologies allows increasing number of products to be provided with organic electroluminescence (EL) display devices. A typical organic EL display device includes a plurality of pixel circuits to supply currents to pixels in a light-emitting layer.
A pixel circuit usually includes a plurality of transistors combined together, and appropriately selects a pixel to emit light in accordance with a signal that the pixel circuit receives. Depending on a layout of the transistors, for example, charges accumulate in a gate electrode, and an intended leakage current flows into a light-emitting element. The leakage current could prevent control of brightness of the pixel. Hence, in a proposed technique, the transistors are of a double-gate structure to reduce the leakage current. (See, for example, Patent Document 1.)
CITATION LIST Patent Literature
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H11-231805
SUMMARY Technical Problem
A display device described in Patent Document 1 includes two thin-film transistors provided on a substrate. One of the thin-film transistors has a double-gale structure. In the above display device, two transistors are combined together to constitute a pixel circuit. However, the display device fails to include more transistors for precise control. Another problem is that more transistors require more complex wiring for the transistors, and it is difficult to design a layout of such complex wiring to fit in a small region.
The disclosure is intended to overcome the above problems, and to provide a display device to allow the transistors to operate stably.
Solution to Problems
A display device according to the disclosure displays an image by supplying respective data signals to a plurality of pixel circuits arranged in a display panel. The display device includes: a semiconductor layer; a gate insulating film; a first display wire; a first interlayer insulating film; a second display wire; a second interlayer insulating film; and a third display wire stacked on a substrate in a this order. The first display wire including a plurality of scanning signal lines extending in a row direction. The second display wire including a plurality of constant potential wires extending in the row direction. The third display wire including a plurality of data signal lines extending in a column direction and intersecting with the scanning signal lines and the constant potential wires, the column direction intersecting with the row direction. The plurality of pixel circuits being provided corresponding to intersections of the data signal lines and the scanning signal lines. Each of the pixel circuits including a first transistor and a second transistor in which any one of the scanning signal lines overlaps the semiconductor layer through the gate insulating film. One conductive terminal of the first transistor and one conductive terminal of the second transistor are connected together through a connector included in a conductor region of the semiconductor layer. The connector includes an overlap connector overlapped in a plan view with the data signal lines through the constant potential wires.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the one conductive terminal and the other conductive terminal of the first transistor may be arranged in the column direction along the data signal lines. The one conductive terminal and the other conductive terminal of the second transistor may be arranged in the column direction along the data signal lines. The overlap connector may be overlapped with the constant potential wires, and extends in the row direction.
In the display device according to the disclosure, any one of the constant potential wires may be an initialization wire.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the first transistor and the second transistor may serve as an initialization transistor.
In the display device according to the disclosure, each of the pixel circuits may include a drive transistor. The other conductive terminal of the first transistor may be electrically connected to the initialization wire. The other conductive terminal of the second transistor may be electrically connected to a control terminal of the drive transistor.
In the display device according to the disclosure, each of the pixel circuits may include a third transistor in which a branch gate electrode overlaps the semiconductor layer. The branch gate electrode may branch off the scanning signal lines overlapping the first transistor and the second transistor and extending.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the third transistor may have: one conductive terminal connected to the one conductive terminal of the first transistor through the connector; and the other conductive terminal connected to the one conductive terminal of the second transistor through the connector.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the semiconductor layer including the third transistor may be overlapped with the constant potential wires in a plan view.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the data signal lines may pass between the first transistor and the third transistor in the row direction.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the third display wire may include a power-source voltage line. The power-source voltage line may pass between the second transistor and the third transistor in the row direction.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the other conductive terminal of the first transistor may be connected to any one of conductive terminals of an initialization transistor of a neighboring pixel circuit through the conductor region of the semiconductor layer.
In the display device according to the disclosure, the scanning may include a light-emission control line.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
Thanks to the configurations of the disclosure, a constant potential wire is sandwiched between, and intersected (overlapped) with, a data signal line and a conductor region. Such a feature can reduce an effect of the data signal line on the conductor region, and stabilize the operation of the transistors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating a pixel circuit of a display device.
FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating the pixel circuit of the display device.
FIG. 3 is a plan view enlarging a vicinity of an intersection region in FIG. 2 .
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically viewed along arrows A-A in FIG. 3 .
FIG. 5 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of a semiconductor layer.
FIG. 6 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of a first display wire.
FIG. 7 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of the semiconductor layer and the first display wire overlapping each other.
FIG. 8 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of a second display wire.
FIG. 9 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of a third display wire.
FIG. 10 is a plan view schematically illustrating a pixel circuit of a display device according to a second embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 11 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of the semiconductor layer and the first display wire overlapping each other in the display device according to the second embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 12 is a plan view enlarging a vicinity of an intersection region in FIG. 10 .
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view schematically viewed along arrows B-B in FIG. 12 .
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment
Described below is a display device according to a first embodiment disclosure, with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating a pixel circuit of the display device.
A display device 1 includes a display region in which a plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix. The pixels typically include red pixels representing red, green pixels representing green, and blue pixels representing blue. Each of the pixels is provided with a corresponding light emitting diode LD, and controlled by a corresponding pixel circuit.
Straight lines corresponding to “Scan(n)” and “Scan(n−1)” indicate scanning signal lines. A straight line corresponding to “data” indicates a data signal line. A straight line corresponding to “em(n)” indicates a light-emission control line. Moreover “ELVDD” indicates a high power-source voltage, and a straight line led to “ELVDD” corresponds to a high power-source voltage line. Furthermore, “ELVSS” indicates a low power-source voltage, and a straight line led to “ELVSS” corresponds to a low power-source voltage line. A straight line corresponding to “Vini(n)” indicates an initialization wire corresponding to a reset potential.
In this embodiment, the high power-source voltage line receives a voltage of 5 V, and the low power-source-voltage line receives a voltage of −5 V. The data signal line receives a voltage ranging from 2 to 6 V. The initialization wire receives a voltage of −4 V. The scanning signal line and the light emission control line receive a voltage of 7 V in a “High” state and a voltage of −8 V in a “Low” state,
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the pixel circuit including a combination of: seven transistors (a first circuit transistor T1 to a seventh circuit transistor T7); a capacitor C1; and a light-emitting diode LD.
In the pixel circuit, the first circuit transistor T1 to the third circuit transistor T3 and the fifth circuit transistor T5 to the seventh circuit transistor T7 are used as switching transistors. Moreover, the fourth circuit transistor T4 serves as a drive transistor to supply power to the light-emitting diode LD.
The first circuit transistor T1, an initialization transistor, has one end connected to a gate electrode of the drive transistor (the fourth circuit transistor T4) and the other end connected to the initialization wire. The seventh circuit transistor T7, an initialization transistor, has one end connected to an anode of the light-emitting diode LD and the other end connected to the initialization wire.
FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating the pixel circuit of the display device. Note that, in FIG. 2 , such components as wires are selectively illustrated and such components as an interlayer insulating film are omitted that the drawing is easily viewable.
FIG. 2 schematically shows a layout of the pixel circuit illustrated in FIG. 1 and provided on a substrate 2. FIG. 2 also shows a portion of a neighboring pixel circuit. Hereinafter, for the sake of description, a horizontal direction in a plan view may be referred to as a row direction X and a vertical direction in a plan view may be referred to as a column direction Y. Note that the layout of the pixel circuit is described in detail together with shapes of a semiconductor layer 5, a first display wire 7, a second display wire 9, and a third display wire 11 illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 9 .
The second display wire 9 includes an initialization wire 91 described above. Described next is a structure of an intersection region KR in the vicinity of the initialization wire 91, with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 .
FIG. 3 is a plan view enlarging a vicinity of the intersection region in FIG. 2 . FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically viewed along arrows A-A in FIG. 3 . Note that FIG. 4 illustrates a developed cross-section along the semiconductor layer 5 bent in a plan view.
The display device 1 includes: a resin layer 3; an underlayer 4; the semiconductor layer 5; a gate insulating film 6; the first display wire 7; a first interlayer insulating film 8; the second display wire 9; a second interlayer insulating film 10; the third display wire 11; and a planarization film 12 stacked on a substrate 2 in this order.
Examples of the substrate 2 may include a glass substrate, a silicon substrate, and a heat-resistant plastic substrate (a resin substrate). Example materials of the plastic substrate (the resin substrate) include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethersulfone (TES), acrylic resin, and polyimide. Note that the substrate 2 has any given thickness, and may be formed into a thin film.
The resin layer 3 may be formed of, for example, polyimide resin (PI).
The underlayer 4 is an inorganic SiO₂ film deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The underlayer 4 is not limited to the SiO₂ film. For example, the underlayer 4 may be formed of such materials as silicon oxide (SiO_(x)), silicon nitride (SiN_(x)), silicon oxide nitride (SiO_(x)N_(y); x>y), silicon nitride oxide (SiN_(x)O_(y); x>y), aluminum oxide, and tantalum oxide. The underlayer 4 may be a multilayer including a plurality of layers stacked on top of each other.
The semiconductor layer 5 is low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) formed by such a known technique as the CVD.
The semiconductor laxer 5 may be formed not only of the above material but also a another material. The oxide semiconductor contained in the semiconductor layer 5 may be, for example, an amorphous oxide semiconductor (a non-crystalline oxide semiconductor) and a crystalline oxide semiconductor having a crystalline portion. Examples of the crystalline oxide semiconductor include a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, a microcrystalline oxide semiconductor, and a crystalline oxide semiconductor whose c-axes are oriented substantially perpendicularly to the planes of the layers.
Moreover, the semiconductor layer 5 may be of a multilayer structure including two or more layers. In this case, the semiconductor layer 5 may include a non-crystalline oxide semiconductor layer and a crystalline oxide semiconductor layer. Alternatively, the semiconductor layer 5 may include a plurality of crystalline oxide semiconductor layers having different crystal structures and a plurality of non-crystalline oxide semiconductor layers.
Described next in detail are materials and structures of the non-crystalline oxide semiconductor and the crystalline oxide semiconductor. The semiconductor layer 5 may contain at least one metal element from among, for example, In, Ga, and Zn. Here, the In—Ga—Zn—O-based semiconductor is a ternary oxide of In (indium), Ga (gallium), and Zn (zinc). Proportions of In, Ga, and Zn may be any given ones. For example, the proportions may include In:Ga:Zn=2:2:1, In:Ga:Ln=1:1:1, and In:Ga:Zn=1:1:2. Moreover, the In—Ga—Zn—O-based semiconductor may be amorphous or crystalline. Preferably, the crystalline In—Ga—Zn—O-based semiconductor has the c-axes oriented substantially perpendicularly to the planes of the layers.
Instead of the In—Ga—Zn—O-based semiconductor, the oxide semiconductor layer 5 may contain another oxide semiconductor such as, far example, an In—Sn—Zn—O-based semiconductor. The In—Sn—Zn—O-based semiconductor is a ternary oxide of In, Sn (tin), and Zn. An example of the In—Sn—Zn—O-based semiconductor includes In₂O₃—SnO₂—ZnO(InSnZnO).
The semiconductor layer 5 shall not, be limited to the above ones. Alternatively, the semiconductor layer 5 may contain such substances as: an In—Al—Zn—O-based semiconductor, an In—Al—Sn—Zn—O-based semiconductor, a Zn—O-based semiconductor, an In—Zn—O-based semiconductor, a Zn—Ti—O-based semiconductor, a Cd—Ge—O-based semiconductor, a Cd—Pb—O-based semiconductor, CdO (cadmium oxide), a Mg—Zn—O-based semiconductor, an In—Ga—Sn—O-based semiconductor, an In—Ga—O-based semiconductor, a Zr—In—Zn—O-based semiconductor, a Hf—In—Zn—O-based semiconductor, an Al—Ga—Zn—O-based semiconductor, a Ga—Zn—O-based semiconductor an In—Ga—Zn—Sn—O-based semiconductor, InGaO₃(ZnO)₅, magnesium zinc oxide (Mg_(X)Zn_(1-X)O), and cadmium zinc oxide (Cd_(X)Zn_(1-X)O). The Zn—O-based semiconductor may be non-crystalline (amorphous) ZnO, polycrystalline ZnO, or microcrystalline ZnO including non-crystalline and polycrystalline ZnO mixed together, all of which additionally contain one kind, or two or more kinds, of impurity elements from among group 1 elements, group 13 elements, group 14 elements, group 15 elements, and group 17 elements. The Zn—O-based semiconductor may also be free of impurity elements.
The gate insulating film 6 is formed of silicon oxide (SiO_(x)) deposited by the CVD. The gate insulating film 6 may be formed of the same material as the underlayer 4 is, and may be formed in a multilayer structure in which a plurality of layers are stacked on top of each other.
The first display wire 7, functioning as a gate electrode of a transistor, is a monolayer film formed of Mo and deposited by sputtering. The first display wire 7 shall not be limited to such a monolayer film. Alternatively, the first display wire 7 may be a metal film containing an element selected from among, for example, aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), and copper (Cu), or an alloy film containing these elements as ingredients. The first display wire 7 may further be a multilayer film containing a plurality of films formed of two or more of these elements.
The first interlayer insulating film 8, the second interlayer insulating film 10, and the planarization film 12 are formed of the same material, and by the same method, as the underlayer 4 is. Moreover, the second display wire 9 and the third display wire 11 are formed of the same material, and by the same method, as the first display wire 7 is. Note that, further formed on the planarization film 12 may be a light-emitting element and a contact hole for electrical connection.
The semiconductor layer 5, the first display wire 7, the second display wire 9, and the third display wire 11 may appropriately be patterned in a known photolithography process. Moreover, the contact hole may be provided to, for example, the interlayer insulating films to appropriately connect these different layers.
After the first display wire 7 is formed, the semiconductor layer 5 is treated with plasma and reduced in resistance. Of the semiconductor layer 5, a portion not covered with the first display wire 7 alone is reduced in resistance. A semiconductor region 51 directly below the first display wire 7 is not reduced in resistance; whereas, a conductor region 52 exposed is reduced in resistance. That is, in the semiconductor layer 5, the semiconductor region 51 directly below the first display wire 7 functions as a channel region of a transistor, and the conductor region 52 adjacent to the semiconductor region 51 functions as a source region a drain region (a conductive terminal of the transistor. Moreover, the first display wire 7 has a portion across the gate insulating film 6 from the semiconductor region 51. The portion functions as a gate electrode (a control terminal) of the transistor.
Described next is a shape of each layer in a plan view, with reference to FIGS. 5 to 9 . Note that a first contact hole H1 to an eighth contact hole H8 illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 9 show positional relationships with layers corresponding to respective contact holes. Layers not corresponding to the contact holes are partially omitted.
FIG. 5 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of a semiconductor layer.
The semiconductor layer 5, which is in a bent shape in a plan view, extends throughout the portions of the pixel circuit. As to be described later, the semiconductor layer 5 is disposed so that the first display wire 7, the second display wire 9, and the third display wire 11, all of which are extended linearly, overlap the semiconductor layer 5 in each position inside the pixel circuit. Moreover the semiconductor layer 5 extends out of the pixel circuit, and connects to the semiconductor layer 5 of a neighboring pixel circuit.
FIG. 6 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of the first display wire.
The first display wire 7 includes a plurality of scanning signal lines extending in the row direction X. Specifically, the first display wire 7 includes: a first scanning signal line 71; a second scanning signal line 72; a drive gate 73; and a light-emission control line 74, in FIG. 6 , with reference to the first scanning signal line 71 positioned at the lowest, the first scanning signal line 71, the second scanning signal line 72, the drive gate 73, and the light-emission control line 74 are arranged from below upward. Provided above the light-emission control line 74 is another first scanning signal line 71, and these lines are repeatedly arranged in the stated order. One pixel circuit includes one each of the first scanning signal line 71, the second scanning signal line 72, the drive gate 73, and the light-emission control line 74. Moreover, the first scanning signal line 71, the second scanning signal line 72, and the light-emission control line 74 are respectively connected to another scanning signal line 71, another second scanning signal line 72, and another light emission control line 74 of another pixel circuit adjacent thereto in the row direction X.
The scanning signal line 71, shaped linearly, passes through the above intersection region KR. The scanning signal line 72, shaped substantially linearly, includes a branch extension 72 a branching off and extending in the column direction Y. The drive gate 73 is shaped into a rectangular. Note that, the shape of the drive gate 73 shall not be limited to a rectangular, and may be changed into an appropriate shape, depending on a shape of the semiconductor layer 5 that the drive gate 73 overlaps. The light-emission control line 74 is shaped linearly.
FIG. 7 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of the semiconductor layer and the first display wire overlapping each other.
The semiconductor layer 5 is divided into the conductor region 52 and the semiconductor region 51, depending on whether the first display wire 7 overlaps the semiconductor layer 5. Note that, in FIG. 7 , an area surrounded with a dot-and-dash line corresponds to one pixel circuit GS. The first scanning signal line 71 and the semiconductor layer 5 share three overlapping portions in one pixel circuit GS. Specifically, the semiconductor layer 5 in the intersection region KR has a portion extending in the row direction X and a portion extending in the column direction Y combined together and shaped into a substantial S-shape, and intersects with the first scanning signal line 71 extending in the row direction X at three points spaced apart from each other in the row direction X.
Among the three points of the conductor region 52, two points (a first transistor T1 a and a second transistor T1 b) correspond to the first circuit transistor T1 and one point corresponds to the seventh circuit transistor T7. The first circuit transistor T1, a combination of the first transistor T1 a and the second transistor T1 b connected together in the conductor region 52, is a doubt gate transistor. For the sake of description, the conductor region 52 connecting the first transistor T1 a and the second transistor T1 b together may also be referred to as a connector 52 a. Moreover, the first transistor T1 a and the seventh circuit transistor T7 of the pixel circuit OS adjacent to the first transistor T1 a in the row direction X are connected together with the conductor region 52 overlapping the first contact hole H1.
Within one pixel circuit GS, the second scanning signal line 72 has two linearly portions and the branch extension. 72 a overlapping the semiconductor layer 5. Of the two linearly portions of the second scanning signal line 72 that overlap the semiconductor layer 5, one portion (lower left of the drive gate 73 in FIG. 7 ) corresponds to the third circuit transistor T3 and the other portion (lower right of the drive gate 73 in FIG. 7 ) corresponds to the second circuit transistor T2 (a linearly overlapping portion T2 a). Moreover, a portion, of the second scanning signal line 72, overlapping the semiconductor layer 5 at the branch extension 72 a also corresponds to the second circuit transistor T2 (a branching overlapping portion T2 b). The linearly of portion T2 a and the branching overlapping portion T2 b are connected together with the conductor region 52. Similar to the first circuit transistor T1, the second circuit transistor T2, a combination of the linearly overlapping portion T2 a and the branching overlapping portion T2 b, is a double-gate transistor. The second transistor T1 b and the branching overlapping portion T2 b are connected together with the conductor region 52 overlapping the third contact hole H3. The conductor region 52 extending from the third circuit transistor T3 (extending downwards in FIG. 7 ) has a tip overlapping the second contact hole H2.
The drive gate 73 has one portion overlapping the semiconductor layer 5 within one pixel circuit GS, and corresponds to the fourth circuit transistor T4. The drive gate 73 overlaps the sixth contact hole H6.
The light-emission control line 74 has two poi ions overlapping the semiconductor layer 5 within one pixel circuit and each corresponding to one of the fifth circuit transistor T5 (upper left of the drive gate 73 in FIG. 7 ) and the sixth circuit transistor T6 (upper right of the drive gate 73 in FIG. 7 ). The conductor region 52 extending from the fifth circuit transistor T5 (extending upwards in FIG. 7 ) has a tip overlapping the fourth contact hole H4. The conductor region 52 extending from the sixth circuit transistor T6 (extending upwards in FIG. 7 ) is positioned in an upper portion of FIG. 7 , and connected to the seventh circuit transistor T7 of the pixel circuit GS adjacent to the conductor region 52 in the column direction Y. The conductor region 52 overlaps the fifth contact hole H5.
The conductor region 52 extends from the fourth circuit transistor T4 in one direction (to the left in FIG. 7 ), and branches oft in two. Each of the branches is connected to one of the third circuit transistor T3 and the fifth circuit transistor T5. Moreover, the conductor region 52 extends from the fourth circuit transistor T4 in the other direction (to the OA in FIG. 7 ), and branches off in two. Each of the branches is connected to one of the second circuit transistor T2 (the linearly overlapping portion T2 a) and the sixth circuit transistor T6.
FIG. 8 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of the second display wire.
The second display wire 9 includes a constant potential wire extending in the row direction X. Specifically, the second display wire 9 includes: the initialization wire 91; and a first high power source voltage line 92. In FIG. 8 , with reference to the initialization wire 91 positioned at the lowest, the initialization wire 91 and the first high power-source voltage line 92 are arranged from below upward. That is, the initialization wire 91 and the first high power-source voltage line 92 are alternately arranged. One pixel circuit includes one each of the initialization wire 91 and the first high power-source voltage line 92. Moreover, the initialization wire 91 and the first high power-source voltage line 92 are respectively connected to another initialization wire 91 and another first high power-source voltage line 92 of another pixel circuit adjacent thereto in the row direction X.
The initialization wire 91, shaped linearly, passes through the above intersection region KR. The initialization wire 91 and the first scanning signal line 71 are arranged in the column Y direction. The initialization wire 91 overlaps the seventh contact hole H7 in the vicinity of the first contact hole H1.
The first high power-source voltage line 92 is shaped into a substantially linear shape whose width is partially great, and positioned to overlap the drive gate 73 described above. Specifically, the first high power-source voltage line 92 includes a wide portion 92 b having a great width. The wide portion 92 b is sized to cover substantially all of the drive gate 73. A portion of the wide portion 92 b is open as an opening 92 a in the opening 92 a, the first display wire 7 is not covered with the second display wire 9. The opening 92 a, is positioned to overlap the sixth contact hole H6. Embedded in the sixth contact hole H6 is the third display wire 11. Through the sixth contact hole H6, the first display wire 7 and the third display wire 11 are connected together. The wide portion. 92 b overlaps the eighth contact hole IN in the vicinity of the fourth contact hole H4.
FIG. 9 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of the third display wire.
The third display wire 11 includes a data signal line 111 extending in the columns direction Y. Specifically, the third display wire 11 includes: the data signal line 111; a second high power-source voltage line 112; and a contact connector (an initialization connector 113, a drive connector 114, and a light-emission connector 115).
In FIG. 9 , with reference to the data signal line 111 positioned at the leftmost, the data signal line 111, the second high power source voltage line 112, and the contact connector are arranged in the stated order from left to right. Provided to the right of the contact connector is another data signal line 111, and these lines are repeatedly arranged in the stated order. One pixel circuit includes one each of the data signal line 111, the second high power-source voltage line 112, and the contact connector. Moreover, in the contact connector, the initialization connector 113, the drive connector 114, and the light-emission connector 115 are spaced apart from each other in the column direction Y.
The data signal line 111, shaped linearly, passes through the above intersection region KR. The data signal line 111 is positioned to pass through the second contact hole H2 and the connector 52 a. For the sake of description, a portion, of the connector 52 a, overlapped with the data signal line 111 may also be referred to as an overlap connector 52 b. In a plan view, this overlap connector 52 b is overlapped with the initialization wire 91. Furthermore, the initialization wire 91 preferably overlaps and covers all of the overlap connector 52 b including an end of the overlap connector 52 b. That is, all of the overlap connector 52 b and its end, included in the connector 52 a and overlapped with the data signal line 111 in a plan view, are preferably overlapped with the constant potential wire (the initialization wire 91) in a plan view.
The second high power-source voltage line 112, shaped linearly, passes through the above intersection region KR. The second high power-source voltage line 112 is positioned to pass through the fourth contact hole H4, the eighth contact hole H8, and the connector 52 a.
The initialization connector 113 is provided to connect the first contact hole H1 to the seventh contact hole H7. That is, through the initialization connector 113, the conductor region 52 in the vicinity of the first transistor T1 a and the initialization wire 91 are electrically connected together. The drive connector 114 is provided to connect the third contact hole H3 to the sixth contact hole H6. That is, through the drive connector 114, the conductor region 52 in the vicinity of the second transistor 115 and the drive gate 73 are electrically connected together, the light-emission connector 115 is positioned to overlap the fifth contact hole H5, and electrically connected to the above light-emitting diode LD.
Described next in detail, together with the above features, is a structure of the vicinity of the intersection region KR illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
Of the first transistor T1 a, one conductive terminal (the conductor region 52 below the first transistor T1 a in FIG. 3 ) and the other conductive terminals (the conductor region 52 above the first transistor T1 a in FIG. 3 ) are arranged in the column direction Y along the data signal line 111. Of the second transistor T1 b, one conductive terminal (the conductor region 52 below the second transistor T1 b in FIG. 3 ) and the other conductive terminal (the conductor region 52 above the second transistor T1 b in FIG. 3 ) are arranged in the column direction along the data signal line 111. The connector 52 a is overlapped with the constant potential wire (the initialization wire 91), and extends in the row direction X. One of the conductive terminals of the first transistor T1 a and one of the conductive terminals of the second transistor T1 b are connected together through the connector 52 a.
The data, signal line 111, passing between the first transistor T1 a and the second transistor T1 b, has a portion overlapping the overlap connector 52 b in a plan view and intersecting with the initialization wire 91.
As illustrated in FIG. 4 , the constant potential wire (the initialization wire 91) is sandwiched between, and intersected (overlapped) with, the data signal line 111 and the conductor region 52 (the overlap connector 52 b). Such a feature can reduce an effect of the data signal line 111 on the conductor region 52, and stabilize the operation of the transistors. That is, when the data signal line 111 and the conductor region 52 overlap, parasitic capacitance therebetween could affect operations of the transistors. However, when the constant potential wire receiving a certain potential is sandwiched between the data signal line 111 and the conductor region 52, variation in the potential can be reduced.
The scanning signal line overlapping the first transistor T1 a and the scanning signal line overlapping the second transistor T1 b are the same first scanning signal line 71, and receive the same signal. Hence, the first transistor T1 a and the second transistor T1 b continuously provided are driven by the same signal, allowing the first transistor T1 a and the second transistor T1 b to function as a dual-gate transistor.
In the above features, the data signal line 111, kept from overlapping the first transistor T1 a and the second transistor T1 b, can intersect with the overlap connector 52 b covered with the initialization wire 91. That is, the features relax restrictions on arrangements of the semiconductor layer 5 with respect to the data signal line 111, allowing for a freer layout of the display device 1. Furthermore, the initialization wire 91 is provided to reset potentials of the transistors, allowing the transistors to carry out various operations.
Note that, similar to the data signal line 111, the second high power-source voltage line 112 includes a wire overlap portion 52 c overlapping the connector 52 a. The wire overlap portion 52 c may be overlapped with the initialization wire 91. Moreover, the initialization wire 91 preferably overlaps and covers all of the wire overlap portion 52 c including an end of the wire overlap portion 52 c. That is, all of the wire overlap portion 52 c and its end included in the connector 52 a are preferably overlapped with the constant potential wire (the initialization wire 91) in a plan view. Such a feature makes it possible reduce an effect of parasitic capacitance with the second high power-source voltage line 112.
Second Embodiment
Described next is a display device according to a second embodiment of the disclosure, with reference to the drawings. Note that identical reference signs are used to denote substantially identical constituent features between the first and second embodiments. Such constituent features will not be elaborated upon.
FIG. 10 is a plan view schematically illustrating a pixel circuit of the display device according to the second embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 11 is a plan view schematically illustrating a layout of the semiconductor layer and the first display wire overlapping each other in the display device according to the second embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 12 is a plan view enlarging a vicinity of an intersection region in FIG. 10 . FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view schematically viewed along arrows B-B in FIG. 12 . Note that, in FIGS. 10 and 11 , such components as wires are selectively illustrated and such components as an interlayer insulating film are omitted so that the drawings are easily viewable. Moreover, FIG. 13 illustrates a developed cross-section along the semiconductor layer 5 bent in a plan view.
The second embodiment is different in structure of the intersection region KR from the first embodiment. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 11 , the first scanning signal line 71, included in the first display wire 7 and shaped substantially linearly, includes a branch gate electrode 71 a branching off the first scanning signal line 71 and extending in the column direction Y. The branch gate electrode 71 a is positioned between the data signal line 111 and the second high power-source voltage line 112 in the row direction X, and overlaps a portion of the semiconductor layer 5. As illustrated in FIG. 13 , iii the intersection region KR, the semiconductor layer 5 has a portion overlapped with the branch gate electrode 71 a and acting as the semiconductor region 51. The portion functions as a third transistor T1 c.
Specifically, the third transistor T1 c has: one conductive terminal (the conductor region 52 on the left of the third transistor T1 c in FIG. 12 ) connected to one conductive terminal of the first transistor through the connector 52 a (the conductor region 52 below the first transistor T1 a in FIG. 12 ); and the other conductive terminal (the conductor region 52 on the right of the third transistor T1 c in FIG. 12 ) connected to one of the conductive terminals of the second transistor (the conductor region 52 below the second transistor T1 b in FIG. 12 ) through the connector 52 a.
The third transistor T1 c is provided between, and connected through the conductor region 52 to, the first transistor T1 a and the second transistor T1 b. The first to third transistors T1 a to T1 c combined together can function as a single triple-gate transistor. The first transistor T1 a the second transistor T1 b, and the third transistor T1 c correspond to the first circuit transistor T1 of the pixel circuit GS.
The display device 1 according to this embodiment may be any given display panel as long as the display panel includes display elements. Brightness and transmittance of the display elements are controlled either by current or by voltage. Examples of the display elements to be controlled by current include those of: an electroluminescence (EL) display such as an organic EL display including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and an inorganic EL display including inorganic light-emitting diodes; and a quantum-dot light-emitting diode (QLED) display including Q LEDs. Moreover, examples of the display elements to be controlled by voltage include liquid crystal elements.
The embodiments disclosed herewith are examples in all respects, and shall not be cited as grounds for limitative interpretation. Hence, the technical scope of the disclosure shall not be interpreted not by the above embodiments alone but by recitations of claims. All the modifications equivalent to the features of, and within the scope of, the claims are to be included within the scope of the disclosure.
The invention claimed is:
1. A display device displaying an image by supplying corresponding data signals to a plurality of pixel circuits arranged in a display panel, the display device comprising: a semiconductor layer; a gate insulating film; a first display wire; a first interlayer insulating film; a second display wire; a second interlayer insulating film; and a third display wire stacked on a substrate in this order, the first display wire including a plurality of scanning signal lines extending in a row direction, the second display wire including a plurality of constant potential wires extending in the row direction, the third display wire including a plurality of data signal lines extending in a column direction and intersecting with the scanning signal lines and the constant potential wires, the column direction intersecting with the row direction, the plurality of pixel circuits provided corresponding to intersections of the data signal lines and the scanning signal lines, each of the pixel circuits including a first transistor and a second transistor in which any one of the scanning signal lines overlaps the semiconductor layer on top of the gate insulating film, one conductive terminal of the first transistor and one conductive terminal of the second transistor being connected together through a connector included in a conductor region of the semiconductor layer, and the connector including an overlap connector overlapped in a plan view with the data signal lines through the constant potential wires.
2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the one conductive terminal and another conductive terminal of the first transistor are arranged in the column direction along the data signal lines, the one conductive terminal and another conductive terminal of the second transistor are arranged in the column direction along the data signal lines, and the overlap connector overlaps with the constant potential wires, and extends in the row direction.
3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein any one of the constant potential wires is an initialization wire.
4. The display device according to claim 3, wherein the first transistor and the second transistor serve as an initialization transistor.
5. The display device according to claim 4, wherein each of the pixel circuits includes a drive transistor, another conductive terminal of the first transistor is electrically connected to the initialization wire, and another conductive terminal of the second transistor is electrically connected to a control terminal of the drive transistor.
6. The display device according to claim 1, wherein: each of the pixel circuits further includes a third transistor in which a branch gate electrode overlaps the semiconductor layer, the branch gate electrode, branching off the scanning signal lines, overlapping the first transistor and the second transistor, and extending.
7. The display device according to claim 6, wherein the third transistor includes: one conductive terminal connected to the one conductive terminal of the first transistor through the connector; and another conductive terminal connected to the one conductive terminal of the second transistor through the connector.
8. The display device according to claim 6, wherein the semiconductor layer including the third transistor overlaps the constant potential wires in a plan view.
9. The display device according to claim 6, wherein: the data signal lines pass between the first transistor and the third transistor in the row direction.
10. The display device according to claim 6, wherein the third display wire further includes a power-source voltage line, and the power-source voltage line passes between the second transistor and the third transistor in the row direction.
11. The display device according to claim 1, wherein another conductive terminal of the first transistor is connected to any one of conductive terminals of an initialization transistor of a neighboring pixel circuit through the conductor region of the semiconductor layer.
12. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the scanning signal lines include a light-emission control line.
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fix: Unify icon usage
Summary
Replaces hardcoded svgs with Icon component
Related Issues or PRs
Resolves #1303
How To Test
Confirm that all SVGs still in use are for images that aren't icons
Screenshots (optional)
N/A, looks the same visually, and behaves the same with some attribute changes
Social links I wasn't sure if it needed to change per se, given the styles referenced there turn it black based on its parent div and USWDS doesn't define their style directly. So since our implementation uses their styles, they are sort of 'supposed' to be blue out of their context, since they're links. I think 🤷
I'll fix the search though, could've sworn they were the same on my local. 🤔
Ok yeah search definitely looks normal on my local in both Firefox & Chrome, 24px icon with 12px margin
@brandonlenz are Happo diffs approvable?
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Staunton
Kilgore v. Barr, Trustee.
September 9, 1912.
Absent, Cardwell, J.
1. Bankruptcy — Jurisdiction of Federal Courts. — The Federal courts of bankruptcy are not courts of limited but of general jurisdiction in respect to matters in bankruptcy.
2. Bankruptcy — Findings of Referee — United States District Courts— Jurisdiction. — Where a referee in bankruptcy decides that an assignment of a debt by a bankrupt constitutes a voidable preference, and the adverse claimants, without questioning the jurisdiction of the referee, except to his finding on the merits, and petition the District Court of the United States to review and reverse his order, that court has jurisdiction to determine the issue thus voluntarily submitted to it for its adjudication, and its decision is final and conclusive upon the parties.
3. Appeal and Error — -Objections for First Time — Bankruptcy.—In an action by a trustee in bankruptcy to recover a debt which the referee in bankruptcy has decided belonged to the estate of the bankrupt, and not to the assignee of the debt, objection cannot be made in this court for the first time that the referee was without authority to act in the premises, where it appears that his jurisdiction was not questioned at the time he acted, but was in fact admitted by filing a petition in the district court to have his decision reversed on the merits.
4. Bankruptcy — Jurisdiction—Consent.—The principle that consent cannot give jurisdiction of the subject matter of litigation has no appliaetion to cases arising under section 23-b of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898, which plainly implies that jurisdiction of certain classes of controversies may be given by consent.
Error to a judgment of the Circuit Court of Wise county in an action of debt by E. L. Barr, trustee in bankruptcy of tbe estate of D. A. Ramey against Charles T. Kilgore, on a note made by said Kilgore payable to D. A- Ramey. Judgment for tbe plaintiff. Defendant assigns error.
Affirmed.
E. M. & E. H. Fulton, for tbe plaintiff in error.
Vicars & Peery, for the defendant in error.
Whittle, J.,
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
This writ of error was awarded to a judgment in behalf of E. L. Barr, trustee in bankruptcy of D. A. Ramey, bankrupt, against Charles T. Kilgore on bis note to Ramey for $373.21. Tbe note was assigned by tbe payee to R; L. Kilgore for tbe benefit of tbe Wise County Bank, and two days after tbe assignment Ramey filed bis petition in bankruptcy.
At a meeting of creditors before tbe referee for tbe purpose of examining tbe bankrupt, tbe question was raised as to whether or not Charles T. Kilgore’s note passed, by tbe assignment, to R. L. Kilgore, or constituted an asset of tbe bankrupt’s estate. To that proceeding tbe Kilgores were made parties on their own motion. They were represented by counsel, and, along with other witnesses, were fully examined in support of their contention. They undertook to sustain tbe validity of tbe assignment by proving an alleged parol agreement between themselves and Ramey, more than four months before tbe filing of bis petition in bankruptcy, by which a store account due by Charles T. Kilgore to Ramey was to be applied as a credit on a note to tbe Wise County Bank, made by Ramey as principal and indorsed by tbe Kilgores; and that in pursuance of that agreement and for tbe purpose of carrying it into effect, tbe note .in controversy was made by Charles T. Kilgore and assigned by Ramey to R. L. Kilgore, to be collected by him and applied in part payment of the bank debt.
The referee, on consideration of the controversy upon the merits, overruled the pretension of the Kilgores and held that the assignment was a voidable preference, and that the note did not pass thereby, but belonged to the bankrupt’s estate. It was, accordingly, surrendered by the assignee to the trustee in bankruptcy, who was directed to collect it as an asset of the estate. Thereupon, Charles T. Kilgore and R. L. Kilgore filed an exception in writing to the ruling of the referee and presented a petition to the district court to review and reverse his order; but the finding of the referee was approved and confirmed.
The sole question for our consideration is whether the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to determine the issue thus voluntarily submitted to it for adjudication. If it had, it is clear that its judgment was a complete determination of the matter in controversy, establishing the title of the trustee to the note and the liability of the maker theron.
In discussing the subject of jurisdiction of referees in bankruptcy, Professor Staples, in his excellent work, “A Suit in Bankruptcy,” observes (page 102) : “In general, referees are judicial officers, and their orders made in the course of bankruptcy, including adjudications upon allowance and rejection of claims of creditors, are entitled in all courts, state and federal, to the respect and credit due to officers who act judicially (Clendening v. Red River Bank, 11 Am. B. R. 245) [12 N. D. 51, 94 N. W. 901.] Except when otherwise provided in the statute, the word ‘rourt’ may include ‘referee’ and, subject to such limitation, the jurisdiction of the referee is commensurate with that of the court by which he is appointed. In re Huddleston, 1 Am. B. R. 572.”
Idem., pp. 103, 104: “The power of the bankruptcy courts to take possession of or release the bankrupt’s property has already b.een considered (pp. 93, 97). That power may be exercised by the referee before adjudication in only one case, and that is on ‘the issuance by the clerk of a certificate showing the absence of a judge from the judicial district, or his sickness or inability to act (Acts 1898, sec. 38, subdiv. 3; In re Floreken [D. C.], 107 Fed. 241, 5 Am. R. 802). After adjudication he can act with reference to said property, under the provisions of section 38, subdivision 4. * . * With the exception of questions arising out of applications of bankrupts for composition or discharges, it is believed that the court has no power over the bankruptcy proceedings, that it may not, by reference, delegate to the referee, and his power would seem to be limited only by the terms of the reference. * * * Generally the district courts have formulated and adopted a rule by which the referees are empowered ‘to do all acts and take all proceedings, make all orders and decrees, and perform all duties,’ without specific delegation, which the courts are authorized to delegate by the act or the rules of the supreme court to empower the referees to perform.”
P. 105: “The orders of the referee upon all questions are subject to review by the court.” Sec. 38.
Let it be conceded, as a general proposition, that where the judgment of a court of limited powers is relied on, its jurisdiction must be shown; nevertheless, we do not admit the pertinency of that principle to courts of bankruptcy, which are not courts of limited but of general jurisdiction, in respect to matters in bankruptcy. But whether the mere failure of the record to show the clerk’s certificate, or an order of reference, general or special, to a referee in bankruptcy in relation to a subject, over which he has jurisdiction, renders his judgments amenable to collateral attack need not be here determined. The circumstance that the plaintiff in error raised no objection to the jurisdiction of the referee, but invoked and submitted himself to that jurisdiction, and afterwards sought to review and reverse the decision on the merits on appeal might, perhaps, be regarded a tacit admission that the matter was properly pending before that officer for adjudication. But it is not necessary in this instance to resort to inference merely on that subject. In the petition for appeal from the order of the referee to the district court, it was expressly conceded that the controversy arose in a proceeding in bankruptcy pending before D. F. Bailey, Esq., the referee in charge thereof, at a meeting of creditors and examination of the bankrupt and other witnesses. And the error assigned was not that the matter had not been referred to the referee, or that he had no jurisdiction of the controversy, but that his ruling thereon upon the merits, or the law and the evidence, was erroneous, for which error (to which exception was specifically taken) the court was asked to review and modify the order of the referee, but not to dismiss the proceeding for want of jurisdiction. A similar admission was made in open court at the trial in the circuit court. These admissions are inconsistent with the contention now made for the first time in this court, that the matter, out of which the controversy arose, does not appear to have been referred to the referee. If any such question had been suggested in the trial court, proof of the authority of the referee to act in the premises would, no doubt, have been promptly supplied.
The case of In re Steuer (D. C.), 104 Fed. 976, is strongly in point in support of the referee’s jurisdiction. In that case it is said: “Evidence was taken and one or more hearings were had before the referee, at which counsel for the respondents argued their case without making any question of the referee’s jurisdiction. On January 12, 1900, the referee rendered a decree declaring that the transfer of the brick was a voidable preference, ‘and that the trustees recover said property * * * as a part of said estate.’ ” Upon appeal, the court held the acts of the defendant amounted to consent to the jurisdiction in contemplation of section 23-b of the bankruptcy act of 1898, and affirmed the order of the referee.
So, also, In re Connolly (D. C.), 100 Fed. 620, it was held that the conduct of the parties amounted to consent to the jurisdiction; that though, as a general rule, consent cannot give jurisdiction, that principle has no application to cases arising under section 23-b, which plainly implies that jurisdiction of a certain class of controversiesVmay be given by consent. Otherwise, it is said, the statute would have no effect. I. Remington on Bankruptcy, sec. 1696; J. B. McFarlan Carriage Co. v. Solanas, 106 Fed. 145, 45 C. C. A. 253, 5 Am. Bankr. Rep. 442, 5 Cyc. 263.
There can be no doubt that if the decision of the referee, affirmed by the district court, in the instant case had been in favor of the plaintiff in error, it would have been conclusive upon the rights of the trustee. And the plaintiff in error, having elected to take chances, in a forum of his own selection with general jurisdiction of the subject, and lost, he cannot now be heard to complain, but must abide the result.
The judgment of the circuit court is without error and must be affirmed.
Affirmed.'
|
tered daily in the liorse's food. No more powerful tonic remedies will be necessary, unless the horse is in bad condition, or the appe tite fails, when a little gentian and ginger may be conjoined."
bran mash, for about five weeks or a month.
No. 2. — Liq. pot. iodide comp., 2oz. ; tine, camphorse, 3oz. ; acid, nit. mur. dil. 3oz. Give him odr. twice a day in his water, and continue for eleven days. Let him have the usual quantity of oats, a bran mash twice a week, and some linseed tea and a few carrots with his mid-day feed. He will require good grooming and moderate work or exercise.
No. 3. — One ounce of sulphate of copper (powdered) added to 4oz, of powdered linseed, and a sufficient quantity of lard added to form a mass, and divide it into loz. balls, one to be given every other day ; five or six will cure.
and again at noon if necessary.
No. 5. — Give daily 20 drops of Fowler's solution of arsenic, feed upon carrots, and allow only one feed of corn per diem ; continue the above treatment for five or six weeks.
SOEE BACKS.
Wash the affected part in the first instance with lukewarm water and a little common soap, and, when dry, apply sulphate of zinc and alum in solution (equal parts of zinc and alum), say a large table spoonful of the mixture to a wine-bottle of water ; when this is dissolved apply with a sponge, morning and evening, to the tender part, and when dry lay on a dry chamois-leather to prevent the clothes irritating it. The soap and water is to be used only once in the first instance. Also obtain a very nice piece of sheepskin, sufficient to place the saddle upon, with the woolly side to the horse's back, and ride him in it. If the skin is broken and there is a sore, and the wound healthy, apply a little Friar's balsam mixed with pulverised gum arable, and proceed as above.
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282 THE HUMAN SIDE OF BIRDS
after sunrise. The gallant actor then leaves his, perch, and salutes his numerous mates who have so^ favoured him with an admiring audience ; from one to the other he walks as they greet him with soft caressing tones, as a Sultan is greeted in his harem!
The hower bird of Australia builds a charming theatre or playhouse, which in perfection of art re minds one of Stuart Walker's Portmanteau Thea tre. . . . "The theatre that comes to you." In reality the bower bird carries or builds his little playhouse near his lover's favourite haunts, and therein he acts playlets which portray all the emo tions of his race. He dances, acts, sings, and courts, all at the same time, and ends by "popping the ques tion" with his final bow.
Every bird actor has his own way of making love. The snipe slides in circles, dancing like a fairy in the loveliest way imaginable, as he bows and pleads in a most convincing manner; the brilliant and tal ented ibis seats himself in a graceful position before the one he would have for his mate ; while the mock ing-bird tumbles in the air, singing all night long. Cranes have a regular serenade and cake-walk which might compare very favourably with our old time negro cake-walks.
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package org.huiche.core.util;
import lombok.experimental.UtilityClass;
import org.huiche.core.consts.Const;
import org.huiche.core.exception.HuiCheException;
import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* 字符串处理工具类,很常用
*
* @author Maning
*/
@UtilityClass
public class StringUtil {
/**
* 是否null或空字符串
*
* @param str 字符串
* @return 是否
*/
public static boolean isEmpty(@Nullable String str) {
return HuiCheUtil.isEmpty(str);
}
/**
* 是否不是null或空字符串
*
* @param str 字符串
* @return 是否
*/
public static boolean isNotEmpty(@Nullable String str) {
return !isEmpty(str);
}
/**
* 属性名转数据库字段名
*
* @param str 属性名
* @return 字段名
*/
@Nonnull
public static String fromDb(@Nonnull String str) {
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
if (!str.contains(Const.UNDERLINE)) {
return str.substring(0, 1).toLowerCase() + str.substring(1);
} else {
String[] columns = str.split(Const.UNDERLINE);
for (String columnSplit : columns) {
if (columnSplit.length() == 0) {
continue;
}
if (result.length() == 0) {
result.append(columnSplit.toLowerCase());
} else {
result.append(columnSplit.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase()).append(columnSplit.substring(1).toLowerCase());
}
}
return result.toString();
}
}
/**
* 数据库字段名转属性名
*
* @param dbStr 数据库字段名
* @return 属性名
*/
@Nonnull
public static String toDb(@Nonnull String dbStr) {
StringBuilder column = new StringBuilder();
column.append(dbStr.substring(0, 1).toLowerCase());
for (int i = 1; i < dbStr.length(); i++) {
String s = dbStr.substring(i, i + 1);
if (!Character.isDigit(s.charAt(0)) && s.equals(s.toUpperCase())) {
column.append(Const.UNDERLINE);
}
column.append(s.toLowerCase());
}
return column.toString();
}
/**
* get方法名转数据库字段名
*
* @param methodName 方法名
* @return 字段名
*/
@Nonnull
public static String getMethodName2FieldName(@Nonnull String methodName) {
return toDb(methodName.substring(3));
}
/**
* 字符串首字母大写
*
* @param str 要转换的字符串
* @return 转换后的字符串
*/
@Nonnull
public static String convertFirstToUpperCase(@Nonnull String str) {
String first = str.substring(0, 1);
String other = str.substring(1);
return first.toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault()) + other;
}
/**
* 身份证号码部分隐藏
*
* @param idNumber 身份证号码
* @return 处理后的身份证号码
*/
@Nonnull
public static String hideIdNumber(@Nonnull String idNumber) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(idNumber)) {
idNumber = idNumber.trim();
String[] arr = idNumber.split("");
if (arr.length > 0) {
sb.append(arr[0]);
sb.append("****************");
if (arr.length > 1) {
sb.append(arr[arr.length - 1]);
} else {
sb.append("*");
}
}
}
return sb.toString();
}
/**
* 隐藏真实姓名(只显示姓)
*
* @param realName 姓名
* @return 处理后的姓名
*/
@Nonnull
public static String hideRealName(@Nonnull String realName) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(realName)) {
realName = realName.trim();
String[] arr = realName.split("");
if (arr.length > 0) {
sb.append(arr[0]);
sb.append("**");
}
}
return sb.toString();
}
/**
* 隐藏部分银行卡号
*
* @param cardNumber 银行卡号
* @return 处理后的银行卡号
*/
@Nonnull
public static String hideCardNumber(@Nonnull String cardNumber) {
int showSize = 4;
int allSize = 16;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(cardNumber)) {
cardNumber = cardNumber.trim();
String[] arr = cardNumber.split("");
int length = arr.length;
if (length > showSize) {
cardNumber = cardNumber.substring(length - showSize);
}
cardNumber = "****************" + cardNumber;
sb.append(cardNumber.substring(cardNumber.length() - allSize));
}
return sb.toString();
}
/**
* 隐藏手机号中间四位
*
* @param phone 手机号
* @return 处理后的手机号
*/
@Nonnull
public static String hidePhone(@Nonnull String phone) {
int length = 11;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(phone)) {
phone = phone.trim();
if (CheckUtil.isPhoneNumber(phone) || phone.length() == length) {
sb.append(phone, 0, 3);
sb.append("****");
sb.append(phone, 7, 11);
} else {
sb.append(phone);
}
}
return sb.toString();
}
/**
* 字符串数组用逗号分隔拼接的字符串
*
* @param arr 字符串数组
* @return 拼接和的字符串
*/
@Nonnull
public static String join(@Nonnull String... arr) {
return join(arr, Const.COMMA);
}
/**
* 字符串数组用分隔符拼接的字符串
*
* @param arr 字符串数组
* @param sep 分隔符
* @return 拼接和的字符串
*/
@Nonnull
public static String join(@Nonnull String[] arr, @Nonnull String sep) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if (arr.length > 0) {
for (Object s : arr) {
if (null != s) {
sb.append(sep).append(s);
}
}
}
return sb.toString().replaceFirst(sep, "");
}
/**
* 字符串集合用逗号分隔拼接的字符串
*
* @param list 字符串集合
* @return 拼接和的字符串
*/
@Nonnull
public static String join(@Nonnull Collection<?> list) {
return join(list, Const.COMMA);
}
/**
* 字符串集合用分隔符拼接的字符串
*
* @param list 字符串集合
* @param sep 分隔符
* @return 拼接和的字符串
*/
@Nonnull
public static String join(@Nonnull Collection<?> list, @Nonnull String sep) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if (list.size() > 0) {
for (Object s : list) {
if (null != s) {
sb.append(sep).append(s.toString());
}
}
}
return sb.toString().replaceFirst(sep, "");
}
/**
* 字符串集合转字符串数组
*
* @param list 集合
* @return 数组
*/
@Nonnull
public static String[] list2Arr(@Nonnull Collection<String> list) {
if (HuiCheUtil.isNotEmpty(list)) {
return list.toArray(new String[0]);
}
return new String[0];
}
/**
* 获取字符串的字节长度,默认UTF-8编码
*
* @param str 字符串
* @return 长度
*/
public static int getCharLength(@Nonnull String str) {
return getCharLength(str, null);
}
/**
* 获取字符串的字节长度
*
* @param str 字符串
* @param charset 字符串编码
* @return 长度
*/
public static int getCharLength(@Nonnull String str, @Nullable String charset) {
if (isEmpty(str)) {
return 0;
}
if (isEmpty(charset)) {
charset = "UTF-8";
}
try {
return str.getBytes(charset).length;
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
throw new HuiCheException("传入编码类型 '" + charset + "' 有误!");
}
}
/**
* 逗号分隔的字符串
*
* @param str 逗号分隔的字符串
* @return 字符串list
*/
@Nonnull
public static List<String> split2List(@Nullable String str) {
return split2List(str, Const.COMMA);
}
/**
* 逗号分隔的字符串
*
* @param str 分隔的字符串
* @param sep 分隔符号
* @return 字符串list
*/
@Nonnull
public static List<String> split2List(@Nullable String str, @Nonnull String sep) {
if (HuiCheUtil.isEmpty(str)) {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
if (isNotEmpty(str)) {
String[] arr = str.split(sep);
if (arr.length > 0) {
for (String s : arr) {
if (isNotEmpty(s)) {
list.add(s);
}
}
}
}
return list;
}
/**
* 逗号分隔的字符串
*
* @param str 逗号分隔的int
* @return list
*/
@Nonnull
public static List<Integer> split2ListInt(@Nullable String str) {
return split2ListInt(str, Const.COMMA);
}
/**
* 逗号分隔的字符串
*
* @param str 分隔的int
* @param sep 分隔符号
* @return list
*/
@Nonnull
public static List<Integer> split2ListInt(@Nullable String str, @Nonnull String sep) {
if (HuiCheUtil.isEmpty(str)) {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
try {
if (isNotEmpty(str)) {
String[] arr = str.split(sep);
if (arr.length > 0) {
for (String s : arr) {
if (isNotEmpty(s)) {
list.add(Integer.parseInt(s));
}
}
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new HuiCheException("类型转换错误,无法转换成 int 类型");
}
return list;
}
/**
* 逗号分隔的字符串
*
* @param str 逗号分隔的long
* @return list
*/
@Nonnull
public static List<Long> split2ListLong(@Nullable String str) {
return split2ListLong(str, Const.COMMA);
}
/**
* 逗号分隔的字符串
*
* @param str 分隔的long
* @param sep 分隔符号
* @return list
*/
@Nonnull
public static List<Long> split2ListLong(@Nullable String str, @Nonnull String sep) {
if (HuiCheUtil.isEmpty(str)) {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
List<Long> list = new ArrayList<>();
try {
if (isNotEmpty(str)) {
String[] arr = str.split(Const.COMMA);
if (arr.length > 0) {
for (String s : arr) {
if (isNotEmpty(s)) {
list.add(Long.parseLong(s));
}
}
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new HuiCheException("类型转换错误,无法转换成 long 类型");
}
return list;
}
/**
* 生成一个随机数字验证码,长度小于16位
*
* @param size 长度
* @return 验证码
*/
@Nonnull
public static String randomNumber(int size) {
Assert.ok("长度应在1-16位之间", size > 0 && size <= 16);
String result = "000000000000000" + new Random().nextInt((int) Math.pow(10, size));
return result.substring(result.length() - size);
}
}
|
Mr. Geoffrey Cooper: How does the right hon. Gentleman account, in view of what he said, for the report contained in a local paper which was made by the chairman of the South Durham Iron and Steel Company and which states:
We have continuously opposed the Federation proposals as affecting our works, which were entirely contrary to the schemes of reconstruction previously submitted to the Federation.
I think that itself tends to substantiate the case made yesterday by my right hon. Friend.
Sir A. Duncan: We must not confuse things. I was talking, first, about Skinningrove, and, in the second case, about the South Durham Company. I distinguished between the two works of this last company. That at West Hartlepool is what the hon. Gentleman refers to now. The company is, as I described it, prepared to take part in the scheme
in so far as Cargo Fleet is concerned on proper cooperative arrangements.
This country has been built up as an engineering and manufacturing country over a very long period of time. It is true to say that there is a very substantial quantity of steel that must still be produced in small quantities and special qualities, in different sizes and shapes, because of the demands of industry, but the whole trend has been towards integration. The scheme which the industry put before the Government is one which provides for integrated plants fully loaded. There are 1,750 firms in the iron industry and over 500 in the steel industry and I do not believe—the Minister of Supply will correct me if I am wrong—there an; more than half a dozen firms, if that, who can tell, after the statement made yesterday, whether they are in for nationalisation wholly, in part, or not at all. So far from clarifying the situation, it has made it more confused. We are now away from appropriate sections of the industry; we are now further on. We are in sections of the industry, and firms in sections of the industry. I suggest that if the Government are really in earnest about getting a rehabilitation of industry, they must reconsider where they stand in this matter. There could be nothing more important.
The Lord President of the Council (Mr. Herbert Morrison): If the right hon. Gentleman will forgive me, I would say that I do not follow how the situation is less clear after the fairly definite statement made by my right hon. Friend yesterday than it was before. If the right hon. Gentleman would be good enough to say how it is less clear, and show that the implication would have been better if my right hon. Friend had not said what he did, it would be helpful.
Sir A. Duncan: In my opinion, quite frankly, it would have been much better if the right hon. Gentleman had not said what he did yesterday. I propose to give the reason because it is no use my saying that unless I have a reason. The right hon. Gentleman said:
Now, I propose to tell the House which sections it is proposed should be brought into public ownership, subject, of course, to the possibility of excluding some special individual plants where conditions are exceptional."—
everybody always claims that they are an exception when they want excluding—
We think it tight to start with the iron ore, and with those coke ovens which were omitted from the coal scheme as being associated with steel works. We should also take over the manufacture" of pig iron, and the manufacture of steel ingots from pig iron or scrap. We must include the primary or heavy rolling sections of the industry since steel smelting and primary rolling are essentially one industry, operating a continuous process. Beyond this, there are various other finishing operations "—
this is the important part—
some of which are so closely integrated with the actual iron and steel making as to be virtually one process. We intend in such cases to include the whole plant. In other cases, the finishing processes are more easily separated, and are often carried on in separate or independent works. There we intend to review the field, section by section and firm by firm, in consultation with the industry, before deciding on the exact boundary in each particular case."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, Monday, 27th May, 1946; Vol. 423, c. 853–4.]
There are so many qualifications—I am making the point quite seriously for the consideration of the Minister of Supply—that it is extraordinarily difficult for any firm today in the steel industry, except for half a dozen or so, to say whether they are in in part, in altogether or out altogether. That is a very serious situation at the present time.
Mr. H. Morrison: I want to be clear about this. I am not sure whether the right hon. Gentleman is complaining that my right hon. Friend made what was a pretty broad and clear definition, which he was pressed to give, or whether he is saying that it would have been better had my right hon. Friend not responded to the pressure of the Opposition to make an attempt to define the field over which he proposed to operate. Is the right hon. Gentleman complaining because the Opposition pressed for this explanation?
Sir A. Duncan: I was careful to say that I am making no political point on this issue.
Mr. H. Morrison: I am as innocent as the right hon. Gentleman in that respect.
Sir A. Duncan: I am making a practical industrial point. I am gravely concerned about the risk we are going to run in the hold-up of development. After all, the Government are as interested in the industrial and commercial recovery of the country as is any citizen in it, and I should like to help rather than hinder that movement. I say, therefore, that the
situation, at the present moment, is a very confused one. It is a great pity that this issue has been raised. I should not have thought it necessary to raise it at the present time, for reasons which I will give. Whatever ingenuity is applied to this surgical operation, which is a dismemberment of the industry—almost a disembowelment—it is bound to create dislocation for some period. Whether, if the Government succeed in their policy, all that loss can be made up later, is a matter of speculation, but, for the present, undoubtedly, there must be dislocation. In addition to dislocation we are doing a most serious thing. The whole industry has been reaching forward towards a national plan and towards modernisation with order in its development We are now driving the industry back to think of the valuation of its properties and how it can preserve its assets and liquid resources. Who is to say that trusteeship shall be forgotten and that the industry is not to think of these things?
We are not only doing that, but we are discouraging planning in every other industry as well. That is a grave thing at the present time when the country needs reconstruction. I would have expected the Government to resist the temptation to push the issues further than is necessary in a matter of this kind. They are fundamentally altering the basis on which the industry has organised itself to undertake responsibility for carrying out these schemes, and I fail to see how an industry can be expected, blindly, to associate itself with a venture which it believes is going to be not only damaging to itself, but damaging also to allied industries, and fatal to the recovery of the country.
There are two things which the Government could have done in relation to this industry which calls for much more immediate pressure than an issue of this kind. I refer to coal prices. Pithead prices in this country are £2 a ton as compared with 12s. 6d, in America. At two tons of coal to a ton of steel, the pithead price of coal here is £4 per ton of steel against 25s. in America.
Mrs. Jean Mann: Would the right hon. Gentleman say if it is the case that the hourly wage rate of the steel worker in America is double that of the British worker?
Sir A. Duncan: I could not say that it is, if I were comparing like with like,
We all know that the wage rate in America is high, and the standards of living and expenditure are very high. I am reminded from behind that it is a free and capitalist country. I content myself with saying that there is this disparity; let us face the fact. There is a disparity in coal cost which is as great as, if not greater than, any present disparity between American and British heavy steel prices. Whereas British prewar prices were 10s a too at least on the average less than American prices, they are now much above American prices.
This coal question goes further. There is the question of the regularity and continuity of adequate supplies of coal for the industry, and I say this to the Government. There will be, and there must remain, some doubt as to whether we shall have adequate supplies of coal this year for all our purposes. The Minister of Fuel and Power is dealing with that matter energetically day in and day out, but there is a. great danger, which I have always foreseen and which I have always regarded as the gravest risk, that the Coal Board will be unable to develop within the operating units the flexibility of commercial and operational management which exists under the present system— or, let me put it another way, it will be the hardest task of the Coal Board to develop that flexibility. I can speak from my experience at the Central Electricity Board, to which the Chancellor referred, and I can speak also from my experience of royal ordnance factories. I think the Minister of Supply will bear me out when I say that it is the most difficult thing in the world, even there, to secure a responsible, creative and a flexible management in the units when the real responsibility lies at the centre. It does not much matter whether that centre is a large regional centre, or a headquarters centre.
Coal has been nationalised, and the technique must be built up; I hope it will be built up, for failure to do so would be a most ghastly failure from an industrial point of view. I suggest to the Government that before they adventure themselves too widely in a field of this kind, or do something which might, in the end, strike right at the roots of British industry, they should take time, and do first the things that lie to their hand and think of further experiments later. I emphasise that all the more when I come to my conclusion, which is that it is not the
least bit necessary to nationalise iron and steel in order to achieve the highest efficiency. Neither the Minister of Supply nor the Chancellor has said it is necessary; they have said that they were about to do it, but because you are going to do a thing it does not follow that you have proved that you ought to do it. I suggest that no proof at all has been given by the other side that this ought to tie done.
The best combined brains and technical advice in this country were available for the preparation of the plan which is now before the Government. The industry has the organisation to carry the plan through. The need for efficiency and still more efficiency is not a reason at all for nationalisation, but it is a strong argument for asking the industry to get on with the job, as they are prepared to do. Neither is nationalisation necessary for the purpose of safeguarding the public interest. All the safeguards that ought to be necessary in the public interest already rest in the hands of the Minister of Supply. He possesses the powers, and I cannot think of any further power he requires. The steel industry is very conscious of its public responsibility, whatever criticism may be made, and is prepared to submit, as is no other industry I know of, to public supervision. If the prewar machinery of public supervision is not thought to be enough for the purpose, then by all means improve it, elaborate it and establish a new machine. The Minister of Supply can establish a new machine under his present powers; indeed, he proposes to set up a board of control in any case.
There has been no consultation with the industry about this matter, none at all. If the Government would consult with the industry, all sections of it, men and employers alike, they could satisfy themselves beyond any doubt that a system of control could be established which would safeguard every public interest which needs to be safeguarded. I cannot think of a single public interest that cannot be safeguarded by control. The industry could then go confidently forward with its great schemes, fully pledged, and under any supervision you like, to secure the fullest degree of efficiency and service of the highest quality at the lowest economic prices. The steel industry, more perhaps than any other, has developed its organisation in a
way that makes it possible to fulfil a unified and balanced national plan, leaving the Government to declare broad policy and to exercise close supervision of that policy in the national interest, while leaving the industry to carry it through in a responsible way. That is the relationship between industry and Government which I think it would be of the greatest importance for the Government to develop. There lies the Dunkirk spirit of which the Prime Minister speaks. In that way will be preserved all the flexibility and all the energy, operational, technical and commercial, which are so vital in industries with such diversity and such wide international contacts and markets as the iron and steel industry possesses.
Mr. Burden: May I add my congratulations to my right hon. Friend the Minister of Supply, not only on my own behalf but on behalf of the workers in the steel industry? The workers in the steel industry in Sheffield suffered grievously between the two wars, and it my confident hope and belief that never again will prolonged mass unemployment Wight the social and economic life of that great steel city. No one can deny the importance of the iron and steel industry. England's pre-eminent industrial position in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was very largely built up on the steel industry. Two great inventions helped tremendously, first that of Bessemer who suggested that impurities should be blown out of iron by air. This must have startled the Victorian iron masters, who no doubt thought his suggestion fantastic. The second was the great invention of Siemens' of the open hearth system. Later, Sheffield had to its credit two other inventions. The first was that of Dr. Hadfield in 1882. He discovered manganese steel, of very great wearing capacity and of surprising toughness. Later, in 1913, Harry Brearley, experimenting with gun barrels made of alloy steel, accidentally, and perhaps with a flash of genius, discovered stainless steel. In 1870, Great Britain produced 50 per cent, of the world's pig iron, 37·5 per cent, of the wrought iron and 43 per cent, of steel. In 1930, the percentage of iron and steel had fallen to 8 and only in the wrought iron section, a decaying section, was there any lingering strength.
The hon. and learned Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) yesterday gave a quotation from that admirable study of the iron and steel industry made by the two economists, Mr. Burnham and Mr. Hoskins. May I give another quotation? They said:
At the beginning of the steel age no country worked under more favourable conditions than Britain. We had extensive deposits of coal and ore in close proximity for the cheap production of pig iron, and some of the best coking coal occurred near seaboard where the world's best ores could be imported at low freights. We had industries of the first order, coal, ores, works, plant and machinery, and inherited metallurgical skill. In the construction of locomotives and shipbuilding we always led. Our trade position geographically was very favourable and we enjoyed political and economic strength and stability.
They analysed the causes of the decline in the iron and steel industry. It must be remembered that, of the major industries in this country, the iron and steel industry, according to the census figures of 1930. was the only one which showed not only a relative, but an absolute, decline in the production figures. Why? Again the authors of this admirable and dispassionate study of the industry tell us. They say:
The handling of the ore situation "—
which of course is the basis of the iron and steel industry—
lacked foresight and vision.
There was, they said,
delay in the mechanisation of ore-winning methods, the small scale transport of ore, and lag in the integration of raw material ownership.
They go on to say:
The most important hindrance was the amazing neglect of British basic ores, which were 2s. 6d. per ton closer to coal than Minette ores. The mixing of ores was neglected, although the advantages were known at the beginning of the period. British ores were adaptable to the Thomas process, but, due to prejudice, they were not exploited, although basic pig iron was imported from the Continent, in addition to vast quantities of basic steel.
So it goes on. Indictment after indictment of the iron and steel industry is contained in that study.
Major Peter Roberts (Sheffield, Eccle-sall): Most of the illustrations the hon. Gentleman has given are from 1930, at the time of the greatest world slump. Is he now suggesting that that slump was solely due to the iron and steel masters?
Mr. Burden: If the hon. and gallant Member had been more patient he would have found that I was about to give illustrations of how the industry has developed since 1930. I shall endeavour to show that it has developed under the fostering help of the State, and to prove that statement by a quotation from the Import Duties Advisory Committee. As far back as 1916, during the first world war, the difficulties and deficiencies of the iron and steel trade were known, and a committee of the Board of Trade recommended reorganisation of the industry, concentration in plants of more than 300,000 tons capacity, that combinations should erect wholly new plants, that foreign mines should be bought, the formation of export selling associations, and that there should be a temporary tariff on steel manufactures. They were in favour of coming to the State for assistance.
Did the industry, after the first world war, face these problems? Not a bit of it. No fewer than 12 of the most important firms distributed bonus shares to their shareholders from reserves accumulated during the first world war. Let me give to the House one or two instances. The Consett Iron Company, with a capital of —2 million, gave two shares for each one held: Hadfields, with a capital of —800,000, gave two shares for each one held: Lysaght's, with a capital of —1,600,000 gave four shares for each one held.
Mr. Jennings: Does not the hon. Member remember that the Consett Iron and Steel Company had rearranged its; capital and had written it down very considerably?
Mr. Burden: If the hon. Member will be a little more patient, I will come to that point. Having distributed the bonus shares, but lacking foresight, courage and determination, the industry allowed mass unemployment to develop. Let me give figures to show what happened between 1922 and 1930. In July, 1922, no fewer than 26·7 per cent, of those engaged in the steel industry were unemployed. The method of calculating the figures of unemployment was altered, I will give figures for 1930. In that year, no fewer than 30·9 per cent, of those engaged in the industry were still unemployed. I will again quote from Burnham and Hoskins. They say:
In the years 1921–30 the real problem was to put the industry into a position to attract capital as a permanent investment. Professor Jevons suggested that the State should assist in financing the replanning of the whole of the heavy industry at economically strategic points in coordinated modern plants of sufficient size to obtain the best scientific management.
I come now to the point that was made by the hon. Member for Hallam (Mr. Jennings). In 1931, the Import Duties Act imposed a tariff of 10 per cent, on practically all manufactured articles. The iron and steel industry was at the head of the queue asking for help over and above the 10 per cent, and, as the right hon. Member for the City of London (Sir A. Duncan) is aware, the industry got an additional 20 per cent.—but on what terms? In order that there may be no misunderstanding, I quote from a letter written to Sir George May by the late Mr. Neville Chamberlain, who was then Chancellor of the Exchequer:
From the outset, the Government have made clear their view that an efficient and. prosperous iron and steel industry is essential to this country, and that the duties imposed on foreign imports were intended to provide opportunity for the reorganisation which was necessary for this purpose.
What is implied in the reference to an efficient and prosperous industry? The implication is that the industry, in 1930 and beforehand, was not efficient, and that it was Government help and backing which were necessary to put it on an efficient footing. Judged by ordinary standards, which are acceptable in many quarters of the Opposition, that help was satisfactory, because in 1937 many of the firms which had not been earning any money, or paying any dividends in 1930–31, were paying 10 per cent, or more. There were exceptional cases where, for instance, the Stanton Iron and Steel Company earned 8 per cent, on its capital in 1932, but trebled the amount in 1938, when 24 per cent. was earned. Similarly, the Whitehead Iron and Steel Company earned 12 per cent, in 1932, but in 1937–38 that figure was multiplied nine times, and it paid a dividend of 74 per cent. Hon. Members opposite cannot take any credit to their souls about that, or pretend that the improvement was due to the sturdy individualism of private enterprise. I commend to their attention a short extract from the Report of the Import Duties Advisory
Committee, in the summary of which they reported:
The policy pursued by the State since 1932 has contributed materially to rehabilitate the iron and steel industry and to put it on a profit-making basis. It has also assisted the promotion of a comprehensive organisation capable of exercising a powerful influence on the conduct of the industry a a whole and able to negotiate with its foreign competitors on equal terms.
The report goes on:
There cannot be a return to the lack of organisation, the almost casual development, and the competition largely unrestricted at home and almost wholly unrestricted from abroad, and the State cannot divest itself of responsibility as to the conduct of a protected industry so far-reaching in its scope, so vital to the national well being, so largely affected by State fiscal policy, and now being brought into a closely knit organisation.
Surely, that is evidence that the industry, which I admit played a great part in the second world war, would not have been put on to its feet and would not have reached the pitch of efficiency which it reached in 1938 if it had been left in its old unrestricted private competitive state.
Sir A. Duncan: Will the hon. Member bear in mind that the Committee submitted that there was a due amount of public guidance and a due amount of public accountability?
Mr. Burden: I am glad to have had that admission from the right hon. Gentleman and I hope that, as the Chancellor said, we shall be able to take him along with us in the next logical step in the development, to which I shall refer later. It is true that the industry is now proposing reorganisation. It is true that in July, 1945, a gentleman who went from the Ministry of Supply to become the technical and commercial adviser to the Federation, published on its behalf a scheme for the reorganisation of the industrly, involving, I believe, an expenditure of £125 million. The present report mentions an expenditure of £168 million to reorganise the industry. While we give the industry credit for that, surely, some of us must bear in mind what has happened in reorganisation schemes, and the ruthless way in which, in the interests of the industry., Jarrow was treated, and remembering these things, ask ourselves whether we can trust in the industry to carry out reorganisation in the public interest, for behind reorganisation there is
a great human and social problem. It is because I believe that only the Government can carry through reorganisation, and look after that problem in the right way, that I am glad the Minister has submitted his proposals.
The hon. Member for Hallam has interrupted me once or twice. I wish to recall to his mind something which he is reported to have said in Sheffield in a speech immediately after the Minister of Supply first announced these proposals. If the hon. Member was correctly reported in the local Press, he said that he hoped there would be no "Quislings"In the steel industry. " Quisling "Is an ugly word. " Quisling " stands for an ugly thing. " Quisling,"I believe, was a term hurled at Lord Catto by a former Member of the House because Lord Catto decided to continue as Governor of the Bank of England. I ask the Minister of Supply not to choose his advisers in this matter from those so-called experts in the industry, the people who have worked a restrictionist, monopolistic, protectionist policy. I believe there are men trained in the industry who are ready and willing, if they get the opportunity, to lift the industry on to higher and better levels of public service in the interests of the community. If those men are chosen, I am convinced that the iron and steel industry, with fuel, electricity and transport, will play its part in the reorganisation of our industries and in the building up of a new world order based not on scarcity and restriction, but on the plenty, and make this the century of the common man.
Mr. Peter Thorneycroft: I must compliment the hon. Gentleman the Member for the Park Division of Sheffield (Mr. Burden) upon the exhaustive researches which he has made into the dividend policy of the iron and steel industry. I do not intend to follow him in that matter, but it makes it the easier for me to confess at the outset that I have some inerest in this industry, which I think it is proper to confess. My great great grandfather was an iron master, and rather a good one, and, like many other people, he believed in the hereditary system. As a result, I still own some iron and steel shares; at least, for the moment.
Mr. Emrys Hughes: And coal shares?
Mr. Thorneycroft: Iron and steel, and probably coal.
Mr. H. Morrison: The hon. Gentleman does not know what he owns.
Mr. Thorneycroft: I hope that the Chancellor of the Exchequer will deal with me as generously as the national interest permits. I turn from the past history of this industry to the Motion which the Government have put down. They ask for general approval of their ownership of some sections of the iron and steel industry. I have no particular objection to the Government of the day owning a steel firm. I think quite a lot could be said in favour of it. It would probably be an advantage if the Minister of Supply had owned a steel firm in the past, because I think it would make it more easy for him to know which section of the industry he should nationalise. If one were setting up a great new steel works in Northamptonshire, there would be a good case for the Minister of Supply taking them over and making them the best steel works in the world. What I am concerned about in discussing a Motion of this kind is that it seems to me there is too much talk on the question of who is going to own the steel industry, and nothing like enough has been said about what the Government intend to do with it. We have heard, for example, a discussion as to whether the Skinnin-rove Company approves the industry's plan. What we would like to know is whether the Government approve the industry's plan. All that the Minister of Supply has said so far is that he accepts much of it. We want to know how much, before we are asked to hand it over. I would like to ask a few questions, and though the Lord President—
Mr. H. Morrison: The old trick.
Mr. Thorneycroft: The Lord President is replying, so that I should think the chances of getting a reply to any of my questions are almost nil. Nevertheless, I will try again as I have tried in the past. I will ask them slowly so that he can write them down if he wishes.
Mr. H. Morrison: Will the hon. Gentleman say whether he is going to put a string of questions so that he, as a so-called progressive Tory, may evade making any statement of where he stands on the issue of policy involved?
Mr. Thorneycroft: No, I am not going to evade anything, but if I am allowed, I hope to make one or two observations about the iron and steel industry myself. I am not asking the Government to comment in detail on the industry's plan—I think that would be unfair—but they have had it for several months; they have had ample opportunity of studying it, and they should be able to say where they stand, at least, on the broad lines. Do they think the industry has set its target high enough? Do they regard the sum of £168 million for a period of seven years as rather a parsimonious approach to this matter, or do they contemplate, when they are in control of the situation, development upon a very much greater scale? We ought to be told. I want to know their views on the scrapping policy. The Minister of Supply pointed out that in the industry's plan 30 per cent, of the steel capacity and 40 per cent, of the blast furnace capacity was to be scrapped. Do the Government agree with that figure, or is it part of their case that the industry's plan is not sufficient in scope and that, in point of fact, a great deal more of the existing capacity ought to be scrapped?
If I might have the attention of the Minister, I would like to know the Government's views about exports. I see the target is put at 3,000,000 tons. Is that, in the Government's view, a high enough figure? In the course of our discussions a large number of hon. Members opposite have condemned the cartel. Will the Government in no circumstances whatever enter into a cartel? I would like to know if that -is part of their policy, because if so we ought to be given an assurance that in no circumstances whatever will the new steel board enter into any international cartel. After all, it has been condemned in fairly clear terms. I would also like to ask whether the Government are satisfied with the price situation. The pre-scheme and post-scheme prices are set out in Table IX of the Report, and it is hoped that with the progressive reorganisation of the industry the prices will come down. Do the Government intend to bring them down still further? Are they satisfied with those prices? If they are asking to-own the industry, I think we are entitled to know whether it is part of their case that they can reduce the price of steel lower than that to which it would be reduced under the industry's own plan. I hope
the right hon. Gentleman will be able to answer at least some of those questions, although I should think he is quite incapable of answering them, because the fact is that the Government have not got a steel plan at all. If they had a steel plan and had given any thought to these matters, which are the main basis of any steel plan, obviously they would have decided them long ago.
May I say a few words about the steel industry? I am not an expert on the steel industry at all. The steel industry is, of course, a monopoly, and, frankly, on the whole I dislike monopolies. But let us be quite, clear that it was encouraged and assisted in every way by the Government of the day in order to set up that particular type of organisation. That monopoly was created by the Government. It has been largely controlled by the Government under the Import Duties Advisory Committee or the Iron and Steel Control, or, under the future arrangements, by the right hon. Gentleman's steel board. Rightly or wrongly, the principle that steel should be a monopoly of some kind seems to me to be accepted by everybody. It is obviously accepted by the Socialist Party, because they are going to continue it. It was introduced and sponsored very largely by the Conservative Party—and I agree with the Minister of Supply—so that I think the principle that we should have a monopoly, at least at this stage in Our affairs, is something which is accepted on all sides of the House.
Mr. Dalton: I agree.
Mr. Thomeycroft: I now come to the approach of the Labour Party as set out in a booklet, of which I retain a cherished copy, " Let Us Face the Future."It says:
Private monopoly has maintained high prices and kept inefficient, high cost plant in existence. Only if public ownership replaces private monopoly can the industry become efficient.
And they propose that it should be taken over. Incidentally, what is all this talk about the careful impartial approach that has been given to this matter recently? It was long ago part of the policy of the Socialist Government that this industry should be nationalised. Let us be frank about these things. The Chancellor " let the cat out, of the bag "In the course of
his remarks when he told the chairman of Richard Thomas that he was going to take it over in the days of the Coalition Government.
Mr. Dalton: Speaking with the chairman of Richard Thomas in one of those many friendly conversations that he and I had together, I expressed an opinion about the probabilities.
Mr. Thomeycroft: It seems to have been a fairly accurate opinion. It is one which we all recognise has come about. I am not quarrelling. All I am saying is that it is much better to be open about these things than to imagine that we have had an impartial examination. The point I wanted to bring out was this what was the reason advanced at that time by the Socialist Government? The reason at that time was that the monopoly had maintained high prices and kept inefficient, high cost plant in existence. Let us be clear about this matter of monopolies. Of course, all monopolies charge prices higher than those that could be charged by the most efficient plants. That is the object of a monopoly; it is the object of a private monopoly, and it is the object of a State monopoly. The idea of a monopoly is to prevent those violent upheavals and rapid changes in development which are inclined to happen under a completely free system.
Suppose, for example—though I do not say it is something any party would suggest—that at this moment we said to Richard Thomas, " Forget all about Socialist nationalisation and controls and the rest of it. Put up a great steel plant and produce steel, and anything else you can as a result of the finishing processes, as cheaply as you can." Quite obviously they would probably charge a cheaper price than any monopoly suggested by the party opposite, or anything run under the very able administration of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the City of London. (Sir A. Duncan). It is part of the price that we pay; we sacrifice the cheap price, the efficiency and the progress, in order to avoid the social consequence of rapid change, to some extent to keep plants in operation. Take another thing which I understand the right hon. Gentleman is going to do. The Minister of Supply in his speech made this perfectly plain. He said we should consider the location of these new industries. Indeed, we have to consider the location,
and it may be that under the most efficient plan there would be set up a new steel plant which would take away the employment which other areas had previously enjoyed, thereby bringing very grave unemployment problems to a particular area.
I agree with the right hon. Gentleman, that the industry, as a whole, has accepted this plan However, in the area around me, in Monmouthshire, there is the old Monmouthshire tinplate industry. I assure the right hon Gentleman that in Pontypool, where there has been a tin-plate industry for very many years, and where there is a conglomeration of various industries connected with the iron and steel process—iron and steel foundries, tinplate works, sheet works and so on— the plan as put forward by the Government will have very serious repercussions indeed. It will be no comfort to men in such areas to know that the repercussions are taking place under an industry owned by the right hon. Gentleman. What they are interested in is, not who owns the industry, but whether there will be a steel industry at all in that area. The point I wish to emphasise is this. Under any of these monopoly schemes, whether it is a private monopoly under the Iron and Steel Federation or whether it is a monopoly run by the party opposite, we are bound to make some sacrifices so far as efficiency and the cheapest price is concerned.
I agree that everybody has accepted the principle that the iron and steel industry should be monopolistic in character. However, I would ask the Government to look at one thing. I have read this Report, indeed, I hope every hon. Member who participates in this Debate has done, and I observe that, apart from the big steel works—and this is a matter that was known to most of us before—there are vast numbers of trade organisations. There is an organisation that rejoices in the name of the British Grit Association, an admirable and very proper association, and there are many others. How many of those fix prices? How many of those really need to be organised on the basis of a monopoly? Take, for example, manufacturers of cast iron bedsteads. Is it really necessary that they should all be organised into a price ring? I think that at the very time the Government are concerned with bringing large sections of the industry into a tighter public ownership they might be equally concerned to
see that there is a degree of enterprise among some of the extremer fringes of the industry. I pass that comment on to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, because it would be entirely consistent with the pledges of the Labour Party at the time of the Election.
I turn to what, I think, is the real basis of this Debate. The real question we have to face is what the relations between the monopoly which exists and the State ought to be. The Government say the only way of dealing with it is that they should own the whole thing. That is their case. Of course, it is always very easy to find reasons for nationalising an industry. If it is competitive, like road transport, it is said that it is a most wasteful competition, that it needs coordinating, and that, therefore, it has to be brought together under a nationalisation scheme. If the industry has eliminated all competition and brought itself into a tight monopoly, it is said that it is one of those wicked cartels and, therefore, it must be taken over. Really, some of the arguments on this matter are becoming a little farfetched. Let me take the ordinary case which has been put forward in the past and is put forward here. It is sometimes said of an industry that the labour situation is such that public ownership is the only thing which will satisfy the labour force. That was said, with some degree of justification, in regard to the coal industry. I think the Chancellor would agree that argument would not apply here. On the other hand, it may be said that the industry refuses to organise. The iron and steel industry is not refusing to organise. It has produced a great many more plans than the Government have produced.
I turn to the extraordinary reasons— and they are quite extraordinary—which were produced yesterday by the Minister of Supply. Some of them are astonishing. He said he would give us the reasons. The first reason he gave was that the priorities of finance would have to be laid down by the Government—mark this, the priorities of finance. The Minister of Supply did not suggest that the Government would have to supply the finance. Some hon. Members who followed him did, and the " Daily Herald" was trying to sell that statement today. "The public must find the money; therefore, the State must own the industry,"Is the cry, and one which
the Government think might appeal to the public. It is, of course, an entirely false statement. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is not being asked to supply the money, and he himself very fairly stated that position today. All that is asked is that the Government should lay down the priority. Because a great basic industry such as the iron and steel industry is given priority over, say, silk stockings in regard to production and capital, is that a reason for nationalising it? At the present moment if anybody wants to build a laundry he has to get a licence for it. Is that a reason why the State should take it over? The argument got very nearly as far as that, because the Minister of Supply used the argument, not only with regard to money, but even with regard to bricks, saying that priorities and facilities would have to be given for the necessary labour and materials. Surely, that cannot be put forward as an argument for national ownership?
He then went on to his next point— and I make this a substantial point—and said that this industry could not put through a reorganisation plan of its own. He said that this divorce of control and ownership would not work. What will happen to the rest of the Government's schemes and plans? I thought it was the proud boast of this Government that they were going to exercise over-all control over the main lines and strategy of our whole economic and industrial life. Is it part of their case that the control will not work unless they bring the other 80 per cent, of industry under public ownership? What about the working parties at the present time? What about the working party in regard to cotton, or the working party on the pottery industry? They have just reported back, and people all over the country are reading with interest the reports they have made for reorganisation and reconstruction in those particular industries. It is part of those reports, as I understand them, that the industries should remain under private enterprise. Is it part of the Government's case that this divorce of control and ownership will not work? If so, why are the working parties wasting their time going about the industries?
I believe, and I have always firmly believed—and I think it will be conceded that I have been consistent in this matter —that it is part of the State's responsi-
bility to have some control over our industrial and economic life, and that it is the job of industry to get on with the day to day running of industry. I had hoped, when the right hon. Gentleman and his colleagues appointed these working parties, that that was the kind of thing we could expect in regard to those industries, but it appears that even that hope is gone.
I wonder why it is they want ownership. I do not think it is because of politics, in that sense. I think it is something a bit more fundamental. They want to do with steel what they think they have already done with coal—and, indeed, probably have done—and, to some extent, with cotton. They want to control the raw material. If they can control the raw material they will have the whip hand, not over one big industry only, but over all the hundreds, indeed, thousands of small industries in this country. It will not be necessary to come to the House of Commons and ask for the mandate of the House of Commons to nationalise those small industries. It will not even be necessary to get over the rather difficult affair of not having a mandate to do it at the Election. It will be possible completely to strangle them.
We have seen what is going to happen already in the coal industry. There will be a Board to discriminate between one consumer and another, with power to favour the subsidiaries of firms under its control against firms in private enterprise. All the efforts on the part of the Opposition to introduce safeguards are resisted. I have no doubt we shall see exactly the same thing in the steel industry. I have no doubt whatever that a Bill will be introduced, and the making of steel will be in the hands of the Government; and some of the finishing processes will be in the hands of the Government, too. Will the Government sell to their own finishing process firms on the same terms as to their competitors? I think there is very little doubt about what the answer to that will be. That is, I think, the real reason behind the Government's desire for ownership.
I do not want to speak any longer, but I am bound to say that I think the Government, in this matter, have missed a great opportunity. I do not know whether they have made a big mistake.
It is always unwise to prophesy in politics. The events unfolding themselves in the industrial world are such that few of us could say that this or that will happen in so many years' time. This may be the big mistake of the Socialist Government. I do not know. But I do say that they have missed a great opportunity. If ever there was a chance for partnership between the State and industry, this was it. Let the Government, in a case like this, take 100 per cent, control to see a reorganisation scheme put through. Having agreed upon that scheme, let them take powers to put in managers, if need be, as they did in wartime under wartime controls, so that the reorganisation scheme can be put through in the quickest possible time. Having got the power to put the scheme through, let them put the immense responsibility on the reorganised industry of running its own affairs. That is the right course.
What the Government have done is to take the worst of both worlds. They have iiddled about with reorganisation, and they do not know now whether they accept it or reject it, and they have got the ownership of 66 per cent, of the industry itself. That is not going to help anybody at all. I am bound to repeat that a great opportunity has been missed. I believe that if the Government had gone forward taking the control powers they needed to put reorganisation into effect, we should then have had the sort of Government control, the sort of Government planning, in which I have always believed; and, in addition, the initiative and enterprise amongst the men who have built up and who in the future will, I hope, build up the steel industry of this country.
Mr. Ellis Smith: We are devoting our attention today to the industries which are the basis of modern industrial life, especially in our own country, which is more highly industrialised than any other country in the world. Let me make it clear that in the observations which I shall make, I cast no reflection whatever upon those engaged in the industry, the managements or the people who are rendering service in the industry. I make no reflection upon them whatever. Most of them have served the industry well. The contribution they made to the war effort will
bear favourable comparison with that of any other section. Most of those engaged on the management side are big men, with a big outlook and with vision. Any Government that is courageous, that will plan scientifically, will command the confidence and wholehearted support of the large proportion of men engaged in the steel industry. They realise that they have been the victims of private ownership and finance capital, and of price fixing for far too long.
This Report on the industry which we have before us is a well informed Report. It is the result of hard work, put into its preparation by managements, technicians, accountants and others. This Report provides us with a basis and with specifications upon which a plan can be drawn up and which it is time the Government were drawing up, with regard to our economic position as a whole. This provides us with adequate specifications upon which a really national plan can be drawn in order to build an efficient steel industry. Prior to. the war the output per person in the steel industry in Britain can be taken at 100. In the United States of America it was 400. Between 1935 and 1936 the annual value of output per head in iron and steel was in Britain £239; in Germany, £291; in the United States of America, £596; while our workers worked at least as hard if not harder than any in any part of the world. Indeed, they worked faster, longer, harder, and for less wages than the workers were receiving in the United States of America. Between 1934 and 1939 the average rate of capital expenditure, as the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the City of London (Sir A. Duncan) said this afternoon, was £10 million, and that in a period when we were confronted with the growing menace of the greatest military power that had ever existed in the world.
The Steel Federation's prices in relation to other commodities, as noted by the Board of Trade Index in 1934—the excess of iron and steel prices—was 10.6, and in 1938 it was 37.7. I should like the Government to carry out as soon as possible an investigation into the costs for which this industry has been responsible during the past ten years. On examination we find that since the Federation began a policy of price fixation, prices have gone up compared with pre-
Federation days. This has had a very serious effect upon those engaged in the heavy industries. It has seriously affected the engineering and shipbuilding industries, and our export trade. These industries have been subject to price fixing by trade associations, and this has affected internal prices and our export trade. The time has arrived for a full investigation to be made into the question of price fixation by the many trade associations in this country, and the time has arrived when national ownership must put an end to all this. Profitability has determined the policy of this industry, instead of technical requirements. For these reasons I am asking for an immediate investigation to be made.
Government spokesmen and others are going about the country and appealing to those engaged in industry to increase production, and most of us in this House will be ready to cooperate in that appeal. But what are the facts? Our exports for galvanised, tinned and black steel sheets and plates of one-eighth stood at 1,395,499 tons in 1913, whereas in 1938 the figure had fallen to 554,870 tons. We cannot hope to hold our own in the world markets if prices are to be fixed in the industry as they have been during the past 13 years. Our exports of coal, steel and cotton have continued to decline during this period, and this is a serious economic fact, which we must face up to if we are to improve our standard of living. We on this side not only suggest increased production to make our country greater but a sustained raising of the standard of living of our people. Week after week we advocate important improvements in our social services, but our economic organisation must be upon the most efficient basis to have the maximum results from the human energy expended in industry. During the war our people proved how great they were, and our workers won admiration throughout the world as a result of the mighty contribution they made in the battle for freedom. People who can be great in war can be equally great in peace, provided that industry is organised on an efficient basis and its equipment is modernised with the necessary capital.
We have no need to build up an indictment against the steel industry, because the facts themselves do so. I am not uttering a word of criticism in regard to the management of the industry, be-
cause it is outside the industry that the trouble starts. Finance and capital have stood in the way of the development of our basic industries, but our people have decided that the industries must be organised on an efficient basis, to achieve maximum output, and so to increase our exports and enable this country to become even greater than it has been in the past. The main issue to be considered is what is the best road forward. This is a Report to fit the needs of private ownership. We now need to use it as a basis for preparing plans which will give the best results for the nation. The Report admits the need for large-scale expenditure in order to carry out urgently required modernisation. I very much doubt whether any Member on the other side who disagrees with the line we have taken, has studied the Report to the extent which he might have done. I would direct the attention of the House to a very serious statement on page 32 No one is to blame for this, because we were all victims of what took place during the war. The Report states:
The problem of building in a period of high plant cost is a handicap in relation to the United States, where 15 million tons of new capacity was built during five years when war conditions suspended new construction here. Part of the American expenditure was incurred by the Government and part by the industry.
This is part of our case, and shows the urgency of the step we are taking.
Lieut-Colonel Sir Walter Smiles: Will the hon. Gentleman read what follows, and show how the industry was permitted to write off the expenditure?
Mr. Ellis Smith: Certainly, and this is evidence of what I am saying:
Part of the American expenditure was incurred by the Government and part by the industry. The industry was permitted to write off their expenditure at the rate of 20 per cent, per annum, and thus recover the outlay against war income. A major reconstruction and extension of capacity has thus been carried through in America with a legacy of very minor capital charges.
It is essential that the same thing should be done here. The point I am making is that private enterprise is incapable of doing it, and is incapable of putting the industry on the same basis as the American steel industry.
Mr. R. S. Hudson: Surely the reason was that, in America, private enterprise was not saddled as it was here
with a 100 per cent. Excess Profits Tax? As to who is to blame for this, I would point out that hon. Members opposite were clamouring at the beginning of the war for a roo per cent. Excess Profits Tax.
Mr. Ellis Smith: The logic of that remark is that the right hon. Gentleman stood for profit-making to be continued without any limitation. If I remember rightly, it was a Conservative Government which introduced the 100 per cent. tax, but in my view it was not administered in such a way as to make it really 1000 per cent.
The Report means Government finance, Government concession and Government assistance. Let me emphasise to the Government that the whole of the Labour, trade union and Cooperative movements have opposed this drift for 15 years of the use of public money for the perpetuation of profit-making concerns. I congratulate the responsible Minister on having arrived at this decision with regard to the steel industry. What applies to the steel industry applies equally to other basic industries which are to be considered. Taking the modern view, the steel industry is essentially a national industry. The case made out by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the City of London, who sees that public ownership is inevitable, was devoted to keeping the industry as long as he possibly can for those whom he represents so well. This Report emphasises that many plants are badly located, some are obsolete, and the capacity of others is far too small. It calls for integrated concerns, increase in the size of plants, more efficient production methods, production from the raw material to the finished product, fuel economy and more scientific research to be applied to the industry.
All this calls for large-scale capital expenditure. All this means that you have either private national monopoly ownership or public ownership. We, on this side of the House, stand for full public ownership of the steel industry. The people recently voted for that, science demands it, and the economic needs of our country demand it. (An HON. MEMBER: " What kind of science? "] Industrial science. I repeat that science demands it. If hon. Gentlemen opposite were better acquainted with the scientists in the industry, they would know that scientists are demanding it.
Twentieth century technology demands it. The technical advantages of public ownership are enormous. Here are some constructive suggestions—[HON. MEMBERS: " Hear, hear."]—far different from anything we have heard from the other side up to now. There should be set up a National Steel Corporation. It should be composed of a chairman, a deputy-chairman, and one other to be appointed by the Minister. They should appoint two others, and there should be three elected every five years by all engaged in the industry. Twice, in my relatively short time, we have fought in order to save democracy, and it is time that we had some instalment of democracy in industry itself. If the election took place every five years, this would stimulate great interest and keenness in the industry. Plans would be put before the industry; targets would be considered; and instead of having a policy imposed upon them, like the representatives of large-scale industry have done for too long, those who were serving. the industry and the nation would have a say in what was taking place. If any right hon. Gentleman or lion Gentleman opposite doubts the advisability of this, I invite him to read the story of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Our economic needs call for the production of a similar policy. This would stimulate great interest and achievement in the industry.
Mr. Brendan Bracken (Bournemouth): Is this a reflection on the composition of the National Coal Board appointed by the present Government, which does not include elected representatives of the industry? It is a most interesting suggestion, and I hope that the Chancellor will listen to it.
Mr. Ellis Smith: We are not considering the Coal Board now, and so far as the industry is concerned, we, unlike horn Members on the other side, are making constructive suggestions on behalf of the people, which, if they do not receive consideration now, will receive it sooner or later.
Acting under the national concern, I suggest that there should be a North of England Steel and Metal Corporation and Midland, Welsh and Scottish Corporations. They should have the powers of decision within limits, and local reasonable. autonomy. Give our people the tools, the equipment, and they will deliver
the goods. We must have a grouping of plants which will result in maximum efficiency, and I am suggesting this decentralised regional organisation. because, in my view, it is the.best way to bring about maximum efficiency. It is because we realise that the efficiency and the future greatness of all modern countries are largely based upon the greatness of the steel industry, and upon its efficiency that we say that there are only two ways forward: either the way towards national monopoly ownership, or the way towards public ownership, running the industry for the benefit of the people, and, at the same time, making a great contribution towards solving mankind's economic problem.
Therefore, we have reached the stage when mankind has got to embark upon a policy of cooperation internally, and a policy of cooperation throughout the world. This is a big step forward towards building up cooperation internally, towards harnessing the people's energy to the maximum extent, towards increasing productivity, and, as a result of that, increasing our contributions to the export trade, and towards bringing about, and laying the basis of, international economic cooperation. In that way, we are helping to solve mankind's economic problem, and it is only in that way that we shall avoid a repetition of what we have already passed through on two occasions.
Mr. Maclay (Montrose Burghs): I do not propose to follow the line of argument of the hon. Member for Stoke (Mr. Ellis Smith). He speaks with a great sincerity, which one must respect, but the reason I do not like following him is that nearly always he says a remarkable number of things about which one wants to argue indefinitely; and, with the time at one's disposal, that cannot be done. I believe that the objectives which he is after are the same as those of all other hon. Members: A really efficient industry, and the best standard of living for the men in it. But we fall out sadly on the methods of obtaining it.
At this stage in the Debate it is very difficult to avoid a certain amount of repetition. One must go back over what has been said, and I think that at this stage it is permissible to do so. I am afraid that I am going right back
to the Minister's speech. I am not an expert on steel. I am one of those who have worried a great deal in the past about the monopolistic tendencies which appeared to exist in the steel industry. I can say that when the firm with which I was connected was building ships in the years before the war, we may have made one or two thoroughly irresponsible statements about the steel people, such as the statement quoted yesterday of an eminent leader of the motor car industry. Lots of us felt that there was something to worry about in the growth of this monopoly, and I agree that some of us may have made that kind of remark, although we were ill advised to do so without looking into the facts very carefully indeed.
The facts as presented by the Minister in his opening statement, if correct and wholly true, were very disturbing. I have been carefully through his speech in HANSARD and I listened to it. I should say that it is not only the written word but the effect on the House that must be considered. The impression I got from his speech is that this industry, after a period of boom, became thoroughly inefficient between the wars, was saved from disaster by the import duties, and thereafter formed itself into a centralised, monopolistic control, maintaining high costs and high prices by inefficient methods, all of which was free of any national control and conducted without regard to the public interest. Such was my impression of the speech. Here I might quote one sentence from the Minister's speech:
No national control was established adequate to prevent a steep and steady rise, not only in prices, but in profits."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 27th May, 1946; Vol. 423, c. 846.]
I think that the Minister will agree that this version is a fair enough impression of what he said yesterday. It is necessary to agree on the facts in a matter of this importance, and if I am wrong in anything, I hope the Minister will correct me. But this is not what happened. In the last war this industry was forced to expand quite unnaturally to meet the demands of that war. In the 'twenties it, more than any other industry, met the full force of world economic fluctuations; it was then faced with competition from the Continent, which amounted to dumping on these shores goods produced with very low paid labour. It sought protec-
tion and, having got protection, it started to set its house in order. It made quite remarkable progress in doing so considering it had only three years in which to do it, because we must remember that the crisis in the steel industry started in 1936 when the demands for war production were beginning to appear. During that period attempts were made to modernise, but it was equally necessary to keep old inefficient plants in existence. They could have been and should have been closed down, so that the charge, possibly, in " Let Us Face The Future "That high cost plants were kept going is correct, but they had to be kept in existence. Otherwise where would we have got the material for the rearmament programme, and what might have been the effect in this war if we had been without them?
During these years the steel industry was trying to do what it could to modernise, but it had to keep its output going. Let me come to the final charge, that of no adequate control. Is it not correct that when import duties were imposed, the whole structure of prices had to he submitted to the Import Duties Advisory Committee? I turn to the point made by the hon. Member for Stoke. He was talking about costs and suggested that surely somebody should have a look at these costs. Is it not correct that in order to establish prices, the steel industry had to submit costs in great detail to the Import Duties Advisory Committee. I ask the Minister if that is correct. I repeat my question. During the period we have been discussing, after the advent of the import duties, did the industry consistently submit to that Committee detailed costs before any price was fixed? I am very anxious to get that point clear, because from my point of view it is very important that hon. Members opposite should know it.
Mr. Wilmot: The short answer to that is that they did so. But that is not sufficient to answer the question. Part of our case is that an industry cannot be effectively controlled and developed unless it is owned by the Government. It cannot be done by controlling prices of an organisation on an inefficient structure.
Mr. Maclay: That is a completely different argument.
Mr. Wilmot: Not at all. It is the whole basis of our case.
Mr. Maclay: I am dealing with the charge that a private monopoly maintained high costs and high prices.
Mr. Wilmot: That is true.
Mr. Maclay: I leave it to the House to decide. I have made my point. The Minister has turned the question into a completely different argument. I am going to repeat what I said, because it is important that hon. Members opposite should realise it. I am sorry there are so few of them here at the moment, but I can quite understand it as I am speaking.
Mr. Dalton: Where is the Liberal Party?
Mr. Maclay: The true Liberal Party is now speaking. I was going to repeat that on this question of costs, ever since these import duties were brought into existence, the industry has been submitting full details of its costs to this Committee. The Minister has agreed to that, and also that no price was fixed until these costs were thoroughly scrutinised.
Mr. Wilmot: If the hon. Member is going to ask me a question I wish he would allow me to say again, that nobody can be a low cost producer, if he has an obsolete plant and the Import Duties Advisory Committee has no power to change the plant.
Mr. Maclay: I agree. I have been trying to make it clear that I was only dealing with one charge against the industry. In the amount of time which is allowed to a back bencher one can only deal with one aspect of the case, but I should be delighted to deal with more if I had the time. I have, I think, established that the Minister's version of the industry is very far from the true position. It is one of those dangerous quarter truths. I have a great respect for the Minister, and I do not accuse him of deliberate misrepresentation, but I do say that in his presentation of the case he failed to put the facts before the House.
I admit that the steel industry presents an enormous problem to the country. There is the whole question of:As organisation and its relation to the Government. I think that there are other
industries in t he same position, which will have to be considered sooner or later. I think it is folly for people on any side of the House to shut their eyes to that. We have reached a stage in evolution where the relationship between industry and Government has got to be decided. I was going to add " once and for all," but the way in which the Government are going to decide it now, is no good. I think the Minister put the matter very clearly at the end of his speech. He stated that:
This divorce of control from ownership will not work and it must stop."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 27th May, 5946; Vol. 423, c. 858.]
That is the real fundamental question we have to discuss here. It is not really a question of the efficiency of the industry. Not once in the Minister's opening speech did he mention the future efficiency of the industry. I have been through it carefully and I have checked it, and no trace exists of any such reference. Further, no argument has been put forward by any hon. Member on the other side of the House as to how the future efficiency of the industry is going to be maintained by State ownership. I am afraid I am repeating a great deal of what one hon. Member on this side of the House said, but it is important that it should be emphasised—that no claim is made that nationalisation can make the industry more efficient.
What I would submit to the House is that in the Federation and its relationship to the Import Duties Advisory Committee we have an approach to a solution which however may not be ideal. There was control of costs and prices, and the Federation has been so organised as to make general modernisation of the steel industry possible. That is progress. The Federation has got a certain organisation, and it has got a certain relationship with the State. It states categorically that it is willing to develop this relationship. The point is that it is difficult to develop this relationship between industry and Government. The whole trouble is that the Government are taking the easy way— when they run up against this business's of how really to arrange the relationship in a democracy between a large scale industry and Government, the only thing they can do is nationalise it, But it really
is a certain way of ruining the industry in the process.
I want to make one last important point, 'to refer to the interesting, speech which the hon. and learned Member for Kettering (Mr. Mitchison) made yesterday. He discussed at some length, and with considerable effect on those who heard him, the question of the export of scrap iron to Japan before the war. I want to put this point to him, and to those who feel that the State ownership of the scrap iron industry would have made that kind of thing impossible. I will quote from my own experience. The shipbuilding firm with which I am connected, in the difficult period in the autumn of 1938, had a ship moving towards a certain country. We got a message from the Board of Trade saying that it would be a good idea if we diverted that ship. Immediately, by telephone, we said, " Could you give us your reasons and, what is more important, could you give us your instruction to divert the ship? "The answer was, " No." As some Members may know, when bills of lading are signed for a ship's voyage the insurance is invalid if the ship deviates from that voyage. One requires a Government instruction to keep the insurance valid. It is known technically as a " Restraint of Rulers and Princes."Therefore, we asked, " Why cannot we have orders to divert? " and the reply was that orders from the Government to divert the ship might provoke a diplomatic incident, and make the existing position infinitely worse. So we had to find some means of not arriving in that country.
If there was a proper relationship between industry and Government, working through various possible expedients which I have not time to detail now, the Government would be able to work with industry to achieve all sorts of objectives, including diplomatic objectives. If the Government are in actual ownership they will create crises almost every time—
Mr. Mitchison: Would it not have been much simpler if the ship had belonged to the Government, instead of to the hon. Gentleman's company?
Mr. Maclay: No, that is just my point. The ship was carrying cargo for an Italian firm. If it had been a Government ship, the bills of lading would have been precisely the same.
Mr. Mitchison: Why?
Mr. Maclay: Because there must be bills of lading for every cargo. If the Government had wanted that ship not to arrive, they would have had to break the bills of lading, and the result would have been immediately obvious. It is no secret that what is done in these cases is that the engineer of the ship, most surprisingly, finds that the coal is not burning very well. I use that as an illustration of Government owned property getting mixed up in international events. I could go on for a long time about this subject, but I must now stop.
Mr. Alfred Edwards: I would first like to deal with one point made by the hon. Member for Montrose Burghs (Mr. Maclay) about the Import Duties Advisory Committee, as this is a matter which wants clearing up. It is true that iron and steel manufacturers could not raise their prices without the permission of the Advisory Committee, but that Committee had no power whatever to question the cost placed before them. Once satisfied the cost placed before them was the real cost the high price could still be put through by an apparently inefficient industry. Therefore, the argument about inefficiency is entirely irrelevant—
Mr. Maclay: That is a separate argument which I could not deal with without trespassing too long on the time of the House. I was concentrating on the general charge made yesterday, that the industry was uncontrolled before the war.
Mr. Edwards: The Advisory Committee could fix prices only on the cost given to them. Yesterday, the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Aldershot (Mr. Lyttelton) mentioned that prices were agreed by the Advisory Committee. He might have told how often manufacturers went before the Committee, and had their increases refused. The people we are dealing with today, and those who are charged with inefficiency in the past, are those who were always claiming increases. The fact that there was control, through the Advisory Committee, kept prices down. Had there not been that Committee prices would have shot up to a higher figure.
Mr. Maclay: Surely the hon. Gentleman is making my point, that there was effective control.
Mr. Edwards: We are dealing with people who have run the industry, and the charge is made that they have run it inefficiently. The facts are there. They made application several times for increases, which were not allowed. Their costs should have bean lower than they turned out to be. It was said many times yesterday that nationalisation will not make the industry more efficient. I have never heard anybody say that it would. I have never heard anybody say that nationalisation, in itself, would make any industry more efficient. What it will do is to give us an opportunity to -make the industry more efficient by having control of it. Nothing can be done until there is this control. I agree that the test is up to the Government and, in particular, the Minister. My right hon. Friend now has the opportunity, arid that is all that is claimed for nationalisation. The hon. Member for Monmouth (Mr. P. Thorneycroft), and others, said that the people who drew up the reorganisation plan were willing, anxious, and able to carry it through. Are they suggesting that the same people will not be willing to carry it through if the industry is nationalised? The point is whether the plan can be carried through more efficiently under national ownership than under private ownership, which has a bad record, as I shall show later.
I think the same hon. Member also said that he advised the Government to take no per cent. control and ownership, and to leave it to them to run the industry. I could not follow what he was talking about. He cannot have it both ways. If the Government take 100 per cent. control of the industry who are the, "they," who are to run it? They are the people who are the brains of the industry, who are underneath, and nobody has any reason to suppose that these brains will not still be there. The best brains are not always to be found on the boards of directors. There is some confusion of thought here. On the boards for every steel manufacturer there are two or three chartered accountants, or expert financiers.
I do not know what the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the City of London (Sir A. Duncan) was getting at when he was speaking of Skinningrove. The Minister read a letter which was as clear as it could be, that Skinningrove has to go. It is suggested in the Report
that it must go though it may have to be kept going for some time inefficiently, but only until the long term policy can be developed. It is clear that Skinningrove cannot survive. People have objected to the scheme because they say that is the implication. But it is more than that, it is a definite statement that that plant must go. The men who have to fork in it know better than we in this House that it must go, and cannot possibly survive. It would be an absolutely uneconomic plant. I do not know why the right hon. Member for the City of London made such heavy weather over that. I think it is perfectly fair and that people mean what they say. No doubt a little pressure has been put on, in the meantime. Members opposite talk about this enormous amount of money which is to be spent, as though they were setting out on some grand plan of reconstruction. It is not that really. The Report itself said that they are merely maintaining the rate of progress which they had before the war, and which was interrupted by the war. It works out at about £million per annum on a prewar basis if we take postwar costs which they suggest have a 100 per cent. increase. It is the same rate of progress on prewar and comes out at about £7 million per annum. That does not suggest great vision.
Our greatest competitor and biggest exporter of steel in Europe is now out of the market. Yet it is suggested that a reorganised industry can only make provision for half a million tons increase. Do these visionaries expect us, with our biggest competitor gone, to increase our export by no more than half a million tons?
Sir W. Smiles: Does that not take into account the increase in the steel industry in India and in South Africa?
Mr. Edwards: That may be, but I should have thought that there is a great advantage to exporters here.
Sir W. Smiles: In India the ore is actually beside the coal mines
Mr. Edwards: Yes, but they have to compete with us in Europe. I can take hon. Members back to the days when on the Tees we saw pig iron coming from India into that district; Half our blast furnaces were out—why? Because 50
per cent. of them were nothing more than junk and have been absolutely obsolete for more than 20 years. With all our technical knowledge we have not kept up with our equipment and we saw pig iron coming all that way while billets were coming from the Continent and our men were unemployed. Neither the industry nor the Government of the day could do anything about it. That is a very good argument for a little more Government control.
But I wanted to make a point about this great expansion. I do not think it is a visionary idea at all. There is a steel famine in Europe and immense quantities are needed at home. There is not a word in the Report which says definitely that they can get the money they want. There are such phrases as "It is not improbable " and that kind of thing.
Mr. Orr-Ewing: Has the hon. Member heard a single word from the Government Front Bench as to how much money they propose to put into the industry if they nationalise it?
Mr. Edwards: I can answer that straight away. They can put whatever money is required into the industry to bring it to the state in which it should be. What is important is that no longer should commercial profit be the dominating influence in the industry. The right hon. Member for Aldershot taunted the Minister with the possibility of having dual control, and said that we might take over a plant up to the billets and would not then know what to do. But t e Government have put forward a perfect plan of integration. It is a plan for coal, iron ore, transport and power, and iron and steel. What more perfect integration do you want in industry than that? I suggest that you cannot do without any one of those things, and if we left out one we would be asking for trouble. We must have absolute control of them all. The Government propose that, and I am very glad they do So.
I come to my own district for a moment. One very strong reason why I support the Minister is that in this industry, as in many others, the leopard does not change its spots. The welfare of thousands of my constituents depends on this industry as there are no other big industries on the Tees, which is almost entirely iron and steel. In the old days,
there was a certain amount of integration but what was it for? For the public benefit, for national security? No. It was gambling in the most reckless manner to get profits and high prices. The right hon. Member for Aldershot dodged this point yesterday, and said he was not expert on this. But he was asked a question on which he is expert, on watered capital. When asked about watered capital, what happened? He was scuttled, and he skedaddled. I will tell the House what watered capital is. Dorman Long's bought in Middlesbrough for £1,250,000 a plant from Samuelson's. it was never worth more than £250,000, and in a comparatively short time it was scrap iron, and never again earned a penny. Dorman Long have had to lease their cost on all that watered capital ever since
Sir Arnold Gridley: The hon. Member is not quite right. Dorman Long's wrote millions of share capital down.
Mr. Edwards: That is quite right. But up to that point, the watered capital existed. It is true that the workers, many faithful employees, had put their life savings into these shares and they lost their life savings. The pound shares were cut down to 2s. The hon. Member for Bolton (Mr. J. Jones) spoke about it here yesterday. The cream of the industry, the essence and the very heart and soul of the industry, put their life savings into the industry, showing their confidence. Eighteen shillings out of every pound was lost. Is that efficiency? I admit that the industry went through a bad time. It was not all its fault. It had some bad luck but nobody who honestly investigates the history of the iron and steel industry in this country dare say that it has been very efficiently managed. For many years Dorman Long never had an executive on a board of directors—never was there a man who had come from the works and had worked his way up, a representative of the men who really made the money and really ran the industry. Time after time, I could trace men from that industry all over the world. There was not much encouragement here in those days. It may be better these days. But one cannot take the position as one sees it today; one has to take the history and see the mentality of those who rim it, and see if it would not be better if the nation itself
had responsibility for these great basic industries.
I am not sure that I would insist on the Government showing a return for the Government's capital. There must be a profit and loss account. There is no substitute for that. There must be proved efficiency. The Minister will be responsible as in the case of the coal industry. I do not see the sense of this—every time the cost of coal goes up three shillings is put on steel. I think this is bad practice. When the industry is privately owned one cannot afford not to do it. When it is Government owned we can do something about it. [HON. MEMBERS: " What? "] Use public money. Use public money as we do for stabilising food prices. I would stabilise coal prices if I were sure it would be economic to do it. Why is it not? If one puts a shilling on coal and then pays 3s. on steel, and other manufacturers have to increase their prices, we have no stability. The Chancellor of the Exchequer could justify using public money to cover that loss because he would be. saving an immense amount more in fie-cycle of production.
Mr. William Shepherd: How is the Chancellor saving more money? I cannot follow the argument. Is the hon. Gentleman suggesting that, having got an increase in the cost of coal, if steel costs increase, we should not pass it on to other manufacturers? Where is it to end?
Mr. Edwards: If the hon. Gentleman wants assistance, I will help him to reason it out. I wish the House would reason it out. Where does it end? It does not end. It goes round and round until there is a war, and then we use public money without limit. We finish where we were. It is simple enough. If we do not cover it with public money and our price has to go up. the prices of everything—nothing can escape it—must rise and wages must follow Is it not better to absorb that cost in the first instance instead of the last? We pay it in taxes. Is it not cheaper in the long rim to pay a little more tax through the Chancellor than put this increased cost on everything we do?
Mr. Bracken: Would the hon. Member apply that in the export trade?
Mr. Edwards: That is the very trade that can be helped, if we can stabilize prices. But if every time the coal price rises by is., steel is 3s. more, how is that going to help?
Mr. R. S. Hudson: That is prohibited under the commercial agreement with Washington, which the Chancellor signed.
Mr. Edwards: And some people find ways of getting over that, but their system will have the same effect.
Mr. Bracken: Does the hon. Gentleman suggest, with the Chancellor of the Exchequer present, that some devious methods are going to be used to get over an agreement we have signed with the United States?
Mr. Edwards: But if they are being escaped by other countries, he may have to reconsider his policy.
Mr. Hudson: This is a most serious statement—if the hon. Gentleman carries his party with him, one of the most serious statements made for a very long time—having regard to the fact that at the present moment the Loan Agreement is going through Congress in the United States on certain assumptions and one of those is that the commercial agreement will be honourably carried out. If hon. Members opposite are going to say there are methods of getting round it, their words will be repeated in Washington with disastrous effects on the Loan.
Mr. Speaker: The right hon. Gentlernan will be able to make a speech at a later stage, but he must not do so now.
Mr. Dalton: I think the hon. Gentleman had better get on to another point.
Mr. Edwards: If anything is quoted abroad it will be the right hon. Gentleman's words, not mine. Nothing that I have said would bear the construction he has put upon it. I was arguing the matter from a purely economic point of view, and that is perfectly sound. We should go to the period I was discussing when these agreements were not in existence. The hon. Gentleman must not try to distort my statements. Some figures were quoted today about the cost of steel. We were told that before the war we were selling steel at 10s. a ton lower than America was selling it. The argument was that in spite of our supposed inefficienccy, we were able to sell steel cheaper than America. I have some figures which I want to go on record. Either my figures or those which were quoted are wrong. In 1938 basic pig iron was sold in America for £4 2s. and
in this country £5; rails, £8 in America and £io 2s. 6d. in this country; joists, Rio in America and £ir in this country; plate at £9 10s. in America and £ir 8s. in this country. The arguments fall to the ground if my figures are correct. I am glad to put those side by side with the others. Perhaps one of us will have to withdraw his figures. At least we ought to know where the other figures come from.
It is constantly put forward in arguments from the other side that this great bureaucracy which we are building up is bound to bring us down sooner or later. It has never been admitted on a single occasion on this side of the House that there is to be a bureaucracy. The whole efforts of the Government are to find a form of control which would be more efficient and not less efficient than the methods in the industry today. I admit quite frankly that one cannot do that with a vast bureaucracy, and the present Government will fail if they slip into a bureaucracy. Hon. Members must not continue to advance that argument as though it were accepted that because the industry will be government owned there will be a vast bureaucracy and the inefficiency associated with bureaucracy. That is an entirely false and dishonest argument.
Mr. Jennings: How does the hon. Member propose to avoid it?
Mr. Edwards: I could tell the hon. Gentleman if there was time. There are many ways—some very simple. Perhaps my method will be too simple for the present Government, so I will not go into it now. We could get beneficial ownership without very much trouble at all—pretty much the same way as we got beneficial ownership of Imperial Airways. I think to buy the shares of the company would be a very short cut. If the Minister wants to own a particular industry, he could take shares in that and get beneficial ownership quickly, and could decide improvements and management later.
Mr. Jennings: That is the honest way to do it.
Mr. Edwards: Perhaps that is the best way to do it. I do not want to see all kinds of boards superimposed on industry. It might be very dangerous and
there are the elements, at least, of bureaucracy there which I hope we shall avoid, and I have no reason to suppose that we shall not be able to do so. If we could get ownership in a simple way, however—perhaps I am over-simplifying it—I hope at least 'the Government will give some thought to it, but it is not honest of lion. Members opposite to make speeches based on the assumption that there will be in the control of this industry a vast bureaucracy, because there is no foundation for it. There may be suspicion. Well, we have had suspicion about private industry for many years. Such bureaucracy as we have in this country has been built up by hon. Members opposite under Tory Governments, for we have never had an opportunity to build up a bureaucracy. So such red tape and bureaucracy as exists is entirely the fault of Tory Governments, and I hope hon. Members will cease to base their speeches on that particular false assumption.
Mr. George Ward: I have listened to almost every speech made so far in this Debate, and the more I hear from hon. Members opposite, the more obvious it becomes that there is only one real reason why they want to nationalise the iron and steel industry. That reason was revealed last week in an article in the "Tribune," from which I will quote:
Steel is a basic industry, and those who control its fate must wield tremendous political power.
This revealing statement by a Socialist publication at once betrays the whole object of hon. Members opposite. It also reveals once again the Socialist determination that no one except Socialists shall have any political say whatsoever. Incidentally, the statement completely overlooks the fact that before the war the industry was virtually governed by a State committee, which had statutory responsibility to safeguard the interests of the consumer and the community as a whole, and that the industry has made it amply clear that it welcomes a continuation of this supervision and indeed would be the first to agree that such supervision would always be necessary in the national interest. It is true that several somewhat abortive attempts have been made by the Minister arid by hon. Members opposite to justify this extraordinary decision, this
piece of purely political folly, by producing one or two rather thin arguments.
First of all, there is the old well-worn if not threadbare mandate, of which we have heard so much. But if anybody voted for the Socialist Government because the iron and steel industry was to be nationalised, which I very much doubt, they could only have clone so in the belief that the nationalisation of the iron and steel industry would benefit the consumer. No one wants to become a shareholder in the iron and steel industry against his will by paying higher taxes than necessary. The only reason they voted for it was because they really believed that the consumer would benefit. If that is so, why is it that not one single user of steel, or any organised body representing steel users, has yet raised his voice in welcoming the advantages which the Government claim will accrue from the public ownership of the industry? On the contrary, the National Union of Manufacturers, the most important single body in this country, representing 4,003 firms who depend on steel products, came out categorically yesterday with the following statement:
British manufacturers want an adequate supply of iron and steel at prices which enable them to compete in the markets of the world, both in regard to direct sales and in the provision of machinery for our industrial population. The industry's own plan is designed to achieve this with the least possible delay.
Surely, that is clear enough, and if the consumers do not want nationalisation; if the consumers are quite satisfied with the plan produced by the industry, then I submit that all the mandates in the world will not justify the Government's decision.
Secondly, the Minister tried to justify himself by saying that the industry had become a private monopoly. He complained that a previous Government had encouraged this state of affairs and had protected the industry by a tariff. What he should have said was that a previous Government encouraged the industry to unite in the national interest; it encouraged give and take within the industry, with the object of achieving the maximum saving in costs by the greatest possible degree of integration, both within a single plant and on a basis of inter-district planning. These aims hold good today, and they are the main aims behind the industry's plan in addition, of course, to the modernising of the plants con
cerned. With regard to the protective tariff, I think it is generally acknowledged that this marked the turning point in the fortunes of the industry. If from the Minister's sneers at this tariff we are to assume that he intends to abolish it, then let me assure him that it will be the quickest possible way to plunge the industry back into the parlous condition in which it was left by the last Labour administration in 1931, when they were forced to hand over to a more competent Government.
We have also had some highly misleading figures given to us on the question of prices. The fallacy of those figures has been exposed by other speakers, notably by the hon. Member for Stockport (Sir A. Gridley) and by the right hon. Member for the City of London (Sir A. Duncan). However, I think there is one point in regard to prices which cannot be over-emphasised, and that is that the greatest single factor in the price of steel is the price of coal. British steel makers are now paying twice as much for their coal as American steel makers, and hon. Members opposite, when they talk about competition in world markets, should realise that in competition with the American steel maker, the British steel maker starts off with a disadvantage of $8.50 per ton due to the cost of coal alone.
Mr. A. Edwards: In view of what the right hon. Member for the City of London (Sir A. Duncan) told the House, are these prices for coal delivered or at the pit mouth?
Mr. Ward: These are at the pit mouth.
Mr. Edwards: Then the figures which were given to the House must be quite inaccurate.
Mr. Ward: I do not agree at all. If the Minister can tell me how the nationalisation of the iron and steel industry is going to reduce the price of coal by one penny, it would be a very interesting piece of information. That, I am certain, is the only way in which he can possibly keep the price of steel down, but I am not going to enter into an argument with the hon. Member for Middlesbrough, East (Mr. A. Edwards) about his rather quaint way of coping with that situation merely by handing the loss over to the taxpayer.
The point I did want to emphasise is that for the last ten years the steel industry has submitted to open public supervision of its prices and price policy. There has been nothing underhand, and its present plans assume that such supervision will continue. That has been made abundantly clear by the industry. The Minister of Supply very properly paid a tribute to the industry for its proud achievements during the war, but he somewhat spoilt his tribute I thought by claiming a large part of the credit for Government control without which, he insinuated, the industry would not have been run so well. How does the right hon. Gentleman reconcile that with his later statement that the divorce of ownership from control will not work? Hon. Members opposite are very fond of saying that because Government control of industry worked so well during the war it must automatically work well in peace, but it now appears that, although it worked very well during the war, it will not work in peace. It is sometimes very difficult to follow their arguments. What they are not prepared to admit is that it was the self discipline which the industry imposed upon itself in the national interest which was the secret of its success.
The Minister asserted that the Federation would be unable to impose its will on the industry. That point has been touched upon by other speakers, notably by my hon. Friend the Member for Monmouth (Mr. P. Thorneycroft). Of over 400 undertakings the Minister could only cite three which had raised their voices in any sort of protest, and even then that was proved today by the right hon. Member for the City of London to be not quite so accurate as we thought yesterday. How does the Minister's assertion square up with that of the hon. Member for Wednesbury (Mr. S. N. Evans), who suggested yesterday that when the right hon. Member for the City of London sneezed the industry caught cold? Hon. Members opposite really cannot have it both ways.
Of course, the Federation was very well aware that its plan would not be accepted by everybody in the industry without protest. That was not its aim. The aim of the plan has been made amply clear, and the Federation was perfectly prepared to take firm action in the best interests of the industry as a whole provided it received the backing and approval of the Government. It would, of course, have no diffi-
culty whatever in forcing its will on the industry had the Government given their approval to the scheme in principle. Immediately, the rather burning questions, such as the location of industry, could have been very easily solved by discussion with the industry, and the Government would have found the industry fully prepared to co-operate and to meet the Government half way in discussing the problem of the upheaval of social life in various areas. These difficult problems should have been tackled on the basis of discussion between the Government and the industry without loss of time.
I submit that as a massive, intricate, and courageous plan, the Federation's blueprint can hardly be improved upon. Indeed, I think the Government are extremely fortunate to have such a solid foundation on which to build their flimsy and impermanent fabric of management from Whitehall. One can only prophesy that such an enterprise will founder. In my view it will prove to be the costliest national experiment and the costliest piece of Socialist research this country has ever seen and, ironically enough, this is the country in which the fundamental processes of steel making have their origin.
Mr. Edelman: Right hon. and hon. Members who have spoken so far have, for the most part, either been associated with the iron and steel industry or have actually represented steel producing constituencies. For myself I lack either of those qualifications but I feel urged to speak for other reasons. I was born in South Wales; and as I heard the Chancellor of the Exchequer speaking I recalled very vividly how the people of the countryside were delighted by the red glow at night of the furnaces over the Dowlais works near where I was born. It meant that men were at work. I recalled also how far more frequently than that gladdening phenomenon, the people of that region saw derelict furnaces, derelict villages, and derelict men. I feel that on both sides of the House we all hope that it will not need another war to bring prosperity to that region and to other regions of the same kind.
For that reason, in approaching this great basic British industry we must do so with open minds, and consider the
whole question of nationalisation or reorganisation on its merits. At certain points the decision will cut across parties. For example, in the City of Coventry which I represent in part, it is not only the workers who in the past have felt that something should be done in order w make the price of steel competitive with that of other countries, but the employers too have thought the same. My right hon. Friend the Minister of Supply yesterday referred to something that Lord Nuffield had said about the cost of steel during the 1930's. Whatever the reason, it is a fact that in Coventry, as a steel consuming city, as a city where steel is fabricated both for the home market and for export, there was considerable dissatisfaction at the steel shackles which were laid on its capacity to compete both in the domestic and the world markets. Quite clearly, unless the motor industry and also the machine-tool industry can purchase steel at world competitive prices, our own industry will be hampered and prevented from competing effectively in world markets once the present boom has come to an end. For that reason we are concerned about the question of obtaining steel cheaply.
We can quite understand in Coventry that the iron and steel industry wants to be protected. At the same time, even if the iron and steel industry were fertilised with all the generosity and guarded by all the tariffs which a benevolent Government might bestow upon it, it would still be necessary, at a certain point, for steel to be produced in this country at prices which are competitive in the world market. I wish to quote only one current price in order to show the handicap from which the motor industry is suffering at the present time. Twenty gauge cold rolled close annealed steel, delivered to the British motor manufacturer, now costs £23 per ton. In the United States exactly the same steel costs, delivered, the equivalent of £20 3s. 8d, As various hon. Members have pointed out, that is not due to the fact that the worker in the British steel industry is the beneficiary of this increased price. The average wage for a worker in the British steel industry, working a 50 hour week, was 2s. 6d. per hour last July, In the United States last December the average wage of a worker in the steel industry working a 40 hour week, was 45. 6d. per hour. I do not say that to the disadvantage of the British steel in-
dustry or in order to deprecate its intentions.
On both sides of the House we must congratulate the workers, technicians and the people who directed the policy of the iron and steel industry in the last ten years, on the way in which they made a contribution, first of all to the effort of rearmament, and finally to the provision of iron and steel and iron and steel products during the war. At the same time, we must all recognise that the existing equipment of the iron and steel industry is either obsolete, obsolescent or old fashioned.
Sir Peter Bennett: Surely the hon. Member does not intend to leave that point of comparing American prices with British prices without referring to the difference in quantity and the continuous strip mills which the Americans run? He ought to refer to the great advantage which these give them in offsetting the wages difference to which he has quite fairly referred.
Mr. Edelman: I was not describing our own industry to its disadvantage when comparing it with the American industry. I was only stating the fact that at the present time, our own industry, for various reasons—possibly because the Americans started later than we and thus have more modern equipment—is at a disadvantage as compared with the American iron and steel industry.
The task before the country is not only to overtake American industry but to surpass it, and once again take the lead in Europe and the world. That is the problem to which we have to address ourselves on both sides of the House. How is that to be clone. On this side of the House it is suggested that nationalisation is the method by which we will be able to re-equip and re-organise our iron and steel industry, and give it a lead over the other steel industries of the world. On the other side of the House there is the idea that the iron and steel industry can be reorganised and integrated in its present federative form, and that in that way it can go ahead, and not only obtain better results than nationalisation, but continue to make the progress which hon. Members consider it has been making since the Federation was formed.
In order to try to make some kind of prognosis of how the iron and steel industry would develop if it were left alone in its present form, I would draw the attention of hon. Members to a most interesting document which was published during the war, under the signature of 120 leading industrialists. It was called " A National Policy for Industry." Amongst the signatories were the Earl of Dudley, Lord McGowan, Sir Cecil Weir and a number of equally distinguished industrialists, who have made incalculable contributions to the industry of this country. If one reads that document one sees that here indeed is a plan for industry. Here, in the opening paragraph, one first of all finds a description of how capital and labour should work together, and of how industry should have close relations with the Government. Then, in succeeding paragraphs, the document sets out what I might call a Charter of Labour. In this charter it describes the objectives it has in mind for the workers in industry. It suggests that industry should work in close association with the trade unions; holidays for workers; a working week with restricted hours and various other social and working benefits which would clearly be of the greatest advantage to workers. It also suggests what the function of the trade unions should be in relation to industry. There should be partnership, but the trade unions should be the junior partners in this arrangement, with a consultative voice in industry, but in no sense a voice in management.
Then, this document goes on to describe what the actual organisational structure of industry should be in this country. It suggests that there should, first of all, he a close integration of all the firms in any given industry in a trade association or federation, and that these in turn should he federated into a National Council of Industry. As I read this document it seemed to me that certain of its features were familiar—a charter of labour, the national council of industry, partnership between industry and the trade unions; and, finally, and this is the most important, the idea—although it was explicitly disclaimed it was implicit throughout the whole document—of self-government of industry. The Council should decide policy for all those things which affect industry, while the Government should merely be a ratifying instrument, a sort of
rubber stamp for the decisions made by the National Council.
That policy for industry seems to me to be the perfect picture of the corporate State. It may be that the corporate State has certain rational and reasonable organisational forms but beginning from the most important and, in my view, improper premise that industry should be self-governing. We on this side of the House believe that once there is a Government within a Government and a State within a State, a death blow is dealt to democracy. For that reason the iron and steel industry, a great basic industry of this country, should not he left in the hands of one great private monopolising Federation. That, I submit, is the answer to some of the arguments advanced by the hon. Member for Monmouth (Mr. P. Thorneycroft), who I regret is not in his place.
We have, therefore, this choice. Either industry assumes the powers which it assumed throughout Europe in the corporate State—and in parenthesis it may be relevant to say that during the 193as the whole impulse to the corporate State began with the great iron and steel monopolisers—or the other alternative is the nationalisation of the iron and steel industry and its development according to public policy. The alternative is not merely to relate it to public policy, hut to make the functioning of the iron and steel industry a direct part of public policy.
In these postwar years we have to deal with certain very great problems affecting the industry. They are not merely domestic problems. They are problems which affect the whole of Europe. What is going to happen to the Ruhr? Is the level of steel production in Europe to be determined by one big; monopoly in this country entering into cartel arrangements with an iron and steel monoply in another country, or is the level of steel production to be determined as a matter of public policy? The whole question of the protection and care of the iron and steel industry is bound up with these very grave public decisions. Other hon. Members have mentioned the question of raising money for schemes of development on which I think we are all agreed. If that money is to be raised, protected and guaranteed as a gilt-edged security, surely it should be used only
in a national instrument which is serving the public and not merely a sectional policy.
Finally, I turn to the question of the form of nationalisation. The Lord President of the Council has written a most excellent and, if I may say so, well conceived book on transport and nationalisation. It merits careful study because in it the Lord President gave a forecast of certain forms of nationalised industry which he felt it might be desirable at some future time to introduce in this country. He also describes the sort of Board which should administer a nationalised industry. If it is suggested that in the iron and steel industry we should have such an instrument of control and direction I think we should go beyond that and try to draw into the industry all those people who combine together in order to make the industry work. At present, there is the London Passenger and Transport Board —a most efficient public undertaking—bat I have never heard a bus driver or conductress talk about " Our L P T.B."I think it is very important in the nationalised iron and steel industry that the workers, the technicians, and the managers should really feel that they are part of the industry. The technicians and managers must be given the opportunity of realising that in nationalised industry they have as much scope and opportunity of advancement as they had under private ownership, and even more. In that way, ultimately, the workers in the industry, the technicians, the managers and the practical directors will be able to speak of " our industry " as in other connections they speak of " our country."
Brigadier Low: I listened with much attention to the long and interesting argument of the hon. Member for West Coventry (Mr. Edelman), which involved us in considerations of the relationship of the iron and steel industry to a corporate State. They were argument:, which, from his point of view, consisted of building up the ninepins of a corporate State and then knocking them down. I do not wish to follow him in those arguments because I hope to take up only a short time. Since I think he destroyed both sides of his case equally well, it probably is unnecessary for anybody on this side of the House to take him up. The hon. Member also
entered into certain comparisons between prices in the markets of the United States and this country. As was pointed out by the hon. Member for Egbaston (Sir P. Bennett), he omitted a great many considerations. Amongst other things, he omitted any mention of the cost of coal. I have listened to most of the speeches which have been made in this House during the last two days, and I have been conscious of a great unreality when hon. Members opposite began to compare prices. I do not find it valuable to enter into discussion with the hon. Gentleman any further.
The points I want to make this evening concern what I consider to be the fundamental issue raised by the Motion before the House. We are not dealing with the Government's proposals to nationalise this industry because no proposals have been made. We are dealing with the decision of the Government to make the proposals. The issue between us, as summed up by my right hon. Friend the Member for Aldershot (Mr. Lyttelton) and by the right hon. Gentleman the Minister of Supply, is whether or not public supervision, which we all admit is necessary, can be combined with private ownership and private management. It is not a straightforward issue in this instance between private enterprise, on the one hand, and public control, on the other. The " Daily Herald "In one of its cartoons this morning seems to have forgotten that. No doubt the cartoon was made before the Debate yesterday. The issue before the House, as I understand it, and as is agreed at least between the two Front Benches, is that which I have given. We say it can be so combined; the Government say it cannot be so combined. Our arguments are based, fortunately for us, on experience. Everybody agrees that not only during the war, but in the years immediately before the war, which mattered so much, the industry was working at the highest pressure; without what was done in those days we should now be in a very different state from that in which we are today. We should have been in a parlous condition.
It has been pointed out by many hon. Gentlemen opposite that during the war the industry was operating under a fairly tight control by the Government. Iii saying that, surely, they at once admit that the industry can be carried on
excellently under this public supervision at the same time as it is being privately owned. Not only can it be carried on, but, as I hope hon. Members will remember, it can also be expanded. Under public supervision, between 1933 and 1939, as we have heard from the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the City of London (Sir A. Duncan), the industry carried out a planned programme of expansion. I thought I detected in something said by the Minister of Supply an argument that, though perhaps the industry could work at full pressure, as it is working now under public supervision combined with private ownership, it could never put through a proper planned expansion. Our experience shows that argument to be quite wrong. The relationship between the steel industry and the nation obviously is a vital point which concerns all hon. Members. It is for that reason that I, claiming none of the qualifications of many hon. Members who have spoken, dare to intervene in this Debate. I believe it was for that reason that the hon. Member for West Coventry also dared to intervene.
The Government of 1932, which was a Government of the party that I represent, accepted the fact that it was part of their duty to assist and, in assisting, to interfere in the running of this industry. During the next few years a system was worked out of which we have heard a concise and very clear summary from the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the City of London. One can read of the great value at that time of the Iron and Steel Federation and of the Import Duties Advisory Committee.
During the speeches of hon. Gentlemen opposite, I have been tempted to ask myself once or twice whether or not they have read the excellent May Report of 1937. As a result of this interference and control, or self-discipline, of the industry by the Iron and Steel Federation, it is true to say that competition in prices was ruled out. As everyone knows, competition in prices is the worst form of competition. What exists today, and what we on this side hope will always exist, is competition in quality, technique and research. It is my belief that, if we dismiss and destroy all those forms of competition, we shall be doing great harm to the future of industry and, since it is recognised that industry is the keystone of our life and security as well as of our
prosperity, we shall be doing the gravest harm to the country.
The Government are obviously having some difficulty in working out proposals for nationalisation. I noticed that, when the hon. Member for Stoke (Mr. Ellis Smith) dared to put up constructive proposals, he was not greeted with much applause from his right hon. Friends on the Front Bench. I have no doubt that many such bubbles as that of his constructive proposals which both he and my right hon. Friend the Member for Bournemouth (Mr. Bracken) assisted in bursting, have burst in Government Departrnents in recent days. I would stress the importance of competition because it affects the quality on which I have always believed that the future of the industries of this country must be based. We, as an exporting country, must rely much mote on quality than on quantity. That, of course, is true not only of industry, but, for the time being at any rate, of my right hon. and hon. Friends on this side of the House. We also rely on quality rather than quantity.
It having been accepted that the Government have a duty to assist and, perhaps, to regulate, control and supervise a part of this industry, not only in prices, but also where the placing of the industry and its expansion affect social conditions, and in keeping up import tariffs and in the matter of labour conditions which, in this case, are fortunately not much of a problem, surely, the Government's duty was to busy themselves with finding a scheme which would deal bit by bit with those problems. How best could they control prices, ensure that the industry did not interfere with social conditions, and that the tariffs, and so on, were in keeping with the needs of the industry? What have they done instead? They have taken the dead easy course; they have adopted their party dogma and said, " All this will be cured if we nationalise industry and take over the ownership of it."
What we on this side of the House would have done—I believe I am right in this—would have been to look into this matter and see how best, with the least, not with the most, interference of the industry, we might effect our desire of supervision. Instead, the Government have chosen nationalisation. I do not want to labour this point any more, but
the Lord President has insisted that the burden of proof for those who choose nationalisation is to show that it is going to work best. That burden of proof has not in any way been carried out. We on this side of the House have, for our case, the Report of the Iron and Steel Industry. Instead of the Government putting down their answer in the White Paper so that we might in its cold, unemotional pages test one scheme against the other, they have come to this House and have put up what seem to me very faulty and specious arguments. They have left it to the House to destroy, if we can—and we obviously cannot—the excellent case which my right hon. Friend the Member for the City of London has put forward.
I have been trying hard to find out the real reason for the Government's policy. I am bound to agree with what some of my hon. Friends have put forward today, that the Government do not really want to control the steel industry; they want to get their teeth into that great engineering industry on which the prosperity and the future security of the country are based. That is a very different thing from what they say they are doing and what they ask us to approve today. I hope that whoever is to reply to this Debate will at least set our minds at rest one way or the other and tell us whether the Government do, or do not, intend to get such a hold over the engineering industry that it, too, will be, if not nationalised in fact, nationalised in effect.
Mr. Zilliacus: I rise to ram home a point that was touched upon incidentally by three speakers yesterday, but which has not yet been made. I refer to the fact that, in nationalising the iron and steel industry, the Government will also take a big step towards carrying out Labour's long standing pledge to nationalise the arms industry. In the years between the wars, when Labour pressed successive Conservative Governments to nationalise the arms industry, we were always told that it was not possible to separate that industry from the rest of heavy industry and, in particular, from the iron and steel industry. I accept that argument, but I reverse its application. I accept the statement made by the Minister of Supply yesterday that the iron and steel industry is one of the keystones of our military defence and I ask, there-
fore, that the Government should make it clear that, when deciding upon what sections of the iron and steel industry are to be nationalised, they will bear in mind the desirability of effectively taking the private profit making motive out of the business of arms manufacture. The case for doing that is very strong and should be familiar to all. It was so strongly the view held at the end of the first world war that it was actually included in the Covenant. The question arose again over the scandal of the war between Bolivia and Peru in the Chaco, when both sides were armed by arms manufacturers in spite of the war having been outlawed by all the Governments.
Mr. Lyttelton: It was Paraguay.
Mr. Zilliacus: Of course; I am sorry—I should have remembered. The problem is important also because the Charter calls for the regulation of armaments. When we address ourselves to that subject we find, as was found in the years between the wars, that the regulation of armaments is in practice inseparable from public ownership and control of the manufacture of and trade in arms. In carrying out this policy the Labour Party will be fulfilling not only its election pledges in " Let Us Face the Future," but explicit and longstanding pledges of which I will quote only the last two. One was in our report on the International Post-War Settlement, when the Labour Party stated that whatever other nations do all British arms and munitions, including aircraft, should be made in Government factories; and the other was the pledge given by the National Executive at the Blackpool Conference in 1935 just before the General Election, when my right hon. Friend the Minister of State said:
Our party has always stood for the abolition of the private trade in and manufacture of arms. We stand for it today. We are pledged to the hilt and our pledges will be carried through.
I rejoice to think that in the Motion which is before the House the Government are taking the first step to carry out these pledges. After the moving appeals made by hon. and right hon. Gentlemen opposite only last week as to the importance of fulfilling pledges to the electorate, I should have thought that they would have appreciated and applauded the determination of my hon. and right hon. Friends on this side to carry out our
pledges regarding the nationalisation of the iron and steel industry, including the arms industry. In any case, whatever hon. Members opposite may think about this, there is no doubt that there is an overwhelmingly strong public opinion in favour of the nationalisation of the arms industry. That was demonstrated between the wars in the famous " Peace through Collective Security " ballot, when million votes were cast for the nationalisation of the arms industry. I believe that public opinion is still in the same frame of mind about that as it was when it was described by Lord Halifax, in a speech he made on 27th March, 1945, which was reported in the Press at the time; he said:
The great majority of the people of this country conceive this question of the private manufacture of and the trade in armaments to be directly connected with the great issues of peace and war on which they feel more deeply and more vehemently than upon anything else. Therefore, regarding war as they do as the greatest evil to which the nation can be exposed, and regarding it indeed as only justifiable in cases of ultimate and extreme national necessity, they are, if I interpret their feelings at all aright, disposed to regard the preparation of the implements of war as too high and too grave a thing to be entrusted to any hands less responsible than those of the State itself, fearing any intrusion into so dangerous a field of any interests less imperative than those of national security and national necessity.
I believe that in nationalising the iron and steel industry we shall be satisfying that very deeply-felt and strong public opinion on this issue. In addition to the arguments of efficiency and human needs and standards of living, we can add to the reasons for supporting this Motion the overwhelmingly powerful moral and political argument that we shall be nationalising the arms industry.
Mr. Lyttelton: May I interrupt a moment? In view of the very interesting points the hon. Gentleman has made, I hope that he will deal shortly with the result of the nationalisation of the arms industry in Germany and Italy.
Mr. Speaker: That question is not now before the House. Mr. Fletcher.
Mr. Zilliacus: rose
Mr. Speaker: I thought the hon. Gentleman had finished.
Mr. Zilliacus: I was going to say one more sentence, but I will finish at that.
Mr. Walter Fletcher (Bury): This Debate really divides itself into two parts: first, why the Government are taking this action, and second, how they propose to carry it out. There has been a mass of mixed reasons put forward as to why; even the Minister himself.got so inextricably mixed up, that he came to the point when, as usual, he had to rely on the stock argument of hon. and right hon. Gentlemen on the other side, and trot out the good old horse " Mandate."In his excellent speech last night the hon. and gallant Member for Holderness (Lieut.-Commander Gurney Braithwaite) used racecourse metaphor, and I should like to indulge in it too. Let us first examine this Mandate—the only horse in the Government's stable. What is its pedigree? " Mandate, by Mistake out of Control."It runs in every single race, whether it is a little selling plate of a one-Clause Bill, whether it is a great autumn handicap—and we have had a few handicaps from the other side—or whether it is one of the classics. " Mandate " always comes out to run for the Government. The only difference is in the jockeys. The leading jockey, of course, is " Hustling Herbert," whom we are to hear tonight. I have some fear that he is in trouble with the stewards and may not be able to appear.
The other reasons put forward were very unconvincing indeed. We had a dissertation from several Members on the boards of the various companies in this industry, and their reason for nationalisation seemed to be a sort of reverse Keith Prowse reason—" You have the best seats, we want them."That come out from several speeches, the idea that if you nationalise the industry it will give great opportunities for the faithful adherents of the Government on the other side to appear in the rôle—for which they are, I think, ill-fitted—of running this highly complex and important national industry. I believe that the real reason for nationalisation is that the Government can hardly help themselves. They are in the position of the hungry python, which does not eat very often, but, when it does, is moved to eat everything in sight, crush it out of shape, smother it with the saliva of propaganda, and then start to eat it. Once it has started to eat it just cannot stop, and this Government, having started on the meal
|
import React, { useState } from 'react';
import { Button, Container, Box, SimpleGrid, Stack } from '@chakra-ui/react';
import { flow } from '../services/flow';
import Card from './Card';
export default function MyItems() {
const [nftsData, setNftsData] = useState();
const [addr, setAddr] = useState(null);
const getOwnedIDs = async (event) => {
event.preventDefault();
try {
const addr = await flow.getCurrentUserAddress();
setAddr(addr);
setNftsData(await flow.getAllMetadata(addr));
} catch (e) {
alert(String(e));
}
};
const getMintedMetadata = async (event) => {
event.preventDefault();
try {
const addr = await flow.getCurrentUserAddress();
setAddr(addr);
const metadataArray = await flow.getAllMintedMetadata(addr);
setNftsData(metadataArray.map(metadata => { return { ...metadata, unknownOwner: true } }));
} catch (e) {
alert(String(e));
}
};
return (
<Container ml={0} mr={4} mt={4} maxWidth="3xl">
<Stack>
<Box p={2} mb={4}>
<Button onClick={getOwnedIDs} mr={6}>Show Owned Items</Button>
<Button onClick={getMintedMetadata}>Show Minted Items</Button>
</Box>
</Stack>
<SimpleGrid columns={[1, 2, 4]}>
{nftsData ? nftsData.map(function (data) {
const { id, metadataURI, minter } = data;
return (
<Card key={id} addr={data.unknownOwner ? 'na' : addr} tokenId={id} metadataURI={metadataURI} maintainer={minter} owner={data.unknownOwner ? '' : addr} />
);
}) : null}
</SimpleGrid>
</Container>
);
}
|
# == Schema Information
#
# Table name: options
#
# id :integer not null, primary key
# owner_type :string
# owner_id :integer
# name_ru :string
# name_en :string
# value_ru :text
# value_en :text
# category_value_id :integer
# options_category_id :integer
# created_at :datetime not null
# updated_at :datetime not null
# admin :boolean default("false")
#
class Option < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :owner, inverse_of: :options, polymorphic: true
belongs_to :category_value, inverse_of: :options
belongs_to :options_category, inverse_of: :strict_options
translates :name, :value
validates :owner, presence: true
validates_translated :name, presence: true, unless: proc { |opt| opt.name_with_category?}
validates_translated :value, presence: true, unless: proc { |opt| opt.value_with_category?}
validates :options_category, presence: true, if: proc { |opt| opt.name_with_category?}
validates :category_value, presence: true, if: proc { |opt| opt.value_with_category?}
validates_uniqueness_of :name_ru, scope: %i[owner_id owner_type], if: proc { |option| option.name_ru.present? }
validates_uniqueness_of :name_en, scope: %i[owner_id owner_type], if: proc { |option| option.name_en.present? }
validates_uniqueness_of :options_category_id, scope: %i[owner_id owner_type], if: proc { |option| option.name_with_category? }
validates_uniqueness_of :category_value_id, scope: %i[owner_id owner_type], if: proc { |option| option.value_with_category? }
attr_writer :name_type, :value_type
before_validation do
category_value &&
options_category != category_value.options_category &&
errors.add(:category_value, :invalid)
if name_with_category?
self.name_ru = self.name_en = nil
else
self.options_category = nil
end
if value_with_category?
self.value_ru = self.value_en = nil
else
self.category_value = nil
end
end
validate do
if value_type == 'with_category' && name_type != 'with_category'
errors.add(:value_type, :invalid)
end
end
def content_types
%w[with_category without_category]
end
def name_type
@name_type ||= options_category ? 'with_category' : 'without_category'
end
def value_type
@value_type ||= category_value ? 'with_category' : 'without_category'
end
def name_with_category?
name_type == 'with_category'
end
def value_with_category?
value_type == 'with_category'
end
def readable_value
value || (category_value ? category_value.value : nil)
end
def readable_name
name || (options_category ? options_category.name : nil)
end
end
|
<?php
session_start();
?>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bill Page</title>
<link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="css/main.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Alice|Bad+Script|Charm|Cinzel:700|Courgette|Dancing+Script:700|Kaushan+Script|Lobster|Merienda|Playfair+Display+SC:400i|Tangerine:700|Roboto+Condensed:400i|" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
#heading {
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Cinzel', serif;
}
body {
background-color: #99e699;
}
#summary {
text-align: center;
}
h1 {
text-decoration: underline;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!--Including the connection to the database and displying the data from the tariff table, which holds the details of the hotel selected and its cost-->
<?php
include "connection.php";
$type=$_SESSION['type'];
$qq=mysqli_query($con,"select inrsin from tariff where type='$type'");
while($res = mysqli_fetch_assoc($qq)){
$_SESSION['price'] = $res['inrsin'];
}
?>
<div id = "heading">
<h1>Thank you for booking. Here is a summary of your bill:</h1>
</div>
<div id = "summary">
<h2>Hotel : <?php echo $_SESSION['type']; ?> </h2>
<h2>Cost per Room : <?php echo $_SESSION['price']; ?> </h2>
<h2>Number of Rooms : <?php echo $_SESSION['norm']; ?> </h2>
<h2>Number of Days : <?php echo $_SESSION['datediff']; ?> </h2>
<br><br>
<h2>Thank you for coming, <strong><?php echo $_SESSION['username']?></strong></h2>
<h2>The following room has been booked for you. Have a nice day 🙂</h2>
<!--This displays the unique room number and hotel the user has booked based on his/her username-->
<?php
include "connection.php";
$rid=$_SESSION['rid'];
$qq=mysqli_query($con,"select room_number from maprr where r_id= '$rid' ");
//The particular room number is being called based on the hotel name and the price of the hotel, from the available hotel rooms
while($res = mysqli_fetch_assoc($qq)){
echo "<h2>R-";
echo $res['room_number'];
echo "</h2>";
}
?>
<!--This is where the calculation for the hotel base amount multiplied by the number of days is being processed-->
<h1>Your bill amount is <?php echo $_SESSION['price']?> x <?php echo $_SESSION['norm'] ?> x <?php echo $_SESSION['datediff'] ?> = R<?php echo $_SESSION['price']*$_SESSION['norm']*$_SESSION['datediff'] ?></h1>
<div>
<script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
|
Articles | Volume 18, issue 23
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17705–17716, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17705-2018
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17705–17716, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17705-2018
Research article 13 Dec 2018
Research article | 13 Dec 2018
Combined effects of boundary layer dynamics and atmospheric chemistry on aerosol composition during new particle formation periods
Combined effects of boundary layer dynamics and atmospheric chemistry on aerosol composition during new particle formation periods
Liqing Hao1, Olga Garmash2, Mikael Ehn2, Pasi Miettinen1, Paola Massoli3, Santtu Mikkonen1, Tuija Jokinen2, Pontus Roldin4, Pasi Aalto2, Taina Yli-Juuti1, Jorma Joutsensaari1, Tuukka Petäjä2, Markku Kulmala2, Kari E. J. Lehtinen1,5, Douglas R. Worsnop1,2,3, and Annele Virtanen1 Liqing Hao et al.
• 1Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
• 2Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. 64, Helsinki, Finland
• 3Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 08121-3976, USA
• 4Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
• 5Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
Correspondence: Liqing Hao<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Annele Virtanen<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Abstract
Characterizing aerosol chemical composition in response to meteorological changes and atmospheric chemistry is important to gain insights into new particle formation mechanisms. A BAECC (Biogenic Aerosols – Effects on Clouds and Climate) campaign was conducted during the spring 2014 at the SMEAR II station (Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem–Aerosol Relations) in Finland. The particles were characterized by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). A PBL (planetary boundary layer) dilution model was developed to assist interpreting the measurement results. Right before nucleation events, the mass concentrations of organic and sulfate aerosol species were both decreased rapidly along with the growth of PBL heights. However, the mass fraction of sulfate aerosol of the total aerosol mass was increased, in contrast to a decrease for the organic mass fraction. Meanwhile, an increase in LVOOA (low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol) mass fraction of the total organic mass was observed, in distinct comparison to a reduction of SVOOA (semi-volatile OOA) mass fraction. Our results demonstrate that, at the beginning of nucleation events, the observed sulfate aerosol mass was mainly driven by vertical turbulent mixing of sulfate-rich aerosols between the residual layer and the newly formed boundary layer, while the condensation of sulfuric acid (SA) played a minor role in interpreting the measured sulfate mass concentration. For the measured organic aerosols, their temporal profiles were mainly driven by dilution from PBL development, organic aerosol mixing in different boundary layers and/or partitioning of organic vapors, but accurate measurements of organic vapor concentrations and characterization on the spatial aerosol chemical composition are required. In general, the observed aerosol particles by AMS are subjected to joint effects of PBL dilution, atmospheric chemistry and aerosol mixing in different boundary layers. During aerosol growth periods in the nighttime, the mass concentrations of organic aerosols and organic nitrate aerosols were both increased. The increase in SVOOA mass correlated well with the calculated increase in condensed HOMs' (highly oxygenated organic molecules) mass. To our knowledge, our results are the first atmospheric observations showing a connection between increase in SVOOA and condensed HOMs during the nighttime.
1 Introduction
Atmospheric aerosols have significant impacts on global climate change via direct and indirect forcing, air quality and human health (IPCC, 2013). Accurate quantification of their sources and atmospheric evolution is necessary to reduce the uncertainties of global climate predictions.
New particle formation has been recognized as a significant aerosol source in the atmosphere (e.g., Nieminen et al., 2018; Gordon et al., 2016). Their subsequent growth is an important source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) relevant to climate change (Kerminen et al., 2012). Numerous measurements have shown that new particle formation takes place in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on a global scale (Zhang et al., 2012; Kulmala and Kerminen, 2008; Kulmala et al., 2004). The PBL is the lowest layer of the troposphere, which is characterized by strong turbulent motions. The PBL is affected by the strength of the solar radiation (Stull, 2012). During the daytime, solar radiation heats the planet surface and induces convective turbulent motions and a well-mixed PBL develops. During the nighttime, several sub-layers are present when the planet surface cools down: the uppermost part is defined as a residual layer where emissions and background aerosol from the previous day are accumulated, and the part close to the ground develops to be a stable nocturnal boundary layer because solar heating ceases and the ground cools by emissions of infrared radiation, leading to increasing atmospheric temperature with height. This layer suppresses turbulence and vertical mixing. The height of the PBL is an important variable in atmospheric science as it controls the vertical profiles of mixing ratios of gases and particles in the atmosphere. Formation of new aerosol particles depends greatly on concentrations of certain gas-phase species and their subsequent transformation (e. g. Tröstl et al., 2016; Ehn et al., 2014; Kulmala et al., 2000). These gas species can oxidize or undergo atmospheric reactions and transform to vapors with vapor pressures low enough to nucleate or condense. When the gas species are emitted into the planetary boundary layer, the dynamics of the PBL affect the spatial distributions of the aerosol precursor species and thus their reaction products. Consequently, an influence of PBL dynamics on the new particle formation potential could be possible (Schobesberger et al., 2013; Wehner et al., 2010; O'Dowd et al., 2009; Laakso et al., 2007; Nilsson et al., 2001). For example, O'Dowd et al. (2009) found that the most intensive nucleation occurred just above the canopy. In contrast, nucleation rates were also enhanced in the upper PBL (Schobesberger et al., 2013; Wehner et al., 2010; Nilsson et al., 2001). The different nucleation studies above implied the effects of boundary layer developments on the nucleation events and/or different nucleation mechanisms taking place at different altitudes of boundary layer. To better understand the new particle formation mechanisms inside the boundary layer, the characterization of aerosol chemical composition and concentrations along with PBL development is needed.
This work presents the results of characterization of the atmospheric aerosols in accordance with the PBL development using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) in a boreal forest environment in Finland. We explored the impacts of PBL dynamics and atmospheric chemistry on the observed aerosol chemical composition and mass concentrations before and during the nucleation events. Even though the minimum size cutoff for AMS is 35 nm in a vacuum aerodynamic diameter (Zhang et al., 2004), the aerosol particles measured by AMS are dominated by the size range of Aitken and accumulation modes; we have observed distinct variations of aerosol chemical composition during new particle formation periods. Hence, this study provides useful information to advance the understanding of new particle formation mechanisms.
2 Experimental
2.1 Measurement site
During the BAECC (Biogenic Aerosols – Effects on Clouds and Climate) campaign (Petäjä et al., 2016), an aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the particle mass concentration, chemical composition and size distribution at the SMEAR II ground station (Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem–Aerosol Relations) in Hyytiälä forestlands in southern Finland (6151 N, 2417 E) during 8 April–20 June 2014 (Hari and Kulmala, 2005). The site is located on a hill (180 m a.s.l.) surrounded by boreal forest, mainly consisting of Scots pine, Norway spruce, birch and aspen. The populated city of Tampere lies approximately 50 km southwest of the site.
2.2 AMS operation and data processing
During the campaign, the real-time measurements of aerosol particles were performed using an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) (Onasch et al., 2012). The SP-AMS is a standard Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight AMS equipped with an intracavity laser vaporizer (1064 nm), in addition to the tungsten vaporizer used in a standard AMS (Canagaratna et al., 2007; DeCarlo et al., 2006). During the campaign, the SP-AMS was operated at 5 min saving cycles alternatively switching between EI (electron ionization) mode and SP mode. In EI mode, only the tungsten vaporizer was used to measure non-refractory chemical species such as organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and chloride. In SP mode, AMS was operated with both the intracavity laser vaporizer and the standard tungsten vaporizer to produce mass spectra of laser-light-absorbing particles such as refractory black carbon (BC) and non-refractory species. Standard mass-based calibrations were performed for the ionization efficiency (IE) by using monodispersed pure ammonium nitrate particles (Jayne et al., 2000). Regal black (REGAL 400R pigment black, Cabot Corp.) was used to determine the IE of BC, in a similar operation procedure as nitrate calibration.
The AMS data were processed using the ToF-AMS data analysis toolkit SQUIRREL version 1.57H and PIKA version 1.16H in Igor Pro software (version 6.22A, WaveMetrics Inc.). In addition, an improved-ambient elemental analysis was processed by using APES V1.06 (Canagaratna et al., 2015). For mass concentration calculations, the dataset from EI mode was analyzed for reporting the non-refractory aerosol species and positive matrix factorization (PMF) simulations and the data in SP mode for the reported black carbon. Default relative ionization efficiency (RIE) values of 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 were applied for nitrate, sulfate, chloride and organics, respectively. The RIE for BC and ammonium were 0.11 and 2.65, respectively, as determined from the mass-based ionization efficiency calibration. After a comparison to the volume concentration from differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) measurement, a particle collection efficiency factor of 0.85 was applied to account for the particle losses in the aerodynamic transmission lens and vaporizer.
Further analysis was performed by applying the positive matrix factorization technique on the high-resolution mass spectra (Paatero and Tapper, 1994; Ulbrich et al., 2009). For the current study, the organic and error matrices in the mz range 12–129 amu of high-resolution mass spectra were generated in PIKA in EI mode. The time series and errors of NO+ and NO2+ ions were integrated into the organic and error matrices for PMF analysis. The combined organic and inorganic matrices were then fitted using the PMF evaluation tool. The PMF technique on the combined organic and inorganic matrix has been elaborately introduced in Sun et al. (2012) and Hao et al. (2014). The technique is capable of separating organic factors from inorganic ones and has been widely applied to quantify the particulate organic nitrate aerosols in recent studies (Xu et al., 2015, 2018; Zhang et al., 2016; Kortelainen et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2014, 2013). In this study, the PMF was evaluated with 1 to 10 factors and Fpeak from −1.0 to 1.0.
2.3 Gaseous compound concentrations
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) were measured by a chemical-ionization atmospheric-pressure-interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-APi-ToF-MS) (Jokinen et al., 2012). The CI-APi-ToF was run in negative ion mode with NO3- acting as the reagent ion. In the campaign, water clusters severely interfered with CI-APi-ToF measurements in the daytime. Hence, only a limited amount of data in the nighttime measurement were used and more details are provided in Sect. 3.4.
The molecular concentrations of sulfuric acid (SA, H2SO4) were estimated by a proxy approach (Mikkonen et al., 2011). The SA proxy was approximated by photo-oxidation reactions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) under global radiation. The estimated SA concentrations are at an order of 106 molecules m−3 (Fig. S1, Supplement), which is in the same magnitude as those observed in the Hyytiälä region (Petäjä et al., 2009).
2.4 Planetary boundary layer
The height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) was provided by the GDAS simulation (Global Data Assimilation System) at the campaign site and the PBL data were validated against radiosonde measurements. The GDAS data are comparable to the measurement (Fig. S2) and thus were used to interpret the data.
2.5 Condensation sink (CS)
The CS for sulfuric acid was estimated by the approach developed by Pirjola et al. (1999) and was briefly expressed as the following equation (Lehtinen et al., 2003; Dal Maso et al., 2005):
CS=2πDDpβmDpnDpdDp(1)=2πDβmDp,iDp,iNi,
where Dp,i is the diameter of a particle and Ni is the particle number concentration in a size bin i, D represents the diffusion coefficient and βm is the transitional correction factor. The estimation of CS was conducted from the size distribution measured by a differential mobility particle sizer. Since DMPS measured the distribution of dry particles, the effect of ambient relative humidity on the hygroscopic growth of particles was also taken into account based on the parameterization of growth factors derived in the Hyytiälä area (Laakso et al., 2004).
A similar approach was also employed for HOMs' CS. Since there exists a large amount of different HOMs, to simplify data processing, we virtually reconstructed a model molecule C13H21O9 based on the α-pinene SOA chamber studies of Ehn et al. (2014) and used it to estimate the condensation sink of HOMs in this study. The molecule represents an average structure for HOMs with a molar weight of 321 g mol−1, close to 325 g mol−1 for the average molar mass of the HOMs produced from α-pinene photochemistry. In the calculation, a total diffusion volume for HOMs of 310.2 was applied from the estimation of the atomic diffusion volumes of 15.9 for C, 6.11 for O and 2.31 for H (Reid et al., 1987). The final CS for HOMs is approximately half of that for SA (Fig. S3).
Figure 1Time series and chemical composition of aerosol species determined by AMS in the campaign. The gray bars mark the four new particle formation events that this study focuses on. (a) Ambient temperature (T) and time series of aerosol mass concentrations. (b) Mass fractions of each aerosol component to the total aerosol mass concentrations. (c) Right pie charts show the average chemical composition for the campaign periods and (d) for the four new particle formation periods.
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2.6 Supporting measurements
The aerosol number concentration and size distribution in a size range of 3–1000 nm were measured by a DMPS. Other supporting measurements included O3 (ozone), SO2, CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides) and meteorological parameters (wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity) that are recorded continuously at the site throughout the year. The data are available by downloading in SmartSMEAR (https://avaa.tdata.fi/web/smart/, last access: 8 August 2018, Junninen et al., 2009).
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Concentration and chemical composition of aerosols during nucleation events
The mass concentration of individual chemical species and chemical composition of PM1 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 1 µm) particles varied greatly during the campaign period (Fig. 1). Generally, the total aerosol volume concentration derived from non-refractory species together with refractory BC measured by AMS correlated well with the collocated measurement by DMPS (r2=0.93 and slope =1.07), assuming a density of 1.75 g cm−3 for ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate; 1.52 g cm−3 for ammonium chloride; 1.3 g cm−3 for organics; and 1.77 g cm−3 for BC (Salcedo et al., 2006) (Fig. S4). The total PM1 mass concentrations varied between 0.14 and 26.3 µg m−3, with an average mass concentration of 3.1±3.2µg m−3 (mean ± standard deviation). Individual species mass concentrations also varied considerably, especially the organic component, showing a dependence on temperature. A similar observation of increased organic aerosol concentrations with rising ambient temperature has also been reported at the same site (Corrigan et al., 2013). Averaged over the campaign (Fig. 1c), organic component accounted for 67.6 %, sulfate for 17.7 %, ammonium for 6.8 %, nitrate for 2.2 %, black carbon for 5.6 % and chloride for < 1 % of the total PM1 mass.
Figure 2Observation of new particle formation events starting on 29 April 2014 (E2904) and 23 April 2014 (E2304). The orange bars were marked for the analysis before and right after nucleation and the gray bars were for aerosol growth periods. Panels: (a) aerosol number size distributions from DMPS; (b) volume size distributions from DMPS; (c) mass concentrations of organic (green) and sulfate (red) species by AMS; (d) mass fractions of organic and sulfate to total aerosol mass concentrations; (e) mass fractions of LVOOA (pink) and SVOOA (light pink) to total organic aerosol mass concentrations; (f) mass concentrations of LVOOA and SVOOA species determined by PMF; (g) the time series of organic nitrate aerosol; (h) O:C ratio of organic species by AMS; (i) wind speed (WS) and direction (WD).
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In this campaign several new particle formation episodes were observed. We focused on four events that were not perturbed by significant air mass changes, characterized by low variation of wind direction (±30) and low wind speed (below 2 m s−1). To demonstrate an overall picture of the evolution of the total aerosol chemical composition during the different phases of new particle formation events, we have divided each event into two stages, which we call “before” and “during” the nucleation and growth. The time period “before” here is related to the “nominal” nucleation starting time that was defined as the point when the DMPS started to see the nucleated aerosols up to a size of 3 nm in diameter (refer to Fig. S5). As can be seen in Fig. 2, the particle number and mass concentrations decrease during the morning hours before the nucleation starts. At the same time the mass fraction of sulfate increases and organics decrease. The decrease in number and mass concentration is due to the increasing PBL height associated with sunrise. On average, the aerosol mass concentration was 0.9 µg m−3 during the four events, which was approximated as one-third of the average campaign value. Concerning the chemical composition, the aerosol mass was comprised of 62.3 % organic, 20.4 % sulfate and 5.9 % ammonium during events (Fig. 1d), in contrast to the values of 67.6 %, 17.7 % and 6.8 % for campaign average (Fig. 1c), respectively. The difference in aerosol composition between the nucleation and other times was caused by combined effects of PBL development and atmospheric chemistry and more discussion will be provided next.
3.2 Aerosol components by positive matrix factorization
To gain insight into the relative variation of individual components, a PMF analysis of the high-resolution organic mass spectra together with NO+ and NO2+ ions was conducted. After a detailed evaluation of mass spectral profiles, time series, and comparison to the results of formerly reported mass spectra and supporting measurement data from other instruments, a five-factor solution at Fpeak=0 separated four organic factors and one inorganic factor and thus was chosen. A four-factor solution did not extract out the inorganic nitrate factor and thus missed one meaning factor compared to a five-factor solution. A six-factor solution split the factor 2 of the five-factor solution to two subfactors and did not produce more meaningful factors and thus was abandoned. More diagnostics plots are provided in Sect. S1 in the Supplement.
The mass spectra profiles and time series of the five factors are shown in Fig. S10. The organic component was resolved into one LVOOA (low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol) factor and three SVOOA (semi-volatile OOA) factors. The factors SVOOA1, SVOOA2 and SVOOA3 were merged to generate a new factor by means of a mass-weighted combination, representing a combined less oxygenated organic factor. As a result, an improved three-factor solution is reported in this paper (refer to Fig. S12). A detailed description of the PMF results is elucidated in Sect. S3. Generally, the average mass concentrations of LVOOA and SVOOA were 0.52±0.51 and 1.48±2.22µg m−3, accounting for 15.3 % and 43.6 % of the total aerosol mass, respectively.
The determination of particulate organic nitrate by PMF is presented in Sect. S4. The average mass concentration of organic nitrates was 0.01±0.02µg m−3. The organic nitrate aerosols play a role in the growth stage of newly formed particles and more discussion is provided in Sect. 3.4.
3.3 Observations of new particle formation events
The aerosol size distributions, time series of aerosol components and meteorological parameters during the four new particle formation events are depicted in Figs. 2 and S14. Around the onset of nucleation, we have systematically observed several features concerning the aerosol composition (in the orange shaded area): (1) the mass concentrations of organics and sulfate both decreased (panel c); (2) the mass fractions of sulfate aerosol to the total aerosol mass increased, in distinct contrast to the decrease in organic mass fractions (panel d); (3) the mass concentrations of both LVOOA and SVOOA decreased (panel f), but the mass fractions of LVOOA to the total organic concentration increased while SVOOA decreased (panel e).
Figure 3A closer view of the decrease in aerosol mass concentrations coinciding with PBL height development in E2904 (29 April 2014). (a) Ultraviolet (UV)-A radiation forcing; (b) the height of the PBL and the mass concentrations of organic and SO4 components measured by AMS; (c) dilution factor, estimated from PBL heights.
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The rapid decrease in aerosol concentrations coincided with the increasing PBL height when the sunrise started to heat the surface (Fig. 3). Hence, we developed a PBL dilution model to assist interpreting the measurement results. In the model, we hypothesize that the observed decrease in aerosol mass is caused by the increased dilution due to an increasing PBL height. In the calculation, we converted the heights of the boundary layer to dilution factors as a function of time (Eq. 2). The starting time was defined as the point when the PBL height started to develop and the ending time when the PBL height maximum was reached. The development of the PBL caused a dilution effect on the aerosol concentrations; e.g., in Fig. 3c, the mass concentration of aerosol species was decreased by 94 % at the end. Meanwhile, in the model we did not include the downwards turbulent motions of aerosol particles from the residual layer to the boundary surface layer. Instead, this factor was considered and examined separately and results are shown below.
(2) Dilution factor = PBL _ t o / PBL _ t ,
where PBL_to is the PBL height when the PBL starts to develop and PBL_t represents the height of the PBL at time t.
Figure 4The time series of sulfate and organics (a1–d1), and LVOOA and SVOOA (a2–d2) aerosols depending on the dilution and vapor condensation effects before nucleation events in four events (orange bars in Fig. 2). Diamond markers: the measured aerosol concentrations. Solid lines: the modeled aerosol concentrations assuming PBL heights to be the only controlling factor on aerosol mass concentrations. The aerosol concentrations were calculated by accounting for the air volume varying with PBL height. Dashed lines: the modeled aerosol concentrations accounted for by both the dilution effect and condensation of sulfuric acid.
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The time series of the measured and modeled organic and sulfate mass concentrations are presented in Fig. 4. The modeled mass concentrations were calculated based on the above-mentioned model, assuming that the change in concentrations was controlled only by the dilution caused by increasing PBL height, i.e., by multiplying the initial concentration (before the sunrise) by the dilution factor (diamond markers in Fig. 4). We see that the general trends in the calculated curves follow the measurements for both organic and sulfate species. During the night, the aerosol particles are concentrated in the shallow boundary layer. In the morning, the solar radiation initiates an increase in the PBL height, leading to dilution and decreasing concentrations.
However, for sulfate species, we observed much higher measured concentrations than the modeled ones (top panels, Fig. 4). The modeled sulfate concentrations can account for only 20.5±4.2 % of the measurement results at the end of studied periods, suggesting that other factors also contributed to the measured sulfate species. There are two explanations for the discrepancy between the measured and modeled concentrations: (1) photochemistry-driven formation of sulfuric acid took place in the gas phase and the condensation of sulfuric acid onto the preexisting particle contributed to the observed aerosol mass concentrations; and/or (2) sulfate-rich particles were transported downwards from the residual layer to the newly developed mixed boundary layer when the PBL developed right after sunrise.
To estimate if the condensation of SA could explain the measured sulfate aerosol mass during the studied time periods, we estimated the condensed SA concentration from the condensation sink and the SA proxy:
(3) mass SA = 0 t CS SA SA d t ,
where massSA refers to the accumulated SA mass from gas to particle phase over time period t. CS is the condensation sink term for SA and [SA] represents the steady-state concentration of gas-phase SA, which was approximated by the SA proxy approach of Mikkonen et al. (2011).
The calculated sulfate concentrations after taking into account the effects of both the PBL dilution and the SA condensation are shown as the dashed lines in Fig. 4 (in upper panels). For sulfate aerosols, taking into account both the dilution and condensation of SA, the calculation results account for 28.2±5.0 % of measured sulfate concentrations. Furthermore, according to our calculations, in order to explain the discrepancy between the measurement and the pure dilution model by only SA condensation, it would require an H2SO4 concentration of 0.4–2.8×109 molecules cm−3 (based on Eq. 3), which is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than the H2SO4 concentrations typically found in Hyytiälä (Petäjä et al., 2009). Thus, it is highly likely that the rest of the uncounted sulfate (71.8 %) was originated from vertical turbulent mixing of the sulfate-rich aerosols from the residual layer into the newly formed boundary layer, while the condensation of sulfuric acid played a minor role in contributing to the uncounted sulfate mass concentrations. The horizontal dilution due to the increasing wind speed during the investigated period (wind speed increases from 0.3 to 1.5 m s−1) was not taken into account in the analysis. Horizontal dilution could affect the dilution although in Hyyiälä, where the station is surrounded by the homogeneous forested area, the effect is minor. Our results are consistent with the study by Morgan et al. (2009) showing that the vertical structure of the sulfate aerosol profile was primarily driven by PBL dynamical processes. The results also highlight the fact that measurements on the planetary surface are not always representative of aerosol properties at elevated altitudes. To understand the atmospheric aerosol properties, climate impacts and to make accurate aerosol model predictions, a simultaneous representation of the aerosol vertical distribution is necessary.
For organic aerosols, the dilution model (solid green lines, Fig. 4) can relatively well track the measurements (green diamond markers), reproducing 61.8±36.7 % of the measurement results at the end (upper panels, Fig. 4). Further analysis of the organic aerosol component by PMF reveals that the mass concentrations of LVOOA and SVOOA both decreased. The mass fractions of LVOOA to the total organic mass, however, were increased while the SVOOA mass fractions were decreased during the morning hours when the new particle formation took place (panels e and f, Fig. 2). In addition, when taking into account the PBL dilution, the calculated LVOOA concentrations (pink lines in Fig. 4) are clearly lower than the measured concentrations. The discrepancy between the modeling and measurements could be interpreted by the mixing of LVOOA-rich aerosol from the residual layer to the ground layer and/or by the partitioning of organic vapors between aerosol and gas phase. To get more detailed and quantitative information on these processes, gas-phase measurements of organic vapors would be needed. Unfortunately, quantitative data of organic vapor concentrations are not available for this measurement campaign. For the SVOOA component, the calculated concentrations were generally slightly higher than the measured ones, which indicates that evaporation of SVOOA could have taken place due to the dilution mixing. Overall, it is likely that the temporal profiles of organic concentrations in this study were subjected to the interplay of mixing of LVOOA-rich OA from the residual to the boundary layer and partitioning of organic vapors during the boundary layer evolution and new particle formation.
Figure 5Comparisons of the increased mass of LVOOA (a1–c1) and SVOOA (a2–c2) in measurements (vertical axis) to the estimated accumulated amount of HOMs condensed onto the particle phase (horizontal axis) at the particle growth stage (gray bars in Fig. 2). Note that AMS did not work in the E0904 growth period (event day of 9 April 2014) and thus the results are not shown.
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Additionally, we conducted the back-calculated approximation of aerosol chemical composition in the residual layer based on the comparison between our measurement and dilution modeling results. In the calculation we assumed that the partitioning of organic vapors is negligible, and the ammonium and nitrate were excluded in the analysis. Hence, only Org and SO4 aerosol were included in the analysis. On average, the approximated aerosol mass in the residual layer was comprised of 62.6±16.6 % SO4, 35.6±15.4 % LVOOA and 1.8±7.1 % SVOOA in the four studied events, in a distinct contrast to aerosol chemical composition of 24.3±11.6 % SO4, 17.2±0.1 % LVOOA and 58.5±0.1 % SVOOA in the stable surface boundary layer before PBL dilution was initiated. The origin of sulfate-rich aerosol in the residual layer is likely related to the cloud processing of aerosols as a significant fraction of sulfate is formed in clouds (Ervens et al., 2011). It is also possible that sulfate-rich aerosol has entrained from the free troposphere. In addition, e.g., Sorooshian et al. (2010) and Hao et al. (2013) reported increased oxidation level of cloud residual particles, suggesting that cloud processing of organics would lead to compounds having elevated O:C ratio. Our results are supported by an earlier study by Janssen et al. (2012) where they have quantitatively studied PBL effects on SOA concentrations using a boundary layer chemistry model in combination with observation in the Hyytiälä area. They have observed that organic aerosol was dominated by dilution and organic aerosol entrainment from the free troposphere in PBL growth, while the condensation of oxidative products from local terpene emissions played a minor role compared to dilution and entrainment.
3.4 Aerosol growth
The growth of atmospheric aerosols from nucleation mode size range to the size at which they can be activated to cloud condensation nuclei is an important step in linking new particle formation to climate change. To understand what is behind the growth mechanisms is thereby of scientific significance. In this study, we also investigated the changes in aerosol composition during the growth period of newly formed particles by AMS (the periods are indicated by gray bars in Figs. 2 and S14). To simplify the analysis, we selected the growth periods in relatively stagnant meteorological conditions with steady WS and WD (in the gray bars, Figs. 2 and S14). In addition, the PBL was fully developed during the studied growth periods. We observed several interesting phenomena in the evolution of aerosol composition at the stage of aerosol growth. Firstly, we observed an obvious increase in organic aerosol mass concentration, comparing to the relatively stable concentration of sulfate aerosol (panel c). Second, PMF results further revealed that the mass concentration of SVOOA increased. In contrast, the mass of LVOOA was almost unchanged (panel f). Third, the mass concentration of organic nitrate was also enhanced (panel g). Last, the growth of aerosol particles took place in the nighttime in all four events.
To investigate in more detail the contribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules to the growth during the nighttime and their contribution to the increased mass concentration of SVOOA, we used the nitrate CI-APi-ToF data. As mentioned before, due to the instrumental problem (water clusters interfered with CI-APi-ToF measurements), the absolute concentrations of measured HOMs could not be estimated. However, as we expect that the response of the CI-APi-ToF stayed fairly constant over the course of these measurements, we can utilize the measured counts for a qualitative analysis. We normalized the HOM ion signals (measured in counts per second, cps) to the corresponding reagent ion signals. In addition, we chose the 10 most abundant ions observed during the aerosol growth periods, as these were least affected by the water interference. The 10 ions included monomers and dimers (one nitrogen-containing): C10H14O7, C10H16O7,C10H14O9, C10H16O9, C10H14O10,C10H16O10, C10H14O11,C20H32O10, C20H32O11 and C20H31O13N. In our calculations we assume that all measured HOMs have extremely low vapor pressure and that we can use the condensation sink approach to calculate the mass of condensed HOMs during the nighttime growth (Eq. 4).
(4) mass HOMs = 0 t CS HOMs HOMs d t ,
where massHOMs refers to the accumulated amount from gas to particle phase over time period t for HOMs. CS is the condensation sink for HOMs. [HOMs] represents the steady-state concentrations of HOMs.
Figure 5 shows the increase in mass concentration of LVOOA and SVOOA as a function of relative increase in mass due to the HOM condensation during the nighttime aerosol growth periods (gray bars in Fig. 2). It should be noted that the x axis of the Fig. 5 does not represent the quantitative HOM concentration, but rather the relative change in the HOM concentration during the growth period. An excellent linear correlation was established between the condensed amounts of organic vapor and the increased mass of measured particles during the particle growth periods: the correlation coefficients r are in the range of 0.87–0.98. In contrast, the condensed HOMs show negative correlation with LVOOA, with r between −0.17 and −0.60 (top panels, Fig. 5). The results demonstrate that the nighttime condensation of HOMs correlate well with SVOOA mass increase, indicating that the HOMs contribute to the mass increase of SVOOA and total organic mass during the nighttime. Earlier laboratory and field studies have linked HOM to SOA formation (Ehn et al., 2014), but, to our knowledge, our results are the first atmospheric observations showing a connection between increase in SVOOA and condensed HOMs during the nighttime.
As a constituent of organic aerosol, organic nitrate species were estimated to contribute 2.2±0.8 % of the increase in aerosol mass at the growth stage. Note that this study measured only the nitrate functionality (−ONO2) of organic nitrates. Taking into account the molar mass of R−NO3 (where R represents organic components and we assume a lower limit of molar mass of 200 g mol−1) (Xu et al., 2015), the fractional contribution of organic nitrate molecules (RONO2) to the increased aerosol mass should be tripled (which should at least reach 6.6 %). The results demonstrate that organic nitrates are a significant constituent of organic aerosol mass and are consistent with the studies showing that the organic nitrates are important for the increase in monoterpene SOA mass in chamber studies (Berkemeier et al., 2016). The results also suggest that ozonolysis and nitrate radical chemistry have crucial roles in contributing to the increased organic mass of atmospheric aerosols in the nighttime in a boreal environment.
4 Conclusions
The measurements were conducted to characterize atmospheric submicron aerosol particles during new particle formation events in a boreal forest environment, Finland. The main goal was to investigate the temporal variation of aerosol species in response to the meteorological variation and atmospheric chemistry during new particle formation periods.
The aerosol composition during four focused nucleation events was dominated by organics (62.3 %) and sulfate (20.4 %) in terms of mass concentration. In the beginning of nucleation events, the mass concentrations of organic and sulfate aerosol components were both controlled by the boundary layer development. The temporal variation of sulfate aerosol mass concentration was mainly driven by the mixing of sulfate-rich aerosols from the above residual layer down to the newly formed mixed boundary layer in the first few hours after sunrise, while the condensation of sulfuric acid formed by photochemistry played a minor role. Based on our observations, we also hypothesize that the temporal evolution of organic concentration in the beginning of nucleation was caused by the interplay of mixing of organic aerosol from the above residual layer down to the boundary layer and/or possible condensation or evaporation of organic vapors. During the nighttime, we observed an increase in the organic aerosol and organic nitrate mass concentrations, compared to the relative stable sulfate mass concentrations. The nighttime increase in organic mass was driven by the SVOOA components and the increase in SVOOA mass correlated well with the calculated increase in condensed HOM mass, indicating that the HOMs contribute to the mass increase of SVOOA and total organic mass during the nighttime.
Data availability
The data included in this paper can be obtained by contacting the authors.
Supplement
The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17705-2018-supplement.
Author contributions
LH, TP, MK, KL, DW and AV designed the experiments and the sampling site. LH, OG, ME, PM, PM, TJ and PA performed the experiments. LH and AV performed the full data analysis with contributions by OG, ME, SM, TJ, PR, TY and JJ. LH and AV wrote the paper with contributions from all co-authors.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Pekka Rantala for providing PTR-MS data, as well as Antti Manninen and Kimmo Korhonen for measuring and analyzing PBL data. We also thank Aki Kortelainen, Hao Wang and Aki Pajunoja for maintaining AMS in the campaign. The financial support by European Research Council (starting grants 355478 and 638703), the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence program (decision no. 307331), the Academy of Finland (259005) and the UEF Postdoc Research Foundation (930275) is gratefully acknowledged.
Edited by: Fangqun Yu
Reviewed by: two anonymous referees
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An aerosol mass spectrometer was used to characterize aerosol chemical composition during new particle formation periods. The time profiles of mass concentrations and chemical composition of observed aerosol particles are subjected to joint effects of boundary layer dilution, atmospheric chemistry and aerosol mixing in different boundary layers. During the nighttime, the increase in organic aerosol mass correlated well with the increase in condensed highly oxygenated organic molecules' mass.
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Talk:TRAPPIST-1/Archive 2
Pre-FAC review
Per Jo-Jo's request, I'll post review comments here with the aim of getting the article ready for another run at FAC. I'll add comments as I have time to go through the article.
* "its planets were discovered in 2016 and 2017 based on observations from the Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope (TRAPPIST) at La Silla Observatory in Chile and numerous other telescopes. Following the initial discovery of two terrestrial planets in orbit around TRAPPIST-1, a data "anomaly" was found to be caused by five more planets." The anomaly here is just the light-curve data, right? I'm not sure we want to use "anomaly" for that in the lead, and why use scare quotes? I think it would make more sense to say that the data was initially interpreted as indicating three planets, but further analysis revealed that there were seven.
* That's done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:14, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* I think we should focus more on what was discovered. How about "The star was discovered in 1999. In 2016 observations from the Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope (TRAPPIST) at La Silla Observatory in Chile and numerous other telescopes led to the discovery of two terrestrial planets in orbit around the star, and in 2017 further analysis of the light curve identified five more planets." Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 11:59, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
* That sounds better; I've put it in. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
* Suggest moving the rather alphabet-soup list of alternative names for the star to footnote e to join the comment about SPECULOOS, unless any of these names are important for some reason.
* Hrmm. Given the importance of such names to database searches, I am actually inclined to leave them in the text. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:14, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* Could the list of designations be put in the infobox, using Template:Starbox catalog? That's what's done on most star articles. SevenSpheres (talk) 15:27, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* You sure that that is the right template? But upon thinking, a footnote might work too. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:18, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* The infobox would be better, but I think it's important to get them out of the text. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 11:59, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
* Well, what do you know, I had forgotten that there was a commented-out Starbox catalog template here. I've put them there. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
* "TRAPPIST-1 is a very close star, parallax measurements have yielded a distance of 40.662 ± 0.036 light-years (12.467 ± 0.011 pc) from the Solar System, and has a large proper motion. There is no evidence that TRAPPIST-1 has companion stars." This is a good example of what I think needs to be done in a copyedit. The conversion to parsecs isn't really necessary, given that a scientist would understand either measurement and a lay-person won't be that familiar with either. Five significant figures is too many for the text. The infobox has the conversion, and only gives four sig figs; I would suggest that's fine for the text too. I don't think we need to say parallax is how the distance was determined -- unless I've forgotten what astrophysics I know, that's how all nearby star distances are determined, so it's not an interesting fact about this star. And the source for the last sentence says it has conclusively eliminated the possibility of companion stars. So I think this could be "TRAPPIST-1 is a very close star, at 40.66 ± 0.04 light-years away, with a large proper motion. It has no companion stars."
* Did that rewrite. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:14, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* I imagine some of the lettered footnotes are the result of FAC comments asking for inline explanations. I think this can go too far. See the last few comments in this discussion; the example by NebY is how this reads to me, as someone with a (minor) background in the topic. I'm not going to suggest you remove any of them, but I think you do have more than you really need.
* Actually, I did put many of the footnotes there myself. But yes, some people like to have the terms explained in the article. Others are satisfied with links. I don't think I've seen much of a consensus on what's better. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:14, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* "TRAPPIST-1 is a red dwarf,[30] a cold star with a smaller mass than the Sun. Red dwarfs include the spectral types[h] M and K,[32] and TRAPPIST-1 belongs to class M8.0±0.5.[33] Its mass is about 8.98% of the Sun's mass,[34] only barely sufficient mass to allow nuclear fusion to take place.[35][36] Its radius is 11.9% that of the Sun, making the star slightly larger than Jupiter.[33] While denser than the Sun,[33] TRAPPIST-1 has an unusually low density for its kind of star.[37] Its luminosity is only about 0.055% that of the Sun[34] and is mostly infrared light;[38] it is not variable[33] and there is no evidence for a solar cycle.[39] TRAPPIST-1 has an effective temperature[i] of 2,566 K (2,293 °C; 4,159 °F),[5] making it the coldest known star (as of 2022) to host planets.[41]" Suggest "TRAPPIST-1 is a red dwarf with spectral class M8.0±0.5, meaning that it is small and cold. Its radius is about 12% of the Sun's radius, and its mass is about 9% of the Sun's, which is barely sufficient to allow nuclear fusion to take place. Hence it has a low effective temperature of 2,566 K, making it the coldest known star (as of 2022) to host planets. TRAPPIST-1's density is unusually low for a red dwarf, and it has a luminosity of about 0.055% that of the Sun, consisting mostly of infrared light. It is not variable and there is no evidence for a solar cycle." I would argue against converting a temperature in K in a scientific article.
* I distinctly remember that some people wanted an explanation of "red dwarf", so I left that in. I think Dwarf stars like TRAPPIST-1 are over ten times more common than Sun-like stars and these stars are more likely to host small planets than Sun-like stars. The known planetary systems around ultracold stars contain multiple planets, but it is unclear how many such stars feature planets. is useful "putting into context information", myself. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:14, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* The "as of" has a capital "A"; presumably this is controlled by a template? Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 11:59, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
* Yes; fixed that. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
Pausing here to make sure this feedback is useful; let me know what you think about these suggestions. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 13:52, 25 March 2023 (UTC)
* "Stars like TRAPPIST-1 are so cold that clouds consisting of condensates and dust can form in their photosphere.[45] Patterns of TRAPPIST-1's radiation indicate the existence of dust, which is distributed evenly across the star's surface." The source is careful to make it clear that this is not the standard definition of "dust" or "cloud"; to avoid having to do further explanations inline I would suggest avoiding both of these words. These two sentence say "Stars like this can have X; this star has X". I think this is unnecessarily wordy; how about "TRAPPIST-1 is cold enough for condensates to form in its photosphere, which have been detected by a polarimetric analysis of its radiation during transits of its planets."
* That's certainly better, but now I worry folks will want to know what "polarimetric" means. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:14, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
* Yes, it's possible. I would suggest not adding a footnote though -- as I said above, I think there are too many already. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 11:59, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
* In that case, the rewrite is in. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
Rotation period and age
More to come; still reading the papers for this section. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 23:06, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
* "As of 2020, discrepancies between rotational data obtained by the Spitzer Space Telescope and Kepler space telescope remain unexplained". Is this based on the word "putative" in Ducrot? If so I don't think that's enough.
* Sort of; there is a disagreement also mentioned by Miles-Páez et al. (2019) and I don't think it's ever been conclusively agreed on why there is that discrepancy. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:06, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
* There is a bit of discussion at but I don't think it settled the question. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 14:49, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
* I think that's more citable than the original papers. As far as I can see it gives the 1.40 and 3.30 day periods, suggests a mechanism for the discrepancy (p. 3 of the arXiv pdf), and ends up supporting the K2 rate, citing other work casting doubt on the reliability of photometric determination of rotation rates for M dwarfs. I would cite this instead of the earlier two papers; it gives all the necessary details and as a review of the earlier data is a better source (and citing it will have the side benefit of removing some of the ugly mid-sentence footnotes). Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 10:59, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
* Applied a rewrite, but I think its wording can be improved. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 14:15, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
* "The rotation axis of TRAPPIST-1 might be slightly offset from that of its planets." The source gives no more details than this, but cites Hirano, T., Krishnamurthy, V., Gaidos, E., et al. 2020b, ApJL, 899, L13. Do you have access to this?
* Yes, and they mixed their references up - Hirano 2020b is about Pi Mensae not TRAPPIST-1 - it's instead Hirano 2020a . It doesn't have much information beyond that the offset isn't large, and also mentions the rotation period discrepancy. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:06, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
* I'm trying to pull up the papers cited for the rotation section, but for FN 33, Gillon/Jehin/ et al., I get a PDS with pages numbered 1-38 via arXiv, and with pages number 1-26 via ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. The pages given in the source citation are 221-224 in Nature, and the footnote says p. 221. I don't know how you can resolve this, but I think the reader has to have a way to find the page you're citing. Similarly for the next citation you give p. 4025 but the PDF on arXiv has no similar numbering.
* Yeah, I by default use the original source (linked through the DOI) and never the arXiv. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:06, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
* Assuming I've found the right source text, what FN 45 says is "The short rotation period of TRAPPIST-1 is typical among the subset of late M dwarfs which are rapidly rotating" which is not quite the same as "typical period for M dwarfs", which is what you have in the article. Given the qualification, I'm not sure this is useful; as far as I can tell the paper is talking about what M dwarfs are suitable for a particularly observational technique, and not making a general statement about M dwarfs.
* Would it more useful if it did specify late M dwarfs? Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:06, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
* Fixed by someone else. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 10:59, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
-- Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 10:59, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
* "TRAPPIST-1 is a red dwarf[h][31] with spectral class[i] M8.0±0.5,[33] meaning that it is small and cold." I know this has come up in your FACs before; citing short phrases within a sentence is technically accurate but very distracting for a reader. I think this is harmless for longer sentences -- e.g. "Weird Tales' subtitle was "The Unique Magazine", and Wright's story selections were as varied as the subtitle promised;[3] he was willing to print strange or bizarre stories with no hint of the fantastic if they were unusual enough to fit in the magazine.[76]" from an article I wrote -- but when the density of footnotes approaches that of the text it really impacts the reader experience. I would suggest moving both the footnotes and explanatory notes to the end where the sentence is reasonably short -- here that would look like "TRAPPIST-1 is a red dwarf with spectral class M8.0±0.5, meaning that it is small and cold.[h][31][33]", with [h] including explanations of both "red dwarf" and "spectral class".
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 14:15, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
* Noting that has taken on a copyedit as well; I hope we aren't working at cross-purposes. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 10:21, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
* I won't be able to look at this again till at least the weekend so the timing is fine. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 10:32, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
Activity
I've done some edits here, one thing I wonder is whether the flares thing from the atmospheric stability section would be better off here. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:43, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
Comment
Hi Jo-Jo Eumerus, I have lost track of where the previous conversation was posted, so this is a reminder that I am happy, RL and WP commitments permitting, to copy edit this if and when you would like me to. Gog the Mild (talk) 18:57, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
* Greetings,, it was originally on my talk page. Yes, I would appreciate such a copyedit, as folks have noted there are still prose issues and I don't trust myself to find them all. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:28, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
* I shall get started. Feel free to revert anything. I won't care and won't be watchlisting. Feel free to query here anything you don't understand. Similarly I shall post any queries here. Gog the Mild (talk) 14:35, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
Copy edit queries
Gog the Mild (talk) 15:04, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
* "The star has a strong magnetic field[61] with a mean intensity of about 600 gauss." Is there anything which a reader may be familiar with which could be used as a comparator, to give some context?
* "TRAPPIST-1 is orbited by seven planets". You are entirely confident that this doesn't need to be 'seven known planets' or 'at least seven planets'?
* Orders of magnitude (magnetic field) shows Earth's magnetic field at about 1/1000th and a refrigerator's at slightly less than one tenth. I'll need to check for sources to use. Yes, I think everybody currently assumes it's only 7 planets. There was a sentence before about the properties of a hypothetical 8th planet but editors thought it was superfluous. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 16:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
* Any chance of a brief in line explanation of "volatile compound"?
* "note that heating in the outer planets could be". Is that tidal heating? If so, perhaps say so?
* "Tidal phenomena can influence the masses of the planets observed from Earth". I don't understand what this means. Gog the Mild (talk) 16:41, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
* Think I got these issues resolved. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 07:48, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
* "Tides can also occur in the planetary atmospheres". Are you talking in general terms or about the TRAPPIST-1 planets? If the latter, perhaps "can" → 'may'?
* "The lack of giant impacts". Maybe a brief explanation of what causes these/why they might have been expected? Gog the Mild (talk) 12:13, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
* In general terms, for the first. For the second, put a parenthetical in but a better word than "pre-planetary" is probably needed. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 14:41, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
* "Impact events would be particularly important in the outer planets because they can both add and remove volatiles". So this is not the case for TRAPPIST-1's inner planets?
* "the planets' formation conditions would give them large initial quantities of volatile materials". Just checking that that "would" shouldn't be a 'could'. Gog the Mild (talk) 16:51, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
* No; impact velocities there are higher; I think that means that more mass is removed than added. It's "would", yes; volatile-poor planets can only form beyond the snowline if the disk has an unphysical chemical composition. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 07:46, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
* "It is likely too distant from its host star to sustain liquid water, instead forming an entirely glaciated snowball planet. Moderate quantities of CO2 could warm TRAPPIST-1f to temperatures adequate for liquid water to exist." These two consecutive sentences seem to contradict each other. And then "it could thus be an ocean planet". I understand that "could" doesn't overwrite "likely", but it could be written a little more clearly for a lay reader.
* "is considerably less than that of Earth." I am not sure that this means anything. Surely the chance of life on Earth is 1? Gog the Mild (talk) 15:38, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
* The first is a bit of disagreement between sources - it's unlikely that it has liquid water, and IF it has liquid water, then due to a thick CO2-rich atmosphere. The thing about ocean planets is that they don't have to have surface water - even if TRAPPIST-1f has no surface water, it can have an ocean under an ice shell. For the second, it means that based on theoretical considerations, odds of an Earth-like planet developing life are much higher than of a TRAPPIST-1f-like planet developing life. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 15:59, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
* "The star has been subject of detailed studies of its various aspects, including the possible effects of vegetation ..." I am a bit lost with this sentence. I assume that we are still discussing TRAPPIST-1? It reads as if there may be vegetation on it, or as if vegetation may effect the star - I assume I am misreading somewhere? And "the possibility of the detection of an ocean using starlight reflected off its surface"; starlight reflected off a star - do I have that right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gog the Mild (talk • contribs)
* Yes, rewrote that a bit. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 07:31, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
* "TRAPPIST-1a refers to the star itself". If this is so, what does "TRAPPIST-1" refer to? Gog the Mild (talk) 11:27, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
* TRAPPIST-1a isn't used by itself; it's just an explanation why the alphabetic code begins with "b". I've done a minor rewrite but someone can probably explain it better. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:00, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
* Second run through (Just skimming)
* "The lack of giant impacts". A reader still isn't told what this means, nor just what is impacting what.
* Tried to fix the issue. The problem I have here is that there isn't an easily understood term for "smaller-than-planet, larger-than-asteroid" bodies. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:00, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
* "Impact events would be particularly important in the outer planets because they can both add and remove volatiles; addition is likely dominant in the outermost planets where impact velocities are slower." You say "would be" and "is likely" about the same thing in the same sentence. Which is it?
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:00, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
And that is all I have. Good look with the FAC. Gog the Mild (talk) 11:55, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
* Thanks. Now only 's comments are still outstanding. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:00, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
* Jo-Jo, I should be able to get to this Monday or Tuesday ... should I forget, do not hesitate to poke me on my talk page :) Sandy Georgia (Talk) 12:08, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
SG review
Jo-Jo, so sorry for the delay; I am starting in after breakfast. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 12:50, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* I don't know how to fix this; accessibility says not to add images to the bottom of sections, so I moved it up, which displays fine on my iPad and iPhone, but not on my regular computer. Is there another place that image can be used instead? Can it just be moved in to the first section (1b)?
* As in, to the section "TRAPPIST-1b"? No, it would be out of place there. I don't know how to make the image appear in the correct place. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* So, not sure how to fix this ... I guess wait and see what people say at FAC. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:28, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* I've asked for assistance at WP:HD Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* @Jo-Jo Eumerus I've replied there. Feel free to move my comments to here if you need to. Bazza (talk) 09:03, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* Tried something Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:21, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why List of planets instead of just Planets ?
* On both of the previous points, we have two sections with lists of the planets ... the Planetary system and List of Planets ... can these somehow be merged? Can one of the images be moved to the first section if not? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Re: The image: Probably. As for why two sections - one discusses the planetary system as a whole, the other has a bit more information on the individual planets. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Sometimes notes are before citations, sometimes after ... standardize
* ... of the celestial equator.[b][17][18] The star was discovered in 1999 by astronomer John Gizis and colleagues;[19] the name is a reference to the TRansiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope (TRAPPIST)[11][c] project that discovered the first two exoplanets around the star.[23] TRAPPIST-1 is a very close star[24] located at 40.66±0.04 light-years from Earth,[d][17]Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:19, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Notes are supposed to be after the word they explain. Most times, before the citation. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why hyphenated ? True-color illustration of the Sun ... Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:19, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* I think that's the more common spelling, but don't know if that is true. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Will leave then and see if anyone inquires at FAC. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* The star was discovered in 1999 by astronomer John Gizis and colleagues;[19] ... why is this in Description, and not mentioned instead with the rest of the Research history section? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:22, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Moved it down and merged it with the other mention. Put a footnote to explain my choice of year, but it's a bit OR-ey. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* With its radius being 12% that of the sun, it is only slightly larger than the planet Jupiter.[30] --> With a radius 12% of that of the sun, it is only ... Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Should luminosity be linked? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* I dunno, this seems quite basic? Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Since we have an article, won't hurt for novices (like me) ... linked. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* The Kepler and Spitzer Space Telescopes have observed possible bright spots, which may be faculae,[k][55][56] although some of these may be too large.[57] Too large for what? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Explained. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Much better! Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* New paragraph here ? The star has a strong magnetic field ... Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Three instances so far of stray punctuation; check throughout ? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Done, didn't find anything. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 07:30, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅, think we got them all. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* This acronym is never used in the article, could be removed. and may be capable of trapping coronal mass ejections (CMEs) Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Removed. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Complicating matters, as of 2019 most of the parameters Complicating what matters (that is, why is this a problem)? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Because inferred values are less reliable. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Ah, I see ... can we say something like this then ?? Dong et al. (2018) simulated the observed properties of TRAPPIST-1 with a mass loss of 4.1×10−15 solar masses per year.[60] Simulations to estimate mass loss are complicated because, as of 2019, most of the parameters that govern TRAPPIST-1's stellar wind are not known from direct observation.[62] Sandy Georgia (Talk) 22:42, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Done, but I have to note that the source does not specify which parameters of the stellar wind are hard to estimate. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
Planetary system
* Link astronomical unit on first occurrence ?
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Changed to link= on to get it inline. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:00, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* I can't decipher why this comma ? The TRAPPIST-1 planets are expected to have similar compositions, resembling Earth's. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:55, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Without the comma, it's less clear that the planets resemble each other and not just Earth. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Does this work ? (typo fixed in next edit)? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:00, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* That is better. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why this hyphen? Because the planets are most-likely synchronized to their host star, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:03, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Typo, I think. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Done, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:00, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* the greenhouse effect of water-vapour atmospheres ... not sure what water-vapour atmospheres are, but if it is water to vapour, it should use an WP:ENDASH rather than a hyphen.
* Atmospheres consisting of water vapour. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Removed hyphen, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:00, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Can this snake be chopped in two? Due to a combination of high insolation, the greenhouse effect of water-vapour atmospheres and remnant heat from the process of planet assembly, the TRAPPIST-1 planets would likely initially have had molten surfaces, which would have cooled until the magma oceans solidified, which may have taken between a few billions of years, or a few millions of years in the case of TRAPPIST-1b. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:03, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Better! Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:00, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
Potential planetary atmospheres
* Because the visibility of an exoplanet and of its atmosphere scale with the inverse square of the radius of its host star, atmospheres could be detected in the future. Why (do we expect the radius of the host to change over time)?? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:17, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* This needs a bigger rewrite; it means that detection should be easier than around other stars, but that has nothing to do with a detection being in the future. At the moment, I dunno how to formulate. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Did a rewrite. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 07:30, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:09, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* A contamination of the atmospheric signals through patterns in the stellar photosphere is an additional problem.[189] Problemm in what ?? Impediment to detection? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:17, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Yes, because then you aren't sure if the signal is from the atmosphere or from the star. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Changed, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:09, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Can this be split and differently punctuated (lot going on there): In a carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere, carbon-dioxide ice is denser than water ice, under which it tends to be buried; CO2-water compounds named clathrates[ad] can form; these processes may be complicated by a potential runaway feedback loop between melting ice and evaporation, and the greenhouse effect.[198]
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅, better! Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:09, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Theoretical modelling by Krissansen-Totton and Fortney ... Isn't all modelling theoretical ?
* Sometimes models are based on primary evidence, then they are less theoretical. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* OK, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:09, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* M dwarfs emit large amounts of XUV radiation;[218] first occurrence of the term M dwarf ... what is it? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:17, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Explained. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* not done Still unclear., the term M dwarf is not used before this in the article, and is not linked. M dwarf goes to Red dwarf; this article uses the term Red dwarf. The red dwarf article tells me that definitions vary, so M dwarfs and Red dwarfs aren't necessarily the same thing. But we still have to resolve here that we have introduced a new term without telling the reader what it is, or linking it. Can it just link to red dwarf, even if that results in a duplicate link? Duplicate links can sometimes be used ... Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:16, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Does it work better now? Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* That works (the double link is defensible there). Sandy Georgia (Talk) 11:37, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why hyphenated ? they receive much-more-intense irradiation.
* I dunno, backed it out. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Curious lot of excess hyphenation, ✅. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:16, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why is modelling first linked here ? The process of atmospheric escape has been modelled mainly
* Moved the link up. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* OK, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:20, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why the hyphens? TRAPPIST-1 is moderately-to-highly active, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:17, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* I don't know if they are needed here. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Removed, excess hyphenation again. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:20, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
List of planets
* Down here, we find astronomical units linked for the first time (it was used earlier): TRAPPIST-1b has an average distance from its star of 0.0115 astronomical units
* There is a link farther up now. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:23, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Something amiss: TRAPPIST-1b has a slightly larger measured diameter and mass than Earth but estimates of its density estimates
* Took a word out. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:23, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* TRAPPIST-1d ... two consecutive sentences start with "Based on ... "
* Rewritten. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Was still there; how's this? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:23, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Yes, that's better. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* It is expected to have been in the habitable zone for a long time ... what is a long time ??
* not done (missed this one)? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:29, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* The problem is that this source does not specify what "long time" means. And upon rereading, I am not sure if it supports the claim at all; removed it. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* OK< Sandy Georgia (Talk) 11:37, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* TRAPPIST-1e could have retained up to several Earth ocean masses of water I suspect this means ... ?? ... TRAPPIST-1e could have masses of water equivalent to several of Earth's oceans ?? This occurs in several places. If there is such a thing as an Earth-ocean mass of water, it would seem to be asking for a hyphen or some such. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:37, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Yes, that's what it means. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* OK, in that case, I changed them to that, since "earth ocean masses" is odd. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:29, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Statements like this are frustrating ... what is the significance ... ?? Models of tidal effects on TRAPPIST-1e have been created.[255] Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:37, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* It's information for a somewhat more specialized audience. But we might move it to the subarticles. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* not done could we either add some information about what these models have shown or why they are signficant, else move to sub-article as you suggest? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:30, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Removed it. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* Ok, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 11:37, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* density estimates of the planet, if confirmed, indicate it is not dense enough to consist solely of rock. --> estimates indicate it is not dense enough to consist solely of rock. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:37, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:31, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Sometimes AU is abbreviated, other times spelled out ... consistency ... TRAPPIST-1h has a semi-major axis of 0.062 astronomical units Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:37, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Moved it up. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:31, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why the hyphen system's least-massive planet ? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:37, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Took it out. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:31, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Is the liquid needed here ? temperatures adequate for liquid water to exist. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:37, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Yes, water can also be ice or steam, an important distinction for habitability. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* OK, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:31, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
Possible life
* Unnecessarily convoluted ?? According to theoretical estimates, on the basis of atmospheric stability, the probability of TRAPPIST-1e, the planet considered most likely to harbour life, actually doing so is considerably less than that of Earth --> On the basis of atmospheric stability, TRAPPIST-1e is theoretically the planet considered most likely to harbour life; the probability that it does is considerably less than that of Earth. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:42, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* That's better; I've put it in. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Tweaked my rephrase a bit, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:34, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* That's fine. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:10, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* Research history and reception
* See comment above re Gizis and colleagues. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:56, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:34, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* Confusing construct, as always, feel free to revert anything I do; Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:56, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Why the hyphen? are considered among the most-important research findings Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:56, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Beats me; I've taken it out. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* I'm curious to know where all the hyphens came from :) Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:34, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
Lead
My suggestions:
Done; so sorry again for the delay. Revert any damage I did, and ignore anything stupid :) Bst, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 16:14, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
* Yeah, that seems OK; swapped it in. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 07:30, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* there are a few stragglers above that may have been missed; otherwise, looks FAC ready to me! Kudos for hanging in over such a long haul with this difficult material!! Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:36, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
* PS, here are my cumulative changes from today. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:37, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
looks good, good luck at FAC! Sandy Georgia (Talk) 11:37, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
HarvRef errors
(You can install User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors.js for detecting HarvRef errors): Sandy Georgia (Talk) 12:55, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
* Landau, Elizabeth (20 February 2018). "10 Things: All About TRAPPIST-1". NASA. Retrieved 7 February 2023. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFLandau2018.
* Boss, Alan P.; Weinberger, Alycia J.; Keiser, Sandra A.; Astraatmadja, Tri L.; et al. (23 August 2017). "Astrometric Constraints on the Masses of Long-period Gas Giant Planets in the TRAPPIST-1 Planetary System". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (3): 103. arXiv:1708.02200. Bibcode:2017AJ....154..103B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa84b5. S2CID 118912154. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFBossWeinbergerKeiserAstraatmadja2017.
* Pineda, J. Sebastian; Hallinan, Gregg (24 October 2018). "A Deep Radio Limit for the TRAPPIST-1 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 866 (2): 155. arXiv:1806.00480. Bibcode:2018ApJ...866..155P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae078. S2CID 119209821. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFPinedaHallinan2018.
* Huang, Shuo; Ormel, Chris W (22 February 2022). "The dynamics of the TRAPPIST-1 system in the context of its formation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 511 (3): 3814–3831. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac288. Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFHuangOrmel2022.
* Removed some and used others. I wonder if 's point about TRAPPIST-1 having a Sun-like coronal rather than a Jupiter-like auroral emission is worth adding. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 15:19, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
No atmosphere for planet b
NASA's Webb Measures the Temperature of a Rocky Exoplanet; 2303.14849 SevenSpheres (talk) 15:49, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
* Interesting. As per usual, I am inclined to wait until the article is properly published and it's time for the yearly update. Mostly because press releases tend to omit key information and are oversimplified. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
* and now a similar result for planet c - Webb Rules Out Thick Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere for Rocky Exoplanet SevenSpheres (talk) 17:11, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
Sourcing of the table
The table produced by this edit from has its sources a bit spread out. Are we OK or do we want to standardize? Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 12:56, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
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package io.scal.secureshareui.login;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import io.scal.secureshareui.controller.SSHSiteController;
import io.scal.secureshareui.controller.SiteController;
import io.scal.secureshareui.controller.SoundCloudSiteController;
import io.scal.secureshareui.soundcloud.ApiWrapper;
import io.scal.secureshareui.soundcloud.Token;
import io.scal.secureshareuilibrary.R;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.ProgressDialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;
public class SSHLoginActivity extends Activity {
private static final String TAG = "SFTPLoginActivity";
public final static String DATA_KEY_SERVER_URL = "server_url";
public final static String DATA_KEY_SERVER_NICKNAME = "server_nickname";
public final static String DATA_KEY_REMOTE_PATH = "remote_path";
private int mAccessResult = Activity.RESULT_CANCELED;
EditText mUsername;
EditText mPassword;
EditText mNickname;
EditText mURL;
EditText mRemotePath;
private Button btnSignIn;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setTheme(android.R.style.Theme_Holo_Light_Dialog_NoActionBar_MinWidth);
this.setFinishOnTouchOutside(false);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_ssh_login);
init();
}
private void init() {
mUsername = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etUsername);
mPassword = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etPassword);
mNickname = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etServerName);
mURL = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etServerURL);
mRemotePath = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etRemotePath);
btnSignIn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnSignIn);
btnSignIn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
view.setEnabled(false);
String username = mUsername.getText().toString();
String password = mPassword.getText().toString();
String host = mURL.getText().toString();
new CheckCredentialsAsync().execute(username, password, host);
}
});
}
private class CheckCredentialsAsync extends AsyncTask<String, Void, String> {
@Override
protected String doInBackground(String... params) {
if (SSHSiteController.SSH.checkCredentials(params[0], params[1], params[2])) { // success
return "-1"; // FIXME this is ugly as sin
}
return "0";
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(String resultStr) {
int result = Integer.parseInt(resultStr);
btnSignIn.setEnabled(true);
TextView tvLoginError = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tvLoginError);
if (result == Activity.RESULT_CANCELED) {
mAccessResult = Activity.RESULT_CANCELED;
tvLoginError.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
}
else {
mAccessResult = Activity.RESULT_OK;
tvLoginError.setVisibility(View.GONE);
finish();
}
}
}
@Override
public void finish() {
String username = mUsername.getText().toString();
String password = mPassword.getText().toString();
String nickname = mNickname.getText().toString();
String url = mURL.getText().toString();
String remotePath = mRemotePath.getText().toString();
Intent data = new Intent();
data.putExtra(SiteController.EXTRAS_KEY_USERNAME, username);
data.putExtra(SiteController.EXTRAS_KEY_CREDENTIALS, password);
try {
JSONObject obj = new JSONObject();
obj.put(DATA_KEY_SERVER_URL, url);
obj.put(DATA_KEY_SERVER_NICKNAME, nickname);
obj.put(DATA_KEY_REMOTE_PATH, remotePath);
data.putExtra(SiteController.EXTRAS_KEY_DATA, obj.toString());
} catch (JSONException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
setResult(mAccessResult, data);
super.finish();
}
}
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Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2017 July 6
Template:US executions
The result of the discussion was Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 10:10, 18 July 2017 (UTC) Unused, lots of sources don't look reliable in his Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 04:51, 28 June 2017 (UTC) Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* US executions
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 22:41, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
Template:Tram in Algeria
The result of the discussion was relisted on 2017 July 19. (non-admin closure) Winged Blades Godric 11:10, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
* Tram in Algeria
Template:Unsupported media requiring review
The result of the discussion was no consensus. (non-admin closure) Winged Blades Godric 11:10, 19 July 2017 (UTC) Unused from 2010. There don't seem to be any file types we don't support Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 05:20, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
* Unsupported media requiring review
* Umm, have you considered that if a media file has been reviewed and deleted then the use of the template will have been removed. So a review/transient-use template ideally will be dealt with promptly and not have ongoing use. There is a limitation of types of media that we do support. I think that keep is best here. — billinghurst sDrewth 23:32, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 22:30, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
Template:W3C-valid
The result of the discussion was relisted on 20 July 2017 (NAC). Frietjes (talk) 14:10, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
* W3C-valid
Template:WP Gambia
The result of the discussion was relisted on 2017 July 19. (non-admin closure) Winged Blades Godric 11:11, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
* WP Gambia
Template:Nogales AZ Radio
The result of the discussion was merge as suggested (NAC) Frietjes (talk) 13:52, 20 July 2017 (UTC) Propose merging Template:Nogales AZ Radio with Template:Nogales Radio.
* Nogales AZ Radio
* Nogales Radio
In 2007, this template was split from that for the stations across the Mexican border. Nogales, Arizona, just does not have enough radio stations to support its own template (Nogales, Sonora has more stations). In other border markets, which are larger and have more stations on each side, this separation makes sense, but I don't think it does here. Raymie (t • c) 18:19, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
Template:Family names in Andhra Pradesh
The result of the discussion was Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 10:10, 18 July 2017 (UTC) After several deletions, this navbox is down to three bluelinks. One is a redirect and another is up for deletion, so the navigational purposes of this navbox are limited. -- Tavix ( talk ) 16:12, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
* Family names in Andhra Pradesh
* Delete - per nom. Template has very limited uses if any. Inter&anthro (talk) 02:10, 11 July 2017 (UTC)
Template:U.S. Latina Calcio squad
The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) Winged Blades Godric 11:11, 19 July 2017 (UTC) U.S. Latina Calcio went bankrupted. Despite the club may have successor club, the club must be in amateur level, thus lost its function as no sense to navigate between red linked non-notable amateur footballer at least until the successor promoted back to professional leauge. Matthew_hk t c 13:26, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
* U.S. Latina Calcio squad
* Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related deletions. Matthew_hk t c 15:02, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
* Delete - defunct club, no need for a 'current squad' template. GiantSnowman 19:35, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
* Delete - there isn't anyone currently playing for the club so what is the purpose of the "current squad" template? Inter&anthro (talk) 11:57, 7 July 2017 (UTC)
Template:Intermountain West Communications
The result of the discussion was delete. (non-admin closure) Winged Blades Godric 11:11, 19 July 2017 (UTC) NAVBOX with just 2 links. ...William, is the complaint department really on the roof? 13:22, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
* Intermountain West Communications
* Delete There used to be more links here, but IWCC went about selling off its stations in the years before owner and founder Jim Rogers died of cancer. All the stations are now part of other station groups (including the one nominally owned by IWCC, whose sale has been delayed due more to FCC regulations than anything). Raymie (t • c) 18:21, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. Sinclair has been operating those two stations for a while. And IWCC is virtually defunct, even though not officially. And at this point, they're not going to grow as it once was. So why not eliminate the template? Csworldwide1 (talk) 05:10, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
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which has ten.
Scolopendrium has no palisade tissue; has chlorophy! in the epidermis ; has many large air spaces and irregularly shaped cells; and nine layers of cells in the mesophyl. Sachs says, “ According to Stahl the palisade cells constitute that form of assimilating tissue, which is especially produced by intense light striking the leaf directly, and leaves grown in the shade produce chiefly or only spongy parenchyma.” In the ferns I have examined the form of the cells of the mesophyl does not seem to depend on the intensity of the light, as most ferns grow naturally in diffuse light and the cultivated species which I have sed were grown in the shade. In some of these ferns a marked palisade structure is apparent as in Dryopteris falcata where it consists of two layers of cells, of rectangular section; Pteris aquilina has also two layers; Pteris sagittifolia has one \ayer ; Pteris Cretica, three and Blechnum serrulatum,two. Intermediate between this evident palisade structure and none at all, I find some which have one or more layers of closely placed cylindrical cells, with axes nearly equal. Polypodium aureum has two layers of these cells. LPolypodium vulgare, grown in bright sunlight, and Nephrolepis exaltata have also two layers. Dryopteris Mexicana, D. Filixmas, Asplenium fabianum, Pteris serrulata, and all the five species of Adiantum which I examined have no palisade parenchyma. The palisade tissue could not have been formed by intense sunlight, but rather it seems that the presence or absence of palisade parenchyma is very nearly constant throughout each genus, that is, it is a generic characteristic. ; The ferns which have no palisade cells possess chlorophyl in the epidermis. It may be that this chlorophyl in the upper epidermis takes the place of a palisade layer. Terlitaki in a paper on Struthiopteris and Preris says that ferns are distinguished by the presence of chlorophyl in the epidermis, Many of the ferns which which I examined jhad chlorophyl in the epidermis layers, as the genus Dryopteris, which had also a palisade tissue, and four species of Pteris, Blechnum serrulatum, Scolopendium and Asplenium There are, howeve?, many which have no chlorophyl in the epidermis, as the genus Nephrolepis, Polvpodi . Dieigoe These have without exception a palisade structure. tum and four species of
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User:LJF2019/aboutme
About me
I mostly do janitorial tasks on Wikipedia, like fighting vandalism, and CSD tagging. I also review AfC drafts and patrol new pages. As of 2021 I primarily edit TV show articles and NFL related articles.
Other
If you believe I reverted your edits wrongly, let me know on my talk page.
Articles I've created
* Anduin Wrynn
* Julio Sadorra
* Marty Byrde
* Ruifeng Li
* National Football League 2010s All-Decade Team
* 2024 NFL Draft
Quicklinks
These here are a list of quicklinks that myself and others can use to navigate to certain pages quickly as needed.
* Quick Anti-Vandal checker
* Pending Changes
* G13 eligible AfC submissions
* New Pages
* |Pending AfC submissions
* My panel
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The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David Dery et al., Defendants-Appellants.
(No. 75-182;
Third District
August 15, 1975.
James Geis, of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellants.
Martin Rudman, State’s Attorney, of Joliet, for the People.
PER CURIAM.
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**Features**
- One-line to initialize and integrate in your the app ,published on iOs
cocapods and android bintary
- available for iOS and Android
- open source : its code is available for public on [Github](https://github.com/appgain/)
- Parse Server SDK initialization : no need to write extra code to initialize
parse server SDK , its initialization is embedded in the
[Appgain.io](http://appgain.io/) SDK initialization
- User Push token identification : link each user push token with his app
userId , enabling O2O communication
- Deferred Deep Linking :
- for identifying the user app install acquisition channel
- to route the user flow to target app screen even if he didn't have the app
installed before opening the smart Deep Link
- Smart deep linking creation : create smart deep links within your app , for example on user share app content , this enables use cases like user rewarding
- Mobile Deep Pages creation : create mobile deep pages within your app , for example on user share app content , this enables use cases like user rewarding
- Push Notifications Conversation Tracking :
- Track Push Message Received Event (Android only )
- Track Push Message Dismissed Event (Android only )
- Track Push Message Open Event
- Track Push MessageConversion Event
- App Marketing Automation : trigger multi channel messaging predefined
scenarios based on user In-App actions
- Built-in User communication preference management : user can opt-out /opt-in
to in app push, email, SMS channels
### Installing SDK
1 - Install SDK from cocoa Pod
- Open terminal — $ cd <your application directory
- $ pod init.
- Navigate to project directory will find podFile
- Open it and add pod ‘Appgain’.
- press ctrl + S
- Terminal —$ pod update —$ pod install
- Wait until pod finish install.
- Open your project from <_____.xcworkspace
2 - Configure SDK in app delegate.
- Allow application to access network.
1. You need to add your URL schema and Associated domain for your app , the value will be : <app subdomain. Appgain.io or your custom domain if you have confugured it
2. In AppDelegate.h, add #import <Appgain/Appgain.h
3. In AppDelegate.m
(BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {
[AppGain initializeAppWithID:<your app id andApiKey: <—-your app api key —— whenFinish:^(NSURLResponse *response, NSMutableDictionary *result) {
//after app finish configure.
//response for match app to link.
//result show link matched data.}];
return YES;
}
**Swift** —
• Create <project-name -Bridging-Header.h
• add this on it `#import <Appgain/Appgain.h`
• AppGain.initializeApp(withID: <your app id , andApiKey: <your app api key )
{ (response, result) in
}
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HORNER v. DELAWARE AND RARITAN CANAL COMPANY.
J. S. Green for the defendants,
applied for an order to correct the indorsement on the execution issued in this case, so that interest be credited on a payment made by the defendants previous to the verdict rendered against them, for the value of plaintiffs’ lauds taken by and for the use of said company.
The credit applied for, was for interest on the payment from the day when paid, until the day of rendering the verdict, inasmuch as the jury had no authority to allow such interest.
H. W. Green, contra.
The defendants had possession of the land at and from the time of said payment, and ought not to have that and interest also. If a party pay money before it is due, he cannot recover interest thereon in an action for money had and received.
Hamilton in reply.
On ante due payment endorsed on a bond, interest would be allowed.
By the Court.
Both the payment and the verdict had reference to the time of defendants’ taking possession of the land. Interest ought not to be allowed. The defendants have neither legal nor equitable right to the interest claimed.
Order refused.
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#! /bin/bash
#所有和操作系统相关的内容都在os模块
# 可生成多层递归目录
os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')
可生成多层递归目录
# mkdir -p ./dirnames/dirnames1
# 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如果为空也删除
os.removedirs('dirnames2/dirnames1')
# 生成单级目录，相当于shell中mkdir dirname
# mkdir dirname
os.mkdir('dirname')
# 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则不能删除
# rmdir dirname
os.rmdir('dirname')
# 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
os.listdir('dirname')
# 删除一个文件
os.remove()
# 重命名
os.rename('oldname', 'newname')
# 运行shell命令，直接显示
os.system("ls /root")
# 运行shell命令，获取执行结果
os.popen("ls /root").read()
os.popen("cat /opt/python/13_module_advanced/10_os/README.txt").read()
# 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录
print(os.getcwd())
# 切换工作目录，相当于shell下cd
os.chdir("/root")
print(os.getcwd())
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User talk:BattlefieldGuy135
{| id="w" width="100%" style="background: transparent; "
Welcome to the wiki!
Here are some links that you may find helpful:
* The forums are a good place to ask any questions you may have, or start your own discussion.
We hope you enjoy editing here, and look forward to seeing you around!
* -- Joe Copp (Talk) 00:39, May 5, 2012
* }
|
How to Copy .VHD File to Physical Hard Disk Using DD Command
I have read other question/answers on this site that say this is possible, but I'm wondering how it is done. I have tried the following command, which completes successfully, but the NTFS isn't valid on the drive afterwards.
$ dd if=\backup\image.vhd of=\dev\sda
Does the .vhd file have to be mounted somehow first? Will this restore the MBR?
Thank you.
Reference Question
The VHD file isn't a raw image format (like DD uses), so you will have to use something to convert it to a raw format.
Looking at the VBoxManage webpage the following command should work, but I haven't tried it:
$ VBoxManage clonehd /backup/image.vhd - --format RAW | dd of=/dev/sda
As I say I haven't tried it, but you could read up on VBoxManage at the VirtualBox website:
http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html
I get error: unknown option: - using version 7.0.12. I looks like clonehd is now an alias of clonemedium
For later reference, I had the following issue:
DELL Precision 390 with Linux/Debian wheezy installed (X86_64)
A VHDX backup of the pre-installed Windows XP 64bits (see disk2vhd)
A BKF backup of all the files using the default NTBackup program
No Windows XP 64bits rescue disk
My issue was to reset the system back to Windows XP 64bits.
Attempts:
I did not understand a word of the solution described here, but I am mostly a UNIX guy. The following link did not make much sense either.
There were a couple of solutions described from a Windows 8 installation, but I had no Windows 8 disk for testing.
I re-installed Windows XP 32bits (I had a spare disk), but I was not sure if I could use the BKF file to overwrite an existing Windows XP 32bits with the files contained in the BKF file.
After reading information from this link:
Note: Use the Recovery Environment for Windows to restore from a
VHD/VHDX formatted image file. The Recorvery Environment CrossPlatform
only supports restores from .SPF and .SPI image files, not from VHD or
VHDX format files.
I used a Windows 7 32bits Windows Recovery Environment disk, click on "Windows Complete PC Restore". After an insane amount of trials I could never get this tool to see neither the BKF, the VHDX nor the VHD (converted using VBoxManage). I tried using a shared network drive, I could hear the disk spinning but the drive would file would never show up on the interface, I even tried from a USB key, but again the tool would not let me pick the USB key option (I do not want to use the DVD drive option since I had no RW+ DVD around). VBoxManage really does support VHDX file, even if this is not mentioned in the documentation, as per link.
I was about to give up until, I found this post, and I can happily report that this is working nicely for me.
Steps were as easy as:
Open the DELL Precision 390 case, remove the hard drive
Plug it into a Debian Jessie (x86_64) system
Use gnome-disks to clear up the disk partitions, just click the "-" (minus) sign, write down the /dev/sd[Letter] somewhere (sdf in my case), double check that the disk is not mounted,
Run the following command VBoxManage clonehd windows_xp64.VHDX --format RAW windows_xp64.RAW
Run sudo dd if=windows_xp64.RAW of=/dev/sdf
dd eventually displays:
dd: writing to ‘/dev/sdf’: No space left on device
488281251+0 records in
488281250+0 records out
250000000000 bytes (250 GB) copied, 32825.4 s, 7.6 MB/s
Indeed looking at the file:
$ ls -al windows_xp64.RAW
-rw------- 1 mathieu mathieu<PHONE_NUMBER>28 Dec 11 20:02 windows_xp64.RAW
I figured this could be discarded since the last 48128 bytes were all zeroes, I am not sure where those extra bytes came from (disk2vhd or VBoxManage...).
I had to use a two (very slow) steps approach, because VBoxManage does not pipe to stdout, at least from my debian jessie installation,
$ apt-cache policy virtualbox
virtualbox:
Installed: 4.3.18-dfsg-1
Candidate: 4.3.18-dfsg-1
Version table:
*** 4.3.18-dfsg-1 0
500 http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ jessie/contrib amd64 Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
It seems to still be an issue upstream, as per Enable writing to STDOUT with VBoxManage clonehd in raw format.
There might have been an easier solution using the BKF file but I never found out one for sure.
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Micro-electrode array
ABSTRACT
A method of fabricating a micro-electrode array comprising the steps of coating an electrode with an insulating polymer coating by screen printing an insulating polymer onto the electrode and then curing said polymer; and sonically ablating the insulating polymer coating to produce a plurality of micro-pores.
This invention relates to micro-electrode arrays, methods of fabricating same, and methods of sensing an analyte using a micro-electrode array.
International Publication No. WO 96/33403 discloses an analyte sensor in which a conductimetric property is measured across a working electrode—counter-electrode plane in the presence of the analyte. The working electrode is a micro-electrode array comprising a plurality of micro-pores, in which a conducting organic polymer is deposited discretely in the micro-pores. The micro-electrode arrays are fabricated using a variation of the technique described in Madigan et al (J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol 141, No. 3, March 1994). Madigan et al discloses the preparation of micro-array electrodes by sono chemical ablation of polymer films, and presents electrochemical data obtained with such electrodes, but does not disclose the use of such electrodes as analyte sensors. The contents of Madigan et al and WO 96/33403 are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention provides improved micro-electrode arrays, methods of fabricating same, and methods of sensing an analyte using a micro-electrode array.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of fabricating a micro-electrode array comprising the steps of:
coating an electrode with an insulating polymer coating by screen printing an insulating polymer onto the electrode and then curing said polymer;
and sonically ablating the insulating polymer coating to produce a plurality of micro-pores.
Curing may be accomplished by a number of means which might include, for example, a heat treatment, a chemical treatment, or exposure to UV light, X-rays or gamma rays.
The insulating polymer may be, for example, polydiaminobenzene, PVC, Teflon®, polyethylvinylbenzene and the like. In some embodiments a commercial ‘dielectric’ polymer film or ‘resist’ as used within the electronics industry may be screen printed onto the electrode.
The electrode may be formed from any suitable conductive material such as gold, platinum or carbon. The electrode may be deposited as a surface onto a substrate via sputtering, vapour deposition or any other suitable deposition technique. Alternatively, the electrode may be formed by screen printing, such as by screen printing a conductive ink onto a substrate. Generally, the electrode is planar, although other configurations are at least conceivable.
Further fabrication steps may be employed. For example, the method may further comprise the step of depositing a second polymer onto the micro-electrode array. The deposition of the second polymer may be in accordance with International Publication No. WO 96/33403 and/or with the methods described below. The deposition of the second polymer may be performed so as to produce a micro-electrode array of the type described below. The second polymer may be conducting or non-conducting. Furthermore, the second polymer may be deposited discretely at the sites of the micro-pores (such as described, in the context of conducting polymers, in WO 96/33403) or over substantially the entire array.
In another further fabrication step, an analyte reagent is disposed on the micro-electrode array in accordance with International Publication No. WO 96/33403 and/or with the methods described below. The analyte reagent may be disposed so as to produce a micro-electrode array of the type described below. The analyte reagent can be directly deposited onto the micro-electrode array, immobilised in a matrix, deposited onto the surface of a matrix or immobilised on the surface of a matrix by a number of different means such as by, for example, covalent bonding to the surface. The matrix may be the second polymer, which may be conducting or non-conducting. The analyte reagent can be any moiety which interacts with an analyte so as to produce (either directly or indirectly) a perturbation to a sensing system which can be measured using the micro-electrode array. The analyte reagent may participate in a redox process or be a component of a buffer. The analyte reagent may be an inorganic chemical (such as a salt), organic (such as a monomer), a polymer, or of biological origin or type, such as an enzyme, aptamer, antibody, antigen, or nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA—or an oligionucleotide chain.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of sensing an analyte comprising the steps of:
contacting a micro-electrode array with an analyte containment medium, which analyte containment medium contains the analyte;
interrogating the micro-electrode array by polarising the micro-electrodes and monitoring an electrical property that varies due to electrochemistry associated with the analyte; and
correlating the electrical property monitored with the presence of the analyte;
in which the micro-electrode array is interrogated using a voltammetric, potentiometric or capacitive technique.
The analyte containment medium may be a conducting solution, preferably an aqueous solution. It is also within the scope of the invention to immobilise the analyte (and/or an analyte reagent) at the micro-electrode array in a suitable manner, such as by immobilisation within a matrix. The matrix in which an analyte is immobilised may be of a type described below in the context of immobilising an analyte reagent.
The micro-electrode array may be interrogated using linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry or pulse voltammetry. AC polarising potentials, combined potential waveforms of a dc bias potential and an ac potential waveform, and non-ac potential time varying waveforms may be used.
The micro-electrode may be interrogated by monitoring the current flowing between the micro-electrode array and a counter electrode. In this instance, the micro-electrode array serves as a working electrode. In some embodiments, a plurality of micro-electrode arrays are employed in conjunction with a common counter electrode. Additionally, a reference electrode may be employed.
The micro-electrode array may be interrogated by monitoring the potential difference between the micro-electrode array and a second electrode. The second electrode may be a reference electrode, or a counter electrode. The charge accumulated (potential difference) at the surface of the micro-electrode array with respect to the second electrode may be monitored. A potentiometric or a capacitive property may be monitored.
The micro-electrode array may comprise an analyte reagent deposited across a plurality of micro-electrodes. The analyte reagent may be deposited as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes. Alternatively, the analyte reagent may be deposited discretely at a plurality of micro-electrodes.
There are a number of ways in which the analyte reagent may be deposited. For example, the analyte reagent may be immobilised within a matrix, or may be deposited by direct surface adsorption onto the micro-electrode array.
The micro-electrode array may comprise a matrix such as a polymer deposited across a plurality of micro-electrodes. Alternatively, a “bare” micro-electrode array, ie, a micro-electrode array in which materials are not deposited onto the micro-electrodes, might be used. The micro-electrode array used in the sensing of the analyte may be one according to another aspect of the invention, and/or may be fabricated by a method according to another aspect of the invention.
According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a micro-electrode array comprising:
an electrode;
an insulating polymer coating covering the electrode and having a plurality of micro-pores formed therein thereby exposing a plurality of micro-electrodes;
and further comprising at least one of:
i) an analyte reagent deposited as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes;
ii) an analyte reagent deposited discretely at a number of micro-electrodes either by direct surface adsorption onto the micro-electrodes or by deposition onto the micro-electrodes of a non-conducting matrix in which the analyte reagent is immobilised;
iii) a non-conducting polymer deposited across a plurality of micro-pores, and
iv) a conducting polymer deposited as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes.
An advantage of micro-electrode arrays is that radial transport of an analyte is possible, leading to improved analyte sensing. Surprisingly, it has been found that even embodiments in which an analyte reagent or a matrix such as a conducting polymer is deposited in a layer across the micro-electrode array can result in a radial transport regime.
In option i), above, the analyte reagent may be deposited by direct surface adsorption onto the micro-electrode array. In this instance, or in ii), above, the analyte reagent may be deposited by dip coating, spin coating, spray coating, screen printing, stencilling, an ink-jet coating technique or a spray jet coating technique.
In option i), above, the analyte reagent may be immobilised within a matrix. The matrix may be a sol-gel, a cross-linked protein, or a polymer. A polymer may be a non-conducting polymer or a conducting polymer.
In option iii), above, the non-conducting polymer may be deposited as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes.
In option iii), above, the non-conducting polymer may be deposited discretely at a number of micro-electrodes.
An analyte reagent may be immobilised in the non-conducting polymer.
An analyte reagent may be adsorbed onto a surface of the non-conducting polymer.
In option iv), above, an analyte reagent may be immobilised in the conducting polymer.
In option iv), above, an analyte reagent may be adsorbed onto a surface of the conducting polymer.
An analyte may be immobilised at the micro-electrode array in a suitable manner. The micro-electrode array may be produced generally in accordance with the methods described in WO 96/33403 and/or according to the methods described herein. It will be appreciated that the micro-electrodes are electrically interconnected in parallel by virtue of sharing a common underlying electrode.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of fabricating a micro-electrode array comprising the steps of:
coating an electrode with an insulating polymer coating;
sonically ablating the insulating polymer coating to produce a plurality of micro-pores; and
depositing a second polymer onto the micro-electrode array by i) contacting the micro-electrode array with a solution comprising the second polymer in a solvent and
ii) causing the solvent to evaporate from the micro-electrode array.
The solution may be deposited by spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, an ink-jet coating technique or a spray jet coating technique.
The second polymer may be polymerised in situ at the micro-electrode array. The second polymer may be polymerised by a chemical, photochemical or electrochemical technique, or by exposure to ionising radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays.
The second polymer may be a conducting polymer.
The second polymer may be a non-conducting polymer.
The second polymer may be deposited discretely at a plurality of micro-electrodes.
The second polymer may be deposited as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes.
An analyte reagent may be immobilised in the second polymer.
An analyte reagent may be disposed on a surface of the second polymer.
Micro-electrode arrays, methods of fabricating same, and methods of sensing an analyte in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:—
FIG. 1 shows a first analyte sensing arrangement;
FIG. 2 shows a second analyte sensing arrangement;
FIG. 3 shows a third analyte sensing arrangement;
FIG. 4 shows a first embodiment of a micro-electrode array;
FIG. 5 shows a second embodiment of a micro-electrode array; and
FIG. 6 shows a third embodiment of a micro-electrode array.
FIG. 1 shows a first analyte sensing arrangement, generally shown at 10, comprising a working electrode 12 and a counter-electrode 14. The working electrode 12 is a micro-electrode array. Generally, the analyte sensing arrangement is disposed in a conducting solution, preferably an aqueous solution. Electrical connections are made at 16 and 18 to the working electrode 12 and counter-electrode 14, respectively, to electrical means suitable to enable an electric polarising potential to be applied across the electrodes 12, 14 and to enable interrogation of the working electrode 12 by way of monitoring an electrical property. Interrogation of the working electrode 12 can be performed by monitoring the current that flows between the working electrode 12 and the counter-electrode 14. Interrogation of the working electrode can be performed by linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, pulse voltammetry or other techniques that involve polarising the micro-electrode elements in the working electrode 12 and monitoring the current that flows in response to electrochemistry occurring at the exposed electrode surfaces.
FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of a sensing arrangement, generally shown at 20, which shares many of the features of the first arrangement shown in FIG. 1. Identical numerals are used to denote such shared features. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a second working electrode 22 is employed, with appropriate electrical connections being made to the working electrode 22 at connection point 24. The working electrode 20 is also a micro-electrode array. The working electrode 12 and second working electrode 20 share a common counter-electrode 14. It may be possible to employ further working electrodes still in combination with a common counter-electrode.
FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of a sensing arrangement which shares many of the features of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1. Identical numerals are used to denote such shared features. The third embodiment of a sensing arrangement, shown generally at 30, includes a reference electrode 32 having appropriate electrical connections made at connection point 34.
Other electro-chemical phenomena can be monitored as a means of interrogating the micro-electrode array. For example, the charge accumulated (potential difference) at the surface of a micro-electrode array with respect to a second electrode can be monitored. The second electrode could be a counter-electrode, in which instance an arrangement similar to that shown in FIG. 1 might be employed. Alternatively, the second electrode could be a reference electrode. In some embodiments of this type a potentiometric interrogation technique is used. In other embodiments, capacitive properties of the micro-electrode array solution interface are monitored.
FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a first embodiment of a micro-electrode array 40. The micro-electrode array comprises an underlying electrode 42, which may itself be disposed on a substrate (not shown). A layer of insulating polymer 44 is disposed over the electrode 42. The layer of insulating polymer 44 has a plurality of micro-pores 46 formed therein. The micro-pores expose the electrode 42 through the layer of insulating polymer 44, and thus provide a micro-electrode array. The micro-electrode array can be produced generally in accordance with the techniques described in Madigan et al and WO 96/33403. In the first embodiment shown in FIG. 4, an analyte reagent layer 48 is deposited across the whole of the micro-electrode array surface. Surprisingly, it has been found the deposition of the analyte reagent layer across the whole of the array in many instances still results in radial transport of the analyte when the micro-electrode array 40 is used as part of an electrochemical analyte detection system. It should be noted that, as shown in FIG. 4, it is possible that a gap will exist between the analyte reagent layer 48 and the underlying electrode 42 in the vicinity of a micro-pore 46. The gap between the analyte reagent layer 48 and the underlying electrode 42 is approximately equal to the depth of a micro-pore, which in non-limiting embodiments is typically around 30-100 nanometres depending on the insulating polymer used. However, it is also possible (depending on the precise nature of the analyte reagent used) for the micro-pores 46 to be filled with analyte reagent. The present invention encompasses both possibilities.
FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a second embodiment of a micro-electrode array 50. The micro-electrode array 50 shares many of the features of the first embodiment of micro-electrode array 40 shown in FIG. 4. Identical numerals are used to denote such shared features. In contrast to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, in the second embodiment of a micro-electrode array 50, analyte reagent is deposited discretely at the sites of the micro-pores 46. Analyte reagent 52 is deposited into the cavities defined by the micro-pores 46 and, depending on the precise nature of the deposition utilised, may extend above and around each micro-pore 46 somewhat. In contrast to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, in the second embodiment of a micro-electrode array 50, the analyte reagent 52 is present as a plurality of discrete “islands”—the individual “islands” of analyte reagent 52 are not linked to provide a monolithic layer of the sort associated with the first embodiment of micro-electrode array. The analyte reagent may be deposited directly into the micro-pores 46 by direct surface adsorption onto the electrode 42. Discrete deposition of this type might be accomplished using scanning electrochemistry microscopy. Alternatively, a plurality of matrices in which the analyte reagent is immobilised may be deposited discretely at the micro-pores 46. The matrix in which the analyte reagent is immobilised may be conducting or non-conducting, and may for example be a sol-gel, a protein with chemical cross-linking (eg, albumin chemically cross-linked by heat, or glutaraldehyde or other means), a non-conducting polymer, or a conducting polymer—or other configurations for the immobilisation of the reagents may also be envisaged that achieve the localisation of the analyte reagent at the array.
FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a third embodiment of a micro-electrode array 60, which shares many of the features of the first embodiment of a micro-electrode array 40 shown in FIG. 4. Identical numerals are used to denote such shared features. The difference between the third and second embodiments is that an analyte reagent layer 62 is deposited into the wells defined by the micro-pores 46 as well as being deposited as a layer over the micro-pores 46 and covering the entire array. In the first and third embodiments it is possible for the analyte reagent to be immobilised in a matrix.
In further embodiments, it is possible to provide a matrix and to locate analyte reagent on top of the matrix by direct surface adsorption or by coupling to the surface. It is also possible to provide micro-electrode arrays in which one or more analyte reagents are immobilised in a matrix and, additionally, one or more analyte reagents are adsorbed on the surface of the matrix. The analyte reagent(s) adsorbed on the matrix surface may be different to the analyte reagent(s) immobilised in the matrix, but it is also possible that some analyte reagent may be both immobilised and present on the matrix surface. In these instances, it is preferred that the matrix (which may be present as a layer or as discrete depositions at the sites of the micro-electrodes) is a polymer, but other types of matrix are within the scope of the invention.
1-40. (canceled)
41. A method of fabricating a micro-electrode array comprising the steps of: coating an electrode with an insulating polymer coating by screen printing an insulating polymer onto the electrode and then curing said polymer; and sonically ablating the insulating polymer coating to produce a plurality of micro-pores.
42. A method according to claim 41 further comprising the step of depositing a second coating onto the micro-electrode array, which coating comprises an analyte reagent.
43. A method according to claim 42 comprising the step of depositing the second coating as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes.
44. A method according to claim 42 comprising the step of depositing the second coating discretely at a plurality of micro-electrodes.
45. A method according to claim 42 in which the second coating comprises the analyte reagent immobilized within a matrix.
46. A method according to claim 42 in which the second coating comprises the analyte reagent deposited by direct surface adsorption onto the micro-electrode array.
47. A method according to claim 42 in which the second coating comprises a polymer.
48. A micro-electrode array comprising: an electrode; an insulating polymer coating covering the electrode and having a plurality of micro-pores formed therein thereby exposing a plurality of micro-electrodes; and a further coating which comprises an analyte reagent.
49. A micro-electrode according to claim 48 wherein the further coating is deposited as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes.
50. A micro-electrode according to claim 48 wherein the further coating is deposited discretely at a number of micro-electrodes.
51. A micro-electrode according to claim 48 wherein the further coating comprises a polymer
52. A micro-electrode array according to claim 48 in which the further coating comprises the analyte reagent is deposited by direct surface adsorption onto the micro-electrode array.
53. A micro-electrode array according to claim 48 in which the further coating comprises the analyte reagent immobilized within a matrix.
54. A micro-electrode array according to claim 51 in which the analyte reagent is immobilized in the polymer.
55. A micro-electrode array according to claim 51 in which an analyte reagent is adsorbed onto a surface of the polymer.
56. A method of sensing an analyte using a micro-electrode array according to claim 48, comprising the steps of: contacting the micro-electrode array with an analyte containment medium, which analyte containment medium contains the analyte; interrogating the micro-electrode array by polarising the micro-electrodes and monitoring an electrical property that varies due to electrochemistry associated with the analyte; and correlating the electrical property monitored with the presence of the analyte; in which the micro-electrode array is interrogated using a voltammetric, potentiometric or capacitive technique.
57. A method according to claim 56 in which the micro-electrode array is interrogated using at least one of: linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and pulse voltammetry.
58. A method according to claim 56 in which the micro-electrode array is interrogated by at least one of: monitoring the current flowing between the micro-electrode array and a counter electrode, and monitoring the potential difference between the micro-electrode array and a second electrode.
59. A method of fabricating a micro-electrode array comprising the steps of: coating an electrode with an insulating polymer coating; sonically ablating the insulating polymer coating to produce a plurality of micro-pores; and depositing a second polymer onto the micro-electrode array by i) contacting the micro-electrode array with a solution comprising the second polymer in a solvent and ii) causing the solvent to evaporate from the micro-electrode array.
60. A method according to claim 59 in which the solution is deposited by spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, an ink-jet coating technique or a spray jet coating technique.
61. A method according to claim 59 in which the second polymer is polymerized in situ at the micro-electrode array.
62. A method according to claim 59 in which the second polymer is deposited discretely at a plurality of micro-electrodes.
63. A method according to claim 59 in which the second polymer is deposited as a layer across a substantial portion of the micro-electrode array so as to cover a plurality of micro-electrodes.
64. A method according to claim 59 in which an analyte reagent is immobilized in the second polymer.
65. A method according to claim 59 in which an analyte reagent is disposed on a surface of the second polymer.
|
Electric vehicle charge point management system
ABSTRACT
An electric vehicle charge station incorporating an image sensor, which provides users with status information such as whether the charge point is available, in use, damaged, or blocked by another vehicle. The image sensor may also be used for to monitor the security of the vehicle during charging, detecting tampering with the vehicle or the charge cable.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to systems and methods for management of electric vehicle charging.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Electric vehicles are becoming an important component of the public transportation systems. Like vehicles powered by liquid fuels, these vehicles need to be periodically resupplied with energy. Although most vehicles are primarily charged at home or a business location, they need additional public or private charge stations to extend their range.
Early users of these charge stations have often been frustrated by lack of availability. Since the range of many electric vehicles is limited, traveling to a remote charge station only to find it unavailable can be a serious problem if there is insufficient range available to travel to another charge station. Even if the charge station is fully functional and available, it can be blocked by another vehicle, e.g. a gas powered vehicle improperly parked in the charging station's slot.
Another problem concerns the security of the vehicle during charging. Users have experienced third parties interfering with the charge process, for example by unplugging the vehicle. This can be a particular problem where regulations ban cars parking in the slots if they are not charging—an act of vandalism can result in the owner's car being ticketed or towed. In other cases the vehicles or the charge stations themselves have been vandalized.
Some existing charge stations are parts of networks, whereby the station can be remotely monitored and controlled. Frequently the users can access maps or databases to identify nearby charge points, and in some cases determine whether the stations are available for use; however, this often does not reflect situations external to the charge point that may interfere with their ability to use the station.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electric vehicle charge station incorporating electric vehicle service equipment for connecting the vehicle to an electrical power source; one or more optical image sensors; a control processor; and a communications link for remote access and control.
In the above embodiment, a preferred aspect is where the electric vehicle charge station includes a communications link which periodically transfers image data to a remote server.
In the above-described embodiment, a further preferred aspect is where the electric vehicle charge station includes a communications link which transfers image data to a remote server when motion is detected.
In a further preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the electric vehicle charge station includes a communications link which transfers image data to a remote server whenever the vehicle charging state changes.
In yet a further preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the electric vehicle charge station includes a remote server which is remotely accessible by users.
In another preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the electric vehicle charge station includes a remote access which is via an Internet server.
According to yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the electric vehicle charge station includes the capability wherein the vehicle owner can remotely control and monitor the charging state of the vehicle, and wherein other potential users can remotely monitor the state of the charge station.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the electric vehicle charge station includes the capability of permitting the server to send notifications and images to the vehicle owner when motion is detected.
In yet another preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the electric vehicle charge station includes the capability of permitting the server to send notifications and images upon request by the vehicle owner.
According to a preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the communications link of the electric vehicle charge station is a cellular communications network.
In another preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the communications link of the electric vehicle charge station is a hard wired internet connection.
In yet another preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the communications link of the electric vehicle charge station is a hard wired telephone connection.
In another preferred aspect of the above embodiment, the communications link of the electric vehicle charge station is a WiFi communications network.
In addition to the above described embodiments, the invention also provides a method of management of electrical vehicle charging; this method according to this invention is carried out by utilizing the above-described systems and accordingly the method also forms part of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, one or more digital video cameras with suitable wide-angle lenses are mounted on the charge station or adjacent to it. Ideally the camera(s) will be able to view the parking spots near the station, the charge port on the vehicle, and the charging cable.
Using a communications link, such as a cellular data link, information is transferred to a remote server. This information would include the status from the electric vehicle charger itself, as well as video information from the camera(s). To reduce bandwidth consumption camera images would be transmitted periodically, upon request by a user viewing the data, when motion is detected, and whenever charging state changes.
In a preferred embodiment, status of the charger and image data would be presented to the user via web browser, smartphone application, or built-in vehicle display. Using this web interface, the user could request information for chargers near the current location, or another location selected from a map.
In an alternate configuration of the system of the present invention, it is contemplated that a separate web cam with its own direct connection to a server may also be employed.
The system may thus have the further feature wherein the optical image sensors of the electric vehicle charge station of the above embodiments have independent communications links.
In a further preferred embodiment of the above system, there is provided a method of management of an electrical vehicle charging system comprising carrying out said method of management by utilizing the system of any one of the above embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Having thus generally described the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawing, labeled Drawing A, illustrating preferred embodiments of the invention.
In greater detail, Drawing A shows an electric vehicle connected to a charge controller, which provides the handshaking protocol and power switching required by international standards. The charge controller is controlled and monitored by an embedded computer, which also connects to one or more Digital Cameras and a Control Panel.
The control computer is connected to the Charging Network Server via the internet, typically through a 3G or similar digital modem. The same network is used by mobile browsers and other devices to access information and remotely control vehicle charging.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The charge station is connected to an electric vehicle using a standard connecting cable such as J1772. The Control Panel allows the user to start/stop charging, and also to access any billing system that may be required by the charge network provider. For pay networks a charge card, RFID, or other identification system may be used. The charge station will communicate with the remote Charging Network Server for billing authorization.
The charge station will periodically capture an image of any vehicle, persons, or other objects in its vicinity. These images will be relayed to the Charging Network Server. Additional images will be captured whenever charge status is changed, including plugging/unplugging vehicles, or when motion is detected in the vicinity of the charger. Image capture may also be initiated by a command from the Charging Network Server. The messages will also include charger status.
When a user determines that charging is required, they will access a database in the Charging Network Server through the internet and a mobile web browser or “app”, either on a smartphone or built into the vehicle. A map display will allow the user to identify charging locations near their current location or near a planned destination. The user can then access the status information on the charger, and view recent images to verify that the charger is available, and not damaged or blocked by an unauthorized vehicle. At the option of the charging provider, various services may be provided, such as charger reservations and billing.
During charging, the owner of the vehicle may request updated pictures and charger status. In addition, the owner may request notifications be sent under certain conditions; for example, whenever the charger status changes or whenever motion is detected by the camera. This will allow the user to verify that the charge is progressing normally, be alerted when charging is completed, and also ensure that the vehicle is not being inappropriately unplugged or vandalized. The Charging Network Server will also archive captured images for security reasons, including identifying persons tampering with vehicles or equipment.
It will be understood that various modifications can be made to the above-described embodiments, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
1. An electric vehicle charge station incorporating electric vehicle service equipment for connecting the vehicle to an electrical power source; one or more optical image sensors; a control processor; and a communications link for remote access and control.
2. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said communications link periodically transfers image data to a remote server.
3. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said communications link transfers image data to a remote server when motion is detected.
4. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said communications link transfers image data to a remote server whenever the vehicle charging state changes.
5. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 2, wherein the remote server is remotely accessible by users.
6. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 5, wherein said remote access is via an Internet server.
7. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein the vehicle owner can remotely control and monitor the charging state of the vehicle.
8. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 5, wherein other potential users can remotely monitor the state of the charge station.
9. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 4, wherein the server can send notifications and images to the vehicle owner when motion is detected.
10. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 4, wherein the server can send notifications and images upon request by the vehicle owner.
11. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said communications link is a cellular communications network.
12. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said communications link is a hard wired internet connection.
13. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said communications link is a hard wired telephone connection.
14. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said communications link is WiFi communications network.
15. The electric vehicle charge station of claim 1, wherein said optical image sensors have independent communications links.
16. A method of management of an electrical vehicle charging system comprising carrying out said method of management by utilizing the system of claim
1.
|
Compare treeviz and arithmoi's popularity and activity
Popularity
6.3
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77 days 157 days
over 8 years ago v<IP_ADDRESS>
over 8 years ago 4 months ago
19 150
Haskell Haskell
BSD 3-clause "New" or "Revised" License MIT License
Algorithm Visualization Algorithms, Math, Number Theory
SaaSHub helps you find the best software and product alternatives
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|
const initialState = {
user: { id: null, name: null, image: null },
prevUser: { id: null, name: null, image: null },
fetching: false,
error: null,
errorRead: false
}
const reducer = function (state = initialState, action = {}) {
switch (action.type) {
case 'FETCH_USER':
return { ...state, fetching: true }
case 'FETCH_USER_REJECTED':
return { ...state, fetching: false, error: action.payload, errorRead: false }
case 'FETCH_USER_FULFILLED':
return { ...state, fetching: false, user: action.payload }
case 'SET_USER_NAME':
return { ...state, fetching: true, prevUser: state.user, user: { ...state.user, name: '' } }
case 'SET_USER_NAME_REJECTED':
return { ...state, user: state.prevUser, fetching: false, error: action.payload, errorRead: false }
case 'SET_USER_NAME_FULFILLED':
return { ...state, fetching: false, user: { ...state.user, name: action.payload } }
case 'SET_USER_IMAGE':
return { ...state, user: { ...state.user, image: action.payload } }
case 'SET_USER_ERROR_STATUS_READ':
return { ...state, errorRead: true }
default: return state;
}
}
export default reducer;
|
#include <mad.h>
#include "dither.h"
inline signed long audio_linear_dither(
mad_fixed_t sample,
struct audio_dither *dither,
struct audio_stats *stats
) {
unsigned int bits = 16;
unsigned int scalebits;
mad_fixed_t output, mask, random;
enum {
MIN = -MAD_F_ONE,
MAX = MAD_F_ONE - 1
};
/* noise shape */
sample += dither -> error[0] - dither -> error[1] + dither -> error[2];
dither -> error[2] = dither -> error[1];
dither -> error[1] = dither -> error[0] / 2;
/* bias */
output = sample + (1L << (MAD_F_FRACBITS + 1 - bits - 1));
scalebits = MAD_F_FRACBITS + 1 - bits;
mask = (1L << scalebits) - 1;
/* dither */
random = (
dither -> random * 0x0019660dL + 0x3c6ef35fL
) & 0xffffffffL;
output += ( random & mask ) - ( dither -> random & mask );
dither -> random = random;
/* clip */
if ( output >= stats -> peak_sample ) {
if ( output > MAX ) {
++stats -> clipped_samples;
if ( output - MAX > stats -> peak_clipping ) {
stats -> peak_clipping = output - MAX;
}
output = MAX;
if ( sample > MAX ) {
sample = MAX;
}
}
stats->peak_sample = output;
} else if ( output < -stats -> peak_sample ) {
if ( output < MIN ) {
++stats -> clipped_samples;
if ( MIN - output > stats -> peak_clipping ) {
stats -> peak_clipping = MIN - output;
}
output = MIN;
if ( sample < MIN ) {
sample = MIN;
}
}
stats -> peak_sample = -output;
}
/* quantize */
output &= ~mask;
/* error feedback */
dither->error[0] = sample - output;
/* scale */
return output >> scalebits;
}
|
import { togglisePasswords } from '../../utils/passwordHelper';
import { initOrgSelection, validateOrgSelection } from './my_org';
$(() => {
const options = { selector: '#create-account-form' };
togglisePasswords(options);
initOrgSelection(options);
$('#create_account_form').on('submit', (e) => {
// Additional validation to force the user to choose an org or type something for other
if (!validateOrgSelection(options)) {
e.preventDefault();
}
});
});
|
Woodrow W. REYNOLDS, on behalf of himself and all other taxpayers similarly situated, Plaintiff, v. Hugh WADE et al., Defendants.
No. 7397-A.
District Court of Alaska First Division, Juneau.
April 23, 1956.
Henry C. Clausen, San Francisco, Cal., and Howard D. Stabler, Juneau, Alaska, for plaintiff.
J. Gerald Williams, Atty. Gen., Edward A. Merdes and Henry J. Camarot, Asst. Attys. Gen., for defendants.
HODGE, District Judge.
Under date of March 22, 1956, this Court rendered an opinion in the above entitled cause, D.C., 139 F.Supp. 171, ordering that the motion of the defendants for dismissal be granted. The parties have each submitted form of judgment, one of which provides for the recovery of attorney fees in favor of the defendants and the other of which does not. The' Court of its own motion requested that briefs be submitted upon the question of whether or not attorney fees are properly allowable as costs to the prevailing parties where such parties are officers of the Territory, and represented by the. Attorney General, a salaried officer of said Territory.
Rule 54(d), Fed.Rules Civ.Proc., 28 U.S.C.A., provides that
“Except when express provision therefor is made either in a statute of the United States or in these rules, costs shall be allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs”.
It is held that under this Rule the recoverable costs are limited to ordinary taxable costs, and do not include the allowance of attorney fees, although resort may be had to express statutory authority under state laws. Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Co., D.C., 7 F.R.D. 352, 356.; Gold Dust Corporation v. Hoffenberg, 2 Cir., 87 F.2d 451; Kramer v. Jarvis, D.C., 86 F.Supp. 743.
It is universally held that attorney fees in actions generally are not recoverable as costs except when specifically allowed by statute. Resort must then be had to the language of the Alaska statute, Section 55-11-51, A.C.L.A.1949, as follows:
“The measure arid mode of compensation of attorneys shall be left to the agreement, expressed or implied, of the parties; but there may be allowed to the prevailing party in the judgment certain sums by way of indemnity for his attorney fees in maintaining the action or defense thereto, which allowances are termed costs.” (Italics added.)
The allowance of such fees is in the discretion of the Court and, as Judge Dimond has indicated, the allowance of attorney fees to the prevailing party under this statute is customarily made in the courts of Alaska. Columbia Lumber Co., Inc., v. Agostino, 9 Cir., 184 F.2d 731, 736; United States for Use and Benefit of Brady’s Floor Covering, Inc., v. Breeden, D.C., 110 F.Supp. 713, 14 Alaska 214. The precise question here is whether under our statute there is anything to indemnify. The Attorney General contends that the Territory should be allowed indemnity for the public expense in defending such an action. Counsel for the plaintiff asks
“Who is the party to be indemnified? Certainly not the Territory of Alaska which is not a party; cer- ; tainly not the defendants who have not incurred any expense in the action ; and certainly, not the salaried . Attorney General.”
No express decision upon this interesting point, is cited in the briefs, nor am I able to find such upon exhaustive research. The Attorney General argues that the right of the Territory to collect such attorney fees if granted by the Court, notwithstanding counsel for the Territory are salaried officers, appears heretofore to have been presumed or conceded in most instances, citing decisions from the First Division in which such fees have been allowed as costs, but not indicating whether this question wa$ raised in such cases. Hence these decisions are not controlling and it appears that the dearth of decisions upon the question is largely attributable to the fact that statutes of this character aré rare.
That a state is authorized to collect attorney fees as costs is held in the State of Missouri v. State of Illinois, 202 U.S. 598, at page 600, 26 S.Ct. 713, at page 714, 50 L.Ed. 1160, in which the Supreme Court stated that
“there is no reason why the plaintiff should not suffer the usual conse- ■ quence of failure to establish its • case.”
In the case of Solomon v. Welch, D.C.Cal., 28 F.Supp. 823, 824, it is held that a defendant officer of the United States is entitled to recover
“all such costs as would be awarded . to any other prevailing party”,
although there is no reference in such decision to allowance of attorney fees. An attorney’s docket fee under the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C.A. § 1923 has been allowed in the Federal courts to be taxed as costs in favor of the United States, in the discretion of the Court, in United States v. Bowden, 10 Cir., 182 F.2d 251, and United States v. Murphy, D.C.Ala., 59 F.2d 734.
The right of the United States to recover costs is considered and allowed in a number of decisions. See Moore’s Federal Practice, Vol. 6, pp. 1339, 1340; Barron and Holtzoff, Fed.Prac. & Proc., Vol. 3, p. 29. Attorney fees, if allowed under our statute, are of course deemed a part of such taxable costs. Pilgrim v. Grant, 9 Alaska 417; Forno v. Coyle, 9 Cir., 75 F.2d 692.
Upon the authority of these decisions, and in the absence of any statute or decision to the contrary, it must be concluded that the Territory, like the United States, is entitled to the same consideration with respect to allowance of attorney fees as costs as any other, litigant. No distinction appears where the action is prosecuted or defended by Territorial officers in their official capacities. Solomon v. Welch, supra. In this connection the true test appears to be the nature of the suit or the relief demanded, which in this instance is actually against the Territory, represented by its officers. 86 C.J.S., Territories, § 38, p. 646. There is no question but that under the provisions of Section 9— 1-8, A.C.L.A.1949, the Attorney General is empowered, and it is his duty, to represent public officers in such action. Reiter v. Wallgren, 28 Wash.2d 872, 184 P.2d 571; State ex rel. Dunbar v. State Board, 140 Wash. 433, 249 P. 996, 999. Hence, in answer to plaintiff’s specific question, it is the Territory of Alaska which may be indemnified and not the defendants individually or the Attorney General. Such attorney fees may therefore be allowed in the discretion of the Court.
Touching upon the matter of discretion, plaintiff .contends that it is the paramount duty of the Attorney General, for the protection of the interests of the people of the State, where he is cognizant of violations of the Constitution or the statutes by,, a Territorial officer, to obstruct and not to assist such officer in carrying out. any, illegal acts, and hence that the Attorney. General should have instituted this action in the first instance, to test the validity of the statute in question, citing Section 9-1-8, A.C.L.A.1949, and Reiter v. Wallgren and State ex rel. Dunbar v. State Board, supra.
The statute referred to provides
“Whenever the constitutionality or validity of any statute is seriously in doubt, and the enforcement of such statute affects the Territory or a considerable portion of its people or important industries therein, suits or actions may by the Attorney General be instituted in the name of the Territory in any court to determine the constitutionality or validity of such law.”
This statute clearly leaves the matter of instituting, suits and actions whenever the constitutionality or validity of any statute is seriously in doubt to the discretion of the. Attorney General. It is not the province of the courts to interfere with discretion thus vested in the Executive Branch of the Government, unless such action is shown to be arbitrary or capricious. No demand' appears to have been made upon the Attorney General to prosecute such action, which otherwise might change the picture. Instead, the office of the Attorney General was called upon to defend the action in the public interest, for which reason the usual or customary practice should prevail.
The amount of fee to be allowed depends upon the nature and extent of the services rendered. This case did not go to trial but was disposed of upon motion to dismiss upon Rule 12(b), F.R.C.P., but did require considerable time and labor on the part of the Assistants Attorney General in briefing the question for determination by the Court. Under these circumstances I.feel that a fee of $250 is reasonable to be allowed to the defendants in this action.
Judgment submitted by the Attorney General is entered accordingly.
|
/*
* The Following Program Consists of a bunch of Negative Tests
* 1. Dupilcate Bucket Put Test
* 2. Deleting Non Existent Bucket
* 3. Deleting Non Exiting Object
* 4. Creation of Bucket with Invalid Name
* 5. Duplicate Object List Creation
* 6. Duplicate Object Creation
* 7. Bulk Put With Empty Object List
* 8. Duplicate Delete Job
* 9. Get Non Existing Get Job
* 10. Put Bad Checksum
*/
#include <glib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "ds3.h"
#include "test.h"
#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
//Testing a Duplicate Bucket Put
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(put_duplicate_bucket) {
printf("-----Negative Testing Duplicate Bucket Creation-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
uint64_t i;
bool found = false;
const char* bucket_name = "duplicatename_test_bucket";
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_get_service_response* response;
ds3_error* error = ds3_put_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
request = ds3_init_get_service();
error = ds3_get_service(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
for (i = 0; i < response->num_buckets; i++) {
if (strcmp(bucket_name, response->buckets[i].name->value) == 0) {
found = true;
break;
}
}
ds3_free_service_response(response);
BOOST_CHECK(found);
//Putting Duplicate Bucket
request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
error = ds3_put_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
BOOST_CHECK(error!=NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 409);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Conflict")==0);
ds3_free_error(error);
//Deleting Created Bucket
request = ds3_init_delete_bucket(bucket_name);
error = ds3_delete_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
free_client(client);
handle_error(error);
}
//testing Deletion of non existing bucket
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(delete_non_existing_bucket){
printf("-----Negative Testing Non Existing Bucket Deletion-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
ds3_request* request ;
ds3_error* error ;
const char* bucket_name = "delete_non_existing_bucket";
request = ds3_init_delete_bucket(bucket_name);
error = ds3_delete_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
BOOST_CHECK(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 404);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Not Found")==0);
ds3_free_error(error);
free_client(client);
}
//testing get_bucket with empty parameter for bucket_name
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(get_bucket_with_empty_bucket_name){
printf("-----Negative Testing get_bucket with empty bucket_name parameter-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "";
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_get_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_error* error;
ds3_get_bucket_response* response;
error = ds3_get_bucket(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(g_str_has_prefix(error->message->value, "The bucket name parameter is required") == TRUE);
BOOST_CHECK(error->code == DS3_ERROR_MISSING_ARGS);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing get_bucket with null parameter for bucket_name
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(get_bucket_with_null_bucket_name){
printf("-----Negative Testing get_bucket with null bucket_name parameter-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = NULL;
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_get_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_error* error;
ds3_get_bucket_response* response;
error = ds3_get_bucket(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(TRUE == g_str_has_prefix(error->message->value, "The bucket name parameter is required"));
BOOST_CHECK(error->code == DS3_ERROR_MISSING_ARGS);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing head_object with empty parameter for object_name
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(head_object_with_empty_object_name){
printf("-----Negative Testing head_object with empty object_name parameter-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "test_head_object_with_empty_object_name";
ds3_request* put_request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_error* error = ds3_put_bucket(client, put_request);
ds3_free_request(put_request);
handle_error(error);
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_head_object(bucket_name,"");
ds3_metadata* response = NULL;
error = ds3_head_object(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
clear_bucket(client, bucket_name);
ds3_free_metadata(response);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->code == DS3_ERROR_MISSING_ARGS);
BOOST_CHECK(g_str_has_prefix(error->message->value, "The object name parameter is required") == TRUE);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing head_object with null parameter for object_name
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(head_object_with_null_object_name){
printf("-----Negative Testing head_object with null object_name parameter-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "test_head_object_with_null_object_name";
ds3_request* put_request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_error* error = ds3_put_bucket(client, put_request);
ds3_free_request(put_request);
handle_error(error);
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_head_object(bucket_name, NULL);
ds3_metadata* response = NULL;
error = ds3_head_object(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
clear_bucket(client, bucket_name);
ds3_free_metadata(response);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->code == DS3_ERROR_MISSING_ARGS);
BOOST_CHECK(g_str_has_prefix(error->message->value, "The object name parameter is required") == TRUE);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing Head bucket of non existing bucket
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(head_bucket_non_existing_bucket){
printf("-----Testing Non Existing Head Bucket-------\n");
ds3_error* error;
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "metadata_test";
ds3_request* request;
request = ds3_init_head_bucket(bucket_name);
error = ds3_head_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
BOOST_CHECK(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 404);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Not Found")==0);
ds3_free_error(error);
free_client(client);
}
//testing Deletion of non existing object
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(delete_non_existing_object) {
printf("-----Negative Testing Non Existing Object Deletion-------\n");
//First Creating a Bucket
ds3_client* client = get_client();
uint64_t i;
bool found = false;
const char* bucket_name = "test_bucket";
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_get_service_response* response;
ds3_error* error = ds3_put_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
request = ds3_init_get_service();
error = ds3_get_service(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
for (i = 0; i < response->num_buckets; i++) {
if (strcmp(bucket_name, response->buckets[i].name->value) == 0) {
found = true;
break;
}
}
ds3_free_service_response(response);
BOOST_CHECK(found);
//Deleting Non Existing Object
request = ds3_init_delete_object(bucket_name,"delete_non_existing_object");
error = ds3_delete_object(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
//Deleting Created Bucket
request = ds3_init_delete_bucket(bucket_name);
handle_error(ds3_delete_bucket(client, request));
ds3_free_request(request);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 404);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Not Found") == 0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing Bad Bucket Name Creation
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bad_bucket_name) {
printf("-----Negative Testing Bad Bucket Name creation-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "bad:bucket";
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_error* error = ds3_put_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 400);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Bad Request") == 0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing creation of object list with duplicate objects
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(put_duplicate_object_list){
printf("-----Negative Testing Object List With Duplicate Objects Creation-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "test_bucket_duplicate_object";
//Adding Duplicate Object to the Bucket List
const char* books[] ={"resources/beowulf.txt","resources/sherlock_holmes.txt","resources/beowulf.txt"};
ds3_bulk_object_list* obj_list;
ds3_bulk_response* response;
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_error* error = ds3_put_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
obj_list = ds3_convert_file_list(books, 3);
request = ds3_init_put_bulk(bucket_name, obj_list);
error = ds3_bulk(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
ds3_free_bulk_object_list(obj_list);
clear_bucket(client, bucket_name);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 409);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Conflict") == 0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing creation of duplicate object
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(put_duplicate_object){
printf("-----Negative Testing Duplicate Object Creation -------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "test_bucket_new";
//Pre populating few objects
populate_with_objects(client, bucket_name);
//Testing creation of preexisting objects
const char* books[] ={"resources/beowulf.txt","resources/sherlock_holmes.txt"};
ds3_bulk_object_list* obj_list;
ds3_bulk_response* response;
ds3_request* request;
ds3_error* error;
obj_list = ds3_convert_file_list(books,2);
request = ds3_init_put_bulk(bucket_name, obj_list);
error = ds3_bulk(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
ds3_free_bulk_object_list(obj_list);
clear_bucket(client, bucket_name);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 409);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Conflict") == 0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
//testing Bulk Put with empty object list
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(put_empty_object_list) {
printf("-----Negative Testing Put Empty Object List-------\n");
ds3_client* client = get_client();
ds3_bulk_object_list* obj_list = NULL;
obj_list = ds3_init_bulk_object_list(0);
ds3_bulk_response* response;
const char* bucket_name = "Bucket_with_empty_list";
ds3_request* request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
ds3_error* error = ds3_put_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
request = ds3_init_put_bulk(bucket_name, obj_list);
error = ds3_bulk(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
ds3_free_bulk_object_list(obj_list);
//Deleting Created Bucket
clear_bucket(client, bucket_name);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->message->value ,"The bulk command requires a list of objects to process") == 0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(delete_multiple_job) {
printf("-----Negative Testing Multiple Delete Jobs-------\n");
ds3_request* request;
ds3_error* error;
ds3_client* client = get_client();
const char* bucket_name = "bucket_test_get_job";
ds3_str* job_id = populate_with_objects_return_job(client, bucket_name);
request = ds3_init_delete_job(job_id->value);
error = ds3_delete_job(client,request);
ds3_str_free(job_id);
handle_error(error);
error = ds3_delete_job(client,request);
ds3_free_request(request);
clear_bucket(client, bucket_name);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 404);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Not Found") == 0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(get_non_existing_job) {
printf("-----Negative Testing Non Existing Get Job-------\n");
ds3_request* request;
ds3_error* error;
ds3_bulk_response* bulk_response = NULL;
ds3_client* client = get_client();
request = ds3_init_get_job("b44d7ddc-608a-4d46-9e9e-9433b0b62911");
error = ds3_get_job(client,request,&bulk_response);
ds3_free_request(request);
ds3_free_bulk_response(bulk_response);
free_client(client);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 404);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value ,"Not Found") == 0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bad_checksum) {
uint64_t i, n, checksums;
const char* bucket_name = "bucket_test_md5";
ds3_request* request;
const char* books[] ={"resources/beowulf.txt"};
ds3_client* client = get_client();
ds3_error* error;
ds3_bulk_object_list* obj_list;
ds3_bulk_response* response;
ds3_allocate_chunk_response* chunk_response;
printf("-----Testing Request With Bad Checksum-------\n");
obj_list = ds3_convert_file_list(books, 1);
for (checksums = 0; checksums < 5; checksums ++) {
request = ds3_init_put_bucket(bucket_name);
error = ds3_put_bucket(client, request);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
request = ds3_init_put_bulk(bucket_name, obj_list);
error = ds3_bulk(client, request, &response);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
for (n = 0; n < response->list_size; n ++) {
request = ds3_init_allocate_chunk(response->list[n]->chunk_id->value);
error = ds3_allocate_chunk(client, request, &chunk_response);
ds3_free_request(request);
handle_error(error);
BOOST_REQUIRE(chunk_response->retry_after == 0);
BOOST_REQUIRE(chunk_response->objects != NULL);
for (i = 0; i < chunk_response->objects->size; i++) {
ds3_bulk_object bulk_object = chunk_response->objects->list[i];
FILE* file = fopen(bulk_object.name->value, "r");
request = ds3_init_put_object_for_job(bucket_name, bulk_object.name->value, bulk_object.offset, bulk_object.length, response->job_id->value);
switch (checksums) {
case 0:
ds3_request_set_md5(request,"ra3fg==");
break;
case 1:
ds3_request_set_sha256(request,"SbGH1ZtYIqOjO+E=");
break;
case 2:
ds3_request_set_sha512(request,"qNLwiDVNQ3YCBjY6YowRE8Hsqw+iwP9KOKM0Xvw==");
break;
case 3:
ds3_request_set_crc32(request,"b==");
break;
case 4:
ds3_request_set_crc32c(request, "+Z==");
break;
}
if (bulk_object.offset > 0) {
fseek(file, bulk_object.offset, SEEK_SET);
}
error = ds3_put_object(client, request, file, ds3_read_from_file);
ds3_free_request(request);
fclose(file);
BOOST_REQUIRE(error != NULL);
BOOST_CHECK(error->error->status_code == 400);
BOOST_CHECK(strcmp(error->error->status_message->value, "Bad Request")==0);
ds3_free_error(error);
}
ds3_free_allocate_chunk_response(chunk_response);
}
ds3_free_bulk_response(response);
clear_bucket(client, bucket_name);
}
ds3_free_bulk_object_list(obj_list);
free_client(client);
}
|
How to get value of textField without pushing submit button
I have a form:
private Class TestForm extends Form<TestString>{
public TestForm(TestString testString){
super("testForm", new CompoundPropertyModel<TestString>(testString));
final TextField<String> test = new TextField<String>("test"));
add(test);
... //submit button
}
The TestString class contains just one field: test.
Is it possible to get value of string other than by pushing the submit button? With behaviors or something else?
I tried to add AjaxEventBehavior and inside of this behavior called the methods text.getValue() and testString.getTest() but with no success.
As mentioned you could use AjaxFormComponentUpdatingBehaviour and use an onchange event (or an OnChangeAjaxBehaviour), this does of course mean that any time your onUpdate(AjaxRequestTarget target) function gets called is not necessarily the users final intended input. For example: Let's say you type 'test', your update function will get called 4 times, but only the final call is the final word as the user wishes to submit it.
One important thing I want to mention for your scenario is that you cannot simply look for an onblur event because (in your example) the only time the user is likely to be blurring off the TextField is if they are trying to click on the submit button, at which point it's a little to late to worry about AJAX, because it's being submitted...
Perhaps if you provide more details about why you need the value of the string without pushing the submit button, then someone can come up with a better idea (of course it could be that the onchange event is just fine for you, in which case great!). If however (taking a wild stab in the dark) you need it to validate the input before the user submits the form, then you can actually do this after submission:
http://www.mkyong.com/wicket/create-custom-validator-in-wicket/
http://www.wicket-library.com/wicket-examples/compref/wicket/bookmarkable/org.apache.wicket.examples.compref.FormPage
(actually an example of post submission, but if your TextField has a validator then the form won't submit).
You must submit the form somehow. You could use a AjaxFormSubmitBehavior setting the default form behaviour to false with setDefaultProcessing(false).
Doing so you skip form validation and you can read text value with text.getValue().
AjaxFormComponentUpdatingBehaviour is a better choice, as it only submits the value of the component it's attached to.
|
Reach structure for vehicles.
Patented Apr. 24, 1917.
UNITED s rATEs PATENT OFFICE- ANION rnonrso v, or rnLIcAn. nnrrns, MINNESOTA.
REACH STRUCTURE non VEHICLES.
Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Apr. 24;, 1917.
Application filed July 15, 1916. Serial No. 109,544.
To all whom it mag concern:
Be it known that I, ANTON Tnolvirsoiv,
a citizen of the United States, residing at Pelican Rapids, in the county of Ottertail and State of Minnesota, have invented 'certain new and useful Improvements in Reach Structures for Vehicles; declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to'which it appertains to make and use the same.
. My invention has for its object to pro vide an improved reach structure for vehicles and more particularly for-bob-sleds; and, to this end,'gcnerally stated, the invention consists of the novel devices and combinations of devices hereinafter described and defined in the claims."
In the accompanying drawings, which illustrate the invention, like characters indicate like parts throughout the several views.
Referring to the drawings,
Figure 1 is a side elevation of a bob-sled having the invention incorporated therein;
Fig. 2 is a plan view of the reach structure on an enlarged scale, some parts being broken away and sectioned and some parts being shown in different positions by means of broken lines;
Fig. 3 is a transverse section taken on the line 33 of Fig. 2,'on-an enlarged scale; and
Fig. 4: is a longitudinal section taken on the line 44 of Fig. 2, Oman enlarged scale.
The numerals' 1 to 4, inclusive, indicate, respectively, the front and rear sleds and the front and rear bolsters of a hob-sled.
The improved reach structure comprises telescopic ally connected members '5 and. 6 and a cross bar 7 The reach members 5 and 6 are rectangular in cross section and telescoped, the former into the latter. The reach member 5 is preferably made from a bar of Wood with its front end rounded and reinforced by a metal strap 8. A multiplicity of holes 9 are bored vertically through the reach member 5.
The reach member 6 is open at its front end to telescopic ally receive the reach mem her 5 and has formed in its rear end a transverse opening 10, through which the cross bar 7 is inserted. Rivets 11 are inserted through the reach member 6 and cross bar 7 and rigidly connect the same. Surrounding the front end of the reach member 6 and closely fitting the same, is a rectangular and I do hereby objectionable.
,metal collar 12. through which 'and the reach member 6 is a bore 13. Any one of the bores 9 in the reach member 5 may be moved into alinement with the bore 18. Nut-equipped bolts 14 are passed from the inside ofthe-reach member 6 horizontally through each side thereof and the attached collar-12 and their heads are countersunk in said reach member 6, so as to not interfere with the telescoping movement of the, reach member 5.
The cross bar 7 is of a length to just fit between the runners of the rear sled 2 and has in its bottom a longitudinal groove 15 in which is laid a metal rod 16. The ends of this rod 16 extend beyond the ends of the cross bar 7 and are seated in bores formed in the front end portions of the runners of the rear sled 2. Obviously, this rod 16 pivotallyconnects the reach members and the cross bar 7 to the rear sled 2 for vertical swinging movement. 'On each end of the'cross bar 7, is a heavy ferrule 17 and with which ferrule is integrally formed a pair of converging tie rods 18, the free ends of which are bent laterally outward and bored to receive the bolts 14, which rigidly connect said brace rods to the reach member 6, and collar 12.
A bolt 19 is inserted through the a lined I bores 9 and 13 to connect the reach members 5 and 6 in different longitudinal adjustments. On the front bolster 3, is an eye 20 to which the front end of the reach member 5 is secured by a clevis 21. I
In reach structures now commonly used for bob-sleds, it is necessary'to notch or cut the rear bolster to receive the same and when the sleds are coupled up short the rear end of the reach projects for a considerable distance back of the bob-sled, whichis very By the use of my improved reach, the above objections are entirely done away with.
What I claim is 1. The combination with a cross bar adapted to be pivotally secured to the runners of a rear sled, of a reach comprising a pair of telescopic ally connected members, the tubular member of the reach having a transverse opening through which the cross bar is inserted and rigidly secured to said member, and means for connecting the members of the reach in different longitudinal adjustments.
2. The combination with a cross bar adapted to be pivotally secured to the run ments, and brace rods connecting the cross ners of a rear sled, of a reach comprising a bar and tubular member of the reach. 10 pair of telescopic ally connected members, In testimony whereof I afl ix my signature the tubular member of the reach having a in presence of two Witnesses.
transverse opening through which the cross ANTON THOMPSON. bar is inserted and rigidly secured'to said Witnesses:
member, means for connecting the members H. L. OPSAHL,
of the reach in different longitudinal adjust- HARRY D. KILGoRn.
Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
|
Thread:Gogeta110/@comment-4323603-20170113072647/@comment-5741122-20170113081955
Doubled rates =/= guaranteed SSR
You are much better off just saving your stones for Dokkan Festivals and whatnot.
|
Talk:George Chigova
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 1 one external link on George Chigova. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140221182019/http://www.cosafa.com/index.php/press/latest-cosafa-news/365-zimbabwe-name-final-squad-for-chan-tournament to http://www.cosafa.com/index.php/press/latest-cosafa-news/365-zimbabwe-name-final-squad-for-chan-tournament
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 16:13, 21 July 2016 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on George Chigova. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140219235052/http://en.starafrica.com:80/football/chan-2014/ to http://en.starafrica.com/football/chan-2014/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 19:48, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
|
Using Channels with firebase
I'm having trouble to make my store listen to changes on my firebase database, I think the eventChannel is the right way, but when I refresh the page i get only the first entry of firebase on the channel.
const subscribePosts = (socket) => {
return eventChannel((emit) => {
const insert = (snap) => {
emit(addPost(snap.val()));
};
postsRef.on('child_added', insert);
return () => {};
});
};
function* postsChannel(socket) {
const channel = yield call(subscribePosts, socket);
while(true) {
const action = yield take(channel);
yield put(action);
}
};
export function* mainSaga() {
yield fork(postsChannel);
};
Sorry to post here, maybe stackoverflow was a better place :)
Ur code seems to be fine. Did you check if u receive more than 1 items from the firebase? I would advice u to start from putting a simple console.log in the insert function
Yes, All the items are coming from the firebase, but the emit is happening only for the 1st item
I set up a webpackbin link with the issue, I don't know why but redux-saga is not working properly on webpackbin but when I download the repo and run locally works perfectly, in the console it's printed 4 items but only the 1st is dispatched to redux :(
https://www.webpackbin.com/bins/-KstpbNrGSjKADpQtC4w
Im not entirely sure why this happens - but I have a really strong guess ;)
Ur inserts happen really fast (in the same synchronous call stack). put effect while non-blocking it might be a little bit delayed for internal scheduling reasons. So while put is for a brief moment blocked and not released yet, next take happens after ur emits, so it misses them.
As a workaround for this problem I propose to specify a buffer for ur channel like this:
const subscribePosts = (socket) => {
return eventChannel((emit) => {
const insert = (snap) => {
emit(addPost(snap.val()));
};
postsRef.on('child_added', insert);
return () => { };
}, buffers.expanding());
};
Everything will work as expected then.
thank's, works perfectly :)
|
var test = require('tape');
var hex2ascii = require('../hex2ascii');
test('hex2ascii', function (t) {
t.plan(10)
t.equal(hex2ascii(''), '')
t.equal(hex2ascii({}), '')
t.equal(hex2ascii(function(){}), '')
t.equal(hex2ascii(function(){}), '')
t.equal(hex2ascii(31323334), '1234')
t.equal(hex2ascii('68656c6c6f'), 'hello')
t.equal(hex2ascii('0x68656c6c6f'), 'hello')
t.equal(hex2ascii('0x68656c6c6f20776f726c64'), 'hello world')
t.equal(hex2ascii('20 20 20 20 20 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 20 20 20 20'), ' hello ')
t.equal(hex2ascii('0x66696e646d656275727269746f732e636f6d0000000000000000000000000000'), 'findmeburritos.com')
})
|
Board Thread:Roleplaying/@comment-38557913-20190325225956/@comment-37563607-20190327005251
Signus was not affected by the beam due to his master coward abilities.
|
Team KII
SKE48's Team KII.
History
2009
* Captain: Takayanagi Akane
* Maeda Eiko transferred to SDN48
* June 13 - Shonichi of Team KII 1st Stage
* November 29 - Senshuuraku of Team KII 1st Stage
* November 30 - Ichihara Yuri graduate from SKE48
* December 6 - Shonichi of Team KII 2nd Stage
* December 6 - Wakabayashi Tomoka promoted
2010
* February 25 - Ogiso Shiori promoted
* December 6 - Iguchi Shiori, Uchiyama Mikoto, Kito Momona and Saito Makiko demoted
* December 6 - Abiru Riho, Goto Risako, Hata Sawako and Yakata Miki promoted
2011
* November 30 - Senshuuraku of Team KII 2nd Stage
2012
* July 1 - Wakabayashi Tomoka graduate from SKE48
* August 29 - Iguchi Shiori promoted
* November 1 - Shonichi of Team KII 3rd Stage
2013
* April 14 - Ogiso Shiori and Akaeda Ririna graduate from SKE48
Member
* Abiru Riho (りほ Riho)
* Iguchi Shiori (イグッち Igucchi)
* Ishida Anna (アンナ Anna)
* Kato Tomoko (モコ Moko)
* Goto Risako (りさちゃん Risachan)
* Sato Seira (せぇ～ら Seera)
* Sato Mieko (姉さん Neesan)
* Takayanagi Akane (あかね Akane) (Captain)
* Hata Sawako (しゃわこ Shawako)
* Furukawa Airi (あいりん Airin)
* Matsumoto Rina (りーな Riina)
* Mukaida Manatsu (まなつ Manatsu)
* Yakata Miki (みき Miki)
* Yamada Reika (れいちゃん Reichan)
Transferred
* Iguchi Shiori (イグッち Igucchi) (SKE48 Research Students) (2010)
* Uchiyama Mikoto (みこってぃー Mikottii) (SKE48 Research Students) (2010)
* Kito Momona (もも Momo) (SKE48 Research Students) (2010)
* Saito Makiko (まきこ Makiko) (SKE48 Research Students) (2010)
Graduated
* Maeda Eiko (えーこ Eeko) (Transferred to SDN48) (2009)
* Ichihara Yuri (ゆりりん Yuririn) (2009)
* Wakabayashi Tomoka (ともちゃん Tomochan) (2012)
* Ogiso Shiori (しおりん Shiorin) (2013)
* Akaeda Ririna (リリ Riri) (2013)
Stages
* 1st Stage 「会いたかった」 (SKE48 Team KII 1st Stage "Aitakatta") [2009.06.13-2009.11.29]
* 2nd Stage 「手をつなぎなが」 (SKE48 Team KII 2nd Stage "Te wo Tsunaginagara") [2009.12.06-2010.11.30]
* 3rd Stage 「ラムネの飲み方」(SKE48 Team KII 3rd Stage "Ramune no Nomikata") [2011.10.1~]
|
462 KINGFISHERS.
its solitary and aquatic retreat, this bird may often be seen perched on some dead and projecting branch, scrutinizing the waters for its expected prey. If unsuccessful, it quickly courses the meanders of the streams or borders of ponds just above their surface, and occasionally hovers for an instant, with rap idly moving wings, over the spot where it perceives the gliding quarry ; in the next instant, descending with a quick spiral sweep, a fish is seized from the timid fry, with which it returns to its post and swallows in an instant. When startled from the perch, on which it spends many vacant hours digesting its prey, it utters commonly a loud, harsh, and grating cry, very similar to the interrupted creakings of a watchman's rattle, and almost, as it were, the vocal counterpart to the watery tumult amidst which it usually resides.
The nest — a work of much labor — is now burrowed in some dry and sandy or more tenacious bank of earth, situated be yond the reach of inundation. At this task both the parties join with bill and claws, until they have horiSiontally perforated the bank to the depth of 5 or 6 feet. With necessary precau tion, the entrance is only left sufficient for the access of a single bird. The extremity, however, is rounded like an oven, so as to allow the individuals and their brood a suiBciency of room. This important labor is indeeji prospective, as the same hole is employed for a nest and roost for many succeeding years. Here the eggs are deposited. Incubation, in which both parents engage, continues for sixteen days; and they exhibit great solicitude for the safety of their brood. The mother, simulating lameness, sometimes drops on the water, fluttering as if wounded, and unable to rise from the stream. The male also, perched on the nearest bough, or edge of the projecting bank, jerks his tail, elevates his crest, and passing to and fro before the intruder, raises his angry and vehement rattle of complaint (Audubon). At the commencement of winter, the frpst obliges our hunable Fisher to seek mpre open streams, and even the vicinity of, the sea ; but it is seen to return to Pennsylvania by the commencement of April.
|
User:135th member
This is your user page. Please edit this page to tell the community about yourself!
My favorite pages
* Add links to your favorite pages on the wiki here!
* Favorite page #2
* Favorite page #3
|
chore: make FeatureContract::cairo_version public
This is useful for tests with parameterized version.
Also moved private functions to appear after public ones, no logic changes there.
This change is
Codecov Report
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Project coverage is 83.46%. Comparing base (6057646) to head (2dd3a61).
Additional details and impacted files
@@ Coverage Diff @@
## main-mempool #2002 +/- ##
=============================================
Coverage 83.46% 83.46%
=============================================
Files 45 45
Lines 7270 7270
Branches 7270 7270
=============================================
Hits 6068 6068
Misses 828 828
Partials 374 374
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|
package exercicios.Linguagem1.POO.exercicio3;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Informe o dia: ");
int dia = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Informe o mês: ");
int mes = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Informe o ano: ");
int ano = scan.nextInt();
try {
int opcao = 5;
while (opcao != 4) {
Data data = new Data(dia, mes, ano);
System.out.print("\n=-==-=Digite uma opção: =-==-=" +
"\n Formatar data [1]" +
"\n Pular um dia [2]" +
"\n Nova data [3]" +
"\n Finalizar [4]" +
"\n=-==-==-==-=-==-=-==-=-==-=-==" +
"\n\n --> ");
opcao = scan.nextInt();
if (opcao == 1) {
System.out.println("\n"+data.toString()+"\n");
}
if (opcao == 2) {
System.out.println("\n"+data.avancarData()+"\n");
}
if (opcao == 3) {
System.out.print("\nInforme o dia: ");
dia = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Informe o mês: ");
mes = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Informe o ano: ");
ano = scan.nextInt();
data.setAno(ano);
data.setMes(mes);
data.setDia(dia);
}
}
System.out.println("\nObrigado por utilizar nosso sistema! ");
}
catch (Exception a){
System.out.println("Error");
a.getMessage();
a.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
|
import sys
import os
import json
import time
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import requests
from apscheduler.job import Job
sys.path.insert(0, '..')
from core import schedule_start, SchedulerService
def demo_job():
print('job start', datetime.now())
time.sleep(2)
print('job stop', datetime.now())
return datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f')
def get_weather():
url01 = 'http://weather.hao.360.cn/sed_api_weather_info.php?app=clockWeather&_jsonp=callback'
url02 = 'http://tq.360.cn/api/weatherquery/querys?app=tq360&code={code}'
idx = len('callback(')
resp01 = requests.get(url01)
data01 = json.loads(resp01.text[idx + 1:-2:])
# TODO ...
return
class CustomScheduler(SchedulerService):
'''CustomScheduler-自定义SchedulerService'''
def exposed_api_add_demo_job(self):
return self.scheduler.add_job(
demo_job,
trigger='interval',
# minutes=1,
seconds=5,
next_run_time=datetime.now() + timedelta(seconds=2),
args=[],
replace_existing=True,
id='add_demo_job'
)
def exposed_api_demo_hello(self, args=None):
print(args)
date_time = datetime.now() + timedelta(seconds=5)
now_str = datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f')
print(now_str)
return self.scheduler.add_job(
print,
trigger='date',
next_run_time=date_time,
args=[now_str.center(50, '~')]
)
def exposed_get_jobs_json(self, jobstore=None):
result = []
for job_item in self.scheduler.get_jobs(jobstore):
item_data = {
'id': job_item.id,
'name': job_item.name,
'kwargs': job_item.kwargs,
'next_run_time': job_item.next_run_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
'pending': job_item.pending
}
result.append(item_data)
return json.dumps(result)
def exposed_add_job_json(self, job_params, jobstore=None):
params = json.loads(job_params)
new_job = self.scheduler.add_job(
get_weather,
trigger='date',
next_run_time=datetime.now() + timedelta(seconds=1),
**params
)
if isinstance(new_job, Job):
return new_job.id
server_params = dict(
listen_config={
'port': 54345,
'hostname': '0.0.0.0'
},
store_path = r'jobstore.sqlite',
log_file = r'logger.log',
SchedulerServiceClass=CustomScheduler
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
schedule_start(**server_params)
|
package org.xllapp.maven.plugin.log;
import java.util.Arrays;
/**
*
*
* @author dylan.chen Apr 7, 2014
*
*/
public abstract class LogUtils {
public static String toString(Object object){
if(null!=object){
if(object.getClass().isArray()){
return Arrays.toString((Object[])object);
}else{
return object.toString();
}
}
return "";
}
}
|
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Anthony C. HARRIS, Defendant, Appellant.
No. 10-2009.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Heard July 25, 2011.
Decided Oct. 14, 2011.
Kathleen J. Hill, by appointment of the court, with whom Law Office of Kathleen J. Hill was on brief for appellant.
Anthony C. Harris on brief pro se.
Seth R. Aframe, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom John P. Kacavas, United States Attorney, was on brief for appellee.
Before TORRUELLA, BOUDIN and DYK, Circuit Judges.
Of the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation
BOUDIN, Circuit Judge.
Anthony Harris now appeals from his conviction on five counts under the Criminal Code for his participation in an armed robbery of the Hannaford Supermarket (“Hannaford”) in Dover, N.H. Because Harris argues inter alia that the evidence against him was insufficient, we begin with a summary of evidence at trial taken in the light most favorable to the government. United States v. Luna, 649 F.3d 91, 96 n. 2 (1st Cir.2011).
On September 23, 2008, Orlando Matos proposed a robbery of the Hannaford to his brother-in-law, Thomas Peterson, and to Harris, who was Peterson’s friend. All three agreed to a plan to rob the Hanna-ford. Matos and Harris were to provide guns (respectively, a .380 caliber revolver and a stolen .25 caliber hand gun), Harris was to furnish and drive the get-away car, and the three men were to divide the proceeds equally.
The next night, the conspirators twice scouted the Hannaford. During the second trip and about an hour before the robbery, Harris entered and checked out the store, purchased some gloves and was caught on its surveillance camera wearing a distinctive New York Yankees hat. After Harris described the inside of the store to Matos and Peterson, the conspirators retrieved the truck they had left in a nearby apartment complex to use as the getaway car.
At 10:47 p.m. Matos and Peterson entered the Hannaford while Harris waited in the truck. While Matos held employees and customers at gunpoint and took their money, Peterson took about $4,700 from the store’s cash office. Fleeing to the truck, which Harris had kept running, Peterson dropped his cell phone. Shortly thereafter, the three men switched to a car owned by Harris’ girlfriend and drove to a hotel in Massachusetts where they split the money, receiving about $1,700 each.
Matos and Peterson eventually moved to the Wyndham Hotel in Andover, Massachusetts. Harris departed for New Hampshire, expecting to return in a few days. In the meantime, police entered the hotel room and found money from the robbery, a case belonging to Harris that the conspirators used to hold the robbery money, the two guns, Harris’ distinctive Yankees hat which Peterson had borrowed, and stationery on which Matos had written Harris’ cell phone number. When Dover police were notified of this trove, they set up a voluntary interview with Harris on October 6, 2008 (the “October 2008 interview”).
At the interview, Harris admitted to knowing Peterson, to owning a multi-colored Yankees hat like that recovered from the Wyndham, and to buying gloves at the Hannaford on the night of the robbery. The interview ended when Harris refused the police’s request for a DNA sample. In January 2009, the Dover police arrested Harris for his participation in the robbery.
Harris was indicted on February 4, 2009, on four counts relating to the robbery, arraigned, and then made the subject of a superceding indictment; the latter added three counts relating to the Hannaford robbery and two more (later withdrawn by the government and so irrelevant here) relating to a separate robbery. Harris was arraigned on this new indictment on August 28, 2009. He was tried in a week-long trial beginning September 1, 2009.
At the trial, Matos testified for the government confirming Harris’ planning and participation in the robbery. The government also offered the surveillance video and various telephone records linking Harris to the robbery and to Matos and Peterson. For example, records showed calls to Peterson’s girlfriend from Harris’ phone after the robbery, presumably because Peterson borrowed the phone, having dropped his own at the scene. It also showed that Harris called Peterson seven minutes before the robbery, seemingly to test a warning signal that the former could use to alert the latter.
The jury convicted Harris on counts 1^4 (the original robbery counts, use of a firearm and the felon in possession counts) and count 7 (possessing a stolen firearm), acquitting him on the remaining two (counts 8 and 9). On August 2, 2010, Harris was sentenced to 264 months. Harris now presents a cornucopia of challenges to his conviction. We take them in order of their place in the chronology of the district court proceedings.
Hams’ Competency. In February 2009, the district court, at the request of Harris’ first counsel who was investigating an insanity defense, ordered a psychiatric evaluation as to whether Harris was competent to stand trial. After the examination, a forensic psychologist’s report was filed concluding that Harris was competent to stand trial. Harris now argues that the district court should have held a formal hearing — preferably prior to his arraignment, where the court also should have required him to plead personally.
No request for a formal hearing was made in the district court, and, forfeiture aside, there was no error. Absent unusual circumstances, a judge is not obliged to hold a formal hearing after an expert affirms the defendant’s competency, unless someone or some circumstance provides good reason for doing so. United States v. Lebron, 76 F.3d 29, 32 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1011, 116 S.Ct. 2537, 135 L.Ed.2d 1060 (1996). Here, Harris’ original defense counsel sought no hearing and Harris’ second defense counsel saw so little basis for having the examination that he claimed that the examination should not have stopped the speedy trial clock.
As for the judge, when Harris tried to resurrect the issue of his competency at sentencing, the district judge responded to Harris: “I observed you throughout the trial. I’ve observed you in many pretrial proceedings.... You’re an intelligent person who understands your surroundings and exercises judgment. There’s no question you were able to understand the proceedings and assist your counsel at trial.” Cf. United States v. Pryor, 960 F.2d 1, 2 (1st Cir.1992).
Turning to counsel’s entry of the plea at the original arraignment, it is perhaps “preferable that defendant plead personally,” 1A Wright & Leipold, Federal Practice and Procedure: Criminal § 161, at 128-29 (4th ed. 2008). But the not guilty plea at the arraignment represented Harris’ continuing position, and anyway he was ultimately re-indicted and re-arraigned and makes no complaint about the new arraignment. Nor does Harris even hint at any prejudice from having counsel answer for him in the original arraignment.
Speedy Trial Act. Harris (in his supplemental pro se brief) argues that the district court erred in denying a defense motion to dismiss under the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1), based on the delay between his indictment on February 4, 2009 and trial beginning September 1, 2009. The Speedy Trial Act requires that trial commence within 70 days of the indictment. Id.
The district court excluded for speedy trial purposes the time (1) between February 4 and April 30, 2009, for Harris’ competency exam, 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(A), and (2) between March 20 and July 10, 2009 for two continuances of trial granted for then co-defendant Peterson, id. § 3161(h)(6) & (7), leaving only 53 countable days between July 10 and September 1 when Harris’ trial began — well within the 70 days required by the Speedy Trial Act, id. § 3161(c)(1). See United States v. Harris, 2009 WL 2824729, No. 09-cr-33-JL (D.N.H. Aug. 31, 2009).
Harris says that the competency evaluation should not have been ordered. But Harris’ counsel had sought such a psychiatric evaluation because his interactions with Harris indicated to him Harris may have had a medical condition affecting his understanding. Even though this was in aid of a possible defense, counsel’s request gave the court “reasonable cause to believe that the defendant may presently be suffering from a mental disease or defect rendering him mentally incompetent.” 18 U.S.C. § 4241(a).
Harris also argues that the continuances should not have been granted, but the grounds presented by co-defendant’s counsel — the need for “reasonable time necessary for effective preparation,” 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(B)(iv) — are ones we have routinely held sufficient to grant continuances and exclude the time under the Speedy Trial Act. See, e.g., United States v. Joost, 133 F.3d 125, 130 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1087, 118 S.Ct. 1545, 140 L.Ed.2d 693 (1998).
Lastly Harris’ pro se submission says that had the judge not excluded more than 30 days for the competency examination, cf. 18 U.S.C. § 4247(b), there would be no Speedy Trial Act violation. Defense counsel’s own continuances, which we have readily sustained, overlap with much of the competency inquiry; and even if only 30 days were properly excluded for the latter inquiry, the trial began within the 70 days allowed for all unexcluded delay.
Harris’ counsel in this court makes a different argument, namely, that Harris was entitled to defer the trial for 30 days after new counts were added and that the trial judge erred in accepting a waiver of this asserted right without adequately assuring that Harris’ rights were adequately protected. The trial judge assumed Harris had a right to such postponement, but see United States v. Rojas-Contreras, 474 U.S. 231, 236-37, 106 S.Ct. 555, 88 L.Ed.2d 537 (1985), severed the new counts for a later trial and then — after Harris and his counsel conferred — accepted Harris’ waiver following a lengthy colloquy and a signed waiver by Harris.
Harris’ counsel makes no serious effort to show that the waiver colloquy was inadequate but argues primarily that trial counsel could not adequately prepare for the new counts without more time. However, the government dismissed before the trial the two new counts that related to a different robbery, and the only new count resulting in a conviction rested on the fact that Harris’ firearm had been stolen. Anyway, as we later explain, what is effectively an attack on counsel’s competence is premature.
Refusal to provide DNA evidence. At trial, a police witness testified, in response to a question by defense counsel, that Harris in his pre-arrest voluntary interview had declined to provide DNA evidence. Harris’ brief says that this violated Harris’ Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate himself, Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965). The brief also argues that a cautionary jury instruction warning the jury about inferences to be drawn from the refusal was incomplete, prejudicial, and given too late.
Ordinarily, a party who elicits evidence would waive any claim that its admission was error, United States v. Lizardo, 445 F.3d 73, 84 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1007, 127 S.Ct. 524, 166 L.Ed.2d 390 (2006); United States v. Vachon, 869 F.2d 653, 658 (1st Cir.1989). Still, on direct, the government avoided bringing out Harris’ refusal but later argued that defense counsel by further questions had opened the door to the issue. When the judge without ruling on this claim offered defense counsel the alternative of bringing out the DNA refusal; counsel might have thought that he now had no choice.
However, Griffin aimed to protect a constitutional right not to testify; but the Fifth Amendment does not prevent a defendant from being compelled to provide blood and fingerprints, and to stand in a lineup. E.g., United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27, 35, 120 S.Ct. 2037, 147 L.Ed.2d 24 (2000); United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 221-23, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967). And unlike Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976), defendant could not have been misled into silence by Miranda warnings since he was not under arrest and nothing indicates that Miranda warnings were given.
Whether a refusal to provide forensic evidence would permit a rational inference of guilt depends (like flight) on the circumstances, and evidence of such a refusal might well be impermissible under some circumstances. Cf. United States v. Moreno, 233 F.3d 937, 940-41 (7th Cir.2000). However, Harris’ opening argument had suggested that the government’s case was flawed because of a lack of DNA evidence, and the government was entitled to respond that Harris had declined to provide it. United States v. McNatt, 931 F.2d 251, 256-58 (4th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1035, 112 S.Ct. 879, 116 L.Ed.2d 783 (1992). Further, the judge cautioned the jury as to drawing an adverse inference.
As for the instruction, the judge advised the jury, without objection, as follows:
A person has no legal obligation to voluntarily provide information or things requested by investigators. There are many reasons why such a person might decline to provide such information or things. You should not conclude or infer that the defendant was predisposed to commit criminal acts because of his alleged refusal to voluntarily provide such information or things. You may only consider the evidence presented on this issue within the context of the particular circumstances of this case.
Harris argues that this did not clearly forbid an inference of guilt since it referred in the third sentence to a narrower and more specific inference. It would have been clearer to mention inference of guilt as well, but that was strongly suggested by the third sentence. Taking the instruction as a whole and the evidence against Harris, there is no serious chance that the alteration proposed — or giving the instruction earlier — would have altered the outcome and so there was no plain error. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733-35, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993).
Sufficiency of the evidence. Harris appeals from the denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal made at trial. Fed. R.Crim. P. 29. Although our review is de novo, we examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and need only conclude that the evidence would permit a rational fact-finder to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the charged crime. United States v. Troy, 583 F.3d 20, 24 (1st Cir.2009).
The insufficiency claim here is hopeless. The government presented Matos, who engineered the robbery, to give a complete account of the robbery, its planning and aftermath, and Harris’ role. Matos had a motive to curry favor with the government, but this was brought out on cross-examination and reinforced by an instruction. The jury, having heard Matos testify and be questioned about supposed inconsistencies, chose to credit his testimony, as it was entitled to do. United States v. Shelton, 490 F.3d 74, 79 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 894, 128 S.Ct. 212, 169 L.Ed.2d 159 (2007).
Much worse for Harris, ample hard evidence corroborated Harris’ involvement. The video and his admission showed him to be in the store shortly before the robbery, telephone records confirmed exchanges with Matos and Peterson, Harris’ case, hat and cellphone number were in the Wyndham with the other two robbers, and calls from Harris’ phone were made to Peterson’s girlfriend after Peterson dropped his phone at the robbery.
Further, there was nothing significant to weight on the other side of the scale. Harris offered little defense beyond pointing to Matos’ motive to lie and to the lack of DNA evidence, but the former was offset by the corroborative hard evidence and the latter by Harris’ own refusal to provide DNA. On appeal, Harris does not even explain what reasonable doubt a jury could have had, given the evidence on the government’s side.
Harris’ counsel and alleged government wrongdoing. In his appellate brief, Harris makes two further claims: that Harris’ trial counsel provided inadequate representation and that the government used false testimony and violated its obligations under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Neither claim was raised in the district court, and the record provides no adequate basis for us to consider either of them.
The claims against counsel are threefold but only one of them appears significant. Having to discredit Matos at almost any cost, defense counsel used in cross-examination an agreed statement of facts used in Matos’ own plea proceedings. The agreed statement contained statements summarizing what Harris’ girlfriend would have said about the involvement of all three robbers. Given that the agreed statement was given to the jury, this might well seem to call for explanation by trial counsel.
Part of the explanation appears to be that, at the time, both the government and Harris expected that the girlfriend would testify, so her prior statement would not necessarily have mattered. But we cannot know for sure how counsel would justify his decision on this or either of the other two choices now criticized on appeal. Thus, here as in most cases the defendant’s remedy is collateral attack proceedings. United States v. Wyatt, 561 F.3d 49, 52 (1st Cir.), cert. denied - U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 2818, 174 L.Ed.2d 311 (2009); United States v. Torres-Rosario, 447 F.3d 61, 64 (1st Cir.2006).
Further, even if counsel made an error severe enough to satisfy the Strickland standard, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), Harris would still have to persuade a habeas court that counsel’s mistake had likely altered the outcome of the trial. Given the other evidence against Harris, it might be quite difficult to show that any references to the girlfriend’s comments — a subject not even adverted to in the government’s closing — likely altered the outcome.
Even less need be said about charges that the government used false testimony or withheld exculpatory evidence. The government has provided colorable responses to the several charges, which are themselves far from self-evident; but there is no possible way either to test or sustain them on the present record, none of the charges having been aired in the district court. If that omission is not fatal, Harris may pursue them on collateral attack.
We have considered several other claims made by Harris’ counsel and by Harris himself in his pro se brief but none requires separate discussion. Although the brief filed by Harris’ counsel is energetic and extensive, nothing persuades us that any prejudicial error was committed or that Harris was wrongly convicted.
Affirmed.
. The counts relating to the Hannaford robbery were for conspiracy to commit robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (count 1); aiding and abetting robbery, id. (count 2); use of a firearm during and in relation, to a crime of violence, id. § 924(c)(1)(A) (count 3); possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, id. § 922(g)(1) (count 4); possession of a stolen firearm, id. § 922(j) (count 7); transporting a stolen firearm, id. § 922(i) (count 8); and transporting a stolen motor vehicle, id. § 2312 (count 9).
. Although other portions of the statement were used by Harris in cross-examination, the government’s brief says that neither Harris nor the government brought the girlfriend's statements to the attention of the jury during the trial. Harris filed no reply brief and we have found no other indication to the contrary. Just what, if anything, was later read by the jury is unclear.
|
<?php
namespace Test\Synapse\Mapper;
use Synapse\TestHelper\MapperTestCase;
use Synapse\User\UserEntity;
use ReflectionClass;
class AbstractMapperTest extends MapperTestCase
{
public function setUp()
{
parent::setUp();
$this->mapper = new Mapper($this->mocks['adapter']);
$this->mapper->setSqlFactory($this->mocks['sqlFactory']);
}
public function createPrototype()
{
return new UserEntity();
}
public function createEntity()
{
return new UserEntity([
'id' => 100,
'email' => '[email protected]',
'password' => 'password',
]);
}
public function testGetPrototypeReturnsCloneOfPrototype()
{
$prototype = $this->createPrototype();
$this->mapper->setPrototype($prototype);
// Assert that the given prototype and the retrieved one are not references to the same object
$this->assertNotSame($prototype, $this->mapper->getPrototype());
// Demonstrate that a clone was provided by comparing the array copies
$this->assertEquals(
$prototype->getArrayCopy(),
$this->mapper->getPrototype()->getArrayCopy()
);
}
/**
* The AbstractMapper includes a provision for backwards compatibility in getSqlObject, an internal method
* of the class
*
* This method tests the backwards compatibility by making sure that no exception is thrown when no
* SqlFactory has been set on the mapper
*/
public function testGetSqlObjectDoesNotThrowExceptionIfSqlFactoryNotSet()
{
$this->mapper->findById(1);
// Perform a dummy assertion so that this test does not appear as "risky"
$this->assertTrue(true);
}
public function testPersistCallsUpdateIfEntityHasId()
{
$entity = $this->createEntity();
$this->mapper->persist($entity);
$this->assertRegExpOnSqlString('/UPDATE/');
}
public function testPersistCallsInsertIfEntityDoesNotHaveId()
{
$entity = $this->createEntity()->setId(null);
$this->mapper->persist($entity);
$this->assertRegExpOnSqlString('/INSERT/');
}
/**
* On initialize, the hydrator is set.
*
* Use reflection to indirectly test that initialize only runs once even if called twice
* by testing that the hydrator has not changed.
*/
public function testInitializeOnlyEverRunsOnce()
{
$reflectionObject = new ReflectionClass($this->mapper);
$hydrator1 = $reflectionObject->getProperty('hydrator');
$hydrator1->setAccessible(true);
$this->mapper->__construct($this->mocks['adapter']);
$hydrator2 = $reflectionObject->getProperty('hydrator');
$hydrator2->setAccessible(true);
$this->assertSame(
$hydrator1->getValue($hydrator1),
$hydrator2->getValue($hydrator2)
);
}
public function testQueryingAlternateTableIsMockedCorrectlyAsInZendDb()
{
$this->mapper->queryAlternateTable();
$this->assertRegExpOnSqlString('/SELECT `other_table`.* FROM `other_table` WHERE `foo` = \'bar\'/');
}
public function testExecuteAndGetResultsAsArrayReturnsResultsAsArray()
{
$mockResults = [
['foo' => 'bar'],
['foo' => 'baz'],
];
$this->setMockResults($mockResults);
$result = $this->mapper->performQueryAndGetResultsAsArray();
$this->assertInternalType('array', $result);
$this->assertEquals($mockResults, $result);
}
}
|
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