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Is there a way to select/list which points are spatially related to the start point / end point of line type entities using oracle spatial?
I have two sets of spatially related entities that represent elements of a sewer system:
Pipes [VETROCOCOLECTOR] and Manholes [VECAMARANORMAL].
Each set of entities has, in total, about 20 000 records.
(Globally it corresponds to a number of independent, unconnected systems: imagine sewer systems for different cities in the same state.)
My aim is to get some attributes from the manholes for any given pipe using sql (oracle spatial). It’s of critical importance to flag/list which manholes are located Upstream / Downstream for further hydraulic studies.
I’m using oracle 11g Release <IP_ADDRESS>.0 – 64 bit production.
My code is as follows:
SELECT /*+ ORDERED */
B.IPID AS PIPE_ID, B.CODIGO_INSAAR AS PIPE_CODE,
'VECAMARANORMAL' as POINT_TYPE, A.IPID AS MANHOLE_ID, A.CODIGO_INSAAR AS MANHOLE_CODE, 'Upstream' as POSITION
FROM VECAMARANORMAL A, VETROCOCOLECTOR B
WHERE SDO_RELATE(A.Geometry, ST_StartPoint(B.Geometry), 'mask=ANYINTERACT') = 'TRUE' and B.IPID in (50110129,50110130,50085788)
UNION
SELECT /*+ ORDERED */
B.IPID AS PIPE_ID, B.CODIGO_INSAAR AS PIPE_CODE,
'VECAMARANORMAL' as POINT_TYPE, A.IPID AS MANHOLE_ID, A.CODIGO_INSAAR AS MANHOLE_CODE, 'Downstream' as POSITION
FROM VECAMARANORMAL A, VETROCOCOLECTOR B
WHERE SDO_RELATE(A.Geometry, ST_Endpoint(B.Geometry), 'mask=ANYINTERACT') = 'TRUE' and B.IPID in (50110129,50110130,50085788);
The first part of the union relates spatially a manhole with the startpoint of a pipe, the second with the endpoint of a pipe, using the functions ST_StartPoint and ST_Endpoint, respectively. (functions by Simon Greener)
Here are the results of my small sample
enter image description here
Pipe_ID
PIPE_CODE
POINT_TYPE
MANHOLE_ID
MANHOLE_CODE
POSITION
50085788
490 - 480
VECAMARANORMAL
50109999
490
Upstream
50085788
490 - 480
VECAMARANORMAL
50110000
480
Downtream
50110129
480.10 - 480
VECAMARANORMAL
50109998
480.1
Upstream
50110129
480.10 - 480
VECAMARANORMAL
50110000
480
Downtream
50110130
480 - 470
VECAMARANORMAL
50110000
480
Upstream
50110130
480 - 470
VECAMARANORMAL
50110001
470
Downtream
I’m able to do this for a small number (3) of selected pipes (although it takes around 50 seconds).
I would like to do the same for some selected systems and, ideally, for the overall network.
Obviously there’s something I need to change so that this can perform at scale, in an acceptable period of time.
Please advise me on how to do it.
Thanks a lot in advance and take care.
Best regards,
Pedro
Can you at least show us the execution plan for one of the branches of your SQL?
My plan is to:
Compare a table of points (vecamaranormal A) with the start and end points of a line table (Vetrococolector B)
If spatially connected to the start point of the Vetrococolector, flag the vecamaranormal as Upstream
SDO_RELATE(A.Geometry, ST_StartPoint(B.Geometry), 'mask=ANYINTERACT') = 'TRUE'
If spatially connected to the end point of the Vetrococolector, flag the vecamaranormal as Downstream
SDO_RELATE(A.Geometry, ST_Endpoint(B.Geometry), 'mask=ANYINTERACT')
Pedro, I'm not talking about what you want, that is understood, I'm talking about the query execution plan as built by the database optimizer. Look here for examples.
Hey Salem, thanks for the clarification. At first I was using 2 view - I did the same query but with the equivalent bare bones tables (only with ID and Geometry columns) and now it works just fine. It was your tip about the query execution plan that did it for me - thanks a lot. Best regards
|
Session+84
** Session 84 ** **1/23/2016** **Investigating the Disappearance of Azarius's Parents in Sarshel**
*New magic item enhancement with Level 15* Woot!
Maliumpkin - Once per day her staff can cast fire storm as a druid of her current caster level.
Erevin - He can now imbue his bow with a divine bond as though a paladin of his current level.
She turned thoughtfully to Thorn, "Is Azarius here?" "Oh yes," The young halfling nodded, "He brought us here." "Oh, Is he doing well? Is he as handsome as ever?" she inquired further. "He is a very good looking man," Thorn agreed. "Well I will have to call on the Chaat estate before we leave. It would be nice to see some different surroundings other than this inn," she nodded. "Actually that's why //we// are here... members of the Chaat estate," Thorn nodded. "Oh really?" Throndir turned with interest, "What's happened with the Chaats? They're some of our best... clients." "Well they're missing," Thorn replied, "At least as far as we're aware." "Did someone kidnap them here in town?" Throndir asked. "We're trying to find out," Thorn nodded, "You wouldn't know anything about the Chaat vessel recently leaving port called the Crakken of the Sea, would you?" "These waters are the Empress of the North's territory... you might want to inquire there... but Rotgrim the Red is here as well because he was just chasing us until we got too close to the Impiltur shore... The Impiltur navy frowns on pirating... but that orc's certainly the type to rape and pillage a human noble ship." "That's not exactly the kind of news we were hoping for," Thorn frowned, "But aside from that you haven't heard any other rumors of anything?" Throndir shook his head, "No... no rumors... if the Empress of the North and Gar had taken their ship, they would have taken the goods and sent some kind of ransom letter by now." Thorn nodded.
Wren tilted her head, curious. "Well I'm sure other bards and performers would frown on coming to such a bawdry place... but these shanties need song as well. While they are a little rough around the edges... the patrons here are certainly appreciative... and it's always nice to feel appreciated," she nodded. "You certainly look like you can handle your own," Wren nodded, glancing at her and around at the patrons. "Nobleman are nice to perform with as well... but there are times where it feels like you are more window dressing... rather than them respecting your art," Carra explained. Wren paused thinking it over and nodded to her, agreeing, "I like your phrasing." "I mean no offense... Certainly there are noblemen who appreciate music as well... but I go where the mood takes me," she nodded. Wren grinned, "The commoners party the best anyway."
|
Microsoft Graph API - Hidden Channels when creating a Team
I'm using HTTP Client to make requests to the Graph API in order to create a Team with multiple channels, everything is created correctly however the channels show up as "hidden".
I've already tried using the "isFavoriteByDefault" property on the channels but to no effect.
I got it to work by creating the team without channels and then creating each channel individually but this is too slow.
How can I create the Team and all the Channels in one request but have them visible?
My Code:
HttpClient client = Client("https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/teams", token);
var data = new
{
odataTemplateProperty = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/teamsTemplates('standard')",
visibility = "Private",
displayName = Team.Name,
description = Team.Description,
channels = Channels.Select(x => new
{
odataProperty = "#Microsoft.Teams.Core.channel",
membershipType = "private",
isFavoriteByDefault = true,
displayName = x.Name,
description = x.Description
}).ToList()
};
string jsonData = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(data).Replace("odataProperty", "@odata.type").Replace("odataTemplateProperty", "[email protected]");
StringContent content = new StringContent(jsonData, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
var response = Post(client, content).Result;
This seems only to work for private channels, and when you made them one by one. You can set IsFavoriteByDefault if you create the team from a custom template, but this doesn't seem to work very well.
|
import * as fs from 'fs';
import * as path from 'path';
import {IFile} from '@testring/types';
const ERR_NO_FILES = new Error('No test files found');
const isNotEmpty = (x: IFile | null): x is IFile => x !== null;
export function readFile(file: string): Promise<IFile | null> {
return new Promise<IFile>((resolve, reject) => {
const filePath: string = path.resolve(file);
if (fs.existsSync(filePath)) {
fs.readFile(filePath, (err, data) => {
if (err) {
return reject(err);
}
return resolve({
path: filePath,
content: data.toString(),
});
});
} else {
reject(new Error(`File doesn't exist: ${filePath}`));
}
});
}
export async function resolveFiles(files: Array<string>): Promise<IFile[]> {
if (!files || files.length === 0) {
throw ERR_NO_FILES;
}
const readFilePromises = files.map((file) =>
readFile(file).catch(() => null),
);
const filesContent = await Promise.all(readFilePromises);
const compacted = filesContent.filter(isNotEmpty);
if (compacted.length === 0) {
throw ERR_NO_FILES;
}
return compacted;
}
|
"""
written by ryanreadbooks
date: 2021/11/3
"""
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class DoubleConv(nn.Module):
"""Two conv. layers with batch norm."""
def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
"""Initialize_layers."""
super().__init__()
self.double_conv = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, 3, padding=1),
nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, 3, padding=1),
nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
)
def forward(self, feature):
"""Forward pass."""
return self.double_conv(feature)
class Down(nn.Module):
"""Downscaling with maxpool then double conv."""
def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
"""Initialize_layers."""
super().__init__()
self.maxpool_conv = nn.Sequential(
nn.MaxPool2d(2),
DoubleConv(in_channels, out_channels)
)
def forward(self, feature):
"""Forward pass."""
return self.maxpool_conv(feature)
class Up(nn.Module):
"""Upscaling then double conv."""
def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
"""Initialize_layers."""
super().__init__()
self.upscale = nn.ConvTranspose2d(
in_channels // 2, in_channels // 2, 2, stride=2)
self.conv = DoubleConv(in_channels, out_channels)
def forward(self, new, old):
"""Forward pass."""
new = self.upscale(new)
diff_y = old.shape[2] - new.shape[2]
diff_x = old.shape[3] - new.shape[3]
half_y = diff_y // 2
half_x = diff_x // 2
new = F.pad(new, (half_x, diff_x - half_x, half_y, diff_y - half_y))
return self.conv(torch.cat([old, new], dim=1))
class UNet(nn.Module):
"""Original U-net."""
def __init__(self, input_channels=1, output_channels=1):
"""Initialize_layers."""
super().__init__()
self.num_outs = output_channels
# Encoders
self.inc = DoubleConv(input_channels, 64)
self.down1 = Down(64, 128)
self.down2 = Down(128, 256)
self.down3 = Down(256, 512)
self.down4 = Down(512, 512)
self.up1 = Up(1024, 256)
self.up2 = Up(512, 128)
self.up3 = Up(256, 64)
self.up4 = Up(128, output_channels)
def forward(self, img):
"""Forward pass."""
out0 = self.inc(img)
out1 = self.down1(out0)
out2 = self.down2(out1)
out3 = self.down3(out2)
out4 = self.down4(out3)
img = self.up1(out4, out3)
img = self.up2(img, out2)
img = self.up3(img, out1)
img = self.up4(img, out0)
return img
|
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
using UnityEngine.UI;
public class ScoreBoard_Display : MonoBehaviour {
public GameObject score1;
public GameObject score2;
public GameObject score3;
public GameObject score4;
public GameObject score5;
public GameObject score1Text;
public GameObject score2Text;
public GameObject score3Text;
public GameObject score4Text;
public GameObject score5Text;
private bool scoresShown;
// Use this for initialization
void Start () {
score1.SetActive(false);
score2.SetActive(false);
score3.SetActive(false);
score4.SetActive(false);
score5.SetActive(false);
scoresShown = false;
}
// Update is called once per frame
void Update () {
}
public void toggleHighScores ()
{
if (scoresShown)
{
score1.SetActive(false);
score2.SetActive(false);
score3.SetActive(false);
score4.SetActive(false);
score5.SetActive(false);
scoresShown = false;
}
else
{
score1.SetActive(true);
score2.SetActive(true);
score3.SetActive(true);
score4.SetActive(true);
score5.SetActive(true);
scoresShown = true;
updateScores();
}
}
public void updateScores()
{
score1Text.GetComponent<Text>().text = "1: "+PlayerPrefs.GetInt("Score1").ToString();
score2Text.GetComponent<Text>().text = "2: " + PlayerPrefs.GetInt("Score2").ToString();
score3Text.GetComponent<Text>().text = "3: " + PlayerPrefs.GetInt("Score3").ToString();
score4Text.GetComponent<Text>().text = "4: " + PlayerPrefs.GetInt("Score4").ToString();
score5Text.GetComponent<Text>().text = "5: " + PlayerPrefs.GetInt("Score5").ToString();
}
}
|
Google Maps API - Marker ToolTip
I've got a little bit of a problem right now with my google maps marker titles not showing. This is my first map, I'm not too sure what I'm doing wrong.
Everything is working fine, and the marker shows up, except when you click/hover over the marker, the tooltip or title doesn't show up, when it should.
Any help is great!
<script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?sensor=false"></script>
<script>
function initialize() {
// set mapOptions
var mapOptions = {
center: new google.maps.LatLng(40, -20),
zoom: 3,
mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP,
styles: [{"featureType":"landscape","stylers":[{"saturation":-100},{"lightness":65},{"visibility":"on"}]},{"featureType":"poi","stylers":[{"saturation":-100},{"lightness":51},{"visibility":"simplified"}]},{"featureType":"road.highway","stylers":[{"saturation":-100},{"visibility":"simplified"}]},{"featureType":"road.arterial","stylers":[{"saturation":-100},{"lightness":30},{"visibility":"on"}]},{"featureType":"road.local","stylers":[{"saturation":-100},{"lightness":40},{"visibility":"on"}]},{"featureType":"transit","stylers":[{"saturation":-100},{"visibility":"simplified"}]},{"featureType":"administrative.province","stylers":[{"visibility":"off"}]},{"featureType":"water","elementType":"labels","stylers":[{"visibility":"on"},{"lightness":-25},{"saturation":-100}]},{"featureType":"water","elementType":"geometry","stylers":[{"hue":"#ffff00"},{"lightness":-25},{"saturation":-97}]}]
};
// set min and max zoom
var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("map_canvas"),
mapOptions);
var opt = { minZoom: 3, maxZoom: 21 };
map.setOptions(opt);
// bounds of the desired area
var allowedBounds = new google.maps.LatLngBounds(
new google.maps.LatLng(-79.00, -180.00),
new google.maps.LatLng(79.00, 180.00)
);
var boundLimits = {
maxLat : allowedBounds.getNorthEast().lat(),
maxLng : allowedBounds.getNorthEast().lng(),
minLat : allowedBounds.getSouthWest().lat(),
minLng : allowedBounds.getSouthWest().lng()
};
var lastValidCenter = map.getCenter();
var newLat, newLng;
google.maps.event.addListener(map, 'center_changed', function() {
center = map.getCenter();
if (allowedBounds.contains(center)) {
// still within valid bounds, so save the last valid position
lastValidCenter = map.getCenter();
return;
}
newLat = lastValidCenter.lat();
newLng = lastValidCenter.lng();
if(center.lng() > boundLimits.minLng && center.lng() < boundLimits.maxLng){
newLng = center.lng();
}
if(center.lat() > boundLimits.minLat && center.lat() < boundLimits.maxLat){
newLat = center.lat();
}
map.panTo(new google.maps.LatLng(newLat, newLng));
});
// set markers
var point = new google.maps.LatLng(40, -20);
var marker = new google.maps.Marker({
position: point,
title:"Hello World!"
});
// To add the marker to the map, call setMap();
marker.setMap(map);
}
google.maps.event.addDomListener(window, 'load', initialize);
</script>
I had the same problem some of the times. Randomly, the marker was having/ not having the title. I could not solve it. But I have used custom overlays as marker title.
Instead of a title, I've used the Google Maps InfoWindow:
Hopefully this will help someone else!
var point = new google.maps.LatLng(40, -20);
var data = "Hello World!";
var infowindow = new google.maps.InfoWindow({
content: data
});
var marker = new google.maps.Marker({
position: point,
title:"Hello World!"
});
google.maps.event.addListener(marker, 'click', function() {
infowindow.open(map,marker);
});
You can even add whole html instead of simple text string and also set maxWidth of the popup - check out this link: https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/examples/infowindow-simple-max
|
Gap control
ABSTRACT
In one example, a device includes a flexible roller and an actuator to flex the roller while it is rotating to change the gap between the roller and a surface opposite the roller.
BACKGROUND
Liquid electro-photographic (LEP) printing uses a special kind of ink to form images on paper and other print substrates. LEP inks include toner particles dispersed in a carrier liquid. Accordingly, LEP ink is sometimes called liquid toner. In LEP printing processes, an electrostatic pattern of the desired printed image is formed on a photoconductor. This latent image is developed into a visible image by applying a thin layer of LEP ink to the patterned photoconductor. Charged toner particles in the ink adhere to the electrostatic pattern on the photoconductor. The liquid ink image is transferred from the photoconductor to an intermediate transfer member (ITM) that is heated to transform the liquid ink to a molten toner layer that is then pressed on to the print substrate.
DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a device with two rollers separated by a gap, such as might be implemented in an LEP printer charging system that utilizes a charge roller and photoconductor roller.
FIGS. 2-6 present a sequence of views illustrating one example for adjusting a gap between two surfaces, such as might be used to control the gap between the rollers shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating one example of a device with a system to automatically control a gap between two rollers.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating one example of a controller such as might be used in the gap control system shown in FIG. 7.
FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate example gap control processes such as might be implemented in the gap control system shown in FIG. 7.
FIGS. 11-14 illustrate other examples for controlling a gap between two rollers.
The same part numbers designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures. The figures are not necessarily to scale.
DESCRIPTION
In some LEP printing processes, the photoconductor is implemented as a photoconductive surface on the outside of a cylindrical roller. A cylindrical charge roller is used to charge the photoconductive surface uniformly before it is patterned for the desired printed image. As the two rollers rotate, the surfaces of the photoconductor roller and the charge roller pass very close to one another across a small gap. The uniformity of the charge applied to the photoconductor is effected by the uniformity of the gap between the two rollers. It is usually desirable to maintain a uniform gap between the charge roller and the photoconductor roller.
During printing, a charge roller can sag under its own weight by as much as a few microns, contributing to a non-uniform gap that can adversely affect photoconductor charging. A new technique has been developed to compensate for a sagging charge roller to help maintain the desired gap between the photoconductor roller and the charge roller for more uniform charging. In one example, the charge roller is supported on two sets of bearings—a first set of radially stationary bearings and a second set of radially movable bearings outboard from the stationary first bearings. The second bearings can be moved radially, creating a misalignment between the two sets of bearings that flexes a sagging charge roller to recover the desired gap. A control system may be used to monitor the gap during printing and adjust the position of the outboard bearings to correct any unacceptable changes in the gap.
Examples are not limited to sagging charge rollers in an LEP printer, but may be implemented in other rollers, with other deformations, and for uses other than printing. The examples shown in the figures and described herein illustrate but do not limit the scope of the patent, which is defined in the Claims following this Description.
As used in this document: “flexible” means capable of bending or being bent; and “roller” means a rotatable shaft, drum or other cylindrical part or assembly. A “gap” as used in this document includes the gap at any or all locations between two surfaces. Thus, measuring the gap may include measuring the gap at one location or at multiple locations. Similarly, changing the gap may include changing the gap at one location or at multiple locations.
FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a device 10 with two rollers 12, 14 separated by a gap G. The device 10 in FIG. 1 may represent, for example, an LEP printer charging assembly with a charge roller 12 and a photoconductor roller 14. Referring to FIG. 1, first roller 12 includes a shaft 20 and a cylindrical exterior surface 22 operatively connected to shaft 20. Shaft 20 and surface 22 form an integrated structure in which surface 22 rotates and flexes with shaft 20. A charging roller 12, for example, may include a cylindrical metal shell 24 attached to shaft 20 with radial struts 26. (Two struts 26 are visible in axial section in FIG. 1.) Shell 24 may itself form exterior surface 22 or a dielectric or other coating on shell 24 may form surface 22. Other configurations for a roller 12 in general, and specifically a charging roller 12, are possible. For example, roller 12 could be configured as a solid cylinder with a single diameter in which shaft 20 forms surface 22.
Second roller 14 includes a shaft 28 and a cylindrical exterior surface 30 that rotates with shaft 28. Although a photoconductor roller 14 is usually larger and more stiff than a charging roller 12, and not subject to sagging to change gap G during printing operations, thermal expansion may change the shape of surface 30 to adversely affect gap uniformity. Thus, surface 30 on roller 14 in FIG. 1 may also be constructed to flex with shaft 28.
First roller 12 is supported on shaft 20 by two sets of bearings 36, 38 and 40, 42. Second roller 14 is supported on shaft 28 by bearings 44, 46. For first roller 12, each inboard bearing 36, 38 is stationary radially and each outboard bearing 40, 42 is movable radially. As described below with reference to FIGS. 2-6, outboard bearings 40, 42 may be moved radially to flex roller 12 to adjust gap G. Outboard bearings 40, 42, therefore, are sometimes referred to herein as gap control bearings 40, 42.
FIGS. 2-6 present a sequence of views illustrating one example for adjusting a gap G, using gap control bearings 40, 42 on a roller 12. FIGS. 2-6 show a stationary, inflexible second surface 30. Other configurations for second surface 30 as possible including, for example, the surface of a second roller 14 as shown in FIG. 1. Referring first to FIG. 2, outboard bearings 40, 42 are aligned with inboard bearings 36, 38 and gap G is uniform between parallel surfaces 22 and 30. In FIG. 3, outboard bearings 40, 42 are aligned with inboard bearings 36, 38 and roller 12 is bowed in, toward second surface 30, creating a non-uniform gap G that varies by ΔG1 between non-parallel surfaces 22 and 30. In FIG. 4, each outboard bearing 40, 42 is moved radially at the urging of a force F1, out of alignment with inboard bearings 36, 38 a distance D1 to flex roller 12 and restore a uniform gap G between parallel surfaces 22 and 30. In FIG. 5, outboard bearings 40, 42 are out of alignment with inboard bearings 36, 38 a distance D1 and roller 12 is bowed out, creating a non-uniform gap G that varies by ΔG2 between non-parallel surfaces 22 and 30. In FIG. 6, each outboard bearing 40, 42 is moved radially at the urging of a force F2 a distance D2 to flex roller 12 and bow down first surface 22, restoring a uniform gap G between parallel surfaces 22 and 30.
While two gap control iterations are illustrated in the process for adjusting gap G shown in Fig: 2-6, the process may be automated to dynamically adjust the gap periodically or continually, for example while rollers 12, 14 in an LEP printer charging system 10 (FIG. 1) are operating. The block diagram of FIG. 7 illustrates a device 10 with a system to automatically control gap G between rollers 12 and 14. Referring to FIG. 7, device 10 includes a rotary actuator 48 to rotate rollers 12, 14 and a linear actuator 50 to flex one or both rollers 12, 14. Rotary actuator 48 may be configured, for example, as a variable speed motor (or motors) operatively connected to rollers 12 and 14 through a suitable drive train. Linear actuator 50 may be configured, for example, as a stepper motor (or motors) operatively connected to roller 12 and/or roller 14 through a suitable linkage to displace one or both ends of the roller as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-6.
Device 10 also includes a sensor (or sensors) 52 to measure gap G. Sensor 52 represents generally any suitable device for measuring gap G. For one example, for very small gaps such as those between a charge roller 12 and a photoconductor roller 14 in an LEP printer, a sensor 52 that monitors voltage or current flow across gap G may be used to signal changes in gap G. For another example, an optical sensor 52 may be used to measure gap G directly.
A controller 54 is operatively connected to actuators 48, 50 and sensor 52 to control gap G while rotating rollers 12, 14. Controller 54 receives signals from sensor 52 measuring the gap and, if the measured gap is not within an acceptable range of gaps, controller 54 signals linear actuator 50 to flex one or both rollers 12, 14 to change the gap. Controller 54 includes the programming, processors and associated memories, and the electronic circuitry and components needed to control actuators 12, 14 and other operative elements of device 10. Where device 10 is part of a larger system, for example a charging system in an LEP printer, some or all of the components and control functions for controller 54 may be implemented in a system controller. Controller 54 may include, for example, an individual controller for each actuator 48, 50 operating at the direction of a programmable microprocessor that receives signals or other data from sensor 52 to generate drive parameters for the actuators.
In particular, and referring to FIG. 8, controller 54 may include a memory 56 having a processor readable medium 58 with gap control instructions 60 and a processor 62 to read and execute instructions 60. A processor readable medium 58 is any non-transitory tangible medium that can embody, contain, store, or maintain instructions 60 for use by processor 62. Processor readable media include, for example, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, or semiconductor media. More specific examples of processor readable media include a hard drive, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), memory cards and sticks and other portable storage devices.
FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate example gap control processes 100 and 200 such as might be implemented through instructions 60 on controller 54. Referring first to FIG. 9, in gap control process 100 an acceptable range of gaps between two rollers is established at block 102. The two rollers are rotated (block 104), for example at the direction of controller 54 and rotary actuator 48 in FIG. 7. The gap between the rotating rollers is measured (block 206), for example using sensor 52 in FIG. 7. The measured gap is compared to the acceptable range of gaps established at block 102 (block 108), for example by processor 58 executing instructions 60 in FIG. 7. If the measured gap is not within the acceptable range, then one or both of the rotating rollers is/are flexed to change the gap between the rollers (block 110), for example at the direction of controller 54 and linear actuator 50 in FIG. 7. The measuring, comparing, and flexing is repeated periodically or continuously while the rollers are rotating to maintain the gap within the acceptable range (block 112).
More generally, a gap control process 200 shown in FIG. 10 includes rotating two rollers (block 202) and, while rotating the rollers, flexing one or both rollers to change a gap between the rollers (block 204).
FIGS. 11-14 illustrate other examples for controlling a gap G between two surfaces 22 and 30. In the examples shown in FIGS. 11-14, each surface 22, 30 is configured as the exterior part of a roller 12, 14 supported at each end by a bearing or other suitable radially stationary support 36, 38, 44, and 46. In FIG. 11, both ends of roller 12 are displaced radially up to flex roller 12 down to compensate for a bowing roller 14, for example due to loading or sagging, thus restoring a uniform gap G between surfaces 22 and 30. In FIG. 12, both ends of roller 12 are displaced radially up to flex roller 12 down to compensate for a necking roller 14, for example due to thermal contraction, thus restoring a uniform gap G between surfaces 22 and 30. In FIG. 13, both ends of roller 12 are displaced radially downward to flex roller 12 up to compensate for a bulging roller 14, for example due to thermal expansion, thus restoring a uniform gap G between surfaces 22 and 30. In FIG. 14, only one end of roller 12 is displaced up to flex one part of roller 12 down to compensate for a roller 14 necking unevenly, for example due to an uneven temperature distribution, thus restoring a more uniform gap G between surfaces 22 and 30.
The size of gap G, the size of gap variations ΔG, and the restoring displacements D1 and D2 are greatly exaggerated in the figures. For example, the gap variations ΔG and radial displacements D for a charging roller 12 and a photoconductor roller 14 in an LEP printer may be only a few microns. The actual gaps and the actual restoring displacements needed to correct a gap variation will vary depending on the particular implementation, including the size, material, and geometries of the rollers and bearings as well as the operating conditions and dynamics within the device or system.
As noted at the beginning of this Description, the examples shown in the figures and described above illustrate but do not limit the scope of the patent. Other examples are possible. Therefore, the foregoing description should not be construed to limit the scope of the patent, which is defined in the following Claims.
“A” and “an” as used in the Claims means one or more.
What is claimed is:
1. A device, comprising: a flexible roller having a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a gap between the first surface and the second surface; and an actuator to flex the roller while it is rotating to change the gap between the surfaces.
2. The device of claim 1, comprising: a sensor to measure the gap; and a controller operatively connected to the sensor and to the actuator to flex the roller in response to a signal from the sensor.
3. The device of claim 2, where the controller includes a processor and a processor readable medium with instructions thereon that when executed by the processor cause the controller to: receive a signal from the sensor measuring the gap; compare the measured gap to an acceptable range of gaps; if the measured gap is not within the acceptable range, then signal the actuator to flex the roller to change the gap; and repeating the receiving and comparing while the roller is rotating, and repeating the signaling if the measured gap is not within the acceptable range.
4. A device, comprising: a first roller having a first surface; a second roller having a second surface opposite the first surface; a gap between the first surface and the second surface; a radially stationary first bearing supporting each end of the first roller; a radially movable second bearing supporting each end of the first roller outboard from the first bearings; and an actuator to move one or both of the second bearings radially with respect to the corresponding first bearing to change the gap between the surfaces.
5. The device of claim 4, where the actuator is to move one or both of the second bearings while the first roller is rotating.
6. The device of claim 5, where the actuator is to move both of the second bearings simultaneously while the first roller is rotating.
7. The device of claim 6, comprising: a sensor to measure the gap; and a controller operatively connected to the sensor and to the actuator to move the second bearings in response to a signal from the sensor.
8. The device of claim 7, where the controller includes a processor and a processor readable medium with instructions thereon that when executed by the processor cause the controller to: receive a signal from the sensor measuring the gap; compare the measured gap to an acceptable range of gaps; if the measured gap is not within the acceptable range, then signal the actuator to move the second bearings to change the gap; and repeating the receiving and comparing periodically or continuously while the, roller is rotating, and repeating the signaling if the measured gap is not within the acceptable range.
9. A process to adjust a gap between two rollers, comprising: rotating the rollers; and while rotating the rollers, flexing one or both rollers to change the gap.
10. The process of claim 9, where the flexing includes displacing one or both ends of a roller.
11. The process of claim 10, comprising, while rotating the rollers, detecting the gap outside an acceptable range and where the displacing includes displacing both ends of a roller in response to the detecting, to restore the gap to the acceptable range.
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Klubba
"Har! Har! Har! Y'must be jokin if I'm gonna let ye across fer that lousy loot!"
- Klubba
* 1) Pay 15 Kremkoins
* 2) Fight Him
* 3) Run Away
Trivia
* According to the game's credits, Klubba belongs to the "Kremling Kuthroats" enemy class.
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Page:Lifeofsaintcatha.djvu/148
never transgressed one of my commandments, never violated the virginity of either soul or body, and always preserved the grace of Baptism which regenerated him. My Son by nature, who is the eternal Word from my mouth, preached publicly to the world whatever I charged him to say, and he rendered testimony to the Truth as he himself declared to Pilate. My adopted Son Dominic also preached to the world the verity of my words; he spoke to heretics and to Catholics, not only personally but by others. His preaching continued in his successors, he still preaches and will always preach. My Son by nature sent his disciples, my son by adoption sent his religious; my Son by nature is my Word, my son by adoption is the herald, the minister of my Word. Therefore I have given a quite particular intelligence of my words to him and to his religious with fidelity to follow them. My Son by nature did all things in order to promote by his teaching and his example the salvation of souls. Dominic my son by adoption, used all his endeavors to draw souls from vice and error. The salvation of the neighbor was his principal thought in the establishment and development of his Order. Hence I have compared him to my Son by nature, whose life he imitated, and thou see that even his body resembles the sacred Body of my divine Son." It was while Catherine related this vision to friar Bartholomew that the circumstance above related transpired. Let us now pass to the vision which must terminate this chapter.
Abundance of graces and revelations so filled the soul of Catherine, at this epoch, that the excess of her love threw her into a state of real languor. This languor augmented so that she could not rise from her bed; and her illness was ardor for her holy Spouse, whom she continually
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Page:Orley Farm (Serial Volume 6).pdf/27
'That disposes of two; and now it will take half an hour to settle for the rest. Miss Furnival, you no doubt will accompany my mother. As I shall be among the walkers you will see how much I sacrifice by the suggestion.'
It was a mile to the church, and Miss Furnival knew the advantage of appearing in her seat unfatigued and without subjection to wind, mud, or rain. 'I must confess,' she said, 'that under all the circumstances, I shall prefer your mother's company to yours;' whereupon Staveley, in the completion of his arrangements, assigned the other places in the carriage to the married ladies of the company.
'But I have taken your sister Madeline's seat in the carriage,' protested Sophia with great dismay.
'My sister Madeline generally walks.'
'Then of course I shall walk with her;' but when the time came Miss Furnival did go in the carriage whereas Miss Staveley went on foot.
It so fell out, as they started, that Graham found himself walking at Miss Staveley's side, to the great disgust, no doubt, of half a dozen other aspirants for that honour. 'I cannot help thinking,' he said, as they stepped briskly over the crisp white frost, 'that this Christmas-day of ours is a great mistake.'
'Oh, Mr. Graham!' she exclaimed.
'You need not regard me with horror,—at least not with any special horror on this occasion.'
'But what you say is very horrid.'
'That, I flatter myself, seems so only because I have not yet said it. That part of our Christmas-day which is made to be in any degree sacred is by no means a mistake.'
'I am glad you think that.'
'Or rather, it is not a mistake in as far as it is in any degree made sacred. But the peculiar conviviality of the day is so ponderous! Its roast-beefiness oppresses one so thoroughly from the first moment of one's waking, to the last ineffectual effort at a bit of fried pudding for supper!'
'But you need not eat fried pudding for supper. Indeed, here, I am afraid, you will not have any supper offered you at all.'
'No; not to me individually, under that name. I might also manage to guard my ownself under any such offers. But there is always the flavour of the sweetmeat, in the air,—of all the sweetmeats, edible and non edible.'
'You begrudge the children their snap-dragon. That's what it all means, Mr. Graham.'
'No; I deny it; unpremeditated snap-dragon is dear to my soul; and I could expend myself in blindman's buff.'
'You shall then, after dinner; for of course you know that we all dine early.'
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Hydrogen purification devices, components and fuel processing systems containing the same
ABSTRACT
Hydrogen purification devices, components thereof, and fuel processors, fuel processing systems, and fuel cell systems containing the same. The hydrogen purification devices include an enclosure that contains a separation assembly adapted to receive a mixed gas stream containing hydrogen gas and to produce a stream that contains pure or at least substantially pure hydrogen gas therefrom. In some embodiments, the separation assembly includes at least one hydrogen-permeable and/or hydrogen-selective membrane. In some embodiments, the fuel processors, fuel processing systems, and/or fuel cell systems include at least one modular, or cartridge-based component. In some embodiments, the hydrogen purification device is, and/or includes, a modular, or cartridge-based, component. In some embodiments, the hydrogen purification device includes components that are formed from materials having the same or similar coefficients of thermal expansion.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/802,657, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,497, which was filed on Mar. 16, 2004, and which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/439,843, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,832, which was filed on May 15, 2003, and which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/086,680, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,227, which was filed on Feb. 28, 2002. This application is also a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/802,361, which was filed on Mar. 8, 2001. U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 10/086,680 is a continuation-in-part of: 1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/003,164, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,189, which was filed on Nov. 14, 2001, and which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/812,499, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,306, which was filed on Mar. 19, 2002; 2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/067,275, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,111, which was filed on Feb. 4, 2002, and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/967,172, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,494,937, which was filed on Sep. 27, 2001; and 3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/967,172, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,494,937, which was filed on Sep. 27, 2001. The complete disclosures of the above-identified patents and patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure is related generally to the purification of hydrogen gas, and more specifically to hydrogen purification devices, components and fuel processing and fuel cell systems containing the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
Purified hydrogen is used in the manufacture of many products including metals, edible fats and oils, and semiconductors and microelectronics. Purified hydrogen is also an important fuel source for many energy conversion devices. For example, fuel cells use purified hydrogen and an oxidant to produce an electrical potential. Various processes and devices may be used to produce the hydrogen gas that is consumed by the fuel cells. However, many hydrogen-production processes produce an impure hydrogen stream, which may also be referred to as a mixed gas stream that contains hydrogen gas. Prior to delivering this stream to a fuel cell or stack of fuel cells, the mixed gas stream may be purified, such as to remove undesirable impurities.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a hydrogen purification device.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydrogen purification device having a planar separation membrane.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hydrogen purification device having a tubular separation membrane.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another hydrogen purification device having a tubular separation membrane.
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another enclosure for a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another enclosure for a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary cross-sectional detail showing another suitable interface between components of an enclosure for a purification device according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary cross-sectional detail showing another suitable interface between components of an enclosure for a purification device according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary cross-sectional detail showing another suitable interface between components of an enclosure for a purification device according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 10 is a fragmentary cross-sectional detail showing another suitable interface between components of an enclosure for a purification device according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 11 is a top plan view of an end plate for a hydrogen purification device according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the end plate of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is a top plan view of an end plate for a hydrogen purification device according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the end plate of FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a top plan view of an end plate for a hydrogen purification device according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the end plate of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is a top plan view of an end plate for a hydrogen purification device according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the end plate of FIG. 17.
FIG. 19 is a top plan view of an end plate for an enclosure for a hydrogen purification device according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the end plate of FIG. 19.
FIG. 21 is a top plan view of an end plate for an enclosure for a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 22 is a side elevation view of the end plate of FIG. 21.
FIG. 23 is an isometric view of the end plate of FIG. 21.
FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the end plate of FIG. 21.
FIG. 25 is a partial cross-sectional side elevation view of an enclosure for a hydrogen purification device that includes a pair of the end plates shown in FIGS. 21-24.
FIG. 26 is an isometric view of another hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of the device of FIG. 26.
FIG. 28 is a side elevation view of another end plate for a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 29 is a side elevation view of another end plate for a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 30 is a side elevation view of another end plate for a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure, including those shown in FIGS. 1-6.
FIG. 31 is a fragmentary side elevation view of a pair of separation membranes separated by a support.
FIG. 32 is an exploded isometric view of a membrane envelope constructed according to the present disclosure and including a support in the form of a screen structure having several layers.
FIG. 33 is an exploded isometric view of another membrane envelope according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 34 is an exploded isometric view of another membrane envelope constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 35 is an exploded isometric view of another membrane envelope constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view of a shell for an enclosure for a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure with an illustrative membrane frame and membrane module shown in dashed lines.
FIG. 37 is a top plan view of the end plate of FIG. 13 with an illustrative separation membrane and frame shown in dashed lines.
FIG. 38 is a top plan view of the end plate of FIG. 21 with an illustrative separation membrane and frame shown in dashed lines.
FIG. 39 is an exploded isometric view of another hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram of a fuel processing system that includes a fuel processor and a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 41 is a schematic diagram of a fuel processing system that includes a fuel processor integrated with a hydrogen purification device according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 42 is a schematic diagram of another fuel processor that includes an integrated hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 43 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell system that includes a hydrogen purification device constructed according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a fuel processor according to the present disclosure and including a filter assembly.
FIG. 45 is a cross-sectional view of a fuel processor containing a filter assembly.
FIG. 46 is a schematic diagram of a cartridge-based fuel processor according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 47 is a cross-sectional view of another cartridge-based fuel processor according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 48 is a cross-sectional view of another cartridge-based fuel processor according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view of another cartridge-based fuel processor according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 50 is a cross-sectional view of another cartridge-based fuel processor according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 51 is a cross-sectional view of another cartridge-based fuel processor according to the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND BEST MODE OF THE DISCLOSURE
A hydrogen purification device is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 and generally indicated at 10. Device 10 includes a body, or enclosure, 12 that defines an internal compartment 18 in which a separation assembly 20 is positioned. A mixed gas stream 24 containing hydrogen gas 26 and other gases 28 is delivered to the internal compartment. More specifically, the mixed gas stream is delivered to a mixed gas region 30 of the internal compartment and into contact with separation assembly 20. Separation assembly 20 includes any suitable structure adapted to receive the mixed gas stream and to produce therefrom a permeate, or hydrogen-rich, stream 34. Stream 34 typically will contain pure or at least substantially pure hydrogen gas. However, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that stream 34 may at least initially also include a carrier, or sweep, gas component.
In the illustrated embodiment, the portion of the mixed gas stream that passes through the separation assembly enters a permeate region 32 of the internal compartment. This portion of the mixed gas stream forms hydrogen-rich stream 34, and the portion of the mixed gas stream that does not pass through the separation assembly forms a byproduct stream 36, which contains at least a substantial portion of the other gases. In some embodiments, byproduct stream 36 may contain a portion of the hydrogen gas present in the mixed gas stream. It is also within the scope of the disclosure that the separation assembly is adapted to trap or otherwise retain at least a substantial portion of the other gases, which will be removed as a byproduct stream as the assembly is replaced, regenerated or otherwise recharged. In FIG. 1, streams 24, 26 and 28 are meant to schematically represent that each of streams 24, 26 and 28 may include more that one actual stream flowing into or out of device 10. For example, device 10 may receive plural feed streams 24, a single stream 24 that is divided into plural streams prior to contacting separation assembly 20, or simply a single stream that is delivered into compartment 18.
Device 10 is typically operated at elevated temperatures and/or pressures. For example, device 10 may be operated at (selected) temperatures in the range of ambient temperatures up to 700° C., 800° C., or more. In many embodiments, the selected temperature will be in the range of 200° C. and 500° C., in other embodiments, the selected temperature will be in the range of 250° C. and 400° C. and in still other embodiments, the selected temperature will be 400° C. ± either 25° C., 50° C. or 75° C. Device 10 may be operated at (selected) pressures in the range of approximately 50 psi and 1000 psi or more. In many embodiments, the selected pressure will be in the range of 50 psi and 250 or 500 psi, in other embodiments, the selected pressure will be less than 300 psi or less than 250 psi, and in still other embodiments, the selected pressure will be 175 psi ± either 25 psi, 50 psi or 75 psi. As a result, the enclosure must be sufficiently well sealed to achieve and withstand the operating pressure.
It should be understood that as used herein with reference to operating parameters like temperature or pressure, the term “selected” refers to defined or predetermined threshold values or ranges of values, with device 10 and any associated components being configured to operate at or within these selected values. For further illustration, a selected operating temperature may be an operating temperature above or below a specific temperature, within a specific range of temperatures, or within a defined tolerance from a specific temperature, such as within 5%, 10%, etc. of a specific temperature.
In embodiments of the hydrogen purification device in which the device is operated at an elevated operating temperature, heat needs to be applied to the device to raise the temperature of the device to the selected operating temperature. For example, this heat may be provided by any suitable heating assembly 42. Illustrative examples of heating assembly 42 have been schematically illustrated in FIG. 1. It should be understood that assembly 42 may take any suitable form, including mixed gas stream 24 itself. Illustrative examples of other suitable heating assemblies include one or more of a resistance heater, a burner or other combustion region that produces a heated exhaust stream, heat exchange with a heated fluid stream other than mixed gas stream 24, etc. When a burner or other combustion chamber is used, a fuel stream is consumed and byproduct stream 36 may form all or a portion of this fuel stream. At 42′ in FIG. 1, schematic representations have been made to illustrate that the heating assembly may deliver the heated fluid stream external device 10, such as within a jacket that surrounds or at least partially surrounds the enclosure, by a stream that extends into the enclosure or through passages in the enclosure, or by conduction, such as with an electric resistance heater or other device that radiates or conducts electrically generated heat.
A suitable structure for separation assembly 20 is one or more hydrogen-permeable and/or hydrogen-selective membranes 46. The membranes may be formed of any hydrogen-permeable material suitable for use in the operating environment and parameters in which purification device 10 is operated. Examples of suitable materials for membranes 46 include palladium and palladium alloys, and especially thin films of such metals and metal alloys. Palladium alloys have proven particularly effective, especially palladium with 35 wt % to 45 wt % copper, such as a membrane that contains 40 wt % copper. These membranes are typically formed from a thin foil that is approximately 0.001 inches thick. It is within the scope of the present disclosure, however, that the membranes may be formed from other hydrogen-permeable and/or hydrogen-selective materials, including metals and metal alloys other than those discussed above as well as non-metallic materials and compositions, and that the membranes may have thicknesses that are greater or less than discussed above. For example, the membrane may be made thinner, with commensurate increase in hydrogen flux. Examples of suitable mechanisms for reducing the thickness of the membranes include rolling, sputtering and etching. A suitable etching process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,995, the complete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. Examples of various membranes, membrane configurations, and methods for preparing the same are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,117 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,306, the complete disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
In FIG. 2, illustrative examples of suitable configurations for membranes 46 are shown. As shown, membrane 46 includes a mixed-gas surface 48 which is oriented for contact by mixed gas stream 24, and a permeate surface 50, which is generally opposed to surface 48. Also shown at 52 are schematic representations of mounts, which may be any suitable structure for supporting and/or positioning the membranes or other separation assemblies within compartment 18. The patent and patent applications incorporated immediately above also disclose illustrative examples of suitable mounts 52. At 46′, membrane 46 is illustrated as a foil or film. At 46″, the membrane is supported by an underlying support 54, such as a mesh or expanded metal screen or a ceramic or other porous material. At 46′″, the membrane is coated or formed onto or otherwise bonded to a porous member 56. It should be understood that the membrane configurations discussed above have been illustrated schematically in FIG. 2 and are not intended to represent every possible configuration within the scope of the present disclosure.
For example, although membrane 46 is illustrated in FIG. 2 as having a planar configuration, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that membrane 46 may have non-planar configurations as well. For example, the shape of the membrane may be defined at least in part by the shape of a support 54 or member 56 upon which the membrane is supported and/or formed. As such, membranes 46 may have concave, convex or other non-planar configurations, especially when device 10 is operating at an elevated pressure. As another example, membrane 46 may have a tubular configuration, such as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
In FIG. 3, an example of a tubular membrane is shown in which the mixed gas stream is delivered to the interior of the membrane tube. In this configuration, the interior of the membrane tube defines region 30 of the internal compartment, and the permeate region 32 of the compartment lies external the tube. An additional membrane tube is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 3 to represent graphically that it is within the scope of the present disclosure that device 10 may include more than one membrane and/or more than one mixed-gas surface 48. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that device 10 may also include more than two membranes, and that the relative spacing and/or configuration of the membranes may vary.
In FIG. 4, another example of a hydrogen purification device 10 that includes tubular membranes is shown. In this illustrated configuration, device 10 is configured so that the mixed gas stream is delivered into compartment 18 external to the membrane tube or tubes. In such a configuration, the mixed-gas surface of a membrane tube is exterior to the corresponding permeate surface, and the permeate region is located internal the membrane tube or tubes.
The tubular membranes may have a variety of configurations and constructions, such as those discussed above with respect to the planar membranes shown in FIG. 2. For example, illustrative examples of various mounts 52, supports 54 and porous members 56 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, including a spring 58, which has been schematically illustrated. It is further within the scope of the present disclosure that tubular membranes may have a configuration other than the straight cylindrical tube shown in FIG. 3. Examples of other configurations include U-shaped tubes and spiral or helical tubes.
As discussed, enclosure 12 defines a pressurized compartment 18 in which separation assembly 20 is positioned. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2-4, enclosure 12 includes a pair of end plates 60 that are joined by a perimeter shell 62. It should be understood that device 10 has been schematically illustrated in FIGS. 2-4 to show representative examples of the general components of the device without intending to be limited to geometry, shape and size. For example, end plates 60 typically are thicker than the walls of perimeter shell 62, but this is not required. Similarly, the thickness of the end plates may be greater than, less than or the same as the distance between the end plates. As a further example, the thickness of membrane 46 has been exaggerated for purposes of illustration.
In FIGS. 2-4, it can be seen that mixed gas stream 24 is delivered to compartment 18 through an input port 64, hydrogen-rich (or permeate) stream 34 is removed from device 10 through one or more product ports 66, and the byproduct stream is removed from device 10 through one or more byproduct ports 68. In FIG. 2, the ports are shown extending through various ones of the end plates to illustrate that the particular location on enclosure 12 from which the gas streams are delivered to and removed from device 10 may vary. It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that one or more of the streams may be delivered or withdrawn through shell 62, such as illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 3. It is further within the scope of the present disclosure that ports 64, 66 and 68 may include or be associated with flow-regulating and/or coupling structures. Examples of these structures include one or more of valves, flow and pressure regulators, connectors or other fittings and/or manifold assemblies that are configured to permanently or selectively fluidly interconnect device 10 with upstream and downstream components. For purposes of illustration, these flow-regulating and/or coupling structures are generally indicated at 70 in FIG. 2. For purposes of brevity, structures 70 have not been illustrated in every embodiment. Instead, it should be understood that some or all of the ports for a particular embodiment of device 10 may include any or all of these structures, that each port does not need to have the same, if any, structure 70, and that two or more ports may in some embodiments share or collectively utilize structure 70, such as a common collection or delivery manifold, pressure relief valve, fluid-flow valve, etc.
End plates 60 and perimeter shell 62 are secured together by a retention structure 72. Structure 72 may take any suitable form capable of maintaining the components of enclosure 12 together in a fluid-tight or substantially fluid-tight configuration in the operating parameters and conditions in which device 10 is used. Examples of suitable structures 72 include welds 74 and bolts 76, such as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In FIG. 3, bolts 76 are shown extending through flanges 78 that extend from the components of enclosure 12 to be joined. In FIG. 4, bolts 76 are shown extending through compartment 18. It should be understood that the number of bolts may vary, and typically will include a plurality of bolts or similar fastening mechanisms extending around the perimeter of enclosure 12. Bolts 76 should be selected to be able to withstand the operating parameters and conditions of device 10, including the tension imparted to the bolts when device 10 is pressurized.
In the lower halves of FIGS. 3 and 4, gaskets 80 are shown to illustrate that enclosure 12 may, but does not necessarily, include a seal member 82 interconnecting or spanning the surfaces to be joined to enhance the leak-resistance of the enclosure. The seal member should be selected to reduce or eliminate leaks when used at the operating parameters and under the operating conditions of the device. Therefore, in many embodiments, high-pressure and/or high-temperature seals should be selected. An illustrative, non-exclusive example of such a seal structure is a graphite gasket, such as sold by Union Carbide under the trade name GRAFOIL™. As used herein, “seal member” and “sealing member” are meant to refer to structures or materials applied to, placed between, or placed in contact with the metallic end plates and shell (or shell portions) to enhance the seal established therebetween. Gaskets or other sealing members may also be used within compartment 18, such as to provide seals between adjacent membranes, fluid conduits, mounts or supports, and/or any of the above with the internal surface of enclosure 12.
In FIGS. 2-4, the illustrated enclosures include a pair of end plates 60 and a shell 62. With reference to FIG. 4, it can be seen that the end plates include sealing regions 90, which form an interface 94 with a corresponding sealing region 92 of shell 62. In many embodiments, the sealing region of end plate 60 will be a perimeter region, and as such, sealing region 90 will often be referred to herein as a perimeter region 90 of the end plate. However, as used herein, the perimeter region is meant to refer to the region of the end plate that extends generally around the central region and which forms an interface with a portion of the shell, even if there are additional portions or edges of the end plate that project beyond this perimeter portion. Similarly, sealing region 92 of shell 62 will typically be an end region of the shell. Accordingly, the sealing region of the shell will often be referred to herein as end region 92 of the shell. It is within the scope of the present disclosure, however, that end plates 60 may have portions that project outwardly beyond the sealing region 90 and interface 94 formed with shell 62, and that shell 62 may have regions that project beyond end plate 60 and the interface formed therewith. These portions are illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 4 at 91 and 93 for purposes of graphical illustration.
As an alternative to a pair of end plates 60 joined by a separate perimeter shell 62, enclosure 12 may include a shell that is at least partially integrated with either or both of the end plates. For example, in FIG. 5, a portion 63 of shell 62 is integrally formed with each end plate 60. Described another way, each end plate 60 includes shell portions, or collars, 63 that extend from the perimeter region 90 of the end plate. As shown, the shell portions include end regions 92 which intersect at an interface 94. In the illustrated embodiment, the end regions abut each other without a region of overlap; however, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that interface 94 may have other configurations, such as those illustrated and/or described subsequently. End regions 92 are secured together via any suitable mechanism, such as by any of the previously discussed retention structures 72, and may (but do not necessarily) include a seal member 82 in addition to the mating surfaces of end regions 92.
A benefit of shell 62 being integrally formed with at least one of the end plates is that the enclosure has one less interface that must be sealed. This benefit may be realized by reduced leaks due to the reduced number of seals that could fail, fewer components, and/or a reduced assembly time for device 10. Another example of such a construction for enclosure 12 is shown in FIG. 6, in which the shell 62 is integrally formed with one of the end plates, with a shell portion 63 that extends integrally from the perimeter region 90 of one of the end plates. Shell portion 63 includes an end region 92 that forms an interface 94 with the perimeter region 90 of the other end plate via any suitable retention structure 72, such as those described above. The combined end plate and shell components shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 may be formed via any suitable mechanism, including machining them from a solid bar or block of material. For purposes of simplicity, separation assembly 20 and the input and output ports have not been illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 and only illustrative, non-exclusive examples of suitable retention structure 72 are shown. Similar to the other enclosures illustrated and described herein, it should be understood that the relative dimensions of the enclosure may vary and still be within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, shell portions 63 may have lengths that are longer or shorter than those illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6.
Before proceeding to additional illustrative configurations for end plates 60, it should be clarified that as used herein in connection with the enclosures of devices 10, the term “interface” is meant to refer to the interconnection and sealing region that extends between the portions of enclosure 12 that are separately formed and thereafter secured together, such as (but not necessarily) by one of the previously discussed retention structures 72. The specific geometry and size of interface 94 will tend to vary, such as depending upon size, configuration and nature of the components being joined together. Therefore, interface 94 may include a metal-on-metal seal formed between corresponding end regions and perimeter regions, a metal-on-metal seal formed between corresponding pairs of end regions, a metal-gasket (or other seal member 82)-metal seal, etc. Similarly, the interface may have a variety of shapes, including linear, arcuate and rectilinear configurations that are largely defined by the shape and relative position of the components being joined together.
For example, in FIG. 6, an interface 94 extends between end region 92 of shell portion 63 and perimeter region 90 of end plate 60. As shown, regions 90 and 92 intersect with parallel edges. As discussed, a gasket or other seal member may extend between these edges. In FIGS. 7-10, nonexclusive examples of additional interfaces 94 that are within the scope of the present disclosure are shown. Embodiments of enclosure 12 that include an interface 94 formed between adjacent shell regions may also have any of these configurations. In FIG. 7, perimeter region 90 defines a recess or corner into which end region 92 of shell 62 extends to form an interface 94 that extends around this corner. Also shown in FIG. 7 is central region 96 of end plate 60, which as illustrated extends within shell 62 and defines a region of overlap therewith.
In FIG. 8, perimeter region 90 defines a corner that opens generally toward compartment 18, as opposed to the corner of FIG. 7, which opens generally away from compartment 18. In the configuration shown in FIG. 8, perimeter region 90 includes a collar portion 98 that extends at least partially along the outer surface 100 of shell 62 to define a region of overlap therewith. Central region 96 of plate 60 is shown in solid lines extending along end region 92 without extending into shell 62, in dashed lines extending into shell 62, and in dash-dot lines including an internal support 102 that extends at least partially along the inner surface 104 of shell 60. FIGS. 9 and 10 are similar to FIGS. 7 and 8 except that perimeter region 90 and end region 92 are adapted to threading ly engage each other, and accordingly include corresponding threads 106 and 108. In dashed lines in FIG. 9, an additional example of a suitable configuration for perimeter region 90 of end plate 60 is shown. As shown, the outer edge 110 of the end plate does not extend radially (or outwardly) to or beyond the exterior surface of shell 62.
It should be understood that any of these interfaces may be used with an enclosure constructed according to the present disclosure. However, for purposes of brevity, every embodiment of enclosure 12 will not be shown with each of these interfaces. Therefore, although the subsequently described end plates shown in FIGS. 11-31 are shown with the interface configuration of FIG. 7, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that the end plates and corresponding shells may be configured to have any of the interfaces described and/or illustrated herein, as well as the integrated shell configuration described and illustrated with respect to FIGS. 5 and 6. Similarly, it should be understood that the devices constructed according to the present disclosure may have any of the enclosure configurations, interface configurations, retention structure configurations, separation assembly configurations, flow-regulating and/or coupling structures, seal member configurations, and port configurations discussed, described and/or incorporated herein. Similarly, although the following end plate configurations are illustrated with circular perimeters, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that the end plates may be configured to have perimeters with any other geometric configuration, including arcuate, rectilinear, and angular configurations, as well as combinations thereof.
As discussed, the dimensions of device 10 and enclosure 12 may also vary. For example, an enclosure designed to house tubular separation membranes may need to be longer (i.e. have a greater distance between end plates) than an enclosure designed to house planar separation membranes to provide a comparable amount of membrane surface area exposed to the mixed gas stream (i.e., the same amount of effective membrane surface area). Similarly, an enclosure configured to house planar separation membranes may tend to be wider (i.e., have a greater cross-sectional area measured generally parallel to the end plates) than an enclosure designed to house tubular separation membranes. However, it should be understood that neither of these relationships are required, and that the specific size of the device and/or enclosure may vary. Factors that may affect the specific size of the enclosure include the type and size of separation assembly to be housed, the operating parameters in which the device will be used, the flow rate of mixed gas stream 24, the shape and configuration of devices such as heating assemblies, fuel processors and the like with which or within which the device will be used, and to some degree, user preferences.
As discussed previously, hydrogen purification devices may be operated at elevated temperatures and/or pressures. Both of these operating parameters may impact the design of enclosures 12 and other components of the devices. For example, consider a hydrogen purification device 10 operated at a selected operating temperature above an ambient temperature, such as a device operating at 400° C. As an initial matter, the device, including enclosure 12 and separation assembly 20, must be constructed from a material that can withstand the selected operating temperature, and especially over prolonged periods of time and/or with repeated heating and cooling off cycles. Similarly, the materials that are exposed to the gas streams preferably are not reactive or at least not detrimentally reactive with the gases. An example of a suitable material is stainless steel, such as Type 304 stainless steel, although others may be used.
Besides the thermal and reactive stability described above, operating device 10 at a selected elevated temperature requires one or more heating assemblies 42 to heat the device to the selected operating temperature. When the device is initially operated from a shutdown, or unheated, state, there will be an initial startup or preheating period in which the device is heated to the selected operating temperature. During this period, the device may produce a hydrogen-rich stream that contains more than an acceptable level of the other gases, a hydrogen-rich stream that has a reduced flow rate compared to the byproduct stream or streams (meaning that a greater percentage of the hydrogen gas is being exhausted as byproduct instead of product), or even no hydrogen-rich stream at all. In addition to the time to heat the device, one must also consider the heat or thermal energy required to heat the device to the selected temperature. The heating assembly or assemblies may add to the operating cost, materials cost, and/or equipment cost of the device. For example, a simplified end plate 60 is a relatively thick slab having a uniform thickness. In fact, Type 304 stainless steel plates having a uniform thickness of 0.5″ or 0.75 inches have proven effective to support and withstand the operating parameters and conditions of device 10. However, the dimensions of these plates add considerable weight to device 10, and in many embodiments require considerable thermal energy to be heated to the selected operating temperature. As used herein, the term “uniform thickness” is meant to refer to devices that have a constant or at least substantially constant thickness, including those that deviate in thickness by a few (less than 5%) along their lengths. In contrast, and as used herein, a “variable thickness” will refer to a thickness that varies by at least 10%, and in some embodiments at least 25%, 40% or 50%.
The pressure at which device 10 is operated may also affect the design of device 10, including enclosure 12 and separation assembly 20. Consider for example a device operating at a selected pressure of 175 psi. Device 10 must be constructed to be able to withstand the stresses encountered when operating at the selected pressure. This strength requirement affects not only the seals formed between the components of enclosure 12, but also the stresses imparted to the components themselves. For example, deflection or other deformation of the end plates and/or shell may cause gases within compartment 18 to leak from the enclosure. Similarly, deflection and/or deformation of the components of the device may also cause unintentional mixing of two or more of gas streams 24, 34 and 36. For example, an end plate may deform plastically or elastically when subjected to the operating parameters under which device 10 is used. Plastic deformation results in a permanent deformation of the end plate, the disadvantage of which appears fairly evident. Elastic deformation, however, also may impair the operation of the device because the deformation may result in internal and/or external leaks. More specifically, the deformation of the end plates or other components of enclosure 12 may enable gases to pass through regions where fluid-tight seals previously existed. As discussed, device 10 may include gaskets or other seal members to reduce the tendency of these seals to leak, however, the gaskets have a finite size within which they can effectively prevent or limit leaks between opposing surfaces. For example, internal leaks may occur in embodiments that include one or more membrane envelopes or membrane plates compressed (with or without gaskets) between the end plates. As the end plates deform and deflect away from each other, the plates and/or gaskets may in those regions not be under the same tension or compression as existed prior to the deformation. Gaskets, or gasket plates, may be located between a membrane envelope and adjacent feed plates, end plates, and/or other adjacent membrane envelopes. Similarly, gaskets or gasket plates may also be positioned within a membrane envelope to provide additional leak prevention within the envelope.
In view of the above, it can be seen that there are two or three competing factors to be weighed with respect to device 10. In the context of enclosure 12, the heating requirements of the enclosure will tend to increase as the materials used to form the enclosure are thickened. To some degree using thicker materials may increase the strength of the enclosure, however, it may also increase the heating and material requirements, and in some embodiments actually produce regions to which greater stresses are imparted compared to a thinner enclosure. Areas to monitor on an end plate include the deflection of the end plate, especially at the perimeter regions that form interface(s) 94, and the stresses imparted to the end plate.
Consider for example a circular end plate formed from Type 304 stainless steel and having a uniform thickness of 0.75 inches. Such an end plate weights 7.5 pounds. A hydrogen purification device containing this end plate was exposed to operating parameters of 400° C. and 175 psi. Maximum stresses of 25,900 psi were imparted to the end plate, with a maximum deflection of 0.0042 inches and a deflection at perimeter region 90 of 0.0025 inches.
Another end plate 60 constructed according to the present disclosure is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 and generally indicated at 120. As shown, end plate 120 has interior and exterior surfaces 122 and 124. Interior surface 122 includes central region 96 and perimeter region 90. Exterior surface 124 has a central region 126 and a perimeter region 128, and in the illustrated embodiment, plate 120 has a perimeter 130 extending between the perimeter regions 90 and 128 of the interior and exterior surfaces. As discussed above, perimeter region 90 may have any of the configurations illustrated or described above, including a configuration in which the sealing region is at least partially or completely located along perimeter 130. In the illustrated embodiment, perimeter 130 has a circular configuration. However, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that the shape may vary, such as to include rectilinear and other arcuate, geometric, linear, and/or cornered configurations.
Unlike the previously illustrated end plates, however, the central region of the end plate has a variable thickness between its interior and exterior surfaces, which is perhaps best seen in FIG. 12. Unlike a uniform slab of material, the exterior surface of plate 120 has a central region 126 that includes an exterior cavity, or removed region, 132 that extends into the plate and generally toward central region 96 on interior surface 122. Described another way, the end plate has a nonplanar exterior surface, and more specifically, an exterior surface in which at least a portion of the central region extends toward the corresponding central region of the end plate's interior surface. Region 132 reduces the overall weight of the end plate compared to a similarly constructed end plate that does not include region 132. As used herein, removed region 132 is meant to exclude ports or other bores that extend completely through the end plates. Instead, region 132 extends into, but not through, the end plate.
A reduction in weight means that a purification device 10 that includes the end plate will be lighter than a corresponding purification device that includes a similarly constructed end plate formed without region 132. With the reduction in weight also comes a corresponding reduction in the amount of heat (thermal energy) that must be applied to the end plate to heat the end plate to a selected operating temperature. In the illustrated embodiment, region 132 also increases the surface area of exterior surface 124. Increasing the surface area of the end plate compared to a corresponding end plate may, but does not necessarily in all embodiments, increase the heat transfer surface of the end plate, which in turn, can reduce the heating requirements and/or time of a device containing end plate 120.
In some embodiments, plate 120 may also be described as having a cavity that corresponds to, or includes, the region of maximum stress on a similarly constructed end plate in which the cavity was not present. Accordingly, when exposed to the same operating parameters and conditions, lower stresses will be imparted to end plate 120 than to a solid end plate formed without region 132. For example, in the solid end plate with a uniform thickness, the region of maximum stress occurs within the portion of the end plate occupied by removed region 132 in end plate 120. Accordingly, an end plate with region 132 may additionally or alternatively be described as having a stress abatement structure 134 in that an area of maximum stress that would otherwise be imparted to the end plate has been removed.
For purposes of comparison, consider an end plate 120 having the configuration shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, formed from Type 304 stainless steel, and having a diameter of 6.5 inches. This configuration corresponds to maximum plate thickness of 0.75 inches and a removed region 132 having a length and width of 3 inches. When utilized in a device 10 operating at 400° C. and 175 psi, plate 120 has a maximum stress imparted to it of 36,000 psi, a maximum deflection of 0.0078 inches, a displacement of 0.0055 inches at perimeter region 90, and a weight of 5.7 pounds. It should be understood that the dimensions and properties described above are meant to provide an illustrative example of the combinations of weight, stress and displacement experienced by end plates according to the present disclosure, and that the specific perimeter shape, materials of construction, perimeter size, thickness, removed region shape, removed region depth and removed region perimeter all may vary within the scope of the present disclosure.
In FIG. 11, it can be seen that region 132 (and/or stress abatement structure 134) has a generally square or rectilinear configuration measured transverse to surfaces 122 and 124. As discussed, other geometries and dimensions may be used and are within the scope of the present disclosure. To illustrate this point, variations of end plate 120 are shown in FIGS. 13-16 and generally indicated at 120′ and 120″. In these figures, region 132 is shown having a circular perimeter, with the dimensions of the region being smaller in FIGS. 13 and 14 than in FIGS. 15 and 16.
For purposes of comparison, consider an end plate 120 having the configuration shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 and having the same materials of construction, perimeter and thickness as the end plate shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Instead of the generally square removed region of FIGS. 11 and 12, however, end plate 120′ has a removed region with a generally circular perimeter and a diameter of 3.25 inches. End plate 120′ weighs the same as end plate 120, but has reduced maximum stress and deflections. More specifically, while end plate 120 had a maximum stress greater than 35,000 psi, end plate 120′ had a maximum stress that is less than 30,000 psi, and in the illustrated configuration less than 25,000 psi, when subjected to the operating parameters discussed above with respect to plate 120. In fact, plate 120′ demonstrated approximately a 35% reduction in maximum stress compared to plate 120. The maximum and perimeter region deflections of plate 120′ were also less than plate 120, with a measured maximum deflection of 0.007 inches and a measured deflection at perimeter region 90 of 0.0050 inches. 5 End plate 120″, which is shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 is similar to end plate 120′, except region 132 (and/or structure 134) has a diameter of 3.75 inches instead of 3.25 inches. This change in the size of the removed region decreases the weight of the end plate to 5.3 pounds and produced the same maximum deflection. End plate 120″ also demonstrated a maximum stress that is less than 25,000 psi, although approximately 5% greater than that of end plate 120′ (24,700 psi, compared to 23,500 psi). At perimeter region 90, end plate 120″ exhibited a maximum deflection of 0.0068 inches.
In FIGS. 13-16, illustrative port configurations have been shown. In FIGS. 13 and 14, a port 138 is shown in dashed lines extending from interior surface 122 through the end plate to exterior surface 124. Accordingly, with such a configuration a gas stream is delivered or removed via the exterior surface of the end plate of device 10. In such a configuration, fluid conduits and/or flow-regulating and/or coupling structure 70 typically will project from the exterior surface 124 of the end plate. Another suitable configuration is indicated at 140 in dashed lines in FIGS. 15 and 16. As shown, port 140 extends from the interior surface of the end plate then through perimeter 130 instead of exterior surface 124. Accordingly, port 140 enables gas to be delivered or removed from the perimeter of the end plate instead of the exterior surface of the end plate. It should be understood that ports 64, 66 and 68 may have these configurations illustrated by ports 138 and 140. Of course, ports 64, 66 and 68 may have any other suitable port configuration as well, including a port that extends through shell 62 or a shell portion. For purposes of simplicity, ports will not be illustrated in many of the subsequently described end plates, just as they were not illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6.
Also shown in dashed lines in FIGS. 13-15 are guide structures 144. Guide structures 144 extend into compartment 18 and provide supports that may be used to position and/or align separation assembly 20, such as membranes 46. In some embodiments, guide structures 144 may themselves form mounts 52 for the separation assembly. In other embodiments, the device includes mounts other than guide structures 144. Guide structures may be used with any of the end plates illustrated, incorporated and/or described herein, regardless of whether any such guide structures are shown in a particular drawing figure. However, it should also be understood that hydrogen purification devices according to the present disclosure may be formed without guide structures 144. In embodiments of device 10 that include guide structures 144 that extend into or through compartment 18, the number of such structures may vary from a single support to two or more supports. Similarly, while guide structures 144 have been illustrated as cylindrical ribs or projections, other shapes and configurations may be used within the scope of the present disclosure.
Guide structures 144 may be formed from the same materials as the corresponding end plates. Additionally or alternatively, the guide structures may include a coating or layer of a different material. Guide structures 144 may be either separately formed from the end plates and subsequently attached thereto, or integrally formed therewith. Guide structures 144 may be coupled to the end plates by any suitable mechanism, including attaching the guide structures to the interior surfaces of the end plates, inserting the guide structures into bores extending partially through the end plates from the interior surfaces thereof, or inserting the guide structures through bores that extend completely through the end plates. In embodiments where the end plates include bores that extend completely through the end plates (which are graphically illustrated for purposes of illustration at 146 in FIG. 14), the guide structures may be subsequently affixed to the end plates. Alternatively, the guide structures may be inserted through compartment 18 until the separation assembly is properly assigned and secured therein, and then the guide structures may be removed and the bores sealed (such as by welding) to prevent leaks.
In FIGS. 17 and 18, another end plate 60 constructed according to the present disclosure is shown and generally indicated at 150. Unless otherwise specified, it should be understood that end plates 150 may have any of the elements, subelements and variations as any of the other end plates shown, described and/or incorporated herein. Similar to end plate 120′, plate 150 includes an exterior surface 124 with a removed region 132 (and/or stress abatement structure 134) having a circular perimeter with a diameter of 3.25 inches. Exterior surface 124 further includes an outer removed region 152 that extends from central region 126 to perimeter portion 128. Outer removed region 152 decreases in thickness as it approaches perimeter 130. In the illustrated embodiment, region 152 has a generally linear reduction in thickness, although other linear and arcuate transitions may be used. For example, a variation of end plate 150 is shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 and generally indicated at 150′. End plate 150′ also includes central and exterior removed regions 132 and 152, with exterior surface 124 having a generally semitoroidal configuration as it extends from central region 126 to perimeter region 128. To demonstrate that the size of region 132 (which will also be referred to as a central removed region, such as when embodied on an end plate that also includes an outer removed region), may vary, end plate 150′ includes a central removed region having a diameter of 3 inches.
For purposes of comparison, both end plates 150 and 150′ have reduced weights compared to end plates 120, 120′ and 120″. Plate 150 weighed 4.7 pounds, and plate 150′ weighed 5.1 pounds. Both end plates 150 and 150′ experienced maximum stresses of 25,000 psi or less when subjected to the operating parameters discussed above (400° C. and 175 psi), with plate 150′ having a 5% lower stress than plate 150 (23,750 psi compared to 25,000 psi). The maximum deflections of the plates were 0.0098 inches and 0.008 inches, respectively, and the displacements at perimeter regions 90 were 0.0061 inches and 0.0059 inches, respectively.
Another end plate 60 constructed according to the present disclosure is shown in FIGS. 21-24 and generally indicated at 160. Unless otherwise specified, end plate 160 may have the same elements, subelements and variations as the other end plates illustrated, described and/or incorporated herein. End plate 160 may be referred to as a truss-stiffened end plate because it includes a truss assembly 162 that extends from the end plate's exterior surface 124. As shown, end plate 160 has a base plate 164 with a generally planar configuration, similar to the end plates shown in FIGS. 2-5. However, truss assembly 162 enables, but does not require, that the base plate may have a thinner construction while still providing comparable if not reduced maximum stresses and deflections. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that any of the other end plates illustrated, described and/or incorporated herein also may include a truss assembly 162.
Truss assembly 162 extends from exterior surface 124 of base plate 164 and includes a plurality of projecting ribs 166 that extend from exterior surface 124. In FIGS. 21-24, it can be seen that ribs 166 are radially spaced around surface 124. Nine ribs 166 are shown in FIGS. 21 and 23, but it is within the scope of the present disclosure that truss assembly 162 may be formed with more or fewer ribs. Similarly, in the illustrated embodiment, ribs 166 have arcuate configurations, and include flanges 168 extending between the ribs and surface 124. Flanges 168 may also be described as heat transfer fins because they add considerable heat transfer area to the end plate. Truss assembly 162 further includes a tension collar 170 that interconnects the ribs. As shown, collar 170 extends generally parallel to surface base plate 164 and has an open central region 172. Collar 170 may be formed with a closed or internally or externally projecting central portion without departing from the present disclosure. To illustrate this point, members 174 are shown in dashed lines extending across collar 170 in FIG. 21. Similarly, collar 170 may have configurations other than the circular configuration shown in FIGS. 21-24. As a further alternative, base plate 164 has been indicated in partial dashed lines in FIG. 22 to graphically illustrate that the base plate may have a variety of configurations, such as those described, illustrated and incorporated herein, including the configuration shown if the dashed region is removed.
End plate 160 may additionally, or alternatively, be described as having a support 170 that extends in a spaced-apart relationship beyond exterior surface 124 of base plate 164 and which is adapted to provide additional stiffness and/or strength to the base plate. Still another additional or alternative description of end plate 160 is that the end plate includes heat transfer structure 162 extending away from the exterior surface of the base plate, and that the heat transfer structure includes a surface 170 that is spaced-away from surface 124 such that a heated fluid stream may pass between the surfaces.
Truss assembly 162 may also be referred to as an example of a deflection abatement structure because it reduces the deflection that would otherwise occur if base plate 164 were formed without the truss assembly. Similarly, truss assembly 162 may also provide another example of a stress abatement restructure because it reduces the maximum stresses that would otherwise be imparted to the base plate. Furthermore, the open design of the truss assembly increases the heat transfer area of the base plate without adding significant weight to the base plate.
Continuing the preceding comparisons between end plates, plate 160 was subjected to the same operating parameters as the previously described end plates. The maximum stresses imparted to base plate 164 were 10,000 psi or less. Similarly, the maximum deflection of the base plate was only 0.0061 inches, with a deflection of 0.0056 inches at perimeter region 90. It should be noted, that base plate 160 achieved this significant reduction in maximum stress while weighing only 3.3 pounds. Similarly, base plate 164 experienced a smaller maximum displacement and comparable or reduced perimeter displacement yet had a base plate that was only 0.25 inches thick. Of course, plate 160 may be constructed with thicker base plates, but the tested plate proved to be sufficiently strong and rigid under the operating parameters with which it was used.
As discussed, enclosure 12 may include a pair of end plates 60 and a perimeter shell. In FIG. 25, an example of an enclosure 12 formed with a pair of end plates 160 is shown for purposes of illustration and indicated generally at 180. Although enclosure 180 has a pair of truss-stiffened end plates 160, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that an enclosure may have end plates having different constructions and/or configurations. In fact, in some operating environments it may be beneficial to form enclosure 12 with two different types of end plates. In others, it may be beneficial for the end plates to have the same construction.
In FIGS. 26 and 27 another example of an enclosure 12 is shown and generally indicated at 190 and includes end plates 120′″. End plate 120′″ has a configuration similar to FIGS. 13-16, except removed region 132 is shown having a diameter of 4 inches to further illustrate that the shape and size of the removed region may vary within the scope of the present disclosure. Both end plates include shell portions 63 extending integrally therefrom to illustrate that any of the end plates illustrated, described, and/or incorporated herein may include a shell portion 63 extending integrally therefrom. To illustrate that any of the end plates described, illustrated and/or incorporated herein may also include truss assemblies (or heat transfer structure) 162 and/or projecting supports 170 or deflection abatement structure, members 194 are shown projecting across removed region 132 in a spaced-apart configuration from the exterior surface 124 of the end plate.
It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that enclosure 12 may include stress and/or deflection abatement structures that extend into compartment 18 as opposed to, or in addition to, corresponding structures that extend from the exterior surface of the end plates. In FIGS. 28-30, end plates 60 are shown illustrating examples of these structures. For example, in FIG. 28, end plate 60 includes a removed region 132 that extends into the end plate from the interior surface 122 of the end plate. It should be understood that region 132 may have any of the configurations described, illustrated and/or incorporated herein with respect to removed regions that extend from the exterior surface of a base plate. Similarly, in dashed lines at 170 in FIG. 28, supports are shown extending across region 132 to provide additional support and/or rigidity to the end plate. In FIG. 29, end plate 60 includes internal supports 196 that are adapted to extend into compartment 18 to interconnect the end plate with the corresponding end plate at the other end of the compartment. As discussed, guide structures 144 may form such a support. In FIG. 30, an internally projecting truss assembly 162 is shown.
Although not required or essential to all devices 10 according to the present disclosure, in some embodiments, device 10 includes end plates 60 that exhibit at least one of the following properties or combinations of properties compared to an end plate formed from a solid slab of uniform thickness of same material as end plate 60 and exposed to the same operating parameters:
- - a projecting truss assembly; - an internally projecting support; - an externally projecting support; - an external removed region; - an internal removed region; - an integral shell portion; - an integral shell; - a reduced mass and reduced maximum stress; - a reduced mass and reduced maximum displacement; - a reduced mass and reduced perimeter displacement; - a reduced mass and increased heat transfer area; - a reduced mass and internally projecting supports; - a reduced mass and externally projecting supports; - a reduced maximum stress and reduced maximum displacement; - a reduced maximum stress and reduced perimeter displacement; - a reduced maximum stress and increased heat transfer area; - a reduced maximum stress and a projecting truss assembly; - a reduced maximum stress and a removed region; - a reduced maximum displacement and reduced perimeter displacement; - a reduced maximum displacement and increased heat transfer area; - a reduced perimeter displacement and increased heat transfer area; - a reduced perimeter displacement and a projecting truss assembly; - a reduced perimeter displacement and a removed region; - a mass/maximum displacement ratio that is less than 1500 lb/psi; - a mass/maximum displacement ratio that is less than 1000 lb/psi; - a mass/maximum displacement ratio that is less than 750 lb/psi; - a mass/maximum displacement ratio that is less than 500 lb/psi; - a mass/perimeter displacement ratio that is less than 2000 lb/psi; - a mass/perimeter displacement ratio that is less than 1500 lb/psi; - a mass/perimeter displacement ratio that is less than 1000 lb/psi; - a mass/perimeter displacement ratio that is less than 800 lb/psi; - a mass/perimeter displacement ratio that is less than 600 lb/psi; - a cross-sectional area/mass ratio that is at least 6 in²/pound; - a cross-sectional area/mass ratio that is at least 7 in²/pound; and/or - a cross-sectional area/mass ratio that is at least 10 in²/pound.
As discussed, enclosure 12 contains an internal compartment 18 that houses separation assembly 20, such as one or more separation membranes 46, which are supported within the enclosure by a suitable mount 52. In the illustrative examples shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the separation membranes 46 were depicted as independent planar or tubular membranes. It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that the membranes may be arranged in pairs that define permeate region 32 therebetween. In such a configuration, the membrane pairs may be referred to as a membrane envelope, in that they define a common permeate region 32 in the form of a harvesting conduit, or flow path, extending therebetween and from which hydrogen-rich stream 34 may be collected.
An example of a membrane envelope is shown in FIG. 31 and generally indicated at 200. It should be understood that the membrane pairs may take a variety of suitable shapes, such as planar envelopes and tubular envelopes. Similarly, the membranes may be independently supported, such as with respect to an end plate or around a central passage. For purposes of illustration, the following description and associated illustrations will describe the separation assembly as including one or more membrane envelopes 200. It should be understood that the membranes forming the envelope may be two separate membranes, or may be a single membrane folded, rolled or otherwise configured to define two membrane regions, or surfaces, 202 with permeate surfaces 50 that are oriented toward each other to define a conduit 204 therebetween from which the hydrogen-rich permeate gas may be collected and withdrawn. Conduit 204 may itself form permeate region 32, or a device 10 according to the present disclosure may include a plurality of membrane envelopes 200 and corresponding conduits 204 that collectively define permeate region 32.
To support the membranes against high feed pressures, a support 54 is used. Support 54 should enable gas that permeates through membranes 46 to flow therethrough. Support 54 includes surfaces 211 against which the permeate surfaces 50 of the membranes are supported. In the context of a pair of membranes forming a membrane envelope, support 54 may also be described as defining harvesting conduit 204. In conduit 204, permeated gas preferably may flow both transverse and parallel to the surface of the membrane through which the gas passes, such as schematically illustrated in FIG. 31. The permeate gas, which is at least substantially pure hydrogen gas, may then be harvested or otherwise withdrawn from the envelope to form hydrogen-rich stream 34. Because the membranes lie against the support, it is preferable that the support does not obstruct the flow of gas through the hydrogen-selective membranes. The gas that does not pass through the membranes forms one or more byproduct streams 36, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 31.
An example of a suitable support 54 for membrane envelopes 200 is shown in FIG. 32 in the form of a screen structure 210. Screen structure 210 includes plural screen members 212. In the illustrated embodiment, the screen members include a coarse mesh screen 214 sandwiched between fine mesh screens 216. It should be understood that the terms “fine” and “coarse” are relative terms. Preferably, the outer screen members are selected to support membranes 46 without piercing the membranes and without having sufficient apertures, edges or other projections that may pierce, weaken or otherwise damage the membrane under the operating conditions with which device 10 is operated. Because the screen structure needs to provide for flow of the permeated gas generally parallel to the membranes, it is preferable to use a relatively coarser inner screen member to provide for enhanced, or larger, parallel flow conduits. In other words, the finer mesh screens provide better protection for the membranes, while the coarser mesh screen provides better flow generally parallel to the membranes and in some embodiments may be selected to be stiffer, or less flexible, than the finer mesh screens.
The screen members may be of similar or the same construction, and more or less screen members may be used than shown in FIG. 32. Preferably, support 54 is formed from a corrosion-resistant material that will not impair the operation of the hydrogen purification device and other devices with which device 10 is used. Examples of suitable materials for metallic screen members include stainless steels, titanium and alloys thereof, zirconium and alloys thereof, corrosion-resistant alloys, including Inconel™ alloys, such as 800H™, and Hastelloy™ alloys, and alloys of copper and nickel, such as Monel™. Hastelloy™ and Inconel™ alloys are nickel-based alloys. Inconel™ alloys typically contain nickel alloyed with chromium and iron. Monel™ alloys typically are alloys of nickel, copper, iron and manganese. Additional examples of structure for supports 54 include porous ceramics, porous carbon, porous metal, ceramic foam, carbon foam, and metal foam, either alone, or in combination with one or more screen members 212. As another example, some or all of the screen members may be formed from expanded metal instead of a woven mesh material.
During fabrication of the membrane envelopes, adhesive may be used to secure membranes 46 to the screen structure and/or to secure the components of screen structure 210 together, as discussed in more detail in the above-incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,306. For purposes of illustration, adhesive is generally indicated in dashed lines at 218 in FIG. 32. An example of a suitable adhesive is sold by 3M under the trade name SUPER 77. Typically, the adhesive is at least substantially, if not completely, removed after fabrication of the membrane envelope so as not to interfere with the permeability, selectivity and flow paths of the membrane envelopes. An example of a suitable method for removing adhesive from the membranes and/or screen structures or other supports is by exposure to oxidizing conditions prior to initial operation of device 10. The objective of the oxidative conditioning is to burn out the adhesive without excessively oxidizing the palladium-alloy membrane. A suitable procedure for such oxidizing is disclosed in the above-incorporated patent application.
Supports 54, including screen structure 210, may include a coating 219 on the surfaces 211 that engage membranes 46, such as indicated in dash-dot lines in FIG. 32. Examples of suitable coatings include aluminum oxide, tungsten carbide, tungsten nitride, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, and mixtures thereof. These coatings are generally characterized as being thermodynamically stable with respect to decomposition in the presence of hydrogen. Suitable coatings are formed from materials, such as oxides, nitrides, carbides, or intermetallic compounds, that can be applied as a coating and which are thermodynamically stable with respect to decomposition in the presence of hydrogen under the operating parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.) under which the hydrogen purification device will be operated. Suitable methods for applying such coatings to the screen or expanded metal screen member include chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, thermal evaporation, thermal spraying, and, in the case of at least aluminum oxide, deposition of the metal (e.g., aluminum) followed by oxidation of the metal to give aluminum oxide. In at least some embodiments, the coatings may be described as preventing intermetallic diffusion between the hydrogen-selective membranes and the screen structure.
The hydrogen purification devices 10 described, illustrated and/or incorporated herein may include one or more membrane envelopes 200, typically along with suitable input and output ports through which the mixed gas stream is delivered and from which the hydrogen-rich and byproduct streams are removed. In some embodiments, the device may include a plurality of membrane envelopes. When the separation assembly includes a plurality of membrane envelopes, it may include fluid conduits interconnecting the envelopes, such as to deliver a mixed gas stream thereto, to withdraw the hydrogen-rich stream therefrom, and/or to withdraw the gas that does not pass through the membranes from mixed gas region 30. When the device includes a plurality of membrane envelopes, the permeate stream, byproduct stream, or both, from a first membrane envelope may be sent to another membrane envelope for further purification. The envelope or plurality of envelopes and associated ports, supports, conduits and the like may be referred to as a membrane module 220.
The number of membrane envelopes 200 used in a particular device 10 depends to a degree upon the feed rate of mixed gas stream 24. For example, a membrane module 220 containing four envelopes 200 has proven effective for a mixed gas stream delivered to device 10 at a flow rate of 20 liters/minute. As the flow rate is increased, the number of membrane envelopes may be increased, such as in a generally linear relationship. For example, a device 10 adapted to receive mixed gas stream 24 at a flow rate of 30 liters/minute may preferably include six membrane envelopes. However, these exemplary numbers of envelopes are provided for purposes of illustration, and greater or fewer numbers of envelopes may be used. For example, factors that may affect the number of envelopes to be used include the hydrogen flux through the membranes, the effective surface area of the membranes, the flow rate of mixed gas stream 24, the desired purity of hydrogen-rich stream 34, the desired efficiency at which hydrogen gas is removed from mixed gas stream 24, user preferences, the available dimensions of device 10 and compartment 18, etc.
Preferably, but not necessarily, the screen structure and membranes that are incorporated into a membrane envelope 200 include frame members 230, or plates, that are adapted to seal, support and/or interconnect the membrane envelopes. An illustrative example of suitable frame members 230 is shown in FIG. 33. As shown, screen structure 210 fits within a frame member 230 in the form of a permeate frame 232. The screen structure and frame 232 may collectively be referred to as a screen plate or permeate plate 234. When screen structure 210 includes expanded metal members, the expanded metal screen members may either fit within permeate frame 232 or extend at least partially over the surface of the frame. Additional examples of frame members 230 include supporting frames, feed plates and/or gaskets. These frames, gaskets or other support structures may also define, at least in part, the fluid conduits that interconnect the membrane envelopes in an embodiment of separation assembly 20 that contains two or more membrane envelopes. Examples of suitable gaskets are flexible graphite gaskets, including those sold under the trade name GRAFOIL™ by Union Carbide, although other materials may be used, such as depending upon the operating conditions under which device 10 is used.
Continuing the above illustration of exemplary frame members 230, permeate gaskets 236 and 236′ are attached to permeate frame 232, preferably but not necessarily, by using another thin application of adhesive. Next, membranes 46 are supported against screen structure 210 and/or attached to screen structure 210 using a thin application of adhesive, such as by spraying or otherwise applying the adhesive to either or both of the membrane and/or screen structure. Care should be taken to ensure that the membranes are flat and firmly attached to the corresponding screen member 212. Feed plates, or gaskets, 238 and 238′ are optionally attached to gaskets 236 and 236′, such as by using another thin application of adhesive. The resulting membrane envelope 200 is then positioned within compartment 18, such as by a suitable mount 52. Optionally, two or more membrane envelopes may be stacked or otherwise supported together within compartment 18.
As a further alternative, each membrane 46 may be fixed to a frame member 230, such as metal frames 240 and 240′, as shown in FIG. 34. If so, the membrane is fixed to the frame, for instance by ultrasonic welding or another suitable attachment mechanism. The membrane-frame assembly may, but is not required to be, attached to screen structure 210 using adhesive. Other examples of attachment mechanisms that achieve gas-tight seals between plates forming membrane envelope 200, as well as between the membrane envelopes, include one or more of brazing, gasketing, and welding. The membrane and attached frame may collectively be referred to as a membrane plate, such as indicated at 242 and 242′ in FIG. 34. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that the various frames discussed herein do not all need to be formed from the same materials and/or that the frames may not have the same dimensions, such as the same thicknesses. For example, the permeate and feed frames may be formed from stainless steel or another suitable structural member, while the membrane plate may be formed from a different material, such as copper, alloys thereof, and other materials discussed in the above-incorporated patents and applications. Additionally and/or alternatively, the membrane plate may, but is not required to be, thinner than the feed and/or permeate plates.
For purposes of illustration, a suitable geometry of fluid flow through membrane envelope 200 is described with respect to the embodiment of envelope 200 shown in FIG. 33. As shown, mixed gas stream 24 is delivered to the membrane envelope and contacts the outer surfaces 50 of membranes 46. The hydrogen-rich gas that permeates through the membranes enters harvesting conduit 204. The harvesting conduit is in fluid communication with conduits 250 through which the permeate stream may be withdrawn from the membrane envelope. The portion of the mixed gas stream that does not pass through the membranes flows to a conduit 252 through which this gas may be withdrawn as byproduct stream 36. In FIG. 33, a single byproduct conduit 252 is shown, while in FIG. 34 a pair of conduits 252 are shown to illustrate that any of the conduits described herein may alternatively include more than one fluid passage. It should be understood that the arrows used to indicate the flow of streams 34 and 36 have been schematically illustrated, and that the direction of flow through conduits 250 and 252 may vary, such as depending upon the configuration of a particular membrane envelope 200, module 220 and/or device 10.
In FIG. 35, another example of a suitable membrane envelope 200 is shown. To graphically illustrate that end plates 60 and shell 62 may have a variety of configurations, envelope 200 is shown having a generally rectangular configuration. The envelope of FIG. 35 also provides another example of a membrane envelope having a pair of byproduct conduits 252 and a pair of hydrogen conduits 250. As shown, envelope 200 includes feed, or spacer, plates 238 as the outer most frames in the envelope. Generally, each of plates 238 includes a frame 260 that defines an inner open region 262. Each inner open region 262 couples laterally to conduits 252. Conduits 250, however, are closed relative to open region 262, thereby isolating hydrogen-rich stream 34. Membrane plates 242 lie adjacent and interior to plates 238. Membrane plates 242 each include as a central portion thereof a hydrogen-selective membrane 46, which may be secured to an outer frame 240, which is shown for purposes of graphical illustration. In plates 242, all of the conduits are closed relative to membrane 46. Each membrane lies adjacent to a corresponding one of open regions 262, i.e., adjacent to the flow of mixed gas arriving to the envelope. This provides an opportunity for hydrogen gas to pass through the membrane, with the non-permeating gases, i.e., the gases forming byproduct stream 36, leaving open region 262 through conduit 252. Screen plate 234 is positioned intermediate membranes 46 and/or membrane plates 242, i.e., on the interior or permeate side of each of membranes 46. Screen plate 234 includes a screen structure 210 or another suitable support 54. Conduits 252 are closed relative to the central region of screen plate 234, thereby isolating the byproduct stream 36 and mixed gas stream 24 from hydrogen-rich stream 34. Conduits 250 are open to the interior region of screen plate 234. Hydrogen gas, having passed through the adjoining membranes 46, travels along and through screen structure 210 to conduits 250 and eventually to an output port as the hydrogen-rich stream 34.
As discussed, device 10 may include a single membrane 46 within shell 62, a plurality of membranes within shell 62, one or more membrane envelopes 200 within shell 62 and/or other separation assemblies 20. In FIG. 36, a membrane envelope 200 similar to that shown in FIG. 34 is shown positioned within shell 62 to illustrate this point. It should be understood that envelope 200 may also schematically represent a membrane module 220 containing a plurality of membrane envelopes, and/or a single membrane plate 242. Also shown for purposes of illustration is an example of a suitable position for guide structures 144. As discussed, structures 144 also represent an example of internal supports 196. FIG. 36 also illustrates graphically an example of suitable positions for ports 64, 66 and 68. To further illustrate suitable positions of the membrane plates and/or membrane envelopes within devices 10 containing end plates according to the present disclosure, FIGS. 37 and 38 respectively illustrate in dashed lines a membrane plate 242, membrane envelope 200 and/or membrane module 220 positioned within a device 10 that includes the end plates shown in FIGS. 13-14 and 21-25.
Shell 62 has been described as interconnecting the end plates to define therewith internal compartment 18. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that the shell may be formed from a plurality of interconnected plates 230. For example, a membrane module 220 that includes one or more membrane envelopes 200 may form shell 62 because the perimeter regions of each of the plates may form a fluid-tight, or at least substantially fluid-tight seal therebetween. An example of such a construction is shown in FIG. 39, in which a membrane module 220 that includes three membrane envelopes 200 is shown. It should be understood that the number of membrane envelopes may vary, from a single envelope or even a single membrane plate 242, to a dozen or more. In FIG. 39, end plates 60 are schematically represented as having generally rectangular configurations to illustrate that configurations other than circular configurations are within the scope of the present disclosure. It should be understood that the schematically depicted end plates 60 may have any of the end plate configurations discussed, illustrated and/or incorporated herein.
In the preceding discussion, illustrative examples of suitable materials of construction and methods of fabrication for the components of hydrogen purification devices according to the present disclosure have been discussed. It should be understood that the examples are not meant to represent an exclusive, or closed, list of exemplary materials and methods, and that it is within the scope of the present disclosure that other materials and/or methods may be used. For example, in many of the above examples, desirable characteristics or properties are presented to provide guidance for selecting additional methods and/or materials. This guidance is also meant as an illustrative aid, as opposed to reciting essential requirements for all embodiments.
As discussed, in embodiments of device 10 that include a separation assembly that includes hydrogen-permeable and/or hydrogen-selective membranes 46, suitable materials for membranes 46 include palladium and palladium alloys. As also discussed, the membranes may be supported by frames and/or supports, such as the previously described frames 240, supports 54 and screen structure 210. Furthermore, devices 10 are often operated at selected operating parameters that include elevated temperatures and pressures. In such an application, the devices typically begin at a startup, or initial, operating state, in which the devices are typically at ambient temperature and pressure, such as atmospheric pressure and a temperature of approximately 25° C. From this state, the device is heated (such as with heating assembly 42) and pressurized (via any suitable mechanism) to selected operating parameters, such as temperatures of 200° C. or more, and selected operating pressures, such as a pressure of 50 psi or more.
When devices 10 are heated, the components of the devices will expand. The degree to which the components enlarge or expand is largely defined by the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the materials from which the components are formed. Accordingly, these differences in CTE's will tend to cause the components to expand at different rates, thereby placing additional tension or compression on some components and/or reduced tension or compression on others.
For example, consider a hydrogen-selective membrane 46 formed from an alloy of 60 wt % palladium and 40 wt % copper (Pd-40Cu). Such a membrane has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 14.9 (μm/m)/° C. Further consider that the membrane is secured to a structural frame 230 or other mount, or retained against a support 54 formed from a material having a different CTE than Pd-40Cu or another material from which membrane 46 is formed. When a device 10 in which these components are operated is heated from an ambient or resting configuration, the components will expand at different rates. Typically, device 10 is thermally cycled within a temperature range of at least 200° C., and often within a range of at least 250° C., 300° C. or more. If the CTE of the membrane is less than the CTE of the adjoining structural component, then the membrane will tend to be stretched as the components are heated.
In addition to this initial stretching, it should be considered that hydrogen purification devices typically experience thermal cycling as they are heated for use, then cooled or allowed to cool when not in use, then reheated, re cooled, etc. In such an application, the stretched membrane may become wrinkled as it is compressed toward its original configuration as the membrane and other structural component(s) are cooled.
On the other hand, if the CTE of the membrane is greater than the CTE of the adjoining structural component, then the membrane will tend to be compressed during heating of the device, and this compression may cause wrinkling of the membrane. During cooling, or as the components cool, the membrane is then drawn back to its original configuration.
As an illustrative example, consider membrane plate 242 shown in FIG. 34. If the CTE of membrane 46 is greater than the CTE of frame member 230, which typically has a different composition than membrane 46, then the membrane will tend to expand faster when heated than the frame. Accordingly, compressive forces will be imparted to the membrane from frame 230, and these forces may produce wrinkles in the membrane. In contrast, if the CTE of membrane 46 is less than the CTE of frame 230, then the frame will expand faster when heated than membrane 46. As this occurs, expansive forces will be imparted to the membrane, as the expansion of the frame in essence tries to stretch the membrane. While neither of these situations is desirable, compared to an embodiment in which the frame and membrane have the same or essentially the same CTE, the former scenario may in some embodiments be the more desirable of the two because it may be less likely to produce wrinkles in the membrane.
Wrinkling of membrane 46 may cause holes and cracks in the membrane, especially along the wrinkles where the membrane is fatigued. In regions where two or more wrinkles intersect, the likelihood of holes and/or cracks is increased because that portion of the membrane has been wrinkled in at least two different directions. It should be understood that holes and cracks lessen the selectivity of the membrane for hydrogen gas because the holes and/or cracks are not selective for hydrogen gas and instead allow any of the components of the mixed gas stream to pass thereto. During repeated thermal cycling of the membrane, these points or regions of failure will tend to increase in size, thereby further decreasing the purity of the hydrogen-rich, or permeate, stream. It should be further understood that these wrinkles may be caused by forces imparted to the membrane from portions of device 10 that contact the membrane directly, and which accordingly may be referred to as membrane-contacting portions or structure, or by other portions of the device that do not contact the membrane but which upon expansion and/or cooling impart forces that are transmitted to the membrane. Examples of membrane-contacting structure include frames or other mounts 52 and supports 54 upon which the membrane is mounted or with which membrane 46 is in contact even if the membrane is not actually secured or otherwise mounted thereon. Examples of portions of device 10 that may, at least in some embodiments, impart wrinkle-inducing forces to membrane 46 include the enclosure 12, and portions thereof such as one or more end plates 60 and/or shell 62. Other examples include gaskets and spacers between the end plates and the frames or other mounts for the membrane, and in embodiments of device 10 that include a plurality of membranes, between adjacent frames or other supports or mounts for the membranes.
One approach to guarding against membrane failure due to differences in CTE between the membranes and adjoining structural components is to place deformable gaskets between the membrane and any component of device 10 that contacts the membrane and has sufficient stiffness or structure to impart compressive or tensile forces to the membrane that may wrinkle the membrane. For example, in FIG. 33, membrane 46 is shown sandwiched between feed plate 238 and permeate gasket 236, both of which may be formed from a deformable material. In such an embodiment and with such a construction, the deformable gaskets buffer, or absorb, at least a significant portion of the compressive or tensile forces that otherwise would be exerted upon membrane 46.
In embodiments where either or both of these frames are not formed from a deformable material (i.e., a resilient material that may be compressed or expanded as forces are imparted thereto and which returns to its original configuration upon removal of those forces), when membrane 46 is mounted on a plate 242 that has a thickness and/or composition that may exert the above-described wrinkling tensile or compressive forces to membrane 46, or when support 54 is bonded (or secured under the selected operating pressure) to membrane 46, a different approach may additionally or alternatively be used. More specifically, the life of the membranes may be increased by forming components of device 10 that otherwise would impart wrinkling forces, either tensile or compressive, to membrane 46 from materials having a CTE that is the same or similar to that of the material or materials from which membrane 46 is formed.
For example, Type 304 stainless steel has a CTE of 17.3 and Type 316 stainless steel has a CTE of 16.0. Accordingly, Type 304 stainless steel has a CTE that is approximately 15% greater than that of Pd-40Cu, and Type 316 stainless steel has a CTE that is approximately 8% greater than that of Pd-40Cu. This does not mean that these materials may not be used to form the various supports, frames, plates, shells and the like discussed herein. However, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, it may be desirable to form at least some of these components from a material that has a CTE that is the same as or more similar to that of the material from which membrane 46 is formed. More specifically, it may be desirable to have a CTE that is the same as the CTE of the material from which membrane 46 is formed, or a material that has a CTE that is within a selected range of the CTE of the material from which membrane 46 is selected, such as within ±0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, or 15%. Expressed another way, in at least some embodiments, it may be desirable to form the membrane-contacting portions or other elements of the device from a material or materials that have a CTE that is within ±1.2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 or less than 0.1 μm/m/° C. of the CTE from which membrane 46 is at least substantially formed. Materials having one of the above compositions and/or CTE's relative to the CTE of membrane 46 may be referred to herein as having one of the selected CTE's within the context of this disclosure.
In the following table, exemplary alloys and their corresponding CTE's and compositions are presented. It should be understood that the materials listed in the following table are provided for purposes of illustration, and that other materials may be used, including combinations of the below-listed materials and/or other materials, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. TABLE 1 Nominal Composition Alloy CTE Type/Grade (μm/m/C) C Mn Ni Cr Co Mo W Nb Cu Ti Al Fe Si Pd-40Cu 14.9 Monel 400 13.9 .02 1.5 65 32 2.0 (UNS N04400) Monel 401 13.7 .05 2.0 42 54 0.5 (UNS N04401) Monel 405 13.7 .02 1.5 65 32 2.0 (UNS N04405) Monel 500 13.7 .02 1.0 65 32 0.6 1.5 (UNS N05500 Type 304 17.3 .05 1.5 9.0 19.0 Bal 0.5 Stainless (UNS S30400) Type 316 16.0 .05 1.5 12.0 17.0 2.5 Bal 0.5 Stainless (UNS S31600) Type 310S 15.9 .05 1.5 20.5 25.0 Bal 1.1 Stainless (UNS S31008) Type 330 14.4 .05 1.5 35.5 18.5 Bal 1.1 Stainless (UNS N08330) AISI Type 14.0 .1 1.5 20.0 21.0 20.5 3.0 2.5 1.0 31.0 0.8 661 Stainless (UNS R30155) Inconel 600 13.3 .08 76.0 15.5 8.0 (UNS N06600) Inconel 601 13.75 .05 60.5 23.0 0.5 1.35 14.1 (UNS N06601) Inconel 625 12.8 .05 61.0 21.5 9.0 3.6 0.2 0.2 2.5 (UNS N06625) Incoloy 800 14.4 .05 0.8 32.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 46.0 0.5 (UNS N08800) Nimonic 13.5 .05 42.5 12.5 6.0 2.7 36.2 Alloy 901 (UNS N09901) Hastelloy X 13.3 .15 49.0 22.0 1.5 9.0 0.6 2 15.8 (UNS N06002) Inconel 718 13.0 .05 52.5 19.0 3.0 5.1 0.9 0.5 18.5 (UNS N07718) Haynes 230 12.7 0.1 55.0 22.0 5.0 2.0 14 0.35 3.0 (UNS N06002)
From the above information, it can be seen that alloys such as Type 330 stainless steel and Incoloy 800 have CTE's that are within approximately 3% of the CTE of Pd40Cu, and Monel 400 and Types 310S stainless steel have CTE's that deviate from the CTE of Pd40Cu by less than 7%.
To illustrate that the selection of materials may vary with the CTE of the particular membrane being used, consider a material for membrane 46 that has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 13.8 μm/m/° C. From the above table, it can be seen that the Monel and Inconel 600 alloys have CTE's that deviate, or differ from, the CTE of the membrane by 0.1 μm/m/° C. As another example, consider a membrane having a CTE of 13.4 μm/m/° C. Hastelloy X has a CTE that corresponds to that of the membrane, and that the Monel and Inconel 601 alloys have CTE's that are within approximately 1% of the CTE of the membrane. Of the illustrative example of materials listed in the table, all of the alloys other than Hastelloy X, Incoloy 800 and the Type 300 series of stainless steel alloys have CTE's that are within 2% of the CTE of the membrane, and all of the alloys except Type 304, 316 and 310S stainless steel alloys have CTE's that are within 5% of the CTE of the membrane.
Examples of components of device 10 that may be formed from a material having a selected CTE relative to membrane 46, such as a CTE corresponding to or within one of the selected ranges of the CTE of membrane 46, include one or more of the following: support 54, screen members 212, fine or outer screen or expanded metal member 216, inner screen member 214, membrane frame 240, permeate frame 232, permeate plate 234, feed plate 238. By the above, it should be understood that one of the above components may be formed from such a material, more than one of the above components may be formed from such a material, but that none of the above components are required to be formed from such a material. Similarly, the membranes 46 may be formed from materials other than Pd-40Cu, and as such the selected CTE's will vary depending upon the particular composition of membranes 46.
By way of further illustration, a device 10 may be formed with a membrane module 220 that includes one or more membrane envelopes 200 with a support that includes a screen structure which is entirely formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's. As another example, only the outer, or membrane-contacting, screen members (such as members 216) may be formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's, with the inner member or members being formed from a material that does not have one of the selected CTE's. As still another illustrative example, the inner screen member 214 may be formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's, with the membrane-contacting members being formed from a material that does not have one of the selected CTE's, etc.
In some embodiments, it may be sufficient for only the portions of the support that have sufficient stiffness to cause wrinkles in the membranes during the thermal cycling and other intended uses of the purification device to be formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's. As an illustrative example, consider screen structure 210, which is shown in FIG. 32. In the illustrative embodiment, the screen structure is adapted to be positioned between a pair of membranes 46, and the screen structure includes a pair of outer, or membrane-contacting screen members 216, and an inner screen member 214 that does not contact the membranes. Typically, but not exclusively, the outer screen members are formed from a material that is less stiff and often more fine than the inner screen member, which tends to have a stiffer and often coarser, construction. In such an embodiment, the inner screen member may be formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's, such as an alloy that includes nickel and copper, such as Monel, with the outer screen members being formed from conventional stainless steel, such as Type 304 or Type 316 stainless steel. Such a screen structure may also be described as having a membrane-contacting screen member with a CTE that differs from the CTE of membrane 46 more than the CTE of the material from which the inner screen member is formed. As discussed, however, it is also within the scope of the present disclosure that all of the screen members may be formed from an alloy that includes nickel and copper, such as Monel, or another material having one of the selected CTE's.
This construction also may be applied to supports that include more than one screen member or layer, but which only support one membrane. For example, and with reference to FIG. 2, the support may include a membrane-contacting layer or screen member 214′, which may have a construction like a screen member 214. Layer 214′ engages and extends across at least a substantial portion of the face of the membrane, but typically does not itself provide sufficient support to the membrane when the purification device is pressurized and in use. The support may further include a second layer or second screen member 216′, which may have a construction like screen member 216 and which extends generally parallel to the first layer but on the opposite side of the first layer than the membrane. This second layer is stiffer than the first layer so that it provides a composite screen structure that has sufficient strength, or stiffness, to support the membrane when in use. When such a construction is utilized, it may (but is not required to be) implemented with the second layer, or screen member to be formed from an alloy of nickel and copper, such as Monel, or another material having a selected CTE, and with the membrane-contacting layer, or screen member, being formed from a material having a CTE that differs from the CTE of the membrane by a greater amount than the material from which the second layer is formed. Additionally, the membrane-contacting layer may be described as being formed from a material that does not include an alloy of nickel and copper.
Another example of exemplary configurations, a device 10 may have a single membrane 46 supported between the end plates 60 of the enclosure by one or more mounts 52 and/or one or more supports 54. The mounts and/or the supports may be formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's. Similarly, at least a portion of enclosure 12, such as one or both of end plates 60 or shell 62, may be formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's.
In embodiments of device 10 in which there are components of the device that do not directly contact membrane 46, these components may still be formed from a material having one of the selected CTE's. For example, a portion or all of enclosure 12, such as one or both of end plates 60 or shell 62, may be formed from a material, including one of the alloys listed in Table 1, having one of the selected CTE's relative to the CTE of the material from which membrane 46 is formed even though these portions do not directly contact membrane 46.
A hydrogen purification device 10 constructed according to the present disclosure may be coupled to, or in fluid communication with, any source of impure hydrogen gas. Examples of these sources include gas storage devices, such as hydride beds and pressurized tanks. Another source is an apparatus that produces as a byproduct, exhaust or waste stream a flow of gas from which hydrogen gas may be recovered. Still another source is a fuel processor, which as used herein, refers to any device that is adapted to produce a mixed gas stream containing hydrogen gas from at least one feed stream containing a feedstock. Typically, hydrogen gas will form a majority or at least a substantial portion of the mixed gas stream produced by a fuel processor.
A fuel processor may produce mixed gas stream 24 through a variety of mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include steam reforming and autothermal reforming, in which reforming catalysts are used to produce hydrogen gas from a feed stream containing a carbon-containing feedstock and water. Other suitable mechanisms for producing hydrogen gas include pyrolysis and catalytic partial oxidation of a carbon-containing feedstock, in which case the feed stream does not contain water. Still another suitable mechanism for producing hydrogen gas is electrolysis, in which case the feedstock is water. Examples of suitable carbon-containing feedstocks include at least one hydrocarbon or alcohol. Examples of suitable hydrocarbons include methane, propane, natural gas, diesel, kerosene, gasoline and the like. Examples of suitable alcohols include methanol, ethanol, and polyols, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
A hydrogen purification device 10 adapted to receive mixed gas stream 24 from a fuel processor is shown schematically in FIG. 40. As shown, the fuel processor is generally indicated at 300, and the combination of a fuel processor and a hydrogen purification device may be referred to as a fuel processing system 302. Also shown in dashed lines at 42 is a heating assembly, which as discussed provides heat to device 10 and may take a variety of forms. Fuel processor 300 may take any of the forms discussed above. To graphically illustrate that a hydrogen purification device according to the present disclosure may also receive mixed gas stream 24 from sources other than a fuel processor 300, a gas storage device is schematically illustrated at 306 and an apparatus that produces mixed gas stream 24 as a waste or byproduct stream in the course of producing a different product stream 308 is shown at 310. The schematic representation of fuel processor 300 is meant to include any associated heating assemblies, feedstock delivery systems, air delivery systems, feed stream sources or supplies, etc.
Fuel processors are often operated at elevated temperatures and/or pressures. As a result, it may be desirable to at least partially integrate hydrogen purification device 10 with fuel processor 300, as opposed to having device 10 and fuel processor 300 connected by external fluid transportation conduits. An example of such a configuration is shown in FIG. 41, in which the fuel processor includes a shell or housing 312, which device 10 forms a portion of and/or extends at least partially within. In such a configuration, fuel processor 300 may be described as including device 10. Integrating the fuel processor or other source of mixed gas stream 24 with hydrogen purification device 10 enables the devices to be more easily moved as a unit. It also enables the fuel processor's components, including device 10, to be heated by a common heating assembly and/or for at least some if not all of the heating requirements of device 10 be to satisfied by heat generated by processor 300.
As discussed, fuel processor 300 is any suitable device that produces a mixed gas stream containing hydrogen gas, and preferably a mixed gas stream that contains a majority of hydrogen gas. For purposes of illustration, the following discussion will describe fuel processor 300 as being adapted to receive a feed stream 316 containing a carbon-containing feedstock 318 and water 320, as shown in FIG. 42. However, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that the fuel processor 300 may take other forms, as discussed above, and that feed stream 316 may have other compositions, such as containing only a carbon-containing feedstock or only water.
Feed stream 316 may be delivered to fuel processor 300 via any suitable mechanism. A single feed stream 316 is shown in solid lines in FIG. 42, but more than one stream 316 may be used and that these streams may contain the same or different components. When the carbon-containing feedstock 318 is miscible with water, the feedstock is typically delivered with the water component of feed stream 316, such as shown in FIG. 42. When the carbon-containing feedstock is immiscible or only slightly miscible with water, these components are typically delivered to fuel processor 300 in separate streams, such as shown in dashed lines in FIG. 42. In FIG. 42, feed stream 316 is shown being delivered to fuel processor 300 by a feed stream delivery system 317. Delivery system 317 includes any suitable mechanism, device, or combination thereof that delivers the feed stream to fuel processor 300. For example, the delivery system may include one or more pumps that deliver the components of stream 316 from a supply. Additionally, or alternatively, system 317 may include a valve assembly adapted to regulate the flow of the components from a pressurized supply. The supplies may be located external of the fuel cell system, or may be contained within or adjacent the system.
As generally indicated at 332 in FIG. 42, fuel processor 300 includes a hydrogen-producing region in which mixed gas stream 24 is produced from feed stream 316. As discussed, a variety of different processes may be utilized in hydrogen-producing region 332. An example of such a process is steam reforming, in which region 332 includes a steam reforming catalyst 334. Alternatively, region 332 may produce stream 24 by autothermal reforming, in which case region 332 includes an autothermal reforming catalyst. In the context of a steam or autothermal reformer, mixed gas stream 24 may also be referred to as a reformate stream. Preferably, the fuel processor is adapted to produce substantially pure hydrogen gas, and even more preferably, the fuel processor is adapted to produce pure hydrogen gas. For the purposes of the present disclosure, substantially pure hydrogen gas is greater than 90% pure, preferably greater than 95% pure, more preferably greater than 99% pure, and even more preferably greater than 99.5% pure. Examples of suitable fuel processors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,117, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/802,361, which was filed on Mar. 8, 2001, and is entitled “Fuel Processor and Systems and Devices Containing the Same,” and U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,306, which was filed on Mar. 19, 2001, and is entitled “Hydrogen-Selective Metal Membrane Modules and Method of Forming the Same,” each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
The reformate, or mixed gas, stream 24 typically contains hydrogen gas and impurities, and therefore is delivered to hydrogen purification device 10, where stream 24 is separated into one or more byproduct streams, which are collectively illustrated at 36, and at least one hydrogen-rich stream 34 by any suitable pressure-driven separation process. The hydrogen-rich stream(s) will contain at least one of a greater concentration of hydrogen gas and a lower concentration of at least certain ones of the impurities than the mixed gas stream. Similarly, the byproduct stream(s) will contain at least a substantial portion of the impurities.
An example of a suitable structure for use in device 10 is a separation assembly 20, such as a membrane module, that contains one or more hydrogen permeable metal membranes 46. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of suitable hydrogen purification devices 10 and separation assemblies 20 have been described above. Examples of suitable membrane modules formed from a plurality of hydrogen-selective metal membranes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,117, the complete disclosure of which was previously incorporated by reference for all purposes. In that application, a plurality of generally planar membranes are assembled together into a membrane module having flow channels through which an impure gas stream is delivered to the membranes, a purified gas stream is harvested from the membranes and a byproduct stream is removed from the membranes. Gaskets, such as flexible graphite gaskets, are used to achieve seals around the feed and permeate flow channels. Also disclosed in the above-identified application are tubular hydrogen-selective membranes, which also may be used. Other suitable membranes and membrane modules are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,858, the complete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Other suitable, non-exclusive examples of fuel processors are also disclosed in the other incorporated patents and patent applications.
Another example of a suitable pressure-separation process for use in a hydrogen purification device 10 is pressure swing absorption (PSA). In a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process, gaseous impurities are removed from a stream containing hydrogen gas. PSA is based on the principle that certain gases, under the proper conditions of temperature and pressure, will be adsorbed onto an adsorbent material more strongly than other gases. Typically, it is the impurities that are adsorbed and thus removed from reformate stream 24. The success of using PSA for hydrogen purification is due to the relatively strong adsorption of common impurity gases (such as CO, CO₂, hydrocarbons including CH₄, and N₂) on the adsorbent material. Hydrogen adsorbs only very weakly and so hydrogen passes through the adsorbent bed while the impurities are retained on the adsorbent. Impurity gases such as NH₃, H₂S, and H₂O adsorb very strongly on the adsorbent material and are therefore removed from stream 24 along with other impurities. If the adsorbent material is going to be regenerated and these impurities are present in stream 24, device 10 preferably includes a suitable device that is adapted to remove these impurities prior to delivery of stream 24 to the adsorbent material because it is more difficult to desorb these impurities.
Adsorption of impurity gases occurs at elevated pressure. When the pressure is reduced, the impurities are desorbed from the adsorbent material, thus regenerating the adsorbent material. Typically, PSA is a cyclic process and requires at least two beds for continuous (as opposed to batch) operation. Examples of suitable adsorbent materials that may be used in adsorbent beds are activated carbon and zeolites, especially 5 Å (5 angstrom) zeolites. The adsorbent material is commonly in the form of pellets and it is placed in a cylindrical pressure vessel utilizing a conventional packed-bed configuration. It should be understood, however, that other suitable adsorbent material compositions, forms and configurations may be used.
Fuel processor 300 may, but does not necessarily, further include a polishing region 348, such as shown in dashed lines in FIG. 42. Polishing region 348 receives hydrogen-rich stream 34 from device 10 and further purifies the stream by reducing the concentration of, or removing, selected compositions therein. In FIG. 42, the resulting stream is indicated at 314 and may be referred to as a product hydrogen stream or purified hydrogen stream. When fuel processor 300 does not include polishing region 348, hydrogen-rich stream 34 forms product hydrogen stream 314. For example, when stream 34 is intended for use in a fuel cell stack, compositions that may damage the fuel cell stack, such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, may be removed from the hydrogen-rich stream, if necessary. The concentration of carbon monoxide should be less than 10 ppm (parts per million) to prevent the control system from isolating the fuel cell stack. Preferably, the system limits the concentration of carbon monoxide to less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably, to less than 1 ppm. The concentration of carbon dioxide may be greater than that of carbon monoxide. For example, concentrations of less than 25% carbon dioxide may be acceptable. Preferably, the concentration is less than 10%, even more preferably, less than 1%. Especially preferred concentrations are less than 50 ppm. It should be understood that the acceptable minimum concentrations presented herein are illustrative examples, and that concentrations other than those presented herein may be used and are within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, particular users or manufacturers may require minimum or maximum concentration levels or ranges that are different than those identified herein.
Region 348 includes any suitable structure for removing or reducing the concentration of the selected compositions in stream 34. For example, when the product stream is intended for use in a PEM fuel cell stack or other device that will be damaged if the stream contains more than determined concentrations of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, it may be desirable to include at least one methanation catalyst bed 350. Bed 350 converts carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into methane and water, both of which will not damage a PEM fuel cell stack. Polishing region 348 may also include another hydrogen-producing region 352, such as another reforming catalyst bed, to convert any unreacted feedstock into hydrogen gas. In such an embodiment, it is preferable that the second reforming catalyst bed is upstream from the methanation catalyst bed so as not to reintroduce carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide downstream of the methanation catalyst bed.
Steam reformers typically operate at temperatures in the range of 200° C. and 900° C., and at pressures in the range of 50 psi and 1000 psi, although temperatures outside of this range are within the scope of the present disclosure, such as depending upon the particular type and configuration of fuel processor being used. Any suitable heating mechanism or device may be used to provide this heat, such as a heater, burner, combustion catalyst, or the like. The heating assembly may be external the fuel processor or may form a combustion chamber that forms part of the fuel processor. The fuel for the heating assembly may be provided by the fuel processing or fuel cell system, by an external source, or both.
In FIG. 42, fuel processor 300 is shown including a shell 312 in which the above-described components are contained. Shell 312, which also may be referred to as a housing, enables the components of the fuel processor to be moved as a unit. It also protects the components of the fuel processor from damage by providing a protective enclosure and reduces the heating demand of the fuel processor because the components of the fuel processor may be heated as a unit. Shell 312 may, but does not necessarily, include insulating material 333, such as a solid insulating material, blanket insulating material, or an air-filled cavity. It is within the scope of the present disclosure, however, that the fuel processor may be formed without a housing or shell. When fuel processor 300 includes insulating material 333, the insulating material may be internal the shell, external the shell, or both. When the insulating material is external a shell containing the above-described reforming, separation and/or polishing regions, the fuel processor may further include an outer cover or jacket external the insulation.
It is further within the scope of the present disclosure that one or more of the components of fuel processor 300 may either extend beyond the shell or be located external at least shell 312. For example, device 10 may extend at least partially beyond shell 312, as indicated in FIG. 41. As another example, and as schematically illustrated in FIG. 42, polishing region 348 may be external shell 312 and/or a portion of hydrogen-producing region 332 (such as portions of one or more reforming catalyst beds) may extend beyond the shell.
As indicated above, fuel processor 300 may be adapted to deliver hydrogen-rich stream 34 or product hydrogen stream 314 to at least one fuel cell stack, which produces an electric current therefrom. In such a configuration, the fuel processor and fuel cell stack may be referred to as a fuel cell system. An example of such a system is schematically illustrated in FIG. 43, in which a fuel cell stack is generally indicated at 322. The fuel cell stack is adapted to produce an electric current from the portion of product hydrogen stream 314 delivered thereto. In the illustrated embodiment, a single fuel processor 300 and a single fuel cell stack 322 are shown and described, however, it should be understood that more than one of either or both of these components may be used. It should also be understood that these components have been schematically illustrated and that the fuel cell system may include additional components that are not specifically illustrated in the figures, such as feed pumps, air delivery systems, heat exchangers, heating assemblies and the like.
Fuel cell stack 322 contains at least one, and typically multiple, fuel cells 324 that are adapted to produce an electric current from the portion of the product hydrogen stream 314 delivered thereto. This electric current may be used to satisfy the energy demands, or applied load, of an associated energy-consuming device 325. Illustrative examples of devices 325 include, but should not be limited to, a motor vehicle, recreational vehicle, boat, tools, lights or lighting assemblies, appliances (such as a household or other appliance), household, signaling or communication equipment, etc. It should be understood that device 325 is schematically illustrated in FIG. 43 and is meant to represent one or more devices or collection of devices that are adapted to draw electric current from, or apply a load to, the fuel cell system. A fuel cell stack typically includes multiple fuel cells joined together between common end plates 323, which contain fluid delivery/removal conduits (not shown). Examples of suitable fuel cells include proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and alkaline fuel cells. Fuel cell stack 322 may receive all of product hydrogen stream 314. Some or all of stream 314 may additionally, or alternatively, be delivered, via a suitable conduit, for use in another hydrogen-consuming process, burned for fuel or heat, or stored for later use.
As described herein, hydrogen purification device 10 may receive mixed gas stream 24 from any number of sources, such as hydride beds or fuel processors. During operation, some particulate may be carried with the fluid streams to the hydrogen purification device, which contains the separation assembly 20. This particulate may be in the form of dust from catalysts upstream from the hydrogen purification device, such as the (steam or autothermal) reforming catalyst. It may also be from impurities in the feedstock, either as delivered to the fuel processor, or from the recycled byproduct stream which could contain dust from upstream or downstream catalysts (such as reforming or methanation catalysts). Another source of particulate is coke, which may be formed as a byproduct of the reforming reactions.
Regardless of its source, this particulate may interfere with the operation of the hydrogen-selective membrane or membranes used in hydrogen purification device 10. Additionally or alternatively, the particulate may interfere with the operation of the absorbent material used in hydrogen purification devices incorporating PSA separation assemblies. Continuing with the example of membrane separation, this particulate may plug the gas flow channels in the membranes. As this occurs, the pressure drop through the membranes increases and eventually requires replacement of the membranes. It should be understood that the time required for the membrane to need replacing will vary, depending upon such factors as the operating conditions of the fuel processor, the concentration and size of particulate being delivered to the membranes, etc. To prevent this particulate from impairing the operation of separation assembly 20, fuel processor 300 may include a filter assembly 360 intermediate its hydrogen producing region and the hydrogen purification device, such as shown in FIG. 44. In FIG. 44, polishing region 348 is shown in dashed lines to schematically illustrate that the filter assembly may be used with any of the fuel processors described and/or illustrated herein or in the incorporated references.
Filter assembly 360 is adapted to remove or reduce the amount of particulate in reformate stream 24 prior to delivery of the stream to the fuel processor's hydrogen purification device 10. As such, filter assembly 360 may also be described as a particle-gas separator. As shown, filter assembly 360 receives reformate stream 24 and a filtered stream 364 is delivered to hydrogen purification device 10 from the filter assembly. Filter assembly 360 includes at least one filter element 362. Filter element 362 includes any suitable device adapted to remove particulates from reformate stream 24 at the elevated temperatures at which the fuel processor operates. An example of a suitable filter element is a porous medium through which the reformate stream may flow, and in which particulates contained in the reformate stream are retained.
An example of a suitable form for filter element 362 is a sintered metal tube or disc. Another example is a woven metal mesh, such as filter cloth that is fabricated into the shape of a tube or disc. Ceramic tubes and discs are also suitable filter elements. A 2-micron filter that operates at temperatures in the range of 700° C. has proven effective as a filter element, however, it should be understood that the size (namely, the size of the smallest particulate that will be trapped by the filter) and the composition of the filter may vary. Another suitable filter element is a device in which the reformate stream passes through an elbow or other conduit containing a trap, which retains the particulate. Filter assembly 360 may also include two or more filter elements 362, such as filter elements that may have the same or different sizing and/or different types of filter elements. Particulate that may be present in the hot reformate gas as it exits the hydrogen producing region are retained on the filter element.
FIG. 45 provides an illustrative example of a fuel processor 300 containing a filter assembly 360 intermediate its reforming and separation regions. As shown, reformate stream 24 passes through filter assembly 360. The stream leaves filter assembly 360 as filtered stream 364 and is delivered to hydrogen purification device 10, which in the illustrated example takes the form of a separation assembly including a membrane module containing a plurality of hydrogen-selective membranes 46.
Also shown in FIG. 45 is an example of a fuel processor that contains a vaporization region 366, in which feed stream 316 is vaporized prior to delivery to hydrogen-producing regions 332. Vaporization region 366 includes a vaporization coil 368, which is contained within the shell 312 of the fuel processor. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that the vaporization region (and coil) may be located external the shell of the fuel processor, such as extending around the shell or otherwise located outside of the shell. The feed stream in vaporization region 366 is vaporized by heat provided by a heating assembly 370 that includes a heating element 372, which in the illustrated embodiment takes the form of a spark plug. Examples of other suitable heating elements include glow plugs, pilot lights, combustion catalysts, resistance heaters, and combinations thereof, such as a glow plug in combination with a combustion catalyst.
Heating assembly 370 consumes a fuel stream 376, which may be a combustible fuel stream or an electric current, depending upon the type of heating element used in the heating assembly. In the illustrated embodiment, the heating assembly forms part of a combustion chamber, or region, 377, and the fuel stream includes a combustible fuel and air from an air stream 378. The fuel may come from an external source, such as schematically illustrated at 380, or may be at least partially formed from the byproduct stream 36 from hydrogen purification device 10. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that at least a portion of the fuel stream may also be formed from product hydrogen stream 314. In the illustrated embodiment, the exhaust from combustion region 377 flows through heating conduits 384 in hydrogen-producing region 332 to provide additional heating to the hydrogen producing region. Conduits 384 may take a variety of forms, including finned tubes and spirals, to provide sufficient surface area and desirable uniform distribution of heat throughout hydrogen-producing region 332.
As discussed, hydrogen purification device 10 may include a separation assembly 20 that contains one or more hydrogen-selective metal membranes 46, which may also be referred to as hydrogen-permeable metal membranes. Hydrogen purification device 10 may include one or more of the separation assemblies 20 discussed above, including assemblies incorporating membrane separation technologies, PSA separation technologies, polishing regions, a combination of membrane and PSA separation technologies, a combination of membrane or PSA separation technologies with polishing regions, or other separation technologies.
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Lepetidae
Lepetidae is a family of sea snails or small, deep-water true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Patellogastropoda the true limpets.
Taxonomy
This family consists of the two following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):
* Lepetinae Gray, 1850
* Propilidiinae Thiele, 1891
A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of Patellogastropoda based on molecular phylogeny research by Nakano & Ozawa (2007):
Genera
Genera in the family Lepetidae include:
* Lepetinae
* Bathylepeta Moskalay, 1977
* Cryptobranchia Middendorff, 1851
* Iothia Forbes, 1849
* Lepeta J. E. Gray, 1842
* Limalepeta Moskalev, 1978
* Maoricrater Dell, 1956
* Propilidiinae
* Propilidium Forbes and Hanley, 1849
* Sagamilepeta Okutani, 1987
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Talk:Things That Drive Me CRAZY!/@comment-26124383-20110828192531/@comment-3398859-20110828193702
Yeah. I'd like you to come!
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MARK A. GRAVEL PROPERTIES, LLC v. EDDIE’S BBQ, LLC, et al.
No. 14-46.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Third Circuit.
May 7, 2014.
Ricky L. Sooter, Provosty, Sadler, De-Launay, Fiorenza & Sobel, APC, Alexandria, LA, for Defendants/Appellees: Eddie’s BBQ, LLC, et al.
Scott M. Brame, Alexandria, LA, for Plaintiff/Appellant: Mark A. Gravel Properties, LLC.
Court composed of SYLVIA R. COOKS, MARC T. AMY, and J. DAVID PAINTER, Judges.
AMY, Judge.
|, The parties herein were involved in the sale of a parcel of real property. However, a dispute arose regarding whether the seller improperly burdened the property with an additional servitude after the sales contract was signed and recorded. After the seller refused to cancel the servitude, the purchaser filed suit, seeking to compel the seller to void the servitude and proceed with the sale. After a trial, the trial court found that no sales contract had been confected because there was no meeting of the minds. The purchaser appeals. For the following reasons, we affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
This litigation involves the sale of a piece of real property owned by one of the defendants, Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC. The property is located on Castle Road behind the Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant and adjacent to the Ahrens Ewing Towne Centre. Although Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant shares a name with the owner of the real property, Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC, the record indicates that the restaurant is located on property owned by another defendant, Smead Corporation. The record also indicates that the management of Eddie’s BB-Q, LLC and Smead Corporation involves several of the same parties, including one of the defendants, Edward K. Ah-rens, Jr., and his son, Daniel Ahrens.
The record further indicates that, in 2011, Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC and Ahrens Ewing Towne Centre entered into a servitude agreement which allows access from Castle Road to the Ahrens Ewing Towne Centre across the paved portion of the property. However, one of the disputed issues in this litigation is access to and |2from Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant across the paved portion of the property. Edward K. Ahrens, Jr. testified that it is necessary to cross the paved portion of the property in order to access Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant drive-through. Further, Daniel Ahrens testified that access across the paved portion of the property was necessary for deliveries to Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant. According to Daniel Ahrens, such access had been permitted “from the beginning.”
At some point, Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC listed the property for sale, and the plaintiff, Mark A. Gravel Properties, LLC, became interested in purchasing the property. The parties signed an Agreement to Purchase/Sell on May 9, 2012. Attached to the agreement was a property condition disclosure form, which stated that there was “Cross Access with Towne Centre and Eddie’s BBQ[.]” The record indicates that the agreement was recorded with the Rap-ides Parish Clerk on June 13, 2012. Thereafter, Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC and Ah-rens Ewing Towne Centre recorded an Act of Correction, which was signed on June 15, 2012, and addressed the existing servitude. Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC and Smead Corporation also recorded a Reciprocal Servitude Agreement, which was signed on June 15, 2012, and created a predial servitude for pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
Upon discovering that an additional servitude had been created, Mr. Gravel demanded that Edward K. Ahrens, Jr., cancel the Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC/Smead Corporation servitude. However, the servitude was not cancelled, and the parties did not proceed with closing. Thereafter, Gravel Properties filed this suit against Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC, Smead Corporation, and Edward K. Ahrens, Jr., individually, seeking to have the Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC/Smead Corporation | sservitude can-celled and to compel specific performance. Contending in part that the Eddie’s B-BQ, LLC/Smead Corporation servitude was intended to document an already existing agreement and that the access issue had been disclosed to the plaintiff, the defendants filed a reconventional demand, seeking cancellation of the Agreement to Purchase/Sell and an award of the deposit and attorney’s fees, costs, and other expenses.
After a trial, the trial court found that there was no meeting of the minds with regard to the contract and thus that the “contracts fall and that the parties have to be put back in the same position as before the contracts.” The trial court entered judgment dismissing the plaintiffs claims and declaring the Agreement to Purchase/Sell null and void and ordering it cancelled from the public records.
The plaintiff appeals, asserting as error that:
1. The district court erred in applying the law of obligations and contract interpretation to the case sub judice.
2. The district court erred in failing to find the seller committed a bad faith breach of contract.
3. The district court clearly erred in holding there was “no meeting of the minds” when defendants had not even plead “error” as an affirmative defense to the contract.
4. The district court erred in rescinding a valid and enforceable contract to purchase and sell.
5. The district court erred in not can-celling the servitude, created under subterfuge, by the seller after the contract to buy and sell was recorded.
6. The district court erred in failing to order the seller to specifically perform under the contract to buy and sell that was recorded.
|4Discussion
The Trial Court’s Consideration of Lack of Consent
One of Gravel Properties’ assignments of error is that the trial court erred in considering whether a contract existed, because the defendants did not specifically assert error as an affirmative defense. Our review of the record indicates that the defendants did not specifically plead error as an affirmative defense.
However, we find no error on the part of the trial court in considering whether there was consent to the contract. Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 1005 requires the answer to “set forth affirmatively ... duress, error or mistake, ... and any other matter constituting an affirmative defense.” The defendants’ answer does not specifically set forth any affirmative defenses but does contend that the property condition disclosure form contained notification of “Cross Access with Towne Centre and Eddie’s BBQ[.]” “The purpose of [La.Code Civ.P.] art. 1005 is to prevent surprise by giving the plaintiff fair notice of the nature of the defense, thereby preventing interjection of unexpected issues.” Ochsner Clinic Found. v. Arguello, 11-326, p. 8 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/29/11), 80 So.3d 622, 626. Thus, we find that the allegations in the defendants’ answer sufficiently set forth facts which put Gravel Properties on notice of the consent issue. See LaCross v. Cornerstone Christian Acad. of Lafayette, Inc., 04-341 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/15/04), 896 So.2d 105, writ denied, 05-128 (La.3/24/05), 896 So.2d 1037.
Additionally, the record indicates that testimony and argument on this issue were offered at trial without objection by Gravel Properties. Although Article 1005 is construed liberally, when the defendant fails to plead an affirmative defense in his answer, no proof may be offered at trial in support of that defense. | American Gulf V, Inc. v. Hibernia Nat. Bank, 99-376 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/10/99), 749 So.2d 722. “However, where an affirmative defense has not been pleaded but the opposing party nevertheless fails to object to the introduction of evidence bearing on the affirmative defense and which is not relevant to other issues raised in the pleadings, the pleadings are considered to have been enlarged to include the affirmative defense.” Cypress Oilfield Contractors, Inc. v. McGoldrick Oil Co., Inc., 525 So.2d 1157, 1162 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied, 530 So.2d 570 (La.1988). Given the evidence in the record that the defendants put Gravel Properties on notice of the consent issue and that Gravel Properties failed to object to the defendants’ introduction of evidence concerning this issue at trial, we do not disturb the trial court’s consideration of the consent issue.
This assignment of error is without merit.
Extrinsic or Parol Evidence
One of Gravel Properties’ assignments of error concerns the trial court’s consideration of parol evidence. Generally, parol evidence is not admissible to negate or vary the terms of an authentic act or an act under private signature. La.Civ. Code art. 1848. However, “in the interest of justice, that evidence may be admitted to prove such circumstances as a vice of consent or to prove that the written act was modified by a subsequent and valid oral agreement.” Id. Additionally, if the written expression of the parties’ common intent is ambiguous, parol evidence is admissible. Campbell v. Melton, 01-2578 (La.5/14/02), 817 So.2d 69. As discussed more fully below, the property condition disclosure form attached to the Agreement to Purchase/Sell provides for “Cross Access with Towne Centre and Eddie’s BBQ.” This statement is ambiguous with regard to whether there was access only between Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC and Ahrens Ewing | (¡Towne Centre or access between the property and both the Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant and Ahrens Ewing Towne Cen-tre.
Further, we observe that the initial consideration in this case is whether the requirements for contract formation were met. In those circumstances, several Louisiana courts have considered extrinsic evidence in determining whether a contract was formed. See, e.g., Marcantel v. Jefferson Door Co., Inc., 01-1307 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/10/02), 817 So.2d 236; Buruzs v. Buruzs, 96-1247 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/27/96), 686 So.2d 1006. Accordingly, we find no error on the part of the trial court in considering extrinsic or parol evidence.
Existence of the Contract
The heart of Gravel Properties’ assignments of error is that the defendants failed to act in good faith in executing the Agreement to Purchase/Sell and that the trial court erred in finding that there was no meeting of the minds.
“A contract is formed by the consent of the parties established through offer and acceptance.” La.Civ.Code art. 1927. In Philips v. Berner, 00-103, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/16/01), 789 So.2d 41, 45, writ denied, 01-1767 (La.9/28/01), 798 So.2d 119, the fourth circuit discussed contract formation, stating:
Four elements are necessary for formation of a contract in Louisiana: (1) capacity, (2) consent, (3) certain object, and (4) lawful cause. Leger v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 95-1055 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/31/96), 670 So.2d 397.
The law has long been clear that in order to find that there was an agreement between the parties and have consent pursuant to [La. Civ.Code] art.1927, the court must find that there was a meeting of the minds of the parties. See. [sic] Buruzs v. Buruzs, 96-1247 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/27/96), 686 So.2d 1006. Furthermore, it is horn book law that the consent of the parties is necessary to form a valid contract and where there is no meeting of the minds between the parties the contract is void for lack of consent. Stockstill v. C.F. Industries, Inc., 94-2072 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/15/95), 665 So.2d 802, 820; Howell v. Rhoades, 547 So.2d 1087, 1089 (La.App. 1 Cir.1989).
|7The existence of a contract is a finding of fact, subject to the manifest error standard of review. Dubois Const. Co. v. Moncla Const. Co., Inc., 39,794 (La.App. 2 Cir. 6/29/05), 907 So.2d 855.
The property condition disclosure form, which was executed by Daniel Ahrens, asks whether there are “any easements or servitudes on or affecting this property!/]” Daniel Ahrens indicated that there were and, in the explanation section, wrote that there was “Cross Access with Towne Cen-tre and Eddie’s BBQ[.]” He testified that he assumed that there was a document providing for access for Smead Corporation across the Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC tract and that “cross access” meant that “all traffic would be able to pass through the Eddie’s Barbeque parking lot, Eddie’s Barbeque Restaurant, through Eddie’s Barbeque office, through to Town Centre, and vice versa and all angles and directions at anytime, the way it’s been from the beginning, not to interrupt any other business from traffic.” According to Daniel Ahrens’ testimony regarding that access, “that’s what we thought we were selling.” He also stated that he listed “Eddie’s BBQ” instead of Smead Corporation because “Smead was the — was the company that bought the real estate and built the building but Eddie’s Barbeque has always been the company that has operated the property and has always tried to make a living there[,]” and that, in his opinion, “every one knew exactly what Eddie’s Barbeque was[.]”
IsEdward K. Ahrens, Jr. testified that he filed the Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC/Smead Corporation easement in order to maintain the right-of-way from the Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant to Castle Drive “as it always has been[.]” According to Edward K. Ahrens, Jr., after the Agreement to Purchase/Sell was signed, he discovered that the existing servitude agreement did not include access for Smead Corporation or the Eddie’s BB-Q restaurant. Edward K. Ahrens, Jr. stated that he would not have signed the purchase agreement if the buyer was going to cut off access to the Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant drive through. He also testified that he informed Mr. Gravel that the sale only included the three parking spaces located next to the office/storage building on the property.
Mr. Gravel testified that he wanted to purchase the property as storage buildings. According to Mr. Gravel, the first time he looked at the property, he was not paying attention to the paved parking area. Mr. Gravel thought that he had the discussion about parking after the Agreement to Purchase/Sell was signed. Mr. Gravel testified that, at the time he looked at the property, it was correct that nothing blocked the public from travelling across the Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant parking lot, turning left, and swinging back through the drive through. Mr. Gravel assumed that the restaurant was going to shorten its drive through.
Here, there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the trial court’s conclusion that there was no meeting of the minds between the parties with regard to the existence of access across the property for the Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant. The evidence supports the view that Eddie’s BB-Q, LLC both believed it was selling and intended to sell property which included predial servitudes of ingress and egress for both Ahrens Ewing Towne Centre and Smead Corporation. The testimony indicates that Eddie’s B-B-Q, LLC would not have sold the property |9without that access. Further, the record reveals that Gravel Properties believed it was purchasing property that only included a predial servitude of ingress and egress for Ahrens Ewing Towne Centre. Thus, based on our review of the record, we find no manifest error in the trial court’s finding that there was no meeting of the minds. See Marcantel, 817 So.2d 236; Hartsell v. Pipes Auto Shop, Inc., 318 So.2d 627 (La.App. 2 Cir.1975).
Gravel Properties’ assignments of error which flow from the trial court’s determination that there was no meeting of the minds are without merit.
Bad Faith
Pursuant to La.Civ.Code art.1983, “[cjontracts have the effect of law for the parties and may be dissolved only through the consent of the parties or on grounds provided by law. Contracts must be performed in good faith.” However, because we have found no error in the trial court’s conclusion that there was no meeting of the minds, and thus, there was no agreement to breach, we also find no merit in Gravel Properties’ assertion that the defendants performed the contract in bad faith.
This assignment of error is without merit.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed in its entirety. Costs of this appeal are assessed to the appellant, Mark A. Gravel Properties, LLC.
AFFIRMED.
. Eddie's B-B-Q, LLC is also spelled as "BBQ” in the record. We use the hyphenation contained in the petition.
. The record indicates that the agreement was signed by Mark A. Gravel, on behalf of Gravel Properties, and Daniel Ahrens, on behalf of Eddie's B-B-Q, LLC.
. We note that, on several occurrences in the record, multiple parties refer to both Eddie’s B-B-Q restaurant and Eddie's B-B-Q, LLC as “Eddie’s B-B-Q” or "Eddie's”.
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Renamed the binding to document as wbg_document
When wasm-bindgen-test is used to test user code which declares bindings to static document, duplicate js bindings to it are generated. It is caused due to internal bindings used in wasm-bindgen-test.
Fixes #714
Thanks for the PR! I think it's probably best to fix the internal bug though which hopefully isn't too hard, so I'm gonna close this in favor of that PR.
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Page:The Great Harry Thaw Case.djvu/256
want to have anything to do with him. At the parting he kissed my hand and said no matter what happened he would always love me and I would be an angel to him.'
"Gentlemen, I ask you to picture yourself in the state of mind Harry Thaw was in when he received such a greeting from the woman he loved—the one he had parted from but a few weeks ago; the one he had sworn to devote his whole life to. I ask you to imagine what his condition of mind was when he returned to New York and found that she had had her mind so poisoned against him again by the man who had been the cause of all her misfortune.
"She would allow White to fill her mind with these terrors of Harry Thaw to such an extent that she refused to see Harry Thaw alone. And what must have been the condition of mind of that poor man when he exclaimed, 'Oh, poor, deluded Evelyn!' and stooped and kissed her and then parted, as she believed, forever from her.
"Gentlemen, what was the condition of his mind is pictured to your eyes by documents of immeasurable worth, telling the story of this epoch in Harry Thaw's life.
"The series of letters that voiced the wail that came from his suffering soul is unparalled in history from the time of the Greeks to the present day.
"He wrote to her the day after he had kissed her hand and parted from her—she thought for all time—he wrote: 'Yesterday I saw you—you believed everything false people told you. Poor little Evelyn! You have fallen back into the hands of the man who poisoned your life—who poisoned your mind. I have no reproaches to heap on your head, for I know you are honest.
"'I must fight this battle alone.' his letter went on. 'I should have bet every cent in the world three weeks ago that no hypnotism in the world could have made you turn on me.'
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Hand dryer device
ABSTRACT
A hand dryer device cooperated with an airflow driver includes a first housing, a second housing, and an airflow driving unit. The first housing has a first body and a first extension portion. The second housing has a second body and a second extension portion. The second body is connected to the first body for defining an accommodating space, and the first and second extension portions together form a concave annular structure having an extension space. The airflow driving unit includes a sensor, a control module and an airflow guiding structure. The sensor is disposed on the outer surface of the first housing and/or the second housing. The sensor detects and outputs a sensing signal. The control module receives the sensing signal and outputs a control signal. The airflow guiding structure is disposed adjacent to an air outlet and extends to the extension space.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This Non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No(s). 106127456 filed in Taiwan, Republic of China on Aug. 14, 2017, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND Technology Field
The present disclosure relates to a hand driving device that can cooperate with an airflow driver.
Description of Related Art
The current home appliances are developed to achieve more efficiency and have more additional functions. Some home appliances, which can generate strong airflows (e.g. wireless vacuum cleaners, hair dryers and the likes), are used for temporary and are mostly rested. However, these devices occupy a certain space for storage, and the internal components thereof may easily damage to reduce the lifetime of the devices if the devices are not frequently used.
Since the hand dryer is expensive and is not easily installed, it is notpopularized in every family. In general, after the user washes hands,the water remained on the hands of the user may drop and wet the floor.If no proper anti-slip equipment is provided, it is possible to cause some accidents. Of course, the user can use tissue papers to wipe the remained water, but this is not an environment friendly solution.
Therefore, it is desired to provide the home appliances with the hand dryer function thereby improving the convenient life, and solving the issue of accommodation space in house.
In view of the above, it is an important subject to provide a hand dryerdevice that can cooperate with the airflow driver of other home appliances, thereby improving the convenient life.
SUMMARY
To achieve the above, this disclosure provides a hand dryer device usedto cooperate with an airflow driver. The hand dryer device includes a first housing, a second housing, and an airflow driving unit. The first housing has a first body and a first extension portion, and the first extension portion is connected to the first body. The second housing is disposed corresponding to the first housing and has a second body and a second extension portion. The second extension portion is connected tothe second body, and the second body is connected to the first body for defining an accommodating space. The second extension portion and thefirst extension portion together form a concave annular structure, andthe concave annular structure has an extension space therein. The airflow driving unit is disposed in the accommodating space and the extension space, and includes a sensor, a control module and an airflow guiding structure. The sensor is disposed on an outer surface of thefirst housing and/or the second housing. The sensor detects and output sa sensing signal. The control module receives the sensing signal and outputs a control signal. The airflow guiding structure is disposed adjacent to an air outlet and extends to the extension space.
In one embodiment, the airflow guiding structure includes a bag. A shape of the bag is gradually narrowed in radius toward the extension space.One end of the bag covers the air outlet, and another end of the bag is disposed outside the extension space.
In one embodiment, the airflow guiding structure further includes an isolation plate disposed inside the accommodating space, an edge of the isolation plate is connected to inner surfaces of the first housing andthe second housing, and the isolation plate has an opening.
In one embodiment, the airflow guiding structure further includes atleast a guiding plate, the guiding plate is connected to a periphery ofthe opening of the isolation plate, and the guiding plate extends fromthe periphery of the opening to the extension space.
In one embodiment, the first extension portion and/or the secondextension portion includes at least a nozzle, the nozzle is disposed atone end of the first extension portion and/or the second extension portion, and the nozzle is a hollow gradual-narrowed opening.
In one embodiment, the airflow driving unit further includes a sealing structure disposed at a junction of the airflow guiding structure andthe air outlet for forming a closed air channel.
In one embodiment, the hand dryer device further includes a drainage unit disposed on the first body or the second body, and the drainage unit is isolated with the accommodating space and the extension space.
In one embodiment, the sensor is a photosensitive circuit, and when thephotosensitive circuit receives an optical signal, the photosensitivecircuit outputs the sensing signal to the control module.
In one embodiment, the sensor is an infrared beam interruption circuit,and when the infrared beam interruption circuit receives an interruption signal, the infrared beam interruption circuit outputs the sensing signal to the control module.
In one embodiment, the sensor is a wireless remote-control receiving unit, and when the wireless remote-control receiving unit receives a remote-control signal, the wireless remote-control receiving unit outputs the sensing signal to the control module.
In one embodiment, the control signal is an enabling signal or a disabling signal.
In one embodiment, the airflow driving unit further includes a charging mechanism disposed inside the accommodating space for charging the airflow driver.
In one embodiment, the hand dryer device further includes a moving mechanism disposed on the outer surface of the first housing and/or the second housing.
In one embodiment, the first extension portion and/or the secondextension portion further includes an installation structure disposed onthe first housing and/or the second housing, and the hand dryer device is installed on a periphery structure via the installation structure.
As mentioned above, the home appliance can be disposed in the first housing and the second housing of the hand dryer device of this disclosure. Then, the sensor and the control module of the airflow driving unit can sense and enable the airflow driver of the home appliance for generating a strong airflow. The airflow guiding structure disposed adjacent to the air outlet of the airflow driver can guide the strong airflow out of the hand dryer device for providing a hand dryer function. This configuration can also solve the accommodation space inhouse and improve the convenient life.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and accompanying drawings, which are given for illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present disclosure, and wherein:
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram showing a hand dryer device according toan embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the hand dryer device of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 1C is a perspective side view of the hand dryer device of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a hand dryer device according to another embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 2B is a perspective side view of the hand dryer device of FIG. 2A;and
FIG. 3 is a perspective side view of a hand dryer device equipped with an installation structure of this disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure will be apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings,wherein the same references relate to the same elements.
The basic structure and the features of a hand dryer device according toan embodiment of the disclosure will be described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 1A to 1C. FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram showing a hand dryer device according to an embodiment of the disclosure, FIG. 1Bis a perspective view of the hand dryer device of FIG. 1A, and FIG. 1Cis a perspective side view of the hand dryer device of FIG. 1A. In orderto make the figures more clear and comprehensive, FIGS. 1B and 1C only show an airflow guiding structure disposed at one side of the first and second housings. In practice, it is possible to configure two airflow guiding structures at two sides of the first and second housings depending on the requirement and design.
This disclosure provides a hand dryer device HD1 used to cooperate with an airflow driver AD. The airflow driver AD can be a home appliance that can generate a strong airflow, such as the wireless vacuum cleaner or hair dryer. The airflow generated by the airflow driver AD can cooperate with the hand dryer device HD1 so as to achieve the dual function of hand drying and vacuum cleaning. In this embodiment, the hand dryerdevice HD1 includes a first housing 1, a second housing 2, and an airflow driving unit 3. The first housing 1 has a first body 11 and a first extension portion 12, and the first extension portion 12 isconnected to the first body 11. The second housing 2 is disposed corresponding to the first housing 1 and has a second body 21 and a second extension portion 22. The second extension portion 22 isconnected to the second body 21, and the second body 21 is connected tothe first body 11 for defining an accommodating space S1. The airflow driver AD can be received in the accommodating space S1. In this embodiment, the first housing 1 or the second housing 2 has an opening,or the first housing 1 and the second housing 2 are pivotally connected so they can be opened. Accordingly, the airflow driver AD can be disposed into the hand dryer device HD1 through the opening or by opening the pivotally connected first and the second housings 1 and 2.
As shown in FIG. 1C, the second extension portion 22 and the first extension portion 12 together form a concave annular structure. The concave annular structure can accumulate the airflow outputted from the hand dryer device HD1 for enhancing the drying effect. In this embodiment, the concave annular structure has extension spaces S2, S3therein. The lateral widths of the extension spaces S2, S3 are gradually reduced as the extension spaces S2, S3 extend from the accommodating space S1 toward the nozzles 121, 221, respectively, for increasing the pressure of the airflow as well as the intensity of the outputtedairflow. In addition, the airflow driving unit 3 is disposed in the accommodating space S1 and the extension spaces S2, S3. The airflow driving unit 3 includes a sensor 31, a control module 32 and an airflow guiding structure 33. The sensor 31 is disposed on an outer surface ofthe first housing 1 and/or the second housing 2. When the user inserts his/her hands into the space within the concave annular structure, the sensor 31 can detect the inserted hands and output a sensing signal. The control module 32 receives the sensing signal and outputs a control signal for enabling the airflow driver AD to output a strong airflow.The airflow guiding structure 33 is disposed adjacent to an air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD and extends to the extension spaces S2, S3.Thus, the airflow outputted from the air outlet AO can flow out of the hand dryer device HD1 via the airflow guiding structure 33 for providing the hand drying function. Furthermore, the airflow driving unit 3further includes a charging mechanism 35 disposed inside the accommodating space S1 for charging the airflow driver AD by wire or wireless. In order to improve the mobility and convenience of the hand dryer device HD1, it may further include a moving mechanism 5 disposed on the outer surface of the first housing 1 and/or the second housing 2.In this embodiment, the moving mechanism 5 is wheels disposed at the bottom of the first housing 1 and/or the second housing 2.
As shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C, the airflow guiding structure 33 of this embodiment includes a bag 331. A shape of the bag 331 is gradually narrowed in radius toward the extension space S2. One end of the bag 331covers the air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD, and another end ofthe bag 331 is disposed outside the extension space S2. The function ofthe bag 331 is to increase the pressure of the airflow. Besides, the bag331 can guide the airflow outputted from the air outlet AO to flow outof the hand dryer device HD1. In this embodiment, the bag 331 can be made of rubber, elastic material or other plastics materials, so that it can fit the size of the air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD and the shape of the internal space of the hand dryer device HD1. The lateral width of the extension space S2 of the first housing 1 and the second housing 2 is gradually narrowed for increasing the pressure of the airflow as well as the intensity of the outputted airflow. Moreover,this design can also support the bag 331 and provide the stability forthe airflow field.
In addition, the first extension portion 12 includes at least a nozzle121, and/or the second extension portion 22 includes at least a nozzle221. As shown in FIG. 1B, the first extension portion 12 includes two nozzles 121, and the second extension portion 22 includes two nozzles221. The nozzles 121 are disposed at one end of the first extension portion 12, and the nozzles 221 are disposed at one end of the secondextension portion 22. Each of the nozzles 121 and 221 is a hollow gradual-narrowed opening. This configuration can further press the airflow outputted from the hand dryer device HD1 to further enhance the intensity of the output airflow from the hand dryer device HD1.
In order to further improve the airflow guiding effect of the bag 331,the airflow driving unit 3 can further include a sealing structure 34disposed at a junction of the airflow guiding structure 33 and the air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD for forming a closed air channel. In more detailed, the sealing structure 34 is an O-ring or a spiral locking structure made of rubber or extendable elastic material. Thus, the sealing structure 34 can mount on and fit to different shapes of airflow driver AD. When the air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD is completely covered by the bag 331, the junction of the bag 331 and the air outlet AO can be mounted and sealed by the sealing structure 34 for eliminating the gap between the bag 331 and the air outlet AO. This configuration can achieve a substantial airtight status, and the airflow guiding structure 33 can provide a closed air channel.
Another embodiment of the airflow guiding structure 33 will be described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a hand dryer device according to another embodiment of the disclosure, and FIG. 2B is a perspective side view of the hand dryerdevice of FIG. 2A. In order to make the figures more clear and comprehensive, FIGS. 2A and 2B only show an airflow guiding structure disposed at one side of the first and second housings. In practice, itis possible to configure two airflow guiding structures at two sides ofthe first and second housings depending on the requirement and design.
In this embodiment, the airflow guiding structure 33 further includes an isolation plate 332 disposed inside the accommodating space S1. An edge of the isolation plate 332 is connected to the inner surfaces of thefirst housing 1 and the second housing 2, and the isolation plate 332has an opening 3321. The airflow driver AD is disposed through the opening 3321 of the isolation plate 332. In addition, the airflow guiding structure 33 further includes at least a guiding plate 333. The guiding plates 333 are connected to a periphery of the opening 3321 ofthe isolation plate 332, and the guiding plates 333 extend from the periphery of the opening 3321 to the extension space S2. Herein, the guiding plates 333 can together form an airtight channel. As shown in FIG. 2B, the lateral width of the extension spaces S2, S3 are gradually narrowed, and the guiding plates 333 disposed in the extension space S2also fit to the shape of the extension space S2 to form a channel with gradually narrowed lateral width. This configuration can increase the pressure of the airflow as well as the intensity of the outputtedairflow. This embodiment only shows one airflow guiding structure 33disposed at one side. In practice, it is possible to configure two airflow guiding structures 33 at two sides of the first housing 1 andthe second housing 2 depending on the requirement and design of the hand dryer device HD2. In addition, the first extension portion 12 includes at least a nozzle 121, and/or the second extension portion 22 includes at least a nozzle 221. As shown in FIG. 2A, the first extension portion12 includes two nozzles 121, and the second extension portion 22includes two nozzles 221. The nozzles 121 are disposed at one end of thefirst extension portion 12, and the nozzles 221 are disposed at one endof the second extension portion 22. Each of the nozzles 121 and 221 is a hollow gradual-narrowed opening. This configuration can further press the airflow outputted from the hand dryer device HD2 to further enhance the intensity of the output airflow from the hand dryer device HD2.
In more detailed, the isolation plate 332 can divide the space inside the first housing 1 and the second housing 2 into an upper space and a lower space. The opening 3321 of the isolation plate 332 is disposed atthe edge of the airflow driver AD, so that the airflow driver AD can pass through it. Thus, the air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD is disposed in the upper space of the opening 3321 of the isolation plate332. Since the guiding plates 333 are connected to the periphery of the opening 3321 of the isolation plate 332, the strong airflow outputtedform the air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD can be assigned with two pressing steps by the airtight channel of the guiding plates 333 and the nozzles 121, 221 and then outputted from the hand dryer device HD2.
In order to further improve the airflow guiding effect of the bag 331,the airflow driving unit 3 can further include a sealing structure 34 a disposed at a junction of the airflow guiding structure 33 and the air outlet AO of the airflow driver AD for forming a closed air channel. In other words, the sealing structure 34 a is disposed between the opening3321 of the isolation plate 332 and the airflow driver AD, and is located adjacent to the air outlet AO. In more detailed, the sealing structure 34 a is an O-ring or a locking structure made of rubber orextendable elastic material. Thus, the sealing structure 34 a can mount on and fit to different shapes of the airflow driver AD and the opening3321 of the isolation plate 332. When the gap between the opening 3321of the isolation plate 332 and the airflow driver AD is completely sealed by the sealing structure 34 a, a substantial airtight status canbe achieved, and the airflow guiding structure 33 can provide a complete closed air channel.
The other related structures and configurations of the hand dryer deviceHD2 are the same as those of the hand dryer device HD1 of FIGS. 1B and1C, so the detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted.
The other detailed structures of the hand dryer devices HD1 and HD2 willbe described hereinbelow. As shown in FIGS. 1C and 2B, the hand dryer devices HD1 and HD2 further includes drainage units 4 and 4 a,respectively. The drainage units 4 and 4 a can be disposed on the first body 11 or the second body 21, and the drainage units 4 and 4 a are isolated with the accommodating space S1 and the extension spaces S2 andS3. The configuration of the drainage units 4 and 4 a does not affect the closed air channel of the airflow guiding structure 33. Furthermore,the drainage units 4 and 4 a include at least one water discharging hole(see FIG. 1C) or a water discharging tank (see FIG. 2B), which is disposed on the first body 11 or the second body 21 and located on the outer surface of the concave annular structure of the first extension portion 12 and the second extension portion 22. The drainage units 4 and4 a can collect the water dropped from the hands and then discharge the collected water from the housings of the hand dryer devices HD1 and HD2.As shown in FIG. 1C, the drainage unit 4 further includes pipes connecting to the water discharging holes for guiding the collected water out of the hand dryer device HD1.
In this disclosure, the first extension portion 12 and/or the secondextension portion 22 further includes at least one installation structure disposed on the first housing 1 and/or the second housing 2.As shown in FIG. 3, the second extension portion 22 further includes an installation structure 222 disposed on the second housing 2. The hand dryer device HD3 is installed on a periphery structure via the installation structure 222. In more specific, the installation structure222 can be a common hanging structure such as, for example but not limited to, a metal hook or support frame. The installation structure222 as well as the hand dryer device HD3 can be fixed on the wall W by screwing, nailing, locking, or adhering. In this embodiment, the installation structure 222 can be connected to the first housing 1and/or the second housing 2 of the hand dryer device HD3 by screwing,locking, adhering, or plastic molding injection.
The operation theory of the sensor 31, the control module 32 and the airflow driver AD of the airflow driving unit 3 will be described hereinafter with reference to the hand dryer device HD1 of FIG. 1B.
The sensor 31 of the airflow driving unit 3 is disposed on the outer surface of the first housing 1 and/or the second housing 2, and the control module 32 is disposed in the accommodating space S1. The control module 32 further includes a switch control structure 321 disposed atthe switch SW of the airflow driver AD for connecting to the switch SW of the airflow driver AD and controlling the status and operation of the switch SW. When the user puts his/her hands into the space within the concave annular structure or removes his/her hands from the space, the sensor 31 performs a detection and outputs a sensing signal. Then, the control module 32 receives the sensing signal and outputs a control signal to the switch control structure 321. The metal plate (not shown)disposed inside the switch control structure 321 is operated by conducted magnetic to press the switch SW of the airflow driver AD,thereby changing the operation status of the airflow driver AD.
In this embodiment, the sensor 31 can be a photosensitive circuit, an infrared beam interruption circuit, or a wireless remote-control receiving unit depending on the design requirement of the hand dryerdevice HD1.
When the sensor 31 is a photosensitive circuit, the photosensitivecircuit outputs a sensing signal to the control module 32 after thephotosensitive circuit receives an optical signal. The control module 32receives the sensing signal and outputs a control signal to the switch control structure 321. The control signal can be an enabling signal or a disabling signal. The switch control structure 321 can enable or disable the airflow driver AD based on the instruction of the control signal soas to change the operation status of the airflow driver AD.
In addition, if the sensor 31 is an infrared beam interruption circuit,when the user puts his/her hands into the space formed by the concaveannular structure, the infrared beam interruption circuit can receive an interruption signal, and outputs a sensing signal to the control module32. The control module 32 receives the sensing signal and outputs a control signal to the switch control structure 321. The switch control structure 321 is operated based on the instruction of the control sign also as to enable the airflow driver AD.
In addition, if the sensor 31 is a wireless remote-control receiving unit, when the wireless remote-control receiving unit receives a remote-control signal, the wireless remote-control receiving unit outputs a sensing signal to the control module 32. The control module 32receives the sensing signal and outputs a control signal to the switch control structure 321. The switch control structure 321 is operated based on the instruction of the control signal so as to enable or disable the airflow driver AD.
In this embodiment, the control module 32 can output various control signals based on the operation setup of the airflow driver AD. The control signal can be an enabling signal or a disabling signal.Furthermore, when the control signal is an enabling signal, the metal plate (not shown) of the switch control structure 321 can be controlled to press the switch SW of the airflow driver AD for once, to push the switch SW of the airflow driver AD in one direction, or to continuously press the switch SW of the airflow driver AD, thereby enabling the airflow driver AD to generate airflow. Similarly, when the control signal is a disabling signal, the metal plate of the switch control structure 321 can be controlled to press the switch SW of the airflow driver AD for once, to push the switch SW of the airflow driver AD in another direction, or to release the switch SW of the airflow driver AD,thereby disabling the airflow driver AD.
Besides, the metal plate can cooperate with a sliding block and a sliding slot structure (not shown) for controlling the operation of the airflow driver AD. In practice, the sliding block clips the switch SW ofthe airflow driver AD, and the metal plates inside the switch control structure 321 are disposed at two sides of the sliding block,respectively. When the control signal is an enabling signal, one of the metal plates can push the switch SW of the airflow driver AD in one direction, so that the sliding block and the switch SW are moved together along the direction so as to enable the airflow driver AD. Whenthe control signal is a disabling signal, the other metal plate can push the switch SW of the airflow driver AD in another direction, so that the sliding block and the switch SW are moved together along the opposite direction so as to disable the airflow driver AD.
In this embodiment, the sensor 31 can detect the position of the hands,and the control module 32 can control the switch control structure 321to operate the switch SW of the airflow driver AD. This configuration can control and switch the operation status of the airflow driver AD.Besides, the control module 32 and the sensor 31 can output different control signals to airflow driver AD for executing different instructions and operations. Thus, the hand driver device HD1 can be applied to various airflow drivers AD.
As mentioned above, the hand dryer device of this disclosure has a design on the first housing, the second housing and the airflow guiding structure for accommodating and receiving different airflow drivers. The bag, isolation plate, and guiding plate of the airflow guiding structure can be cooperated with various airflow drivers, so that the strong airflow outputted form the air outlet of the airflow driver can beoutputted from the hand dryer device. Besides, the design of the sealing structure can substantially enclose the gap between the airflow guiding structure and the airflow driver, thereby enhancing the stability of the flow field. Moreover, the configuration of the first extension portion,the second extension portion, the airflow guiding structure and the nozzle with a lateral gradual-narrowed design can increase the airflow pressure and air output intensity, and effectively concentrate theoutputted airflow from the hand dryer device so as to enhance the drying effect.
Moreover, the sensor and control module can control the switch control structure to execute a control operation on the switch of the airflow driver based on different instructions. This configuration can control the operation status of the airflow driver, and allow the hand dryerdevice to be applied to different kinds of the airflow drivers.
Furthermore, the hand dryer device of this disclosure can assign an additional hand dryer function to the home appliances. This is different from the conventional commercial hand dryers, so that the cost for installing an additional hand dryer is not needed. If the hand dryerdevice of this disclosure is cooperated with a vacuum cleaner, it is possible to further dry the wet floor. In practice, when the hand dryerdevice is configured in the toilet or kitchen, the sensor can be operated to keep the floor dry all the time. This configuration can also solve the accommodation space in house and improve the convenient life.
Although the disclosure has been described with reference to specific embodiments, this description is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiments, as well as alternative embodiments, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art.It is, therefore, contemplated that the appended claims will cover all modifications that fall within the true scope of the disclosure.
What is claimed is:
1. A hand dryer device used to cooperate with an airflow driver, comprising: a first housing having a first body and a first extension portion, wherein the first extension portion isconnected to the first body; a second housing disposed corresponding tothe first housing and having a second body and a second extension portion, wherein the second extension portion is connected to the second body, the second body is connected to the first body for defining an accommodating space, the second extension portion and the first extension portion together form a concave annular structure, and the concave annular structure has an extension space therein; and an airflow driving unit disposed in the accommodating space and the extension space, and comprises: a sensor disposed on an outer surface of the first housing and/or the second housing, wherein the sensor detects and outputs a sensing signal, a control module receiving the sensing signal and outputting a control signal, and an airflow guiding structure disposed adjacent to an air outlet of the airflow driver and extending to the extension space.
2. The hand dryer device of claim 1, wherein the airflow guiding structure comprises a bag, one end of the bag covers the air outlet, a shape of the bag is gradually narrowed in radius toward the extension space, and another end of the bag is disposed outside the extension space.
3. The hand dryer device of claim 2, wherein the first extension portion and/or the second extension portion comprises at least a nozzle, the nozzle is disposed at one end of the first extension portion and/or the second extension portion, and the nozzle is a hollow gradual-narrowed opening.
4. The hand dryer device of claim 2, wherein the airflow driving unit further comprises a sealing structure disposed at a junction of the airflow guiding structure and the air outlet for forming a closed air channel.
5. The hand dryer device of claim 1,wherein the airflow guiding structure further comprises an isolation plate disposed inside the accommodating space, an edge of the isolation plate is connected to inner surfaces of the first housing and the second housing, and the isolation plate has an opening.
6. The hand dryerdevice of claim 5, wherein the airflow guiding structure further comprises at least a guiding plate, the guiding plate is connected to a periphery of the opening of the isolation plate, and the guiding plate extends from the periphery of the opening to the extension space.
7. The hand dryer device of claim 5, wherein the first extension portion and/orthe second extension portion comprises at least a nozzle, the nozzle is disposed at one end of the first extension portion and/or the secondextension portion, and the nozzle is a hollow gradual-narrowed opening.8. The hand dryer device of claim 5, wherein the airflow driving unit further comprises a sealing structure disposed at a junction of the airflow guiding structure and the air outlet for forming a closed air channel.
9. The hand dryer device of claim 1, further comprising a drainage unit disposed on the first body or the second body, wherein the drainage unit is isolated with the accommodating space and the extension space.
10. The hand dryer device of claim 1, wherein the sensor is aphotosensitive circuit, and when the photosensitive circuit receives an optical signal, the photosensitive circuit outputs the sensing signal tothe control module.
11. The hand dryer device of claim 1, wherein the sensor is an infrared beam interruption circuit, and when the infrared beam interruption circuit receives an interruption signal, the infrared beam interruption circuit outputs the sensing signal to the control module.
12. The hand dryer device of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a wireless remote-control receiving unit, and when the wireless remote-control receiving unit receives a remote-control signal, the wireless remote-control receiving unit outputs the sensing signal to the control module.
13. The hand dryer device of claim 1, wherein the control signal is an enabling signal or a disabling signal.
14. The hand dryer device of claim 1, wherein the airflow driving unit further comprises a charging mechanism disposed inside the accommodating space for charging the airflow driver.
15. The hand dryer device of claim 1,further comprising a moving mechanism disposed on the outer surface ofthe first housing and/or the second housing.
16. The hand dryer device of claim 1, wherein the first extension portion and/or the secondextension portion further comprises an installation structure disposed on the first housing and/or the second housing, and the hand dryerdevice is installed on a periphery structure via the installation structure.
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Method for controlling paging alert tone of a mobile station in a mobile communication system
ABSTRACT
Disclosed is a method for controlling a paging alert level of a mobile station in a mobile communication system. A base station sets information of a type and a level of a paging alert tone of the mobile station in a broadcasting channel (BCH) message and transmits the BCH message to every mobile station within a cell of the base station. The mobile station then generates a paging alert tone according to the information of the type and the level of the paging alert tone, included in the received BCH message.
PRIORITY
This application claims priority to an application entitled “Method for Controlling Paging Alert Tone of a Mobile Station in a Mobile Communication System” filed in the Korean Industrial Property Office on Dec. 13, 1999 and assigned Ser. No. 99-57082, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method for controlling ap aging alert tone of a mobile station in a mobile communication system,and in particular, to a method for controlling a level of a paging alert tone of a mobile station located in a specific cell or location by using a broadcasting channel (BCH) in a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)mobile communication system.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional CDMA mobile communication system primarily provides a voice service. However, a future CDMA mobile communication system will support the IMT-2000 standard which can provide a data service as wellas the voice service. The IMT-2000 standard can provide a high-quality audio service, a moving picture service, and an Internet search service.
With the popularization of the mobile station (or mobile telephone), one may hear the noisy paging alert tone or ringing virtually anywhere. In public places such as a theater and a conference room, the paging alert tone of the mobile station often disturbs those around the user. It is courteous to decrease a level of the paging alert tone of the mobilestation or set an operating mode (or alert type) of the mobile station to a vibration mode or a mute mode in the public places. Conventionally,however, the user must manually manipulate the mobile station to decrease the level of the paging alert tone or set the operating mode tothe vibration mode or the mute mode, which is time consuming and sometimes forgotten.
The conventional mobile communication system determines, upon detecting paging of a mobile station, where the mobile station is presently located by using an ID (or telephone number) of the corresponding mobilestation. Core netwok provides this information (Mobile's ID and located position) to a radio network controller (RNC) which manages a corresponding cell. A base station then transmits a paging message tothe corresponding cell, under the control of the RNC.
FIG. 1 shows a method for generating a paging alert tone of the mobilestation in a conventional mobile communication system. Referring to FIG.1, the mobile station periodically examines a corresponding paging group of a paging indicator channel (PICH). If the mobile station detects ap aging occasion, in step 110, the mobile station determines whether its own ID exists in the paging message of paging channel (PCH). If its own ID exits in the paging message, the mobile station generates in step 120a paging alert tone in a specific type (or mode) on a specific level,the type and level of the paging alert tone being previously determined by the user. That is, upon detecting a paging message including its own ID while examining the paging message assigned to it, the mobile station performs a page match procedure, and generates a paging alert tone or takes a corresponding action in order to inform the user of the incoming page or call. Here, the mobile station can be set by the user to either the mute mode, such as the vibration mode, or the normal alarm mode inwhich the paging alert tone is generated to inform the user of existence of paging. When the conventional mobile station is set to the alarm mode, it generates a paging alert tone of a specific type and at a specific level, the type and level of the paging alert tone being previously determined by the user. The user can preset the type and level of the paging alert tone. If paging occurs, the mobile station generates the paging alert tone in the preset type on the preset level for the user.
The problem with the current state of mobile station paging alerts isthat any time the user wants to change the tone and level of an alert because of the quieter surroundings he enters into, the user must manually reset the tone and level settings of the mobile station.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a method for restricting a paging alert level of a mobile station in a mobile communication system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method wherein a base station controls a paging alert level of a mobile station located in its cell area, in a mobile communication system.
To achieve the above and other objects, there is provided a method for controlling a paging alert level of a mobile station in a mobile communication system. A base station sets information on a type and a level of a paging alert tone of the mobile station in a broadcasting channel (BCH) message and transmits the BCH message to every mobilestation within a cell of the base station. The mobile station then generates a paging alert tone according to the information on the type and the level of the paging alert tone, included in the received BCHmessage.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for generating a pagingalert tone of a mobile station in a conventional mobile communication system;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a mobile communication system to whichthe present invention is applicable;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a mobile station to which the present invention is applicable;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for restricting a pagingalert level of a mobile station according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for generating a pagingalert tone of a mobile station according to an embodiment of the presentinvention; and
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for releasing restriction of the paging alert level of the mobile station according toan embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they would obscure the invention in unnecessary detail.
The invention will be described with reference to a W-CDMA/UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) system, which is a third generation mobile communication system. However, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that the invention can also be applied to other mobile communication systems as well as the W-CDMA/UMTS system.
FIG. 2 shows a mobile communication system to which the presentinvention is applied. Specifically, FIG. 2 shows a base station (BS) 200and a mobile station (MS) 210 located within a cell radius 220 of the base station 200. Referring to FIG. 2, the base station 200 reads pagingalert class (i.e., the type and level of the paging alert tone)information from a memory such as a PROM (Programable Read Only Memory)and RAM (Random Access Memory) according to the particular cell in which a BCH message is intended to be sent. The base station then writes the paging alert class information in the BCH message under its own discretion or under the control of the RNC. The base station 200periodically transmits the set BCH message to every mobile station within the cell.
In other words, the base station 200 according to the present invention creates in the BCH message the paging alert class information for the cell. Here, the BCH message should have a message format such that theBCH message can be transmitted to every mobile station existing in the cell of the mobile station 200. That is, the BCH message according tothe present invention should necessarily include a paging alert level ina BCH information field defining different specifications supported inthe cell, as shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1 BCH Information Field ID of present network, location area ID,UTRAN-registered area ID, cell ID All information to be used in measuring a candidate cell for handover and cell selection Informationabout a control channel in the present cell Information defining different specifications supported by the cell Paging Alert Level (Class#0 to Class #N) Protocol information
An example of the paging alert class structure according to an embodiment of the present invention has various paging alert levels and types as shown in Table 2 below. The paging alert class can be determined according to the surrounding features of the cell area of the base station. For example, if the cell area of a specific base station covers a public place such as a library and a theater, the base station will have a paging alert class #0 shown in Table 2, and provide this information to a mobile station, which is entering its cell area, overthe BCH.
TABLE 2 Alert Class Alert Level Alert Type Comments Class #0 0 dB Vibration Mute Class #1 1 dB Alarm Lowest Level . . . . . . . . . . . .Class #N N dB Alarm Highest Level User Mode No Change No Change Level Set by User
Upon detecting the paging alert class information from the BCH message,the mobile station 210 alerts (or informs) the user that the mobilestation is now in an alert level-restricted cell area. Such an alert will be issued by using a display and an alert tone generator in themobile station 210. Further, the mobile station 210 can display a specific icon to continuously inform the user of the fact that themobile station is now in the alert level-restricted area. In addition,when the mobile station is informed of the alert level-restricted area,the mobile station can either accept or reject it. To this end, a userinterface program in the mobile station 210 must include a menu for supporting such a function.
The mobile station 210 receives the BCH message having such paging alert class information, in the following procedure. The mobile station 210calculates a paging group by using a mobile station ID (i.e., ESN(Electronic Sequence Number), IMSI(International Mobile Station Identity) or its corresponding information, and examines only the corresponding paging group of the PICH. When the mobile station detects the paging occasion by evaluating the bits in the corresponding paging group,. the mobile station reads the paging channel to determine whether the mobile station ID exists in the paging channel. If the mobilestation ID, which is stored in the mobile station's permanent memory, is detected in the paging channel, the mobile station 210 performs a paging match procedure and informs the user of this fact (i.e., detection ofthe mobile station ID) in the paging alert mode set by the user. Whenthe mobile station 210 is set to a vibration mode or a corresponding mute mode by the user, the mobile station 210 informs the user of receipt of an incoming call in the paging alert mode set by the user.Otherwise, when the mobile terminal 210 is set to an alarm mode, themobile station 210 generates a paging alert tone on a level set in theBCH message. Meanwhile, when the paging alert class information in theBCH message is set to a user mode, the mobile station 210 does not change the alert level. Thereafter, when the user answers the incoming call upon detecting receipt of the incoming call, the mobile station 201enters a call mode. In addition, when the user moves from the alertlevel-restricted area to a non-alert level-restricted area, the mobilestation 210 restores the paging alert level to a predetermined pagingalert level and provides such information to the user.
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a mobile station to which the presentinvention is applicable. As illustrated, the mobile station 210 includes a micro-controller 300, a memory 310, an alert tone generator 320, a key input unit 330, a display 340, an RF (Radio Frequency) unit 350, a BBA(Base Band Analog) processor 360, and a modem 370. Referring to FIG. 3,the mobile station 210 according to the present invention includes a function of controlling a paging alert level. The micro-controller 300controls the overall operation of the mobile station 210 and especially,controls a level of the paging alert tone according to an embodiment ofthe preset invention. In particular, the micro-controller 300 analyzes a protocol using a control program, and upon receipt of the BCH message from the base station 200, analyzes the received BCH message to extract a paging alert level field. Further, the micro-controller 300 controls the alert tone generator 320 according to a paging alert level included in the BCH message to adjust a level of the paging alert tone. The memory 310 stores the control program for performing the procedures shown in FIGS. 4 to 6, and also stores data generated during the procedures. The alert tone generator 320, under the control of the micro-controller 300, generates the paging alert tone of the set alert type at the set alert level upon receipt of an incoming call, and generates, when the user enters the alert level-restricted area, an alert tone to inform the user of this situation. The key input unit 330includes alphanumeric keys and function keys, and particularly, includes a function key for rejecting restriction of the alert level. The function for rejecting restriction of the alert level is not limited toa single key, but may be implemented with a combination of several keys.The display 340, under the control of the micro-controller 300, output sa status message of the mobile station 210 and displays various icons.In particular, the display 340 displays a message indicating that the user has entered the alert level-restricted area or displays an icon indicating that the alert level restriction mode is set.
Further, the mobile station 210 includes the following structure to detect the signal transmitted from the base station 200. The RF unit 350receives an RF signal transmitted form the base station 200 under the control of the micro-controller 300. The BBA processor 360, under the control of the micro-controller 300, converts the received RF signal from the RF unit 350 into a baseband signal, and converts an analog signal to a digital signal. The modem 370 demodulates a digital signal output from the BBA processor 360 under the control of the micro-controller 300.
FIG. 4 shows a procedure for restricting a paging alert level of themobile station according to an embodiment of the present invention. A method for restricting the paging alert level of the mobile station according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 2 to 4. The micro-controller 300 receive sa BCH message through the RF unit 350 in step 410, and detects the paging alert level information from the received BCH message in step420. Thereafter, the micro-controller 300 determines in step 430 whether the mobile station 210 is presently located in the paging alertlevel-restricted area, using the detected paging level information. If not, the process returns to step 410. If it is determined that themobile station is presently located in the paging alert level-restrictedarea, the micro-controller 300 informs the user that he is presently located in the paging alert level-restricted cell area in step 440. To inform the user of the paging alert level-restricted area, the mobilestation displays a message indicating the alert level-restricted area onthe display 340 or generates an alert tone indicating the alertlevel-restricted area. At the sight of the alert message displayed onthe display 340 or at the sound of the alert tone generated by the alert tone generator 320, the user of the mobile station 210 perceives thatthe mobile station is presently located in the paging alertlevel-restricted area, and then, accepts or rejects restriction of the paging alert level. To accept restriction of the paging alert level, the user will not set the reject function within a predetermined time at the sight of the alert message or at the sound of the alert tone. Then, themobile station 210 will automatically generate the paging alert tone onthe paging alert level set in the BCH message. However, to reject restriction of the paging alert level, the user will set the reject function within the predetermined time at the sight of the alert message or at the sound of the alert tone. The mobile station 210 then generates the paging alert tone according to the paging alert type and the pagingalert level previously set by the user.
In step 450, the micro-controller 300 determines whether a time preset by an internal timer has elapsed. If the preset time has elapsed, the micro-controller 300 sets a paging alert level restriction mode in step460. Here, the “paging alert level restriction mode” refers to restricting a level of the paging alert tone to a paging alert level designated according to the paging alert level information in the received BCH message. In addition, when the mobile station 210 enters the paging alert level restriction mode, the micro-controller 300 can also display an icon indicating the paging alert level restriction mode.
However, if it is determined in step 450 that the preset time has not elapsed, the micro-controller 300 determines in step 470 whether restriction of the paging alert level is rejected within the predetermined time. If restriction of the paging alert level is rejected within the predetermined time, the micro-controller 300 sets auser-defined paging alert mode in step 480. Here, the “user-defined paging alert mode” refers to generating a paging alert tone according tothe paging alert type and the paging alert level previously set by the user, upon receipt of an incoming call.
FIG. 5 shows a procedure for generating a paging alert tone of themobile station according to an embodiment of the present invention. A procedure for generating the paging alert tone according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2, 3 and 5. In step 510, the micro-controller 300 determines whether the mobile station 210 is paged according to an incoming call.If the mobile station 210 is paged, the micro-controller 300 determine sin step 520 whether the mobile station 210 is set to the paging alertlevel restriction mode. If the mobile station 210 is set to the pagingalert level restriction mode, the micro-controller 300 controls the alert tone generator 320 in step 530 to generate the paging alert tone at the paging alert level designated in the received BCH message.Otherwise, if the mobile station 210 is not set to the paging alertlevel restriction mode, the micro-controller 300 controls the alert tone generator 320 in step 540 to generate the paging alert tone at the level designated by the user.
FIG. 6 shows a procedure for releasing restriction of the paging alertlevel of the mobile station according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. A procedure for releasing restriction of the paging alertlevel of the mobile station according to an embodiment of the presentinvention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2, 3 and 6. In step600, the micro-controller 300 determines whether the mobile station 210is set to the paging alert level restriction mode. If not, the process returns to start. If the mobile station 210 is set to the paging alertlevel restriction mode, the micro-controller 300 receives the BCHmessage in step 610. Thereafter, in step 620, the micro-controller 300detects paging alert level information from the received BCH message.The micro-controller 300 determines in step 630 whether the mobilestation 210 has moved out of the paging alert level-restricted area,based on the paging alert level information in the received BCH message.If not, the process returns to step 610. If it is determined that themobile station 210 has moved out of the paging alert level-restrictedarea, the micro-controller 300 informs the user in step 640 that themobile station 210 has moved out of the paging alert level-restrictedarea. Here, to inform the user that he has moved out of the paging alertlevel-restricted area, the micro-controller 300 may display a message indicating a non-paging alert level-restricted area on the display 340or enables the alert tone generator 302 to generate an alert tone indicating the non-paging alert level-restricted area. In step 650, the micro-controller 300 automatically returns to the user-defined pagingalert mode (i.e., user mode).
As described above, the mobile station according to an embodiment of the present invention can automatically restrict a paging alert level in the public place such as a theater and a conference room, thus preventing those around the user from being disturbed by the paging alert tone. Inaddition, the mobile station informs the user that he is presently located in a paging alert level-restricted cell area, so that the user can accept or reject restriction of the paging alert level at the discretion of the user.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to a certain preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
1. A method for controlling a paging alert level of a mobile station ina mobile communication system, comprising the steps of: setting information of a type and a level of a paging alert tone of the mobilestation in a broadcasting channel (BCH) message and transmitting the BCHmessage from a base station to every mobile station within a cell of the base station; alerting the user of an entrance into a paging alert level restricted area; generating, in the mobile station, a paging alert tone according to the information of the type and the level of the pagingalert tone, included in the BCH message; and alerting the user to either accept or reject the restricted mode.
2. A method for controlling ap aging alert level of a mobile station in a mobile communication system having a base station which transmits a signal to every mobile station within a cell, comprising the steps of: receiving information of a type and a level of a paging alert tone of a mobile station from the basestation through a BCH, and determining whether the mobile station is located in a paging alert level-restricted area; alerting the user of an entrance into a paging alert level restricted area; generating a pagingalert tone according to the information of the type and the level of the paging alert tone, if the mobile station is located in the paging alertlevel-restricted area; and alerting the user to either accept or reject the restricted mode.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein theBCH message is generated such that the paging alert type isdistinguishable according to surrounding features of the base station.4. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising the step of rejecting restriction of the paging alert level designated in the BCHmessage within a predetermined time.
5. The method as claimed in claim2, wherein the mobile station displays a message indicating that themobile station is presently located in the paging alert level-restrictedarea.
6. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the mobile station generates an alert tone indicating that the mobile station is presently located in the paging alert level-restricted area.
7. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the mobile station displays an icon indicating that the mobile station is presently located in the pagingalert level-restricted area.
8. The method as claimed in claim 2,wherein the mobile station generates a paging alert tone according to ap aging alert level designated in the received BCH message, upon receipt of an incoming call.
9. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein themobile station automatically restores the paging alert level to a pagingalert level previously set by a user, when the mobile station moves outof the paging alert level-restricted area.
10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mobile station displays a message indicating restoration of the paging alert level preset by the user.
11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mobile station generates an alert tone indicating restoration of the paging alert level preset by the user.
12. A method of controlling a paging alert tone of a mobilestation being served by a base station in a mobile telecommunication system, said method comprising the steps of: generating a paging alert class information in a BCH message of the base station, said pagingalert class information indicating an alert type and an alert level ofthe paging alert tone; transmitting the BCH message including the pagingalert class information to the mobile station; receiving the BCH message from the base station and detecting the paging alert class information;alerting the user of an entrance into a paging alert level restrictedarea, setting the paging alert tone of the mobile station in accordance with the received paging alert class information; and alerting the user to either accept or reject the restricted mode.
13. The method of claim12, further comprising the step of: determining whether the mobilestation is in an alert level restricted area, wherein the received paging alert class information sets the paging alert tone to a restricted mode if the mobile station is in the alert level restrictedarea.
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of:informing an user of the mobile station that the paging alert tone ofthe mobile station is set to the restricted mode.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the steps of: rejecting the restricted mode if the user rejects the restricted mode; and setting the paging alert tone to the restricted mode if the user does not respond within a preset time.
16. A method for controlling a paging alert level of a mobilestation in a mobile communication system, comprising the steps of:setting information of a type and a level of a paging alert tone of themobile station in a broadcasting channel (BCH) message and transmitting the BCH message from a base station to every mobile station within a cell of the base station; alerting the user of an entrance into a pagingalert level restricted area according to location information included in the BCH message; and generating, in the mobile station, a pagingalert tone according to the information of the type and the level of the paging alert tone, included in the BCH message; alerting the user to select or reject the restricted mode; and providing the user the opportunity to accept or reject the restricted mode within a given time period.
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package de.fraunhofer.iosb.maypadbackend.model.person;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
/**
* A general person.
*
* @version 1.0
*/
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@Entity
@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED)
public class Person {
@Id
@EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
@Column(name = "id", updatable = false, nullable = false)
private int id;
@Column
private String name;
/**
* Constructor for Person.
*
* @param name the name of the person
*/
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
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is wide open.
BUD: Long, pointed, color slightly darker than the open flower; opens gradually and perfectly. FLOWER: Large and full when open, about five inches across. Has about 50 petals of heavy texture; broadly ovate shape; moderate fragrance; very good lasting quality, surpassing the parent in this respect. HABIT: | Grows upright; vigorous, with an abundance of very strong stems and profusion of large leathery foliage. Free bloomer.
|
/*
*
* * Copyright 2020 New Relic Corporation. All rights reserved.
* * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
*
*/
package test.newrelic.test.agent.spans;
import com.newrelic.api.agent.NewRelic;
import com.newrelic.api.agent.Trace;
public abstract class SpanErrorFlow {
@Trace(dispatcher = true)
public void transactionLaunchPoint() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(2);
possiblyHandlingMethod();
Thread.sleep(2);
}
@Trace(dispatcher = true)
public void webLaunchPoint(final int status) throws InterruptedException {
NewRelic.getAgent().getTransaction().setWebResponse(new ErrorExtendedResponse(status, this.getClass().getName()));
Thread.sleep(2);
possiblyHandlingMethod();
Thread.sleep(2);
}
@Trace
protected void possiblyHandlingMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(3);
intermediatePassThroughMethod();
Thread.sleep(3);
}
@Trace
protected void intermediatePassThroughMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
activeMethod();
Thread.sleep(1);
}
@Trace
protected abstract void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException;
public static class Nothing extends SpanErrorFlow {
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
}
}
public static class ThrowEscapingException extends SpanErrorFlow {
@Trace
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
throw new RuntimeException("~~ oops ~~");
}
}
public static class NoticeErrorString extends SpanErrorFlow {
@Trace
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
NewRelic.noticeError("~~ noticed string ~~");
}
}
public static class NoticeErrorException extends SpanErrorFlow {
@Trace
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
NewRelic.noticeError(new Exception("~~ noticed ~~"));
}
}
public static class NoticeAndThrow extends SpanErrorFlow {
@SuppressWarnings({ "NumericOverflow", "divzero" })
@Trace
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
NewRelic.noticeError("noticed, not thrown");
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}
public static class ThrowNoticeAndSquelch extends SpanErrorFlow {
@Trace
@Override
protected void possiblyHandlingMethod() {
try {
super.possiblyHandlingMethod();
} catch (Throwable t) {
NewRelic.noticeError(t);
}
}
@Trace
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
throw new RuntimeException("~~ oops ~~");
}
}
public static class CatchAndRethrow extends SpanErrorFlow {
@Trace
@Override
protected void possiblyHandlingMethod() {
try {
Thread.sleep(3);
intermediatePassThroughMethod();
Thread.sleep(3);
} catch (Throwable t) {
throw new CustomFooException("~~ caught ~~", t);
}
}
@Trace
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
throw new RuntimeException("~~ oops ~~");
}
}
public static class ThrowHandledException extends SpanErrorFlow {
@Trace
@Override
protected void possiblyHandlingMethod() {
try {
Thread.sleep(3);
intermediatePassThroughMethod();
Thread.sleep(3);
} catch (Throwable ignored) {
}
}
@Trace
@Override
protected void activeMethod() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1);
throw new RuntimeException("~~ oops ~~");
}
}
}
|
#ifndef DALI_INTERNAL_WINDOWSYSTEM_COMMON_GL_WINDOW_IMPL_H
#define DALI_INTERNAL_WINDOWSYSTEM_COMMON_GL_WINDOW_IMPL_H
/*
* Copyright (c) 2022 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
// EXTERNAL INCLUDES
#include <dali/public-api/adaptor-framework/window.h>
#include <dali/public-api/object/base-object.h>
#include <dali/public-api/object/ref-object.h>
// INTERNAL INCLUDES
#include <dali/devel-api/adaptor-framework/gl-window.h>
#include <dali/internal/adaptor/common/adaptor-impl.h>
#include <dali/internal/graphics/gles/egl-graphics.h>
#include <dali/internal/window-system/common/event-handler.h>
#include <dali/internal/window-system/common/gl-window-render-thread.h>
namespace Dali
{
class Adaptor;
namespace Internal
{
namespace Adaptor
{
class WindowBase;
class GlWindow;
using GlWindowPtr = IntrusivePtr<GlWindow>;
using EventHandlerPtr = IntrusivePtr<EventHandler>;
/**
* Window provides a surface to render onto with orientation.
*/
class GlWindow : public BaseObject, public EventHandler::Observer, public DamageObserver, public ConnectionTracker
{
public:
using KeyEventSignalType = Dali::GlWindow::KeyEventSignalType;
using TouchEventSignalType = Dali::GlWindow::TouchEventSignalType;
using FocusChangeSignalType = Dali::GlWindow::FocusChangeSignalType;
using ResizeSignalType = Dali::GlWindow::ResizeSignalType;
using VisibilityChangedSignalType = Dali::GlWindow::VisibilityChangedSignalType;
using SignalType = Signal<void()>;
/**
* @brief Create a new GlWindow. This should only be called once by the Application class
* @param[in] positionSize The position and size of the window
* @param[in] name The window title
* @param[in] className The window class name
* @param[in] isTransparent Whether window is transparent
* @return A newly allocated Window
*/
static GlWindow* New(const PositionSize& positionSize, const std::string& name, const std::string& className, bool isTransparent = false);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetGraphicsConfig()
*/
void SetGraphicsConfig(bool depth, bool stencil, int msaa, Dali::GlWindow::GlesVersion version);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::Raise()
*/
void Raise();
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::Lower()
*/
void Lower();
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::Activate()
*/
void Activate();
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::Show()
*/
void Show();
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::Hide()
*/
void Hide();
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::GetSupportedAuxiliaryHintCount()
*/
unsigned int GetSupportedAuxiliaryHintCount() const;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::GetSupportedAuxiliaryHint()
*/
std::string GetSupportedAuxiliaryHint(unsigned int index) const;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::AddAuxiliaryHint()
*/
unsigned int AddAuxiliaryHint(const std::string& hint, const std::string& value);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::RemoveAuxiliaryHint()
*/
bool RemoveAuxiliaryHint(unsigned int id);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetAuxiliaryHintValue()
*/
bool SetAuxiliaryHintValue(unsigned int id, const std::string& value);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::GetAuxiliaryHintValue()
*/
std::string GetAuxiliaryHintValue(unsigned int id) const;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::GetAuxiliaryHintId()
*/
unsigned int GetAuxiliaryHintId(const std::string& hint) const;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetInputRegion()
*/
void SetInputRegion(const Rect<int>& inputRegion);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetOpaqueState()
*/
void SetOpaqueState(bool opaque);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::IsOpaqueState()
*/
bool IsOpaqueState() const;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetPositionSize()
*/
void SetPositionSize(PositionSize positionSize);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::GetPositionSize()
*/
PositionSize GetPositionSize() const;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::GetCurrentOrientation() const
*/
WindowOrientation GetCurrentOrientation() const;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetAvailableOrientations()
*/
void SetAvailableOrientations(const Dali::Vector<WindowOrientation>& orientations);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetPreferredOrientation()
*/
void SetPreferredOrientation(WindowOrientation orientation);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::RegisterGlCallbacks()
*/
void RegisterGlCallbacks(CallbackBase* initCallback, CallbackBase* renderFrameCallback, CallbackBase* terminateCallback);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::RenderOnce()
*/
void RenderOnce();
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::SetRenderingMode()
*/
void SetRenderingMode(Dali::GlWindow::RenderingMode mode);
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::GetRenderingMode()
*/
Dali::GlWindow::RenderingMode GetRenderingMode() const;
public: // For implementation
/**
* @brief Sets child window with Dali::Window
*
* @param[in] child The child window.
*
* Most of cases, child window is the default window in adaptor
*
* Currently the child window is default window.
*/
void SetChild(Dali::Window& child);
private:
/**
* Private constructor.
* @sa Window::New()
*/
GlWindow();
/**
* Destructor
*/
virtual ~GlWindow();
/**
* Second stage initialization
*
* @param[in] positionSize The position and size of the window
* @param[in] name The window title
* @param[in] className The window class name
*/
void Initialize(const PositionSize& positionSize, const std::string& name, const std::string& className);
/**
* Called when the window becomes iconified or deiconified.
*
* @param[in] iconified The flag whether window is iconifed or deiconfied.
*/
void OnIconifyChanged(bool iconified);
/**
* Called when the window focus is changed.
* @param[in] focusIn The flag whether window is focused or not.
*/
void OnFocusChanged(bool focusIn);
/**
* Called when the output is transformed.
*/
void OnOutputTransformed();
/**
* Called when the window receives a delete request.
*/
void OnDeleteRequest();
/**
* @brief Set available rotation angle to window base.
*
* @param[in] angles The list of the avaiabled rotation angle.
*/
void SetAvailableAnlges(const std::vector<int>& angles);
/**
* @brief Check available window orientation for Available angle.
*
* @param[in] orientation the oritation value of window rotation.
*
* @return true is available window orientation. false is not available.
*/
bool IsOrientationAvailable(WindowOrientation orientation) const;
/**
* @brief Convert from window orientation to angle using orientation mode value.
*
* @param[in] orientation the oritation value of window rotation.
*
* @return The coverted angle value is returned.
*/
int ConvertToAngle(WindowOrientation orientation);
/**
* @brief Convert from angle to window orientation using orientation mode value.
*
* @param[in] angle the angle value of window rotation.
*
* @return The converted window orientation value is returned.
*/
WindowOrientation ConvertToOrientation(int angle) const;
/**
* @brief Initialize and create EGL resource
*/
void InitializeGraphics();
/**
* @brief Sets event handler for window's events.
*/
void SetEventHandler();
/**
* @brief calculate screen position for rotation.
*/
Vector2 RecalculatePosition(const Vector2& position);
/**
* @brief Sets window and class name.
*
* @param[in] name The name of the window
* @param[in] className The class of the window
*/
void SetClass(const std::string& name, const std::string className);
private:
/**
* @copydoc Dali::Internal::Adaptor::EventHandler::Observer::OnTouchPoint
*/
void OnTouchPoint(Dali::Integration::Point& point, int timeStamp) override;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::Internal::Adaptor::EventHandler::Observer::OnWheelEvent
*/
void OnWheelEvent(Dali::Integration::WheelEvent& wheelEvent) override;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::Internal::Adaptor::EventHandler::Observer::OnKeyEvent
*/
void OnKeyEvent(Dali::Integration::KeyEvent& keyEvent) override;
/**
* @copydoc Dali::Internal::Adaptor::EventHandler::Observer::OnRotation
*/
void OnRotation(const RotationEvent& rotation) override;
private: // From Dali::Internal::Adaptor::DamageObserver
/**
* @copydoc Dali::Internal::Adaptor::DamageObserver::OnDamaged()
*/
void OnDamaged(const DamageArea& area);
/**
* @brief Updates screen rotation value and screen rotation works.
*
* @param[in] newAngle new screen rotation angle
*/
void UpdateScreenRotation(int newAngle);
public: // Signals
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::FocusChangeSignal()
*/
FocusChangeSignalType& FocusChangeSignal()
{
return mFocusChangeSignal;
}
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::ResizeSignal()
*/
ResizeSignalType& ResizeSignal()
{
return mResizeSignal;
}
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::KeyEventSignal()
*/
KeyEventSignalType& KeyEventSignal()
{
return mKeyEventSignal;
}
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::TouchSignal()
*/
TouchEventSignalType& TouchedSignal()
{
return mTouchedSignal;
}
/**
* @copydoc Dali::GlWindow::VisibilityChangedSignal()
*/
VisibilityChangedSignalType& VisibilityChangedSignal()
{
return mVisibilityChangedSignal;
}
private:
std::unique_ptr<WindowBase> mWindowBase;
std::unique_ptr<GraphicsInterface> mGraphics; ///< Graphics interface
std::unique_ptr<Dali::DisplayConnection> mDisplayConnection; ///< The native display connection
std::unique_ptr<GlWindowRenderThread> mGlWindowRenderThread; ///< The render thread
EventHandlerPtr mEventHandler; ///< The window events handler
Dali::Window mChildWindow; ///< The default child UI Window
std::string mName;
std::string mClassName;
bool mIsTransparent : 1;
bool mIsFocusAcceptable : 1;
bool mIconified : 1;
bool mOpaqueState : 1;
bool mResizeEnabled : 1;
bool mVisible : 1;
bool mIsWindowRotated : 1;
bool mIsTouched : 1;
bool mIsEGLInitialized : 1;
bool mDepth : 1;
bool mStencil : 1;
PositionSize mPositionSize; ///< The window position and size
EnvironmentOptions mEnvironmentOptions;
std::vector<int> mAvailableAngles; ///< The list of available angle
ColorDepth mColorDepth; ///< The color depth of window
Dali::GlWindow::RenderingMode mRenderingMode; ///< The rendering mode
int mPreferredAngle; ///< The angle of preferred angle
int mTotalRotationAngle; ///< The angle of window + screen rotation angle % 360
int mWindowRotationAngle; ///< The angle of window rotation angle
int mScreenRotationAngle; ///< The angle of screen rotation angle
int mOrientationMode; ///< 0: Default portrati, 1:Default landscape
int mWindowWidth; ///< The width of the window
int mWindowHeight; ///< The height of the window
int mNativeWindowId; ///< The Native Window Id
int mMSAA; ///< The multisample anti-aliasing for EGL Configuration
// Signals
KeyEventSignalType mKeyEventSignal;
TouchEventSignalType mTouchedSignal;
FocusChangeSignalType mFocusChangeSignal;
ResizeSignalType mResizeSignal;
VisibilityChangedSignalType mVisibilityChangedSignal;
};
} // namespace Adaptor
} // namespace Internal
// Helpers for public-api forwarding methods
inline Internal::Adaptor::GlWindow& GetImplementation(Dali::GlWindow& window)
{
DALI_ASSERT_ALWAYS(window && "Window handle is empty");
BaseObject& object = window.GetBaseObject();
return static_cast<Internal::Adaptor::GlWindow&>(object);
}
inline const Internal::Adaptor::GlWindow& GetImplementation(const Dali::GlWindow& window)
{
DALI_ASSERT_ALWAYS(window && "Window handle is empty");
const BaseObject& object = window.GetBaseObject();
return static_cast<const Internal::Adaptor::GlWindow&>(object);
}
} // namespace Dali
#endif // DALI_INTERNAL_WINDOWSYSTEM_COMMON_GL_WINDOW_IMPL_H
|
Board Thread:Role Plays/@comment-13488655-20141109074849/@comment-13488655-20141206100209
"... Should have been recording this. That would make an awesome internet vid."
|
User talk:<IP_ADDRESS>
Welcome
Hi, welcome to Game of Thrones Wiki. Thanks for your edit to the Ian Whyte page.
We welcome all contributions to the Wiki but please be aware of the following simple rules:
|
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
# Tests of an executable.
#
# @author: M. Sakano (Wise Babel Ltd)
require 'open3'
$stdout.sync=true
$stderr.sync=true
# print '$LOAD_PATH=';p $LOAD_PATH
#################################################
# Unit Test
#################################################
gem "minitest"
# require 'minitest/unit'
require 'minitest/autorun'
class TestUnitTextclean < MiniTest::Test
T = true
F = false
SCFNAME = File.basename(__FILE__)
EXE = "%s/../bin/%s" % [File.dirname(__FILE__), File.basename(__FILE__).sub(/^test_?(.+)\.rb/, '\1')]
def setup
end
def teardown
end
def test_textclean01
o, e, s = Open3.capture3 EXE
assert_equal 0, s.exitstatus, "error is raised: STDOUT="+o.inspect+" STDERR="+(e.empty? ? '""' : ":\n"+e)
assert_equal "", o.chomp
assert_empty e
stin = "foo\n\n\nbar\n"
s2 = "foo\n\nbar\n"
#o, e, s = Open3.capture3 EXE, stdin_data: stin
#assert_equal 0, s.exitstatus
#assert_equal s2, o
#assert_empty e
o, e, s = Open3.capture3 EXE+' --lastsps-style=delete', stdin_data: stin
assert_equal 0, s.exitstatus
assert_equal s2.chop.chomp, o, "Wrong! STDOUT="+o.inspect+" STDERR="+(e.empty? ? '""' : ":\n"+e)
assert_empty e
end
end # class TestUnitTextclean < MiniTest::Test
|
[Federal Register Volume 68, Number 127 (Wednesday, July 2, 2003)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 39498-39500]
[FR Doc No: 03-16788]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Internal Revenue Service
26 CFR Part 301
[REG-139796-02]
RIN 1545-BB10
Section 704(b) and Capital Account Revaluations
AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: This document contains proposed regulations relating to the
capital account maintenance rules under section 704 of the Internal
Revenue Code. These regulations expand the rules regarding a
partnership's right to adjust capital accounts to reflect unrealized
appreciation and depreciation in the value of partnership assets.
DATES: Written or electronic comments and requests for a public hearing
must be received by September 30, 2003.
ADDRESSES: Send submissions to: CC:PA:RU (REG-139796-02), room 5226,
Internal Revenue Service, POB 7604, Ben Franklin Station, Washington,
DC 20044. Submissions may be hand delivered Monday through Friday
between the hours of 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. to: CC:PA:RU (REG-139796-02),
Courier's Desk, Internal Revenue Service, 1111 Constitution Avenue,
NW., Washington, DC.
Alternatively, taxpayers may submit comments electronically via the
Internet by submitting comments directly to the IRS Internet site at
www.irs.gov/regs.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Craig Gerson at (202) 622-3050;
concerning submissions, the hearing, and/or placement on the building
access list to attend the hearing, Sonya Cruse, (202) 622-7180 (not
toll-free numbers).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Section 704(b) of the Internal Revenue Code provides that a
partner's distributive share of income, gain, loss, deduction, or
credit is determined in accordance with the partner's interest in the
partnership if the partnership agreement does not provide as to the
partner's distributive shares of these items, or the allocation to a
partner of these items under the agreement does not have substantial
economic effect. Regulations under section 704 provide extensive rules
for determining whether allocations under an agreement have substantial
economic effect. One requirement for finding substantial economic
effect is that the partnership maintains partners' capital accounts in
accordance with certain rules. Compliance with these capital account
maintenance rules, and other related rules, provides taxpayers a safe
harbor under which the IRS will respect a partnership agreement's
allocations.
Under the capital account maintenance rules of Sec. 1.704-
1(b)(2)(iv), partnership property is generally reflected on the
partnership's books at historic cost, rather than at fair market value.
However, newly contributed property is reflected in the capital
accounts of the partners at fair market value, rather than the
contributing partner's cost; that is, the contributed property is
essentially revalued at the time of contribution. Sec. 1.704-
1(b)(2)(iv)(d)(1). In addition, under Sec. 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(f), a
partnership is permitted to, and generally does, revalue its assets to
their current fair market values if there is a contribution to the
partnership by a new or existing partner as consideration for an
interest in the partnership or a distribution from the partnership to a
retiring or continuing partner as consideration for an interest in the
partnership. Also, a revaluation is permitted under generally accepted
industry accounting practices if substantially all of a partnership's
property (excluding money) consists of stock, securities, commodities,
options, warrants, futures, or similar instruments that are readily
tradable on an established securities market.
Commentators have suggested that there are additional situations
beyond those described in Sec. 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(f) where revaluations
are useful to properly reflect a partnership's economic arrangements.
In particular, several commentators have noted that the section 704
regulations do not specifically permit a revaluation of partnership
property in connection with the admission of a service partner because
the service partner does not contribute property. Those commentators
argue that a revaluation upon the admission of a service partner allows
a partnership to allocate the existing partnership capital to the other
partners. In this manner, the partnership keeps its capital accounts
consistent with an intent to provide the service partner with only a
profits interest. See Rev. Proc. 93-27 (1993-2 C.B. 343) and Rev. Proc.
2001-43 (2001-2 C.B. 191).
Explanation of Provisions
1. Revaluations of Property Under Section 704 on Provision of Services
The proposed regulations expand the circumstances under which a
partnership is specifically permitted to increase or decrease the
capital accounts of the partners to reflect a revaluation of
partnership property on the partnership's books. Specifically, the
proposed regulations allow revaluations in connection with the grant of
an interest in the partnership (other than a de minimis interest) on or
after the date final regulations are published in the Federal Register
as consideration for the provision of services to or for the benefit of
the partnership by an existing partner acting in a partner capacity, or
by a new partner acting in a partner capacity or in anticipation of
being a partner.
2. Possible Expansion of Regulations
The IRS and the Treasury Department are considering further
increasing the number of situations in which revaluations of
partnership property are permitted. One approach under consideration
would allow revaluations any time there is more than a de minimis bona
fide change in the manner in which partners agree to share profits or
losses. Comments are requested concerning whether the regulations
should adopt this standard or another standard for revaluations.
3. Other Future Guidance
The IRS recently issued proposed regulations on the taxation of
noncompensatory partnership options and is currently studying the
taxation of compensatory partnership options. This notice of proposed
rulemaking concerning revaluations is not intended to provide guidance
regarding when a partnership interest is considered to be granted.
Effective Date
The regulations are proposed to apply to the grant of an interest
in a partnership (other than a de minimis interest) on or after the
date final regulations are published in the Federal Register as
consideration for the provision of services to or for the benefit of
the partnership by an existing partner acting in a partner capacity, or
by a new partner acting in a partner capacity or in anticipation of
being a partner.
Special Analysis
It has been determined that this notice of proposed rulemaking is
not a significant regulatory action as defined in Executive Order
12866. Therefore, a regulatory assessment is not required. It also has
been determined that section 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act
(5 U.S.C. chapter 5) does not apply to these regulations, and because
the regulations do not impose a collection of information on small
entities, the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6) does not
apply. Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Internal Revenue Code, this
notice of proposed rulemaking will be submitted to the Chief Counsel
for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on its
impact on small businesses.
Comments and Public Hearing
Before these proposed regulations are adopted as final regulations,
consideration will be given to any written comments (a signed original
and eight (8) copies) that are timely submitted to the IRS. The IRS and
the Treasury Department request comments on the proper scope of the
rule allowing revaluations. All comments will be available for public
inspection and copying. A public hearing will be scheduled if requested
in writing by any person that timely submits written comments. If a
public hearing is scheduled, notice of the date, time, and place for
the public hearing will be published in the Federal Register.
Drafting Information
The principal author of these regulations is Craig Gerson, Office
of Associate Chief Counsel (Passthroughs and Special Industries), IRS.
However, other personnel from the IRS and Treasury Department
participated in their development.
List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1
Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Proposed Amendments to the Regulations
Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is proposed to be amended in part as
follows:
PART 1--INCOME TAXES
1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read in part as
follows:
Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805. * * *
2. Section 1.704-1 is amended as follows:
1. Paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(f)(5)(iii) is redesignated as paragraph
(b)(2)(iv)(f)(5)(iv).
2. New paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(f)(5)(iii) is added.
Sec. 1.704-1 Partner's distributive share.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(2) * * *
(iv) * * *
(f) * * *
(5) * * *
(iii) In connection with the grant of an interest in the
partnership (other than a de minimis interest) on or after the date
final regulations are published in the Federal Register as
consideration for the provision of services to or for the benefit of
the partnership by an existing partner acting in a partner capacity, or
by a new partner acting in a partner capacity or in anticipation of
being a partner.
* * * * *
Judith B. Tomaso,
Acting Deputy Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
[FR Doc. 03-16788 Filed 7-1-03; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-U
|
//* current http://localhost/view/index.php
//* SQL: SELECT * FRORM `product`
fetch('/db.cached.json')
.then(res => res.json())
.then(res => showData(res))
.catch(res => showError(res.status))
function showData(products) {
let cards = document.querySelector('.ui.cards');
let template = cards.querySelector('template');
products.forEach(({
id,
product_name,
product_code,
category_id,
unit,
unit_price,
currency,
total_price,
visibility_group,
active_flag,
description,
tax,
custom_attribute
}) => {
let card = template.content.cloneNode(true);
card.querySelector('.header').textContent = `${product_name} ${product_code}`;
card.querySelector('.meta').textContent = unit;
card.querySelector('.description').textContent = description;
cards.appendChild(card);
})
}
function showError(status) {
alert(status)
}
|
How do I determine if a USB 3.1 port is 5 or 10 gbps?
The physical ports are labeled 3.1 and lsusb -v shows bcdUSB 3.1. But there's two versions of 3.1, one that is 5gbps and one that is 10gbps. Is there a command to see if I have the ones that run at 10gbps or only the 5gbps ports?
How do I determine if a USB 3.1 port is 5 or 10 gbps?
You can get the USB speed from:
cat /sys/bus/usb/devices/usb4/speed
5000
This will give you the bus speed in Mbps.
OR
lsusb -t
Bus 04.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/2p, 5000M
Bus 03.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/2p, 480M
lsusb -t is a lot easier to remember. Looks like mine are 10000M.
|
AWS lambda module not found error when debugging locally using SAM cli and AWS CDK?
I am trying to debug lambda function locally using SAM cli and AWS CDK. So I am getting error function module not found any idea why so? I have taken this project from github https://github.com/mavi888/cdk-serverless-get-started
function.js:
exports.handler = async function (event) {
console.log("request:", JSON.stringify(event));
// return response back to upstream caller
return sendRes(200, "HELLLOOO");
};
const sendRes = (status, body) => {
var response = {
statusCode: status,
headers: {
"Content-Type": "text/html",
},
body: body,
};
return response;
};
Inside lib folder
// lambda function
const dynamoLambda = new lambda.Function(this, "DynamoLambdaHandler", {
runtime: lambda.Runtime.NODEJS_12_X,
code: lambda.Code.asset("functions"),
handler: "function.handler",
environment: {
HELLO_TABLE_NAME: table.tableName,
},
});
I am using cdk synth > template.yaml command which generates cloud formation template.yaml file. Now I find function name with logicalID eg: myFunction12345678 and then trying to debug it locally using this command sam local invoke myFunction12345678 in my case it is DynamoLambdaHandler function. I get function module not found error. Any idea what I am missing?
Code is available on github: https://github.com/mavi888/cdk-serverless-get-started
The issue is that sam runs a Docker container with a Volume mount from the current directory. So, it's not finding the Lambda code because the path to the code from your CloudFormation template that CDK creates does not include the cdk.out directory in which cdk creates the assets.
You have two options:
Run your sam command with a defined volume mount sam local invoke -v cdk.out
Run the command from within the cdk.out directory and pass the JSON template as an argument since cdk writes a JSON template: sam local invoke -t <StackNameTemplate.json>
I'd recommend the latter because you're working within the framework that CDK creates and not creating additional files.
But why does sam local invoke myLanbdaFunction is not working? I was referring this https://tlakomy.com/run-cdk-lambda-function-locally I am geenrating template.yaml file and then invoking the function that should work right?
There are a few reasons: (1) myFunction is not the name of the resource in the CloudFormation template (2) for the reason that I provided in my answer -- it should not work. CDK and SAM are two separate projects that are maintained by separate teams within AWS. The fact that you can make them work together does not mean that it should be expected.
I'm still getting the same error while using the second option. "errorType": "Runtime.ImportModuleError", "errorMessage": "Error: Cannot find module 'chrome-aws-lambda'..."
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Measuring method of liquid crystal pretilt angle and measuring equipment of liquid crystal pretilt angle
ABSTRACT
A linearly polarized light is condensed by a lens 4 and set incident on a liquid crystal sample 5 with the incident angle being distributed continuously. The incident angle dependence of the polarization of the transmitted light is measured by a method of rotating an analyzer and the like, and thereby a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal sample is determined.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an estimation method for a film having the optical anisotropy due to the alignment of molecules, for example, a liquid crystal alignment layer and the like which provides the initial orientation to the liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal display device.
2. Description of the Related Art
The crystal rotation method ( described by T. J. Scheffer and J. Nehring in Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 48, pp.1783, 1977) has been widely employed as an optical method of measuring an angle that liquid crystal molecules in an antiparallel cell make with the reverse of a substrate. In this method, with the linearly polarized light incident on the sample, the optical retardation(phase shift) of the transmitted light which is generated through birefringence is measured as a function of the incident angle. On the other hand, instead of the direct measurement of the dependence of the polarization in the transmitted light on the incident direction, another measuring method in which an analyzer is placed behind a sample and the quantity of light transmitted through the analyzer is monitored as a function of the incident angle is also widely utilized.
However, the above-mentioned conventional techniques have the following problems as pointed out, for example, by K.-Y. Han et al. in Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 32, pp. L1242-1244,L277-279 1993.
That is, because the liquid crystal is held between a pair of glass substrates, the refraction at the substrate causes a shift in the incident position of the light on the liquid crystal section, as the incident angle is changed. As the place through which the light passes within the liquid crystal is varied, the polarization of the transmitted light directly reflects the variance in thickness of the liquid crystal layer with the place, which hinders the accurate measurements. The incident angle of the light on the sample is usually changed by rotating the sample so that the relative position between the incident light and the transmitted light also changes, accompanying with the sample rotation. As a result, in order to carry out an accurate polarization measurement of the transmitted light, it is necessary for the positions of an analyzer and the like to be adjusted according to the thickness, the material and the rotation angle of the sample and the measuring efficiency of this method becomes low.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a method of determining a pretilt angle of liquid crystal molecules with high accuracy, by measuring the incident angle dependence of the polarization of the transmitted light, wherein, instead of controlling the incident angle of the light through the sample rotation, the incident light is first condensed by a lens and the light incident on a sample is made to contain components with a plurality of incident angles, simultaneously.
Accordingly, in light of above problems, an object specified by the present invention is to provide a method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle which determines a liquid crystal pretilt angle by setting the incident light with a given polarization on a liquid crystal sample and measuring the polarization of the transmitted light; wherein:
being condensed by a lens, said incident light with a given polarization is turned to have the incident angle of being distributed continuously and set incident on said liquid crystal sample; and
the dependence of the polarization of said transmitted light on the incident angle is measured and thereby a pretilt angle of said liquid crystal sample is determined.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle which determines a liquid crystal pretilt angle by setting the incident light with a given polarization on a liquid crystal sample and measuring the polarization of the transmitted light;
wherein:
said liquid crystal sample comprises a liquid crystal material, transparent substrates sandwiching that liquid crystal material and hemispherical prisms which are placed on both of outer sides of the transparent substrates and have approximately the same refractive index as that of those transparent substrates; and
by means of hemispherical prisms, said incident light with a given polarization is turned to have the incident angle of being distributed continuously and set incident on said liquid crystal sample; and
the dependence of the polarization of said transmitted light on the incident angle is measured and thereby a pretilt angle of said liquid crystal sample is determined.
In the method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle in accordance with the present invention, as mentioned above, the use of a lens or hemispherical prisms enables turning of the polarized light to have the incident angle of being distributed continuously and set incident on a liquid crystal sample without rotating the sample. Therefore, the deterioration in accuracy, resulting from non-uniformity of the sample, does not occur and a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal can be measured with accuracy as well as high speed.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle; comprising:
a light source;
a polarizer which polarizes the emitted light from that light source;
a holder which holds a liquid crystal sample as an object of the measurement;
lenses placed before and behind that holder;
a means for measuring, with the light having passed through said liquid crystal sample, the amplitude ratio of said transmitted light and/or the optical retardation of said transmitted light; and
a means for determining a liquid crystal pretilt angle from said measured polarization.
An equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to the present invention, has such an arrangement as described above that can carry out the above-mentioned method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle favourably.
In the present invention, a lens or hemispherical prisms are utilized in incidence of the polarized light on the liquid crystal sample so that it is possible to set the incident light in a state where the incident angle is distributed continuously, without rotating the sample. Therefore, a deterioration in accuracy, resulting from non-uniformity of the sample, does not occur and a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal can be measured with accuracy as well as high speed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plot showing the polarization of the liquid crystal sample A which is measured in the measuring equipment of a liquid crystal pretilt angle of FIG. 1 by setting an analyzer parallel to a polarizer.
FIG. 3 is a plot showing the polarization of the liquid crystal sample A which is measured in the measuring equipment of a liquid crystal pretilt angle of FIG. 1 by setting an analyzer perpendicular to a polarizer.
FIG. 4 is a plot showing the polarization of the liquid crystal sample B which is measured in the measuring equipment of a liquid crystal pretilt angle of FIG. 1 by setting an analyzer parallel to a polarizer.
FIG. 5 is a plot showing the polarization of the liquid crystal sample B which is measured in the measuring equipment of a liquid crystal pretilt angle of FIG. 1 by setting an analyzer perpendicular to a polarizer.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of an equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a plot showing the dependence of the optical retardation of the transmitted light on the relative position of the pixel, which is measured in the measuring equipment of a liquid crystal pretilt angle of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a plot showing the dependence of the amplitude ratio of the transmitted light on the relative position of the pixel, which is measured in the measuring equipment of a liquid crystal pretilt angle of FIG. 6.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of an equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a plot showing the relationship between the amplitude ratio of the transmitted light and the relative position of the pixel.
FIG. 11 is a plot showing the relationship between the amplitude ratio of the transmitted light and the relative position of the pixel.
FIG. 12 is a plot showing the relationship between the optical retardation of the transmitted light and the relative position of the pixel.
FIG. 13 is a plot showing the relationship between the amplitude ratio of the transmitted light and the relative position of the pixel.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the present invention, the polarized light incident on a liquid crystal sample may be either circularly polarized or linearly polarized. Further, the incident light on the liquid crystal sample is usually monochromatic and with a given polarization.
In the case of a linear polarization, the direction of polarization for the linearly polarized light is set to make, favourably, an angle of 42˜48 degree, and more favourably an angle of 44˜46 degree, with the azimuthal orientation of the liquid crystal molecules within plane. The most favourable angle is 45 degree. At such an angle, the optical retardation of birefringence arisen in the transmitted light becomes the maximum.
When the incident light is polarized circularly using a polarizer and a ¼-wave plate and the polarization of the transmitted light is measured in all directions as a function of the incident angle by a two-dimensional detector, no restriction exists with respect to the orientation of liquid crystal molecules in the sample unlike in the case where the incident light is linearly polarized. This enables a rapid measurement even for a sample with an unknown liquid crystal orientation.
In the present invention, a liquid crystal sample refers to a liquid crystal material sealed in a cell and, for example, a sample in which a liquid crystal material is sandwiched by a pair of transparent substrates is utilized.
Further, in the present invention, said incident angle dependence of said transmitted light can be measured by either the analyzer rotation method or the phaser rotation method. The analyzer rotation method is a method of analyzing the polarization of the light by making the light transmit to an analyzer which is set at certain given azimuths, and thereupon measuring the intensity of the transmitted light. Measured at more azimuthal points, the accuracy in the measurement improves. Meanwhile the phaser rotation method is a method wherein the quantity of the transmitted light is first expressed as a function of the azimuth of a ¼-wave plate, for which the ratio of the amplitude reflectance is obtained and then the optical retardation and the amplitude ratio are determined. For example, a ¼-wave plate is placed in immediate front of an analyzer and, by rotating the ¼-wave plate within plane, the dependence of the output intensity of the transmitted light on the azimuth of the ¼-wave plate is measured and thereby the polarization of the transmitted light is obtained.
Between the above methods of measuring the incident angle dependence, the phaser rotation method is more favourable. Compared with the analyzer rotation method, this phaser rotation method can carry out the measurement of the optical retardation component of the transmitted light, including the zone recognition, very rapidly.
In the present invention, the light passed through the sample is changed into a parallel beam by a lens and passes through both of a ¼-wave plate and an analyzer or only through an analyzer, and thereafter the intensity is measured by a one-dimensional or two-dimensional detector.
Further, when the thickness of a liquid crystal layer of the sample is equal to or more than 15 μm, the optical retardation of birefringence arisen in the transmitted light is large so that the incident angle dependence of the optical retardation of birefringence can be obtained by measuring the quantity of light transmitting the analyzer.
EXAMPLE 1
Referring to the drawings, the embodiments of the present invention are described below.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle in accordance with the present invention. Setting the linearly polarized light incident on a liquid crystal sample, a liquid crystal pretilt angle is measured through monitoring the quantity of light that is transmitting a polarizer. The light emitted from a light source 1 passes through a polarizer 2 and, being linearly polarized, is expanded by a beam expander 3. As a light source, a 1 mW He-Ne laser is used and the beam expander turns the light into a parallel beam with a diameter of approximately 25 mm. The light is then condensed by a lens 4 and set incident on a liquid crystal sample which is placed at a focal position of the lens. For this condenser, a combination lens with an aperture of 60 mm and a focal distance of 20 mm is used. The light passed through a sample 5 is returned into a parallel beam by a lens 6 having the same norm as the lens 4 and then changed into a parallel beam with a diameter of 3 mm by lenses 7 and 8. After this light passes through an analyzer 9, it goes into a detector 10. As a detector 10, a two-dimensional cooling-type image intensifier (512×512) manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics is employed.
With this set-up, two liquid crystal samples were measured as follows. Glass substrates 7059 from Corning Inc. with a thickness of 1.1 mm were spin-coated with an alignment material PI-A produced by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.. After baked at 250° C. for 1 hour, the surface was rubbed with the rayon cloth. A cell was then assembled by sticking a pair of glass substrates together with adhesive in such a way that the rubbing directions thereof were opposite to each other. In this, there were prepared two cells, a cell A made using the adhesive mixed with a 6 μm spacer and a cell B made with the adhesive with a 20 μm spacer. These cells were filled, through a capillary action, with the nematic liquid crystal produced by Merck Ltd. under the trade name of ZNI-2293.
A polarizer was set, by adjustment, to make a 45 degree angle between the vibration direction of the incident light and the rubbing direction of the sample. The measurements were each carried out for two azimuthal configurations of the analyzer, parallel and perpendicular to the polarizer. FIGS. 2 and 3 show, for a circular image of the sample A, the output of the pixel intensity (12 gray scales) in the direction of a diameter parallel to the polarizer, which were measured by a two-dimensional detector for parallel and perpendicular configurations of the analyzer, respectively. FIGS. 4 and 5 show, for a circular image of the sample B, the output of the pixel intensity (12 gray scales) in the direction of a diameter parallel to the polarizer, which were measured by a two-dimensional detector for parallel and perpendicular configurations of the analyzer, respectively. From these results, liquid crystal pretilt angles were obtained by a data analysis unit 50. Liquid crystal pretilt angles were estimated at 2.8 degree, 3.3 degree, 2.9 degree and 2.7 degree, respectively.
As described above, a liquid crystal pretilt angle can be obtained by measuring the incident angle dependence of the polarization of the transmitted light. Further, for the above arrangement, it is possible to use a line sensor as a detector, because pixels concerned therein are one-dimensional.
EXAMPLE 2
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of an equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle in accordance with the present invention. Setting the linearly polarized light incident on a liquid crystal sample, a liquid crystal pretilt angle is measured through monitoring the quantity of light that is transmitting a polarizer. The light emitted from a light source 11 passes through a polarizer 12 and, being linearly polarized, is expanded by a beam expander 13. As a light source, a 1 mW He-Ne laser is used and the beam expander turns the light into a parallel beam with a diameter of approximately 25 mm. The light is then condensed by a lens 14 and set incident on a liquid crystal sample which is placed at a focal position of the lens. For this condenser, a combination lens with an aperture of 60 mm and a focal distance of 20 mm is used. The light passed through a sample 15 is returned into a parallel beam by a lens 16 having the same norm as the lens 14 and then changed into a parallel beam with a diameter of 3 mm by lenses 17 and 18. After this light passes through an analyzer 20 placed downstream of a ¼-wave plate 19, it goes into a detector 21. As a detector 21, a two-dimensional cooling-type image intensifier (512×512) manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics is employed. This set-up is the one in which a ¼-wave plate is added, in front of the analyzer, to the arrangement of the equipment, shown in Example 1.
With this set-up, a liquid crystal sample C was measured, as described below. Glass substrates 7059 from Corning Inc. with a thickness of 1.1 mm were spin-coated with an alignment material PI-A produced by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.. After baked at 250° C. for 1 hour, the surface was rubbed with the rayon cloth. A cell was then assembled by sticking a pair of glass substrates together with adhesive in such a way that the rubbing directions thereof were opposite to each other. In this, the adhesive mixed with a 2 μm spacer was utilized. This cell was filled, through a capillary action, with the nematic liquid crystal produced by Merck Ltd. under the trade name of ZNI-2293.
A polarizer was set, by adjustment , to make a 45 degree angle between the vibration direction of the incident light and the rubbing direction of the sample. The analyzer took the parallel configuration to the polarizer, and for a circular image which was measured by a two-dimensional detector every 4 degree of the azimuth of the ¼-wave plate 19 in 90 orientations, the transmitted light intensity in pixel intensity (12 gray scales) was measured in the direction of a diameter parallel to the polarizer. From these output intensities as measured above, the polarization, namely the optical retardation and the amplitude ratio, were then obtained through Fourier synthesis over the azimuths of the wave plate. The dependences of the optical retardation as well as the amplitude ratio on the pixel position which were obtained in this way are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The pretilt angle was then determined, on the basis of these results, as 3.2 degree.
As described above, a liquid crystal pretilt angle can be obtained by measuring the incident angle dependence of the polarization in the transmitted light. As in Example 1, it is possible to use a one-dimensional detector as a detector in this case, as well. While the polarization measurement therein was carried out by the phaser rotation method, it is also possible to determine the polarization from the output intensity dependence by rotating the orientation of the analyzer in the set-up of FIG. 1.
EXAMPLE 3
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating another. example of an equipment of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle in accordance with the present invention. Setting the linearly polarized light incident on a liquid crystal sample, a liquid crystal pretilt angle is measured through monitoring the quantity of light that is transmitting a polarizer. The light emitted from a light source 31 passes through a polarizer 32 and a ¼-wave plate 33 and, being circularly polarized, is expanded by a beam expander 34. As a light source, a 1 mW He-Ne laser is used and the beam expander turns the light into a parallel beam with a diameter of approximately 25 mm. The light is then condensed by a lens 35 and set incident on a liquid crystal sample which is placed at a focal position of the lens. For this condenser, a combination lens with an aperture of 60 mm and a focal distance of 20 mm is used. The light passed through a sample 36 is returned into a parallel beam by a lens 37 having the same norm as the lens 35 and then changed into a parallel beam with a diameter of 3 mm by lenses 38 and 39. After this light passes through an analyzer 41 placed downstream of the ¼-wave plate 40, it goes into a detector 42. As a detector 42, a two-dimensional cooling-type image intensifier (512×512) manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics is employed. This set-up is the one in which a ¼-wave plate is added, in front of the analyzer, to the arrangement of the equipment, shown in Example 1.
With this set-up, the liquid crystal sample C which was used in Example 2 was again measured. For a circular image which was measured by a two-dimensional detector every 4 degree of the azimuth of the ¼-wave plate 40 in 90 orientations, the transmitted light intensity in pixel intensity (12 gray scales) was measured in the direction of a diameter parallel to the polarizer. From these output intensities as measured above, the polarization, namely the optical retardation and the amplitude ratio, were then obtained through Fourier synthesis over the azimuths of the wave plate. FIGS. 10 and 11 show dependences of the optical retardation and the amplitude ratio of the transmitted light on the pixel position when the incident light makes a 45 degree angle azimuthally with the rubbing direction of the sample. FIGS. 12 and 13 show dependences of the optical retardation and the amplitude ratio of the transmitted light on the pixel position when the incident light is parallel to the rubbing direction of the sample. As shown in FIGS. 11 and 13, the varied value in the amplitude ratio component of the transmitted light with the incident angle becomes the maximum when the incident light makes a 45 degree angle azimuthally with the rubbing direction of the sample. In contrast with this, the amplitude ratio component shows almost no dependency on the incident angle, when the incident light is parallel or perpendicular to the rubbing direction azimuthally. Therefore, with the circularly polarized incident light, the measurement of the polarization of the transmitted light by a two-dimensional detector can determine a liquid crystal pretilt angle by looking into the optical retardation component in an azimuthal direction where the varied value in the amplitude ratio component becomes the maximum, even for a sample with the rubbing direction unknown. While the polarization measurement therein was carried out by the phaser rotation method, it is also possible to determine the polarization from the output intensity dependence by removing the wave-plate 40 from the set-up and rotating the analyzer 41.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle comprising: transmitting an incident light with a given polarization through a non-rotating liquid crystal sample; and measuring a polarization of the light exiting said liquid crystal sample; wherein, being condensed by a lens, the transmitted light is turned to form a plurality of incident angles distributed continuously across said liquid crystal sample; and wherein, a dependence of the polarization of said transmitted light on the plurality of incident angles is measured to determine a pretilt angle of said liquid crystal sample.
2. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 1, wherein said incident light with a given polarization is circularly polarized light.
3. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 1, wherein said incident light with a given polarization is incident light with a given polarization.
4. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 3, wherein the polarization direction of said linearly polarized light is set to make an angle of 42 to 28 degrees to an azimuthal orientation of the liquid crystal molecules within a plane of said liquid crystal sample.
5. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 1, wherein said dependence of the polarization of said transmitted light is measured by a phaser rotation method, using a ¼ wave plate and an analyzer, both of which are placed downstream of said liquid crystal sample.
6. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle comprising: transmitting an incident light with a given polarization through a stationary liquid crystal sample; and measuring a polarization of the light exiting said liquid crystal sample; wherein, said liquid crystal sample comprises a liquid crystal material, transparent substrates sandwiching said liquid crystal material and wherein, hemispherical prisms are placed on outer sides of the transparent substrates and have approximately the same refractive index as that of those transparent substrates; and by means of hemispherical prisms, said transmitted polarized light is turned to have a plurality of incident angles distributed continuously across said liquid crystal sample; and wherein, a dependence of the polarization of said transmitted light on the plurality of incident angles is measured to determine a pretilt angle of said liquid crystal sample.
7. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 6, wherein said incident light with a given polarization is circularly polarized light.
8. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 6, wherein said incident light with a given polarization is linearly polarized light.
9. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 8, wherein the polarization direction of said linearly polarized light is set to make an angle of 42 to 28 degrees to an azimuthal orientation of the liquid crystal molecules within a plane of said liquid crystal sample.
10. A method of measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle according to claim 6, wherein said dependence of the polarization of said transmitted light is measured by a phaser rotation method, using a ¼-wave plate and an analyzer, both of which are placed downstream of said liquid crystal sample.
11. An apparatus for measuring a liquid crystal pretilt angle; comprising: a light source for emitting light; a polarizer which polarizes the emitted light from said light source; a holder which holds a liquid crystal sample at a stationary position as an object of the measurement; lenses placed before and behind said holder, wherein the lens placed before said holder turns the emitted light to have a plurality of incident angles continuously distributed across the liquid crystal sample held in said holder; a means for measuring, with the light having passed through said liquid crystal sample, the amplitude ratio of said transmitted light and/or the optical retardation of said transmitted light; and a means for determining a liquid crystal pretilt angle from said measured transmitted light.
12. A method of measuring pretilt angles of liquid crystals comprising: transmitting light having a predetermined polarization toward a stationary liquid crystal sample; condensing said transmitted light onto a surface of said stationary liquid crystal sample to form a plurality of light rays having a plurality of incident angles with respect to said surface of said stationary liquid crystal sample; measuring a change in polarization of each of said plurality of light rays after said plurality of light rays have passed through said stationary liquid crystal sample; and determining the pretilt angle of a liquid crystal according to the measured change in polarization of said light rays.
13. An apparatus for measuring pretilt angles of liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal sample, said apparatus comprising: a light source for emitting light; a polarizer for polarizing light emitted from said light source; a condensing lens for bending light polarized by said polarizer into a plurality of rays; a holder to hold said liquid crystal sample in a fixed position such that said plurality of rays from said condensing lens form a plurality of respective incident angles on a surface of said liquid crystal sample; and an optical detection system to measure light passing through said liquid crystal sample, such that a change in polarization is measured for each of said plurality of rays according to their respective incident angles; and means for determining a pretilt angle of a liquid crystal according to light measured by said optical detection system.
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k1om-mpss-linux error: 'struct perf_event_attr' has no member named 'config1'
Hello,
I'm trying to compile for k1om-mpss-linux environment and I get the following error messages:
cpucounters.cpp: In member function 'PCM::ErrorCode PCM::program(PCM::ProgramMode, const void*)':
cpucounters.cpp:2100:23: error: 'struct perf_event_attr' has no member named 'config1'
e.config1 = pExtDesc->OffcoreResponseMsrValue[0];
^
cpucounters.cpp:2102:23: error: 'struct perf_event_attr' has no member named 'config1'
e.config1 = pExtDesc->OffcoreResponseMsrValue[1];
^
Makefile:65: recipe for target 'cpucounters.o' failed
make: *** [cpucounters.o] Error 1
My environment is defined by using:
source /opt/mpss/3.8.4/environment-setup-k1om-mpss-linux
Is PCM supported within k1om-mpss-linux environment? If so, can you suggest how to fix?
Thanks in advance.
I don't have access to this environment. As a workaround you can disable the usage of perf in PCM Makefile. comment out the line with "-DPCM_USE_PERF". Please let me know if it solves the issue.
please let me know if the suggested workaround works for you
I have familiar issue, and this work for me. Thanks!
closing since the workaround works
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Tutorials/TNT cannons
A cannon is a mechanism that uses TNT to launch TNT.
Basic Concepts
* Body, or Housing
* Wiring
* Explosives
* Explosion Housing (Usually water)
* Mounting Block
* The Charge is an amount of TNT used to propel the Shot.
* Ther charge must be housed in water when activated otherwise the cannon will self destruct.
Naming Standards
* Next, the number designates how many charge blocks of TNT the cannon has.
* Then, of course, the nickname of the cannon goes here.
The featured TNT cannon below would be named 114.0R4.4MB2
Survival Mode
1. Body
3. Mounting Block
* !Mounting blocks (described below) are only certain special blocks.
4. Explosion Housing
* Unless its a dry cannon, this must be water.
Creative Mode
Limitations, and ways to Possibly get around them
Cannon Sizes and Special Features
Players also like to add features to their cannons including:
* Multiple shots
* Semi-automatic/fully-automatic firing and reloading
* Safety features
* Adjustable Shot Delay, which lets you change the range and trajectory of the cannon.
* Alternative Ammo
* Arrows as ammo
* Cannons that fire in a special direction, such as up or diagonly.
* Aimable cannons.
* Spread shot/mass destruction cannons
TNT-Based Condensation (a.k.a., Condenser Charge)
Piston-Based Condensation
Guide Blocks
X = Guide block O = Shot Figure: XOX
Shot Mounting Blocks
A rewrite for most of these mounting blocks is coming soon.
No Mounting Block
Pros: Highest velocity, simple, scalable
Cons: poor range in smaller cannons, downward trajectory, line-of-sight only
Single Block
Pros: Higher firing angle, can lob shots
Cons: Low velocity, reduced power and extremely poor range for smaller cannons
A better alternative to the single mounting block is using a Ladder instead.
Half Block
Cons: Slightly reduced power, not best for either straight OR lob shots, fuse range limit *
Trap Door
Cons: Be sure that priming circuit doesn't activate the trapdoor by accident.
Ladder/Iron Bars/Glass Pane
Cons: Low velocity, poor scaling, limited range at ±120 blocks
Fence and Pressure Plate
A new type of mounting block invented by disco.
"Cons: Expensive materials, can cause the cannon to self destruct if pressure plate is activated."
One-Button Defensively Ranged Cannon with a Repeater used as a delay
One-Button Defensively Ranged Cannon with a Minecart used as delay
One-Button Defensively Ranged Cannon with a Dispenser used as delay
Long Range Cannons
Coming soon
Specialty Cannons
Coming soon
Video examples
* Mortar High Angle Shot using a ladder mounting block.
* Compact The Shot is primed by hand, which must now be done with flint and steel.
* Superlarge Cannon Firing other Entities.
Trivia
* Cannons are follow the South-West quirk and fire further when facing South or West.
This article was mostly rewritten and in the process of being rewriten by ArkEneru
Anleitungen/TNT-Kanone Tutoriels/Canons de TNT 教程/TNT大炮
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Talk:1972–73 Chicago Black Hawks season
Dead link
* http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=p198302&type=Player&page=bio&list=ByName#photo
* In 1972–73 Chicago Black Hawks season on 2011-05-25 04:32:43, Socket Error: 'A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond'
* In 1972–73 Chicago Black Hawks season on 2011-06-06 15:25:24, Socket Error: 'A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond'
--JeffGBot (talk) 15:25, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
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Walking Into Darkness
The First Step
He guessed that promotions were promised to rally the troops into a desire to fight. He scoffed at the notion of combat, at least against the small fry. Had he not been withholding his full power, it'd be obvious nothing short of a Third-Seat would even be able to stand before him and even have a chance at victory. It was almost comical, the sorting algorithm that the Shinigami used to determine who fought who and in what order. Having studied every campaign his parents took part in during their tenures as Gotei soldiers. Captains had always been the last to enter conflict, even against a near Demi-God level opponent. That information alone was his ace in the hole. Centuries of theory behind it, the man laughed silently as he ran up a stairwell in search of a certain room.
Two Steps Back
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A tool to reverse the process of sprite composition by ImageBundle and split the generated sprite back into image snippets
Is there any tool out there (perhaps the GWT compiler itself can be used as a standalone app) for generating individual images from the *.cache.png files created during compilation?
Or, is the mapping information (for sprite geometries) available via an API?
I looked up information on the GWT repository, the documentation, here on StackOverflow, and possibly every google group on the subject, to no avail.
Motivation
My aim is to provide easy means of white-labeling a web application by instructing the GWT compiler to avoid inlining of bundled images (using <set-property name="ClientBundle.enableInlining" value="false" />), thus forcing the use of sprite images on every user agent, than building a WAR and passing it on to a graphics designer to only edit the image assets within the packed WAR (hoping to make it a little bit easier on him/she by providing such a tool).
The designer would than use the provided tool to disassemble and reassemble the sprite image, for convenient editing.
Illustration
Can you add @ImageOptions(repeatStyle = RepeatStyle.Both) to your resources? Note however that the image sizes are compiled into the code too (for @sprites in CssResources for instance), so the designer'd better not change them; otherwise, simply don't use ImageResources.
i can add it, tho this would defeat the purpose - i still want to use the image composition mechanism to achieve better performance. note that my goal is to disassemble the sprite after the WAR has been compiled and packed. anyhow the designers are instructed not to change the image's geometric properties.
Hmm, that's not an easy one (really, it'd much simpler to just recompile the app after the designer has done his homework), but there's no reason you couldn't do it.
First, you can ask the GWT compiler to output the generated classes to disk (using the -gen argument). You'll find there the implementation(s) for your ClientBundle, with all the ImageResource methods returning instances of ImageResourcePrototype. IIRC, you should be able to compile those classes and use them to grab the region for each sprite, and therefore extract the individual images from the bundle, and repackage them back.
|
require 'sinatra/config_file'
require_relative '../lib/xlib'
require_relative 'app/workers/task_worker'
require_relative 'app/helpers/user_helper'
require_relative 'lib/xservices/xreporter_client'
Sidekiq.configure_client do |config|
config.redis = { :namespace => 'xmanager', :size => 1 }
end
module XM
class Application < Sinatra::Base
register Sinatra::ConfigFile
helpers UserHelper
config_file File.expand_path('../config.yml', __FILE__)
post '/sessions/?' do
session_hash = AttackGraph.create_session
user = user_from_api_key(params[:api_key])
TaskWorker.perform_async(params[:task], session_id: session_hash[:id],
username: user['username'])
json session_hash
end
get '/sessions/?' do
return 401 if params[:api_key].nil? || params[:api_key].empty?
api_key = params[:api_key]
sessions = AttackGraph.all_sessions
sessions.select! { |s| s['api_key'] == api_key }
json sessions
end
get '/sessions/:session_id/?' do
session_properties = nil
AttackGraph.with_session(params[:session_id]) do
session_properties = AttackGraph.session_properties
end
json session_properties
end
post '/signin/?' do
api_key = authenticate(params[:username], params[:password])
if api_key
json({ api_key: api_key })
else
401
end
end
get '/tasks/?' do
user = user_from_api_key(params[:api_key])
return 403 if user.nil?
tasks = Dir[File.expand_path("users/#{user['username']}/tasks/*.rb")]
tasks.map! do |t|
t.match(/(\w+).rb$/).captures.first
end
json tasks
end
get '/sessions/:session_id/reports/?' do
# TODO
# proxy to xreporter /sessions/:session_id/reports
# check access permission
json [ 'test.html', 'tmp_file3.json' ]
end
get '/sessions/:session_id/reports/:report_name/?' do
# TODO
# proxy to xreporter /sessions/:session_id/reports/:report_name
# check access permission
json XReporterClient.report(params[:session_id], params[:report_name])
end
end
end
|
Secret signaling
J 1927' R. E. coRAM SECRET SIGNALING Filed Nov. 21, 1923 LOW PASS
6 telephonic or Patented June 14, 1927.
UNITED STATES PATENT not: a. com, or nnwaamnnw JERSEY, .Assrenoa 'rownsrnmt ELECTRIC com- PANY, INCORPORATED, or new 20111:, n. Y., Aconronarron or new YORK.
srionnr SIGNALING.
Application filed November 21, 1923. Serial No. 676,081.
to render it incapable of intelligible recep-- tion by ordinary means.
It has been proposed to obtain secrecy 1n other messages by confusing the message at the trans mitting sta t1on and automatically recasting oruntanglmg it at the receiving station, thus rendering 1t practically impossible for an unauthorized person to obtain the information contained therein. It has been proposed to accomplish this by modulatinghigh frequency carrier waves by waves within the speech frequency range in a thermionic modulator, then suppress mg the original carrier and the upper side band and trans mitting only the lower side band. This lower side band represents an inverse frequency speech wave which may berecast into intelligible form at the receiving station by reversing the process by which the signal has been confused. It has also been proposed to vary the frequency of the carrier wave'continuously and in a predetermined order to lessen the possibility of; its intelligible reception byan outsider. In such a system, it is important to suppress theunmodulated carrier wave component to prevent the carrier frequency, andthe scheme of varying it, from becoming known, and it is likewise necessary to suppress one side band of the modulated carrier wave,since. if both side bands were trans mitted, a ,Simple detector would yield currents of the double frequencies of the voice which are to '40 a certain degree intelligible.
In systems of the character described, the unmodulated carrier wave and its upper side band have been eliminated quite successfully by means of'filters, but another and more formidable difliculty is presented which it is difiicult to overcome by ordinary means, namely, since thethermionic modulator acts to a certain extent as an amplifien'the original currents of signal or speech frequencies,
are not entirely suppressed in the modulator and are partly passed tothe line. If these currents are allowed to be trans mitted, even 1n very small amounts, it mlght be possible to separate them by filters and to amplify them to the desired degree, thus defeating the pur ose of thesystem. In order to substantial y suppress currents of speech frequencies in a thermionic modulator, a complicated and expensive system is required. This difficulty is entirely overcome by the present invention.
, In accordance with a feature of the in vention, a high frequency carrier wave is modulated by waves of speech frequency in such a manner as to completely suppress the original speech, currents, the unmodulatedcarrier wave-and its upper side band then being eliminated and only the lower side band passed to the line, More specifically, the speech currents are completely suppressed in a simple and inexpensive electromagnetic modulator, and the unmodulated carrier wave and its upper side band are eliminated by filtering and the lower side band alone is trans mitted to the receiving station without distortion.
Other features and advantages of the invention will appear from the consideration of the following description taken. in connection with the accompanying drawing, in
magnetic telephone repeater which may be of the type disclosed in Patent No. 1,156,636, issued October 12, 1915 to H. E. Shreeve, the incoming voice currents actuating the repeater in the usual manner. The carrier waves are impressed on a circuit 5 including the trans mitter microphone4 of the electromagnetic modulator M by means of ahigh frequency carrier source 6 coupled thereto by means of a transformer 7 The varying resistance of the trans mitter button of the microphone 4: varies the amplitude of the carrier current which is circulated through it. This variation in amplitude results in three frequencies being impressed upon the circuit 5, namely, the original carrier, the
carrier plus the speech currents and the carrier minus the speech currents. The original rents of higher frequencies.
speech currents are completely suppressed in the modulator, no part ofthem being passed to the line. Thextransformer 8 connects the low pass filter-9 may be designed in ac-' cordance with the principles set forth in Patent -No. 1,227,113 issued May 22, 1917 to G. A. Gampbe1l,'and' isso arranged as to, pass with approximately negligible attenuation currents'of frequencies lower than a fixed cut-off frequency, as forexample, 3,000 cycles, and substantially extinguishes cur- If,therefore, the current generated by the high frequency source 6 is approximately 3,300 cycles, it will be evident that this unmodulatedcarrier current as well as the side band comprising the sum-component ofthe original carrier and the low frequency speech currents will be suppressed by the low pass filter 9, and. the filter will pass only the side band comprising the diflerence component of the original carrier and the speech waves. Since the resultant wave passed'by the filter 9 is of a frequency equal to the original carrier minus the input speech, itis an inverse function of the speech currents, or in other words, an inverted wave, and is therefore incapable of intelligible "reception by ordinary means. In practice, the inverse speech currents are-trans mitted over a telephone circuit to a receiving station, not shown, or they maybe used to modulate a radio -or carrier wave for transmission to the distant station -where they are recast.
into intelligible form by means of a suitable demodulator. This may be accomplished by passing the incoming waves at the receiving station through a duplicate of the modulat ing system shown, the incominglineterminating in the receiving coil of the repeater, to restore the speech frequencies to their normal order.
A modification of the invention is shown in-Fig. 2 in which a push-pull modulator circuit is used with a-.carrier frequency which, for ordinary purposes, may be approximately 3,000 cycles. The out ut of the low frequency circuit 2 is coupled y means of a transformer 10 to afi lt'rl ng circuit including the low pass filter- 11' so designed as to trans mit freely currents of the frequencies from 'zero to an upper limit of preferably about 3,000 cycles, or at least sutficientlyhigh in connection with Fig. 1 except that the microphone element 4 is of the push-pull type having two electrodes which are connected respectively tothe ends of the-primary of transformer 8 and a diaphragm connected through the secondary of transformer.
7 'to the midpoint of the primary of transformer 8. The carrler' waves generated by the source 6 are thus impressed upon two balanced parallel circuits each of which include one electrode and the diaphragm of the microphone element 4., and the unmodulated carrier current is balanced out so that the current induced in the secondary of .transformer 8consists of only two frequencies, namely, the carrier plus the speech currents and the carrier minus the speech currents. This modulatingcircuit thus pre vents the transmission of substantially all unmodulatedcurrents, since the original speech currents are completely suppressed1n the electromagnetic repeater,.and the unmodulated carrier is balanced out in the balanced circuits of the modulator. The low pass filter9,which is connected to, the secondary of transformer 8, suppresses the upper side band and permits the transmission of only the lower sideband. This inverted frequencies. In order to restore the speech frequencies to their normal order, it is necessary to 'pass the inverted speech through a duplicate of the modulating apparatus as in the case ofthe system described in connection with Fig. 1. n
In Fig.3, a modification of the transmission system described in connection with Fig. 2 shown. In this system, two electromagnetlctelephone repeaters are employed having their receiving coils 3 and 3coupled to the speech frequency line 2 by means of a transformer 12having two secondary windings. .The electrodes 4 and 4 of the repeater are connected'respectively to, the ends of the primary of transformer 8and their dia-" phragms are connected through the secondary of transformer 7 to the midpoint of the primary of transformer 8. The varying resistance of the trans mitter electrodes 4 and I 4? oftheserepeaters varies the amplitude of the carrier current generated bythesource 6, this system operating in a manner similar to that shown in Fig. 2, the two repeaters taking the place of a single repeater having a push-pull trans mitter. The original speech currents are completely suppressed in the electromagnetic repeater and the unmodulated carrier current is balanced out in the parallel circuits described above so that no direct speech or unmodulated carrier waves are passed to the km. 'The upper" unmodulahd carrier and one of its side bands. It may also be noted that in this system any degree of modulation may be obtained depending on the constants of the electromagnetic modulators employed.
It will be understood that the invention is not to be construed as limited to the actual frequency values that have been given above by way of illustration, but that frequencies higher or lower than those above assigned to source 6 may be used. So long as the resulting lower or inverse side band lies in the audio-frequency range it will be heard inan ordinary receiving circuit as noise, and will tend to confuse or mask the signal.
Although the invention has been shown and described in connection with carrier secrecy systems, it will be understood that it is equally applicable to radio signaling systems. Furthermore the invention is not to be limited either in these or other respects by the specific embodiments and details herein shown and described, except as defined bythe scope of the appended claims.
What is claimed is: i
1. In combination, a circuit including a source of sustained carrier waves of a fre quency at least as high as the upper essential speech frequencies, a mechanically variable resistance controlled in-said circuit to modulate said carrier waves, said resistance being varied to produce modulated carrier waves having a lower side band within the audio frequency range, and a filter for tr-ans mit-.
ting only said lower side band.
2. In combination, a tI'aIISXIIISSIOD medium,
a circuit including a source of sustained carrier waves associated therewith, said waves having a frequency at least as high as the upperessentlal speech frequencies, mean for modulating said carrier waves in accordance with speech'waves while preventing speech currents from being set 'up in said circuit, said modulated waves having a lower side band within the audio frequency range, and means for trans mitting only the lower side band within the audio frequency range.
3. In combination, a modulator circuit comprising a source of sustained carrier waves of a frequency at least as high as the upper essential speech frequencies, a mechanically variable resistance in said modulator circuit adapted to be controlled in accordance with speech waves tomodulate said carrier waves and to suppress speech currents from transmission to said modulator circuit, and an outgoing circuit having afi lter included therein for limiting the trans mitted frequencies to audio frequencies lower than the frequency f said source of'carrier waves.
4. A. secret signaling system comprising an electromagnetic repeater having a receiving coil and a microphone element, means for circulating a current of high frequency near the upper limit of the audio frequency range through said microphone clement, means for passing currents of speech frequency through said receiving coil to modulate said high frequency current, and means for suppressing the unmodulated high frequency current component. and the upper side band produced by modulation and for trans mitting the lower sideband Within the audio-frequency range.
5. A secret signaling system comprising an electromagnetic repeater having a receiver c011 and a microphone ele1nent, means for circulating a current of high frequency near the upper limit of voice frequency range. through said microphone element,
means for passing currents of speech frequency through said receiving coil to modulate such high frequency current without setting up speech currents in the circuit of the microphone element, and a filter adapted to'suppress currents of the frequency of the unmodulated high frequency current component and the upper side band produced by modulation and to trans mit only modulated currents within the voice frequency range.
6. In a secret transmission system, a push pull-electromagnetic repeater comprising a receiving coil and a microphone element having two electrodes, means-for impressing a current of high frequency near the upper limit of the voice frequency range upon two balanced circuits each including one of said electrodes, means for passing currents of speech frequency through said receiving coil to modulate said high frequency current without setting'up speech currents in the circuits of the two electrodes, and a lowpass fil tel for suppressing the unmodulated high frequency current and the upper side band.
7. In a secret transmission system, a pair of electromagnetic repeaters each having a receiving coil and a microphone element, means forimpressing a current of high frequency near the upper limit of the voicefrequencv range upon two balanced circuits each including one of saidmicrophoneelements, said high frequency current havin a frequency near the upper limit of speech requencies, means for passing currents of speech frequency through the receiving coils of said repeaters tomodulate the high frequency current and produce a lower sideband withinthe voice frequency range, and a low pass filter for suppressing theunmodulated high frequency current and the upper side band.
8. In a secret transmission system, a circuit, means for impressing a current of high frequency near the upper limit of the audio frequency range upon said circuit, a second circuit, means for impressing currents of speech frequency upon said second circuit,
' an electromagnetic device in said second circuit controlled by said speech currents, means controlled by said device for modulating the high frequency current in said first circuit in accordance with said speech currents and for preventing the transmission of said speech currents to said first circuit, a third circuit-coupled to said first circuit, and means in said third circuit for suppressing the unmodula-ted high frequency current and the upper side band produced by modulation and for trans mitting modulated currents Within the audio frequency range.
In witness whereof, I hereunto subscribe my name this 19th day of November A.-D.,
ROY E. CORAM.
|
Thread:<IP_ADDRESS>/@comment-22439-20150120024517
* Wiki-wordmark.png
* Wiki-wordmark.png
Please leave me a message if I can help with anything!
* Knights and Dragons Wiki Main Page
* Staff Membership Requests
* Epic Bosses
* Fusion Armors
* Armors
* Armors
* See what the community is doing
* Get involved with wiki discussions
* Report Spam and Vandalism
* Report Spam and Vandalism
|
Thread:<IP_ADDRESS>/@comment-22439-20130406132826
Hi, welcome to ! Thanks for your edit to the User:Bane7670 page.
Please leave me a message if I can help with anything!
|
Thread:<IP_ADDRESS>/@comment-22439-20130809114426
Hi, welcome to ! Thanks for your edit to the Scott Shelby page.
Please leave me a message if I can help with anything!
|
# TodoMVC-director
This is the exact copy of the React-powered [TodoMVC](http://todomvc.com/labs/architecture-examples/react/). To test it, use [bower](http://bower.io) to fetch the dependencies:
`bower install`
Then fire up a server here:
`python -m SimpleHTTPServer`
And go visit `localhost:8000`.
|
What's the meaning of "You should be telling people..."
I've come across the phrase below?
You should be telling
people that’s what done it: home school.
I don't know if "should be telling" is a future continuous form or something else?
Could you please tell what the meaning of the phrase is?
The main text is:
A MONTH BEFORE MY graduation, I visited Buck’s Peak. Dad had read the
articles about my scholarship, and what he said was, “You didn’t mention
home school. I’d think you’d be more grateful that your mother and I took
you out of them schools, seeing how it’s worked out. You should be telling
people that’s what done it: home school.”
I said nothing. Dad took it as an apology.
You should do X
means:
X is what you ought to do; doing X is the recommended course of action for you.
The reason your cited example uses the continuous form (You should be telling them rather than plain You should tell them) is to add "immediacy" (X is what you ought to be doing right now, as opposed to perhaps being something you might do at some time in the future).
|
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
use Socialite;
use App\User;
use App\UserAccount;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
/* TODO: why need?
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth; */
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Validator;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\RegistersUsers;
use Illuminate\Auth\Events\Registered;
class RegisterController extends Controller
{
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Register Controller
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| This controller handles the registration of new users as well as their
| validation and creation. By default this controller uses a trait to
| provide this functionality without requiring any additional code.
|
*/
use RegistersUsers;
/**
* Where to redirect users after registration.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $redirectTo = '/home';
/**
* Create a new controller instance.
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct()
{
$this->middleware('guest');
}
/**
* Get a validator for an incoming registration request.
*
* @param array $data
* @return \Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Validator
*/
protected function validator(array $data)
{
return Validator::make($data, [
'name' => 'required|string|max:255',
'email' => 'required|string|email|max:255|unique:users',
'password' => 'required|string|min:6|confirmed',
]);
}
/**
* Create a new user instance after a valid registration.
*
* @param array $data
* @return \App\User
*/
protected function create(array $data)
{
return User::create([
'name' => $data['name'],
'email' => $data['email'],
'password' => Hash::make($data['password']),
]);
}
/**
* Create a new user instance after a valid registration.
*
* @param array $data
* @return \App\User
*/
protected function createGoogleUser(array $data)
{
$userAccount = UserAccount::create([
'name' => $data['name'],
'email' => $data['email'],
'account_type' => $data['account_type'],
// 'user_id' => $userId,
]);
// TODO: change to UserAccount::user_id?
$hasUser = User::where('email', $data['email'])->first();
// If user already exists, relate account and return
if($hasUser) {
$userAccount->user_id = $hasUser->id;
$userAccount->save();
return $hasUser;
// $this->guard()->login($hasUser);
// return redirect('/home');
}
// Else first time user
$user = User::create([
'name' => $data['name'],
'email' => $data['email'],
// 'username' => $data['name'],
]);
$userAccount->user_id = $user->id;
$userAccount->save();
return $user;
}
/**
* Redirect the user to the Google authentication page.
*
* @return Response
*/
public function redirectToProvider()
{
return Socialite::driver('google')->scopes('email')->stateless()->redirect();
}
/**
* Obtain the user information from Google.
*
* @return Response
*/
public function handleProviderCallback()
{
$socialUser = Socialite::driver('google')->stateless()->user();
// $token = $user->token;
$emails = $socialUser->user['emails'];
$emailKey = array_search('accounts', array_column($emails, 'type'));
$data['name'] = $socialUser->user['displayName'];
$data['email'] = $emails[$emailKey]['value'];
$data['account_type'] = 'google';
// TODO: quick hack to log in first if account exists
$hasAccount = UserAccount::where('email', $data['email'])->where('account_type', 'google')->first();
if($hasAccount) {
$user = $hasAccount->user()->first();
$this->guard()->login($user);
return redirect('/');
}
event(new Registered($user = $this->createGoogleUser($data)));
$this->guard()->login($user);
return redirect('/');
}
}
|
Thread:GreenGrassCreeper34/@comment-3004323-20200810142122/@comment-3004323-20200813232148
* SpongeBob: I really don't like the idea of Patrick having a spin-off because of Planet Sheen.
|
package fr.umlv.data;
//Ex1 - Q.02
public class LinkedList<T> {
private Link<T> link;
private int size;
public LinkedList() {
this.link = null;
this.size = 0;
}
// Ex1 - Q.02
// add method: will add a new link at the begining of the linked list
public void add(T value) {
this.link = new Link<T>(value, this.link);
this.size++;
}
// Ex2 - Q.01
public T get(int index) {
// If the list is empty
if (this.size == 0) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Linked list is empty.");
}
// If the index is invalid
if (index < 0 || index > this.size - 1) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("index must be in range [0, size - 1].");
}
int count = 0;
var tmp = this.link;
while (count < this.size && count < index) {
count++;
tmp = tmp.next;
}
return tmp.value;
}
// Ex1 - Q.02
// toString override
@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("[");
if (this.size > 0) {
int i = 0;
for (var tmp = this.link; tmp != null; tmp = tmp.next) {
builder.append(tmp.value);
if (i != this.size - 1) {
builder.append(" - ");
}
i++;
}
} else {
builder.append("empty");
}
builder.append("]");
return builder.toString();
}
// Ex3 - Q.04
// contains method
// contains uses the function equals(Object o).
// Then, the signature of equals will not work with the generic type T
public boolean contains(Object o) {
if (o == null)
return false;
Boolean res = o.equals(this.link.value);
for (var link = this.link; link != null; link = link.next) {
if (o.equals(link.value)) {
res = true;
break;
}
}
return res;
}
}
|
Didier Lourenço
Didier Lourenço (1968 – 27 July 2023) was a Catalan-Spanish painter.
Biography
His origins as an artist can be found in the lithograph studio of his father, Fulvio, where he began working as an artist at an early age. There, he learned all about lithography and began to develop his first oil paintings, while coming into contact with some of the leading Catalan artists of the late 80s and early 90s such as Josep Maria Subirachs, Francesc Artigau, Josep Pla-Narbona, Javier Montesol, Josep Guinovart, Jordi Alumà, , , Simo Buson, Montserrat Gudiol, Javier Mariscal, and Joan Pere Viladecans. With these influences, Lourenço, an autodidact artist, began self-defining his creative and very personal style.
In 1991, Lourenço won the Banc Sabadell Prize in the Sala Parés Young Painters contest. With this award he was selected to be a part of a group exhibition, titled "7 New Realities" in Sala Vayreda, in Barcelona. This show was a turning point in the career of Lourenço, and led to many solo exhibits in art galleries around Catalunya. After establishing himself in Barcelona, he quickly began gaining recognition throughout Spain, where his work was shown in cities such as Madrid and Valencia. During this period the artist's work was catapulted into the international market by one of the major art editors in the world.
The first years of this century saw Lourenço gain statewide recognition, while still defining his very personal style. These years also catapulted the artist to the international market thanks to one of the major art poster companies in the world, Winn-Devon.
Thanks to this company, Lourenço's works were reproduced as print collections and distributed and sold worldwide. The success of the painter did not go unnoticed for several art galleries in the United States (New York, Miami, Atlanta, Seattle, Los Angeles, Nashville ) and other parts of the globe that became interested in the original paintings.
Didier Lourenço continued to work in his studio in Premia de Mar (Barcelona) and exhibiting his work worldwide, with special recognition during the recent years in Asian countries like South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong.
Lourenço died of cancer on 27 July 2023, at the age of 55.
Style
As a self-taught artist, Didier Lourenço's work has a very personal and distinctive character, based initially on the Mediterranean landscape, urban landscape and everyday scenes, all of them being elements of the reality surrounding the artist. Over time, his work has evolved into a much more intimate and imaginative work, based on human beings and their emotions. Very important to observe in the works of Lourenço is the richness of nuances and substance built by textures and colors, which give an almost mineral impression.
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2021, Nick Vella <[email protected]>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
* list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
* SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
* CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
* OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#pragma once
#include <AK/NonnullRefPtrVector.h>
#include <LibGUI/Widget.h>
namespace GUI {
class AbstractWizardPage : public Widget {
C_OBJECT_ABSTRACT(AbstractWizardPage);
public:
virtual ~AbstractWizardPage() override;
Function<RefPtr<AbstractWizardPage>()> on_next_page;
virtual RefPtr<AbstractWizardPage> next_page();
virtual bool can_go_next();
Function<void()> on_page_enter;
virtual void page_enter();
Function<void()> on_page_leave;
virtual void page_leave();
bool is_final_page() const { return m_is_final_page; }
void set_is_final_page(bool val) { m_is_final_page = val; }
protected:
AbstractWizardPage();
private:
bool m_is_final_page { false };
};
}
|
Nuget package update required! (Bouncy Castle)
We need a new nuget package version, because Bouncy Castle just updated. If a application requires the new bouncy castle version 1.8.2, the current ARSoft version 2.2.9 fails with a dependency error during runtime!
T work around this you can use a binding redirect in your app.config.
|
import * as mongoose from 'mongoose';
export const isIdValid = (id: string): boolean => mongoose.Types.ObjectId.isValid(id);
|
Isoprenylamine derivatives
ABSTRACT
This invention relates to new isoprenylamine derivatives and acid addition salts thereof, which are useful as medicines for controlling virus infection of vertebrate animals, or the intermediates therefor.
There are known heretofore various substances, which have been decided to have preventive or alleviative effects on diseases caused by virus whose host is a vertebrate animal, or which have been recognized to be capable of alleviating symptoms of the diseases by significantly enhancing antibody activity in the animal. Antivirotics reported so far include interferon, substances capable of inducing interferon, i.e. inducers (interferon inducers), and synthetic substances, such as amantadine hydrochloride or methisazone, which directly exert inhibitory effect on virus propagation. Interferon is glycoprotein having antiviral and antitumor activities, said glycoprotein being produced in situ by cells of a vertebrate animal when the cells are infected with virus, and has been known to be effective in therapy of infectious viral disease as well as of cancer. Known inducers, which induce interferon in vertebrate animals through a process other than virus infection, include natural high molecular substances such as double strand ribonucleic acid of bacteriophage of a certain species, or synthetic high molecular substances such as double strand ribonucleic acid, typical of which is polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid, or low molecular inducers such as tilorone.
In the production of interferon, however, there is involved a problem how to carry out purification thereof, and in fact, no economical process for the production thereof has not been established yet. On the other hand, conventional interferon inducers have not been put to practical use mainly because of toxicity thereof. Synthetic antiviral agents which directly exert inhibitory effect on virus propagation, which are commercially available at present, have a rather narrow range of virus-infected diseases which are curable by administration of said agents, and thus the advent of novel synthetic antiviral agents is earnestly desired. Taking such circumstances into consideration, the present inventors extensively conducted studies in finding compounds capable of producing interferon of high potency and, moreover, having antiviral activity on the biological level, and as the result they have eventually found that compounds represented by the general formula (I) and acid addition salts thereof show excellent interferon-inducing ability and, at the same time, demonstrate excellent antiviral activity even in the biological test.
Thus, the present invention is to provide a new class of an isoprenylamine derivative represented by the following general formula ##STR1## wherein n is 2 to 10, A and B are individually hydrogen atom or A and B jointly form a single bond, and when n is 4, A and B may be a combination of the aforesaid two cases, R is hydrogen, benzoyl, benzyl, lower alkyl or lower acyl, p is 2 or 3, and q is at least 2, particularly 2 or 3, and acid addition salts thereof. For the production of isoprenylamine derivatives represented by the general formula (I) and acid addition salts thereof, there may be adopted the known procedure in which isoprenyl alcohol (e.g. decaprenol, solanesol, phytol or geraniol) represented by the general formula ##STR2## wherein A, B and n are as defined above, is first converted into a corresponding halide (e.g. geranyl bromide, solanesyl bromide, phytyl bromide or decaprenyl bromide) or arylsulfonic acid ester (e.g. decaprenyl tosylate or solanesyl tosylate) and the resulting halide or ester is then allowed to react in the presence or absence of a base with a compound represented by the general formula ##STR3## wherein R, p and q are as defined above.
This reaction is usually carried out in an organic solvent. Preferably usable as organic solvents in the reaction are common solvents such as methanol, ethanol, chloroform, isopropyl ether, benzene and ethyl acetate. The reaction is carried out by using a large excess of the amino compound represented by the general formula (III), or carried out at a temperature ranging from room temperature up to 100° C. in the presence of a base (e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide or sodium or potassium carbonate). After the completion of the reaction, a desired isoprenylamine derivative can be produced by treating the resultant reaction liquid according to usual isolation and purification procedures such as extraction, concentration, column chromatography or crystallization. For the production of compounds of the general formula (I), in which R is benzoyl, benzyl, lower alkyl or lower acyl, there may be adopted another process in which a compound represented by the general formula (IV) ##STR4## wherein A, B, n, p and q are as defined above, is obtained under the same reaction conditions as above, and the resulting compound is then allowed to react in the presence of a base (e.g. such tertiary amine as pyridine or triethylamine) at a temperature of 0° to 50° C. with a compound represented by the general formula
R' COX (V)
wherein R' is methyl or phenyl and X is halogen atom, to obtain a compound represented by the general formula (VI) ##STR5## wherein R' represents methyl or phenyl, and A, B, n, and q are as defined above, and the resulting compound is charged with a reducing agent (e.g. lithium aluminum hydride) and allowed to undergo reaction in an organic solvent. Preferably usable as solvents in the reaction are ether, tetrahydrofuran and the like. The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature ranging from room temperature up to 60° C. After the completion of the reaction, a desired isoprenylamine derivative can be produced by treating the resultant reaction liquid according to usual isolation and purification procedures such as extraction, concentration, column chromatography, crystallization and the like.
An acid addition salt of the isoprenylamine derivative thus produced can be obtained by mixing said derivative in an appropriate solvent (e.g. acetone or ethyl acetate) with a desired acid to form a salt and applying such means as concentration or crystallization to the salt. The acid addition salts suitable for use as medicines include, for example, those with hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid and the like.
Illustrated below are preparative examples of isoprenylamine derivatives of the present invention. PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 N-decaprenyltriethylenetetramine
To a chloroform solution (100 ml) containing triethylenetetramine (47.0 g) was added dropwise at room temperature a chloroform solution (100 ml) containing decaprenyl bromide (40 g) over a period of 1 hour with stirring, and the mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the concentrate was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water and saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a concentrate (41.4 g). To a solution of the thus obtained concentrate in isopropyl ether (100 ml) was added sodium carbonate (20 g). To the mixture while cooling with ice-water was added dropwise trifluoroacetic anhydride (30 ml) over a period of 1 hour with stirring, and the mixture was further stirred for 3 hours while cooling with ice-water. The reaction liquid is filtered to separate insolubles therefrom, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was charged with benzene (about 50 ml) and further concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate (43.9 g) was chromatographed with a benzene-ethyl acetate mixture over a column packed with silica gel (450 g) to obtain N-decaprenyl-N,N', N", N'"-tetratrifluoroacetyltriethylenetetramine (10.1 g). A mixture of the thus obtained N-decaprenyl-N,N',N",-N'"-tetratrifluoroacetyltriethylenetetramine (10.1 g) and an ethanol solution (100 ml) of 10% potassium hydroxide was heated under reflux for 1 hour. The reaction liquid was charged with water (300 ml), and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water and saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain as an oily product N-decaprenyltriethylenetetramine (9.5 g) represented by the following formula ##STR6## Given below are measured values of physical properties of the title compound.
______________________________________ n.sub.D.sup.28.0 = 1.5109 N.M.R. (δ value in CDCl.sub.3): ______________________________________ 4.9-5.3 (10H, br) 3.20 (2H, d, J = 7Hz) 2.72 (12H, s) 2.00 (36H, br) 1.60 (33H, s) ______________________________________ Elementary analysis (as D.sub.56 H.sub.98 N.sub.4 2H.sub.2 O): Calcd. Found ______________________________________ C (%) 77.90 77.98 H (%) 11.91 11.75 N (%) 6.49 6.36 ______________________________________
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 N-decaprenyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetrabenzyltriethylenetetramine tetra hydrochloride
To a chloroform solution (50 ml) containing N-decaprenyltriethylenetetramine (5.0 g) obtained in Preparative Example 1 was added pyridine (10 ml), and thereto was added dropwise with stirring a chloroform solution (30 ml) containing benzoyl chloride (4.5 g) over a period of 1 hour while cooling on an ice bath, and the resulting mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction liquid was extracted with isopropyl ether, and the extract was washed with water, 5% hydrochloric acid, 5% aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and saturated saline in that order and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate (6.7 g) was treated by chromatography with a chloroform-ethyl acetate mixture over a column packed with silica gel (100 g) to obtain N-decaprenyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetrabenzoyltriethylenetetramine (4.2 g). To an anhydrous diethyl ether solution (50 ml) of the thus obtained N-decaprenyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetrabenzoyltriethylenetetramine (4.2 g) was added in small portions at room temperature lithium alminum hydride (2.0 g). After the completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then heated under reflux for 3 hours with stirring. The reaction liquid was charged with a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (100 ml) and then extracted with isopropyl ether. The extract was washed with water and saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate (3.8 g) was dissolved in acetone (100 ml), charged with a hydrogen chloride-ether solution to weakly acidic and then concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness to obtain N-decaprenyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetrabenzyltriethylenetetramine tetra hydrochloride (3.8 g) represented by the following formula. ##STR7## Given below are measured values of physical properties of the title compound.
______________________________________ Melting point: Caramel-like state N.M.R. (δvalue in CDCl.sub.3) (Free base): ______________________________________ 7.13 (20H, s) 4.9-5.3 (10H, br) 3.46 (2H, s) 3.40 (6H, br-s) 2.90 (2H, d, J = 7Hz) 2.2-2.6 (12H, m) 2.00 (36H, br) 1.60 (33H, s) ______________________________________ Elementary analysis as (C.sub.84 H.sub.122 N.sub.4.4HCl.3/2H.sub.2 O): Calcd. Found ______________________________________ C (%) 74.14 74.32 H (%) 9.55 9.65 N (%) 4.12 4.11 ______________________________________
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 N-geranyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraethyltriethylenetetramine
To a chloroform solution (200 ml) containing triethylenetetramine (60 g) was added dropwise with stirring a chloroform solution (100 ml) containing geranyl bromide (20 g) at room temperature, and the mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the chloroform therefrom, and the concentrate was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a concentrate (21 g). The concentrate was dissolved in benzene (100 ml), charged with acetic anhydride (30 ml) and sodium acetate (10 g) and then heated under reflux for 4 hours with stirring. The reaction liquid poured in a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (300 ml) and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate (23.5 g) was treated by chromatography with an ethanol-ethyl acetate mixture over a column packed with alumina (250 g) to obtain an oily N-geranyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetyltriethylenetetramine (9.3 g). The thus obtained N-geranyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetyltriethylenetetramine (9.3 g) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 ml), and thereto was added in small portions lithium aluminum hydride at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then heated under reflux with stirring for 3 hours. After cooling, the reaction liquid was charged with a 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (5 ml), filtered to separate insolubles therefrom and then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was extracted with isopropyl ether, washed with water and saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain as an oily product N-geranyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraethyltriethylenetetramine (5.1 g) represented by the following formula. ##STR8## Given below are measured values of physical properties of the title compound.
______________________________________ n.sub.D.sup.22 = 1.4851 N.M.R. (δvalue in CDCl.sub.3): ______________________________________ 5.0-5.4 (2H, m) 3.10 (2H, d, J = 7Hz) 0.8-2.9 (48H, m) ______________________________________ Elementary analysis (as C.sub.24 H.sub.50 N.sub.4.H.sub.2 O): Calcd. Found ______________________________________ C (%) 69.85 69.98 H (%) 12.70 12.81 N (%) 13.58 13.35 ______________________________________
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 N-phytyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraethyltriethylenetetramine
To a chloroform solution (200 ml) containing triethylenetetramine (60 g) was added dropwise with stirring at room temperature a chloroform solution (100 ml) containing phytyl bromide (31 g) over a period of 1 hour, and the mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After the completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the chloroform therefrom, and the concentrate was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a concentrate (30 g). The concentrate was dissolved in benzene (100 ml), charged with acetic anhydride (30 ml) and sodium acetate (10 g), and the resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 4 hours with stirring. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction liquid was poured in a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (300 ml) and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate (41 g) was treated by chromatography with an ethanol-ethyl acetate mixture over a column packed with alumina (250 g) to obtain an oily N-phytyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetyltriethylenetetramine (11 g). The thus obtained N-phytyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetyltriethylenetetramine (11 g) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 ml), and thereto was added in small portions lithium aluminum hydride at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then heated under reflux with stirring for 3 hours. After cooling, the reaction liquid was charged with a 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (5 ml), filtered to separate insolubles therefrom and then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was extracted with isopropyl ether, washed with water and saturated saline, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain as an oily product N-phytyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraethyltriethylenetetramine (7.3 g) represented by the following formula. ##STR9## Given below are measured values of physical properties of the title compound.
______________________________________ n.sub.D.sup.22 = 1.4721 N.M.R. (δvalue in CDCl.sub.3): ______________________________________ 5.30 (1H, t, J = 7Hz) 3.05 (2H, d, J = 7Hz) 2.0-2.9 (20H, m) 0.8-2.0 (49H, m) ______________________________________ Elementary analysis (as C.sub.34 H.sub.72 N.sub.4.H.sub.2 O): Calcd. Found ______________________________________ C (%) 73.58 73.78 H (%) 13.44 13.51 N (%) 10.10 7.89 ______________________________________
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 N-decaprenyldiethylenetriamine
The same procedures as in Preparative Example 1 were carried out for the reaction of decaprenyl bromide with diethylenetriamine thereby to obtain N-decaprenyldiethylenetriamine represented by the following formula, the measured values of physical properties of which were as shown in Table 1. ##STR10##
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 N-solanesyltriethylenetetramine tetra hydrochloride
The same procedures as in Preparative Example 1 were carried out for the reaction of solanesyl bromide with triethylenetetramine thereby to obtain N-solanesyltriethylenetetramine tetra hydrochloride represented by the following formula, the measured values of physical properties of which were as shown in Table 1. ##STR11##
PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7 N-decaprenyldipropylenetriamine tri hydrochloride
The same procedures as in Preparative Example 1 were carried out for the reaction of decaprenyl bromide with dipropylenetriamine to obtain N-decaprenyldipropylenetriamine tri hydrochloride represented by the following formula, the measured values of physical properties of which were as shown in Table 1. ##STR12##
In tables that follow, "D" represents decaprenyl, "S" represents solanesyl and "Phy" represents phytyl in each chemical structural formula as indicated.
TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ Elementary analysis Molecular N.M.R. Calcd. (%) Found (%) Structural formula formula n.sub.D or m.p. (δ value in CDCl.sub.3) C H N C H N __________________________________________________________________________ ##STR13## C.sub.54 H.sub.93 N.sub.3.H.sub.2 O n .sub.D.sup.27.5 = 1.5177 4.9-5.3(10H,br) 3.20(2H,d,J = 7Hz) 2.71(8H,s) 2.00(36H, br) 1.60(33H,s) (Free) 80.84 11.93 5.24 80.93 11.84 5.12 ##STR14## C.sub.51 H.sub.90 N.sub.4. 4HCl.3/2H.sub.2 O Caramel- like 4.9-5.3(9H,br) 3.20(2H,d,J = 7Hz) 2.72(12H,s) 2.00(32H) 1.60(30H) 65.71) 10.49 6.01 65.94 10.54 5.91 ##STR15## C.sub.56 H.sub.97 N.sub.3. 3HCl.2H.sub.2 O Caramel- like 4.9-5.3(10H,br) 3.20(2H,d,J = 7Hz) 2.50-2.9(8H,m) 2.00(36H,br) 1.60(37H,s) (Free) 70.22 10.94 4.39 70.15 10.71 4.28 __________________________________________________________________________
Physiological effects of the isoprenylamine derivatives of the present invention are illustrated below in detail.
(1) Effect on Mice Infected with Vaccinia Virus
Groups, each consisting of 10 ICR female mice weighing about 15 g, were intravenously injected a dilute solution (0.1 ml) of vaccinia virus at a portion 2 cm from the base of a tail. On the 8th day after the inoculation, the number of lesions in the form of small poc ks on the tail surface was counted after dyeing the tail with an ethanol solution of 1% fluorescein and 0.5% methylene blue. Each test compound suspended in a surfactant solution was administered intraperitoneally at a rate of 50 mg/kg to the mice 24 hours before inoculation of the virus, whereby antivirus activity of the test compound was evaluated in terms of inhibition of tail lesions as calculated in each test group against a group to which only the surfactant solution had been administered. The rate of tail lesion inhibition of each test compound is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Prevention from Test compound vaccinia infection (Structural formula) (Pock inhibition rate %) ______________________________________ ##STR16## 87.9 ##STR17## 51.9 ##STR18## 76.1 ______________________________________
(2) Anti-Tumor Activity
Groups, each consisting of 6 Balb/c male mice weighing about 20 g, were intraperitoneally administered 5×10⁵ of tumor cells KN₇ -8. Each test compound suspended in a surfactant solution was intraperitoneally administered (each time at a rate of 30 mg/kg) to the mice 24 hours before inoculation of the tumor cells and on the second day and the fifth day after the inoculation, totalling 3 times, and the anti-tumor activity was evaluated in terms of number of survivors on the 30th day after the inoculation. The number of survivors relative to each test compound is shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Test compound Anti-tumor activity (Structural formula) (Survivor on the 30th day) ______________________________________ ##STR19## 5/6 ##STR20## 1/6 ##STR21## 3/6 ##STR22## 2/6 ______________________________________
(3) Human Interferon Inducing Activity (in vitro)
Interferon was induced according to the method of Edward A. Havell et al. by treating normal diploid cells (fibroblast) originated from human being with each test compound (in the form of ethanol solution diluted with PBS (-), 25 n molar suspension). Using the radioisotope micro assay method of H. Ishitsuka et al., interferon was measured in terms of 3H-uridine-uptake inhibition rate. The rate of 3H-uridine-uptake inhibition of each test compound as measured is shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 ______________________________________ Human interferon (in vitro) 3H--uri- Test compound dine-uptake inhibi- (Structural formula) tion rate % ______________________________________ ##STR23## 23.2 ##STR24## 15.1 ______________________________________
(4) Anti-vaccinia virus activity (in vitro)
Virus plaque-formation inhibition rate of a test compound was obtained by treating vero cells originated from the kidney of African green monkey with the test compound suspension (the compound in the form of ethanol solution was suspended in Hanks culture liquid, 50 n molar concentration) and the virus diluted solution. The inhibition rate of the test compound as measured is shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5 ______________________________________ Test compound Anti-vaccinia virus activity (in (Structural formula) vitro) (Plaque inhibition rate %) ______________________________________ ##STR25## 44.5 ______________________________________
(5) Toxicity
Using ddY male mice weighing 20-25 g, 50% lethal dose of each test compound when intravenously administered was obtained, the results of which are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6 ______________________________________ LD.sub.50 Test compound (mg/kg) ______________________________________ ##STR26## 34 ##STR27## 57 ##STR28## 21 ______________________________________
As is clear from the foregoing test results, the active ingredients of the present invention have interferon-inducing activity in vivo and, at the same time, are low in toxicity while showing excellent antiviral activity. In the light of the fact that the strict correlation of interferon activity with the individual antivirus activities is not always observed for the present ingredients, there is considered also a possibility that the antivirus activities of said ingredients at biological leval are concerned not only in interferon but also in other defensive mechanism of host. As diseases of human being caused by virus, there are known a number of symptoms, for example, herpes-infected diseases such as herpes simplex, influenza, measles, etc. Accordingly, when the active ingredients of the present invention are used for prevention from virus infection and for the treatment of virus-infected diseases, they are administered to patients by such technique involving oral, inhalant, or the like administration as well as subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injection. Accoring to the condition of patient such as age, symptom and route by which the ingredient is administered, the active ingredient of the present invention is used a dose of 0.5-20 mg/kg, preferably 3-5 mg/kg several times (2-4 times) per day.
The active ingredients of the present invention can be formulated into compositions for medication, for example, tablets, capsules, granules, powder, liquid preparation for oral use, eye lotions, suppositiories, ointments, injections and the like.
When the present active ingredients are orally administered, they may be formulated into tablets, capsules, granules or powder. These solid preparations for oral use may contain commonly used excipients, for example, silicic anhydride, metasilicic acid, magnesium alginate, synthetic aluminum silicate, lactose, cane sugar, corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylated starch or glycine and the like; and binders, for example, gum arabic, gelatin, tragacanth, hydroxypropyl cellulose, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone; lubricants, for example, magnesium stearate, talc or silica; disintegrating agents, for example, potato starch and carboxymethyl cellulose calcium; or wetting agents, for example, polyethylene glycol, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, sodium laurylsulfate and the like. In preparing soft capsules, in particular, the present active ingredients may be formulated by dissolving or suspending them in polyethylene glycol or commonly used oily substrates such as sesame oil, peanut oil, germ oil, fractionated coconut oil such as Miglyol®, or the like. Tablet or granule preparations may be coated according to the usual method.
Liquid preparation for oral use may be in the form of aqueous or oily emulsion or syrup, or alternatively in the form of dry product which can be re-dissolved before use by means of a suitable vehicle. To these liquid preparations, there may be added commonly used additives, for example, emulsifying aids such as sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose and the like; or emulsifiers, for example, lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, non-aqueous vehicles, for example, fractionated coconut oil, almond oil, peanut oil and the like; or antiseptics, for example, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, or sorbic acid. Further, these preparations for oral use may contain, if necessary, preservatives, stabilizers and the like additives.
In case where the present active ingredients are administered in the form of non-oral suppository, they may be formulated according to the ordinary method using oleophilic substrates such as cacao oil or Witepsol®, or may be used in the form of rectum capsule obtained by wrapping a mixture of polyethylene glycol, sesame oil, peanut oil, germ oil, fractionated coconut oil and the like in a gelatin sheet. The rectum capsule may be coated, if necessary, with waxy materials.
When the present active ingredients are used in the form of injection, they may be formulated into preparations of oil solution, emulsified solution or aqueous solution, and they may contain commonly used emulsifiers, stabilizers or the like additives.
According to the method of administration, the above-mentioned compositions can contain the present active ingredients in an amount of at least 1%, preferably 5 to 50%.
The procedure of formulating the present active ingredients into various preparations is illustrated below with reference to pharmaceutical examples.
PHARMACEUTICAL EXAMPLE 1 Hard Capsule Preparations for Oral Use
A mixture of 25 g of N-decaprenyltriethylenetetramine and 7.5 g of polyoxyethylene castor oil in acetone was mixed with 25 g of silicic anhydride. After evaporation of the acetone, the mixture was mixed further with 5 g of calcium carboxymethylcellulose, 5 g of corn starch, 7.5 g of hydroxypropylcellulose and 20 g of microcrystalline cellulose, and 30 ml of water was added thereto and kneaded to give a granular mass. The mass was pelletized by means of a pelletizer (ECK pelletizer of Fuji Pau dal Co., Japan) equipped with No. 24 mesh (B.S.) screen to obtain granules. The granules were dried to less than 5% moisture content and screened with No. 16 mesh (B.S.) screen. The screened granules were capsule d by means of a capsule filling machine so as to be contained in an amount of 190 mg per capsule.
PHARMACEUTICAL EXAMPLE 2 Soft Capsule Preparation for Oral Use
A homogeneous solution was prepared by mixing 50 g of N-decaprenyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetrabenzyltriethylenetetramine tetra hydrochloride with 130 g of polyethylene glycol (Macrogol 400 g). Separately, a gelatin solution was prepared which contained 93 g of gelatin, 19 g of glycerin, 10 g of D-sorbitol, 0.4 g of ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 0.2 g of propyl p-hydroxybenzoate and 0.4 g of titanium oxide and which was used as a capsule film-forming agent. The previously obtained solution, together with the capsule film forming agent, was treated with a manual type flat punching machine to obtain soft capsules each having the contents of 180 mg.
PHARMACEUTICAL EXAMPLE 3 Injections
A mixture of 5 g of N-geranyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetraethyltriethylenetetramine, an appropriate amount of peanut oil and 1 g of benzyl alcohol was made a total volume of 100 cc by addition of peanut oil. The solution was portion wise poured in an amount of 1 cc under asepsis operation into an ampule which was then sealed.
PHARMACEUTICAL EXAMPLE 4 Injections
A mixture of 1.0 g of N-decaprenyltriethylenetetramine, 5.0 g of Nikko l HCO 60 (a trade-name) (hydrogenated castor oil polyoxyethylene-60 mols-ether), 20 g of propylene glycol, 10 g of glycerol and 5.0 g of ethyl alcohol was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and stirred. Under asepsis operation, the solution was portion wise poured in an amount of 1.4 ml into an ampule which was then sealed.
What we claim is:
1. An isoprenylamine derivative represented by the general formula ##STR29## wherein n is 9 or 10, wherein when n is 9 or 10, A and B jointly form a single bond, forming a solanesyl and decaprenyl group, respectively, R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, p and q are each 2 or 3, and the acid addition salts thereof.
2. The compound as claimed in claim 1, which is N-decaprenyl-triethylenetetramine.
3. The compound as claimed in claim 1, which is N-decaprenyl-diethylenetriamine.
4. The compound as claimed in claim 1, which is N-solanesyl-triethylenetetramine quad hydrochloride.
5. The compound as claimed in claim 1, which is N-decaprenyl-dipropylenetriamine tri hydrochloride.
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Microsoft is skipping right to Windows 10
‘One product family, with a tailored experience for each device’
The guy’s face in the thumbnail says it all.
Microsoft has announced the name of its follow-up to Windows 8 and it’s, uh, Windows 10. Yeah, really. The new operating system is meant to run on all sorts of devices — whether they’re touch-controlled or use a mouse and keyboard — as a singular platform. One product family.
“Whether you’re building a game or a line of business application, there will be one way to write a universal app that targets the entire family,” said Microsoft. “There will be one store, one way for applications to be discovered, purchased and updated across all of these devices.”
As a Windows 7 user, this looks far more appealing than Windows 8 did, which is something, but change is scary. Nice to see that start menu from day one, though.
Announcing Windows 10 [Microsoft]
About The Author
Jordan Devore
Jordan is a founding member of Destructoid and poster of seemingly random pictures. They are anything but random.
More Stories by Jordan Devore
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package com.hissage.timer;
import com.hissage.util.log.NmsLog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.PowerManager;
public class NmsWakeLock {
private PowerManager mPM;
private static PowerManager.WakeLock mPmWl;
private static NmsWakeLock mWakelock = null;
// constructor.
public NmsWakeLock(Context context, String tag) {
mPM = (PowerManager) context.getSystemService(Context.POWER_SERVICE);
mPmWl = mPM.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, tag);
}
public static void NmsSetWakeupLock(Context context, String tag) {
// NmsUtils.trace(HesineTag.stm,
// tag+"--set wakeup lock, phone wakeup.");
if (null == mWakelock) {
mWakelock = new NmsWakeLock(context, tag);
}
mPmWl.acquire();
}
public static void NmsReleaseWakeupLock(String tag) {
// NmsUtils.trace(HesineTag.stm, tag+"--release wakeup lock.");
mPmWl.release();
}
public static void NmsSetWakeupLock(int time, Context context, String tag) {
NmsWakeLockObj wakelock = new NmsWakeLockObj(time, context, tag);
wakelock.start();
}
public static class NmsWakeLockObj extends Thread {
private static final String TAG = "NmsWakeLockObj";
private PowerManager mPM;
private PowerManager.WakeLock mWakelock;
private int mWakeupTime;
// constructor.
public NmsWakeLockObj(int time, Context context, String tag) {
super();
mPM = (PowerManager) context.getSystemService(Context.POWER_SERVICE);
mWakelock = mPM.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, tag);
mWakeupTime = time;
}
public void run() {
mWakelock.acquire();
// NmsUtils.trace(HesineTag.stm,
// mTag+"--set wakeup lock, phone wakeup "+wakeupTime+"s.");
try {
while (mWakeupTime > 0) {
Thread.sleep(mWakeupTime * 1000);
mWakeupTime = 0;
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
NmsLog.error(TAG, "wakeup lock exception: " + NmsLog.nmsGetStactTrace(e));
}
// NmsUtils.trace(HesineTag.stm, mTag+"--release wakeup lock.");
mWakelock.release();
}
}
}
|
The authors confirm that, for approved reasons, some access restrictions apply to the data underlying the findings. Data are from VIGITEL study - Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (in English: Telephone Survey Surveillance System for risk and protective factors for Chronic Diseases). VIGITEL database was furnished by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Interested independent researchers may request the data at: <http://svs.aids.gov.br/bases_vigitel_viva/> Instructions for downloading are in Portuguese. In case of difficulties, interested readers may contact the corresponding author and/or the coauthor Deborah Carvalho Malta at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>A current, worldwide epidemic of diabetes mellitus poses a challenge to health systems. The global prevalence of diabetes is estimated to increase by about 2.2% per year<EMAIL_ADDRESS>An estimated 46% of cases are undiagnosed<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The most recent estimates suggest that 11.9 million individuals between 20--79 years old currently have diabetes in Brazil<EMAIL_ADDRESS>making it the country with the fourth largest number of diabetes cases worldwide. The prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in Brazil is estimated annually by VIGITEL (Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico, in English, Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey), which is conducted among the adult population of state capitals and the Federal District. In this survey, diabetes is defined as a self-report of a previous diabetes diagnosis by a physician<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Despite concerns about the validity of self-reported data [<EMAIL_ADDRESS>especially when information is collected over the phone<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>the use of this methodology has grown worldwide<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>due in large part to its relative speed and lower cost<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>and to the difficulties of obtaining accurate information through biochemical measures in nationally representative surveys<EMAIL_ADDRESS>However, the quality of the information reported can be influenced by both the individual's perception of his health status and to factors related to it<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Underestimation can occur as a result of only detecting cases that have already been diagnosed. Additionally, false positive reports may occur. By recognizing the prevalence of factors associated with diabetes and limitations in the use of these data, we can develop strategies to minimize these problems to extend the use of the results obtained through VIGITEL.
The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of self-reported diabetes in adults living in Brazilian capitals and to describe its population correlates as well as the clinical characteristics of the reported cases, based on additional questions from VIGITEL 2011 Survey.
This is a population-based, cross-sectional study, using 2011 VIGITEL data. As data were collected through phone interviews, verbal consent was obtained from the respondent at the time of telephone contact. All interviews were recorded. VIGITEL was approved by the National Ethics Committee on Human Research of the Ministry of Health of Brazil (protocol number 355.590/2013), which waived the need for written consent.
VIGITEL uses probabilistic samples of the adult population (18 years or older) selected through listings of residential landlines in all 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. The telephone numbers used for the sample are provided without cost by the telephone companies. About 54,000 computer-assisted interviews are performed annually. For every active residential line through which contact was made with an adult resident and subsequent consent to participate in the study was obtained, a randomly selected resident was designated automatically by the system for interview.
Since 2006, the self-report of a physician diagnosis of diabetes has been used to estimate the prevalence of diabetes among the adult population<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In 2011, the VIGITEL questionnaire was modified. In addition to the standard question "Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes?" the following questions were included: "How old were you when you were diagnosed with diabetes?" (to identify the average age at diagnosis, and the duration of the disease), and "Are you currently dieting or engaging in physical activity to reduce or control your diabetes?" and "Are you currently taking any oral medicine or using insulin to control diabetes?" (to assess any measures taken for glycemic control). Additionally, questions concerning whether the participant had had his glucose level tested and if so, how long ago were asked in order to evaluate the probability of a diagnosis having been attempted.
Statistical Methods {#s2a}
Prior to statistical analysis, the responses "Do not know/Did not report" were re-categorized as "No" (always less than 1% of responses, and usually less than 0.5%). The prevalence of self-reported diabetes and prevalence ratios (crude and adjusted by categories of sex, race/color, age, education, nutritional status and geographical region), in population sub-groups were calculated by means of Poisson regression with robust variance.
Data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Stata 11.2 software. The results for categorical variables are presented as proportions with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Average age at diagnosis and the mean duration of disease were calculated considering the respondent's current age and reported age at time of diagnosis. For continuous variables with symmetric distributions, weighted means (standard deviations) or weighted means with 95% CIs were reported. For variables with asymmetric distributions, estimated medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) were obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method, assuming constant time.
The weights assigned to individuals interviewed were incorporated into the analyses performed in accordance with the complex sampling design used by VIGITEL, as previously described<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The final weight, which aimed to correct for potential biases due to differences between individuals with and without access to a landline phone, was established through a sampling design factor {1/(number of telephone lines \* number of adults in the household)} and through post-stratification weighting. The latter used 48 different population strata, defined according to sex, age, and education, to expand the responses of the VIGITEL sample to the total adult population of each Brazilian capital, with weighting done according to the 2010 census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and intercensal projections<EMAIL_ADDRESS>To obtain a mean prevalence across all of the capitals, an additional factor which took into account the probability of drawing a telephone line within each capital was employed.
Description of the survey sample {#s3a}
Between January and December of 2011, 65% of selected and dialed telephone numbers produced interviews (success rate), resulting in 54,144 adults. Only 2.2% of those contacted refused to participate. The average interview duration was 9.2 minutes. The average age of participants was 45 (16.9) years, the average number of completed years of school attended was 10.8 (4.9) years, and the average body mass index (BMI) was 25.8 (4.9) kg/m^2^.
[Table 1](#pone-0108044-t001){ref-type="table"} shows the distribution of the 54,144 participants, according to sociodemographic characteristics. The percentages were expanded so as to take into account the complex sampling design. Women predominated in the sample (53.9%), as did individuals reporting their race/color as white (44%) or brown "pardo" (41.1%). Those declaring themselves as yellow or indigenous, although less frequently present, still contributed with appreciable absolute numbers. Of note, the frequencies reported for the regions refer to capitals of that particular region. Since the number of states in each region differs and the size of the sample for each capital city was fixed, the frequencies described in the Table reflect the population of the capitals and not of the whole region.
::: {#pone-0108044-t001 .table-wrap}
###### Distribution of the 54,144 participants according to sociodemographic characteristics, VIGITEL 2011.
Characteristics N (Sample) \% Expanded[a](#nt102){ref-type="table-fn"} (95% CI)
--------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------
18--24 6,971 16.7 (16.0--17.4)
25--34 10,147 25.4 (24.6--26.2)
35--44 10,436 20.0 (19.3--20.6)
45--54 10,359 16.6 (16.0--17.2)
55--64 8,157 11.1 (10.6--11.6)
65 and more 8,074 10.2 (9.8--10.7)
**Nutritional status** [b](#nt103){ref-type="table-fn"}
Normal/Lean 24,223 50.9 (50.1--51.8)
Overweight[c](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} 16,982 33.3 (32.5--34.1)
Obese[d](#nt105){ref-type="table-fn"} 8,206 15.8 (15.1--16.4)
**Years of schooling**
0--8 15,766 39.0 (38.1--39.8)
9--11 20,779 36.6 (35.9--37.4)
12 and more 17,599 24.4 (23.7--25.1)
Men 21,426 46.1 (45.2--46.9)
Women 32,718 53.9 (53.1--54.8)
**Skin color** [b](#nt103){ref-type="table-fn"}
White 22,990 44.0 (43.2--44.9)
Black 4,920 10.7 (10.1--11.2)
Yellow (Asian) 1,433 2.4 (2.2--2.7)
Brown 23,174 41.1 (40.3--42.0)
Indigenous (American Indian) 857 1.8 (40.3--42.0)
**Capitals in each Region**
North 14,079 9.8 (9.5--10.1)
Northeast 18,035 25.1 (24.5--25.6)
CenterWest 8,003 11.3 (10.9--11.7)
Southeast 8,011 45.6 (44.7--46.5)
South 6,016 8.2 (7.9--8.4)
VIGITEL: Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (in English, Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey). 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%.
All analyses are weighted to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District in 2011.
The totals differ slightly from the full sample for variables which had do not know/did not reply as possible responses, as these responses were not included in the process of expanding responses in the sample to represent the total population.
BMI 25--29.9 kg/m^2^.
Diabetes prevalence and correlates {#s3b}
The frequency of a self-reported previous diagnosis of diabetes was 6.3% (95% CI: 5.9 to 6.7) for the combined population of capitals of Brazil. [Figure 1](#pone-0108044-g001){ref-type="fig"} shows that the prevalence increased exponentially with age, from 0.5% in those 18--24 years old to 21.4% in those 65 or older. The prevalence also increased with increasing BMI, from 3.7% among those normoweight or lean to 11.1% among those obese. An inverse relationship was observed with level of education: the prevalence was 10.6% in those with 0--8 years of education, falling to 3.1% in those with 12 or more years of schooling. Only small differences were observed across race/color groups.
::: {#pone-0108044-g001 .fig}
###### Crude prevalence of self-reported diabetes in accordance with sociodemographic factors and nutritional status.
Diabetes prevalence panel: A. Prevalence according age group. B. Prevalence according nutritional status. C. Prevalence according educational level. D. Prevalence according skin color/race. Data in the combined adult population of Brazilian capital cities and the Federal District, according VIGITEL 2011. Vertical bars depict the 95% confidence limits. Percents weighted so as to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District projected for the year 2011.
[Table 2](#pone-0108044-t002){ref-type="table"} shows prevalence and 95% CI of self-reported diabetes according to these four characteristics and according to sex and geographical region. The prevalence was slightly higher in women (6.6% versus 5.9%) and varied little across geographic regions.
::: {#pone-0108044-t002 .table-wrap}
###### Prevalence of a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and prevalence ratio according to sociodemographic factors and nutritional status in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District.
Prevalence Prevalence Ratio
-------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------
**Total** 6.3 (5.9--6.7)
18--24 0.5 (0.2--0.7) 1.00 1.00
25--34 1.1 (0.7--1.5) 2.37 (1.22--4.63) 2.29 (1.11--4.73) 0.025
35--44 3.3 (2.6--4.1) 7.27 (3.96--13.37) 6.29 (3.23--12.24) \<0.001
45--54 8.7 (7.6--9.8) 18.95 (10.59--33.90) 15.52 (8.14--29.58) \<0.001
55--64 14.8 (13.2--16.5) 32.28 (18.10--57.58) 26.24 (13.78--49.96) \<0.001
65 and more 21.4 (19.5--23.3) 46.61 (26.23--82.82) 36.82 (19.23--70.48) \<0.001
Normal/Lean 3.7 (3.3--4.2) 1.00 1.00
Overweight[c](#nt110){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.6 (6.7--8.4) 2.02 (1.71--2.38) 1.52 (1.29--1.78) \<0.001
Obese[d](#nt111){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.1 (9.9--12.4) 2.97 (2.52--3.51) 2.09 (1.79--2.45) \<0.001
**Years of schooling**
0--8 10.6 (9.7--11.4) 3.40 (2.87--4.02) 1.51 (1.26--1.82) \<0.001
9--11 3.9 (3.4--4.3) 1.24 (1.03--1.50) 1.26 (1.05--1.52) 0.01
12 and more 3.1 (2.7--3.6) 1.00 1.00
Men 5.9 (5.3--6.5) 1.00 1.00
Women 6.6 (6.1--7.1) 1.19 (0.99--1.27) 0.95 (0.83--1.08) 0.43
White 6.2 (5.7--6.8) 1.00 1.00
Black 6.5 (5.1--7.8) 1.04 (0.83--1.30) 1.35 (1.07--1.70) 0.01
Yellow (Asian) 6.4 (4.1--8.7) 1.02 (0.70--1.48) 1.22 (0.81--1.83) 0.35
Brown 6.3 (5.7--6.9) 1.01 (0.89--1.16) 1.13 (0.97--1.32) 0.11
Indigenous (American Indian) 4.8 (2.4--7.1) 0.76 (0.46--1.25) 0.81 (0.50--1.30) 0.38
North 5.2 (4.7--5.8) 1.00 1.00
Northeast 6.2 (5.7--6.8) 1.19 (1.04--1.36) 1.04 (0.90--1.21) 0.55
CenterWest 5.5 (4.9--6.1) 1.05 (0.90--1.23) 0.96 (0.82--1.14) 0.66
Southeast 6.8 (6.0--7.6) 1.30 (1.11--1.51) 1.05 (0.88--1.24) 0.60
South 6.0 (5.4--6.7) 1.15 (0.98--1.34) 0.92 (0.78--1.10) 0.36
VIGITEL: Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (in English, Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey). 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%.
All analyses are weighted to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District in 2011.
Through Poisson regression with robust variance for all additional variables in the Table.
Compared with the Wald statistic to the value of the reference strata.
BMI 25--29.9 kg/m^2^.
To permit a better understanding of the differences in prevalence observed, [Table 2](#pone-0108044-t002){ref-type="table"} also provides the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for self-reported diabetes according to the individual characteristics of respondents. After adjusting for the other characteristics presented in the Table, the principal association is with age. The next most prominent association is with nutritional status, especially obesity. Though the magnitude of the inverse association of diabetes with education was reduced with adjustment, the prevalence among those with eight or fewer years of study was 51% higher (95% CI 26% to 82%) than those with at least twelve years of schooling. Regarding race/color, after adjustment, diabetes was 35% more frequent among adults who declared their race/color as black compared to those who declared themselves as white (95% CI: 7% to 70%). Although small differences in crude prevalence were present across regions of Brazil, they disappeared after adjustment.
Characteristics of the reported cases {#s3c}
To characterize the study sample according to the additional questions administered in the 2011 VIGITEL survey regarding diabetes, [Figure 2](#pone-0108044-g002){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the frequencies of responses obtained following the basic question "Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes?".
::: {#pone-0108044-g002 .fig}
###### Flow diagram showing the characterization of self-reported diabetes cases.
Description of the diabetes questionnaire from VIGITEL 2011: It is presented the answers according to special diabetes questionnaire applied in the 2011 version of VIGITEL. The flow starts by the circle with the basic question "Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes?" and must follow the results according each answer provided. The left side presents the results for those who reported having diabetes and the right side for those not reporting a previous diagnosis of diabetes. Percents weighted so as to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District projected for the year 2011. VIGITEL: Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (in English, Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey).
Those who reported having diabetes were diagnosed at a mean age of 48.7 years (95% CI: 47.9 to 49.7), this being 49.3 years (95% CI: 47.8 to 50.7) for men and 48.3 years (95% CI 47.2 to 49.5) for women. For most (90%), the diagnosis occurred at or after 35 years of age. The median duration of diabetes was seven years (IQR = 11), being six years (IQR = 11) for men and seven years (IQR = 13) for women; 54% reported a disease duration of \>5 years, and 19% a duration of \<2 years.
Only four (0.1%) reported not having previously had a glucose test, 88.5% reported having had a glucose test within the previous year and only 4.6% reported having had their last test more than five years previously (or not remembering the date of their most recent test). Regarding treatment, 92.6% reported some type of diabetes treatment: 60.4% engaging in dietary modifications, physical activity, and drug use, and 19.3% using only oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin.
Among those not reporting a previous diagnosis of diabetes, the majority (75.9%) had undergone blood glucose testing, 73.1% of these within the last year. The likelihood of having had a blood glucose test increased with age and nutritional status (BMI categories) and demonstrated an inverse relationship with the level of education (data not shown).
For the total sample, having ever had a glucose test was reported by 77.5% (95% CI 76.7 to 78.2) of the population, this being 71.6% (95% CI: 70.4 to 72.9) for men and 82.5% (95% CI 81.7 to 83.4) for women. Of those tested, the majority (74.3%, 95% CI: 73.5 to 75.2) reported having had a glucose test within the last year.
The prevalence of self-reported diabetes in adults (18 year and up) residing in the capitals of Brazil in 2011 was 6.3% (95% CI: 5.9--6.7). The prevalence increased dramatically with increasing age and importantly with overweight and obesity. Lower educational level and being black were associated with greater prevalence. Only minor differences were observed between regions, which disappeared almost entirely after taking into account differences in sociodemographic factors and nutritional status.
It is important to note that these results pertain to Brazilians living in capital cities, which, according to the 2010 population census, accounts for 24% of the total Brazilian population. For comparison, the self-reported prevalence of diabetes in 2008 found in Brazilian capitals (VIGITEL) was 6.2% and in a nationally representative household survey was 5.0%<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Although previous studies reporting prevalence of self-reported diabetes in VIGITEL have been published [<EMAIL_ADDRESS>this is the first one to address the new set of questions added in the 2011 survey regarding glucose testing and diabetes treatment. Additionally, the prevalences here described were obtained with completely updated weighting procedures based on the results of the 2010 population census and projected for 2011. The new weights took into account recent changes in sociodemographic characteristics of population (due the increase in age and years of schooling over the period from 2000 to 2010<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and aimed to minimize bias resulting from incomplete landline telephone coverage.
The most recent worldwide prevalences of diabetes in adults have been estimated to be 8.3% for the year 2013<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and about 9.5% for the year 2008<EMAIL_ADDRESS>These estimates were obtained from surveys which included a glucose measurement and, as such, are 25 to 50% higher than if only self-reported diabetes were considered<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Thus, the 6.3% prevalence we found can be considered median to high, depending on the true proportion of undiagnosed diabetes in Brazilian capital cities.
As expected, the prevalence of diabetes in our sample increased markedly with age and with increasing BMI categories<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>which explains, in large part, the increase in prevalence in recent decades in the country<EMAIL_ADDRESS>as a result of population aging and progressive increases in body weight, a trend seen worldwide<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The prevalence of diabetes was higher in individuals with less formal education, even after adjustment for age and nutritional status, consistent with other data from the national literature<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>The prevalence of reported diabetes among men and women was similar, this being different from a greater self-reported diabetes in women reported in the national<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>and international literature [<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and generally ascribed to an increased use of health services by women<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Since the vast majority (90%) of those who reported having diabetes were diagnosed at or after 35 years of age and the average age among both men and women was about 50 years, the cases of diabetes here described reflect predominantly type 2 diabetes<EMAIL_ADDRESS>which generally accounts for over 90% of diagnosed cases<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Most of those reporting diabetes had been diagnosed more than five years previously, which increases the likelihood of the condition being well established and having associated comorbidities and thus requiring greater medical care<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The fact that 20% of adults who reported diabetes had been diagnosed in the previous two years suggests greater recent access to diagnosis, possibly due to the expansion of the Family Health Strategy, and also the increasing incidence of diabetes<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This later finding is consistent with the rapid increase in the prevalence of self-reported diabetes seen temporally in VIGITEL, from 5.7% in 2006 to 7.4% in 2012<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Since a diagnosis of diabetes cannot be made without performing a glycemic examination, the rare responses of a previous diagnosis of diabetes in the absence of glycemic testing were likely due to participant distraction and/or disinterest, or to a recording error, and did not materially alter the estimated prevalence of diabetes. These findings, coupled with the high frequency of glucose testing (76%) among those not reporting diabetes, support the continued use of the current VIGITEL approach as a measure of prevalence of previously known diabetes.
Adherence to drug treatment, in addition to attention to food and physical activity is fundamental for adequate glycemic control, reducing morbidity and mortality due to the disease<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The vast majority (92.6%) of those who reported having diabetes in our study reported engaging in some measure of treatment for the condition, such as changes in diet/physical activity levels, with 79.9% reporting the use of medication. A study also conducted in capitals of Brazil in the 1980′s found that about 20% of individuals who were aware of their diagnosis did not engage in any kind of treatment<EMAIL_ADDRESS>suggesting improvement in this regard over the past two decades.
Potential limitations regarding the sampling process and the assumptions used to expand the data collected so as to represent the population living in capital cities merit discussion. In 2010, on average, 61% of households in capitals had a landline telephone<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In recent years, mobile phone ownership has increased<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and ownership varies with years of schooling, age, race/skin color and region<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Although VIGITEL took into account this variation in post-stratification weighting, race/color categories were not considered in the weighting process<EMAIL_ADDRESS>which could potentially bias results. However, a recent evaluation of the potential bias from using only landline phones conducted in two of the capitals with relatively low landline coverage showed little bias in terms of self-reported diabetes after post-stratification weighting<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Another potential limitation is the use of self-reported, telephone-based information, as opposed to a diabetes definition based on more objective measures. Although VIGITEL has not conducted validation studies regarding its diabetes definition, other studies find reasonable sensitivities and specificities for a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes against a verified medical diagnosis<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and this approach has been adopted for the planning and monitoring of preventive actions in Brazil<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Additionally, a population-based survey conducted in a major Brazilian city found similar prevalences of self-reported diabetes using household and phone interviews<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Within these limitations, our findings support the use of self-reported information for the annual monitoring of the prevalence of known diabetes in Brazilian capitals. Since the Strategic Action Plan for Confronting Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in Brazil 2011--2022<EMAIL_ADDRESS>defined diabetes as a priority for public health and clinical actions, the trends generated, along with other indicators, will be useful to evaluate target achievement over the next decade.
In conclusion, the estimated prevalence of known diabetes among adults ≥18 years of age in 2011 was 6.3%. The additional data collected in VIGITEL 2011, documenting frequent glucose testing in the population and treatment being undertaken in more than 90% of self-reported cases, support the use of telephone-based information to monitor the annual prevalence of known diabetes in Brazilian capitals.
This work is part of the master's dissertation for the Graduate Program in Epidemiology at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre -- RS, Brazil (UFRGS) and was conducted by the Collaborative Centre for Surveillance of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS. We appreciate the invaluable assistance of the masteŕs examination board, and of Luisia Alves for her help in producing the figures. We thank the Secretariat of Health Surveillance of the Ministry of Health (SVS/MS) team working with the VIGITEL system for making available the database, and for the constant learning they have provided, especially to Rafael Moreira Claro and Regina Tomie Ivata Bernal.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist in relation to the article's content.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: BPMI MIS. Performed the experiments: BPMI MIS. Analyzed the data: BPMI MIS AV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BPMI MIS AV BBD. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: BPMI MIS BBD AV DCM LM. Coordenate the telephone survey: DCM LM. Participated in data interpretation, and reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript: BPMI DCM BBD LM AV MIS.
|
Earley, Berkshire Genealogy
Parish History
Civil Registration
Church Records
Non-Conformist Churches
Independent/Congregational
* 1717 England & Wales, Roman Catholics, 1717 at FindMyPast ($), index and images
Probate Records
Maps and Gazetteers
* England Jurisdictions 1851
* Vision of Britain
Websites
Earley a liberty in the parish of Sonning in GENUKI
|
Talk:Moonlight Greatsword/@comment-5179958-20130622204457/@comment-5275479-20130623023520
You have to cut the longer one. I also believe you have to hit it towards the tip.
|
# SolarNetwork Node Image Maker API - JavaScript
This project contains JavaScript code to help access [SolarNode Image Maker (NIM)][nim].
> :warning: This project is no longer maintained. Instead, check out the
> [SolarNodeOS tools](https://github.com/SolarNetwork/solarnode-os-images/tree/master/debian) that
> make it easy to generate custom SolarNodeOS images
# Building
The build uses [NPM][npm] or [yarn][yarn]. First, initialize the dependencies:
```shell
# NPM
npm install
# or, yarn
yarn install
```
Then you can run the `build` script:
```shell
# NPM
npm run build
# or, yarn
yarn run build
```
That will produce `lib/solarnetwork-api-nim.js` and `lib/solarnetwork-api-nim.min.js` bundles
of all sources, transpiled into an ES5 compatible UMD module, suitable for use in both browsers
and Node.
Additionally the build produces `lib/solarnetwork-api-nim.es.js` and
`lib/solarnetwork-api-nim.es.min.js` bundels of all sources, transpiled into an ES6 compatible
module, suitable for use in other projects with build tools that know how to use ES6 modules
(like Rollup or Webpack).
Finally, the non-transpiled source is available via the `lib.js` file which exports ES6
modules for all the modules in the project. This is suitable for use by other projects with
build tools that know how to use ES6 modules (like Rollup or Webpack) where you'd like to
transpile the source for a different target, for example ES2015.
# API docs
You can build the API documentation by running the `apidoc` script:
```shell
# NPM
npm run apidoc
# or, yarn
yarn run apidoc
```
That will produce HTML documentation in `docs/api`.
# Unit tests
The unit tests can be run by running the `test` script:
```shell
# NPM
npm test
# or, yarn
yarn test
# for more verbose output, add --verbose
yarn test -- --verbose
```
To generate a unit test code coverage report, run the `coverage` script:
```shell
# NPM
npm run coverage
# or, yarn
yarn run coverage
```
That will produce a HTML code coverage report at `coverage/index.html`.
# Releases
Releases are done using the gitflow branching model. Gitflow must
be installed on your host system. Then you can run
```shell
npm run release
```
to version, build, commit, and publish the release. See the
[generate-release][generate-release] site for more information.
[npm]: https://www.npmjs.com/
[yarn]: https://yarnpkg.com/
[nim]: https://github.com/SolarNetwork/solarnetwork-node-image-tools/tree/master/solarnode-image-maker
[generate-release]: https://github.com/mrkmg/node-generate-release
|
Pinstripe Potoroo
A mutated potoroo subjected to the Evolvo-Ray in Crash Bandicoot.
Crash Bandicoot
Crash Twinsanity
Crash Team Racing
Crash Boom Bang!
Personality
He is almost always holding his Tommy gun, even when he is merely reciting his pre-race speech in CTR.
Trivia
* He is 1 of the 2 characters in the series to use guns the 2nd being lab assistant's in crash 2.
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---
layout: post
title: "Function Help: analogRead"
date: 2015-07-08 15:37:30
categories: others
---
analogRead
int analogRead(uint8_t pin);
This function reads the current voltage from an analoy pin, and returns 0 for 0v, 1024 for 5v, or somewhere inbetween for other voltages relative to the maximum.
There are five analog pins.
If you read a pin that is not connected to anything, the function will return nothing useful.
Usage:
//I want to know Pin 2's value
int pin2Value = analogRead(2);
//this is about the voltage read (warning: floating point operatinos are slow!)
float pin2Voltage = pin2Value / 1024.0;
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I got a couple of questions about Park Winters restaurant in Winters, California. Was wondering if you're able to help me out.
What would you like to know about it?
When is Park Winters open for dinner on Sunday?
They start dinner by 6:30 pm.
Does Wien Pars Wien have a dress code?
There is no dress code specified, however at Park Winters The chefs and farm manager work closely together to offer fresh produce at the peak of ripeness.
Alright. Does Park Winters serve cocktails?
I can hear myself on your end. Please plug in a headset or I'll have to cancel this session.
Sorry about that. I put you on too loud. Does Park Winters serve cocktails?
I'm sorry, there's no information on that.
Are there any hotels within walking distance from Park Winters?
Park Winters itself offers its accommodation if you would like?
Perfect. That is all I needed to know. Thank you very much for your help and sorry about the background noise.
You're welcome. Thank you for your cooperation. Goodbye.
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JACQUES Proven Hybrid 80
Maturing 80-85 days*—Has tall, leafy stalks, very uniform, heavy yielding. STRAIN 802 Earliest all-yellow dent Hybrid developed anywhere. Very stylish, very leafy, tall for its maturity. Has an excellent yield record. STRAIN 803 is a heavy yielding flint-dent hybrid even earlier than 802. Makes an orange-yellow dent ear, and it is quite drought and aphid resistant. JACQUES Proven Hybrid 85 ‘ Maturing 85-90 days*—This hybrid has the distinction of top performance in yield tests, it has shown its splendid, dependable high yielding ability. STRAIN 852 is very widely adapted, the ear is quite showy and has beautiful color. Outyields even later corns, STRAIN 858 differs by one inbred from above. Grows a little taller, makes a somewhat longer ear on a longer shank. Sturdy. STRAIN 854 is taller, has a longer shank and looser husk than other 85 series corn. We strongly advise planting together with 852 and 853. JACQUES Proven Hybrid 90 Maturity 90-95 days—Dependable maturity, fast vigorous growth, strong upstanding stalks and an almost unbelievable yield record have developed a demand greater than the _ supply. STRAIN 902, formerly sold as Strain 956, the tall sturdy stalk is well anchored and has many long wide leaves, long cylindrical ear on strong medium length shad, rich yellow kernels, wide, deep and medium rough dent. STRAIN 906 has very deep kernels, sturdy stalks and a high average yield. STRAIN 907 introduced in 1944 is a red-yellow dent of unusual vigor, grows a foot taller than other hybrids of the 90 day series, heavy foliage makes it a tip top silage hybrid. STRAIN 908 is an extremely vigorous and extremely leafy hybrid, excellent for silage and a top yielder of grain, extra resistant to stalk rot.
Maturity 90-100 days*—Farmers in 95 series get a tremendous return on their investment in high yields of sound, dry corn. STRAIN 955, a top yielding hybrid, makes a showy well-dented uniform ear and an attractive sturdy stalk. STRAIN 957 introduced last year, a new development that has proven superior in test plots and farmer’s fields. A strain with a promising future. STRAIN 959 a new introduction in 1946 planting after passing the rigid Jacques testing program with flying colors. Try planting some 959 besides your 955J and 957.
Maturity 100-105 days*—Has a wide adaption and is the preferred corn of farmers over:a big area on all soil types, who like the dependable early maturity, high yields, good standing quality, and excellent ear type inherently produced by these 100 series strains. STRAIN 1001 makes a very broad kerneled well-filled ear, large and impressive in appearance. Has a record of many 90 bushel yields. STRAIN 1008 is somewhat taller than the above,~ and with more compact, tapering ear type.
Maturity 105-110 days*—Here is a hybrid that can be planted with great confidence. Splendid Standability is one of the much appreciated characteristics, and also produces an ear type that leaves nothing to be desired—big kernels of top feeding value closely packed on a relatively small cob. STRAIN 1050. makes a husky plant, tall, clean appearing, very leafy. Kernels are extremely wide and thick, and the ear carries a good length.
Maturity 100-110 days*—Bred out of northern varieties, Jacques 110 strains dependably mature a sound, compact ear on a leafy, upstanding stalk. STRAIN 1102J has extra long ears on a rather long .-shank and _ withstands drouth. STRAIN 1109 is noteworthy for very broad leaves, rot-resistant stalks, heavy yielder of both grain and forage. STRAIN 1121 matures between 110 and 115 day corn, excellent yielder of grain and forage.
Maturity 105-115 days*—Corn that makes sensational yields, and is so attractive in appearance you’ll be proud to have the neighbors see it. STRAIN 1157 produces a big, heavy shelling ear on every stalk and holds the ear through harvest. STRAIN 1158 is especially oteworthy for its deep kernelled ear and uniformity. STRAIN 1159 is a showy loose husked strain. JACQUES Proven Hybrid 120 Maturity 110-120 days—This is a very heavy yielding corn and makes a fine quality ear, excellent for feed or market. Extremely leafy. It is superior for ensilage, too. STRAIN 1203 is a rugged big-eared hybrid that will dependably come through with a top yield. STRAIN 1206J is a uniform hybrid that dries rapidly after denting and makes a beautiful ear, STRAIN 1207 is a great silage corn and a top-yielding grain corn. STRAIN 1208 is a late maturing 120 day Hybrid producing best quality of silage as well as a heavy yield of grain. *Maturity refers to days from emergence of seedling to well-dented ear-type. It is dependent not only upon the breeding of the hybrid, but also upon soil fertility, temperature of air and soil, rainfall, latitude, and date of planting and varies from one season to another and from one locality to another. Maturities as given are average.
10 pounds will plant an acre.
The proper selection and care of Seed Corn is more important and exacting than the average grower realizes, and in appearance corn suitable for seed purposes is often deceiving and its seed qualities can only be determined by actual tests for germination and vitality. Our Seed Corn is strictly Colorado grown (except the enSilage and Hybrid varieties), is acclimated and will ripen earlier than eastern grown seed. Open Pollinated Varieties
COLORADO No. 13
A selection out of Minnesota No. 13 by our State Agricultural College bred for earliness and high yielding quality. The most widely used Yellow Dent variety, maturing in 100 to 110 days. MINNESOTA No. 13 Is one of the most popular Yellow Dent Corn for Colorado and the western states. It is early maturing, stalks are tall and leafy, and is excellent for grain or silage.
COLORADO YELLOW DENT
This is a variety of Yellow Dent Corn developed in Colorado and is especially well adapted for planting in the dry-land districts and in the north, as it is very drought resisting and matures early. Fine for grain, fodder or ensilage. CALICO A medium early variety, maturing in about 100 days, Kernels are variegated, being speckled or mottled red, white and yellow. The stalks are leafy; the ears carried high. Calico corn has a pish protein content, making it a very efficient eed. ‘
Sudan Grass.
Sudan is an annual and requires replanting each year, and dies with the first frost in the fall; is closely related to Sorghums (Milo, Maize, Kafir Corn, etc.), but yields far more abundantly than any of these and the hay has more fattening properties. There is no other forage crop known that will resist drought like Sudan and it is therefore particularly adapted to semi-arid regions, yet it yields immense crops under irrigation and rainy climates. It may be broadcast 25 to 30 pounds of seed per acre or in rows 10 to 12 pounds. Cut for hay when fully headed. Under favorable conditions two cuttings of hay may be obtained.
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What reason can be assigned for this conduct ? Not argument : for all arguments plead most powerfully for our compliance. Not common prudence, or a wise regard for our well-being : for we disregard and destroy it. Nothing but sin, and the love of sinning ; mere corruption, mere depravity. No higher evidence can be given that there is no wisdom or virtue in men.
Unbelief, with respect to any object of our faith, has no rational, no vindicable ground, except the -want of sufficient evidence. But the word of God is attended with all the evidence which can be supposed to attend such a subject ; all that ought to be wished, or asked ; and much more than could, without actual proof, be rationally expected. Accordingly, all good men to whom this evidence has been proposed, have without an exception acknowledged the evidence itself, and admitted the word which it supports, to be that of Gofll
When it is once admitted to be his word, his own veracity is the highest possible proof of the truth of every thing which he has spoken. Whenever it is rejected in this case, it is rejected because it is disliked ; not because it is not proved. The evidence is rejected because
evidence.
Unbelief is either speculative or practical. In speculative unbelief we deny the truth of the word of God : in practical unbelief we admit its truth, but reject its influence.
This will appear from a variety of facts.
The arguments on which one unbeliever relies, do not appear to have satisfied other unbelievers. Every new infidel writer advances his own scheme of refuting the evidence, or rather his own objections (for refutation there is none), and evidently places no reliance on the schemes of his predecessors. This has been the constant progress of infidelity, from the beginning to the present time. No instance occurs in which any infidel has thought it proper to come forward with a defence of the works, or arguments of any former infidel. The arguments of each appear important, and perhaps satisfactory to himself; but are visibly of little force in the eye of his successors. All, except his own, are tacitly at least acknowledged to be unavailing in the eye of each ; and his own, in the eyes of all who follow him.
But if these arguments were sound, they Avould be acknowledged, felt, and insisted on by all ; and would anew be pleaded with confidence, supported and relied on by others, as well as by the inventor.
any notice of the refutations.
These refutations have been multiplied so much, so openly, and so often alleged, and so triumphantly urged, that nothing but despair of replying with success could prevent unbelievers from attempting a reply. Yet we find it wholly neglected, and unattempted by their successors. They now allege anew the old objections, and plainly because they can find no others : the whole circle being exhausted, and nothing remaining to modern infidels but a reiteration of what has been done by those who went before them. While any thing new remained they laid no stress on what had been done before. Now they are contented to repeat the old threadbare objections over and over, without placing them in a new light, or supporting them with any new evidence ; although so often and so completely answered, as to make the renewed advancement of them ridiculous. Were they honest men, they would first reply to the answers heretofore given to these objections ; and then, but not till then, allege them anew.
3. They rarely attempt to argue at all ; but attack their antagonists, and defend themselves, chiefly with contempt, sneers, and ridicule.
Sneers, contempt, and ridicule, are not arguments, and were never needed to defend a sound cause. The cause which can find sound reasons, will never be supported by these means. Yet infidelity has made these her chief engines throughout her whole progress, and relied on them supremely in all her assaults upon revelation.
tempt, are the weapons of attack or defence ; a strong suspicion of the goodness of the cause exists of course, and a solid reason is furnished for believing it to be unsound and false. Infidelity has always thus done, and has therefore always laboured under very strong suspicions of this nature.
This hatred, from the beginning to the present time, lias been manifested by all classes of men who have rejected the word of the Lord ; and by most, if not all, the individuals who have thus rejected it.
This hatred has been strongly manifested in the contempt, ridicule, and sneers, of which I have already spoken. It lias strongly manifested itself in an uninterrupted course of obloquy against God, the Redeemer, the Scriptures, the sabbath, and the sanctuary ; against the church, the ministers, the worship, and the character of God ; against religion at large, against conscientiousness, morality, and duty of every kind ; against all that is virtue, and all that are virtuous.
Nor has it been less abundantly manifested in an immense train of oppositions and persecutions. The Jews began the course in the most furious cruelty against Christ and Christians. The Heathens, Mohammedans, and Papists, have continued it. Infidels are now treading in their steps ; and although perpetually railing against persecutions, have proved the most bloody and vehement persecutors that have existed since the world began.
One spirit has animated them all, and one conduct characterized them all, from the beginning to the present time. No more deformed, odious, depraved exhibitions have been ever made of the human character : no more flagrant or convincing proofs of human corruption have been ever presented to the eye ofTnan. All, also, who have been concerned in this rejection, have uniformly displayed a vile, depraved, personal character; a love of sin, a hatred to holiness, pre-eminent and wonderful. The more spiritual and heavenly, the more holy and excellent, any doctrines or precepts of the word of God are, the more they have been hated, maligned, and blasphemed. Yet all that God hath done and spoken in his word, has been highly glorious and becoming to a God, highly beneficial and necessary to man, and productive of no other end but making man virtuous and happy. On the contrary, all this opposition has sprung from sin, and been marked with gross and dreadful depravity, in every stage, and in every form.
The practical unbelief of mankind has been substantially of the same character, and distinguished by the same deformity. But here the unbeliever has openly condemned himself by acknowledging the word of God in speech, and denying it in practice. An inconsistence and shame attend him therefore, which do not, in the like circumstances, attend the speculative unbeliever. In the meantime, his rejection of the Scriptures as the rule of his obedience, and means of eternal life to himself, is as absolute as that of the professed infidel. His speculative views are different, but his heart is essentially the same. His ' carnal mind,' as truly as that of the infidel, ' is enmity against God : not subject to his law, neither indeed can be.' It is not strange, therefore, that we see unbelievers of both kinds, exhibiting their rejection of the word of God substantially in the same manner.
III. The truth contained in the text, is strongly illustrated by the doctrines, both speculative and practical , which those who have rejected the Scriptures have preferred to them.
The four great classes of men who have openly rejected the word of God, are Jews and Mohammedans, Heathens and Infidels. Each of these I shall consider summarily, in the order specified,
1. The Jews, although professedly receiving the Old Testament as the word of God, yet as you well know, rejected, and still reject, Christ and his gospel, and of course the system of religion which he has taught to mankind. In rejecting Christ they reject of course, all the types which shadowed, and all the prophecies which foretold his character, advent, and mediation. As those types and prophecies terminate only in Christ, so without him they have no real meaning. Their true import therefore was denied by the Jews. In rejecting the gospel, they set aside all the evangelical declarations and doctrines contained in ' the law and the prophets ;' particularly the gospel as preached to Abraham and his posterity, and all those just and spiritual exhibitions of the law delivered to us by Christ and his apostles. With these things in view, it must unquestionably be conceded, that the Jews are fairly numbered among those who openly reject the word of God; not less truly so than those of their ancestors, who apostatized to heathenism.
It is unnecessary for me to dwell, in detail, on the doctrines substituted by these people for those in the word of God. You well know from the Scriptures themselves, that they placed their holiness and their hopes in a mere round of external services ; such as long prayers, ostentatious fastings, ablutions, and other external purifications ; ' tithing mint, anise, and cummin ;' and many other things of the like nature. In all these the heart was utterly unconcerned, and the whole scheme of religion was confined to a course of mere external actions ; from which integrity, justice, benevolence, and piety, were wholly excluded. Instead of these things, they licensed and practised the most abominable opposition to God, and the most scandalous hatred and persecution of their fellow men. A considerable part denied a future existence, and justified all the indulgence of pride, avarice, and sensuality, which have every where been connected with that denial. Another part openly sanctioned disobedience to the fifth command, by permitting a son to devote that part of his property which was necessary for the subsistence of his parents, to the service of the temple ; and warranting him to withold from them, in this manner, all the duties of filial piety. At the same time, they persecuted with the fury of maniacs, men of real piety : bound heavy burdens ; shut up to their countrymen the access to religious knowledge ; devoured widows' houses, and wallowed in every species of sensual pollution. For all their iniquities, at the same time, they found a sanction in some ' tradition of their elders,' or some invention of their own ; and those who taught these things were believed by their countrymen to be men of distinguished virtue. Such were, summarily, the doctrines, both speculative and practical, which the J^N preferred to the word of God. The spirit which could even acquiesce in such doctrines as these, much more which could deliberately prefer them to the law and gospel of Jehovah, can plainly have been no other than that of ' a sinful nation, a people laden with iniouity, a seed of evil doers.'
2. Mohammed, it is well known, adopted, according to his own testimony, the religion of Moses and Christ ; and professedly republished it in a new form to mankind. But in this republication he left out, wholly, the spirit of the scriptural religion, and in many respects did not preserve even ' the form of godliness.' His two great doctrines were, That there is but one God, and that Mohammed is his prophet. By the latter doctrine he secured to himself the right of dictating to his followers just what he pleased. Accordingly he delivered to them a collection of precepts, requiring nothing but a course of external services, without the least goodness of heart ; and promised heaven to prayers, ablutions, fastings, alms, pilgrimages to Mecca, and circumcision. Religion he considered as founded on cleanliness, which he declared to be ' the one half of faith, and the key of prayer.' Fasting he pronounced to be ' the gate of religion.' He allowed four wives to every one of his followers, and as many concubines as each was able to maintain. Heaven he converted into a mere mansion of debauchery, and changed the mild and rational mode of propagating religion, taught by Christ and his apostles, into a regular system of the most brutal and barbarous persecution. In a word, his doctrines flattered and licensed every human corruption, every sordid lust, every sinful indulgence.
3. The doctrines of Heathenism are still more deformed, and still more expressive of opposition to God. Instead of one God, the heathen, as you know, believed in many. Instead of the perfect Jehovah, they ' heaped up to themselves gods after their own lusts ;' debased by filial impiety, fraud, theft, falsehood, injustice, treachery, murder, and lewdness, indulged in every manner which can debase an intelligent nature. They worshipped men, beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects. They prostrated themselves before trees, shrubs, plants, stocks, and stones. They sacrificed human victims, prostituted men and women in religious services, and sanctioned every violation of purity, justice, kindness, and piety. Read the first chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, and you will find a short but exact and affecting account of what they not only did, but justified, licensed, and enjoined.
4. Modern Infidelity has, in various instances, strongly commended the ancient heathenism, both partially and in the gross : and in publishing its own doctrines, has shown that the spirit by which it is actuated, is no other than the very spirit of its predecessors. It has denied the existence and perfections of God, at times partially, at other times wholly. It has admitted his existence, and denied his providence ; the accountableness of man, a future state, the distinction between right and wrong, or holiness and sin, piety and rebellion ; has declared all that men can do with impunity, to be right ; has licensed wrath, revenge, murder, pride, oppression, gluttony, drunkenness, fornication, adultery, and incest. Surely it is unnecessary for me to observe, that the spirit manifested in the doctrines which teach these things, is in the highest degree hostile to God, to truth, and to righteousness.
To Jews and Infidels, the gospel hapbeen directly published in form. To a great part of mankind it was published in the days of the apostles, and has been extensively offered to many nations in succeeding periods of time. That it has not made a universal progress over the globe, has been owing to the fact, that those to whom
it has been offered have in so many instances refused it acceptance. Had the ancestors of the present generation of men given the religion of the Bible a welcomeadmission to their hearts, in the days of the apostles, it would long since have been preached to every family under heaven. Men, therefore, have stopped its progress, and not God.
But as the fact has been, the gospel has been published to a great part of the human race ; and by a great proportion of these it has been rejected. So general has been this rejection, as entirely to determine the true nature of the human character ; for it cannot be pretended that there is one original nature in those who have heard and rejected the gospel, and another in the rest of mankind.
It ought to be added on this part of the subject, that many of those who have professedly received the word of God in the Christian world, have, in instances innumerable, in every country and every age, exhibited the same disposition in the same manner. These men have almost universally denied the real import of the book, which they have professed to receive. Its spiritual and heavenly doctrines they have, in forms very diverse, but in design and spirit wholly the same, lowered continually down, so as to suit, or at least so as not to disgust, the taste of a sinful heart. The extent also and purity of the scriptural precepts, they have contracted and debased, so as to license, in a professed consistency with them, a great part of those evil practices which are gratifying to a polluted, sinful mind. The doctrines of the gospel they have with one consent reduced to the level of mere natural religion ; and that the natural religion, in substance, which was taught by the graver heathen philosophers, and is now echoed by the more decent infidels. The precepts of the gospel also they have taught to speak a moral language, undistinguishable, as to its import, from that of Plato, Seneca, and Herbert. Thus, in truth, notwithstanding their professed belief of the word of God, they have rejected both the law and the gospel ; and rejected them for the doctrines and precepts which they thus inculcate. That such is the real design of all these men, I am convinced by this remarkable fact ; viz. that when driven from one error, they always take refuge in another ; and never come a whit nearer, however often confuted, to the reception of the truth. The sum of the argument then is this : God has given to mankind a law for the government of their moral conduct, which is not only reasonable and just in itself, but dictated by infinite benevolence on his part, and supremely profitable to them : a law demanding of them, that they ' love him with all the heart,' and that they ' love each other as themselves.' In itself it is high and indispensable enjoyment to every such being ; and in its efficacy it is the only voluntary cause of all other enjoyments : a cause existing originally and supremely in Him, and by derivation existing extensively in them.
This law, therefore, is a perfect law, and worthy of Jehovah. Were men virtuously disposed ; were they not depraved, were they not sinful ; their obedience to its commands would be immediate, universal, and absolute. Instead of this, wherever it has been proposed to them, they have chosen to disobey it, notwithstanding the glorious and eternal reward promised to their obedience,
There is, however, one proof still more affecting. In the miserable situation, into which men brought themselves by their apostasy, God regarded them with infinite compassion, and undertook to rescue them from their sin and misery. In consequence of his atonement, God has offered, anew, to receive the fallei* race of Adam into his favour, on the conditions of faith and repentance in the Redeemer ; conditions in themselves indispensable to their return to God, and to obedience : indispensable to their own comfort, honour, and virtue ; and, beyond expression, easy, reasonable, and desirable. As he foresaw that they would still resist this boundless love, and would fail of it through their corruption, ignorance, error, and prejudice ; he published his gospel to enlighten them, and sent his Spirit to sanctify them, that by all means they might be saved. Still, in a multitude of instances almost literally endless, a multitude so great as to prove this to be the common character of all the children of Adam, they have rejected these most merciful proffers of boundless good, ' crucified his Son afresh,' cast contempt on his cross, ' accounted the blood of the covenant wherewith they were sanctified an unholy thing, and done despite to the Spirit of grace.'
And now, my friends and brethren, 'judge, I pray you, between God and his vineyard. What could have been done to his vineyard, that he has not done in it ? Wherefore, when he looked that it should bring forth grapes, brought it forth poisonous berries ?' * Wherefore brought it forth ' the grapes of Sodom, and the clusters of Gomorrah ?' Every tree is known by its
fruit. This f vine is plainly, therefore, of ' the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah. Its grapes are grapes of gall ; its clusters are bitter. Its wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.'
Were man virtuously disposed, it is incredible, nay, it is plainly impossible, that he should not yield himself to this law, as soon as it is proposed to him. As obedience to this law is the only excellence of conduct, so a virtuous state of mind, a virtuous disposition, a virtuous character, by all of which phrases we intend that unknown cause heretofore specified, which gives birth to virtuous rather than to vicious conduct, would, so soon as this law was proposed to it, render, in a sense instinctively, an immediate, cheerful, and universal obedience.
Were such a mind also to apostatize, and yet to retain a disposition in a preponderating degree virtuous ; were it afterward to be informed of a method by which it might return to obedience, and the favour of God ; it would be plainly impossible that such a mind should not receive this information, and embrace this method of returning, with readiness, and even with rapture. If, at the same time, the terms of its reinstatement in obedience, and in the divine favour, were in themselves eminently easy and reasonable, and in their efficacy productive of its highest future amiableness, dignity, and enjoyment ; if they were such as rendered it peculiarly lovely in the sight of God, and prepared it to be peculiarly useful to its fellow creatures ; such a mind would, beyond a doubt, seize the terms themselves with delight, and the divine object which they secured, with ecstasy.
The rejection of the word of God, of the law and the gospel alike, is therefore entirely inexplicable, unless we acknowledge that the disposition by which it is rejected, is a disposition directly opposed to that of a virtuous mind ; wholly unlike that with which Adam was | created, and the genuine moral likeness of Adam after his apostasy.
In the two last discourses, I proposed for consideration the following doctrine : — That in consequence of the apostasy of Adam, all men have sinned ; and endeavoured to prove the universality of sin in the former of these discourses ; — 1. From Revelation ; — and, 2. From Facts. And in the latter, from the great fact, that mankind have rejected the Word of the Lord.
It has been said, neither unfrequently, nor by men
void of understanding, that man is as depraved a being as his faculties will permit him to be ; but it has been said without consideration, and without truth. Neither the Scriptures, nor experience, warrant this assertion. ' Wicked men and seducers,' it is declared, ' will wax worse and worse ; deceiving and being deceived.' During the first half of human life, this may, perhaps, be explained by^ie growth of the faculties ; but during a considerable period, preceding its termination, it cannot be thus explained : for the faculties decay, while the depravity still increases. Nations, also, are declared to be, at some periods of time, far worse than at others ; although it cannot be pretended, that during that period
DEPRAVITY OF MAN.
specified their faculties were superior. Saul appears to have been a man of more talents than Jeroboam ; Jeroboam than Ahab ; and Uzziah than either ; yet Ahab was a worse man than Jeroboam ; Jeroboam than Saul ; and Saul than Uzziah. The ' young man ' who came to Christ, to know ' what good thing he should do to have eternal life,' was certainly less depraved than his talents would have permitted him to be.
Like him, we see daily, many men who neither are nor profess to be Christians; and who, instead of being wicked to a degree commensurate to the extent of their faculties, go through life in the exercise of dispositions so sincere, just, and amiable, and in the performance of actions so upright and beneficent, as to secure a high degree of respect and affection from ourselves, and from all with whom they are connected. It certainly cannot be said, that such men are as sinful as many others possessed of powers far inferior : much less that they are as sinful as they can be. We also see individuals at times assume, without any visible enlargement of their faculties, a new and surprising degree of depravity at once ; and become suddenly far more fraudulent, false, lewd, cruel, revengeful, impious, and universally abandoned, than at a period not long preceding. In the families of which we are members, we have abundant opportunity to learn from so intimate a connexion, the true characters of all who compose them ; and are furnished daily with decisive evidence, that they are far less profligate than, with their faculties, they might become. Those who make the assertion, against which I am contending, will find themselves, if they will examine, rarely believing, that their wives and children, though not Christians, are fiends.
which, considered by themselves, are innocent.
Such are hunger, thirst, the fear of suffering, and the desire of happiness ; together with several others. All these are inseparable, not only from the rational, but also from the animal nature, as existing in this world ; and accompany the Christian through every degree of holiness which he attains, as truly as the sinner. The two last, the desire of happiness, and the fear of suffering, are inseparable from the rational, and even from the percipient, nature.
amiable.
Such are natural affection ; the simplicity and sweetness of disposition in children, often found also in persons of adult years ; compassion, generosity, modesty, and what is sometimes called natural conscientiousness ; that is, a fixed and strong sense of the importance of doing that which is right. These characteristics appear to have adorned ' the young man,' whom I have already mentioned. We know that they are amiable, because we are informed that Jesus, ' beholding him, loved him.' In the same manner we, and all others, who are not abandoned, love them always and irresistibly, whenever they are presented to our view. They all, also, are required, and exist in every Christian ; enhancing his holiness, and rendering him a better man. Without them it is not easy to perceive how, the Christian character could exist. Accordingly, St Paul exhibits those who are destitute of these attributes, as being literally profligates.
stitutes the moral character.
By this disposition or energy, I intend that unknown cause whence it arises, that the actions of the mind are either sinful or virtuous. On this energy depends the moral nature of all actions, and the moral character of every mind. This character, and these actions, are variously and extensively modified by the attributes abovementioned. But the moral nature is not changed. So far as they have a prevailing influence, a sinful disposition is checked, and prevented from operating in the worst manner and degree. Under the prevalence of a sinful disposition, these attributes are partly extinguished, and partly converted into instruments of sin. In a virtuous mind, they all become means of virtue, and increase the energy of such a mind.
lical virtue.
' For I know,' says St Paul, ' that in me (that is, in my flesh) dwelleth no good thing.' ' The carnal mind.' says the same apostle, ' is enmity against God, not subject to his law, neither indeed can be.' And again, ' The natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God : for they are foolishness unto him ; neither can he know them, for they are spiritually discerned.' ' That which is born,' saith our Saviour, ' of the flesh, is flesh.' ' Without faith,' says St Paul, ' it is impossible to please God.'
fecting and dreadful manner.
Of this truth, the text is a direct and very forcible assertion. The word which is rendered, ' fully set,' in our translation, is used by Ahasuerus, Esther vii. 5, to express the daring presumption with which Haman had risen up to destroy Esther and her nation. A strong tendency to evil in the heart of the sons of men, therefore, is here asserted in very forcible terms.
In corsidering the degree of iniquity indicated in this and similar passages, it is not my design, nor within my power or wish, to settle this point with mathematical exactness. In the Scriptures, God has exhibited this subject in an indefinite, and yet in a more impressive and affecting manner, than any which mankind have substituted. No views of human corruption are so affecting or so awful, as those which are presented to us in the word of God. This example may be confidently followed ; and no man is required to limit this subject more exactly, than it has been done by his Maker.
fullest manner.
' Every imagination of man's heart,' saith God, ' is only evil, continually.' Of the Gentiles, the apostle declares, that ' they are without excuse : because that when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful ; but became vain in their imaginations ; and their foolish heart was darkened. Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools. Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served tho
vile affections.
Of the Jews, the same apostle says, Rom. iii. 9, ' What then, are we better than they ? No, in no wise ; for we have before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin. As it is written, There is none righteous ; no, not one. There is none that understandeth ; there is none that seeketh after God ; they are all gone out of the way ; they are together become unprofitable ; there is none that doeth good, no, not one. Their mouth is an open sepulchre ; with their tongues they have used deceit ; the poison of asps is under their lips. There is no fear of God before their eyes.' — ' Now we know, that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law ; that every mouth might be stopped, and all the world become guilty before God.' — ' Therefore, by the deeds of the law shall no flesh living be justified.'
Such is the character of men, given in form, and in the course of the most important logical discussion contained in the Scriptures, by the apostle Paul. Consonant with this representation, are all the exhibitions made in the Old and New Testament, of this subject. The depravity represented, is not only declared to be universal, but also to be of this high and dreadful malignity. Mankind are not exhibited as prone to one sin only, but to all these, and all other sins ; and not prone to these sins merely, but filled with them as attributes, and executing them swiftly and dreadfully as practices.
heart and life.
This very extensive field of evidence can now be explored only in a very imperfect manner : but a little attention to it will in no small degree illustrate and prove the doctrine.
1. Every man who scrutinizes his own heart at all, knows that, naturally, he in no sense obeys the first and great command of the law of God ; Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart.
This is the first, and altogether the most important duty of intelligent creatures ; and is plainly that duty, separated from which, no other can be performed. All possible motives in the highest possible degrees conspire to induce a rational being to perform it. If then these motives do not influence the heart ; if we love not our Creator, Preserver, and Benefactor, the author of all good, and himself the Infinite Good ; we cannot be imagined to love with right principles any other being. If we perform not our plain duty to Him, we cannot be supposed to perform our duty to any other.
sciences, as being greatly and continually guilty of sin.
The fear of the anger of God, and of future punishment, and the pride which every man feels in thinking himself of a good and honourable character, are biases which strongly influence us to reject, as much as possible, so humiliating a doctrine as this. But in spite of both, our consciences irresistibly impelled by the truth, declare the greatness of our depravity every day ; and we cannot hide our eyes from the humiliating declaration. Were it possible to avoid the acknowledgment, Ave should certainly avoid it ; but the truth is so obvious and so undeniable, that we cannot escape.
The only exception to this remark proves the truth of the doctrine still more strongly. The man whose conscience does not thus testify, is plainly of a peculiarly depraved character ; not merely because, his conscience does not thus testify, but because he is always guilty of gross sin in various other respects. So common, or rather so universal is this fact, as to become the subject of proverbial remark. He, therefore, who is thus situated, is still more depraved than mankind in general.
heart, are strong exhibitions of the same doctrine.
That men should be thus guilty, and yet be insensible to the nature and degree of their depravity, is ar event, certainly not to have been expected from the reason, of which we so continually boast. Our sins are committed against the infinite God, the eternal, unchangeable enemy of sin ; and are therefore the means of exposing us in an awful manner to his wrath and vengeance. At the same time, the character is in itself debased, deformed, and hateful beyond expression. Who then can be supposed to possess any share of reason, and not be humbled beyond measure at the latter of these considerations, and equally alarmed by the former ? Yet mankind by nature are universally, not only not humbled, but haughty ; not only not alarmed, but stupid, as to their danger ; and cheerful, gay, exulting, and insolent, in the career of their iniquity.
In the meantime, no warnings are sufficient to awaken them to a sense of guilt, danger, or duty ; no counsels to persuade them to return to obedience, no motives to deter them from sin. The heart is like the nether millstone, incapable of any useful, serious, divine impression ; daily becoming more and more guilty, stupid, and hardened ; and wandering farther and farther from duty and from God, from hope and from heaven.
Eternal life is offered, and has been offered, to those now before me, ten thousand times. Who has accepted the offer? Their sins have been ten thousand times reproved and condemned. Who has repented, and forsaken them ? Their duty has in countless instances, been pressed upon them. Who has obeyed ? God has called, Christ has entreated, the Spirit of grace has striven. Who has listened, complied, and yielded ? To continue in sin, is to be exposed to endless misery. To repent and return to God, is to secure endless life. Every hardened, impenitent sinner declares, therefore, that in his view, sin with endless misery for its reward, is more to be chosen than holiness or obedience, with endless life. What greater proof of dreadful depravity can be given or demanded ?
duals.
I shall not here insist at large on the most private avid retired scenes of life, where we see, in multitudes of instances, notwithstanding all the concealment and disguise with which vice hides itself from the observation of the world, innumerable forms and degrees of corruption acted out in a very painful and humiliating manner. In spite of the veil which night and solitude cast over the innumerable perpetrations of the human race, how many kinds of deformity rise up daily to our view ! How many early, bitter, and unnatural contentions, even of little children ! What affecting tokens even of infantine selfishness, wrath, revenge, and cruelty ! How many proofs of filial impiety, ingratitude, and rebellion, in the morning of life ! What unbrotherly and unsisterly coldness and alienation ; what unkind and unforgiving hearts appear in those, ' who are bone of the same bone, and flesh of the same flesh !' How many jealous, hard-hearted, little, base sentiments and actions afflict the bosom of parental tenderness in those, whom nature makes inexpressibly beloved, in spite of every fault, as well as of every folly !
What a task is it to rear a single family, without leaving such faults unextirpated, as are open and infamous! How vast a labour to train up even one child to virtue and to duty ; or even to prevent one from becoming grossly sinful, and finally lost! What toils and pains, what cares and watchings ; how many reproofs, restraints, and corrections ; how many prayers, and sighs, and tears, are employed and suffered, before this hard task can be accomplished ! How rarely is it accomplished at all ! What then must be the corruption of that heart which makes all these efforts necessary ; and which can resist and overcome them all !
From this summary view, let us turn our thoughts to the obvious conduct of men ; as it exists in our own and every other country. What amazing selfishness visibly appears in the general conduct of mankind ; and how little are they, amidst all the culture of education and humanity, all the restraints of law, and all the illuminations, injunctions, and threatenings of religion, disposed to act agreeably to the dictates of truth, righteousness, and benevolence towards each other. A little property, a little power, a very humble office, or some other trifling object of ambition, will at any time make those who have been for life bosom friends, vehement and irreconcilable enemies. A furious and long continued lawsuit is resorted to, in order to decide the unsettled property ; a lawsuit carried on with bitterness, fraud, and perjury ; and terminated in insolent victory and sullen defeat, in riveted hatred and gloomy retaliation. The place of honour and power is sought for with electioneering, caballing, slander, fraud, and falsehood ; and is enjoyed with insolence, or lost with envy, malice, and secret resolutions of future revenge.
In the common bargains between men, how rarely is it the design to exchange an equivalent for that which is received ; although the only possible rule of honesty ; and how generally, to make what is called a good, and what is in reality a fraudulent, bargain. How perpetual are the efforts to impose on our neighbours commodities of less than the professed value ; commodities imperfect, corrupted, and decayed. How many persons obtain their whole living, and spend their whole lives, in
this kind of fraud. What pains are also taken to conceal or belie the state of the markets ; of our own circumstances, our real intentions, or our ability to fulfill the engagements into which we enter. What base deceptions are practised in cases of bankruptcy ; and what frauds perpetrated, in order to attain legally the cha racter and immunities of a bankrupt. How difficul has it been even to make a law which can at all secure to creditors an equitable share in the actual remains of a bankrupt's property. How strange would the observations which I am now making, appear in a world of honest, virtuous beings !
Friendship is plainly one of the things, most to be looked for among rational beings : as it is one of the most profitable, and most pleasing, of all those which are in our power, To this union of affections, this perpetual correspondence of hearts, this delightful harmony of life, all our interests strongly lead us, with motives highly noble and aftectingly persuasive. Yet Solomon could say, and with plain propriety could say, ' A faithful man, who can find ?' Not a small part of our conversation, or of our writings, is filled with bitter complaints of frail, alloyed, treacherous, broken friendship ; and of unworthy, false, and perfidious friends. Why are we not friends ? Can virtue furnish any part of the reason ?
The pleasures of men, their darling and customary pleasures, have ever seemed to me an affecting proof of extreme depravity in our nature.
St James directs, ' Is any man afflicted, let him pray. Is any merry' (that is, cheerful), ' let him sing psalms.' In other words, let the hours of cheerfulness be spent innocently (for such is the employment recommended), gratefully to God, and profitably to ourselves. Such are the amusements, such the pleasures recommended by an apostle.
In examining the pleasures actually sought by mankind, I shall, without any particular notice, pass by the brutal entertainments so greedily sought, so highly enjoyed, and so firmly established under the sanction of law, in Greece, Home, and other heathen countries ; the public games, in which naked men contended for superiority in feats of agility and strength ; the gladiatorial shows, in which men, trained for the purpose, butchered each other for the amusement of their fellow men ; and the exposures of human beings to the fury of wild beasts, while thousands enjoyed the sport of seeing them torn asunder, as a mere entertainment. I will not dwell upon the fact, that beside the vulgar and the savage, men of high rank, of enlightened minds, and of polished manners, and, what is still more humiliating and disgusting, women of the first birth, education, and character, were regularly present. I will pass by the Saturnalia, in which Rome sunk, for a week every year, into the coarsest and most vulgar brutism, and all distinction and decency were abolished. Useful, as the investigation might be, it must, for the want of time, be omitted on the present occasion.
Let me then ask, What are the actual pleasures usually sought with eager favouritism, in countries claiming the title of Christian ? Go to the table, where ' provision is ' professedly 'made for the flesh, to fulfill the lusts thereof,' and you will find one answer to the question. Or rather, what does that circle in many instances become before the table is deserted. To pass the en-
ormous expense, care, and anxiety, with which nature and art are employed and ransacked, to gratify the demands of a sickly and fastidious palate in how many instances, throughout even the civilized and Christian world, is a feast the mere resort of gluttony and drunkenness. How many drunkards, think you, my brethren, have been found in a single century, the most enlightened and improved, since the beginning of the world, and in the countries inhabited by Christians, around the festive boards of the well-informed and polished members of society ! How many more gluttons ! What a scene of low and vulgar brutism, at the same time, is daily presented by taverns, ale-houses, and dram-shops ; and on days of public rejoicing and festivity.
Turn we hence to the horse-race ; another darling diversion of mankind ; and not of the ignorant and clownish only, but of the enlightened and polished ; nay, even of the noble and dignified ranks of men. What has gathered the concourse ? The professed object is to see two or more horses run a race, and one outstrip the other in his speed. Without calling in question the lawfulness of setting these animals upon the stretch of their powers for our amusement ; what a picture is presented to our view by the bets which are laid, the fraud and falsehood practised ; the perjuries, oaths, curses, and blasphemies uttered ; the drunkenness and sloth which are indulged ; the battles which are fought, and the universal prostitution of morals which is accomplished.
At a cockpit, another darling scene of amusement to vast multitudes of mankind, all these gross and dreadful iniquities abound ; together with a cruelty, causeless, shameless, and horrid ; a cruelty impossible to that ' righteous man, who is merciful to his beast,' and of course to every harmless creature in his power.
Of the same deplorable nature is the amusement of bull-baiting ; an amusement warranted by the voice of law, and the deliberate decisions of senatorial wisdom and royal dignity. The strength and courage of this animal are here made the very means of torturing him with the most exquisite agonies, which can easily be devised ; all not only quietly suffered, but established, for the sake of guarding the palate of the epicure from offence and disappointment on the one hand ; and on the other, for the purpose of slaking the thirst for pleasure, in minds which can finddelight in ferocity, anguish, and death.
From these humiliating scenes, direct your steps to the gaming-table. I need not tell you how chosen a diversion, or set of diversions is found here ; or to what an incomprehensible extent sought in every country, civilized and savage. Here fraud in every form begins, carries on, and closes the business. Here is the chamber of moroseness, gloom, discontent, animosity, profaneness, contention, drunkenness, and universal depravity. Here property is wickedly lost, and wickedly won. Here time is most shamefully and sinfully wasted. Here all duties are most dreadfully neglected ; and here the estate, the health, the character, the family, and the soul, are consigned to perdition.
From the gaming-table, turn your researches next to the theatre. Think, first, of the almost uniform character of the miserable wretches, who are trained to create the diversion. How low are they, almost without an exception, fallen ; and how low do they fall, of course, by the deplorable employment to which they are most wickedly tempted to devote themselves ? If you are at a loss, read a history, or even a professed panegyric, of this class of mankind. Consider, next, the performances, which these unhappy men and women are employed to exhibit. How few can be read without a blush, or without a sigh, by a person not seduced by habit, or not lost to virtue, and even to sobriety. How great a part are mere means of pollution. What art, labour, and genius, are engaged in them, to garnish gross and dreadful vice ; to disguise its nature and effects, to robe it in the princely attire of virtue, and to crown it with the rewards of well-doing ! How often is even common decency insulted, ridiculed, and put to flight ! In how many ways, and with how much art, is corruption softly and secretly instilled into the soul ! In how many instances is virtue defaced, dishonoured, and like the Saviour of mankind, crowned with thorns, sceptered with a reed, and mocked with pretended and insolent homage !
Turn your eyes, next, to the audience, whose wishes and property give birth to the whole establishment. Of whom is this audience composed ? Of how few persons, whom virtue ever knew, or with whom she would not blush to confess her acquaintance ! Of how many, who are strangers to all good ! Of how many, who are ignorant even of decency ; to whom vice is pleasing, and grossness an entertainment !
Accordingly, all the course of exhibition, except a little part thrust in as a sacrifice to decency and reputation, is formed of polluted sentiments, and polluted characters ; in which, whatever is not directly and openly abominable, is meant merely as the white covering, intended to shroud from the eye the death and rottenness within. Our own copious language, employed in thousands of dramatic performances, probably cannot boast of a sufficient number of such plays, as an apostle would have pronounced innocent, to furnish a single stage for a single season.
From the stage, men are directly prepared to go to the brothel. The corruption of the one fits the mind with no common preparation to direct its course to the other.
One of the first facts which here strikes, and afflicts the thinking mind, is, that these houses of pestilence and ruin, of sin and perdition, are tolerated in countries inhabited and ruled by such as profess themselves to be Christians ; by those who have been ' baptized into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.' Another is, that they are frequented by vast multitudes : and another, that these are not composed of the low, ignorant, and despised only ; but in great numbers, of the wealthy, the enlightened, the polite, and even the noble and the princely. To this we must add, because truth adds, that seduction has in all instances begun the ruin of the miserable wretches who inhabit these walls of Sodom. This seduction also has been accomplished by art. falsehood, serpentine insidiousness, and outrageous perjury. The endless ruin of a soul has been the
DEPRAVITY OF MAN
price of a momentary and debased gratification ; and the poor and pitiable victim has been solicited and induced, to sacrifice eternal life to the fiend-like persuasion of her betrayer.
In the meantime all, or nearly all those, who are authors of the deception, or haunters of these tenements of prostitution, accompany to the same perdition the miserable victims of their treachery. Of ' the strange, 1 or polluted ' woman,' God saith, ' None that go in unto her return again ; neither take they hold of the paths of life.'
Another fact, to which your attention is called in these dreadful scenes, is, that here all sin springs up as in a hot bed ; that besides the horrid debasement which is here the characteristical guilt, all possible sin is rank, luxuriant, and prosperous. Like that dreadful world also, its doors are barred against all return and repentance, against life and hope. Scarcely an example is found in which those, who have once entered ever make their escape. Sin and Perdition are marked on the gateway ; and over the door is read, in letters of fire, This house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of death.
The last subject which, in this complicated mass of iniquity, demands your investigation, is the immense extent of the pollution, and the incomprehensible numbers of mankind which it involves, and has ever involved. A prophet has recorded Sodom as a monument of eternal infamy. Were prophets to exist in every land, Sodoms would not improbably be portrayed on many pages of every historical record. Ihe great capitals of most European and Asiatic countries are in many respects, perhaps, not a whit behind the impurity found in those monuments of the divine vengeance, ' the cities of the plain.' I wish I could say our own had a less share in this charge. Modern lewdness, although usually concealed with care from the eye of the world, has yet publicly proceeded to lengths which amaze the mind even of cool contemplation, sicken the heart of delicacy, and turn back the eye of virtue with horror. The world has become complaisant to it ; and changed its very language, to give soft and imposing names to the wretches who have robbed the swine of their stye, or wallowed at their side in the mire. The prostitute is misnamed with softening appellations, intended to veil her odious character, and her enormous crimes. The lewd man is styled a man of gayety, spirit, and life ; a man of the world, a liberal man, a man unshackled by fanaticism or superstition.
At the same time, means innumerable, tolerated by law, and pursued with impunity, are employed to cherish this worst, this most fatal of all evils. Houses of pollution in immense numbers are erected, allowed, and frequented. Abandoned women are brought forward to places of public and honourable resort ; admitted without opposition to assemblies for amusement, made up of those who fill the upper spheres of life ; seated at tables of distinction, and rolled on the wheels of splendour. Genius prostitutes its elevated powers to seduce the miserable victim, to varnish the guilt of pollution, to soothe, to torpor the wounded conscience, and to make the way to hell smooth, pleasant, and unsuspected ; forms and tunes the enchanting song, to imbrute the heedless mind ; fashions and animates the marble into
every form of temptation ; traces on the canvass its lines of symmetry and beauty, and sheds the splendour of its colouring, only to corrupt and to ruin. The shop, to complete the havoc, publicly holds out the infamous book, the alluring image, and the fascinating picture, to every passenger; and in defiance of laws and magistrates, eagerly helps forward the work of destruction.
All these are chosen and customary pursuits of mankind. Those who follow them are immortal beings, who have souls to be saved, sins to be forgiven, and endless life to be secured. All of them have heard the gospel of salvation ; have been exhorted to yield themselves to the Redeemer, and have been earnestly invited to enter into heaven.
The life of all is a vapour ; the day of grace and of pardon is bounded by that momentary life ; and each feels his time to be so short, that he cannot find even an hour to employ on the great work of repentance, and the salvation of his soul.
Such then are the pleasures of mankind. What, it may now be asked, are those employments of men, which wear a more serious aspect ?
Among these, the first which strikes the mind of a serious investigator, is their general and wonderful profanation of the word of God. To this sin, it is generally acknowledged, there is hardly any temptation. Wickedness here assumes, therefore, the character of disinterestedness ; and the sin is committed from the pure love of sinning. Yet how immensely extensive is this evil practice. The Heathen and the Mohammedan, the Jewish and the Christian nations, professing widely different views in other respects concerning the Ruler of all things, quietly unite in profaning his awful name. Men of all ages and characters, however discordant otherwise, harmonize here. The sage and the blockhead, the gentleman and the clown, the nobleman and the peasant, join their voices in unison ; and form one great chorus, not for the praise, but for the dishonour of God. The prince swears on his throne, and the beggar on his dunghill ; the child lisps out the imperfect curse, and the tongue of the man of grey hairs trembles beneath the faltering blasphemy. From California to Japan, the general voice of mankind rises up to heaven, not ' as the odour of sweet incense,' but as one vast exhalation of impiety, infinitely disgraceful to our reason, immensely ungrateful, and immensely wicked.
is the foundation of all virtue, and consequently of all happiness. Without it. society, in the proper sense, cannot exist. Even the dreadful bands of thieves and ruffians are proverbially acknowledged to be indebted to it for their own horrid union. But cast your eyes over this wide world, and mark how extensively ' truth has fallen in the streets ' of cities, the solitary habitations of the country, and the wild retreats of the savage and barbarian. Mark how soon falsehood begins to blacken the tongue of the child, and how greatly to deepen its hue with the increase of years. Trace if you can, without intense mortification, the secret windings of the private slanderer ; and behold if you can, without amazement, in endless multitudes, the impudent, unblushing lies of public newspapers. Survey with horror, for without horror you cannot survey, the perjuries of testimony, the perjuries of elections, the perjuries of the
SYSTEM OF
custom-house, and the perjuries of public office. Look, with still more amazement and regret, on the falsehoods of the great and powerful. ' Truth,' said king John of France, ' if banished from the rest of the world, ought still to find a mansion in the bosom of princes.' Yet how regularly from year to year, and from century to century, courts and legislatures assert and deny successively, the same facts, without a retraction, and without a blush. Cast your eyes, and tell me if they do not sicken while you cast them, on the mountainous mass of falsehood heaped up by insidious learning, and infidel philosophy, against the word of God, and against all the interest, virtue, and happiness of man. When you have done these things, finish the humiliating investigation by gazing at the whole nation of the French, swearing eternal hatred to royalty, and eternal fealty to six successive constitutions of government, adopted within little more than six successive years, and then bowing down quietly at the foot of a despot.
From falsehood, the transition is almost necessary to fraud. On this subject, however, as on all the remaining ones, I can dwell but a moment. The laws of all civilized nations have been chiefly employed in repressing this sin, and in repressing it with every suffering which ingenuity could devise, or human nature sustain. Yet in spite of the whip, the brand, the prison, and the galley ; in spite of the gibbet and the cross, the rack and the faggot ; what commodity, what kind of dealing is not the subject of fraud ; and what child of Adam is not its mortified object ? All kinds of money are counterfeited ; all kinds of instruments for conveyance, or security, are forged. Vast multitudes of mankind gain their livelihood from cheating. The beggar cheats you in his tale of suffering, the man of business in his commodity, the statesman plunders the public, the prince defrauds his subjects by false representations of his wants, and false representations of his expenditure. In London only, a very corrupt, but far from being the most corrupt city in Europe, 1 1 5,000 human beings, among whom are 50,000 abandoned females, live, according to the sagacious and upright Colquhoun, either partly or wholly by customary fraud ; and annually plunder their fellow men of two millions sterling : while on the river Thames a more systematized robbery has yearly wrested from individuals no less than 500,000 pounds of the same currency ; and from the crown, during a century, ten millions.
Duelling and suicide present to our view two other kindred testimonies of enormous corruption. On these however I cannot, and need not, dwell. Instead of expatiating on them, I will exhibit to you two official accounts of the moral state of the capital of France. By a public return to the government of births, deaths, &c. in Paris, in the year 1801, it appears that there were,
Died in their own houses 12,510 In poor houses and hospitals 8,257 § About two fifths of Found dead in the streets 201 £ the whole.
In the Republican year, ending Sept. 23, 1803, by the report of the prefect of police to the grand judge for the district of Paris, the number of
Branded with hot irons ........ 64
Among the criminals executed were seven fathers, who had poisoned their children : ten husbands, who had murdered their wives : six wives, who poisoned their husbands : and fifteen children, who destroyed their parents.
During that year also 12,076 lewd woman had been registered, and paid for the protection of the police ; 1552 kept mistresses were noted ; and 308 public brothels licensed, by the prefect of police at Paris.
This tremendous recital admits no comment. The spectator shrinks from it with horror ; and forced to acknowledge those comprised in the story, to be human beings, wishes to deny that himself is a man.
Under a righteous administration of government, the intense corruption of the human character is gloomily manifested by subjects, in the violation of their allegiance, and their evasions or their transgressions of law. God has made it our duty to ' render tribute to whom tribute is due ; custom to whom custom ; and honour to whom honour.' Nor has He permitted us to perform these duties with a less scrupulous exactness than any other. Compare with this precept the reluctant payment of reasonable taxes ; the unceasing and immense smuggling ; the innumerable frauds practised on the customhouse ; the murmurings, the seditions, the revolts, the malignant factions, and the furious civil discords, which have blackened the annals even of the freest and happiest nations ; and you cannot want evidence of the depravity of that spirit, which has given birth to these enormities.
On the other hand, how often is the government itself no other than an administration of iniquity. The endless train of evils, however, which have flowed in upon mankind from this source, have been here so long the ruling theme, both of conversation and writings ; the oppression, fraud, plunder, baleful examples, and deplorable corruption of despotic princes, have been so thoroughly learned by heart ; as to render a particular discussion of them, at the present time, unnecessary But however frequently they have been repeated, they are not on that account less real, or dreadful manifesta^ tions of human turpitude. I know that it is a common refuge of the objectors to this doctrine, to attribute both these kinds of evidence of human corruption to the form of the government, and not to the nature of man. But this complaisance to human nature is out of place. Kings and princes are mere men ; and differ from other men, only because they are surrounded by greater temptations. Their nature and propensities are precisely the same with yours and mine. Their opportunities of doing good are, at the same time, immensely greater ; and were they originally virtuous, would be seized and employed with an avidity proportioned to their extent,
DEPRAVITY OP MAN.
for this great purpose only. Were human nature pure, is is professed; were it not dreadfully corrupted, kings would be the best of men ; as possessing the greatest power, and the widest means of beneficence. How unlike this has been the fact, not with respect to kings only, but to almost all men invested with high authority. Republican legislatures have been at least as oppressive to mankind as monarchs, particularly to the dependencies of their empire. Rome and Sparta ground their provinces with a harder hand than the Persian despot ; and no human tyranny was ever marked with such horrors as the republican tyranny of France.
exhibition of wickedness than their government.
Here, as if the momentary life of man was too long, and his sufferings too few and too small, men have professedly embarked in the design of cutting off life, and enhancing the number and degree of sufferings. War has prevailed through every age, and in every country ; and in all has waded through human blood, trampled on human corpses, and laid waste the fields and the dwellings, the happiness and the hopes of mankind. It has been employed to empty earth, and people hell ; to make angels weep, and fiends triumph, over the deplorable guilt and debasement of the human character.
the religion of mankind.
With this subject I will wind up the melancholy detail. Jehovah created this world, stored it with the means of good, and filled it with rational and immortal beings. Instead of loving, serving, and adoring Him, they have worshipped devils, the vilest of all beings, and alike his enemies and their own. They have worshipped each other, they have worshipped brutes, they have worshipped vegetables. The smith hath molten a god of gold : the carpenter has hewn a god of wood ; and millions have prostrated themselves to both, in praise and prayer. To appease the anger of these gods, they have attempted to wash their sins away by ablutions, and to make atonement for them by penance. To these gods they have offered up countless hecatombs; and butchered, tortured, and burnt their own children. Before these gods their religion has enjoined and sanctioned, the unlimited prostitution of matrons and virgins to casual lust and systematized pollution. The same religion has also sanctioned war and slaughter, plunder and devastation, fraud and perjury, seduction and violation, without bounds. Its persecutions have reddened the world with blood, and changed its countries into catacombs. On ' the pale horse,' seen in the Apocalyptic vision, ' death ' has gone before it ; ' and hell following after,' has exulted in its deplorable follies, its crimes without number, and the miseries which it has occasioned without end.
have sinned.
In the three last Discourses I have considered the aniversality and the degree of human corruption. The next subject of our incpjiry is, the source whence this corruption is derived. In the text, as well as in the doctrine, it is exhibited as existing in consequence of the apostasy of Adam.
Before I proceed to a direct examination of this branch of the doctrine, it will be advantageous to make a few preliminary observations.
cause of this depravity.
The depravity of man is either caused or casual. If it be casual, every thing else may, for aught that appears, be casual also. A denial of this position, therefore, becomes a direct establishment of the atheistical scheme of casual existence.
Besides, uniformity is in all cases a complete refutation of the supposition of casualty. That mere accident should be the parent of the same moral character in all the progeny of Adam, or of uniformity of any kind in
plain mathematical certainty.
(2.) This cause, whatever it is, is commensurate with its effects. As therefore the effects extend to all men, it follows that the cause also is universal.
(3.) The cause of this depravity is undoubtedly one and the same. This is argued irresistibly from the nature of the effects, which is everywhere the same.
(4.) This cause did not always exist. Before their apostasy, our first parents were undepraved. As the effect did not then exist, the cause plainly did not exist.
These observations must, I think, be admitted without a controversy. It follows therefore that in searching for the source of human corruption we must, if we act wisely, be guided by them : since nothing can be this source of which all these things cannot be truly predicated.
tion, we inquire only after a fact.
This subject, sufficiently difficult in itself, has been almost always embarrassed by uniting with it foreign considerations. A fact, it ought ever to be remembered, is what it is, independently of every thing else. If it
be true, that the coi'ruption of mankind exists in consequence of the apostasy of Adam, this truth cannot be affected by any reluctance in us to admit it ; by any opinions which we may form of the propriety or impropriety of the dispensation ; nor by any inexpli•cableness, arising from the efficient cause, the moral nature, or the consequences of the fact. These things may be the foundation of other inquiries, and of perplexities and difficulties ever so great ; still they cannot even remotely affect the subject of the present investigatiou.
(6.) When I assert, that in consequence of the apostasy of Adam all men have sinned, I do not intend that the posterity of Adam are guilty of his transgression.
Moral actions are not, so far as I can see, transferable from one being to another. The personal act of any agent is in its very nature the act of that agent solely, and incapable of being participated by any other agent. Of course, the guilt of such a personal act is equally incapable of being transferred or participated. The guilt is inherent in the action, and is attributable therefore to the agent only.
So clear is this doctrine, that I presume no evidence was ever supposed to be derived originally from reason to the contrary doctrine. If therefore any evidence can be found to support this doctrine, it must be found in revelation. But in revelation, it is presumed, it cannot be found. Unquestionably it is nowhere directly asserted in the Scriptures. If it be contained in them, it must be by implication. Let me ask, Where is this implication ? Certainly not in any use of the term ' impute,' commonly appealed to by the supporters of this scheme. I have examined with care every passage in which this word and its connexions are used in the Scriptures, and feel completely assured that it is used in a totally different sense, in every instance without an exception. The verb "hoyt£op.ctt, which is the original word rendered by the English word ' impute,' denotes originally and always, to reckon, to account, to reckon to the account of a man, to charge to his account ; but never to transfer moral action, guilt, or desert, from one being to another. Thus it is said by Shimei, 'Let not my Lord impute this sin unto his servant :' that is, Let not my lord charge my sin of-cursing David against me, or to my account. Thus also it is said, ' Abraham believed God ; and it was accounted to him for righteousness ;' that is, his faith was reckoned to him in the stead of that perfect legal righteousness, in the possession of which he would have been accepted before God.
The passage which seems the nearest to the purpose of those against whom I am contending, is 1 Cor. xv. 22. ' As in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.' The words in the original are a> tu A%cc.fi and su ra Xoio-Ta. The Greek preposition E> signifies very often, as any person acquainted with the language must. have observed, exactly the same thing with the English phrase by means of. The passage would, therefore, have been explicitly and correctly translated, As by means of Adam all die, even so by means of Christ shall all be made alive. Adam is therefore only asserted here to be an instrumental cause of the death specified. A parallel passage will, I think, make the justice of these remarks evident beyond any reasonable debate. In 1 Cor. vii. 14, it is said, ' The unbelieving husband
is sanctified by the believing wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband.' No person will pretend that in this passage the apostle declares the sanctification of the believing wife to be transferred to the husband, so as to become the personal state or character of the husband. This is evidently not the fact, because he is still an unbeliever. The meaning plainly is, that by means of his wife he is, in such a sense, considered as sanctified, as to prevent his children from being unclean ; or, in more explicit terms, from being incapable of being offered to God in baptism.
are punished for his transgression.
This doctrine is completely set aside by God himself, in Ezek. xviii. 20, ' The soul that sinneth it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father ; neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son ; the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him ; and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him.' In this passage it is, I think, as explicitly as language will admit, declared that no man shall be punished for the sin of another ; particularly that the son shall not be punished for the sin of his father ; and, by obvious and, I think, irresistible implication, that the sons of Adam shall not be punished for the sins of this their common parent.
Having thus prepared the way, as I conceive, for the direct discussion of the doctrine, I shall now proceed to adduce in support of its truth the following proofs : —
I. The Text.
Here it is asserted, ' that by one man sin entered into the world:' 8/ hog clvfyairov; ' through, or by means of, one man.' I will not take upon me to say, that the apostle declares the sin of Adam to be the only supposable or possible cause of the entrance of sin into the world ; but he plainly declares it to be the actual cause. The sin which thus entered he declares also to be universal ' even as universal as the death which entered by sin. In the 1 8th verse, which is separated from the text by a parenthesis only, the apostle teaches us in the most direct terms that this universal sin is a consequence of the transgression of Adam. His words are, ' Therefore, as by the offence of one' (or as in the original, li' ho; 7ru.(>ci7rTa t u,ct7o;, ' by one offence) judgment came upon all to condemnation; and in the 19th verse, ' By one man's disobedience many' (in the original o/ ntiKhoi, the many) ' were made ' (in the Greek, x«Ts<7T«f.?<ra», were constituted) ' sinners.'' The meaning of these passages is, I think, plainly the following : that by means of the offence, or transgression of Adam, the judgment or sentence of God, came upon all men unto condemnation ; because, and solely because, all menF, in that state of things which was constituted in consequence of the transgression of Adam, became sinners.
I have heretofore declared that the manner in which the state of things became such, is not at all involved in the present discussion. I now observe farther,^xhat I am unable to explain this part of the subject. Many attempts have been made to explain it ; but I freely confess myself to have seen none which was satisfactory to me ; or which did not leave the difficulties as great and for aught I know, as numerous as they were before. J shall not add to these difficulties by any imperfect explanations of my own. At the same time I repeat, that ic i the fact in question is not at all affected by these diffi
nounced on our first parents.
In this sentence God declared, that ' the ground was cursed for the sake ' of Adam, or because of his transgression ; ' that it should bring forth thorns and thistles ; that he should eat bread in the sweat of his brow ; and that both he and his wife should lead lives of toil, suffering, and sorrow, until they should finally return to the dust, from which they were taken.' In a former Discourse it was shown that all the parts of this sentence have been regularly fulfilled from the beginning to the present day. All of them therefore constituted a sentence actually pronounced on all the progeny of Adam, and proved to be so, because it is executed on them all. The cursing of the ground, particularly, by which it was
' which ease, happiness, and immortality, were exchanged for labour, suffering, and death, inwrought into the very constitution now given to the earth ; was a fact which involved of course the punishment of all men, because all men suffer distress by means of this fact, and because
i no rational beings, beside sinners, are in the providence of God subjected to any suffering. Every descendant of Adam must of course be an inhabitant of the world which was thus cursed, and must of necessity be a partaker of the very evils denounced in this curse. When the sentence was declared, therefore, it was certainly foreseen that all those who would afterward share in the sufferings which it disclosed, that is, all the children of Adam, would be sinners. As all the progeny of Adam must inhabit the world thus cursed, all must necessarily partake of these evils, because they were inseparably united to the world in which they dwelt. If then it was
i not foreseen that they would be sinners, the curse must have been denounced against them, either vhen obedient and virtuous, or while their future moral character was uncertain. The former will not be admitted by any man ; the latter will no more be admitted by any man, if he reflect at all on the subject ; for God can no more be supposed to condemn and punish those who are not
, known by him to be sinful, than those who are known to be virtuous. It follows therefore that, as the world was thus changed in consequence of the transgression of Adam, and of a paradise became a wilderness of thorns and briers, so, in consequence of the same transgression, the character of man was also changed ; and instead of being immortal, virtuous, and happy, he became the sub-
apostle Paul expressly asserts the doctrine in a passage
; already quoted for another purpose. ' In,' or by means of, ' Adam, all die.' As neither death nor any other suffering befalls virtuous beings, this passage may be fairly considered as a full confirmation of the doctrine at
i think, be mistaken. In the first chapter of the same
history he introduces God as saying, ' Let us make man in our own image, after our likeness :' and subjoins, ' so God created man in his own image ; in the image of God created he him.' In a former Discourse I have shown that the likeness, or image, here mentioned, is the moral image of God ; consisting, especially, in ' knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness,' as we are informed by St Paul. After dwelling so particularly on the image of God in which man was created, and on the fact, that man was created in this image, it cannot, I think, be questioned that Moses intended to inform us that Seth was begotten in the moral likeness of Adam after his apostasy ; and sustained from his birth a moral character similar to that which his two brothers, Cain and Abel, also sustained. This view of the subject appears plainly to have been adopted by Job, when he asks, ' Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean ? not one*' (Job xiv. 4) : by Bildad, when he asks, ' How then can man be justified with God ; or how can he be clean that is born of a woman ' (xxv. 4.) : by David, when he says (Psalm li. 5), ' Behold I was shapen in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me;' and by St Paul, when he says, ' As we have borne the image of the earthly (Adam), so we shall bear the image of the heavenly' (Adam), (1 Cor. xv. 49.) But if Seth, Cain, and Abel, derived their corruption from the apostasy of their parents, then it is true, not only that their corruption, but that of all mankind, exists in consequence of that apostasy.
Accordingly, our Saviour declares universally, that ' that which is born of the flesh, is flesh ;' and that ' that ' only ' which is born of the Spirit,' or ' born again, is spirit.' In this declaration he certainly teaches us, that the fleshly character is inseparably connected with the birth of man, it being an invariable attendant of that birth. In other words, every parent, as truly as Adam, begets children in his own moral likeness. It hardly needs to be observed, that the moral character, denoted in this observation of our Saviour by the term ' flesh,' is a corrupt character. ' The carnal,' or fleshly ' mind,' says St Paul, ' is enmity against God ; not subject to his law, neither indeed can be :' and again, ' To be carnally, or fleshly, minded is death.' In the original, the words in both passages are <Pt><ii/viftei rng aa^x,o; ; the minding of thejiesh : the exercise of our thoughts and affections in that manner which accords with the fleshly or native character.
IV. In exact accordance with this scriptural representation, the doctrine is strongly evinced by the conduct of children as soon as they become capable of moral action.
Children in the morning of life are, as was remarked in the preceding discourse, unquestionably amiable; more so in many respects than at any future period ; that is, whenever they do not at some future period become the subjects of sanctification. Some children also, as we are taught in the Scriptures, are sanctified from the womb. They are rebellious, disobedient, unkind, wrathful, and revengefuly All of them are proud, ambitious, vain, and universally selfish. All of them, particularly, are destitute of piety to God, the first, and far the most important exercise of virtue. They neither love, fear, nor obey him ; neither admire his divine excellence, nor arc thankful for his
unceasing loving-kindness. Immense multitudes of them are taught these duties from the commencement of their childhood, yet they can be persuaded to perform them by no species of instruction hitherto devised. A virtuous mind would, of course, from the mere knowledge of God, without any known law, without any other motive except what is found in his greatness, excellency, and goodness to us, admire and love, reverence and glorify him with all the heart. But no instance of this nature can be produced. I have been employed in the education of children and youth more than thirty years, and have watched their conduct with no small attention and anxiety. Yet, among the thousands of children committed to my care, I cannot say with truth, that I have seen one whose native character I had any reason to believe to be virtuous, or whom I could conscientiously pronounce to be free from the evil attributes mentioned above. In addition to this, it ought to be observed, that no child unspotted with sin is mentioned in the records of history. This, I think, could not be, had the fact ever existed. Mankind, therefore, according to the language of the Psalmist, ' are estranged from the womb, and go astray as soon as they are born.'
The opposers of the doctrine undertake to avoid the force of this argument, by attributing the corruption of children to example, and the propensity of human nature to imitation.
The power of example I readily acknowledge to be great, and the propensity to imitation strong. I acknowledge also, that from these sources we may derive a satisfactory explanation of many things, both good and evil, which are done in the world. Still, I apprehend, the objection is a very insufficient answer to the argument in question. For,
evil one.
On beings neither virtuously nor viciously inclined, virtuous and vicious examples must, of course, be equally influential ; as on beings sinfully inclined, it is acknowledged, sinful examples have an influence entirely preponderating. All this is evident, because virtuous beings must love virtuous conduct, and follow it, as much as vicious beings love and follow vicious conduct, and because neutral beings, if such are supposed to exist, can have no bias to either. If then mankind were virtuously inclined, they would follow, with a clear and universal preponderation, virtuous examples. If neither virtuously nor sinfully inclined, they would follow virtuous and sinful examples alike, and with an equal propensity to imitation. But neither of these facts is found in human experience. Virtuous examples, it is acknowledged, have some degree of influence, but all men know this influence to be exceedingly and distressingly small. This truth is seen every day, in every place, and in every person. Whence arises the superior influence of vicious example, but from the fact that it is more pleasing to the human heart ? In heaven such example could have no influence.
2. If the first men were virtuous, as the objection supposes all men to be by nature, and as, according to the objection, these must have been, there could have been no evil examples, and upon this plan, no sin in the world.
Virtuous men, that is, men wholly virtuous, cannot exhibit an evil example. If then the first men were virtuous, their immediate successors had no vicious ex-
ample to follow, and must therefore have been themselves virtuous. Of course, the example which they set also was only virtuous. Upon this plan, sin could never have entered the world. But sin is in the world, and is, and ever has been, the universally prevailing character of the human race. The objectors, therefore, are reduced by their scheme to this dilemma ; either virtuous men set sinful examples, which is a plain contradiction ; or men became sinful without sinful examples.
Should it be said, that after Adam and Eve apostatized, they corrupted their- children by their own sinful example, who again corrupted theirs, and thus every generation became the means of corrupting those who followed them ; and that in this manner the existence of a sinful character in mankind may be explained ; I answer, that I readily admit the premises to a certain extent, but wholly deny the conclusion. Adam and Eve, speedily after their apostasy, that is, before they had children, became penitents. The example therefore which they exhibited to their children was such as penitents exhibit, expressive of their abhorrence of sin, and of their humble obedience to God. Such an example penitents now exhibit ; and such a one, without a question, they have always exhibited. But this example, preponderating greatly in favour of virtue, must have had substantially the same influence with one perfectly virtuous. Of course, the perfectly virtuous minds of Adam's children must by this example have been strongly biassed to virtue, and according to this scheme, could not have failed of retaining their virtuous character. But this is plainly contrary to the fact. The descendants of Adam, of the first and of every succeeding generation, were evidently sinful beings, and in the course of ten generations became so universally and absolutely sinful, that, except Noah and his family, God destroyed them all by the deluge. God himself declares concerning them, that ' every imagination of the thoughts of their hearts was only evil continually ; that it repented the Lord that he had made man upon the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.' In vain, therefore, do Ave look for the proper influence of virtuous example, on children born virtuous among the early descendants of Adam.
If mankind are born with neutral characters, not inclined either to good or to evil, the difliculty will not be seriously lessened. In this case, men ought now to be as generally virtuous as sinful : because this character furnishes exactly the same probability of the prevalence of virtue as of sin. But no such equality has at any period of time existed. On the contrary, men are now, and ever have been, without an exception, sinners.
Uniform sin proves uniform tendency to sin ; for nothing more is meant by tendency, in any case, but an aptitude in the nature of a thing to produce effects of a given kind. With this meaning only in view, we say, that it is the nature or tendency of an apple-tree to produce apples, and of a fig-tree to produce figs. In the same manner we must, I think, say, if we would say the truth, that it is the tendency or nature of the human heart to sin.
It is farther objected, that the uniformity of sin in children, and therefore in all the human race, may be fairly explained by the nature of moral agency.
tion, the liberty of indifference, and the liberty of contingency. By persons who hold this scheme, a more unfortunate objection to the doctrine could not, I apprehend, have been easily devised.
If the freedom of the will is the freedom of contingency, then plainly its volitions are all accidents, and certainly the chances, arithmetically considered, are as numerous in favour of virtuous volitions as of sinful ones. There ought, therefore, on this plan, to be, and ever to have been, as many absolutely virtuous persons in the world as sinful. Plainly, all ought not to be sinful. If the freedom of the will is the freedom of indifference, the same consequence ought to follow ; for, if there be no bias in the mind towards either virtue or sin at the time immediately preceding each of its volitions, and the freedom of each volition arises out of this fact, then, certainly, there being no bias either way, the number of virtuous and that of sinful volitions must naturally be equal, and no cause can be assigned why every man, independently of his renovation by the Spirit of God, should be sinful only.
If the liberty of the will consists in self-determination, and the mind, without the influence of any motive, first wills that it will form a second volition, and this volition depends for its freedom on the existence of such a preceding one, then it is plain, that from these preceding volitions as many virtuous as sinful ones ought to be derived ; because the preceding or self-determining volitions are, by the supposition, under no influence or bias from any cause whatever.
Thus, it is evident that, according to all these suppositions there could be no preponderancy, much less a universality of sin in the world. The state of facts is therefore contradictory to the objection, as supported by them all.
Farther: the freedom of the will, and consequently moral agency, in man in this world, is the same with that of ' the spirits of just men made perfect ' in heaven ; the same with that of angels ; the same with that of the man Christ Jesus. Whence then does it come to pass, that the same moral agency leads or influences these beings universally to virtue, and men in this world universally to sin ? This question the objectors are bound to answer.
duce at the present time is the death of infants.
A great part of mankind die in infancy, before they are, or can be, capable of moral action, in the usual meaning of the phrase. Their death is attended with all the appai'ent sufferings usually experienced by persons of riper age, and with such suffering, at least, as plainly is often intense. Their death is also an ordinance of God ; a dispensation of his immediate government. The language of this dispensation cannot, I think, be mistaken ; and its meaning cannot be that of approbation. It is also the language, literally, of the curse denounced against our first parents, and the execution of that sentence, so far as this world is concerned. So St Paul has directly declared, ' death has passed upon all men, for that all have sinned.' ' The wages of sin is death.' Death, then, the fruit or wages of sin, the punishment denounced against it in the original sentence, must, I think, be acknowledged to be indubitable evidence of the existence of depravity in every moral being, that is, every being capable of depravity, who is the subject of death.
It ought here to be remembered, that death arrests infants in every form of distress and terror in which it befalls persons of riper years. They, together with others, are swept away by the immediate hand of God, in those various judgments with which he awfully punishes mankind. They are swept away by the silent, awful hand of the pestilence ; are consumed by the conflagration, overwhelmed by the volcano, swallowed up by the earthquake, and wasted by the lingering agonies of famine. At the same time, they suffer from mankind, all the deplorable violence of war, and the unnanatural cruelties of persecution.
With these facts in view, Ave are compelled to one of these conclusions : either that infants are contaminated in their moral nature, and born in the likeness of apostate Adam, a fact irresistibly proved, so far as the most unexceptionable analogy can prove any thing, by the depraved moral conduct of every infant who lives so long as to be capable of moral action ; or that God inflicts these sufferings on moral beings who are perfectly innocent. I leave* the alternative to the choice of those who object against this doctrine.
There are but two objections to this argument within my knowledge. The first is, That beyond the grave, infants may be compensated for their sufferings by receiving superior degrees of happiness. This objection will be easily seen to be of no validity. It is certainly unnecessary for God to make infants unhappy here, in order to make them happy in any manner whatever hereafter. Angels are made completely happy in heaven, without having suffered any preceding unhappiness. Plainly, infants might be made happy to any degree in the same manner. But, if the sufferings of infants are unnecessary, then they are causeless, on the scheme of this objection ; and God is supposed to create so much misery, merely to compensate it by so much future enjoyment. I think this conduct will not soberly be attributed to the Creator, since it would plainly be disgraceful to any of his intelligent creatures.
The second objection is, That God governs the universe by general laws, and that in their operation, inequalities and evils ought to be expected. There are two answers to this objection. The first is, that God cannot be supposed to establish any general law which produces injustice, such as the suffering of virtuous* beings must be acknowledged to be. The second is, that this is itself a general law, extending probably to one-third or one-fourth of the human race. The dispensation therefore, and not the exceptions, is unequal and evil according to this scheme. Surely the difficulty is not lessened by such a supposition.
It will probably be farther said, that so many difficulties attend this part of the doctrine, as to perplex and distress the mind no less than the suppositions already refuted. The difficulties attending the existence of moral evil are, I readily acknowledge, very great, and they easily become very distressing, whatever scheme of thought we may adopt concerning this subject ; that is, if we pursue it to any extent. But, 1 apprehend, the chief of those difficulties which necessarily attend us will be found to lie in the fact, that moral evil exists. To these we may or may not, as we please, add others found in the particular scheme of doctrine which we choose to adopt. The doctrine asserted in this Discourse is, I think, unanswerably supported by Revelation, and by facts. Of course, it adds to the
original difficulties inherent in the existence of moral evil no new ones of its own. The schemes which I am opposing contain, on the contrary, a new series of embarrassments, besides those which are common to them and to the doctrine of this Discourse. The truth is, the subject of moral evil is too extensive and too mysterious to be comprehended by our understanding. Some things the Scriptures teach us concerning it, and these are usually furnished with important evidence from facts. Many other things pertaining to this subject lie wholly beyond our reach. What we can know, it is our duty and interest to know. Where knowledge is unattainable, it is both our duty and interest to trust humbly and submissively to the instrctions of him who is The Only Wise.
But in this so difficult and perplexing dispensation, there is nothing more absolutely inexplicable than in many others which, because we are less interested in them, we generally consider as scarcely mysterious at°all. I will mention one, out of very many. The state of the animal world, generally, is such as to baffle all human investigation. Why most animals exist at all, and why any of them are unhappy, are subjects which defy and silence the most ingenious inquiries of man. Nor is it originally strange, that the dispensations of a Being whose ways are above ours, ' as the heavens are higher than the earth,' should be incomprehensible and inexplicable by us.
It ought to be here remembered, that that which is true, is not affected by any difficulty whatever, so far as its truth merely is concerned ; and that that which is
known, is not rendered less certain by that which is unknown, whatever connexion may exist between them, or whatever embarrassments may arise concerning that which is unknown.
It was with these views that I chose to state the doctrine of this Discourse in the words in which it was expressed. I observed, that, ' in consequence of the apostasy of Adam all have sinned.' The universality of sin was, I trust, proved sufficiently in two preceding Discourses. In this, if I mistake not, it has been proved that the sin of mankind has existed in consequence of that apostasy. By this language, I presume my audience understand me to intend, that if Adam had not fallen, sin would not have entered this world. To this single fact I have confined all my observations, because this is the simple account given in the Scriptures ; and because I supposed it capable of being easily comprehended, and satisfactorily proved.
I shall only add, that a cause of human depravity is here alleged, of which all the characteristics mentioned in the commencement of this Discourse may be truly predicated : viz. the corruption of that energy of the mind whence volitions flow, and which I have heretofore asserted to be the seat of moral character in rational beings. This cause must be acknowledged to be universal, to be everywhere the same, and not to have always existed. It must also be conceded that it began to exist, according to the Scriptures, as early as the effects, which have given birth to all our inquiries concerning the corruption of mankind.
In the four preceding Discourses I have endeavoured to show the universality and extent of human corruption, and its existence in consequence of the apostasy of Adam. It is now my design to subjoin to the observations made in these Discourses several Remarks, naturally arising from the consideration of this subject, and of no inconsiderable importance. The end of all doctrinal preaching is to persuade men cordially to receive truth, that they may be governed by it in their conduct ; and of preaching, in any particular instance, to persuade them thus to receive one truth, in order to their reception of others.
From doctrines so important and so absolutely fundamental as those which have occupied these Discourses, very numerous inferences of great moment cannot fail to be drawn by a mind addicted to solemn contemplation. A small number of them only can, however, be mentioned -with advantage in a single sermon. For the present occasion I have selected the following :
rulers.
At this subject I have glanced in a former Discourse but have reserved the more extensive discussion which it merits for the present occasion.
It has been frequently and triumphantly said, particularly in modern times, that the corruption of mankind is wholly artificial, and owes its existence to civilized society ; particularly to the form and administration of government, and to the civil and ecclesiastical rulers of mankind.
The method in which these orders of men are supposed to have corrupted their fellow men is, that of oppression ; at least this is considered as the chief instrument of the corruption, and is supposed to operate principally in two ways ; viz. keeping them poor, and keeping them ignorant.
It ought, undoubtedly to be acknowledged, that the rulers of mankind have extensively corrupted them ; that they have also greatly oppressed them ; and that by keeping them poor and ignorant, they have contri'
buted, in a very great and guilty degree, to the increase of their corruption. It ought to be farther acknowledged, that rulers, and other men of wealth and influence, have much more effectually and extensively corrupted their fellow men by example, art, and seduction ; by exhibiting to them powerful temptations, placing within their reach the means of sin, making the path to perpetration smooth, easy, and safe, and presenting to them arguments, ingeniously and laboriously contrived to justify them in the commission, than they have ever done by both the methods alleged above. The philosophers with whom I am contending, have probably insisted less on this source of human corruption, partly because they wished to render the men in question odious, and thought this an efficacious mean of accomplishing their purpose ; and partly because they were sensible that themselves were deeply implicated in the charge of corrupting mankind in the manner last mentioned. So far as argument and influence have increased the turpitude of the human character, few men are chargeable with so great a share of the guilt. Their arguments concerning moral subjects have been commonly mere means of seduction, and their example has only seconded their arguments. A host of ancient philosophers were banished from Rome as a public nuisance. Had a large proportion of modern ones lived in the same city, at the same time, there is little reason to doubt that they would have shared the same fate, for the same reason.
The form of government also, in some cases, and the peculiar administration of it in others, have undoubtedly contributed in a distinguished degree to the depravation of mankind. Monarchies have produced this effect by immense patronage ; by the operations of despotic power, demanding and effectuating a slavish dependence, and a base sacrifice of principle, in their subjects ; by splendour, luxury, war, and a general dissoluteness of manners. Republican governments, although in certain circumstances more favourable to virtue, have yet at times been equally pernicious, by furnishing opportunities and strong temptations for the sacrifice of integrity at elections, for caballing, bribery, faction, private ambition, bold contentions for place and power, and that civil discord which is naturally accompanied by the prostration of morality and religion. Thus Rome, in the time of Marius and Sylla, degenerated with inconceivable rapidity. This example many other republics have been but too willing to follow. The heathen priests and princes also, although generally believing in the most serious manner the miserable, demoralizing idolatry which they professed, found a deep interest in the establishment of their religious systems, and the deplorable corruption by which they were of course attended.
The Romish hierarchy, uniting in itself all authority both secular and ecclesiastical, presented immense inducements to the love of wealth, power, splendour, and sensuality, and vast means of gratifying these corrupt propensities of the human heart. At the same time, it held out the most efficacious motives to the perpetuation of these enjoyments by keeping mankind in a state of abject ignorance, slavery, and corruption. In this manner it contributed more to this dreadful purpose than any other political system which the world has ever seen. Like the mountains piled up by the giants, it seemed, for a time, to menace heaven itself with the
It must farther be conceded, that amongst Protestant ministers, although plainly the most unblameable and exemplary class of men who in equal numbers have ever appeared in this world, there have not been wanting those who, by means of their latitudinarian doctrines and loose lives, have exercised a malignant influence over their fellow men, and contributed in a serious degree to the depravation of the human character.
Finally : Infidel philosophers of modern times have surpassed, in the wonderful rapidity and success with which they have dissolved the human character, and destroyed the very remembrance of principle, even the portentous mischiefs of the Romish hierarchy. Were it not that such nuisances to the world are in their very nature incapable of operating with such efficacy for any long continuance, they would change the earth into a desert, where no principle would spring, and no happiness grow. Like the Genii, fabled in Arabian tales, they would enchant the towns and cities of this world with a more than magic wand, and where rational and immortal beings once lived and acted, where morals flourished, religion scattered her blessings, and the worship of God ascended to heaven as the odour of sweet incense, leave nothing but the forms of men, without motion, without life, without souls ; imprisoned beyond the hope of escape within their encompassing walls, and surrounded by nothing but silence, solitude, and death.
These concessions will, it is presumed, be thought sufficiently liberal and ample. Still the doctrine against which they have been pleaded is not even remotely affected by them, but stands in full force, and on the basis of conclusive evidence. For,
depraved.
Rulers, although in a great majority of instances corrupt, and in many wonderfully corrupt, have yet in many others been virtuous, and in some eminently virtuous. It will not, as with truth it plainly cannot, he denied that virtuous rulers have had a real and happy influence in reforming those whom they governed. The example and efforts of all men in high authority have ever been efficacious ; if good, to encourage virtue ; if evil, to promote vice. The good which virtuous rulers have done has not been here merely negative ; that is, they have not merely ceased to corrupt their fellow men, but with a positive efficacy they have directly contributed to make them better. This is so evident from uniform experience, that an attempt to prove it would be only a waste of time. Example and influence are proverbially powerful even in private life, and no man needs to be informed that they are more effectual in the chair of authority than in the cottage. Nor will any man acquainted with history deny, that David, Hezekiah, and Josiah ; the Maccabees, Alfred the Great, Edward VI., or the two elder Gustavuses, reformed in a serious degree the nations over whom they presided.
Still it is equally well known to all persons of information, that no ruler and no succession of rulers ever changed the native character of man in any such manner, as to make the nations whom they governed gene-
rally virtuous, or at all to lessen the evidence which supports the doctrine of universal depravity. What they have done we style with metaphysical exactness, reformation ; that is, forming anew the moral character which they actually found, and which only was everywhere the subject of their efforts. In our very language we thus testify, unwillingly perhaps, that the moral character of our race is such as needs to be formed anew ; or, in other words, is depraved. Even this reformation, good rulers have accomplished with great labour and difficulty ; and it was confined to a number of instances in a melancholy degree moderate. Of this truth flagrant proof has been furnished in the sudden and deplorable revival of all kinds of iniquity, at the moment when the restraining influence of a good ruler has been taken away by death, and new license has been given to the free indulgence of the native human propensities, by the succession of a wicked prince to the sceptre. Such a prince has had more influence to corrupt a nation in a year, than a virtuous one to amend them during his whole reign. Manasseh pulled down in a day what Hezekiah had been building up through his life. Or perhaps, in more exact language, what virtuous princes accomplish with such vast labour, dissolves of itself, under the malignant influence of corruption universally experienced, and universally operating, whenever that corruption is freed from the restraints imposed on it by virtue seated upon the throne. Were the mind of man originally inclined to virtue, this would be impossible.
2. Those subjects who have been raised above the oppression and ignorance contended for, have not been more free than others from this depravity.
If the oppression and ignorance specified were indeed the causes of this corruption, then the corruption ought not to be extended to those subjects who were neither ignorant nor oppressed. But we do not find these men, in fact, any better than their fellow subjects.
On the contrary, the more that men have possessed the means of pleasure and sin, the more wealth, independence, and self-control they have enjoyed, the more corrupt they have usually been. How often do we see a youth, or a poor man, by coming suddenly to opulence and high personal independence, lose his former sober, decent character, and become at once grossly immoral. So common is this fact as to be proverbially remarked, and to be the foundation of important prudential maxims concerning the management of our children. All observing men, even of the most ordinary education, hold it as a fundamental doctrine of experience, that it is harder to bear prosperity than adversity.
Men of science, learning, and extensive information have, in the meantime, been to a great extent exceedingly corrupt and wicked ; incomparably more so, in degree, than the ignorant ; and proportionally as much so in the number of instances. The ancient philosophers, the most learned and intelligent men of the heathen world, were very generally gross examples of sin. Infidel philosophers in modern times have, in this respect, certainly not fallen behind them. Of the former of these assertions, Cicero, Plutarch, Lucian, Seneca, and Diogenes Laertius, themselves philosophers, are ample and unimpeachable witnesses ; of the latter, the writings and lives of the philosophers themselves. The truth is, as any man who knows any thing of the subject readily discerns, knowledge is a thing entirely distinct from
virtue, not necessarily connected with it, and without virtue, is but too often the means of ingenious, powerful, and dreadful iniquity. There is not a reason furnished by experience to induce a belief, that the increase of knowledge is of course the increase of virtue.
3. In those states of society where rulers have the least influence which is possible in the present world, men are not less vicious in proportion to their power of being vicious, than they are where rulers have the greatest influence.
For complete proof of this assertion I appeal to the state of the aboriginal Americans. In the state of society existing among these people, men are as independent, and as little influenced by power, authority, and governmental example, as men living together can be. Here neither kings, nor nobles, nor priests, have any other weight or control than that which springs of course from the mere gathering together of human beings. Yet no man who knows any thing of the morals of these people, can hesitate to acknowledge them corrupt in a degree enormous and dreadful. Fraud, falsehood, lewdness, drunkenness, treachery, malice, cruelty, and murder, acted out in the most deplorable manner, are strong and dreadful features of the whole savage character. Here then, the vice exists anterior to artificial society, and in the state nearest to that which is called ' the state of nature.' What is true of the American savages is true of all others ; and universally furnishes undeniable proof of fearful depravity, originally inherent in man, and wholly independent of the causes alleged in this objection.
chies.
In republics the influence and the oppression of kings are unknown. If then republics have been no less corrupt than monarchies, regal oppression and influence are falsely alleged as the proper and original causes of human depravity ; since here they do not exist. In the most absolute freedom ever found in republics, wickedness has been as truly the character of men as in kingdoms. This character also has been equally depraved, not in all instances I readily grant, but in more than enough to establish the doctrine. Carthage, Rome, Athens, Sparta, Venice, the Grison states, and republican France, are undeniable examples. It ought particularly to be remarked, that republics have usually oppressed their provinces with more unfeeling cruelty than monarchies. Their own freedom, therefore, has not made them at all more friendly, but less so, to the freedom and happiness of their fellow men. The deplorable vassalage, existing in our own country to an enormous extent, is a flagrant and melancholy, although it may be thought an invidious proof of this assertion. If then some republics have been distinguished by a higher degree of virtue, as has undoubtedly been the fact, the cause was not their freedom, for that has universally existed and operated, but something peculiar to themselves.
greatest influence.
Switzerland, Holland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut have long, by general acknowledgment, been placed among the most virtuous republics. But in all these, clergymen have had more influence than in any other. On the contrary, where clergymen have had little influ-
ence, there has been comparatively but very little virtue. Of this truth, instances are numerous, and at hand. They are also too clear to admit of a doubt. The general voice of mankind has decided this point, and from this voice there can be no appeal.
Hence it is evident that the influence of clergymen is so far from contributing to the corruption of mankind, upon the whole, that it has meliorated their character most where it has most prevailed, and rendered them materially better than they have been elsewhere. I speak here, it will be observed, only of Protestant ministers of the gospel. I know it has been the custom of infidels to group them together with Romish priests, to whom of all men they have been most opposed, and whom they more than any other men have contributed to overthrow : and with heathen priests, w ith whom they have nothing in common, except the essential characteristics of men, and a title at times applied to both ; a mere generic name, formed by the same letters indeed, but meaning in the different applications, things as unlike as folly and wisdom, holiness and sin. As well might Newton, Locke, Butler, and Boyle, be united in a monstrous assemblage with Spinosa, Voltaire, Diderot, and Condorcet, because they have all been styled philosophers ; Alfred twinned with Kouli Khan, because they have both been called kings ; and Sydenham be coupled with an Indian Powwaw, because they have both been named physicians.
It ought farther to be observed as a universal truth, that in all Protestant countries, the countries where virtue has flourished more than in any other, the existence of virtue has been exactly proportioned to the influence of ministers of the gospel. All real virtue is the effect of the gospel crowned with the divine blessing. But wherever the gospel has the greatest effects, its ministers are the most respected and influential ; for the principal efficacy of the gospel is conveyed through their preaching, candidly and kindly received. Scotland may be mentioned as a strong instance of this general truth. In that country, under a regal government, and amid the influence of a powerful body of nobles, supposed by my antagonist to be so hostile to the existence of virtue, there has, perhaps, long been less vice and more virtue, than in any European country of equal extent. Yet there the influence of clergymen has, in all probability, been greater than in any other Protestant country.
lowest ebb, and vice most prevalent and dreadful.
In a state of anarchy all lawful authority and regular influence, both civil and ecclesiastical, are extinguished, and lose therefore whatever efficacy they may be supposed to possess towards the corruption of mankind. Yet of all situations in which society can be placed, anarchy is the most pernicious to the morals of men. Of this truth we have proverbial evidence in the great practical maxim, that ' no people can exist for any length of time in a state of anarchy.' Of the soundness of this important doctrine our own country, during the late revolution, gave sufficient proof. When the restraints of government and religion were only partially taken off, men became vicious in a moment, to a degree here unexampled. I myself have seen a number of men, commonly sober, decent, moral, and orderly in their deportment, lose, upon joining a mob, even the appearance of these characteristics, and exhibit more
years.
The restraints of government and religion are, therefore, so far from making men worse upon the whole, that without them men become so profligate as to render it impossible for them even to live together. All this is indeed very easily understood. Government, in the great body of cases, restrains men only from vice ; and religion, that is, the religion of the gospel, in every case. The sanctions of government are protection to those who obey, and punishment to those who disobey. The sanctions of religion are endless rewards to virtue, and endless punishments to sin. That these sanctions promote vice is a paradox which I leave to be solved by others. He who can solve it will prove in his solution, that men are disposed to be virtuous and vicious, without motives to either ; and to be virtuous only under the influence of the strongest motives to vice, and vicious only under the influence of the strongest motives to virtue. The honour of this discovery I shall not dispute with any man who is willing to claim it as his own.
The truth plainly is, and ever has been, mankind as a body are uniformly more or less Avicked in proportion to the means which they possess of vicious indulgence, and to the temptations with which they are surrounded. Kings, nobles, and all others possessed of wealth, power, talents, and influence, although having the same nature with other men, are usually more vicious, because these things furnish them with ampler means of sin, and stronger temptations. Mediocrity of life, on the contrary, has ever been believed by wise men among heathens, as well as Christians, to be the state most favourable to virtue, and has, therefore, proverbially been styled the golden mean. Agur has taught this doctrine from the mouth of God. Experience and common sense have given it their fullest attestation.
Even poverty and persecution have in many instances proved favourable to morals and religion. The poverty of Sparta was a prime source of whatever was honourable in its character ; and Christianity flourished amid the sufferings of its martyrs.
From these observations it is evident, that the depravity of man exists independently of every state of society, and is found in every situation in which man is found ; that it exists wherever oppression is, and whereever it is not ; with and without the authority or influence of privileged men ; in the independent savage, and the abject slave of Asiatic despotism ; in the wild Arabian, and the silken courtier : in the prince who is above all law, and the peasant who is subjected to every law. The scheme which I am opposing is, therefore, a mere plaything of doubting Philosophy, making for herself worlds as children make soap-bubbles, amusing herself less rationally, and hoping for their permanency with more egregious credulity
1. From fact.
Mankind have in every age laboured with great earnestness to perfect the human character. The immense toils of education have been intentionally directed to this end. Schools and colleges without number have been erected, multitudes of wise and industrious
men have laboured through life, books have been written, laws have been enacted, and magistrates have been employed in an almost endless multitude, for the same great purpose. Nay, God has himself revealed his own will ; requiring with infinite authority, instructing with infinite wisdom, and urging with infinite motives, that men should become virtuous. The Redeemer of mankind was born, lived, and died ; the Spirit of grace has descended, influenced, and blessed ; the worship of God has regularly been celebrated through a great part of the ivorld ; and a vast succession of wise and faithful ministers have spent life, to accomplish this glorious design. Yet how little has been done ! Howfew have been seriously amended ! What one has been raised to perfection ? Trace the history, search the race of man, and tell me where he is to be found.
Shall we then believe that the schemes of modern philosophy will accomplish what all preceding philosophers, and men much wiser than philosophers, what the word of God, the redemption of his Son, and the communications of his Spirit have never yet accomplished ? Can human perfection be the result of a benevolence which, indeed, utters good works, but is a total stranger to good actions : which is occupied in lamenting while it should relieve ; which says to the poor, the hungry, and the naked, ' Depart in peace ; be ye warmed, and be ye filled ;' which is exhaled in sighs, and emptied out in tears ; which shrinks from the cottage of poverty, and withdraws its icy hand from the supplication of distress ; which agonizes over imagined sufferers in Japan, but can neither see nor hear real ones at its own door ; which deplores the disastrous fate of profligates and villains, and arraigns the justice which consigns them to the jail or the gibbet ; but exults in the ruin of worth, the destruction of human peace, and the contemplated devastation of a world ? Can the perfection of man be the result of intelligence which dictates, as the happiest state of society, a community of labours, in which the idle would literally do nothing, and the industrious nothing more than to supply their own absolute wants ; a community of property, in which little would be earned, and much of that little wasted on mere lust, and the remainder lost, because none would preserve what none expected to enjoy ; a community of wives, in which affection would cease, principle vanish, furious animosity distract, and fierce revenge assassinate ; and in which children would grow up, when they did not perish in infancy, without a known father, without comfortable subsistence, without education, without worth, without a name ? When men become immortal by medicine and moral energy, according to the dreams of the same philosophy, they may perhaps become perfect by the proposed schemes of its discipline.
To such persons as insist that the melioration suggested has failed, because the means used were imperfectly fitted to accomplish the end, I answer: If the end were possible, it is reasonable to believe that amid so great a variety, extent, and continuance of these means, directed to this end by the highest human wisdom, some one system would have succeeded. As these have all failed, it cannot be rationally doubted that all others will fail. Those, particularly, which are now offered as substitutes, promise not even the remotest degree of success ; and are, on the other hand, fraught with the most portentous threatenings of absolute ruin. To these things I will add, that the authors of them, on whom
their efficacy ought first to be proved, are farther removed from virtue than mankind in general. Until their own character, therefore, is materially changed for the better, they may be unanswerably addressed with the forcible Jewish proverb, ' Physician, heal thyself.'
2. It is also clearly evinced by the nature of the case.
The depravity of man is a part of his constitution, of his nature, of himself. To perfect his character, it would be necessary to change him into a new creature ; and separate a part of that which makes him what he is ; viz. his moral character. It would be equally rational to say, that man in the present world can become a flying creature, as that he can become a perfect creature. If he can be turned into a bird, he may also, perhaps, be changed into an angel. All that has been hitherto done, and therefore all that will hereafter be done, is to confine one class of his desires, viz. those which" are sinful by their excess, within juster bounds ; and to prevent in some measure the risings of the other, viz. those which are sinful in their nature. Until more than this shall be effected, the world will be equally and justly astonished at the folly which could persuade Godwin that a plough could be made to move through a field of itself, and that man could be rendered perfect by his scheme of discipline.
III. From these Discourses it is evident, that the fundamental principle of moral and political science, so far as man is concerned, is his depravity.
It will not be questioned, that virtuous and depraved beings differ from each other radically, nor that the science of the one must, of course, differ in its fundamental principles from the science of the other. A philosopher might, if possessed of competent knowledge, describe exactly the character of an angel, and yet scarcely say any thing except what pertains to a moral being as such, which would be at all applicable to the character of man. A book, displaying the whole nature and conduct of our first parents in Paradise, would contain scarcely any thing descriptive of their apostate descendants. But all science of this nature is founded in facts, and is formed of facts, and the relations which spring from them. The first great fact in the science of man is, that he is a depraved being. This is the'first and fundamental fact, because out of it arise, and by it are characterized, all his volitions, and all his conduct. Hence every thing pertaining to man is coloured and qualified by this part of his moral nature, and no description of him can be true, and no doctrine sound or defensible into which this consideration does not essentially enter ; equally true is it, that no system of regulations can be practically suited to him, or fitted to control his conduct with success or efficacy, which is not founded on the same principle.
From these observations it is evident, that much of what is published and received as moral and political science, is only ' science fabely so called.' It considers man as originally a virtuous being, accidentally, and in some small degrees, warped from the path of rectitude, and always ready to return to it again ; deceived and abused by insidious and peculiarly corrupted individuals, but, left to himself, designing nothing beside what is good, and uttering nothing but what is true. This indeed is a character ' devoutly to be wished :' but the picture is without an original ; in the language of painters, a mere fancy-piece : and it would be as easy to find the human character in a gryphon of Ariosto, or
library filled with this species of philosophy.
Were these systems to terminate in speculation only, their authors might be permitted to dream on without disturbance. But unhappily, their doctrines are made the foundation and directory of personal conduct, and public administration. Rules of private life, municipal laws, and other governmental regulations, are drawn from these pleasing, but merely hypothetical doctrines ; and are intended, and expected actually to control men and their affairs, so as to effectuate good order, peace, and prosperity. Here the influence of systems, which proceed according to this scheme, becomes eminently dangerous, malignant, and fatal. All the measures founded on them are fitted for the inhabitants of some other planet, or the natives of fairy-land, or the forms which haunt the dreams of a distempered fancy, with an incomparably better adaptation than for men. Of course 1 they can never become practical or useful to such beings as really exist in this world, impatient even of necessary ' restraints ; selfish, covetous, proud, envious, wrathful, I revengeful, lewd, forgetful of God, and hostile to each other. Open your eyes on the beings around you ; cast • them back on the annals of history ; turn them inward upon yourselves, and you will find ample and overwhelming proof of the truth of these observations.
On this fundamental folly was founded all those vain, empty, miserable systems of policy which, in a porI tentous succession, deluded republican France into ' misery and ruin. In the treatises, laws, and measures brought into being in that nation, during its late won■■ derful struggle to become free, the people were uriii formly declared to be good, honest, virtuous, influenced li only by the purest motives, and aiming only at the best I ends. These very people, at the same time, were employed in little else except unceasing plunder, uniform treachery, the violation of all laws, the utterance of all
state of immorality, in a prostration of all principle, at I which even this sinful world stood aghast, this despicail ble flattery was continually reiterated, and the miserable objects of it very naturally concluded that, as they were praised while they were doing these things, they were , praised for doing them. Of course they were fixed in I this conduct beyond recall. Every malignant passion was let loose, the reins were thrown upon the neck of every sordid appetite, the people became a collection of wild beasts, and the country a den of ravage and slaughter. In this situation nothing could restrain them but
■ force. The wretches who by their songs and incantations had called up the fiends of mischief, could not lay them ; but became, in an enormous and horrid
: succession, victims of their own spells, and were offered i up by hundreds to the sanguinary Moloch which they i had so absurdly and wickedly idolized, i Sound and true policy will always consider man as , he is, and treat him accordingly. Its measures will be ! universally calculated for depraved beings, and it will, - therefore, never hesitate to establish every necessary restraint. Whatever is good in man it will regard as i the result of wise, careful, efficacious discipline, realized
demption of Christ was absolutely necessary to mankind.
|
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Grabacr07.KanColleWrapper.Models;
using Livet;
namespace BattleInfoPlugin.Models
{
public class ShipData : NotificationObject
{
private readonly ShipInfo EnemyInfo;
private readonly Ship ShipSource;
public string Name
{
get
{
return this.ShipSource != null
? this.ShipSource.Info.Name
: this.EnemyInfo != null
? this.EnemyInfo.Name
: "？？？";
}
}
public string AdditionalName
{
get
{
if (this.EnemyInfo == null) return "";
var isEnemyID = 500 < this.EnemyInfo.Id && this.EnemyInfo.Id < 901;
return isEnemyID ? BattleInfoPlugin.RawStart2.api_mst_ship.Single(x => x.api_id == this.EnemyInfo.Id).api_yomi : "";
}
}
public string TypeName
{
get
{
return this.ShipSource != null
? this.ShipSource.Info.ShipType.Name
: this.EnemyInfo != null
? this.EnemyInfo.ShipType.Name
: "？？？";
}
}
public ShipSituation Situation
{
get { return this.ShipSource != null ? this.ShipSource.Situation : ShipSituation.None; }
}
public int SourceMaxHP
{
get
{
return this.ShipSource != null
? this.ShipSource.HP.Maximum
: this.EnemyInfo != null
? this.EnemyInfo.HP
: 0;
}
}
public int SourceNowHP
{
get
{
return this.ShipSource != null
? this.ShipSource.HP.Current
: this.EnemyInfo != null
? this.EnemyInfo.HP
: 0;
}
}
#region MaxHP変更通知プロパティ
private int _MaxHP;
public int MaxHP
{
get { return this._MaxHP; }
set
{
if (this._MaxHP == value)
return;
this._MaxHP = value;
this.RaisePropertyChanged();
this.RaisePropertyChanged(() => this.HP);
}
}
#endregion
#region NowHP変更通知プロパティ
private int _NowHP;
public int NowHP
{
get { return this._NowHP; }
set
{
if (this._NowHP == value)
return;
this._NowHP = value;
this.RaisePropertyChanged();
this.RaisePropertyChanged(() => this.HP);
}
}
#endregion
#region HP変更通知プロパティ
public LimitedValue HP
{
get { return new LimitedValue(this.NowHP, this.MaxHP, 0); }
}
#endregion
public ShipData()
{
}
public ShipData(ShipInfo info)
{
this.EnemyInfo = info;
}
public ShipData(Ship ship)
{
this.ShipSource = ship;
}
}
public static class ShipDataExtensions
{
/// <summary>
/// Actionを使用して値を設定
/// Zipするので要素数が少ない方に合わせられる
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TSource"></typeparam>
/// <typeparam name="TValue"></typeparam>
/// <param name="source"></param>
/// <param name="values"></param>
/// <param name="setter"></param>
public static void SetValues<TSource, TValue>(
this TSource[] source,
IEnumerable<TValue> values,
Action<TSource, TValue> setter)
{
source.Zip(values, (s, v) => new {s, v})
.ToList()
.ForEach(x => setter(x.s, x.v));
}
/// <summary>
/// ダメージ適用
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ships">艦隊</param>
/// <param name="damages">適用ダメージリスト</param>
public static void CalcDamages(this ShipData[] ships, params FleetDamages[] damages)
{
foreach (var damage in damages)
{
ships.SetValues(damage.ToArray(), (s, d) => s.NowHP -= d);
}
}
}
}
|
#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h>
#include <clang/AST/ASTConsumer.h>
#include <clang/AST/Decl.h>
#include <clang/AST/Mangle.h>
#include <clang/AST/PrettyPrinter.h>
#include <clang/AST/RecursiveASTVisitor.h>
#include <clang/Frontend/CompilerInstance.h>
#include <clang/Frontend/FrontendActions.h>
#include <clang/Tooling/CommonOptionsParser.h>
#include <clang/Tooling/Tooling.h>
clang::MangleContext *mangler = nullptr;
std::unordered_map<std::string, std::pair<std::string, bool>> funMap;
std::vector<std::string> funList;
bool isTypeTrivial(const clang::QualType &q, const clang::QualType *qorig);
clang::QualType getPointedType(const clang::QualType q) {
if (const clang::PointerType *p = q->getAs<clang::PointerType>())
return getPointedType(p->getPointeeType());
else if (const clang::ReferenceType *r = q->getAs<clang::ReferenceType>())
return getPointedType(r->getPointeeType());
else
return q;
}
std::string record2name(const clang::RecordDecl &q, const clang::QualType *qorig) {
std::string s = q.getNameAsString();
if (s == "") {
if (!qorig) return "????.!";
if (const clang::TypedefType *tt = (*qorig)->getAs<clang::TypedefType>()) {
// Typedef
if (clang::TypedefNameDecl *td = tt->getDecl()) {
return td->getNameAsString();
} else {
return "<typedef with no declaration>";
}
} else {
return std::string("<unknown type ") + (*qorig)->getTypeClassName() + ">";
}
} else {
return s;
}
}
char ptr2char(const std::string &str) __attribute__((const));
const char *ptr2str(const std::string &str) __attribute__((const));
char type2char(const clang::QualType &qual /* Canonical */, const clang::QualType *qorig) {
if (qual->isBuiltinType()) {
switch (static_cast<const clang::BuiltinType&>(*qual).getKind()) {
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Void:
return 'v';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Bool:
return 'i';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Char_U:
return 'C';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Char_S:
return 'c';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Char8:
return 'c';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UChar:
return 'C';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SChar:
return 'c';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::WChar_U:
return 'W';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UShort:
return 'W';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::WChar_S:
return 'w';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Char16:
return 'w';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Short:
return 'w';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UInt:
return 'u';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Char32:
return 'i';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Int:
return 'i';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ULong:
return 'L';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Long:
return 'l';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ULongLong:
return 'U';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::LongLong:
return 'I';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UInt128:
return 'H';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Int128:
return 'H';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Float:
return 'f';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Double:
return 'd';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::LongDouble:
return 'D';
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::NullPtr:
return 'p'; // nullptr_t
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Half:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::BFloat16:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ShortAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Accum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::LongAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UShortAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ULongAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ShortFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Fract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::LongFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UShortFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ULongFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatShortAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatLongAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatUShortAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatUAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatULongAccum:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatShortFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatLongFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatUShortFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatUFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::SatULongFract:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Float16:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Float128:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Overload:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::BoundMember:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::PseudoObject:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::Dependent:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::UnknownAny:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ARCUnbridgedCast:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::BuiltinFn:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ObjCId:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ObjCClass:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::ObjCSel:
#define IMAGE_TYPE(it, id, si, a, s) case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::id:
#include <clang/Basic/OpenCLImageTypes.def>
#undef IMAGE_TYPE
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OCLSampler:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OCLEvent:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OCLClkEvent:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OCLQueue:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OCLReserveID:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::IncompleteMatrixIdx:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OMPArraySection:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OMPArrayShaping:
case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::OMPIterator:
#define EXT_OPAQUE_TYPE(et, id, e) case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::id:
#include <clang/Basic/OpenCLExtensionTypes.def>
#define SVE_TYPE(n, id, si) case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::id:
#include <clang/Basic/AArch64SVEACLETypes.def>
#define PPC_VECTOR_TYPE(n, id, s) case clang::BuiltinType::Kind::id:
#include <clang/Basic/PPCTypes.def>
#undef EXT_OPAQUE_TYPE
#undef SVE_TYPE
#undef PPC_VECTOR_TYPE
return '!';
default:
return ':';
}
} else if (qual->isEnumeralType()) {
const clang::EnumDecl *ed = qual->getAs<clang::EnumType>()->getDecl();
if (!ed) {
return 'i';
} else {
return type2char(ed->getIntegerType().getCanonicalType(), qorig);
}
} else if (qual->isFunctionPointerType()) {
return '@';
} else if (qual->isAnyPointerType() || qual->isReferenceType()) {
const clang::QualType &pointed = getPointedType(qual);
if (isTypeTrivial(pointed, qorig)) {
return 'p';
} else if (const clang::RecordType *rct = pointed->getAs<clang::RecordType>()) {
clang::RecordDecl *rc = rct->getDecl();
if (!rc) {
return '!';
} else if (!rc->isCompleteDefinition()) {
return 'p';
} else {
std::string str;
if (qorig) {
const clang::QualType qpted = getPointedType(*qorig);
str = record2name(*rc, &qpted);
} else {
str = record2name(*rc, nullptr);
}
char ret = ptr2char(str);
if (ret) return ret;
else {
return '!';
}
}
} else {
return '!';
}
} else if (const clang::RecordType *rct = qual->getAs<clang::RecordType>()) {
clang::RecordDecl *rc = rct->getDecl();
if (!rc) {
return '?';
} else if (rc->getNameAsString() == "__builtin_va_list") {
// va_list
return 'A';
} else {
return '?';
}
} else {
return '?';
}
}
bool isTypeTrivial(const clang::QualType &q, const clang::QualType *qorig) {
const char c = type2char(q, qorig);
#define GO(chr) || (c == chr)
return (c == 'v')
GO('i') GO('u')
GO('I') GO('U')
GO('l') GO('L')
GO('f') GO('d')
GO('D') GO('K')
GO('0') GO('1')
GO('C') GO('c')
GO('W') GO('w')
GO('H')
GO('p');
#undef GO
}
bool isTypeValid(const clang::QualType &q, const clang::QualType *qorig) {
const char c = type2char(q, qorig);
if (c == 'A') return false;
if (c == 'V') return false;
return ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9')) || ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z')) || ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'z'));
}
const std::string type2string(const clang::QualType &qual, const clang::QualType *qorig) {
if (qual->isBuiltinType()) {
return std::string("(builtin) ") + static_cast<const clang::BuiltinType&>(*qual).getName(clang::PrintingPolicy{{}}).data();
} else if (qual->isFunctionPointerType()) {
return "Callback (function pointer)";
} else if (qual->isAnyPointerType() || qual->isReferenceType()) {
std::string prefix = qual->isAnyPointerType() ? "Pointer to " : "Reference to ";
const clang::QualType &pointed = getPointedType(qual);
if (isTypeTrivial(pointed, qorig)) {
return prefix + "trivial object " + type2string(pointed, qorig) + " (" + type2char(pointed, qorig) + ")";
} else if (const clang::RecordType *rct = pointed->getAs<clang::RecordType>()) {
clang::RecordDecl *rc = rct->getDecl();
if (!rc) {
return prefix + "unknown record";
} else if (!rc->isCompleteDefinition()) {
return prefix + "incomplete record " + rc->getNameAsString();
} else {
std::string str;
if (qorig) {
const clang::QualType qpted = getPointedType(*qorig);
str = record2name(*rc, &qpted);
} else {
str = record2name(*rc, nullptr);
}
const char *ret = ptr2str(str);
if (ret[0] != '\0') {
return prefix + ret;
} else {
if (mangler && mangler->shouldMangleDeclName(rc)) {
std::string mangled;
{
llvm::raw_string_ostream strstr{mangled};
mangler->mangleName(rc, strstr);
}
return prefix + "unknown record " + str + " (=== " + mangled + ")";
} else {
return prefix + "unknown record " + str;
}
}
}
} else {
return prefix + "non-trivial or typedef'ed object " + type2string(pointed, qorig) + " (" + type2char(pointed, qorig) + ")";
//return "Pointer (maybe to callback)";
}
} else if (qual->isEnumeralType()) {
const clang::EnumDecl *ed = qual->getAs<clang::EnumType>()->getDecl();
if (!ed) {
return "Enumeration with unknown underlying integer type (assuming int)";
} else {
return "Enumeration with underlying type " + type2string(ed->getIntegerType().getCanonicalType(), nullptr);
}
} else if (const clang::RecordType *rct = qual->getAs<clang::RecordType>()) {
clang::RecordDecl *rc = rct->getDecl();
if (!rc) {
return "Unknown record";
} else if (rc->getNameAsString() == "__builtin_va_list") {
return "va_list";
} else {
return "Unknown record " + std::string(rc->getName().data());
}
} else {
return std::string("??? ") + qual->getTypeClassName();
}
}
class Visitor : public clang::RecursiveASTVisitor<Visitor> {
public:
clang::ASTContext &context;
bool shouldVisitTemplateInstantiations() const /* override */ { return true; }
Visitor(clang::CompilerInstance &ci) : context(ci.getASTContext()) {
if (!mangler) {
mangler = clang::ItaniumMangleContext::create(context, ci.getDiagnostics());
}
}
~Visitor() {
if (mangler) {
delete mangler;
mangler = nullptr;
}
}
bool VisitDecl(clang::Decl *decl) /* override */ {
std::cerr << std::flush;
if (!decl) return true;
if ((decl->getKind() >= clang::Decl::Kind::firstFunction) && (decl->getKind() <= clang::Decl::Kind::lastFunction)) {
clang::DeclaratorDecl *ddecl = static_cast<clang::DeclaratorDecl*>(decl);
std::cout << "Function detected!\n";
std::string funName{ddecl->getName()};
auto niceprint = [](const std::string &infotype, const auto &dat){ std::cout << " " << infotype << ": " << dat << "\n"; };
niceprint("Function name", funName);
if (mangler && mangler->shouldMangleDeclName(ddecl)) {
std::string mangled;
{
llvm::raw_string_ostream strstr{mangled};
mangler->mangleName(ddecl, strstr);
}
niceprint("Function mangled name", mangled);
funName = std::move(mangled);
}
bool valid;
std::string funTypeStr{""};
if (ddecl->getFunctionType()->isFunctionNoProtoType()) {
const clang::FunctionNoProtoType *funType = static_cast<const clang::FunctionNoProtoType*>(ddecl->getFunctionType());
const auto &retType = funType->getReturnType();
niceprint("Function return type", type2string(retType, &retType));
niceprint("Canonical function return type",
type2string(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType) +
" (" + type2char(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType) + ")");
niceprint("Is sugared", funType->isSugared());
if (funType->isSugared()) {
clang::QualType qft{funType, 0};
niceprint("Desugared", type2string(funType->desugar(), &qft));
}
funTypeStr = type2char(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType) + std::string("Fv");
valid = isTypeValid(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType);
} else {
const clang::FunctionProtoType *funType = static_cast<const clang::FunctionProtoType*>(ddecl->getFunctionType());
const auto &retType = funType->getReturnType();
niceprint("Function return type", type2string(retType, &retType));
niceprint("Canonical function return type",
type2string(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType)
+ " (" + type2char(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType) + ")");
niceprint("Parameter count", funType->getNumParams());
for (const clang::QualType &type : funType->getParamTypes()) {
niceprint(" " + type2string(type, &type),
type2string(type.getCanonicalType(), &type) + " (" + type2char(type.getCanonicalType(), &type) + ")");
}
niceprint("Variadic function", funType->isVariadic() ? "yes" : "no");
funTypeStr =
type2char(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType) +
((funType->getNumParams() == 0)
? std::string("Fv") : std::accumulate(funType->getParamTypes().begin(), funType->getParamTypes().end(), std::string("F"),
[](const std::string &acc, const clang::QualType &qual){ return acc + type2char(qual.getCanonicalType(), &qual); }));
if (funType->isVariadic()) funTypeStr += "V";
valid = !funType->isVariadic() &&
std::accumulate(funType->getParamTypes().begin(), funType->getParamTypes().end(), isTypeValid(retType.getCanonicalType(), &retType),
[](bool acc, const clang::QualType &qual){ return acc && isTypeValid(qual.getCanonicalType(), &qual); });
}
niceprint("Conclusion", "");
niceprint("Function final name", funName);
niceprint("Function type", funTypeStr);
niceprint("Valid function type", valid ? "yes" : "no");
std::cout << "\n";
funMap[funName] = std::make_pair(funTypeStr, valid);
funList.push_back(funName);
}
return true;
}
};
class Consumer : public clang::ASTConsumer {
public:
Visitor visitor;
Consumer(clang::CompilerInstance &ci) : visitor(ci) {
}
void HandleTranslationUnit(clang::ASTContext &context) override {
visitor.TraverseDecl(context.getTranslationUnitDecl());
}
};
class Action : public clang::ASTFrontendAction {
public:
virtual std::unique_ptr<clang::ASTConsumer> CreateASTConsumer(clang::CompilerInstance &ci, llvm::StringRef inFile) override {
return std::make_unique<Consumer>(ci);
}
};
int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " (filenames) -- [-I...]" << std::endl;
return 2;
}
/*int fakeargc = argc + 1;
const char **fakeargv = new const char*[fakeargc];
memcpy(fakeargv, argv, argc * sizeof(char*));
fakeargv[fakeargc - 1] = "--";*/
llvm::cl::OptionCategory opcat{""};
clang::tooling::CommonOptionsParser op{argc, argv, opcat};
std::vector<std::string> paths; for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) paths.push_back(argv[i]);
clang::tooling::ClangTool tool{op.getCompilations(), paths};
tool.run(clang::tooling::newFrontendActionFactory<Action>().get());
std::cout << "Done, outputing output.h" << std::endl;
std::sort(funList.begin(), funList.end());
std::fstream file{"output.h", std::ios_base::out};
for (const std::string &funName : funList) {
if (!funMap[funName].second) {
file << "//";
}
file << "GO(" << funName << ", " << funMap[funName].first << ")\n";
}
return 0;
}
|
A Novel Inverter Topology for Single-Phase Transformerless PV System
Transformerless photovoltaic (PV) power system is very promising due to its low cost, small size, and high efficiency. One of itsmost important issues is how to prevent the commonmode leakage current. In order to solve the problem, a new inverter is proposed in this paper.The system commonmodemodel is established, and the four operationmodes of the inverter are analyzed. It reveals that the commonmode voltage can be kept constant, and consequently the leakage current can be suppressed. Finally, the experimental tests are conducted. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
Introduction
The transformerless PV inverter has the prominent advantages of the small size, low cost, and high efficiency [1].And more and more commercial transformerless PV inverters have been developed in recent years.However, there is no galvanic isolation between the input and output sides of the transformerless inverter, so it is prone to common mode leakage current problems [2].The common mode leakage current not only affects the electromagnetic compatibility of the inverter [3], but also leads to the potential human safety problems [4].
In order to solve this problem, Sunways Company developed HERIC inverter [5].SMA Company developed H5 inverter [6].Xiao and Xie presented a leakage current analytical model [7] and then developed the new optimized H5 [8], and split-inductor neutral point clamped inverters [9].Cavalcanti et al. developed the space vector modulation techniques for three-phase two-level [10] and three-level [11] inverters.Guo et al. developed the carrier modulation techniques for three-phase inverters [12].Yang et al. [13], Zhang et al. [14], and San et al. [15] developed the improved H6 inverter.And there is an increasing attention to develop the new inverter for transformerless PV applications.
The main contribution of this paper is to develop a new single-phase transformerless PV inverter.Compared with HERIC in [5], only one auxiliary switch and gating driver are needed in the proposal.While in HERIC, two auxiliary switches are needed.Also, two auxiliary gating drivers should be designed for two auxiliary switches.Therefore, the proposal is more cost-effective and reliable, due to less auxiliary switches and gating drivers are used.On the other hand, three semiconductors conduct current during modes 2 and 4. While in Heric, two semiconductors conducts current during modes 2 and 4. Therefore, the main difference is that one additional diode loss.With the development of the commercially available Sic diode, the diode loss will be very small.So this difference due to one additional diode loss would be small.Finally, the theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the proposed solution.
Proposed Topology
Figure 1 illustrates the schematic diagram of the proposed single-phase inverter.It consists of five switches and four diodes. PV is the parasitic capacitance between PV array and ground.The capacitance value depends on many conditions such as the PV panel frame structure, weather conditions, and humidity, and it is generally up to 50-150 nF/kW. is the grid voltage, and is the dc bus voltage. and are filter inductors, respectively.The common mode voltage and differential mode voltage are defined as From (1), the following voltage equations can be obtained: ( Figure 2 shows the system common mode model.It can be observed that the differential mode voltage has the effect on the system common mode current if ̸ = .Therefore, the filter inductance of should be designed the same value as that of ; that is, = .So the differential mode voltage will not contribute the common mode current, as shown in Figure 2 [15].Note that the common mode current is mainly due to the high frequency switching components.Therefore, the effect of grid voltage on the common mode voltage is neglected, because its frequency is much lower than the switching frequency [2]. On the other hand, from Figure 2, it can be observed that the common mode leakage current will be eliminated on condition that the common mode voltage CM can be kept constant all the time.The reason is that the common mode leakage current, which passes through PV , depends on PV ( PV /).When the common mode voltage CM is constant, the voltage across PV is constant as well.That is PV / = 0. Therefore, the common mode leakage current can be eliminated if the common mode voltage CM Table 1: Four operation modes and common mode voltage. is constant.In order to achieve this goal, the following will present the operation principle.
The proposed inverter operates in four modes, as shown in Figure 3 and Table 1.
In Mode 1, the switches 1 and 4 turn on, and other switches turn off.The differential mode voltage AB is equal to the dc bus voltage of , while the common mode voltage can be expressed as In Mode 2, only the switch 5 turns on, and other switches turn off.The current flows through 5 and diodes.In this case, the differential mode voltage AB is 0, while the common mode voltage remains unchanged as In Mode 3, the switches 2 and 3 turn on, and other switches turn off.The differential mode voltage AB is − , while the common mode voltage can be expressed as In Mode 4, only the switch 5 turns on, and other switches turn off.The current flows through 5 and diodes.In this case, the differential mode voltage AB is 0, while the common mode voltage remains unchanged as From the above theoretical analysis, it can be observed that the common mode voltage remains constant during the whole operation cycle.Consequently, the common mode leakage current can be significantly suppressed, according to theoretical analysis of Figure 2. The system design in terms of passive and active components is presented as follows.The rated system power is 1.5 kW, dc bus voltage is 400 V, grid voltage is 220 Vac, grid frequency is 50 Hz, and inverter switching frequency is 10 kHz.
First of all, the active components such as the switches are designed in terms of the operating voltage, on-state current.The rated voltage and current stresses of switches ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) and diodes are 400 V and 10 A, respectively.Therefore, the IRG4IBC30S IGBT from International Rectifier is selected for five switches ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ).Its collectorto-emitter breakdown voltage is 600 V, and the continuous collector currents are 23.5A and 13 A, respectively, in case of = 25 ∘ C and = 100 ∘ C. The diode is FR20J02GN-ND from GeneSiC Semiconductor.
Another design consideration is the filter inductor.Its inductance can be calculated according to the commonly used design criterion, in which the maximum current ripple magnitude is less than 10% of the rated current.The filter inductor current ripple can be calculated from Figure 4 as follows.
In mode 1, the inductor current increases: where and is the amplitude and angular frequency of the grid voltage and 1 is the time interval of mode 1.
In mode 2, the inductor current decreases: where 2 is the time interval of mode The current ripple reaches its maximum value when sin = /2.In this case, the maximum current ripple is In this paper, is 400 V, is 100 us, the rated current is 10 A, and the maximum current ripple should be less than 1 A; therefore, the filter inductor should be designed as follows:
Simulation and Experimental Results
In order to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed inverter, the performance test is conducted in MAT-LAB/Simulink.The components and parameters are listed as follows: system rated power is 1.5 kW, dc bus voltage is 400 V, grid voltage is 220 Vac, grid frequency is 50 Hz, switching frequency is 10 kHz, filter inductor is = = 5 mH, and parasitic capacitor is PV = 150 nF.The leakage current is obtained by measuring the current through the parasitic capacitor [10].
Figure 5 shows the operation of the proposed converter.The simulation results of the operation mode 1 and mode 2 are shown in Figure 5(a).In agreement with the theoretical analysis in Figure 4(a), when the switches 1 and 4 turn on, the collector-to-emitter voltage 1 of 1 is approximately zero, and its current 1 increases with a slope of ( − sin )/( + ).The simulation result waveforms of 4 are the same as those of 1 in mode 1 and thus not duplicated here for simplicity.
In mode 2, only the switch 5 turns on, the collector-toemitter voltage 5 of 5 changes from 400 V (in mode 1) to zero (in mode 2), and its current 5 decreases with a slope of − sin /( + ).
The last figure in Figure 5(a) shows the filter inductor current, it can be observed that the inductor current charges (in mode 1) and discharges (in mode 2) during a switching cycle, and the current ripple is less than 1 A, which is in good agreement with the design consideration in Section 2.
The simulation results of the operation mode 3 and mode 4 are shown in Figure 5(b).In agreement with the theoretical analysis in Figure 4(c), when the switches 2 and 3 turn on, the collector-to-emitter voltage 2 of 2 is approximately zero, and its current 2 increases in mode 3.In mode 4, only the switch 5 turns on, the collector-to-emitter voltage 5 of 5 changes from 400 V (in mode 3) to zero (in mode 4), and its current 5 decreases.The last figure in Figure 5(a) shows the filter inductor current, it can be observed that the inductor current charges and discharges during a switching cycle, and the current ripple is less than 1 A, which is in good agreement with the design consideration in Section 2.
Figure 6 shows the simulation results of output waveforms in the time and frequency domains.It can be observed that the output grid current is sinusoidal, and its total harmonic distortion (THD) is well below 5%, as specified in IEEE Std.929-2000.The simulation results of the common mode voltage and leakage current are shown in Figure 7.It can be observed that the common mode voltage is constant, which is in agreement with the theoretical analysis in Section 2. On the other hand, the parasitic capacitor voltage does not include any high frequency common mode voltage, and therefore the leakage current is significantly reduced, as shown in Figure 7(c).Its peak value is below 300 mA, and the RMS value is below 30 mA, which meets the international standard VDE 0126-1-1.
As shown in Figure 8, with the proposed topology, it can be observed that the parasitic capacitor voltage has only the fundamental frequency component, without any high frequency components.Therefore, the leakage current can be effectively reduced below 300 mA, which complies with the international standard VDE 0126-1-1.
Conclusion
This paper has presented the theoretical analysis and experimental verification of a new inverter for transformerless PV systems.The proposed inverter has the following interesting features.It can keep the system common mode voltage constant during the entire operation cycle.Consequently, the common mode leakage current can be significantly reduced well below 300 mA, which meets the international standard VDE 0126-1-1.Therefore, it is attractive and a promising alternative topology for transformerless PV system applications.
Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Switching state of the proposed inverter.
4 Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Operation modes of the proposed.
Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Simulation results showing the operation of the converter.
FundamentalFigure 6 :Figure 7 :
Figure 6: Simulation results of output waveforms in the time and frequency domains.
Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Experimental results of parasitic capacitor voltage and leakage current.
|
class Address < ActiveRecord::Base
attr_accessible :line1, :line2, :city, :state, :zip, :latitude, :longitude
validates :city, :presence => true
validate :state_must_be_valid
def state_must_be_valid
unless valid_states.include?(state)
errors.add(:state, "%{value} is not a valid state")
end
end
validates_format_of :zip, :with => /^\d{5}(-\d{4})?$/, :message => "should be in the form 12345 or 12345-1234"
geocoded_by :full_street_address
before_save :geocode
private
def full_street_address
address_attributes = ["line1", "line2", "city", "state", "zip"]
present_attributes = address_attributes.map do |attribute|
value = self.send(attribute)
value if value.present?
end.compact
present_attributes.join(' ')
end
def valid_states
["Alabama", "AL", "Alaska", "AK", "Arizona", "AZ", "Arkansas", "AR", "California", "CA", "Colorado", "CO", "Connecticut", "CT", "Delaware", "DE", "District of Columbia", "DC", "Florida", "FL", "Georgia", "GA", "Hawaii", "HI", "Idaho", "ID", "Illinois", "IL", "Indiana", "IN", "Iowa", "IA", "Kansas", "KS", "Kentucky", "KY", "Louisiana", "LA", "Maine", "ME", "Maryland", "MD", "Massachusetts", "MA", "Michigan", "MI", "Minnesota", "MN", "Mississippi", "MS", "Missouri", "MO", "Montana", "MT", "Nebraska", "NE", "Nevada", "NV", "New Hampshire", "NH", "New Jersey", "NJ", "New Mexico", "NM", "New York", "NY", "North Carolina", "NC", "North Dakota", "ND", "Ohio", "OH", "Oklahoma", "OK", "Oregon", "OR", "Pennsylvania", "PA", "Puerto Rico", "PR", "Rhode Island", "RI", "South Carolina", "SC", "South Dakota", "SD", "Tennessee", "TN", "Texas", "TX", "Utah", "UT", "Vermont", "VT", "Virginia", "VA", "Washington", "WA", "West Virginia", "WV", "Wisconsin", "WI", "Wyoming", "WY"]
end
end
|
Plotly: How to embed a fully interactive Plotly figure in Excel?
I'm trying to embed an interactive plotly (or bokeh) plot into excel.
To do this I've tried the following three things:
embed a Microsoft Web Browser UserForm into excel, following:
How do I embed a browser in an Excel VBA form?
This works and enables both online and offline html to be loaded
creating a plotly html
'''
import plotly
import plotly.graph_objects as go
x = [0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0]
y = [i**2 for i in x]
fig = go.Figure()
fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(x=x, y=x, mode='markers', name="y=x", marker=dict(color='royalblue', size=8)))
fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(x=x, y=y, name="y=x^2", line=dict(width=3)))
plotly.offline.plot(fig, filename='C:/Users/.../pythonProject/test1.html')
repointing the webbrowser object in excel using .Navigate to the local plotly.html. Banner pops up with
".... restricted this file from showing active content that could access your computer"
clicking on the banner, I run into this error:
The same HTML can be opened in a browser.
Is there any way to show interactive plots in excel?
Correct, the excel webbrowser will open html, but fails when opening the plotly created "test1.html". However, "test1.html" can be opened in a browser (chrome, IE etc). In IE one needs to enable ActiveX controls, but otherwise it works fine.
The problem occurs when the HTML trying to use the JavaScript https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-2.2.3.min.js
You have to enable Macros (and JS) in Microsoft Excel!
Can you share the plotly html file? I would like to make some tests.
I know this isn't the answer you're looking for but you could try Microsoft Power BI, load in your Excel data, and then add your custom Plotly code.
Is there a way we can exactly replicate your problem? I.e. do we need the html file for example? Also, what happens in step 3 after you click yes to running scripts?
@dusiod https://www.wikihow.com/Enable-JavaScript-in-Internet-Explorer Please try this
@QHarr to replicate the HTML one needs to run the code in step 2 "creating a plotly html" above, this will save down the HTML to a defined location. Next is to load into excel, at which point the error above appears, clicking "yes" gives a second error "Plotly is undefined"
So what was wrong with letting the user use plotly in a browser?
@dusiod I know i was late to give an answer but still managed to give you an easy working and fully interactive solution https://stackoverflow.com/a/65678371/10849457
Finally, I have managed to bring the interactive plot to excel after a discussion from Microsoft QnA and Web Browser Control & Specifying the IE Version
To insert a Microsoft webpage to excel you have to change the compatibility Flag in the registry editor
Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Office\ClickToRun\REGISTRY\MACHINE\Software\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Common\COM Compatibility{8856F961-340A-11D0-A96B-00C04FD705A2}
Change the DWord 0 instead of 400
Now you can insert the web browser object to excel, Step by step details are here
Edit the HTML File generated from plotly manually by adding a tag for Using the X-UA-Compatible HTML Meta Tag
Originally generated HTML file from plotly looks like this
<html>
<head><meta charset="utf-8" /></head>
<body>
Modified HTML with browser compatibility
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
</head>
<body>
After this, I can able to view the interactive plot in excel also able to do the interactions same as a web browser
Macro used:
Sub Button4_Click()
ActiveSheet.WebBrowser1.Navigate "file:///C:/Users/vignesh.rajendran/Desktop/test5.html"
End Sub
This sounds awesome! But I can't get it to work on my end. I'm getting Run Time Error 438 - Object doesn't support this property or method. I'm running it on Windows 10 in an .xlsm file. Would you care to share some more details about your setup?
@vestland I am also running in win10 , i have kept my .xlsm file here -> https://gofile.io/d/XaPTSl and python code for generating html here -> https://gofile.io/d/Jvj3nd. if you need anything feel free to ask.
@Vignesh, This is awesome! Thank you so much, the simplest fixes are sometimes the hardest - I have no idea how you found that but it works! I tried to reactivate / reassign the bounty but the option is not appearing for me.
@vestlands, i'm running Win10, Office 2019
@Vignesh Would you please consider describing in detail how you go from an empty Excel file to a working solution? I assume that would be great for other readers as well. And we're not too fond about links to external files and datasets in here either. So a completely working solution (perhaps not the complete html though :-) without links that might not work in a year or so would be great. If you're willing to put in a little extra effort here, I'll see what I can do about that bounty!
@vestlands, steps are:
to get a WebBrowser* object working in excel.
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19600586/excel-vba-create-an-embedded-webbrowser-and-use-it
create plotly HTML, and modify as above
repoint the WebBrowser object to the modified plotly HTML (as per Vignesh's example above)
*if the webbrowser doesn't work, google it and you'll need to change an entry in the registry as MS disabled this feature
In either case Vignesh deserves the bounty... ;)
@vestland I have posted it in a Blog here https://vikebot.blogspot.com/2021/01/creating-interactive-plotly-in.html as its a big story to post here. try it and give me a feedback
@Vignesh This works pretty great! I will however urge you to make the necessary edits to your SO post to make it reproducible. The only thing you're missing is really the guidance on how to insert the web object and how to make the necessary changes to registry. And you should perhaps also specify that the element you're reassigning values for in the registry is Compatibility Flags. If you're willing to do that, the bounty is yours. After all, SO bounty is for SO answers =). In any case, thank you for an insightful answer to a question that a lot of us in here were struggling with!
@vestland added registry compatibility details and the Blog Link to the post. Hope it was useful to everyone
As mentioned by @jerlich, Excel blocks javascript. You should try the workaround they linked if you want full interactivity.
If you want at least some degree of controllability or interactivity, try using xlwings. With excel buttons, you can still have some communication between Excel and Python (including reading data and sending graphs).
The limitations are:
Only being able to use data entries and buttons, instead of the default plotly interactive features. Many could be replicated, but it would be more work.
It will only work on a computer you can set up your python script on (however, it looks like xlwings pro allows you to store your program inside the file)
It seems you will need to pass plotly graphs by saving and then adding the figure, because directly passing them requires xlwings pro. Direct passing without pro is possible with MatPlotLib.
Plotly guide to making interactive(ish) graphs
xlwings docs on MatPlotLib and Plotly graphs
I disagree with xlwings recommendation. Python already has COM interoperability for free.
I like your question! And I'd wish I could give you a better answer, but It seems that the only way you can achieve anything remotely resembling an interactive plotly plot would be to use pyxll and follow the steps outlined under Charts and plotting / Plotly including a plot function like this:
from pyxll import xl_func, plot
import plotly.express as px
@xl_func
def plotly_plot():
# Get some sample data from plotly.express
df = px.data.gapminder()
# Create a scatter plot figure
fig = px.scatter(df.query("year==2007"),
x="gdpPercap", y="lifeExp",
size="pop", color="continent",
log_x=True, size_max=60)
# Show the figure in Excel using pyxll.plot
plot(fig)
This will produce the following plot:
Alas, this will not be a fully interactive plotly plot like we all know and love, since it's also stated on the very same page that:
The plot that you see in Excel is exported as an image so any
interactive elements will not be available. To make a semi-interactive
plot you can add arguments to your function to control how the plot is
done and when those arguments are changed the plot will be redrawn.
But as far as I know this is as close as you'll get to achieving what you're seeking in your question. If you're not limited to Excel, but somehow limited to the realm of Microsoft, one of the commenters mentioned that you can unleash a fully interactive plotly plot in PowerBI. If that is an option, you should take a closer look at Is it possible to use R Plotly library in R Script Visual of Power BI?. This approach uses R though...
I am puzzled at pyxll, there is COM interoperability already within Python for free. pyxll requires money.
Fully interactive plot is also working, check here https://stackoverflow.com/a/65678371/10849457
Interactive plots require javascript to work. Excel, for security reasons, blocks that javascript. You can put a static image easily into excel.
The challenge of including javascript in excel has been addressed in this question: How can I use JavaScript within an Excel macro?
Hi @jerlich, as a disclaimer I'm not (yet) familiar with COM objects, reviewed the linked answer but I do not see how to leverage it for this issue, would you please outline the steps to follow?
|
Published: November 30, 2023
Diseases that lead to degeneration of retinal cells are among the leading causes of blindness worldwide ([@bib37]). Although regeneration of retinal cells is a robust process in some non-mammalian vertebrates ([@bib44]), this process does not occur in mammals. After injury in several species, including zebrafish, the Müller glia (MG) re-enter the cell cycle and generate cells with characteristics of retinal progenitors. The resulting progenitors proliferate and generate new neurons ([@bib16]; [@bib53]). By contrast, mammalian MG respond to damage by activating a reactive process associated with inflammation called gliosis ([@bib2]; [@bib8]).
The molecular mechanisms involved in retinal regeneration have been well studied in fish, amphibians, and birds, and several key factors are critical for neural regeneration from MG ([@bib44]). One of these factors, the pro-neural transcription factor (TF) *Ascl1*, is expressed after injury in fish and birds, but not mammals ([@bib12]; [@bib14]). Furthermore, *Ascl1* (*Ascl1a*) is required to initiate neurogenesis from MG in fish ([@bib12]). When *Ascl1* is overexpressed in mouse MG, the cells acquire a progenitor-like phenotype after injury, similar to that of the injured fish retina. These MG-derived progenitor-like cells generate new neurons ([@bib24]; [@bib32]; [@bib47]), which are functional and form connections with existing neurons ([@bib24]; [@bib25]). *Ascl1*-reprogrammed MG generate progenitors that primarily differentiate into bipolar or amacrine-like cell types ([@bib24]; [@bib25]). However, when additional TFs, *Atoh1*, or the combination of *Pou4f2* and *Islet1*, are co-expressed with *Ascl1*, the reprogrammed MG generate neurons that resemble retinal ganglions cells (RGCs), demonstrating that additional TFs can control the fates of the *Ascl1*-reprogrammed MG ([@bib42]; [@bib43]).
These results support the concept that MG might serve as a source of retinal repair in human retinal diseases; however, we do not know whether the same factors will induce neurogenesis from human MG ([@bib34]). Indeed, we know very little about the factors that normally regulate the development of the human retina, although many of the same mouse developmental genes are present in human retina, gene regulatory networks differ ([@bib10]; [@bib27]; [@bib28]). Additionally, the human retina has some characteristics the mouse retina lacks, such as the fovea, and it is possible that foveal MG may differ in their ability to be reprogrammed to a neurogenic state ([@bib33]).
We, therefore, undertook a study of human MG and tested their ability to be reprogrammed to a neurogenic state. In this study, we demonstrate that (1) human MG arise and differentiate sooner than previously demonstrated, in a region corresponding to the presumptive fovea; (2) using two different models, we can generate dissociated cultures of fetal human MG; (3) *ASCL1* expression in dissociated MG cultures induces a neurogenic program in the human MG; (4) *ASCL1* remodels the chromatin and induces a neurogenic progenitor state by activating retinal progenitor genes; and (5) the MG-derived progenitor-like cells generate new neurons, based on their morphology, gene expression, and electrophysiological properties. These results provide evidence of the potential regenerative capacity of human MG.
Characterization of MG development in the human fetal retina {#sec2.1}
To derive human MG from either fetal retina or retinal organoids, we first needed to better characterize their development. There is currently not much known about MG differentiation in humans, due to a lack of markers to discriminate them from the retinal multipotent progenitor cells (MPC) and limited access to human tissues at late stages of gestation ([@bib20]; [@bib22]; [@bib27]; [@bib33]; [@bib45]). Moreover, the development of the retina is not a homogeneous process, and the temporal central retina, including the future fovea develops and matures more than one month earlier than the periphery ([@bib17]; [@bib19]; [@bib18]; [@bib21]).
To define when the MG first arise during human retinal development, we used a combination of immunofluorescence (IF) on sections and cleared intact human fetal retinas. Previous studies reported the presence of MG at 77 days (fetal week \[FWK\] 11) and later in the human central retina ([@bib21]; [@bib27]; [@bib35]). By contrast, we find IF labeling for the MG expressed protein, RLBP1, as early as 54 days (FWKs 7--8) of gestation in the central retina, in a region of temporal retina that presages the future fovea ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A). Contrary to other MG markers, RLBP1 is specific to MG (and the retinal pigment epithelium \[RPE\]) and, to the best of our knowledge is not present in the MPC ([@bib35]). At 59 days (FWK8), we confirmed the presence of MG with additional IF markers, VSX2 and SOX9, along with RLBP1 ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}B). Birth dating studies in other species have shown the MG are among the last cell types to be generated by the MPC; as a result, the appearance of RLBP1 in the presumptive fovea at fetal day 59 (FD59) correlates with the loss of markers of mitotic proliferation, such as PH3 ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}B, arrowheads) ([@bib4]; [@bib21]). In more mature retinal samples, MG differentiation then spreads from the central temporal retina to more peripheral regions. MG cells can be identified in the temporal periphery at approximately FD150 (FWK 21); however, they are still absent from the far periphery ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}C). Although some MPC remain in the far peripheral retina at FD150, a large part of the retina contains MG at this stage ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}C).Figure 1MG appear around fetal week 8 in the PF of the human fetal retina(A--C) Immunostaining of MG in the developing human retina at (A) D54/FWK7, (B) D59/FWK8, and (C) D150/FW21. (A) MG and RPE are labeled with RLBP1 (red); RPE, bipolar, and photoreceptors cells are labeled with OTX2 (green), and DAPI (gray). Scale bar, 200 μm.(B) (Top) MG are co-stained with RLBP1 (red) and VSX2 (green) in a region (white arrowheads) that does not contain PH3+ cells (magenta). (Bottom) MG are co-stained with RLBP1 (red) and SOX9 (cyan). DAPI (gray). Scale bar, 500 μm in low-magnification images. Scale bar, 50 μm in higher magnification images.(C) MG are present in the central retina at 150 days, but not in the far periphery. RLBP1 (red) and VSX2 (green), DAPI (gray). Progenitor cells are labeled with PH3 (magenta). Scale bar, 50 μm.(D) Volumetric imaging of a D59 human fetal eye after whole mount staining and clearing. (Top) A 2D sub-stack (20/1,370) with maximum intensity projection of the fetal eye immunolabeled with IBA1 (green), RCVRN (magenta), and RLBP1 (red). Inset shows some RLBP1+ cells in the RPE and in the retina. (Bottom) IF whole-mount of the fetal eye shown from side and front orientations. Grid boxes show dimensions of the intact volume. Arrowheads show the PF. Scale bar, 100 μm. GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; N, nasal; ON, optic nerve; ONL, outer nuclear layer; T, temporal.
Early foveal development can be visualized within intact human fetal eye samples using whole-mount tissue clearing and IF staining protocols paired with volumetric three-dimensional (3D) light sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM) imaging ([@bib49]) ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}D and [Video S1](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This approach conserves spatial relationships and provides an intact view of IF localization across the whole eye, without *a priori* selection of regions of interest, like in standard section-based IF. Intact D59 human fetal eye was immunostained for IBA1 (microglia), Recoverin (RCVRN; photoreceptors and bipolar cells) and RLBP1 expression ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}D, top). IBA1 IF shows microglial cells present throughout the retina, while RCVRN expression is confined to the presumptive fovea (PF), temporal to the optic nerve. As noted above in sections, RLBP1 is also observed within the PF ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}D, top inset), although this is difficult to cleanly visualize due to RLBP1 labeling within the RPE. We used 3D reconstruction ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}D, bottom) to visualize RCVRN (magenta) localization across the intact eye (green), characterizing the spatial distribution of RCVRN labeling throughout the intact PF. Parallel analysis of a younger sample (D57) recapitulated the same expression pattern of RCVRN in the temporal side of the retina at the PF ([Figures S1](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}A and S1B).
Video S1. The presumptive fovea is detectable as early as D59 in the human fetal retinaA 3D rendering of a D59 (FWK8) human fetal eye after whole mount immunostaining and clearing. Recoverin (RCVRN, magenta) labelling is only restricted to one specific region of the retina, temporal to the optic nerve. The green channel (IBA1) was used to visualize the structure retina.
Previous studies have described the transcriptome and accessible chromatin of the developing human retina but have not specifically focused on MG development. Since our IF evidence indicated that MG were already present in the PF as early as FWK8, we collected additional samples of fetal retina and processed them for combined single nuclei ATAC sequencing (snATAC-seq) and single nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) (Multiome) to characterize the first MG in human retina. We collected two different fetal retinal samples, a day 59 (FWK 8) and a day 76 (FWK 10); for the second sample, we dissected the central retina, including the PF (76C) from the peripheral regions (76P) and processed the two different regions separately ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}A). For the day 59 sample, data from 5,652 nuclei were analyzed using Seurat ([Figure S2](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}A). For the day 76 sample, data from 3,178 nuclei for the central retina and 1,739 nuclei for the peripheral retina were analyzed. To identify the MG in the single nuclei data, we merged the three datasets together and generated a single UMAP plot ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}B). To determine the cell types present in the different clusters in the UMAP plot, we used known marker genes, such as *POU4F2* (RGCs), *OTX2* (photoreceptors and bipolar cells), *PRDM1* (photoreceptors) and *PTF1A* (amacrine cells) ([Figures 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}B, [S2](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}B, and [S3](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}A). In [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}B′, the integrated UMAP, split by sample, shows the presence of the different cell types over time and per region, confirming earlier reports . Cell clusters from the day 59 and day 76C largely overlap; however, at the later staged of the central retina, there were fewer cells composing the MPC and neurogenic precursor (Npre) clusters, and more cells present in late-generated neuronal clusters (amacrine, rod, and bipolar cells). Interestingly, the day 76P sample is still mostly composed of undifferentiated cell types and early generated neuronal clusters (RGCs, cones, and horizontal cells) and thus seems to be less advanced compared with the other samples ([Figures 2B′](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} and [S3](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}B). Cells were next arranged in pseudotime, with the beginning of the branch in the MPC cluster and the tip of the branch ending in the desired neuronal cluster ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}C). We next analyzed the different TF motifs associated with the accessible chromatin over pseudotime and generated "cascade plots" motifs in addition to the corresponding RNA expression for the RGC ([Figures 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}D and 2D′) and cone ([Figures 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}E and 2E′) clusters. Cascade plots of enriched motifs for each cluster (RGC and cone) are consistent with previous reports showing a downregulation of progenitor motifs (VSX2, SOX2) followed by a progressive increase in neurogenic motifs (ASCL1, ATOH7, and NEUROD1) and cell-type-specific neuronal motifs (POU4F2 for RGCs and OTX2/CRX for cones) ([@bib13]; [@bib28]).Figure 2SnRNA-seq and SnATAC-seq of the developing human retina(A) Schematic of the single cell Multiome experiment.(B) UMAP plot from the snRNA-seq merged datasets (FWK8 + FWK10) colored by cell type. AMC, amacrine cells; AST, astrocytes; BIP/ROD, bipolar and rod photoreceptor cells; CON, cone photoreceptors; HOR, horizontal cells; MPC, multipotent progenitor cells; Npre, neurogenic precursors; MG, muller glia; RGC, retinal ganglion cells. (B′) Distribution of the cells projected onto UMAP plots and split by conditions.(C) Pseudotime values for FWK8 + FWK10 cells.(D) Heatmap showing the cascade of TF motif accessibility variation found in the RGC lineage over pseudotime (D′) and the corresponding RNA expression for each TF in the RGC lineage.(E and E′) Similar to (D and D′), respectively, but for the cone lineage.
As our focus is the development of the MG in the human retina, we next used our Multiome data to find one cluster that could be identified as MG by the expression of established markers: RLBP1 and SCL1A3 ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}A and [S2](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}C). Although the MG are quite similar to the MPC, the MG express genes typical of the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while the MPC express S and G2 phase mitotic cell cycle genes ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}B and [S2A′](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). As we, and others, have previously noted, MG seem to differentiate from the MPC without entering the Npre stage (characterized by *ATOH7* expression), unlike the neuronal cell types, which pass through this stage on their way to terminal differentiation ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}C) ([@bib13]; [@bib28]). Similarly, to the RGC and Cone clusters, we also generated a cascade plot for motifs enriched in accessible DNA in the MG cluster. Cells were ordered in pseudotime from MPC to MG, keeping only the cells in G1 to minimize the effect of the cell-cycle genes ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}D). Although, at this age, the MG cluster contains only a small number of cells, we observed variation in several TF motifs over pseudotime, including an upregulation of RORB and NFIB motifs, consistent with their respective RNA expression ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}E, 3E′, and 3F). In contrast, the LHX2 motif and RNA expression decrease in the MG cluster ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}E, 3E′, and 3F′).Figure 3SnRNA-seq and SnATAC-seq show MG specification as early as D59 in the human fetal retina(A) Feature plots showing the genes RLBP1 and SLC1A3 expression values.(B) Different phases of the cell cycle, showing that MG are mostly in G1.(C) Schematic model of progenitor cell fate decisions at FWK8 and FWK10.(D) Pseudotime values for MG and MPC cells in G1 only.(E) Heatmap of the enriched TF motifs in DNA accessible regions found in the MG lineage over pseudotime (E′) and the corresponding RNA expression for each TF of the heatmap.(F) Chromvar scores of NFIB (F) anf LHX2 (F\') motifs.(G) Scatterplot of the genes expressed differentially between MPC (blue) and MG (red). Genes that show significantly different expression are colored and the top 10 genes are labeled. RLBP1 is significantly more highly expressed in the MG than in the MPCs, but it is not in the top 10 genes.(H and H′) Peak to gene analysis at the RLBP1 (H) and SLC1A3 (H′) loci. (Left) Feature plots of the peaks highlighted on the right.(I and I′) Peak to gene analysis for the SAT1 (I) and RARB (I′) loci. (Left) Feature plots of the RNA-seq expression levels. (Middle) Feature plots of the peaks shown on the right, to demonstrate correspondence between the gene expression and accessible chromatin at these additional glial genes.
To better characterize the differences between MPC and MG, we analyzed the genes enriched in the MG cluster ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}G, [S2](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}D, and S2E). The scatterplot in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}G shows genes more highly expressed in the MG cluster, such as *NFIA*, *SOX5* and *WTN5B*. In addition, we find an enrichment in Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to "neurogenesis" in the MPC cluster compared with MG ([Figure S3](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}C). Taking advantage of the Multiome technique, we next assessed the differences in DNA accessibility between the two clusters. We observed several regions containing higher abundance peaks specific to MG compared with MPC ([Figure S3](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}D). For instance, surrounding the *RLBP1* and the *SLC1A3* loci, we identified two accessible regions specific to MG ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}H and 3H′) significantly associated with the expression of these genes. As these two genes (*RLBP1* and *SLC1A3*) are essential for some physiological functions of the MG, this result further confirms the early specification of MG in the human fetal retina. We also investigated two other genes, *SAT1* and *RARB*, which are highly expressed in the MG cluster and that are not known to be human glial-specific genes. We found peaks specific to the MG cluster in regions surrounding these two genes ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}I and 3I′). It thus seems that *SAT1* and *RARB* may be early markers of MG in the human fetal retina. From this analysis, we identified markers that allow us to better discriminate between the MG and the MPC at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels.
Characterization of MG derived from organoids and fetal retina in dissociated cell cultures {#sec2.2}
We have found that MG are present in the central retina at early stages of fetal human development; however, in the retinal periphery MPC persist as late as FD150 ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}C). Therefore, we isolated MG from stages of retina older than FD150 to reliably establish MG cultures for reprogramming. We tested two different sources of MG: (1) late-stage, pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A) and (2) fetal retina cultures maintained *in vitro*, which we called "retinospheres." Retinal organoids have been shown to faithfully recapitulate retinogenesis, generating all the retinal cell types with a comparable timeline as the fetal retina ([@bib35]). Using MG markers (e.g., RLBP1, SOX2), we find that MG appear between D120 and D136 in retinal organoids ([@bib51]) ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}B). By 200 days, MG markers (RLBP1, SOX9, SOX2, GFAP, and VSX2) are strongly expressed in all organoids ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}C). Although these cells may not be identical to adult MG, they differ from MPC in their lack of genes associated with neurogenesis such as *ASCL1* and *NEUROG2* ([@bib7]; [@bib35]; [@bib40]); however, it is important to note that retinal organoids are heterogeneous, and do not mature synchronously ([@bib3]; [@bib52]).Figure 4MG development in the retinal organoids and retinosheres s and characterization of MG dissociated cultures(A) Schematic protocol for embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation protocol to generate retinal organoids (RO).(B) Images of MG development in retinal organoids over time labeled with RLBP1 (red), DAPI (grey) and SOX2 (green). Scale bar, 100 μm.(C) By 200 days, MG are clearly present as shown by glial markers, including RLBP1 (red), VSX2 (green), SOX9 (blue), and SOX2 (cyan). DAPI (gray). Scale bar, 100 μm.(D) (Top) Schematic protocol for the generation of Retinospheres (RS). (Bottom) RS made from several fetal retinas and cultured for various times as labeled. Scale bar, 500 μm.(E) Characterization of the MG in RS with the same markers used for (C). Scale bar, 100 μm.(F) RS maintained *in vitro* for 8 or 63 days to show progressive differentiation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells (OTX2, cyan) and loss in MPC (Ki67, red and PH3, yellow); HuC/D+ (magenta) amacrine cells and RGCs are also labeled. Scale bar, 100 μm.(G) Schematic protocol for MG dissociation from RS and RO.(H) Dissociated MG cultures derived from RS and RO and staining with glial markers SOX2 (cyan) and GFAP (magenta) Scale bar, 100 μm. BF, Brightfield. Scale bar, 250 μm.
Although MG derived from retinal organoids resemble those present in normal retina, fetal retina can provide an alternate source for dissociated MG cultures ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}D). Since we cannot obtain fetal samples from 200 days of gestation, we have developed a long-term *in vitro* culture of human fetal retina, called retinospheres (RS), which allows fetal retinas of all ages to be maintained in 3D organized and laminated structures for many months ([@bib11]; [@bib35]). During the time *in vitro*, the retinal cells continue to mature and differentiate, and the MG can be labeled with the same markers used in retinal organoids ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}E). Therefore, we obtained fetal samples from gestational ages of approximately 100 days and maintained these as RS for another 100 days so that they would be equivalent to the organoids. For example, in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}E we show, RS 127 + 50, which is a 127-day-old fetal sample that was dissected and subsequently maintained for 50 days *in vitro* as a RS. At this age, RS are mostly composed of differentiated neurons (OTX2+, HuC/D+) and contain few proliferating MPC, whereas younger spheres contain a higher percentage of Ki67+ and PH3+ cells ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}F). Since RS can be generated from different regions of the retina, we noticed some differences between RS originating from the central (most mature) or peripheral retina (least mature), consistent with the central to peripheral gradient in maturation of the human retina ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}F).
To generate dissociated cell cultures of the MG, we adapted the protocol previously established for dissociated MG from mice ([@bib32]; [@bib46]). Retinal organoids or RS were enzymatically dissociated, and the cells plated for up to 10 days prior to passaging ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}G). Most neurons do not survive in these culture conditions, and passaging the cells leads to further loss in surviving neurons. Cells were characterized with IF after passaging ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}H). Although RLBP1, one of the key markers of MG, is downregulated in the dissociated cultures ([@bib6]; [@bib31]), other markers of glial cells persist (e.g., GFAP and SOX2), confirming the presence of MG in the cultures derived from either retinal organoids or RS ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}H). In dissociated MG cultures from organoids or from RS, the MG proliferate for at least two population doublings in 10 days; the cells can then be stored for later use ([@bib31]). The dissociated cultures of MG from organoids or RS were very similar, exhibiting a large soma and oval nuclei ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}H) ([@bib9]).
Although most cells in the cultures derived from the RS were MG, based on their IF for glial proteins, we noticed the presence of PAX2+/SOX2+ cells, which are potentially retinal astrocytes ([@bib36]). Moreover, immunolabeling of D150 fetal retinal sections shows PAX2+ cells in the ganglion cell layer, providing further evidence of the astrocytic derivation of the PAX2+ cells ([Figure S4](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}A). Of note, the astrocyte population is more highly represented in the dissociated cultures from RS, than from organoids ([Figures S4](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}B--S4E). Since we can be reasonably confident that the PAX2+/SOX2+ cells in the dissociated cultures are derived from astrocytes, and are not MG, we removed them from further analysis of the snRNA-seq and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets.
*ASCL1*-mediated reprogramming of MG from retinal organoids {#sec2.3}
Using the organoid and RS-derived dissociated MG cultures, we tested whether *ASCL1* would induce neurogenesis. MG cells derived from retinal organoids were infected with a lentivirus containing ASCL1-IRES-GFP under a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and maintained in culture for approximately 5 days prior to analysis ([Figures 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A and 5B). A lentivirus expressing GFP was used as a control. We assessed the *ASCL1*-expressing MG for evidence of neural reprogramming using IF and Multiome to monitor gene expression and chromatin changes after *ASCL1* over-expression ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A).Figure 5ASCL1 induces a neurogenic program in MG derived from organoids *in vitro*(A) Schematic of the experimental timeline.(B) ASCL1-infected MG 5 days post infection (D5pi). (Right) Brightfield image. (Left) GFP reporter expression. Scale bar, 500 μm.(C) Newly generated neurons express TUJ1 (magenta) and EdU+ (cyan) *in vitro* culture after *ASCL1* over-expression. DAPI (gray). Scale bar, 100 μm.(D) Integrated UMAP plot of the MG cultures (D′) with and without ASCL1. (D″) UMAP plot showing the different phase of the cell cycle.(E) Feature plots showing the expression of vimentin (VIM), HES6, ASCL1, and RBFOX3 (NeuN).(F) Heatmap comparing the average expression of selected genes with and without ASCL1 over-expression (CTL condition).(G) Top GO biological process analysis for the reprogrammed neuronal cluster.(H) ASCL1 motif and coverage plot accessibility near *ASCL1*.(I and I′) Coverage plots of accessibility near (I) *DLL1* and (I′) *HES6* genes.
Many cells in the MG cultures infected with *ASCL1* expressed neural markers ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B), like TUJ1 (*TUBB3*), and acquired a neuronal morphology, while neuronal cells were not observed in the control condition ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C). The addition of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) to the culture allowed us to track newly generated cells by incorporation of EdU into newly synthesized DNA. This method allowed us to control for any surviving neurons from the initial dissociation of the organoids. In ASCL1-infected and control conditions, EdU^+^ cells were observed; however, we did not observe any EdU^+^/TUJ1^+^ cells in the control condition, whereas we found many examples of EdU^+^/TUJ1^+^ cells in the ASCL1-infected cells ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C).
The results of ASCL1 infection in MG were further analyzed using snRNA-seq. The UMAP plots of the merged conditions (control \[CTL\] and ASCL1) show multiple clusters, with cell types identified by their expression of known marker genes ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}D). Both conditions have a large cluster of MG cells (purple), but clusters of neurogenic precursors (green) and neurons (red) were only present in the *ASCL1* treatment condition ([Figure 5D′](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). The cells in the neurogenic precursors cluster express ASCL1 and target genes: *HES6*, *DLL1*, and *DLL3* ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}F). Moreover, a subset of ASCL1-infected cells expresses markers of mitotic proliferation, consistent with prior results in mice that over-expression of *ASCL1* in MG stimulates mitotic proliferation ([Figure 5D′′](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}) ([@bib32]). Importantly, there was a cluster of cells expressing neuronal genes such *RBFOX3* (NeuN), a neural marker ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}E), and a reduction in the expression of glial markers (e.g., vimentin) as the MG transition to neurogenic progenitor and neurons, supporting the assumption that these neurogenic precursor cells are derived from MG ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}E). Compared with the CTL condition, several neuronal genes were upregulated in the ASCL1 condition, including *ELAVL2*, *ELAVL3* (HuC), and *SOX11* ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}F). Furthermore, GO analysis revealed that the terms enriched in the neuronal clusters are associated with "neurogenesis" and "neuron differentiation" ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}G).
These results show that lentiviral expression of *ASCL1* induced neurogenic progenitors and neurons from MG. Since we processed the cells for Multiome analysis, we were able to correlate chromatin accessibility with RNA expression, using Signac. Our data show that the ASCL1 motif is abundant in the clusters induced by the viral expression of ASCL1 ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}H). In addition, *ASCL1* remodels the chromatin to increase accessibility at its predicted targets, such as *HES6* and *DLL1* ([Figures 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}I and 5I′). These results further demonstrate that human MG can be reprogrammed to neurogenic precursors, with the cells acquiring both a transcriptome and epigenomic states, similar to these cell types observed in the developing retina.
*ASCL1*-mediated reprogramming of MG cultures from human fetal retina {#sec2.4}
Although the cells generated in retinal organoids compare very well with those of the fetal retina in transcriptome and developmental timing ([@bib35]), long-term cultures of organoids show disorganization of the inner retina that could impact MG development ([@bib3]). By contrast, the MG in RS maintain their normal structure, even up to 200 days of culture, and therefore may represent a better model for MG *in vitro* ([@bib11]; [@bib35]). For this reason, we carried out a similar reprograming experiment to those described above using RS-derived MG. To ensure the MG cultures did not contain any progenitors, RS were treated with a gamma secretase inhibitor (PF4014) for 3 days prior to dissociation of the MG in two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway rapidly induces the differentiation of MPC ([@bib5]; [@bib26]; [@bib30]).
To test whether fetal MG can be reprogrammed to neurogenic precursors, we used the same lentiviral-mediated gene delivery for *ASCL1* over-expression and a lentivirus-driving GFP expression as a CTL. Eight days after infection, we performed IF and scRNA-seq to evaluate the ability of *ASCL1* to reprogram fetal-derived MG ([Figures 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}A and 6B). The results were similar in the fetal MG to what we had observed in the organoid-derived MG: the ASCL1-infected cells, but not the CTL, contained EdU^+^ cells that acquired a neuronal morphology and expressed several markers of differentiating neurons, including TUJ1, DCX, and HuC/D ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}C). Although DCX is frequently used as a marker of immature neurons in other regions of the nervous system, this has not been reported for developing retina; therefore, we carried out a parallel analysis of DCX in intact RS to determine the types of neurons that express this gene in the retina. IF analysis demonstrated that DCX overlaps with the neuronal marker TUJ1 (*TUBB3*), the ganglion/amacrine markers HuC/D (*ELAVL3/4*) and calbindin (*CalB*) ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}D). More important, DCX and TUJ1 do not overlap with VSX2, which is expressed in MG, bipolar, and progenitor cells ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}D). Thus, our results demonstrate that expressing *ASCL1* in MG induces a neurogenic program in the cells.Figure 6ASCL1 induces a neurogenic program in MG derived from human fetal retina *in vitro*(A) Schematic of the experimental timeline.(B) ASCL1-infected MG 6 days post infection (D6pi). (Right) Brightfield image. (Left) GFP reporter expression. Scale bar, 500 μm.(C) Newly generated neurons express TUJ1 (magenta), HuC/D (red, top), DCX (red, bottom), and EdU+ (cyan) *in vitro* culture after ASCL1 over-expression. DAPI is in gray. Scale bar, 100 μm. MG-reprogrammed neurons with higher magnification. Scale bar, 50 μm.(D) RS sections showing that DCX (green) co-localized with TUJ1 (red, top), HuC/D (red, bottom), and calbindin (magenta, bottom), but not with VSX2 (blue, top). Scale bar, 100 μm for composite images. Scale bar, 50 μm for the individual channels.(E) Integrated UMAP plot of the MG cultures (E′) with and without ASCL1. (E″) UMAP plot showing the different phase of the cell cycle.(F) Feature plots showing the expression of vimentin (VIM), HES6, ASCL1, PROX1, DCX, RBFOX3 (NeuN), ELAVL3, and ONECUT2.(G) Heatmap comparing the average expression of selected genes in the two conditions (CTL and ASCL1 over-expression).(H) Top GO biological process analysis for the reprogrammed neuronal cluster.
We also analyzed the RS-derived MG with the scRNA-seq approach. Results are shown on UMAP plots and cell types are identified by their expression of known marker genes. In both the CTL and the ASCL1 conditions, we find a cluster of MG ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}E, purple); however, there are several additional clusters that are only present in the ASCL1-infected cells ([Figure 6E′](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The new clusters are composed of neurogenic precursors (green) and neurons (red), as defined by their expression of genes that identify these cell types ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}E). For example, *HES6* is expressed in neurogenic precursors during retinal development, while *DCX*, *RBFOX3* (NeuN), and *ELAVL3* (HuC) are expressed in newly generated retinal neurons ([Figures 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}E and 6F). After the addition of the pro-neural TF, we found the activation of key genes downstream of *ASCL1* such as *DLL3*, *INSM1*, and *SOX11* ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}G). This result was then further confirmed with a GO analysis, showing that genes in the neuronal cluster are associated with terms including "neurogenesis" and "neuron differentiation" ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}H). In addition, we also used the top 25 genes expressed in the induced neuronal clusters ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}E) and plotted those onto human fetal retinal Multiome data ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}B): the majority of the top 25 genes are also expressed by cells present in the Npre and the immature RGC cluster in the human fetal retina ([Figures S5](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}A and S5B).
Overall, our data show that *ASCL1* can reprogram fetal MG in dissociated cultures, much like the organoid-derived MG ([Figures S5](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}C--S5F). To directly compare the reprogramming of MG derived from the two sources, we integrated the data to a single UMAP plot ([Figure S6](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}G). This analysis revealed that both sources of human MG (retinal organoids and fetal retinas) can be reprogrammed to neurogenic precursors after *ASCL1* over-expression with similar results ([Figures S5](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}G′ and S5G″). However, in both conditions the majority of the reprogrammed cells remained in a neurogenic precursor state, and only a subset differentiate into neurons. One possibility is that Notch signaling, induced by *ASCL1* expression, prevents differentiation into neurons. Examining the chromatin landscape of the reprogrammed cells, we find that, while *ASCL1* activates its downstream targets, feedback inhibitors of *ASCL1*, such as *ID1*, *ID3*, and *HES1*, are also expressed in these cells ([Figure S6](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}A) ([@bib1]; [@bib38]; [@bib39]; [@bib50]). These results suggest that inhibition of Notch signaling may increase the number of new neurons generated by the ASCL1 reprogrammed MG. To test this hypothesis, we used our *in vitro* regenerative paradigm with the addition of a Notch inhibitor in the dissociated MG cultures (PF4014 a gamma secretase inhibitor) 4 days after the *ASCL1* induction and performed scRNA-seq at day 6 ([Figure S6](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}B). Consistent with our previous data, cells follow the same reprogramming trajectory and expressed the same neuronal markers (*DCX*, *ELAVL3*, and *RBFOX3*) as previously demonstrated ([Figures S6](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}C and S6D). Although the neurogenic efficiency is slightly increased after the addition of the Notch inhibitor treatment compared with the ASCL1 condition alone, the difference is relatively small ([Figures S6](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}E and S6F). However, we observed a cluster of OTX2+-induced neurons only in the Notch inhibition condition ([Figure S6](#mmc1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}G). Overall, this analysis revealed that Notch inhibition may impact cell fate after *ASCL1* expression in human MG cultures.
MG-derived cells demonstrate neuronal electrophysiological properties {#sec2.5}
We then used electrophysiology to characterize the electrical properties of reprogrammed cells derived from retinosphere MG. Patch-clamp electrophysiology was performed on GFP+ cells 6 days after *ASCL1* over-expression. We recorded changes in membrane voltage in response to injected current steps and changes in current in response to voltage steps. The electrical properties of CTL and reprogrammed cells differed substantially. [Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}A and 7B present current responses of a CTL cell, with [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}A showing currents shortly after a series of depolarizing voltage steps and [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}B showing responses at the end of the voltage steps. The near uniform spacing of the current traces suggests at most a modest contribution of voltage-dependent conductance. This behavior is more consistent with a glial phenotype than a neuronal phenotype. In some cells, however, depolarization opened ion channels, as demonstrated by an increased spacing of the current responses; these currents were likely generated by voltage-activated K^+^ channels. [Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}C and 7D demonstrate responses of reprogrammed cells to the same protocol; responses at step onset ([Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}C) and offset ([Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}D) are from different cells. Six of seven reprogrammed cells displayed clear inward currents at the onset or offset of voltage steps (red traces in [Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}C and 7D). These inward currents produced by the reprogrammed cells likely originate from Na^+^ or Ca^2+^ currents, consistent with a neuronal phenotype. Indeed, injecting currents into some of the reprogrammed cells produced amplified depolarizing voltage changes---and in some cases full all-or-none action potentials ([Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}E).Figure 7MG-derived cells demonstrate electrophysiological properties *in vitro*Voltage-activated conductances in reprogrammed cells.(A and B) Current responses produced by voltage steps ranging from −100 mV to +40 mV from a starting voltage of −60 mV. (A) Responses at step onset and (B) responses at step offset.(C and D) Current responses for two different reprogrammed cells to the same protocol as in (A) and (B). The red trace in (C) was produced for a step from −60 mV to −20 mV, and the red trace in (D) for a step from −60 mV to −100 mV.(E) Voltage responses elicited by a hyperpolarizing current step. The three traces shown are individual responses to the same current step. This cell generated all-or-none depolarizations for these steps (red arrows).(F) Summary of inward currents produced in CTL and reprogrammed cells at the onset or offset of voltage steps. Each point represents the maximal inward currents at step onset plotted against that at step offset for a single cell.
There was considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of the inward currents across reprogrammed cells. Hence to summarize these results, we plotted the maximum inward currents for each individual CTL or reprogrammed cell at the onset (y axis) and offset (x axis) of the voltage steps ([Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}F, each point represents one cell). Reprogrammed cells generated larger inward currents, often by a factor of 10--100. Overall, our results show that *ASCL1*-reprogrammed cells display electrophysiological properties quite unlike glia and more similar to immature neurons, consistent with the scRNA-seq and IF data.
Recent studies from our group and others have shown that MG in mouse retina can be stimulated to regenerate new neurons after injury by over-expressing *Ascl1*, a pro-neural TF, along with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor: trichostatin A (TSA); however, the feasibility of this strategy for human cells was not known when we began our studies ([@bib24]; [@bib25]; [@bib42]; [@bib43]). The findings of the current report show that human MG, derived from either organoids or fetal retina, can be reprogrammed to a neurogenic state using *ASCL1*, much like MG from mice.
In our detailed study of MG development in the human fetal retina, we have found that the first MG appear earlier than previously thought; they are already present in the PF at FD59 ([@bib21]; [@bib27]; [@bib35]). MG soon appear outside the fovea and spread across the retina, but do not yet reach the periphery until after FD150, the oldest fetal age we have been able to examine. Nevertheless, a recently developed culture system, RS, allows us to maintain fetal retina for hundreds of days, allowing for MG maturation ([@bib11]; [@bib35]). Using this system, we find that, by 180 days, RLBP1-expressing MG are present in all retinospheres. Retinal organoids follow a similar time course, and, by 200 days, organoids contain MG that express mature glial markers such as RLBP1 ([@bib31]; [@bib35]; [@bib51]).
To develop the conditions for culturing MG as dissociated cells, we relied on previously published methods in mice ([@bib32]). Like mouse MG cultures, human MG display a glial morphology with prominent oval nuclei ([@bib31]). Dissociated MG cultures have several potential advantages over the explant cultures or organoids, in that they can be expanded and banked for later use. In addition, dissociated cell cultures are easier to infect with viral reprogramming factors. However, some key genes normally present in MG, such as *RLBP1*, are downregulated in dissociated cell cultures ([@bib6]; [@bib31]). Changes in the cellular environment combined with a loss of polarity of the MG in dissociated culture may explain this difference, although these changes were not observed in mouse MG cultures. Nevertheless, dissociated human MG are still easily identifiable in dissociated culture, as they express others glial marker such as SOX2, PAX6, and GFAP that are not present in other potentially contaminating cell types, such as astrocytes.
We find that *ASCL1* over-expression induces neurogenesis in the human MG cultures. Using IF, we showed that induced neurons exhibit a neuronal morphology: a small, round nucleus and multiple, long processes. Furthermore, they express the pan-neuronal marker TUJ1 (*TUBB3*), in addition to DCX and HuC/D, which are both expressed in RGC and amacrine cells in the human fetal retina. scRNA-seq analysis combined with electrophysiological studies further validated this result, showing that the MG-derived neurons express the same neural markers previously identified by IF (DCX, HuC/D \[*ELAVL3/4*\]) and display neuronal characteristics such as Na^+^ and Ca^2+^ currents and action potentials. Overall, our data suggest that *ASCL1* induces human fetal MG neurogenesis toward immature RGC-like and amacrine-like neurons *in vitro*.
The types of neurons generated by MG in human cultures differs from what we observe in mice, where *Ascl1* induced MG to generate Otx2+ bipolar-like cells ([@bib24]; [@bib32]; [@bib47]). It remains unclear why there are differences in the types of neurons generated by the reprogrammed MG from mouse and human. It is possible that *ASCL1* plays a different role in neuronal specification in the two species; however, single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics show similar patterns of expression and motif accessibility for *ASCL1* in human and mouse development ([@bib21]; [@bib25]; [@bib48]). Alternatively, it is possible that differences in the duration of the cultures affects the types of neuron fate choices available with *ASCL1* over-expression. For example, the mouse MG are cultured for only 1--2 weeks, while the human cells were *in vitro* for 200 days. Although both organoid-derived and RS-derived MG are quite similar to freshly isolated fetal MG, dissociation and passaging may cause them to diverge in gene expression over time; some of the genes downregulated in MG could play a role in *OTX2* induction after *ASCL1* over-expression. It is also intriguing that inhibition of Notch signaling enables the generation of *OTX2*+ neurons. The bias toward the OTX2 lineage after Notch signaling inhibition has already been described in previous studies ([@bib5]; [@bib13]; [@bib23]).
Although the addition of a Notch inhibitor slightly increases the neuronal cluster compared with the ASCL1 only condition, the majority of the cells remain in the neurogenic precursor fate. Additionally, other factors have been shown to limit neurogenesis from ASCL1-reprogrammed MG in mice, such as microglial ablation or STAT inhibition ([@bib25]; [@bib41]). Testing these variables in human MG reprograming paradigm may lead to increased neurogenesis. Furthermore, additional TFs may be needed to increase the efficiency of neurogenesis *in vitro*, including the bHLH TF ATOH7 ([@bib42]; [@bib43]). Previous reports in mice have also found that reprogramming MG with *Ascl1 in vivo* results in a more stable and well differentiated population of MG-derived neurons than what occurs with *in vitro* reprogramming with the same factor ([@bib32]; [@bib47]). Therefore, further studies in a more intact environment, such as the 3D RS and retinal organoids, will be needed to further test the reprogramming potential of *ASCL1* in human MG.
Taken together, our work shows evidence of regenerative capacity in human MG. This study constitutes a proof of principle that the human MG, as well as the mouse MG, can be reprogrammed into neurons after the over-expression of the pro-neural TF *ASCL1*. In the context of restoring vision loss, cell transplantation and regenerative strategies have the potential to restore lost neurons and represent complementary approaches. However, while stimulation of regeneration may someday be a viable strategy to repair the human retina, many challenges remain. We anticipate that future studies will continue to build on our findings, to explore the regenerative capacities of adult MG in degenerative contexts.
Experimental procedures {#sec4}
Resource availability {#sec4.1}
Data are available in the main text or in the supplemental information. All unique reagents generated for this study are available from the lead contact without restriction.
### Corresponding author {#sec4.1.1}
Further information and requests for resources and reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the corresponding author Thomas A. Reh<EMAIL_ADDRESS>### Materials availability {#sec4.1.2}
No new reagents were generated for this report.
### Data and code availability {#sec4.1.3}
All the Multiome and scRNA-seq datasets generated for this manuscript have been deposited on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository under the accession number [GSE246169](GSE246169){#intref0015}.
Organoid cultures {#sec4.2}
Retinal organoids were generated as previously demonstrated ([@bib29]; [@bib35]; [@bib54]). Detailed protocol is available in the supplemental information.
Fetal retina tissue and RS cultures {#sec4.3}
Human retinal tissues were obtained from the Birth Defect Research Laboratory at the University of Washington using an approved protocol (UW5R24HD000836). Sample ages were estimated by different techniques, including gestational ultrasound examination, crown-rump length, and fetal foot length ([@bib15]). RS were made as previously described ([@bib35]).
Plasmids and viral production for 2D MG cultures infection {#sec4.4}
PLOC-hASCL1-IRES-turboGFP(nuc) (Open Biosystems) and PLOC-IRES-turboGFP(nuc) plasmids were used as previously described ([@bib32]). Lentiviral particles containing the plasmid constructions were produced using Lenti-Xtm Packing Single Shots (VSV-G), according to the manufacturer's protocol (Takara Bio).
Cell dissociation and MG cultures {#sec4.5}
Retinal organoids and RS were digested with Papain (Worthington) for 15--30 min at 37°C, on a nutator with mechanical dissociation using a P1000 pipette every 10 min. Ovomucin (Worthington) was added to the solution to stop the reaction. The suspension was then spun down for 7 min at 300 RPM, 4°C. Supernatant was then removed, and cells were resuspended with the appropriate volume of medium (RDM 5%) depending on the experiments. Culture medium was changed every other day until the cells reached confluency. MG cultures were next passaged and treated with lentivirus to overexpress *ASCL1*.
Retinal organoids and RS were fixed with cold PFA 4% for 15 min and then washed three times with PBS. Fixed tissues were embedded in 10%, 20%, or 30% sucrose overnight at 4°C. Tissues were frozen in OCT and cryosectioned at 15 μm. Cultured MG were plated on glass coverslips treated with poly-D-lysine and coated with Matrigel. Cells were fixed with cold PFA 4% for 15 min and then washed three times with PBS. A blocking solution containing 10% horse serum, 90% PBS, and 0.5% Triton X-100 was then used for 1 h at room temperature (RT). Primary antibodies were diluted in the blocking solution (Table S1) overnight at 4°C. The next day, cells were washed three times with PBS before adding the secondary blocking solution containing the blocking solution, 1/8,000 DAPI, and the secondary antibodies (Table S1) for 1 h, RT. Cells were then washed three times with PBS, and sections or coverslips were mounted using fluoromount-G (SouthernBiotech) medium. For EdU labeling, cells were incubated for 30 min at RT with the Click-it solution (Click-iT EdU Assay, Invitrogen) and then washed three times with PBS before being mounted.
Whole mount staining and clearing protocol {#sec4.7}
The clearing protocol was carried out using the EyeDisco protocol as previously described ([@bib49]).
Three-dimensional LSFM imaging {#sec4.8}
Cleared, agarose-embedded, intact fetal eye samples were imaged with a light sheet microscope (SmartSPIM, LifeCanvas Technologies) using a 3.6× objective (ThorLabs, TL4X-SAP, NA = 0.2) with lateral sampling of 1.8 μm/pixel in XY and 2-μm steps in Z. The samples were submerged and imaged in dibenzyl ether (Sigma Aldrich) with a refractive index of 1.562. A single laser sheet was used at 30% power for 488-nm, 50% power for 561-nm, and 10% power for 639-nm wavelengths. Each channel had an acquisition exposure time of 2 ms. The resulting raw image arrays (2 × 2) were stitched using commercial stitching software (LifeCanvas Technologies). Then, 2D and 3D images were rendered using Arivis Vision4D v3.6.2 (Zeiss) software.
Recordings were performed on dissociated cells in the treated and CTL condition. Treated cells were infected with a HES1-ASCL1-GFP lentivirus and CTL cells were infected with the HES1-GFP lentivirus ([@bib38]). Viruses were generated by Vector Builder. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made with a K-based internal solution containing 123 mM K-aspartate, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM MgCl~2~, 1 mM CaCl~2~, 2 mM EGTA, 4 mM Mg-ATP, 0.5 mM Tris-GTP, and 0.1 mM Alexa (555). Cells expressing GFP were targeted for recording, and cell identity was confirmed by imaging the Alexa 555 after recording. Whole-cell patch pipettes had resistances of 12--14 MΩ. Access resistance was \<25 MΩ for all cells. Reported voltages have not been corrected for an approximately −10 mV liquid junction potential.
Single-cell RNA construction {#sec4.10}
Cells were harvested as previously described ([@bib43]). Briefly, cells were passed through a 35-μm strainer and loaded to 10× genomics chip type G. Library constructions were performed using the Chromium Next GEM single Cell 3′ Reagent kits v3.1 (Dual Index) according to the manufacturers' instructions. Cells were next encapsulated in a gel and received a unique barcode using the 10× chromonium controller. Further information is available in the Supplemental information.
Supplemental information {#app2}
Document S1. Figures S1--S6 and Table S1 Document S2. Article plus supplemental information
We thank Dr. Ian Glass at the BDRL (Birth Defect Research Laboratory) for their help with the human fetal tissues. Fetal retina tissue samples with no identifiers were made available through the Birth Defects Research Laboratory at University of Washington (UW5R24HD000836). We also would like to thank all the members of the Reh lab and the Bermingham-McDonogh lab for their valuable comments on the manuscript. We thank Dr. Don Zack, Johns Hopkins University, for his gift of the H7 BRN3-tdTomato cell line. This work is funded by a grant from the Foundation Fighting Blindness (TA-RM-0620-0788-UWA) to T.A.R. and by a sponsored research agreement with Tenpoint Therapeutics.
Author contributions {#sec5}
Overall conceptualization, J.W. and T.A.R.; organoid and retinosphere cell culture, J.W., D.H., F.K., and A.K.H.; tissue acquisition and processing, J.W., D.H., F.K., and A.K.H.; immunohistochemistry and microscopy, J.W., D.H., F.K., A.K.H., S.A.G., and A.D.M.; 10× single cell genomics data analysis: J.W., C.F., A.P, I.O.L., and T.A.R.; electrophysiology experiments, F.R.; manuscript preparation and writing, J.W. and T.A.R.; funding acquisition, T.A.R.; and supervision and project administration, T.A.R.
Declaration of interests {#sec6}
This research is funded in part by a sponsored research agreement with Tenpoint Therapeutics; T.A.R. is a co-founder and consultant. Some of the findings in this manuscript are part of a patent that has been submitted by the University of Washington: PCT/US23/65219.
Supplemental information can be found online at <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.021>.
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clays past its first quarter. The large polar cap may still be readily detected, but the planet is now so very far away that no other details can be well seen.
Saturn is now low in the west, and toward the close of the month will be wholly lost in the sun's rays. It will not definitely leave the evening sky. however, until May 14.
Jupiter is moving slowly westward in the constellation of the Scorpion, and though in the early morning hours it is a beautiful and conspicuous ob ject, riding high in the southern heavens, it has not yet reached the borders of our evening chart. It is due east of the star A, Figure 1, rising at 11 o'clock on April 1 and at a few minutes past 9 o'clock on April 30. An
serving the star shower it is therefore best to select a late hour of the even ing, even deferring the observation until after midnight, if possible.
The greatest number of shooting stars will be seen on the evenings ol April 20, 21 and 22, and this year we have an unusually favorable oppor tunity for observing them, since the moon on these dates is nearly new. If, late in the evening, the observer will turn to the constellation Lyra, he will see every few minutes a bluish, very swiftly moving star dart outward from near the point S, Figure 1, and move in any direction across the sky, while it may be that at times two or three shooting stars will suddenly appear at once. The shower will continue all
interesting eclipse of its third moon may be observed on the morning of April 29, the moon disappearing at I hour 58 minutes 22 seconds, A. M. (Eastern standard time), and emerging from the shadow 2 hours 10 minutes 39 seconds later.
THE APRIL SHOOTING STARS.
This is the month when there oc curs the bright shower of shooting stars known as the Lyrids, this name being given to them because they are seen to dart outward in all directions from the constellation of Lyra, or the Harp. This beautiful constellation, with its very brilliant, blue star Vega, may be seen just rising in the north east in the early evenings of April, while throughout the latter half of the night it is high in the heavens. In ob-
through the three nights and during the days as well, though when the sun is shining we can, of course, not see the stars.
The stars of this or of any shower are a great stream of meteoric particles moving about our sun, through which the earth plows once each year. Each swiftly moving particle as it collides with our earth is burnt up by the fric tion of its motion through our protect ing air and the burning particle is what we see as a shooting star. That all the stars of any shower appear to move outward from one little area in the sky is merely the effect of perspective ; the area is the vanishing point of the par allel paths in which the particles move. The present shower is the remains of the first comet of 1861.
|
module Name_Generator
attr_accessor :named, :stored_names, :ra, :rc
@@ra = "_AEIOUY".chars.to_a
@@rc = "_BCDGHFVJKLMNPQRSTWXZ".chars.to_a
def take_name
@stored_names = []
name
@stored_names
end
def name
@named = ''
4.times do
@named << @@rc.sample
@named << @@ra.sample
@named << @@rc.sample
@named << @@ra.sample
end
# @named << rand(0..999).to_s
save_name
check_name
end
def save_name
@stored_names << @named
end
def check_name
@stored_names.uniq!
end
def reset
@stored_names = []
end
end
|
import os, discord
import datetime as dt
from discord.ext import tasks
from dotenv import load_dotenv
from tda_handler import TDAHandler
from api_handler import APIHandler
from personal_alerts import PersonalAlert
from logging import DEBUG
from string_constants import StringConstants
load_dotenv()
SCOPE = ["https://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds",
'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',
"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive.file",
"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive"]
TOKEN = os.getenv('DISCORD_TOKEN')
GUILD = os.getenv('DISCORD_GUILD')
API_KEY= os.getenv('API_KEY')
SPREADSHEETNAME = os.getenv('SPREADSHEETNAME')
SHEETNAME = os.getenv('SHEETNAME')
LEAPSHEETNAME = os.getenv('LEAPSHEETNAME')
MAIN_CHANNEL = os.getenv('MAIN_CHANNEL')
FLOW_CHANNEL = os.getenv('FLOW_CHANNEL')
DEBUG_CHANNEL = os.getenv('DEBUG_CHANNEL')
DEBUG_SHEET = os.getenv('DEBUG_SHEET')
PERSONAL_SHEET = os.getenv('PERSONAL_SHEET')
DEBUG = os.getenv('DEBUG')
client = discord.Client()
if DEBUG:
FLOW_CHANNEL =DEBUG_CHANNEL
SHEETNAME =DEBUG_SHEET
Handler = APIHandler(SCOPE, SPREADSHEETNAME, SHEETNAME, "creds.json", API_KEY)
LeapHandler = APIHandler(SCOPE, SPREADSHEETNAME, LEAPSHEETNAME, "creds.json", API_KEY)
PARSE = TDAHandler(apikey=API_KEY)
personalAlert = PersonalAlert(SCOPE, SPREADSHEETNAME, PERSONAL_SHEET, "creds.json", API_KEY)
@client.event
async def on_ready():
for guild in client.guilds:
if guild.name == GUILD:
break
print(
f'{client.user} is connected to the following guild:\n'
f'{guild.name}(id: {guild.id})'
)
update_morning.start()
oi_update_intraday.start()
def chunks(lst, n):
"""Yield successive n-sized chunks from lst."""
for i in range(0, len(lst), n):
yield lst[i:i + n]
@client.event
async def on_message(message):
if message.author == client.user:
return
# ===============[ MISC ]================= #
if "!validate" in message.content.lower():
TOS = message.content.split(" ")[-1]
PARSE.set_new_option(TOS)
await message.channel.send(("The option you are trying to track is: ", PARSE.OPTION))
# ===============[ PERSONAL OPTION TRACKING ]================= #
if "!follow" in message.content.lower():
personalAlert.update_dataframe()
TOS = message.content.split(" ")
generated_message = "Unabled to parse command"
user = message.author
if "-" in TOS[1]:
# List the options the person is following
if "--list" == TOS[1]:
generated_message = personalAlert.generate_message_list_of_user_options(user)
elif "--remove" == TOS[1]:
if len(TOS) != 3:
generated_message = "Provide an option to delete in this format: \n !follow --remove [option name]"
else:
generated_message = personalAlert.delete_option_from_user(user, TOS[2])
elif "--sort" == TOS[1]:
personalAlert.sort_user_options(user)
generated_message = personalAlert.generate_message_list_of_user_options(user)
generated_message = "Successfully sorted all of your options in alphabetical order\n" + generated_message
elif "--help" == TOS[1]:
generated_message = personalAlert.generate_help_message()
else:
# The normal flow for someone to follow a option
generated_message = personalAlert.add_option_to_user(user, TOS[1])
await message.author.send(generated_message)
# ===============[ FLOW OI ]================= #
if "!track" in message.content.lower():
TOS = message.content.split(" ")
PARSE.set_new_option(TOS[1])
OI_PLUS = Handler.find_all_options_with_ticker(PARSE.TICKER)
Handler.configure_option(TOS[1])
await message.channel.send(f'{StringConstants.SMALL_HEADER} **{PARSE.TICKER}** {StringConstants.SMALL_HEADER}\n')
await message.channel.send(f'Now tracking: {PARSE.OPTION} **[{PARSE.TOS}]**\n{StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER*2}')
if len(OI_PLUS) > 0:
await message.channel.send(f'For **{PARSE.TICKER}**, you are also tracking these contracts:\n')
for OI in chunks(OI_PLUS, 15):
await message.channel.send(" \n".join(OI)+"\n"+(StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER*2))
if "!goodentry" in message.content.lower():
entries = Handler.get_all_below_cost()
for entry in chunks(entries, 15):
await message.channel.send(" \n".join(entry))
if "!volumecheck" in message.content.lower():
vols = Handler.tuple_volume()
for vol in chunks(vols, 15):
await message.channel.send(" \n".join(vol))
# ===============[ LEAPS ]================= #
if "!ltrack" in message.content.lower():
TOS = message.content.split(" ")
PARSE.set_new_option(TOS[1])
OI_PLUS = LeapHandler.find_all_options_with_ticker(PARSE.TICKER)
LeapHandler.configure_option(TOS[1])
await message.channel.send(f'{StringConstants.SMALL_HEADER} **{PARSE.TICKER}** {StringConstants.SMALL_HEADER}\nNow tracking: {PARSE.OPTION} **[{PARSE.TOS}]**\n{StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER*2}')
if len(OI_PLUS) > 0:
await message.channel.send(f'For **{PARSE.TICKER}**, you are also tracking these contracts:\n')
for OI in chunks(OI_PLUS, 15):
await message.channel.send(" \n".join(OI)+"\n"+(StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER*2))
if "!lgoodentry" in message.content.lower():
entries = LeapHandler.get_all_below_cost()
for entry in chunks(entries, 15):
await message.channel.send(" \n".join(entry))
if "!lvolumecheck" in message.content.lower():
vols = LeapHandler.tuple_volume()
for vol in chunks(vols, 15):
await message.channel.send(" \n".join(vol))
@tasks.loop(minutes=10)
async def update_morning():
MAIN = client.get_channel(int(FLOW_CHANNEL))
curr_time = dt.datetime.now()
if (DEBUG or (curr_time.hour == 7 and (30 <= curr_time.minute < 40))):
increases, decreases, map_from_option_to_data = Handler.get_morning_updates()
increased_opt = map_from_option_to_data["increased_option"].keys()
decreased_opt = map_from_option_to_data["decreased_option"].keys()
alert_personal_option_changes_map = personalAlert.alert_everyone_map(increased_opt, decreased_opt)
for user, options in alert_personal_option_changes_map["increased_oi_notification"].items():
message = personalAlert.build_message(user, options, map_from_option_to_data["increased_option"], increased_oi = True)
if message:
user_channel = await client.fetch_user(user)
await user_channel.send(message)
for user, options in alert_personal_option_changes_map["decreased_oi_notification"].items():
message = personalAlert.build_message(user, options, map_from_option_to_data["decreased_option"], increased_oi = False)
if message:
user_channel = await client.fetch_user(user)
await user_channel.send(message)
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER + "**[ FLOW ]**" + StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER)
if len(increases) > 0:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_INCREASE + " \n".join(increases) + " \n" )
else:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_NO_INCREASE)
if len(decreases) > 0:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_DECREASE + " \n".join(decreases) + " \n")
else:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_NO_DECREASE)
increases, decreases, map_from_option_to_data = LeapHandler.get_morning_updates()
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER + "**[ FLOW LEAP ]**" + StringConstants.LARGE_HEADER)
if len(increases) > 0:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_INCREASE + " \n".join(increases) + " \n" )
else:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_NO_INCREASE)
if len(decreases) > 0:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_DECREASE + " \n".join(decreases) + " \n")
else:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.OVERNIGHT_NO_DECREASE)
Handler.run_spreadsheet_update(override=False)
LeapHandler.run_spreadsheet_update(override=False)
@tasks.loop(hours=1)
async def oi_update_intraday():
MAIN = client.get_channel(int(MAIN_CHANNEL))
curr_time = dt.datetime.now()
if (9 <= curr_time.hour < 17 ):
vols = Handler.get_all_with_volume(10)
if len(vols) >= 1:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.INTRADAY_UPDATE + " \n".join(vols))
else:
await MAIN.send(StringConstants.INTRADAY_NO_UPDATE)
client.run(TOKEN)
async def on_error(event, *args, **kwargs):
with open('err.log', 'a') as f:
if event == 'on_message':
f.write(f'Unhandled message: {args[0]}\n')
else:
raise discord.DiscordException
|
/**
* @jest-environment jsdom
*/
import { humanizeSeniority } from '../humanizeSeniority'
describe('app/helpers/humanizeSeniority()', () => {
test(`with 0 month`, () => {
const seniorityInMonths = 0
const result = humanizeSeniority(seniorityInMonths)
expect(result).toBe('Ouvert aux débutant·es')
})
test(`with 12 months`, () => {
const seniorityInMonths = 12
const result = humanizeSeniority(seniorityInMonths)
expect(result).toMatch('1 an')
})
test(`with 24 months`, () => {
const seniorityInMonths = 24
const result = humanizeSeniority(seniorityInMonths)
expect(result).toEqual('2 ans')
})
})
|
User talk:Leilanijuliet
Ankou/adamant arrow
In addition to this, we already have adamant arrow images, in the .png format this wiki prefers.
|
Right so very quick video today, and I mean very quick. I'm gonna be doing a lucid dreaming challenge So this is the lucid dreaming challenge. I want you to try and next time you're lucid Walk around and find a bottle of red potion Okay, and drink it see what happens now to find a bottle of red potion You simply go to somewhere where there might be a bottle of red potion So where would you expect to find potion? Well probably a kitchen, you know a shop or maybe in your bathroom Right, so go to those places in your dream find the red potion drink it and see what happens leave a comment letting me know What happened because it's actually kind of interesting, you know, it's different for everyone what happens with these challenges? I think the last one was like looking a dream mirror or something I believe this is the second challenge, but I'll put the correct number in the title So it'd be like lucid challenge 3 or 2 or whatever whichever one it is so go ahead enter a lucid dream find a bottle of red potion Drink it leave a comment letting me know what happened if you are struggling with lucid dreaming and you haven't actually had a lucid dream yet This is very important. You need to go to the link in my description to the lucid dreaming bootcamp Get a copy of it. It's a principal calendar that will tell you exactly what to practice on each day for a month And it guarantees that you'll have a lucid dream within the first week probably more, right? so So go ahead and check that out. You'll actually get a discount if you subscribe to my email list So it's meant to be $30 just less than a dollar a day for a month if you subscribe to my email list on howtolucid.com Your the first email you'll get will be a link to a secret page, which will be a discount It'll be a discount for the bootcamp. So go ahead and do that if you're struggling and let me know What happens when you find the red potion?
|
Check for missing text domain in JavaScript i18n function calls
Is your feature request related to a problem?
wp.i18n JavaScript functions can be used in plugins and themes, but there is currently no check to ensure that they have a text domain argument.
Describe the solution you'd like
Add a sniff that checks for text domain (and possibly other i18n-related issues), for JS, like the one for PHP. It could be that this one gets updated to cover PHP and JS, but that may make it trickier to understand, since it's not the same groups of functions.
Some remarks:
JS support will be removed in PHPCS 4.x. With that in mind, for scanning JS files, it may be better to look at adding a custom check in eslint for this issue.
For inline JS, this is something which should be handled in this repo and would require a separate, dedicated sniff as it will need to analyse T_INLINE_HTML tokens.
Analyzing the inline HTML will not be easy as it will be split up into separate tokens for each line and the sniff would need to keep track of whether it has seen a <script> open/close tag to prevent confusion with inline HTML (text) talking about those methods.
Multi-line function calls in JS will also need to be considered.
Possible solution direction: use the PHPCSUtils TextStrings::getCompleteTextString() method to get access to the complete inline HTML code block and then use a regex to analyze this.
Depending on how large the text is, this regex can be very slow, but it should be able to get reasonably accurate results.
Oh and it would be great if code samples of real life code using these JS methods in inline HTML could be posted here so there are some test cases available to work with.
|
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace AthsEssGymBook.Client.Services
{
using AthsEssGymBook.Shared;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Json;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
public class WeatherForecastClient
{
private readonly HttpClient client;
public WeatherForecastClient(HttpClient client)
{
this.client = client;
}
public async Task<WeatherForecast[]> GetForecastAsync()
{
var forecasts = new WeatherForecast[0];
try
{
forecasts = await client.GetFromJsonAsync<WeatherForecast[]>(
"api/SampleData/WeatherForecasts");
}
catch
{
}
return forecasts;
}
}
}
|
Bob the Builder and Tangled: The Count of Monte Cristo
Cast
* Josh Groban as Bob
* Kelly Clarkson as Wendy
* Will Swenson as Spud
* Eric Anderson as Farmer Pickles
* Mandy Moore as Princess Rapunzel
* Zachery Levi as Eugene Fitzherbert/Flynn Rider
* Eden Espinosa as Cassandra
* Jeremy Jordan as Varian
* Corey Cott as Piper
* Megan Hilty as Jenny
* Clancy Brown as King Frederic
* Julie Browne as Queen Arianna
* Terrence Mann as Mr. Bentley
* Dee Bradley Baker as Pascal and Maximus
* Laura Benanti as Lady Caine
* James Monroe Iglehart as Lance Strongbow
Songs
* Prologue (Let Justice Be Done) - Ensemble
* When Love is True - Bob and Wendy
* A Story Told - Varian, Spud and Farmer Pickles
* I Will Be There - Bob and Wendy
* Everyday a Little Death - Bob, Wendy and Varian
* When We Are Kings - Mr. Bentley and Bob
* When the World Was Mine - Wendy
* Hell to Your Doorstep - Bob
* Ah, Women - Bob and Piper
* I Know Those Eyes / This Man is Dead - Wendy and Bob
* Pretty Lies - Jenny
* All This Time - Wendy
* The Man I Used to Be - Bob
* Hell to Your Doorstep (reprise) - Varian and Bob
* I Will Be There (reprise) - Bob and Wendy
Soundtrack
* Bob the Builder and Tangled: The Count of Monte Cristo/Soundtrack
Transcript
* Bob the Builder and Tangled: The Count of Monte Cristo/Transcript
Gallery
* Bob the Builder and Tangled: The Count of Monte Cristo/Gallery
Credits
* Bob the Builder and Tangled: The Count of Monte Cristo/Credits
Follow-Up film
* Bob the Builder and Tangled: ???
|
178 Bible Verses about Apollos
Acts 18:26 ESV / 7 helpful votes
He began to speak boldly in the synagogue, but when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him and explained to him the way of God more accurately.
2 Timothy 3:15 ESV / 6 helpful votes
And how from childhood you have been acquainted with the sacred writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus.
Galatians 3:28 ESV / 5 helpful votes
There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
2 Timothy 3:16-17 ESV / 4 helpful votes
All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be competent, equipped for every good work.
2 Timothy 2:15 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a worker who has no need to be ashamed, rightly handling the word of truth.
1 Thessalonians 5:21 ESV / 4 helpful votes
But test everything; hold fast what is good.
1 Corinthians 4:6 ESV / 4 helpful votes
I have applied all these things to myself and Apollos for your benefit, brothers, that you may learn by us not to go beyond what is written, that none of you may be puffed up in favor of one against another.
Acts 17:11 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Now these Jews were more noble than those in Thessalonica; they received the word with all eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily to see if these things were so.
John 5:39 ESV / 4 helpful votes
You search the Scriptures because you think that in them you have eternal life; and it is they that bear witness about me,
Isaiah 8:19 ESV / 4 helpful votes
And when they say to you, “Inquire of the mediums and the necromancers who chirp and mutter,” should not a people inquire of their God? Should they inquire of the dead on behalf of the living?
Genesis 1:1-31 ESV / 4 helpful votes
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. And God saw that the light was good. And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day. ...
Revelation 22:18-19 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.
Revelation 22:18 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book,
1 John 4:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world.
2 Peter 2:1-3 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction. And many will follow their sensuality, and because of them the way of truth will be blasphemed. Their condemnation from long ago is not idle, and their destruction is not asleep.
Hebrews 1:1-14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world. He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high, having become as much superior to angels as the name he has inherited is more excellent than theirs. For to which of the angels did God ever say, “You are my Son, today I have begotten you”? Or again, “I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son”? ...
Titus 2:3-5 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Older women likewise are to be reverent in behavior, not slanderers or slaves to much wine. They are to teach what is good, and so train the young women to love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled, pure, working at home, kind, and submissive to their own husbands, that the word of God may not be reviled.
Titus 1:6 ESV / 3 helpful votes
If anyone is above reproach, the husband of one wife, and his children are believers and not open to the charge of debauchery or insubordination.
2 Timothy 3:16 ESV / 3 helpful votes
All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness,
2 Timothy 1:5 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I am reminded of your sincere faith, a faith that dwelt first in your grandmother Lois and your mother Eunice and now, I am sure, dwells in you as well.
1 Timothy 2:12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.
1 Timothy 2:1-15 ESV / 3 helpful votes
First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way. This is good, and it is pleasing in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. For there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, ...
2 Thessalonians 1:8 ESV / 3 helpful votes
In flaming fire, inflicting vengeance on those who do not know God and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus.
2 Thessalonians 1:7-9 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And to grant relief to you who are afflicted as well as to us, when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with his mighty angels in flaming fire, inflicting vengeance on those who do not know God and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus.
Romans 16:7 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Greet Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and my fellow prisoners. They are well known to the apostles, and they were in Christ before me.
Romans 16:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church at Cenchreae,
Acts 20:28 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Pay careful attention to yourselves and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to care for the church of God, which he obtained with his own blood.
Acts 18:24-26 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Now a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent man, competent in the Scriptures. He had been instructed in the way of the Lord. And being fervent in spirit, he spoke and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, though he knew only the baptism of John. He began to speak boldly in the synagogue, but when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him and explained to him the way of God more accurately.
Acts 18:24 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Now a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent man, competent in the Scriptures.
Acts 17:1-15 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews. And Paul went in, as was his custom, and on three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead, and saying, “This Jesus, whom I proclaim to you, is the Christ.” And some of them were persuaded and joined Paul and Silas, as did a great many of the devout Greeks and not a few of the leading women. But the Jews were jealous, and taking some wicked men of the rabble, they formed a mob, set the city in an uproar, and attacked the house of Jason, seeking to bring them out to the crowd. ...
Acts 2:38 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And Peter said to them, “Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Acts 2:17 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“‘And in the last days it shall be, God declares, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams;
Acts 2:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
When the day of Pentecost arrived, they were all together in one place.
John 20:30-31 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; but these are written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name.
John 8:58 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I am.”
He does not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life.
John 3:16 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.
John 1:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Luke 16:31 ESV / 3 helpful votes
He said to him, ‘If they do not hear Moses and the Prophets, neither will they be convinced if someone should rise from the dead.’”
Matthew 5:28 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman with lustful intent has already committed adultery with her in his heart.
Matthew 4:1-11 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil. And after fasting forty days and forty nights, he was hungry. And the tempter came and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, command these stones to become loaves of bread.” But he answered, “It is written, “‘Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.’” Then the devil took him to the holy city and set him on the pinnacle of the temple ...
Isaiah 9:7 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end, on the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it with justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore. The zeal of the Lord of hosts will do this.
Isaiah 9:6 ESV / 3 helpful votes
For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder, and his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
Isaiah 8:22 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And they will look to the earth, but behold, distress and darkness, the gloom of anguish. And they will be thrust into thick darkness.
Isaiah 8:21 ESV / 3 helpful votes
They will pass through the land, greatly distressed and hungry. And when they are hungry, they will be enraged and will speak contemptuously against their king and their God, and turn their faces upward.
Isaiah 7:14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
Ecclesiastes 12:11-12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
The words of the wise are like goads, and like nails firmly fixed are the collected sayings; they are given by one Shepherd. My son, beware of anything beyond these. Of making many books there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the flesh.
Proverbs 30:5-6 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Every word of God proves true; he is a shield to those who take refuge in him.
Psalm 91:11-12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
For he will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways.
Deuteronomy 8:3 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And he humbled you and let you hunger and fed you with manna, which you did not know, nor did your fathers know, that he might make you know that man does not live by bread alone, but man lives by every word that comes from the mouth of the Lord.
Deuteronomy 6:16 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“You shall not put the Lord your God to the test, as you tested him at Massah.
Deuteronomy 6:13 ESV / 3 helpful votes
It is the Lord your God you shall fear. Him you shall serve and by his name you shall swear.
Deuteronomy 4:2 ESV / 3 helpful votes
You shall not add to the word that I command you, nor take from it, that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God that I command you.
Genesis 1:2 ESV / 3 helpful votes
The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
Revelation 22:19 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.
Jude 1:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire.
2 Peter 3:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. To him be the glory both now and to the day of eternity. Amen.
2 Peter 1:21 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.
1 Peter 2:21 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For to this you have been called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, so that you might follow in his steps.
1 Peter 2:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Like newborn infants, long for the pure spiritual milk, that by it you may grow up into salvation—
James 2:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For whoever keeps the whole law but fails in one point has become accountable for all of it.
James 2:1-26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
My brothers, show no partiality as you hold the faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory. For if a man wearing a gold ring and fine clothing comes into your assembly, and a poor man in shabby clothing also comes in, and if you pay attention to the one who wears the fine clothing and say, “You sit here in a good place,” while you say to the poor man, “You stand over there,” or, “Sit down at my feet,” have you not then made distinctions among yourselves and become judges with evil thoughts? Listen, my beloved brothers, has not God chosen those who are poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom, which he has promised to those who love him? ...
James 1:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Religion that is pure and undefiled before God, the Father, is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction, and to keep oneself unstained from the world.
Hebrews 11:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And without faith it is impossible to please him, for whoever would draw near to God must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who seek him.
Hebrews 9:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And just as it is appointed for man to die once, and after that comes judgment,
Hebrews 7:1-28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the Most High God, met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him, and to him Abraham apportioned a tenth part of everything. He is first, by translation of his name, king of righteousness, and then he is also king of Salem, that is, king of peace. See how great this man was to whom Abraham the patriarch gave a tenth of the spoils! And those descendants of Levi who receive the priestly office have a commandment in the law to take tithes from the people, that is, from their brothers, though these also are descended from Abraham. ...
Hebrews 1:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high,
Titus 1:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
This is why I left you in Crete, so that you might put what remained into order, and appoint elders in every town as I directed you—
1 Timothy 2:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Yet she will be saved through childbearing—if they continue in faith and love and holiness, with self-control.
1 Timothy 2:11-12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Let a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness. I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.
Ephesians 4:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
One Lord, one faith, one baptism,
Ephesians 2:8-9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.
I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.
Galatians 5:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For freedom Christ has set us free; stand firm therefore, and do not submit again to a yoke of slavery.
2 Corinthians 4:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In their case the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, to keep them from seeing the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God.
2 Corinthians 3:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Who has made us competent to be ministers of a new covenant, not of the letter but of the Spirit. For the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life.
1 Corinthians 15:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When all things are subjected to him, then the Son himself will also be subjected to him who put all things in subjection under him, that God may be all in all.
1 Corinthians 15:1-58 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. ...
1 Corinthians 14:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
On the other hand, the one who prophesies speaks to people for their upbuilding and encouragement and consolation.
1 Corinthians 14:1-40 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Pursue love, and earnestly desire the spiritual gifts, especially that you may prophesy. For one who speaks in a tongue speaks not to men but to God; for no one understands him, but he utters mysteries in the Spirit. On the other hand, the one who prophesies speaks to people for their upbuilding and encouragement and consolation. The one who speaks in a tongue builds up himself, but the one who prophesies builds up the church. Now I want you all to speak in tongues, but even more to prophesy. The one who prophesies is greater than the one who speaks in tongues, unless someone interprets, so that the church may be built up. ...
1 Corinthians 11:1-34 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Be imitators of me, as I am of Christ. Now I commend you because you remember me in everything and maintain the traditions even as I delivered them to you. But I want you to understand that the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is God. So glorify God in your body.
1 Corinthians 6:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body.
1 Corinthians 3:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I planted, Apollos watered, but God gave the growth.
1 Corinthians 3:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For when one says, “I follow Paul,” and another, “I follow Apollos,” are you not being merely human?
1 Corinthians 1:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Is Christ divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Or were you baptized in the name of Paul?
1 Corinthians 1:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
What I mean is that each one of you says, “I follow Paul,” or “I follow Apollos,” or “I follow Cephas,” or “I follow Christ.”
Romans 14:1-23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As for the one who is weak in faith, welcome him, but not to quarrel over opinions. One person believes he may eat anything, while the weak person eats only vegetables. Let not the one who eats despise the one who abstains, and let not the one who abstains pass judgment on the one who eats, for God has welcomed him. Who are you to pass judgment on the servant of another? It is before his own master that he stands or falls. And he will be upheld, for the Lord is able to make him stand. One person esteems one day as better than another, while another esteems all days alike. Each one should be fully convinced in his own mind. ...
Romans 5:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
Romans 1:18-32 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth. For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse. For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened. Claiming to be wise, they became fools, ...
Acts 21:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
He had four unmarried daughters, who prophesied.
Acts 21:8-9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
On the next day we departed and came to Caesarea, and we entered the house of Philip the evangelist, who was one of the seven, and stayed with him. He had four unmarried daughters, who prophesied.
Acts 21:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
On the next day we departed and came to Caesarea, and we entered the house of Philip the evangelist, who was one of the seven, and stayed with him.
Acts 20:35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In all things I have shown you that by working hard in this way we must help the weak and remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he himself said, ‘It is more blessed to give than to receive.’”
Acts 20:29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I know that after my departure fierce wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock;
Acts 19:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And it happened that while Apollos was at Corinth, Paul passed through the inland country and came to Ephesus. There he found some disciples.
Acts 18:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For he powerfully refuted the Jews in public, showing by the Scriptures that the Christ was Jesus.
Acts 17:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The brothers immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Berea, and when they arrived they went into the Jewish synagogue.
Acts 16:25 ESV / 2 helpful votes
About midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the prisoners were listening to them,
Acts 16:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
One who heard us was a woman named Lydia, from the city of Thyatira, a seller of purple goods, who was a worshiper of God. The Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul.
Acts 15:1-41 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But some men came down from Judea and were teaching the brothers, “Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved.” And after Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and debate with them, Paul and Barnabas and some of the others were appointed to go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and the elders about this question. So, being sent on their way by the church, they passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, describing in detail the conversion of the Gentiles, and brought great joy to all the brothers. When they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and the elders, and they declared all that God had done with them. But some believers who belonged to the party of the Pharisees rose up and said, “It is necessary to circumcise them and to order them to keep the law of Moses.” ...
Acts 10:34 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So Peter opened his mouth and said: “Truly I understand that God shows no partiality,
Acts 3:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And you killed the Author of life, whom God raised from the dead. To this we are witnesses.
Acts 2:16-18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But this is what was uttered through the prophet Joel: “‘And in the last days it shall be, God declares, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams; even on my male servants and female servants in those days I will pour out my Spirit, and they shall prophesy.
Acts 1:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
(Now this man acquired a field with the reward of his wickedness, and falling headlong he burst open in the middle and all his bowels gushed out.
Acts 1:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.”
Acts 1:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In the first book, O Theophilus, I have dealt with all that Jesus began to do and teach,
John 20:31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But these are written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name.
John 20:30 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book;
John 20:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Thomas answered him, “My Lord and my God!”
John 19:37 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And again another Scripture says, “They will look on him whom they have pierced.”
John 16:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things that are to come.
John 14:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
You heard me say to you, ‘I am going away, and I will come to you.’ If you loved me, you would have rejoiced, because I am going to the Father, for the Father is greater than I.
John 14:23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Jesus answered him, “If anyone loves me, he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we will come to him and make our home with him.
John 13:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Truly, truly, I say to you, a servant is not greater than his master, nor is a messenger greater than the one who sent him.
John 10:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me.
John 5:30 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“I can do nothing on my own. As I hear, I judge, and my judgment is just, because I seek not my own will but the will of him who sent me.
John 4:24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth.”
John 3:16-17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him.
John 3:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.”
John 3:1-36 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews. This man came to Jesus by night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.” Jesus answered him, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God.” Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born?” Jesus answered, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. ...
John 1:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
No one has ever seen God; the only God, who is at the Father's side, he has made him known.
John 1:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.
John 1:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made.
Luke 24:44 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then he said to them, “These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled.”
Luke 16:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And besides all this, between us and you a great chasm has been fixed, in order that those who would pass from here to you may not be able, and none may cross from there to us.’
Luke 16:19-31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“There was a rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and who feasted sumptuously every day. And at his gate was laid a poor man named Lazarus, covered with sores, who desired to be fed with what fell from the rich man's table. Moreover, even the dogs came and licked his sores. The poor man died and was carried by the angels to Abraham's side. The rich man also died and was buried, and in Hades, being in torment, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham far off and Lazarus at his side. ...
Luke 16:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“One who is faithful in a very little is also faithful in much, and one who is dishonest in a very little is also dishonest in much.
Luke 1:35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the angel answered her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy—the Son of God.
Mark 16:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And he said to them, “Go into all the world and proclaim the gospel to the whole creation.
Mark 16:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
[[Now when he rose early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons.
Mark 1:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, “Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way,
Matthew 28:19 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,
Matthew 27:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And throwing down the pieces of silver into the temple, he departed, and he went and hanged himself.
Matthew 26:31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then Jesus said to them, “You will all fall away because of me this night. For it is written, ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered.’
Matthew 24:35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will not pass away.
Matthew 24:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“So when you see the abomination of desolation spoken of by the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand),
Matthew 24:1-25:46 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Jesus left the temple and was going away, when his disciples came to point out to him the buildings of the temple. But he answered them, “You see all these, do you not? Truly, I say to you, there will not be left here one stone upon another that will not be thrown down.” As he sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to him privately, saying, “Tell us, when will these things be, and what will be the sign of your coming and of the close of the age?” And Jesus answered them, “See that no one leads you astray. For many will come in my name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and they will lead many astray. ...
Matthew 23:23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint and dill and cumin, and have neglected the weightier matters of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness. These you ought to have done, without neglecting the others.
Matthew 22:30 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For in the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven.
Matthew 15:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“‘This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me;
Matthew 13:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For this people's heart has grown dull, and with their ears they can barely hear, and their eyes they have closed, lest they should see with their eyes and hear with their ears and understand with their heart and turn, and I would heal them.’
Matthew 13:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Indeed, in their case the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled that says: “‘You will indeed hear but never understand, and you will indeed see but never perceive.
Matthew 13:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For to the one who has, more will be given, and he will have an abundance, but from the one who has not, even what he has will be taken away.
Matthew 5:1-48 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Seeing the crowds, he went up on the mountain, and when he sat down, his disciples came to him. And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying: “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. “Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. ...
Matthew 3:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For this is he who was spoken of by the prophet Isaiah when he said, “The voice of one crying in the wilderness: ‘Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.’”
Matthew 1:23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel” (which means, God with us).
Matthew 1:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit.
Malachi 3:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Behold, I send my messenger, and he will prepare the way before me. And the Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to his temple; and the messenger of the covenant in whom you delight, behold, he is coming, says the Lord of hosts.
Zechariah 12:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“And I will pour out on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and pleas for mercy, so that, when they look on me, on him whom they have pierced, they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for an only child, and weep bitterly over him, as one weeps over a firstborn.
Zechariah 7:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
They made their hearts diamond-hard lest they should hear the law and the words that the Lord of hosts had sent by his Spirit through the former prophets. Therefore great anger came from the Lord of hosts.
Micah 6:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For I brought you up from the land of Egypt and redeemed you from the house of slavery, and I sent before you Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.
Micah 5:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But you, O Bethlehem Ephrathah, who are too little to be among the clans of Judah, from you shall come forth for me one who is to be ruler in Israel, whose coming forth is from of old, from ancient days.
Joel 2:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh; your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions.
Jeremiah 31:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
With weeping they shall come, and with pleas for mercy I will lead them back, I will make them walk by brooks of water, in a straight path in which they shall not stumble, for I am a father to Israel, and Ephraim is my firstborn.
Isaiah 53:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And they made his grave with the wicked and with a rich man in his death, although he had done no violence, and there was no deceit in his mouth.
Isaiah 43:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“You are my witnesses,” declares the Lord, “and my servant whom I have chosen, that you may know and believe me and understand that I am he. Before me no god was formed, nor shall there be any after me.
Isaiah 41:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Who has performed and done this, calling the generations from the beginning? I, the Lord, the first, and with the last; I am he.
Isaiah 8:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
To the teaching and to the testimony!
Isaiah 6:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And I said: “Woe is me! For I am lost; for I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; for my eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts!”
Isaiah 1:1-31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth; for the Lord has spoken: “Children have I reared and brought up, but they have rebelled against me. The ox knows its owner, and the donkey its master's crib, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand.” Ah, sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, offspring of evildoers, children who deal corruptly! They have forsaken the Lord, they have despised the Holy One of Israel, they are utterly estranged. Why will you still be struck down? Why will you continue to rebel? The whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint. ...
Psalm 90:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever you had formed the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God.
Psalm 82:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I said, “You are gods, sons of the Most High, all of you;
2 Kings 22:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam, and Achbor, and Shaphan, and Asaiah went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tikvah, son of Harhas, keeper of the wardrobe (now she lived in Jerusalem in the Second Quarter), and they talked with her.
2 Samuel 21:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And there was again war at Gath, where there was a man of great stature, who had six fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in number, and he also was descended from the giants.
Deuteronomy 6:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.
Numbers 11:29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But Moses said to him, “Are you jealous for my sake? Would that all the Lord's people were prophets, that the Lord would put his Spirit on them!”
Leviticus 20:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
Exodus 4:22 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then you shall say to Pharaoh, ‘Thus says the Lord, Israel is my firstborn son,
Exodus 3:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
God said to Moses, “I am who I am.” And he said, “Say this to the people of Israel, ‘I am has sent me to you.’”
Genesis 3:1-24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now the serpent was more crafty than any other beast of the field that the Lord God had made. He said to the woman, “Did God actually say, ‘You shall not eat of any tree in the garden’?” And the woman said to the serpent, “We may eat of the fruit of the trees in the garden, but God said, ‘You shall not eat of the fruit of the tree that is in the midst of the garden, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.’” But the serpent said to the woman, “You will not surely die. For God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.” ...
Genesis 2:1-25 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done. So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it God rested from all his work that he had done in creation. These are the generations of the heavens and the earth when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens. When no bush of the field was yet in the land and no small plant of the field had yet sprung up—for the Lord God had not caused it to rain on the land, and there was no man to work the ground, ...
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Enhanced Crafting
The skill to forge weapons, items, artifacts, statues, etc. with little to no flaws.
Also Called
* Enhanced Craftsmanship
Capabilites
Applications
* Create to sharpest and strongest of weapons.
* Make the strongest armor.
* Craft powerful artifacts and relics.
* Create anything with the material around you.
Limitations
* May need tools in order to craft.
* May need to material to craft.
Associations
* Elemental Constructions.
* Many craftsman feat are achievable when applied to magic.
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How to use 'hrtimer's' functions?
I try to call functions and use types of 'hrtimer' and 'ktime' but I got error messages like:
unknown type name ‘ktime_t’
HRTIMER_MODE_ABS undeclared
when i include the header file, for example, for linux/ktime.h I got:
linux/ktime.h: No such file or directory compilation terminated.
is there is any flag to add to the makefile? for now i use -lrt.
Is that kernel code or user space code?
Sorry, how can I known that? what is it kernel code?
Symbols like ktime_t and HRTIMER_MODE_ABS are used inside the kernel to implement hrtimers.
When you want to use hrtimers from your program, just use the normal timer functions like timer_create or better timerfd_create.
Does is mean that timer_create() is actually using cpu timer (just like hrimer) ? How can I know that for sure ?
It means that the kernel uses whatever timer it feels like using. See /proc/timer_list.
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Dual Carriage of Hepatitis B Surface and Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen in Children in a Tertiary Health Facility in the Poorest Region of Nigeria, 2000-2015
Isaac WE et al. Int J Virol AIDS 2020, 7:060 • Page 1 of 11 • Citation: Isaac WE, Iliya J, Yaya A, Ayomikun A, Difa AJ, et al. (2020) Dual Carriage of Hepatitis B Surface and Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen in Children in a Tertiary Health Facility in the Poorest Region of Nigeria, 2000-2015. Int J Virol AIDS 7:060. doi.org/10.23937/2469-567X/1510060 Accepted: April 08, 2020: Published: April 10, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Isaac WE, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract
Introduction
Hepatitis B infection is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where transmission predominantly occurs in infants and children by perinatal and horizontal routes [1,2]. The risk of chronic infection peaks when infection is ac-duced by actively replicating HBV, HBeAg is detectable early in the serological course after exposure to HBV, usually after the first months of infection. Clinically, HBeAg is an index of viral replication, infectivity, inflammation, severity of disease and response to antiviral therapy [6]. HBeAg is encoded by the precore/core Open Reading Frames and the basic core promoter of HBV controls the transcription of the preC/C region [6].
Most of these studies on HBV prevalence had small sample sizes, have used biomarkers such HBsAg and anti-HBc, but the status of Hepatitis B envelope antigen [33,34] were generally not reported. Hepatitis B envelope epidemiology is crucial and an important marker for perinatal transmission and HBV related disease burden and recently treatment [1,2,6,37].
The objective of this study was to report the dual carriage of Hepatitis B surface and envelope antigen in children in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe from 2000 to 2015.
Study area
Gombe is the capital of Gombe state. It is one of the six states that comprise North East Geopolitical zone in the Nigeria and one of the geopolitical zones with the highest levels of poverty and worse maternal and child health indices [5].
Study setting
This study was conducted in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe, a 500 bed hospital serving Gombe and neighboring states. The Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe (FTHG) started providing services in the year 2000 and serves an estimated 20 million people. It has emerged as a Centre for treatment, teaching and research in the sub region with large patient referrals especially in the wake of the daunting security challenges of Boko Haram insurgency confronting the neighbouring states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. The FTHG is a regional Centre for sickle cell disease, with accreditation for post graduate training of the West African and National post quired early.1 Most of the burden of disease from Hepatitis B Virus infection comes from infections acquired before the age of 5 years. Therefore prevention of HBV infection focuses on children under 5 years of age. The United Nations selected the cumulative incidence of chronic HBV infection at 5 years of age as an indicator of the Sustainable Development Goal target for "combating hepatitis" [1,2].
Immunization is the most effective measure to prevent the transmission of HBV [1,2]. In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reaffirmed the need for hepatitis B vaccines to become an integral part of national immunization schedules [2]. WHO recommends a birth dose within 24 hours of birth to prevent perinatal and early horizontal HBV transmission [1,2]. The birth dose should be followed by 2 or 3 doses of monovalent or multivalent hepatitis B vaccines [1,2].
The widespread use of hepatitis B vaccine in infants has considerably reduced the incidence of new chronic HBV infections [2].
In Nigeria, Hepatitis B vaccination was started in 2004 and currently 3 doses are administered at birth, 6 weeks and at 14 weeks [3]. The most recent estimate of Hepatitis B vaccination coverage at birth with valid evidence is 11% [4] and 49% for 3rd dose of Hepatitis B vaccine in the country (Hep3) [5] Demand, supply and systemic side barriers have impacted negatively on vaccination in Nigeria [3][4][5].
Low level of community participation, inadequate cold chain infrastructure and poor funding for routine immunization amongst other factors remain barriers to improving immunization coverage in Nigeria [3][4][5].
Worldwide, the majority of persons with CHB were infected at birth or in early childhood [2,3].
In the absence of prophylaxis, a large proportion of viraemic mothers, especially those who are seropositive for HBeAg, transmit the infection to their [1,4] infants at the time of, or shortly after birth [1]. The risk of perinatal infection is also increased if the mother has acute hepatitis B in the second or third trimester of pregnancy or within two months of delivery. Although, HBV can infect the fetus in utero, this appears to be uncommon and is generally associated with antepartum haemorrhage and placental tears. The risk of developing chronic infection is 90% following perinatal infection (up to 6 months of age) but decreases to 20-60% between the ages of 6 months and 5 years [1,2].
Infection with HBV may present as either hepatitis B "e-antigen" (HBeAg) positive or -negative disease [6,7]. Hepatitis B "e-antigen" is seen in many HBeAg-positive children and young adults, particularly among those infected at birth. Children who are HBeAg positive are highly infectious carriers whereas, those who are HBeAg negative, usually anti HBe positive, have lower risk of transmission [6,7]. Being a non-structural protein pro-lope antigen in serum or plasma [38]. The membrane is pre-coated with anti-HBsAg antibodies on the test line region and anti-mouse antibodies on the control region. During testing the serum or plasma samples reacts with dye conjugate (mouse anti-HBsAg antibody-colloidal gold conjugate) which has pre-coated in the test strip. The mixture migrated upwards on the membrane chromatographically by capillary action to react with anti-HBsAg antibodies on the membrane and generates a red line. Presence of this red line indicates a positive result, while its absence indicates a negative result. Regardless of the presence of HBsAg as the mixtures continues to migrate across the membrane to the immobilized goat anti-mouse region, a red line at the control region will always appear. The presence of this red line serves as verification for sufficient sample volume and proper flow as a control for the reagents [38].
HBeAg principle
HBeAg in the sample first bound to anti-HBe antibodies coated on the micro-particles, and then the bound HBeAg was detected upon addition of anti-HBe antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. The HBeAg levels were evaluated using ratios of sample to cut-off values (S/CO), and HBeAg positivity was suggested if the S/CO was ≥ 1.0. Verification of test results was carried out by randomly retesting 5% of the specimens using the same kit [38].
Data Collection
Records of Hepatitis B surface and envelope antigen results of children in Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe graduate colleges in Radiology, Anesthesia, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics. Internal Medicine has sub specialty training in Cardiology and infectious disease.
Study population
All children 0-18 years who presented to the Paediatrics out-patient department and those that were admitted irrespective of their HIV and or Hepatitis C viral status and who had Hepatitis B and/or Hepatitis B envelope antigen test from 2000 to 2015.
Laboratory methods
All children were tested using the Hospital standard for Hepatitis B surface antigen test strip. The ACON HB-sAg (ACON Laboratories, Incorporated San Diego, California, USA) is a rapid one step test for the qualitative detection of Hepatitis B surface Antigen and Hepatitis B envelope antigen in serum or plasma. The HBsAg test strip has a relative sensitivity, greater than 99.8% and specificity of 99.7% [38].
The ACON HBeAg (ACON Laboratories, Incorporated San Diego, California, USA). The HBeAg EIA Test Kit is a one-step enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative detection of Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen (HBeAg) in human serum or plasma.
Principle
The ACON HBsAg One Step Test is a qualitative, solid phase, two site sandwich immunoassay for the detection of Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) and enve- The prevalence of Hepatitis B increased with age (Figure 2) with adolescents having the highest prevalence of 19.5%. Adolescents' males have higher prevalence of Hepatitis B than their female counterparts. The difference in age and sex were statistically significant ( Table 2).
Hepatitis B e antigen was tested for in 241/441 (54.6%) of children who tested positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen and 99/241 (41.1%) of children tested were HBe antigen positive (Table 3). Figure 3 shows the age distribution of dual infection with Hepatitis B surface and e antigens. Table 4 showed that males were as twice as likely to be e antigen positive as females but this was not statistically significant. (X 2 = 3.560, P = 0.059). Age group 1-4 demonstrated the highest prevalence of e antigen. (X 2 = 1.843 P = 0.606). The sex distribution of e antigen positivity was highest in males for age group 10 -18 and this was statistically significant. (X 2 = 9251, P < 0.002).
Discussion
This study reports the highest number of children between 2000 and 2015 were retrieved. Variables analysed included age, sex, year, month, and hepatitis B surface and envelope antigen test results.
Data Analysis
All records were imputed into Epi info Version 3.2 and analysed.
Ethical Clearance
Clearance for this study was received from the Research and Ethical committee of the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe.
Results
During the study period from 2000 -2015, 97942 and 17942 children were seen in Paediatric outpatient and admitted respectively. 2487 children were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen; males accounted for 1307 (52.6%) and females 1180 (47.4%) ( Figure 1).
Of these children tested, 441/2487 (17.7%) were positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (x 2 = 10.788 p < 0.001), with a male to female ratio of 1.5: 1 (Table 1). [44], 20.5% in Cameroon [45] and 4% in Cote Dviore [46]. However, these reports had small sample sizes, limited age and sex disaggregation and duration of study but significant contributions to Hepatitis B epidemiology in the sub-region.
A hospital based study reported HBsAg prevalence of 1.9% in 33 of 1783 fully immunized children in Central African Republic, Cameroon and Senegal with country prevalence of 5.1%, 0.7% and 0.2% respectively. These were fully immunized children with Hepatitis B vaccine [47]. In Cote d ivoire, the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen was found to be 13.4% in children less than 20 years of age who were volunteers or patients subject [48].
While our study subjects comprised of volunteers, patients and children who may or may not have been immunized, the prevalence of Hepatitis B in our study screened for both Hepatitis b and e antigens from a health facility not only in Nigeria but the sub region. The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen of 17.7% in children 0-18years in this study is higher than pooled prevalence of a meta-analysis in children of 11.5% in the country [36]. This was also higher than the national survey prevalence of 11% in the general population conducted in 2013 by the FMOH [35]. The higher prevalence in our report might be related to the population studied and indeed contributed by the very low levels of childhood immunization, endemic poverty and poorest maternal and child indices of any region in Nigeria [3][4][5].
Nigeria like of the whole of Africa is hyper endemic for Hepatitis B with the prevalence of HBsAg > 8% in the general population [1,2,35].
A pooled prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus of 12.3% in general population was reported in Ghana but most studies were concentrated in adult populations giving little information about HBV prevalence in children [39]. Similarly, systematic review and meta-analysis in Cameroun, of hepatitis B virus infection from 2000-2016 showed a pooled prevalence of 11.2% in adults with no seroprevalence data in children [40].
Plasma clearance rate for HBsAg in males is slower compared to females and females were said to have elaborated more antibodies to HBsAg than males. Differences in tribal and sexual behaviours between males and females may account for higher percentage of HB-sAg positive males with HBV chronic infection [62][63][64]. An Altered Pattern of Liver Apolipoprotein A-I Isoforms is implicated in male chronic Hepatitis B progression [65]. Shimakawa Y, et al. reports that sero-clearance of HBsAg is uncommon, occurs at a rate of about 1% per year [66,67]. Earlier age at HBV infection is associated with an increased risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma through persistence of viral replication [66,67].
The prevalence of Hepatitis b envelope antigen among Hepatitis b infected children in this study was 41.7%. This may be a gross underestimation of the prevalence of HBeAg amongst HBsAg carrier children as less half of the children were screened for the envelope antigen.
Before the availability of The HBV Combo Rapid Test Cassette Kit for the rapid diagnosis of HBsAg and other markers of hepatitis B (HBeAg; AbHBe, AbHBs and AbHBc), the test kits for hepatitis b and envelope antigen were separate in our environment. It's probable a combination of factors including cost of envelope antigen test, low awareness on the significance of the test and or inadequate patient counseling [1,2] may have accounted for why only a third of HBV chronic carriers tested for this marker of viral replication, infectivity, inflammation, severity of disease and response to antiviral therapy.
The expression of HBeAg is one of the major factors influencing the frequency and mode of transmission of HBV [6,66]. Indeed maternal HBeAg is a stronger predictor of perinatal transmission than maternal HBsAg [68].
The prevalence of Hepatitis B envelope antigen in children infected with Hepatitis B has largely not been reported in Nigeria. Ndako, et al. in Jos Nigeria, reported an envelope antigen prevalence of 4% among 58 children with hepatitis B. Hepatitis B was found in 25% of these children [33]. A prevalence of Hepatitis B e antigen of 27% was reported in Zaria Nigeria by Sani and coworkers amongst 95 children with Hepatitis B disease [34]. In both studies sample sizes were small and there was no age and sex disaggregation. Among other factors, HBeAg expression is influenced by HBV genotypes and sub genotypes [6,66].
Forbi. et al. [23] reported a prevalence of HBe antigen of 72.7% in 22 children < 10-years-old and 42.3% in children 10-20years with Hepatitis B in North central Nigeria. In our study, the prevalence rate of hepatitis is higher than these reports [24,[43][44][45][46]. This high prevalence in our study would no doubt be related to low level of routine immunization coverage of 23% and specifically of Hepatitis b vaccine in Gombe State and Nigeria respectively [44]. In addition some of our study subjects were recruited before the introduction of Hepatitis B Vaccine in Nigeria in 2004. A significantly high prevalence of hepatitis B in proportion of children below five years in our study suggests perinatal transmission due to lack of immunization or early childhood transmission [1,2].
Country level infant immunization programme for Hepatitis B was first implemented in Africa in Gambia in 1990 and demonstrated a reduced HBV burden in children, with HBsAg prevalence decreasing from 10.0% to 0.6% [49,50]. Non-nationally representative data from Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana showed a decline in post vaccine Hepatitis B prevalence rate [51]. Hepatitis B vaccination in children has had significant impact on infection and associated liver disease [52,53].
The prevalence of HBsAg in children increased with increasing age with adolescents having the highest infection in our study. This is similar to earlier [13][14][15] and recent reports [26,[32][33][34] in Nigeria. HBsAg infection increased with age in children with peak in 10-19 year age group in the Nigeria national survey [54]. Most recent reports of Hepatitis B in children from Ghana [43], Sierra Leone [44], Cameroon [45], and Cote Dviore [46] showed age related increase in prevalence.
Most hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in Sub-Saharan African infants and children are acquired through horizontal transmission [55,56]. At least 50% of infections in children cannot be accounted for by mother-to-infant transmission and, in many endemic regions, prior to the introduction of neonatal vaccination, the prevalence peaked in children 7-14 years of age [1,2].
In especially endemic areas, Children infected perinatally with Hepatitis B can be a source of horizontal infection for siblings and playmates [57,58]. Intra-familial horizontal transmission of Hepatitis B can occur during sharing of; bath towels, chewing gum or candies, toothbrushes and biting of finger nails in conjunction with scratching the backs of carriers of HBsAg [56].
Common risk factors for hepatitis B infection in the Nigeria National survey were uvulectomy, presence of tribal marks, sharing of sharp objects, and circumcision, which is performed traditionally on many Nigerian males [54].
Adolescents infected during childhood or in this period with HBV are at risk of infecting others especially through sexual transmission as it is a dominant route of horizontal transmission during adolescence [59,60].
In our study, more male children were infected with HBV than females and this was statistically significant. This is similar to most finding in Nigerian studies (HBV) infection, patients with high serum levels of viral DNA and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) may gradually and spontaneously clear HBeAg and develop antibody to HBeAg. In African countries, HBeAg seroconversion is more frequent, occurring at an annual rate of 14%-16% and half losing it by puberty [6,66,72,73].
In a multicenter paediatric cohort study of 323 children with chronic Hepatitis infection in Canada and USA, Schwartz, et al. [74] reported a hepatitis b e antigen prevalence of 74% with 65% being female. While this prevalence is higher than our finding but similar to the report by Forbi in Nigeria, the implication for mother to child transmission of HBV in our region is significant especially as HBV screening is not routinely conducted at antenatal care, HBV DNA viral load test is generally absent and access to Hepatitis B immunoglobulin or anti-viral HBV therapy for infected individuals are severely limited [75,76]. Though the risk of mother to child transmission in sub Saharan Africa is low 38% compared to Asia, annually 367,250 infants are infected with HBV which is approximately twice the number of children newly infected with HIV in the sub-region [77].
In Africa where the prevalent genotypes are sub genotype A1, genotypes D and E, carriers of these genotypes seroconvert early [6,66,73].
Achieving the WHO regional target for Africa of < 2% HBsAg prevalence in children less than 5 years by 2020 requires leadership commitment that ensures an effective and efficient Routine immunization programme [78].
Conclusion
The prevalence of both HBsAg and HBV e antigen in children in our report is high and in particular the prevalence of HBV e antigen in our study population may have been under estimated. Clinical and economic implications are profound as its epidemiology is crucial in HBV transmission and prioritizing access to treatment especially in Sub Saharan Africa.
Limitation
The limitations of our study are several: we could not determine if HBsAg positivity was new or chronic infection (HBsAg carriage for > 6months). Anti-HBs status could have determined non exposure to HBV requiring preventive HBV vaccine. Not report liver function and liver status including Biopsy and Hepatitis B viral load tests results. Viral load test started in 2018 in our centre and currently beyond the reach of most patients ($72).
Recommendations
Universal HBV testing in Antenatal clinics and neonatal HBV immunoglobulin should be implemented in Nigeria. Neonatal Hepatitis B vaccination and indeed Routine immunization requires urgent strengthening and legislation making immunization in Nigeria mandatory Be antigen in children less than 10 years of age and adolescents were 54% and 39% respectively. These prevalence rates were lower than the report by Forbi, et al, but higher than report by both Ndako, et al. [33] and Sani and coworkers [34] in Nigeria While these studies [23,34,34] had small sample sizes and limited age ranges of children thereby not the representative estimate of HBeAg prevalence, they provided a glimpse of the burden of HBe antigen in children in the country in the absence of a representative national data. The National Seroprevalence survey of Hepatitis B report in Nigeria in 2016 did not determine HBe antigen status of seropositive individuals [54].
HBeAg estimates are crucial for understanding the epidemiology of HBV and for prioritizing access to treatment for chronic HBV infection especially in the wake of WHO scaling of early diagnosis and treatment [2,6,66].
Ott, et al. [69] in 1990 reported hepatitis be prevalence of 55.6% and 42.2% in females of 0-9 years and 10-19 years respectively in the West Africa sub region. Our study prevalence rate of 65% in the age group 0-9 is higher than the report by Ott, et al. [69]. In the adolescent females, Hepatitis Be prevalence of 22% in our study is lower than 42% reported by Ott, et al. Our sample size in this age group was smaller.
These studies [24,34,35] showed that Hepatitis Be antigen prevalence is age dependent with higher prevalence in young children.
While the exact function of HBeAg has not been elucidated, it has been shown to be an immunoregulatory protein, which acts as a tolerogen and an immunogen triggers an interleukin-1 response and regulates toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) expression [6].
In Cote d' voire a prevalence of 82.4% of HBe was reported among 34 children co-infected with HIV and Hepatitis B, while this is higher than our overall prevalence ,however the sample size was small and had a limited age range [70].
Our overall Hepatitis B e antigen prevalence of 41.7% in children with Hepatitis B surface antigen is lower than the 66.3% reported in children and adolescents in Brazil [71]. In this study, the highest e antigen prevalence of 69.5% was in children 0-4 years thereafter declining to 50% in children 15-18 years of age. No sex disaggregation was reported. This decline is similar to our report; however our HBe antigen prevalence rates were lower across all age groups.
During the natural course of chronic hepatitis B virus must be a top legislative agenda. A prospective nationally representative multicenter collaborative longitudinal study on Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and treatment is urgently required in Nigeria.
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Portable garage
ABSTRACT
A portable garage assembly includes a floor member formed of three foldable sections having a plurality of peripherally disposed indentions on its upper surface. Received within its indentions are vertical support members that are secured thereto with quick release screws. A side, a rear and a front wall are removably secured to the support members. A plurality of directional and transverse beams are secured to the top ends of the support members for supporting a multi-section, laterally sloping roof. An opening on the front panel defines an entrance. The entrance is selectively enclosable with a garage door movable along a pair of tracks between a vertical, closed position and a horizontal open position. The device is designed to be quickly and easily erected or alternatively disassembled for transport or storage.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a portable garage assembly which may be easily disassembled for transport or storage.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Persons who inhabit apartments and similar dwellings that typically have no carport or garage must continuously subject their vehicles to external elements such as hail, intense sunlight, debris and vandals. Furthermore, homeowners who have limited storage space often erect a storage shed or similar structure to store various tools and other items therein. Such storage sheds are generally permanent and are often erected on a concrete foundation. However, if the user subsequently moves to another location, the device cannot be practically disassembled and transported. Therefore, the shed must remain with the dwelling.
Accordingly, there is currently a need for a portable storage device capable of enclosing and protecting a vehicle which may be easily disassembled and transported. The present invention satisfies the above described needs by providing a storage shed/portable garage having a rigid structural integrity and which may be quickly and easily erected or disassembled for transport or storage.
Although various portable enclosures exist in the prior art, none have the unique features and advantages of the present invention. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,570,544 issued to Hale et al relates to a support structure for tents and similar coverings including a plurality of inflatable, air supported frame members. The configuration of the frame structure may be altered as desired.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,920 issued to Taylor relates to a motorcycle garage comprising a floor member having a roof portion partially covering the floor portion. The device further includes a side wall, front gate and lid all of which are pivotable to facilitate access to the interior.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,777 issued to Chi-Yuan relates to a collapsible folding frame assembly including two collapsible folding frame units vertically disposed at two opposite sides and a bridge frame unit connected between the two folding units. The collapsible frame assembly supports a vehicle barn.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,850 issued to Kemper et al. relates to a portable garage including flexible panel webs secured to a carport structure having a plurality of support posts with a roof mounted thereon.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,363 issued to Rand mae relates to a portable, air supported protective enclosure for a vehicle comprising a flexible sheeting dimensioned to receive and surround a vehicle.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,037 issued to Jackson, Jr. relates to a collapsible shed for a vehicle including a fixed enclosure anchored to the ground having an open front and a telescoping enclosure mounted thereto for selectively extending the length of the enclosure.
Although various portable or collapsible enclosures for vehicles exist in the prior art, none relate to a portable enclosure according to the present invention. The present invention includes a portable, foldable floor assembly with vertical supports removably mountable thereon. A section able wall and roof may be secured to the supports to form a portable enclosure. Furthermore, a front panel contains an entrance for a vehicle which is selectively close able with a track-mounted garage door.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a portable garage structure including a substantially rectangular floor member comprised of three sections, each hinged to the adjacent section allowing the floor member to be compactly folded for storage. The floor member has a plurality of peripheral indentions thereon sized and dimensioned to receive a vertical support member. On the side edges of the floor member are apertures for receiving quick release screws to secure the vertical support member within their respective indentions. Bordering the side walls and transverse thereto are beam members resting on the top ends of the support members for supporting a roof portion. Side, front and rear walls are secured to the support members to form an enclosure. The roof portion includes three detachable sections each having a lip on each of two opposing side edges thereof. The first and second lips have differing thicknesses so that the sections laterally slope when placed on the opposing side walls. The front wall contains an entrance sized to receive a vehicle that is selectively closable with a garage type door that moves up and down along a pair of L-shaped tracks. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a portable garage that may be quickly and easily erected or disassembled.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a portable garage structure having a garage type door thereon.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a portable garage structure having a rigid structural integrity.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment when considered with the attached drawings and the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the inventive device with the roof portion offset therefrom.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the floor member.
FIG. 3 is a side view of the floor member.
FIG. 4 depicts the work table according to the present.
FIG. 5 depicts a quick release screw according to the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIGS. 1 through 4, the present invention relates to portable garage assembly. The device comprises a substantially rectangular, planar floor member 1 having four peripheral edges 2, a lower surface and an upper surface 3. The floor member is formed of three hinged sections 1A allowing the floor to be compactly folded for storage. Each section has a plurality of apertures 4 adjacent each hinge 30 to receive an anchoring means to secure the floor to an underlying support surface if desired. On the upper surface of the floor member adjacent each side edge are a plurality of indentions 5 configured and dimensioned to receive a distal end of a vertical support member. The intermediate ly disposed support members 6 preferably have a substantially H-shaped cross-sectional configuration whereas the corner supports 7 have a substantially L-shaped cross-sectional configuration. Each support member has one or more apertures adjacent its bottom end which align with apertures 8 on the floor side edge when the support is inserted into an indention. A conventional, quick release screw 10 is inserted into the aligned apertures to secure the support member to the floor.
The device also includes a pair of opposing side walls 11 securable to the vertical support members. Each side wall is formed of a plurality of separate panels 12 which facilitate in the assembly, disassembly, transporting and storage of the device. Each panel has a plurality of vertically aligned, spaced apertures 13 along each of two opposing side edges thereof which are aligned with vertically aligned apertures on a respective support member to receive a quick release screw.
A unitary rear wall 14 is securable to two L-shaped corner support members in a similar manner. Disposed between the front ends of each side wall is a front wall 31 including a pair of opposing side panels 32 with an upper portion 33 therebetween. The space between the side panels and the upper portion defines an entrance dimensioned to receive a vehicle.
Extending from a top edge of each H-shaped support member to the similarly positioned support member adjacent the opposing side wall is a horizontal transverse H-shaped beam 15. A horizontal L-shaped beam 16 extends along the top edge of each side wall and rests on the upper surface of each transverse beam. Each L-shaped beam is preferably formed from three sections to facilitate transport and storage.
A roof portion 17 is supportable on the beams and includes three separable rectangular sections, each having two longitudinal and two latitudinal side edges. At each latitudinal side edge is an outwardly extending lip 18 that abuts the top edge of a side wall. A first lip has a differing thickness than the opposing lip so that the roof slopes laterally to promote drainage. Preferably, the joints formed by the adjoining wall panels including the corner joints are covered with a molding strip 19 as depicted in phantom in FIG. 1 to provide a water tight seal therebetween.
A pair of parallel, substantially L-shaped track members 20 extend upwardly adjacent opposing sides of the entrance and then horizontally immediately beneath a pair of transverse beams and are secured thereto. A garage door 21 is provided for selectively closing the entrance. The door has a plurality of wheels on each of two opposing sides thereof which are received within the L-shaped tracks 20. Accordingly, the door is movable between a vertical, closed position where the door is disposed within the entrance and a horizontal, open position where it is disposed immediately beneath the transverse beams. A remotely operable actuating means 23 such as a conventional garage door opener may be attached to a transverse beam and the garage door for remotely moving the door between its two positions.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a work table 24 may also be provided a side of which hinged ly engages the inner surface of a side wall. The work table is pivotable between a horizontal and vertical position and is supported in a horizontal position with a pair of chains 25, each attached to an opposing side of the table.
The walls and roof portion are preferably constructed with fiberglass while the beams are preferably constructed with aluminum or a similar equivalent. The floor preferably is manufactured with a rubber or similar durable but flexible material. However, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, the size, shape and materials of construction may be varied without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Although there has been shown and described the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made thereto which do not exceed the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, the scope of the invention is only to be limited by the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A portable garage assembly comprising:a planar floor member having an upper surface, a plurality of peripheral edges, and a plurality of indentions on said upper surface, each indention adjacent one of said peripheral edges; a plurality of vertical support members each received within a designated indention; means for securing said support members within said indentions; a pair of opposing side walls removably attachable to a predetermined number of support members, said side walls each having a front end, a rear end and a top edge; a rear wall attached to a plurality of support members and disposed between the rear ends of said side walls, said rear wall having a top edge; a front wall having a top edge and an opening defining an entrance, said front wall disposed between the front ends of said side walls; a roof portion overlaying the top edges of said side, front and rear walls; a door movable between a closed position, disposed within said entrance, and an open position removed from said entrance; a remotely controlled actuator means for automatically moving said door between the open and closed positions.
2. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 wherein said roof portion includes a plurality of separable sections.
3. A portable garage assembly according to claim 2 wherein each roof section has a first lip extending from a side edge and a second lip extending from an opposing side edge, said first and second lips having different thicknesses for forming a laterally sloping roof when said sections are placed on the top edges of said side walls.
4. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 wherein said means for securing said vertical support members within said recesses comprises a plurality of quick release screws, each screw receivable within an aperture on one of the peripheral edges of the floor member and an aligned aperture on one of the vertical support members.
5. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 wherein said side walls each comprise a plurality of separable sections.
6. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 further comprising a plurality of horizontal beams substantially aligned with said side walls and a plurality of horizontal beams transverse thereto for supporting said roof in a substantially horizontal position.
7. A portable garage assembly according to claim 5 wherein said side wall sections are secured to a select number of vertical support members with quick release screws.
8. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 wherein said door includes a plurality of wheels on each of two opposing sides which are received within a pair of opposing substantially L-shaped tracks extending vertically along opposing sides of the entrance and horizontally immediately beneath the transverse beams so that said door is vertically disposed within said entrance in a closed position and is slidable to a horizontal, open position immediately beneath said beams.
9. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 wherein said front and rear walls are secured to said support members with quick release screws.
10. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 wherein said floor member comprises a plurality of independently foldable sections allowing said floor member to be compactly folded for storage.
11. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 further comprising a work table having a first side edge hinged ly attached to a side wall, said work table pivotable between a horizontal and vertical position.
12. A portable garage assembly according to claim 11 wherein said work table includes a pair of chains, each having first and second ends, the first of which is attached to a side edge of said table, the second end attached to said side wall for supporting said work table in a horizontal position.
13. A portable garage assembly according to claim 5 wherein each pair of adjacent wall sections forms a joint therebetween having a molding strip overlaying said joint to provide a water tight seal.
14. A portable garage assembly according to claim 1 wherein said side, front and rear walls form four corners each of which has a molding strip there over to provide a water tight seal.
15. A portable garage assembly comprising:a planar floor member having an upper surface and a plurality of peripheral edges, said floor member having a plurality of indentions on the upper surface thereof, each indention adjacent one of said peripheral edges; a plurality of vertical support members each received within a designated indention; means for securing said support members within said indentions; said means including a plurality of quick release screws each receivable within an aperture on a peripheral edge of the floor member and an aligned aperture on one of said vertical support members; a pair of opposing side walls removably attachable to a predetermined number of support members, said side walls having front and rear ends and a top edge; a rear wall attached to a plurality of support members and disposed between the rear ends of said side walls, said rear wall having a top edge; a front wall having an opening defining an entrance, said front wall disposed between the front ends of said side walls, said front wall having a top edge; a roof portion overlaying the top edges of said side, front and rear walls.
16. A portable garage assembly comprising:a planar floor member having an upper surface and a plurality of peripheral edges, said floor member having a plurality of indentions on the upper surface thereof, each indention adjacent a peripheral edge; a plurality of vertical support members each received within a designated indention; means for securing said support members within said indentions; a pair of opposing side walls removably attachable to a predetermined number of support members with quick release screws, said side walls having front and rear ends and a top edge; a rear wall attached to a plurality of support members with quick release screws and disposed between the rear ends of said side walls, said rear wall having a top edge; a front wall having an opening defining an entrance, said front wall disposed between the front ends of said side walls, said front wall having a top edge; a roof portion overlaying the top edges of said side, front and rear walls.
|
Microsoft KB Archive/169866
= WD97: Explanation for Converting Redlining Incorrect in ORK =
Article ID: 169866
Article Last Modified on 1/19/2007
-
APPLIES TO
* Microsoft Word 97 Standard Edition
* Microsoft Office 97 Professional Edition
* Microsoft Office 97 Standard Edition
* MSPRESS Microsoft Office 97 Resource Kit
-
This article was previously published under Q169866
SUMMARY
MORE INFORMATION
For additional information, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
157085 WD97: Limitations of Converting WordPerfect 5.x Documents
|
.NET Core linking unmanaged binaries in linux
I am trying to use libshout with C# on ubuntu and I am failing to link binaries.
I added this to my .csproj
<ItemGroup>
<None Include="libshout.so">
<Pack>true</Pack>
<PackagePath>/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/</PackagePath>
<CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory>
</None>
</ItemGroup>
In my C# code I have:
[DllImport("libshout.so", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.StdCall)]
private static extern void shout_init();
I can see the binary exist
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libshout.so.3.2.0
I get this error:
Microsoft.Common.CurrentVersion.targets(4601, 5): [MSB3030] Could not
copy the file
"/home/pc/RiderProjects/icecast-radio-broadcast/Api/libshout.so"
because it was not found.
I appreciate any help or hint. Thanks
You might get some ideas from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51166866/c-sharp-referencing-or-using-so-files-in-net-core-on-linux Manipulating LD_LIBRARY_PATH is a common solution.
You can use the NativeLibrary class to change where libshout.so is looked up.
static class LibshoutInterop
{
const string Libshout = "libshout";
static LibshoutInterop()
{
NativeLibrary.SetDllImportResolver(typeof(Libshout).Assembly, ImportResolver);
}
private static IntPtr ImportResolver(string libraryName, Assembly assembly, DllImportSearchPath? searchPath)
{
IntPtr libHandle = IntPtr.Zero;
if (libraryName == Libshout)
{
// Where where this is looked up
NativeLibrary.TryLoad("/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libshout.so", assembly, DllImportSearchPath.System32, out libHandle);
}
return libHandle;
}
[DllImport(LibShout, CharSet = CharSet.Auto, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.StdCall))]
public static extern int shout_init();
}
Tom Deseyn did a more detailed writeup here: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2019/09/06/interacting-with-native-libraries-in-net-core-3-0/
it appears to be that when you specify. DllImport("libshout.so" it looks at the relative path to your execution environment. You could try copying or linking the lib to the directory where your app is running or you could provide an absolute path to the DllImport, it will need to have the permissions to read the file as well.
|
#!/bin/bash
TEXFILE=thesis
PUBLISH=false
log ()
{
CLR="\033[0m"
if [ "$2" = success ]; then
CLR="\033[32m"
fi
if [ "$2" = compile ]; then
CLR="\033[33m"
fi
echo -e "\033[0m\033[1mThesis: $CLR$1\033[0m"
}
for arg in $@
do
if test $arg = '--release'; then
TEXFILE=release
fi
if test $arg = '--debug'; then
TEXFILE=debug
fi
if test $arg = '--publish'; then
PUBLISH=true
fi
if test $arg = 'open'; then
open thesis.pdf
exit
fi
done
[ -d build ] || mkdir ./build
[ -d build/thesis ] || mkdir ./build/thesis
[ -d build/release ] || mkdir ./build/release
[ -d build/debug ] || mkdir ./build/debug
rm ./thesis.pdf
log "Compiling $TEXFILE.tex" compile
echo -e "\033[33m"
latexmk -xelatex -shell-escape -jobname=./build/${TEXFILE}/${TEXFILE} ./$TEXFILE.tex
log "$TEXFILE.tex was compiled successfully" success
log "Copying generated document to root directory" success
cp build/${TEXFILE}/${TEXFILE}.pdf ./thesis.pdf
#
# Publish the file to iCloud
if test $PUBLISH = 'true'; then
log "Publishing $TEXFILE.pdf to iCloud" compile
cp ./thesis.pdf ~/Library/Mobile\ Documents/com~apple~CloudDocs/Thesis/${TEXFILE}.pdf
log "Published successfully" success
fi
#open thesis.pdf
|
Board Thread:Roleplay/@comment-24376783-20160329202936/@comment-26142892-20160401203525
Junyou: I'm up for it.
Littorio: I'll gather the others.
|
Making a scheduling program to handle recurrent appointments for multiple rooms
I am new to programming and I am trying to make a appointment scheduling program to handle recurrent appointments.
Let me try to make it simple.
I have 7 rooms - 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
There are 22 doctors
There are 8 modalities of treatment: A, B, C, D, E, F, G
Each doc has to schedule their patients to one of the rooms for treatment (they need to have log in ID)
Doc will need to enter- 1. the patient name, 2. Hospital ID, 3. Modality of treatment for the patient, 4. No of treatments required
The planned date for start of treatment for each patient will be given by each doc.
Each room can handle about 50 patients a day
Each patient will require daily treatments in the same room initially allotted for a period of 6-7 weeks (excluding saturdays and sundays).
Once a doc gives the details above and the proposed start of treatment date, the program should be able to give back the nearest possible date and also book the patient for the required no. of slots for the next 6-7 weeks.
I would be grateful if anyone could help me out in this. As told I am new to programming and know a bit about Python and html. So I will need guidance from the core basics as to how to go about.
This is very broad. Do you have a concrete question that involves actual code? If you are new to programming, you should probably start with smaller problems.
There are programs already out there that accomplishes this. It will be more beneficial for both you and the clinic to use an already existing one.
|
Craig Ferguson (born 17 May 1962) is a Scottish-American television host, comedian, author and actor. He was the host of both the syndicated game show Celebrity Name Game (2014-2017), for which he has won two Daytime Emmy Awards, and of Join or Die with Craig Ferguson (2016) on History. He was also the host of the CBS late-night talk show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (2005-2014). In 2017 he released a show with his wife Megan, titled Couple Thinkers.
Ferguson's novel Between the Bridge and the River was published on 10 April 2006. He appeared at the Los Angeles Festival of Books, as well as other author literary events. "This book could scare them", he said. "The sex, the violence, the dream sequences and the iconoclasm. I think a lot of people are uncomfortable with that. I understand that. It was very uncomfortable to write some of it." The novel is dedicated to his elder son, Milo, and to his grandfather, Adam. He revealed in an interview that he is writing a sequel to the book, to be titled The Sphynx of the Mississippi. He also stated in a 2006 interview with David Letterman that he intends the book to be the first in a trilogy. Ferguson signed a deal with HarperCollins to publish his memoirs. The book, entitled American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot, focuses on "how and why [he] became an American" and covers his years as a punk rocker, dancer, bouncer and construction worker as well as the rise of his career in Hollywood as an actor and comic. It went on sale 22 September 2009 in the United States. On 1 December 2010 the audiobook version was nominated for a Best Spoken Word Album Grammy. In July 2009, Jackie Collins was a guest on The Late Late Show to promote her new book Married Lovers. Collins said that a character in her book, Don Verona, was based on Ferguson because she was such a fan of him and his show.
Answer the following question by taking a quote from the article: What was The river about?
The sex, the violence, the dream sequences and the iconoclasm.
|
with comtiion green carbonates of copper, but wliich contains much silica: a variety of it is the iron shot copper green.—Dioptase, a very scarce sul>stauce from Siberia, also called emerald copper, on accoutit of its pure green colour.— Phosphate of copper from Rheinbreitenbacb, ia Nassau.—Muriate of copper, crystallized and laminar; to this also belongs what.is called green sand of Peru, or atacainite, from being found in the desart of Atacama, between Chili and Pern, as sand of a small river.—^I’he rest of this case is occupied by the principal varieties of the dif¬ ferent arseniates of copper, namely, the foliated arseniate or copper mica, the lenticular arseniate, and the olive ore of Werner, all comprehended in the five species of arseniates of copper esta¬ blished by the Comte de Bournon; also the earthy arseniate, or pharmacochalcite of some au¬ thors; to which are added specimens of the martial arseniate of copper. {Case 32.) Contains ores of iron, .vi%. na¬ tive iron, arsenical pyrites (also called arsenical iron and misplckle, a variety of which is argenti¬ ferous), and common iron pyrites, with its va¬ rious crystalline modifications derived from the cube, which is either smooth or striated.—The most interesting specimens deposited in this case are those of native iron, and the stones called aerolites
|
as water, as the vertical movement of the air takes place so slowly that the heating effect due to decrease in altitude is more than offset by the cooling due to contact with the ground which has been cooled by radiation. When we are dealing with a steep hillside, however, movements of the surface air are more complex and have little simi larity to the flow of water down the same slope.
Like the more nearly level lower ground, the slopes and summits of hills and ridges lose their heat rapidly after sundown through ra diation, and their temperature falls. The air in immediate contact with them also cools through conduction so that it is soon cooler
FIG. 1. Continuous records of the temperature from 4 p. m. to 9 a. m. at the base and at different heights above the base of a steep hillside, showing the great differences in temperature that sometimes develop on a clear, still night. Although the temperature at the base was low enough to cause considerable damage to -fruit, the lowest tempera ture 225 feet above on the slope was only 51. Note that the duration of the lowest temperature was much shorter on the hillside than at the base.
elevation.
If this cooler air in contact with the hillside begins to flow down ward directly along the surface of the ground, its altitude will be decreasing more or less rapidly, according to the steepness of the slope, and its density will be increasing. If no further cooling takes place, it will be surrounded by air increasingly colder as it nears the valley floor, while its own temperature tends to increase because of the compression it suffers. As soon as a position is reached where it is warmer than the air surrounding it, its downward movement will be checked and it will tend to rise again until its temperature is the same as that of the air surrounding it. (See fig. 1.)
|
Pattern recognition in menstrual bleeding diaries by statistical cluster analysis
Background The aim of this paper is to empirically identify a treatment-independent statistical method to describe clinically relevant bleeding patterns by using bleeding diaries of clinical studies on various sex hormone containing drugs. Methods We used the four cluster analysis methods single, average and complete linkage as well as the method of Ward for the pattern recognition in menstrual bleeding diaries. The optimal number of clusters was determined using the semi-partial R2, the cubic cluster criterion, the pseudo-F- and the pseudo-t2-statistic. Finally, the interpretability of the results from a gynecological point of view was assessed. Results The method of Ward yielded distinct clusters of the bleeding diaries. The other methods successively chained the observations into one cluster. The optimal number of distinctive bleeding patterns was six. We found two desirable and four undesirable bleeding patterns. Cyclic and non cyclic bleeding patterns were well separated. Conclusion Using this cluster analysis with the method of Ward medications and devices having an impact on bleeding can be easily compared and categorized.
Background
Hormonal contraceptives and other treatments with impact on the endometrium alter a woman's natural menstrual bleeding pattern [1]. Any change in the bleeding pattern has a major impact on the individual's quality of life. An unsatisfactory bleeding pattern is one of the major causes for stopping treatment with sex hormones, e.g. for contraception, the treatment of menopausal symptoms, or endometriosis.
An analysis of bleeding patterns is required by drug regulatory agencies such as the EMEA and the FDA in addition to an analysis of efficacy and safety. Although the regulatory requirements for safety and efficacy of hormonal preparations such as contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies are well defined, e.g. [2], the EMEA's guideline on contraceptives [3] requires only that the bleeding pattern is studied in an active controlled study but does not specify how. The EMEA's guideline on hormone replacement therapy [4] is not any more specific.
The aim of this paper is to empirically identify a treatment-independent statistical method to describe clinically relevant bleeding patterns by using bleeding diaries of clinical studies on various sex hormone containing drugs.
Methods
We analyzed bleeding dairies that were kept in clinical trials involving various products used for hormonal fertility control, hormone replacement therapy and endometriosis. Mono-preparations as well as combined preparations were included. Estrogens, e.g., estradiol, estradiolvalerate or ethinylestradiol and a large variety of modern progestins, e.g, levonorgestrel, desogestrel, dienogest or drospirenone, were the hormonal components of the drugs.
All trials were performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki [5], the laws applicable in the respective countries, and "Good Clinical Practices" (GCP) [6]. All clinical studies have been approved by the competent ethics committees. The clinical trials were sponsored by Bayer Schering Pharma AG or one of its subsidiaries.
The definitions of bleeding intensities that were recorded daily in the bleeding diaries (see Figure 1) were slightly different in the various studies. For the purpose of this analysis, the bleeding intensity categories have been standardized according to WHO terminology [7] as "none", "spotting", and "bleeding". "Spotting" is defined as any vaginal bleeding that does not require the use of sanitary protection such as tampons or pads. "Bleeding" is defined as vaginal bleeding that requires the use of sanitary protection. "None" is defined as neither "Spotting" nor "Bleeding" on that day. These definitions are independent of whether sanitary protection was actually used or not. For the purpose of the cluster analyses, the bleeding intensity scores 0 for "none", 1 for "spotting", and 2 for "bleeding" were used.
All cluster analysis algorithms implemented in SAS ® Software [8] require complete data. Therefore, we imputed single missing entries in the bleeding diaries by the maximum of the bleeding intensities of the preceding and the following day. We included all diaries that had a length of at least 90 days in our analyses. This length was chosen to comply with the definition of the reference period length of the WHO [7]. In summary, the dataset consisted of one record per woman with ninety score variables giving the bleeding intensity score for each day.
The bleeding diary data was analyzed using different agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses because these methods do not require previous knowledge as for example a discriminant analysis. The bleeding patterns in the diaries should be found by unsupervised pattern recogni-Example of bleeding diary Figure 1 Example of bleeding diary. From Bayer Schering Pharma AG's study 305220 tion [9]. As there is no single optimal cluster analysis procedure, we analyzed the data using the single linkage method [10,11], the complete linkage method [12], the average linkage method [13], and the method of Ward [14].
As the number of different bleeding patterns was unknown a priori, we used the semi-partial R 2 [8], the cubic cluster criterion [15], the pseudo-F-and the pseudot 2 -statistic [8] to derive the optimal number of clusters. Finally, we assessed whether the results of the cluster analyses could be interpreted from a gynecological perspective.
Results
The clinical databases contained bleeding diaries of 5602 women. Of these 3246 (57.9%) women were treated with hormone replacement therapy after menopause, 2035 (36.3%) were aged 18 to 35 and took an oral contraceptive, and 321 (5.7%) were treated for endometriosis. A total of 4612 (82.3%) diaries were included in our analyses because they covered at least 90 consecutive days. An exploratory data analysis of the bleeding diaries revealed that 1288 (27.9%) of the 4612 women in our dataset never bled during the 90 days analyzed. On the other hand, 3172 (68.8%) women had a unique bleeding pattern that occurred only once in the dataset.
The cluster analyses using the single linkage, complete linkage, and average linkage methods did not produce clinically interpretable results. With all three methods the effect of chaining occurred where the observations are successively joined into a single large cluster (see Figure 2). On the other hand, the method of Ward yielded a clear separation of the bleeding diaries (see Figure 3) into distinct clusters. According to the semi-partial R 2 , the cubic cluster criterion, the pseudo-F, and the pseudo-t statistic, the solutions with three, four, six, and twelve clusters could be of clinical relevance.
Comparing these solutions, we found out, that the solution with six clusters was the best to be interpreted clinically. Three and four cluster did not distinguish the different bleeding patterns to enough detail whereas twelve clusters provided no more clinically useful insight than six clusters. This solution is depicted in Figure 3 by the solid horizontal line.
The cluster analysis revealed two clusters of cyclic bleeding patterns containing 1235 and 386 diaries (see Figure 4) and four clusters of non-cyclic bleeding patterns containing 1880, 590, 71, and 450 diaries (see Figure 5).
The cyclic bleeding patterns are clearly separated into a desirable bleeding pattern (number 1 in Figure), which is characterized by the regular monthly bleeding and a very Dendrogramm of the single linkage method Figure 2 Dendrogramm of the single linkage method.
Distance between Clusters
Dendrogramm of the method of Ward Figure 3 Dendrogramm of the method of Ward. Note: The six clusters determined by the horizontal line are -from left to rightthe clusters number 6, 5, 3, 4, 2, and 1.
Distance between Clusters
Cyclic bleeding patterns -mean bleeding intensity Figure 4 Cyclic bleeding patterns -mean bleeding intensity. low frequency of intracyclic bleeding during hormone intake, and an undesirable bleeding pattern (number 2 in Figure 4), which is characterized by a less regular monthly bleeding and a higher frequency of intracyclic bleeding, starting always in the middle of the cycle.
Among the four non-cyclic bleeding patterns there are two that are desirable bleeding patterns and two that are undesirable. Bleeding pattern number 3 in Figure 5 shows amenorrhea, a pattern typical of post menopausal women taking continuously combined steroid hormone preparations. Bleeding pattern number 4 in Figure 5 can be interpreted as the pattern of fertile women which start continuous steroid hormonal treatment, e.g. for the treatment of endometriosis. The natural cyclic bleeding ceases during the first month of treatment and thereafter reaches amenorrhea as in pattern number 3. The bleeding patterns 5 and 6 in Figure 5 both show a high frequency of undesirable spotting or bleeding. Pattern 6 is worse than pattern 5.
Discussion
Several suggestions have been made in the literature over the past years for the analysis of bleeding diaries [16][17][18], all of them were based on theoretical considerations. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis to recognise patterns in bleeding diaries using empirical methods.
A hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis with the method of Ward yielded six bleeding patterns which allow for a straightforward clinical interpretation, either desirable or undesirable bleeding pattern for a certain treatment target. In contrast the single, average and complete linkage methods chained the data into a single cluster, which was not interpretable from a gynaecologic point of view.
Conclusion
Using this cluster analysis with the method of Ward, treatments (medications and devices) having an impact on bleeding can be easily compared and categorized. This analysis is independent of the treatment's route of administration (oral, transdermal, vaginal, intrauterine) and the duration of treatment. Hormonal and non-hormonal treatments can be easily compared. However, this method is only useful in large clinical trials to characterize a new product's bleeding pattern but it is not meaningful for the physician treating an individual patient.
Since currently various innovative long-cycle contraceptive regimen are in development, this method might be Continuous bleeding patterns -mean bleeding intensity Figure 5 Continuous bleeding patterns -mean bleeding intensity.
|
Board Thread:Weekly discussions/@comment-27053902-20171011054153/@comment-28270366-20171014065639
CITRONtanker wrote:
That until... she placed a Great Zucchini. And I lost.
|
Webpack - The selector "my-app" did not match any elements
I am trying to implement Webpack in Visual Studio for Angular app.
Webpack.config.js
const path = require('path');
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
const source = path.resolve(__dirname, 'src', 'index.ts');
const destination = path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist');
module.exports = {
entry: source,
output: {
filename: 'index.js',
path: destination
},
resolve: {
extensions: ['.ts', '.js']
},
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.ts$/,
loaders: ['awesome-typescript-loader', 'angular2-template-loader']
},
{
test: /\.(css|html)$/,
loader: 'raw-loader'
}
]
},
plugins: [
new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
template: './src/index.html'
}),
]
};
Index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title></title>
<script src="index.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<my-app>Loading...</my-app>
<script src="index.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="index.js"></script></body>
</html>
I am able to build bundle file by running webpack command, but when I run Visual Studio and direct to index.html, it throws error:
The selector "my-app" did not match any elements
I am not sure what I am missing, I have looked over all internet SO, Git, Webpack docs etc but didn't find anything useful.
Have you looked at instead starting with the Angular CLI as your build tool?
That would be easier I understand but I am trying to implement it from scratch in order to get complete understanding.
You can always detach their webpack configuration and see what they have set up vs what you do.
If you create a sample project using the CLI, you can run the ng eject command and it will give you the entire webpack.config.js file they were using.
I don't think its issue with webpack.config, since bundle is created. and anyway I am using official documentation to create config file. I have posted my config file above, if you can point out if I am missing something that would be great help.
Is there a reason why your html template is loading your index.js file three times? I think your error above is from the first inclusion of the script in the head of the document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
...
<script src="index.js"></script> <!-- this guy here -->
</head>
...
</html>
I tested moving my scripts for Angular to the head and received the same type of error.
This is how it was generated by webpack.
Look in your './src/index.html' file and I bet you have the <script> tags being included in there. My guess is that WebPack is putting the last one in there: <script type="text/javascript" src="index.js"></script>
You are right. I had included script in src/index, which made bundle file repeating same script causing the error. thanks a lot. :)
|
Stretchable sensor for sensing multimodal temperature and strain
ABSTRACT
A stretchable sensor is provided. The stretchable sensor includes a first stretchable electrode including a first elastomer and a first conductor dispersed in the first elastomer, a stretchable active layer formed on the first stretchable electrode and including a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer, and a second stretchable electrode formed on the stretchable active layer and including a second elastomer and a second conductor dispersed in the second elastomer. The stretchable sensor is effectively capable of sensing a temperature without being affected by strain and recognizing strain without being affected by temperature.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a stretchable sensor, electronic skin, and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a stretchable sensor for sensing multimodal temperature and strain, electronic skin, and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
The somatosensory system of the human skin is characterized by several unique properties. The receptors thereof are made up of ion conductors and the operation thereof is based on ionic mechanics.
With reference to FIG. 1A, pluralities of thermo receptors and mechanoreceptors are spatially distributed in the dermis, and thus the spatial profile of strain and temperature on the skin can be perceived distinctively. With reference to FIG. 1B, the mechanical deformability of the ion receptor enables signal stability to be maintained under large shear strain. Depending on the viscoelasticity of the skin, various stimuli, such as pressing, shearing, pinching, torsion and combinations thereof, form 3-dimensional (3D) deformation and are visualized by wrinkle formation. The skin has local distributions of regions of contact and strain, for example, wrinkles are seen in compressed regions of skin while the regions of the other side are stretched based on the contacted region.
Temperature sensing is essential for monitoring physiological changes in the body, and is an important element of tactile sensation. Since the combination of 3D deformations creates a complex stress field, real-time acquisition of the spatial profile of contact and strain is necessary to understand the perception of the skin sensory system.
Electronic skin (E-skin) aims to mimic human somatosensory functions. E-skin is expected to play an important role as an alternative to actual skin or as a sensing/actuation interface in virtual reality. This has demonstrated potential applicability in haptic devices, wearable healthcare sensors, prosthetics, artificial electronic skin for robots, and implantable medical devices. However, despite the remarkable advances thereof, manufacturing multifunctional E-skin is still a big challenge. Research has been carried out to sense multiple stimuli by integrating several types of sensors, but there is a problem in that it is difficult to realize integration due to structural complexity.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
Accordingly, the present disclosure has been made keeping in mind the problems encountered in the related art, and an objective of the present disclosure is to provide a stretchable sensor capable of sensing a temperature without being affected by strain and recognizing strain without being affected by temperature, and a method of manufacturing the same.
An aspect of the present disclosure provides a stretchable sensor 10, including: a first stretchable electrode 100 including a first elastomer and a first conductor dispersed in the first elastomer; a stretchable active layer 200 formed on the first stretchable electrode 100 and including a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer; and a second stretchable electrode 300 formed on the stretchable active layer 200 and including a second elastomer and a second conductor dispersed in the second elastomer.
Also, the stretchable active layer 200 may be electrically connected to each of the first stretchable electrode 100 and the second stretchable electrode 300.
Also, all or a portion of the ion conductor may come into contact with all or a portion of the first conductor at an interface between the stretchable active layer 200 and the first stretchable electrode 100, and all or a portion of the ion conductor may come into contact with all or a portion of the second conductor at an interface between the stretchable active layer 200 and the second stretchable electrode 300.
Also, the stretchable sensor 10 may further include a first stretchable substrate 400 located on the first stretchable electrode 100 in a direction opposite a direction facing the stretchable active layer 200 and a second stretchable substrate 500 located on the second stretchable electrode 300 in a direction opposite a direction facing the stretchable active layer 200.
Also, the first conductor and the second conductor may be the same as or different from each other, and each of the first conductor and the second conductor may independently include at least one selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), and a conductive polymer.
The conductive polymer may be PEDOT:PSS.
Also, each of the first conductor and the second conductor may have a nanowire shape.
Also, each of the first elastomer and the second elastomer may be a thermoplastic elastomer.
Also, the thermoplastic elastomer may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) block copolymer, a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer, a styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyisoprene rubber (IR), butadiene rubber (BR), and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber.
Also, the third elastomer may be a thermosetting elastomer.
Also, the thermosetting elastomer may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluoroelastomer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), thermosetting polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silicone rubber, Ecoflex, and Dragon Skin.
Also, the stretchable active layer 200 may include 100 parts by weight of the third elastomer and 0.1 to 50 parts by weight of the ion conductor.
Also, the ion conductor may include an ionic liquid.
Also, the ionic liquid may include at least one selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic ionic liquid, an imidazolium-based ionic liquid, and a pyridinium-based ionic liquid.
Also, the first stretchable electrode 100 may include a plurality of first electrodes 110 parallel to each other in a linear arrangement, the second stretchable electrode 300 may include a plurality of second electrodes 310 parallel to each other in a linear arrangement, the first electrodes 110 are located perpendicular to the second electrodes 310, the first electrodes 110 and the second electrodes 310 form a pixel structure, and the stretchable sensor 10 may be used for electronic skin.
Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing a stretchable sensor 10, including: (a) manufacturing a first stretchable electrode 100 including a first elastomer and a first conductor dispersed in the first elastomer; (b) manufacturing a bottom layer by forming a stretchable active layer 200 including a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer on the first stretchable electrode 100; (c) manufacturing a second stretchable electrode 300 including a second elastomer and a second conductor dispersed in the second elastomer; (d) manufacturing a top layer by forming a stretchable active layer 200 including a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer on the second stretchable electrode 300; and (e) disposing the stretchable active layer 200 of the bottom layer and the stretchable active layer 200 of the top layer to be in contact with each other.
Also, the method may further include, after step (e), (f) crosslinking the stretchable active layers 200 disposed to be in contact with each other in step (e).
Also, step (a) may include (a-1) forming a first conductor coating layer on a substrate by performing coating with a first conductor solution including a first conductor on the substrate and performing drying and (a-2) manufacturing a first stretchable electrode 100 including the first conductor dispersed in a first elastomer by performing coating with a first elastomer solution including the first elastomer on the first conductor coating layer and performing drying.
Also, step (c) may include (c-1) forming a second conductor coating layer on a substrate by performing coating with a second conductor solution including a second conductor on the substrate and performing drying and (c-2) manufacturing a second stretchable electrode 300 including the second conductor dispersed in a second elastomer by performing coating with a second elastomer solution including the second elastomer on the second conductor coating layer and performing drying.
Still another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of sensing a temperature using a stretchable sensor 10 including a stretchable active layer 200 including an elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the elastomer, including: (1) measuring respective impedances Z₁ and Z₂ at two arbitrary frequencies ω₁ and ω₂ (ω₁<ω₂); (2) determining a resistance R, which is the real impedance Z_(re), from the impedance Z₁; (3) determining an imaginary impedance Z_(im) from the impedance Z₂ and substituting the imaginary impedance Z_(im) into Equation 1 below to obtain a capacitance C; (4) substituting the resistance R and the capacitance C into Equation 2 below to obtain a relaxation time τ; and (5) determining a temperature using the relaxation time τ.
$\begin{matrix} {Z_{im} = \frac{1}{\omega_{i}C}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack \\ {\tau = {RC}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right\rbrack \end{matrix}$
In Equations 1 and 2, Z_(im) is the imaginary impedance, ω is the frequency, i is 1 or 2, C is the capacitance, τ is the relaxation time, and R is the resistance.
Also, the real impedance may be measured at a frequency ranging from 0.001×10³ Hz to 1.0×10³ Hz.
Also, the imaginary impedance may be measured at a frequency ranging from 0.001×10⁷ Hz to 1.0×10⁷ Hz.
Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of sensing strain using a stretchable sensor 10 including a stretchable active layer 200 including an elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the elastomer, including: (1′) measuring respective impedances Z₁ and Z₂ at two arbitrary frequencies ω₁ and ω₂ (ω₁<ω₂); (2′) determining a resistance R, which is the real impedance Z_(re), from the impedance Z₁; (3′) determining an imaginary impedance Z_(im) from the impedance Z₂ and substituting the imaginary impedance Z_(im) into Equation 1 below to obtain a capacitance C; (4′) substituting the resistance R and the capacitance C into Equation 2 below to obtain a relaxation time τ; (5′) determining a capacitance C₀ in a non-strained state using the relaxation time τ; and (6′) determining a strain using the capacitance C and the capacitance C₀ in the non-strained state.
$\begin{matrix} {Z_{im} = \frac{1}{\omega_{i}C}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack \\ {\tau = {RC}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right\rbrack \end{matrix}$
In Equations 1 and 2, Z_(im) is the imaginary impedance, ω is the frequency, i is 1 or 2, C is the capacitance, τ is the relaxation time, and R is the resistance.
According to the present disclosure, a stretchable sensor and a method of manufacturing the same are effectively capable of sensing a temperature without being affected by strain and recognizing strain without being affected by temperature.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A shows conceptual strain and temperature profiles on actual skin when mechanical and thermal stimuli are applied simultaneously, and FIG. 1B schematically shows the actual skin including thermo receptors and mechanoreceptors to separately recognize the tensile strain and the temperature;
FIG. 2 schematically shows the configuration of a stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 schematically shows a process of manufacturing the stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 4A is a graph showing the phase depending on the frequency at various temperatures (20° C.-50° C.) of the stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure, and FIG. 4B is a graph showing the impedance depending on the frequency at various temperatures (20° C.-50° C.) of the stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 5A shows an image of the ion-electronic skin (IE-skin) attached to a mannequin's hand, FIG. 5B schematically shows the configuration of the IE-skin, and FIG. 5C schematically shows the response of the IE-skin to shear force;
FIG. 6A schematically shows the frequency-dependent behavior of an ion conductor under an alternative electric field (alternative E-field), FIG. 6B shows the Bode plot of an ion conductor film, FIG. 6C is a graph showing the change of the Bode plot under mechanical stretching, and FIG. 6D is a graph showing the change of the Bode plot under thermal heating;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the strain-insensitive intrinsic variable τ and the temperature-insensitive extrinsic variable C/C_(o);
FIG. 8A shows the Bode plot of the ion conductor of each of the stretchable sensors manufactured in Examples 1-1 to 1-7 at 20° C., FIG. 8B shows the Bode plot of the ion conductor of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 at various temperatures (20° C.-50° C.), and FIG. 8C is a graph showing the response of the normalized dielectric constant ϵ/ϵ₀ and the normalized conductivity σ/σ₀ depending on changes in temperature;
FIG. 9A shows a fitting graph of 1000/T(K) and ln(τ) to find the governing equation, FIG. 9B is a graph showing the change in ln(τ) depending on T⁻¹ at three tensile strains (ε=0, 30, and 50%) of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1, and FIG. 9C is a graph showing the change of τ after 0, 1000 and 5000 cycles at 30% strain of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1;
FIG. 10A shows a fitting graph of C_(o) and ln(i) to find the governing equation, FIG. 10B shows a fitting graph of strain and C/C_(o) to find the governing equation, FIG. 10C is a graph showing the change of C/C_(o) depending on the tensile strain at different temperatures of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1, and FIG. 10D is a graph showing the response of C/C_(o) during repeated stretching cycles at different tensile strains of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1;
FIG. 11A shows an infrared camera image of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 attached to the skin over the jugular vein, FIG. 11B is a graph showing changes in the temperature before and after drinking liquor in the stretched state of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 attached to the skin over the jugular vein, and FIG. 11C is a graph showing changes in the temperature before and after drinking liquor in the normal state and in the stretched state of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 attached to the skin over the jugular vein;
FIG. 12A shows an image when the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 located on an elastomer (Ecoflex) substrate is pressed with a hot glass rod, and FIG. 12B is graphs showing changes in strain and temperature in FIG. 12A;
FIGS. 13A and 13B show images of the actual skin, IE-skin, 2D temperature profile and 2D strain profile when weak unidirectional shear and strong unidirectional shear are respectively applied with the index finger, FIG. 13C shows camera images and strain profiles when shear force is applied to the IE-skin manufactured in Example 2, and FIG. 13D shows a digital image, a temperature profile, and a strain profile when contact pressure is applied to the IE-skin manufactured in Example 2; and
FIG. 14A shows digital images, temperature profiles and strain profiles of IE-skin by individual motions (pinch, spread, tweak, and shear & touch), and FIG. 14B shows images and strain profiles of IE-skin due to counterclockwise torsion.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
The present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms, and should not be construed as being limited only to the embodiments set forth herein, but should be understood to cover all modifications, equivalents or alternatives falling within the spirit and technical scope of the present disclosure. In the description of the present disclosure, detailed descriptions of related known techniques incorporated herein will be omitted when the same may make the gist of the present disclosure unclear.
As used herein, the terms “first”, “second”, etc. may be used to describe various elements, but these elements are not to be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element may be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element may be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
Further, it will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “formed” or “stacked” on another element, it can be formed or stacked so as to be directly attached to all surfaces or one surface of the other element, or intervening elements may be present therebetween.
Unless otherwise stated, the singular expression includes a plural expression. In this application, the terms “comprise”, “include” or “have” are used to designate the presence of features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, parts, or combinations thereof described in the specification, and should be understood as not excluding the presence or additional possible presence of one or more different features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, parts, or combinations thereof.
FIG. 2 schematically shows the configuration of a stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure. Hereinafter, the stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure is described with reference to FIG. 2 .
The present disclosure pertains to a stretchable sensor 10, including: a first stretchable electrode 100 including a first elastomer and a first conductor dispersed in the first elastomer; a stretchable active layer 200 formed on the first stretchable electrode 100 and including a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer; and a second stretchable electrode 300 formed on the stretchable active layer 200 and including a second elastomer and a second conductor dispersed in the second elastomer.
The stretchable active layer 200 may be electrically connected to each of the first stretchable electrode 100 and the second stretchable electrode 300.
All or a portion of the ion conductor may come into contact with all or a portion of the first conductor at the interface between the stretchable active layer 200 and the first stretchable electrode 100, and all or a portion of the ion conductor may come into contact with all or a portion of the second conductor at the interface between the stretchable active layer 200 and the second stretchable electrode 300.
The stretchable sensor 10 may further include a first stretchable substrate 400, located on the first stretchable electrode 100 in a direction opposite the direction facing the stretchable active layer 200, and a second stretchable substrate 500, located on the second stretchable electrode 300 in a direction opposite the direction facing the stretchable active layer 200.
The first conductor and the second conductor may be the same as or different from each other, and each of the first conductor and the second conductor may independently include at least one selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), and a conductive polymer.
The conductive polymer may be PEDOT:PSS.
Each of the first conductor and the second conductor may have a nanowire shape.
Each of the first elastomer and the second elastomer may be a thermoplastic elastomer.
The thermoplastic elastomer may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) block copolymer, a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer, a styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyisoprene rubber (IR), butadiene rubber (BR), and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber.
The third elastomer may be a thermosetting elastomer.
The thermosetting elastomer may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluoroelastomer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), thermosetting polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silicone rubber, Ecoflex, and Dragon Skin.
The stretchable active layer 200 may include 100 parts by weight of the third elastomer and 0.1 to 50 parts by weight of the ion conductor.
The ion conductor may include an ionic liquid.
The ionic liquid may include at least one selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic ionic liquid, an imidazolium-based ionic liquid, and a pyridinium-based ionic liquid.
The aliphatic ionic liquid may be at least one selected from the group consisting of N,N,N-trimethyl-N-propylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TMPA-TFSI), N-methyl-N-propyl piperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborate.
The imidazolium-based ionic liquid may be at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (L)-lactate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF4), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI-BF4), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (L)-lactate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-octadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate, 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide, 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, and 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate.
The pyridinium-based ionic liquid may be at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl pyridinium bromide, 1-ethyl pyridinium chloride, 1-butyl pyridinium bromide, 1-butyl pyridinium chloride, 1-butyl pyridinium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl pyridinium trifluoromethane sulfonate, 1-hexyl pyridinium bromide, 1-hexyl pyridinium chloride, 1-hexyl pyridinium hexafluorophosphate, 1-hexyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, and 1-hexyl pyridinium trifluoromethane sulfonate.
The ionic liquid is preferably an imidazolium-based ionic liquid, and the imidazolium-based ionic liquid is preferably 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI).
The first stretchable electrode 100 includes a plurality of first electrodes 110 parallel to each other in a linear arrangement, and the second stretchable electrode 300 includes a plurality of second electrodes 310 parallel to each other in a linear arrangement. The first electrodes 110 are located perpendicular to the second electrodes 310, the first electrodes 110 and the second electrodes 310 form a pixel structure, and the stretchable sensor 10 may be used for E-skin.
FIG. 3 schematically shows the process of manufacturing the stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 3 , the method of manufacturing the stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure is described below.
First, a first stretchable electrode 100 including a first elastomer and a first conductor dispersed in the first elastomer is manufactured (step a).
Step (a) may include (a-1) forming a first conductor coating layer on a substrate by performing coating with a first conductor solution including a first conductor on the substrate and performing drying, and (a-2) manufacturing a first stretchable electrode 100 including the first conductor dispersed in a first elastomer by performing coating with a first elastomer solution including the first elastomer on the first conductor coating layer and performing drying.
Next, a bottom layer is manufactured by forming a stretchable active layer 200 including a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer on the first stretchable electrode 100 (step b).
Subsequently, a second stretchable electrode 300 including a second elastomer and a second conductor dispersed in the second elastomer is manufactured (step c).
Step (c) may include (c-1) forming a second conductor coating layer on a substrate by performing coating with a second conductor solution including a second conductor on the substrate and performing drying, and (c-2) manufacturing a second stretchable electrode 300 including the second conductor dispersed in a second elastomer by performing coating with a second elastomer solution including the second elastomer on the second conductor coating layer and performing drying.
Next, a top layer is manufactured by forming a stretchable active layer 200 including a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer on the second stretchable electrode 300 (step d).
Finally, the stretchable active layer 200 of the bottom layer and the stretchable active layer 200 of the top layer are disposed to be in contact with each other (step e).
After step (e), (f) crosslinking the stretchable active layers 200 disposed to be in contact with each other in step (e) may be further performed.
Below, a method of sensing a temperature using the stretchable sensor 10 according to the present disclosure is described.
First, respective impedances Z₁ and Z₂ are measured at two arbitrary frequencies ω₁ and ω₂ (ω₁<ω₂) (step 1).
With reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the arbitrary frequency region is determined using the phase graph of FIG. 4A, and is applied to the impedance graph of FIG. 4B, thus measuring Z₁ and Z₂. Specifically, with reference to FIG. 4A, ω₁ is the frequency of the region in which the phase of all Bode plots satisfies 0°<θ₁<−20° in the target temperature range (the region in which the real impedance is dominant), and ω₂ is the frequency of the region in which the phase of all Bode plots satisfies −60°<θ₂<−90° in the target temperature range (the region in which the imaginary impedance is dominant). With reference to FIG. 4B, the impedances Z₁ and Z₂ are measured from the frequency regions determined above.
Next, a resistance R, which is the real impedance Z_(re), is determined from the impedance Z₁ (step 2).
Subsequently, an imaginary impedance Z_(im) is determined from the impedance Z₂, and the imaginary impedance Z_(im) is substituted into Equation 1 to obtain a capacitance C (step 3).
$\begin{matrix} {Z_{im} = \frac{1}{\omega_{i}C}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack \end{matrix}$
In Equation 1, Z_(im) is the imaginary impedance, ω is the frequency, i is 1 or 2, and C is the capacitance.
Next, a relaxation time τ is determined by substituting the resistance R and the capacitance C into Equation 2 (step 4). τ=RC [Equation 2]
In Equation 2, τ is the relaxation time and R is the resistance.
Finally, a temperature is determined using the relaxation time τ (step 5).
The real impedance may be measured at a frequency ranging from 0.001×10³ Hz to 1.0×10³ Hz.
The imaginary impedance may be measured at a frequency ranging from 0.001×10⁷ Hz to 1.0×10⁷ Hz.
Below, a method of sensing strain using the stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure is described.
First, respective impedances Z₁ and Z₂ are measured at two arbitrary frequencies ω₁ and ω₂ (ω₁<ω₂) (step 1′).
Next, a resistance R, which is the real impedance Z_(re), is determined from the impedance Z₁ (step 2′).
Subsequently, an imaginary impedance Z_(im) is determined from the impedance Z₂, and the imaginary impedance Z_(im) is substituted into Equation 1 to obtain a capacitance C (step 3′).
$\begin{matrix} {Z_{im} = \frac{1}{\omega_{i}C}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack \end{matrix}$
In Equation 1, Z_(im) is the imaginary impedance, ω is the frequency, i is 1 or 2, and C is the capacitance.
Next, a relaxation time τ is determined by substituting the resistance R and the capacitance C into Equation 2 (step 4′). τ=RC [Equation 2]
In Equation 2, τ is the relaxation time and R is the resistance.
Next, a capacitance C₀ in the non-strained state is determined using the relaxation time τ (step 5′).
Finally, strain is determined using the capacitance C and the capacitance C₀ in the non-strained state (step 6′).
The stretchable sensor according to the present disclosure operates based on the control of ion relaxation dynamics. In a non-Faraday ion conductor, ion migration and polarization take place under the applied AC field. The behavior of ionic molecules in a solid polymer ion conductor is described. The ion migration and polarization dominate at different times, so the electrical properties of the ion conductor depend on the measurement frequency. The ion migration having ionic conductivity σ dominates in the low-frequency range, whereas the polarization having a dielectric constant ϵ dominates in the high-frequency range (FIG. 6A). The ion migration and polarization determine the bulk resistance (ion resistance)
$\left( {R = {\frac{1}{\sigma}\frac{c}{A}}} \right)$ and bulk capacitance (geometric capacitance)
$\left( {C = {\epsilon\frac{A}{d}}} \right)$ along with geometric factors of area A and thickness d. The electrical behavior of the ion conductor may be analyzed using an equivalent circuit model. The Bode plot of the ion conductor shows three separate regions depending on the AC frequency, particularly a diagonal line in the low-frequency range (dominated by the electrical double layer), a flat line in the mid-frequency range (dominated by the ion migration), and a diagonal line in the high-frequency range (dominated by the molecular polarization) (FIG. 6B). In FIG. 6B, CPE_(EDL) is the constant phase element of the electrical double layer, R_(B)(R) is the bulk resistance (ion resistance), C_(B)(C) is the bulk capacitance (geometric capacitance), and R_(E) is the electrode resistance. R may be calculated as the real impedance in the flat region (R≈Z_(re)) and C may be expressed as the imaginary impedance in the diagonal region
$\left( {C \approx \frac{1}{{\omega Z}_{im}}} \right).$
The discharge process takes place in the RC circuit at a specific time, which may be referred to as the charge relaxation time
$\left( {\tau = {\frac{\epsilon}{\sigma} = {RC}}} \right)$ (different from the conductive relaxation). The charge relaxation frequency τ⁻¹ is the cutoff frequency between the flat line and the high-frequency diagonal line in the Bode plot. FIG. 6C shows a change in the Bode plot under mechanical stretching. Because the impedance decreases from R and C due to stretching, the overall impedance plot shifts down, but τ¹, composed of the intrinsic variables (σ, ϵ), remains unchanged. FIG. 6D shows a change in the Bode plot under thermal heating. R decreases due to heating and τ⁻¹ moves to a higher frequency. The downshift in the flat region is much greater than the downshift in the diagonal region because the temperature sensitivity is higher for ion conductivity than for the dielectric constant.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the strain-insensitive intrinsic variable τ and the temperature-insensitive extrinsic variable C/C_(o). With reference to FIG. 7 , the relaxation time τ may be used as the strain-insensitive intrinsic variable, and is able to sense intrinsic changes such as temperature. Since ion resistance and geometric capacitance have the same dimension, the dimension parameters may be offset. Therefore, the intrinsic variable may be obtained without geometric information of the sensor. The capacitance C may be used as the temperature-insensitive extrinsic variable in order to sense the strain. The effect of temperature on the capacitance C may be eliminated through normalization by the reference capacitance C_(o) at the measured temperature. The two variables (τ and C/C_(o)) provide complete thermo-mechanical decoupling and allow simultaneous monitoring of mechanical and thermal stimuli.
EXAMPLES
A better understanding of the present disclosure may be obtained through the following preferable examples. However, these examples are merely set forth to illustrate the present disclosure, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.
Example 1: Manufacture of Stretchable Sensor Example 1-1
Manufacture of Bottom Layer
With reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 , 1 g of a silver nanowire (AgNW) solution in which 1 wt % of AgNW was dispersed in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was diluted with 19 g of IPA in a 50 ml glass vial. A stencil mask was placed on a glass slide on a hot plate at 90° C., and the diluted AgNW solution was sprayed once thereto at a rate of 45 ml/hr using a syringe pump and thus deposited. Here, the spray pressure was 0.21 Mpa, and the distance between the nozzle and the sample was 25 cm. Then, in order to remove residue, the glass slide on which AgNW was deposited was dipped in ethanol for 10 min and then taken out therefrom, and the ethanol was dried. A SEBS (poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene)) solution, obtained by dissolving 0.5 wt % of SEBS in toluene, was subjected to spin casting at 1,000 rpm for 1 min on the deposited AgNW, and the low-concentration solution penetrated between the AgNW wires of the percolated AgNW. Then, a high-concentration SEBS solution, obtained by dissolving 10 wt % of SEBS in toluene, was subjected to spin casting once more at 1,000 rpm for 1 min and then annealing at 120° C. for 30 min. Through the coating process, a stretchable electrode, which is a uniform and rigid composite film, was manufactured.
The SEBS composite was subjected to O₂ plasma treatment by allowing 22 sccm of O₂ gas to flow and applying 150 W for 30 sec. A PDMS prepolymer (a 10:1 ratio of prepolymer and curing agent) was applied through spin coating at 500 rpm for 30 sec on the O₂-plasma-treated SEBS film. A glass slide was placed on the PDMS to obtain a flat PDMS. The PDMS was thermally cured at 100° C. for 5 hr. The stretchable electrode thus manufactured was peeled off from the glass slide, thus manufacturing a stretchable electrode 100 including a stretchable substrate 400.
A fluoroelastomer solution, obtained by dissolving 15 wt % of e-PVDF-HFP (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)) as a fluoroelastomer in a 2-butanone solvent, was applied through spin coating at 1,000 rpm for 60 sec on the surface of the AgNW of the stretchable electrode 100 including the stretchable substrate 400. The fluoroelastomer (e-PVDF-HFP) solution includes an ionic liquid in the e-PVDF-HFP solution in which 5 wt % of EMIM-TFSI (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) serving as the ionic liquid was dissolved. Here, the fluoroelastomer (e-PVDF-HFP) solution includes e-PVDF-HFP (0.75 g), an ionic liquid (0.0395 g), and butanone (5 g). The solvent was dried through thermal annealing at 100° C. for 1 hr, thus forming a stretchable active layer 200, thereby manufacturing a bottom layer.
Manufacture of top layer
A top layer was manufactured in the same manner as in the process of manufacturing the bottom layer described above.
Manufacture of stretchable sensor
The stretchable active layers 200 of the bottom and top layers were disposed to be in contact with each other, after which the stretchable active layers were annealed at 100° C. for 6 hr on a hot plate and thus crosslinked, thereby manufacturing a stretchable sensor 10.
Example 1-2
A stretchable sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, with the exception that EMIM-TFSI, serving as the ionic liquid, was dissolved at 1 wt %, rather than being dissolved at 5 wt %, as in Example 1-1.
Example 1-3
A stretchable sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, with the exception that EMIM-TFSI, serving as the ionic liquid, was dissolved at 3 wt %, rather than being dissolved at 5 wt %, as in Example 1-1.
Example 1-4
A stretchable sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, with the exception that EMIM-TFSI, serving as the ionic liquid, was dissolved at 10 wt %, rather than being dissolved at 5 wt %, as in Example 1-1.
Example 1-5
A stretchable sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, with the exception that EMIM-TFSI, serving as the ionic liquid, was dissolved at 20 wt %, rather than being dissolved at 5 wt %, as in Example 1-1.
Example 1-6
A stretchable sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, with the exception that EMIM-TFSI, serving as the ionic liquid, was dissolved at 30 wt %, rather than being dissolved at 5 wt %, as in Example 1-1.
Example 1-7
A stretchable sensor was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, with the exception that EMIM-TFSI, serving as the ionic liquid, was dissolved at 40 wt %, rather than being dissolved at 5 wt %, as in Example 1-1.
Example 2: Ion-Electronic Skin (IE-Skin)
With reference to FIG. 5B, IE-skin was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, with the exception that the spray area was divided into four and spraying was performed four times in order to cover an electrode having a large area, rather than spraying the AgNW solution once, as in Example 1-1.
With reference to FIG. 5B, the IE-skin had a 10×10 matrix structure pixelated at 9 cm². The top and bottom electrodes 100, 300 had 10 line-and-space patterns of the stretchable AgNW electrode 110, 310. The line width and the space were 2 mm and 1 mm, respectively. A 5-pm-thick ion conductor film 200 containing an ion concentration of 5 wt % was interposed between the patterned electrodes 100, 300. The spatial resolution of the pixels was determined by the pattern resolution of the stretchable electrode 100, 300.
Test Examples Test Example 1: Analysis of Impedance
Impedance spectroscopy was performed in a thermo-hygrostat chamber using an impedance analyzer (model: Palm Sense4, Palm Sense, Netherlands) and an electrochemical workstation (model: Bio-Logic VMP3). The applied AC potential was 50 mV, and the frequency was scanned from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. The humidity of the chamber was maintained at 40%. The impedance was scanned several times until the temperature was stabilized after changing. Using a bespoke stretcher, the temperature response of the stretchable sensor in the stretched state was observed. For periodic and dynamic temperature measurements, the stretchable sensor was placed in a heating chamber, and the impedance was measured using an LCR meter (Agilent E4980AL).
FIG. 8A shows the Bode plot of the ion conductor of each of the stretchable sensors manufactured in Examples 1-1 to 1-7 at 20° C. With reference to FIG. 8A, the resistance decreased rapidly with an increase in the ion concentration, which is deemed to be due to the decreased viscosity and the increased number of mobile ions. There are three conditions for choosing an appropriate ion conductor. A low ion concentration is required to obtain high temperature sensitivity with high activation energy. Both R and C must be able to be measured at an accessible frequency (10²-10⁶ Hz). A large value of R is suitable to ensure a large impedance difference from the stretchable electrode, which is capable of suppressing the generation of noise during strain. The 5 wt % ion concentration condition was selected for the stretchable sensor.
FIG. 8B shows the Bode plot of the ion conductor of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 at various temperatures (20° C.-50° C.). With reference to FIG. 8B, the colored boxes represent the possible frequency range (A box) in which R values may be measured directly on all flat lines and the possible frequency range (B box) in which C values may be obtained in the diagonal region. For the stretchable sensor, R and C were measured at 200 Hz (ω₁) and 5×10⁵ Hz (ω₂), respectively. Rather than performing the frequency sweep for each measurement, simple impedance analysis at only two frequencies is important for real-time monitoring of highly integrated IE-skin. In the ion conductor having high ion concentration (≥5 wt %), the C measurement frequency fell out of the accessible range (>10⁶ Hz).
FIG. 8C is a graph showing the response of the normalized dielectric constant (ϵ/ϵ₀) and the normalized conductivity (σ/σ₀) depending on changes in temperature. In FIG. 8C, the x-axis, 1000/T(K⁻¹), is the value obtained by converting the temperature (° C.) into the absolute temperature (K) and then dividing the converted value by 1,000. With reference to FIG. 8C, relative σ was about 100 times more sensitive than relative ϵ. This large difference in sensitivity is due to the fact that σ follows Arrhenius behavior with high activation energy, whereas the change in ϵ is hardly affected by temperature change.
Test Example 2: Sensing of Strain-Insensitive Temperature of Stretchable Sensor
With reference to FIG. 8B, the impedance of the stretchable sensor of Example 1-1 was measured. Here, measurement is performed at two frequencies, 200 Hz (ω₁) and 5×10⁵ Hz (ω₂). The resistance R and the capacitance C are determined from the two measured impedance values. Briefly, the real impedance Z_(re) at 200 Hz corresponds to R. C is determined from the imaginary impedance Z_(im) at 5×10⁵ Hz
$\left( {{C = \frac{1}{2{{\pi f} \cdot Z_{im}}}},} \right.$ in which f=5×10⁵). The product of R and C corresponds to the relaxation time (τ=RC), and the relationship between τ and temperature is determined at various temperatures. With reference to FIG. 9B, in order to make a linear equation, ln(τ) and 1000/T(K) are used as the y-axis and the x-axis, respectively. Next, in order to find the governing equation, the x-axis and the y-axis are swapped and fitted. FIG. 9A is a fitting graph of 1000/T(K) and ln (τ) to find the governing equation, and the governing equation is represented as Equation (3) below. y=0.0126−1.035x−0.0956x ²−0.0026x ³ (3)
In Equation (3), x is ln(τ) and y is 1000/T(K). As such, when the value τ is determined by measuring the impedances at two frequencies using the sensor, the determined value is substituted into Equation (3), thus obtaining the temperature.
FIG. 9B is a graph showing the change in ln (τ) depending on T⁻¹ at three tensile strains (ε=0, 30, and 50%) of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1. With reference to FIG. 9B, all plots measured at different strains (ε=0, 30, and 50%) matched the master curve, indicating that τ is not affected by a dimension change.
The stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 was placed in a temperature control device and the temperature at 0% strain and at 50% strain was measured. The temperature was determined using τ(RC) and the governing equation, and the results thereof are shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1 0% strain 50% strain Error (° C.) Temp. (° C.) Temp. (° C.) Temp. (° C.) (0% strain- (Setting) ln (RC) 1000/T (K) (Calculated) ln (RC) 1000/T (K) (Calculated) 50% strain) 20 −10.0108 3.412941 20.00246 −10.0119 3.412839 20.0112 −0.0087 25 −10.5729 3.355788 24.99264 −10.5337 3.360062 24.6135 0.37912 30 −11.0537 3.300482 29.98609 −11.0202 3.304492 29.6184 0.36767 35 −11.491 3.246607 35.01391 −11.458 3.250756 34.6208 0.39315 40 −11.898 3.194587 40.02956 −11.874 3.197677 39.727 0.30253 45 −12.2792 3.145187 44.94613 −12.2551 3.14831 44.6308 0.31536 50 −12.6623 3.095799 50.01841 −12.6404 3.098591 49.7273 0.29108 — Average 0.291
As is apparent from Table 1, the average measurement error of the temperature values measured at ε=0% and at ε=50% was 0.29° C.
FIG. 9C is a graph showing the change in τ after 0, 1000 and 5000 cycles at 30% strain of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1. With reference to FIG. 9C, at ε=30%, there was the same temperature measurement during 5000 strain cycles, and there was no thermal hysteresis phenomenon in repeated temperature cycles.
The temperature sensing by τ does not require a calibration process, thus enabling the use thereof anywhere, regardless of curvature or surface topology. Meanwhile, the intrinsically stretchable thermistor known at present needs to be calibrated when the curvature or the dimension at a location changes.
Test Example 3: Sensing of Temperature-Insensitive Strain of Stretchable Sensor
The capacitance C is affected by both temperature and strain, so a calibration process thereof is required. First, C is measured at various temperatures in the non-stretched state (0% strain). The C value at each temperature at 0% strain is called C_(o). Since there is a correlation between C_(o) and temperature and there is a correlation between temperature and τ, there is a correlation between C_(o) and τ. C_(o) is plotted depending on τ, and thus the governing equation is determined. FIG. 10A is a fitting graph of C_(o) and ln(τ) to find the governing equation, and the governing equation is represented as Equation (4) below. y=(10⁻¹⁰)(−6.426−1.848x−0.172x ²−0.0057x ³) (4)
In Equation (4), x is ln(τ) and y is C_(o).
Since ln(τ) was already obtained when determining the temperature, it may be substituted into Equation (4) to obtain the C_(o) value. When the C value is normalized to C_(o) in the state in which the temperature and strain applied to the sensor are not known, the change due to the temperature may be calibrated. The C/C_(o) value is a variable that responds only to strain. The strain value may be measured by plotting the C/C_(o) value and the strain and determining the governing equation. FIG. 10B is a fitting graph of strain and C/C_(o) to find the governing equation, and the governing equation is represented as Equation (5) below. y=−0.137−1.96x+3.05x ²−0.947x ³ (5)
In Equation (5), x is C/C_(o) and y is strain.
FIG. 10C is a graph showing the change in C/C_(o) depending on the tensile strain at different temperatures of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1. With reference to FIG. 10C, the plot of C/C_(o) versus uniaxial strain at various temperatures matches the master curve, so the strain may be calculated from the curve-fitting equation.
FIG. 10D is a graph showing the response of C/C_(o) during repeated stretching cycles at different tensile strains of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1. With reference to FIG. 10D, it was confirmed that the response of C/C_(o) during repeated stretching cycles at different strains was quantitatively distinguishable.
The stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 was placed in a strain control device, and the strain was measured at 20° C. and 50° C. The temperature was calculated using C/C_(o) and the governing equation, and the results thereof are shown in Table 2 below.
TABLE 2 20° C. 50° C. Strain (%) Strain (%) Strain (%) Error (%) (Setting) C/C_(o) (Calculated) C/C_(o) (Calculated) (20° C.-50° C.) 0 1.000 0.6 1.000 0.7 0.1 30 1.231 30.5 1.224 29.7 0.8 50 1.428 52.2 1.416 51.5 0.7
As is apparent from Table 2, at 30% and 50% strain, the errors due to temperature changes at 20° C. and 50° C. were 0.8% and 0.7%, respectively.
Test Example 4: Measurement of Temperature Upon Attachment to Skin
FIG. 11A shows an infrared camera image of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 attached to the skin over the jugular vein. With reference to FIG. 11A, the stretchable sensor was attached to the skin over the jugular vein and the body temperature was monitored before and after drinking liquor. The temperature was measured in the normal state and in the fully stretched state by tilting the neck.
FIG. 11B is a graph showing changes in the temperature before and after drinking liquor in the stretched state of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 attached to the skin over the jugular vein. With reference to FIG. 11B, the temperature measured using the sensor increased from 36.13° C. to 36.94° C. after drinking, and then decreased to 36.35° C. after 12 hr, which was consistent with the value measured using an IR thermometer.
FIG. 11C is a graph showing changes in the temperature before and after drinking liquor in the normal state and the stretched state of the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 attached to the skin over the jugular vein. With reference to FIG. 11C, the temperature measured in the normal state and in the stretched state showed a small difference (˜0.12° C.) therebetween.
Test Example 5: Confirmation of Thermo-Mechanical Decoupling
In order to confirm thermo-mechanical decoupling upon contact (pressure), a high-temperature (45° C.) glass rod was repeatedly brought into contact with the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1, placed on a thick soft elastomer substrate (Ecoflex). FIG. 12A shows an image when the stretchable sensor manufactured in Example 1-1 located on an elastomer (Ecoflex) substrate is pressed with a hot glass rod. The applied force was changed (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 N), and the corresponding strain of the sensor was measured, and the results thereof are shown in FIG. 12B. With reference to FIG. 12B, respective strains of the sensor were 8.6%, 13.9%, and 19.1%, and the measured temperature showed the same response to contact despite the different strains of the sensor.
Test Example 6: Sensing of Unidirectional Shear
With reference to FIG. 5A, in order to perform a unidirectional shear-sensing experiment, the IE-skin manufactured in Example 2 was placed on a mannequin's hand. With reference to FIGS. 5B and 5C, rather than using the elastomer substrate that mimics the thick skin, in order to realize 3D deformation, the behavior of thin skin was mimicked by interposing a low-friction interface between the IE-skin and the bottom elastomer substrate. The interface was created by rubbing the center of the bottom substrate with excess silica particle powder (or baby powder). The edge of the IE-skin and the bottom substrate were bonded with a silicone adhesive (Sil-Poxy, Smooth-On). The contact point may be recognized by the temperature profile of the IE-skin. When shear stress is applied to the IE-skin, the front of the contact point wrinkles, and the rear of the contact point stretches.
A method of measuring the temperature and strain on IE-skin having the 10×10 matrix structure is described below.
First, the electrodes of the IE-skin are connected to a measurement device (LCR meter connected to multiple channels). The impedance is scanned at a frequency of 200 Hz to obtain the R value of each pixel in the entire 10×10 matrix. The impedance is scanned at a frequency of 5×10⁵ Hz to obtain the C value. The temperature may be determined using the R and C values and Equation (3). The C_(o) value may be determined using Equation (4). The strain may be determined using Equation (5). Here, the temperature value and the strain value contain errors due to the interference between pixels. The qualitative changes are observable, but absolute values are inaccurate. The corresponding values are mapped in 2D. By projecting the maximum value in the temperature profile to the strain profile, relative positions are compared, and thus various motions may be inferred.
FIGS. 13A and 13B show images of the actual skin, IE-skin, 2D temperature profile and 2D strain profile when weak unidirectional shear and strong unidirectional shear are respectively applied with the index finger. The temperature and strain profiles were obtained from τ and C/C_(o). In FIGS. 13A and 13B, the hollow white arrow represents the shear direction, and wrinkles were observed on the IE-skin as on actual skin. The contact region was identified as the highest temperature region (represented by the white circle) in the temperature profile, and the center thereof was represented by a white dot. The projection of the contact region in the strain profile shows that the stretched region (represented by the white dashed circle) is located behind the contact region in the shear direction. With reference to FIGS. 13A and 13B, as shear force increased, the strain profile was prominent in the stretched region, and the temperature profile did not show any noticeable change.
FIG. 13C shows camera images and strain profiles when shear force is applied to the IE-skin manufactured in Example 2. With reference to FIG. 13C, the compression strain was relieved due to 3D wrinkle formation, based on which the shear direction can be analyzed to be a direction ranging from the stretched region to the contact region (represented by the filled white arrow). Thus, any unidirectional shear can be recognized by the force vector.
FIG. 13D shows the digital image, temperature profile and strain profile when contact pressure is applied to the IE-skin manufactured in Example 2. With reference to FIG. 13D, when normal force (pressure) was applied to the IE-skin, it was confirmed that the centers of the heated region and the strained region overlapped.
Test Example 7: Sensing of Multiple Shearing Motions
In order to sense various multiple shearing motions, pinching, spreading, tweaking, shearing, and touching were performed. The digital images, temperature profiles and strain profiles of the IE-skin by individual motions are shown in FIG. 14A. In the strain profile, the contact region obtained from the temperature profile is represented by the white circle, and the shear direction is represented by the white arrow.
With reference to FIG. 14A, the pinching motion had two shear directions at an angle of ˜150°. The spreading motion had opposite shear directions on the same line, and the strain was distributed between the contact regions. The tweaking motion showed opposite shear directions next to each other. When the shear motion was combined with the touch motion, the shear direction and the touch were detected together. The recognition of additional contact in the fully stretched region implies that temperature sensing plays an important role in touch recognition by actual skin. In the shear motion, the number of contact regions is equal to or greater than the number of stretched regions.
The torsion motion creates more complex strain fields, thus forming complex wrinkles. The image and strain profile of the IE-skin due to the counterclockwise torsion are shown in FIG. 14B. The contact region from the temperature profile was projected to the strain profile. With reference to FIG. 14B, multiple strain regions were marked as {circle around (1)}, {circle around (2)}, and {circle around (3)}, and the largest {circle around (1)} strain region and the smallest {circle around (3)} strain region were formed in the front and rear of the torsion angle, respectively. The thin white dashed arrow represents the local strain direction, and is combined with the thin white arrow representing the shear direction from the center of the strain region to the contact point. The thick white arrow is a local torsion vector, calculated as the sum of the local strain vector and the local shear vector. The local torsion vector represents the relative magnitude depending on the torsion direction and the torsion angle.
The scope of the present disclosure is represented by the claims below rather than the aforementioned detailed description, and all of the changes or modified forms that are capable of being derived from the meaning, range, and equivalent concepts of the appended claims should be construed as being included in the scope of the present disclosure.
What is claimed is:
1. A stretchable sensor, comprising: a first stretchable electrode comprising a first elastomer and a first conductor dispersed in the first elastomer; a stretchable active layer formed on the first stretchable electrode and comprising a third elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the third elastomer; and a second stretchable electrode formed on the stretchable active layer and comprising a second elastomer and a second conductor dispersed in the second elastomer.
2. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein the stretchable active layer is electrically connected to each of the first stretchable electrode and the second stretchable electrode.
3. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein all or a portion of the ion conductor comes into contact with all or a portion of the first conductor at an interface between the stretchable active layer and the first stretchable electrode, and all or a portion of the ion conductor comes into contact with all or a portion of the second conductor at an interface between the stretchable active layer and the second stretchable electrode.
4. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein the stretchable sensor further comprises: a first stretchable substrate located on the first stretchable electrode in a direction opposite a direction facing the stretchable active layer; and a second stretchable substrate located on the second stretchable electrode in a direction opposite a direction facing the stretchable active layer.
5. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are same as or different from each other and each of the first conductor and the second conductor independently comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), and a conductive polymer.
6. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein each of the first conductor and the second conductor has a nanowire shape.
7. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein each of the first elastomer and the second elastomer is a thermoplastic elastomer.
8. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein the third elastomer is a thermosetting elastomer.
9. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein the stretchable active layer comprises 100 parts by weight of the third elastomer and 0.1 to 50 parts by weight of the ion conductor.
10. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein the ion conductor comprises an ionic liquid.
11. The stretchable sensor of claim 10, wherein the ionic liquid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic ionic liquid, an imidazolium-based ionic liquid, and a pyridinium-based ionic liquid.
12. The stretchable sensor of claim 1, wherein the first stretchable electrode comprises a plurality of first electrodes parallel to each other in a linear arrangement, the second stretchable electrode comprises a plurality of second electrodes parallel to each other in a linear arrangement, the first electrodes are located perpendicular to the second electrodes, the first electrodes and the second electrodes form a pixel structure, and the stretchable sensor is used for an electronic skin.
13. A method of sensing a temperature using a stretchable sensor comprising a stretchable active layer comprising an elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the elastomer, comprising: (1) measuring respective impedances (Z₁ and Z₂) at two arbitrary frequencies (ω₁ and ω₂) (ω₁<ω₂); (2) determining a resistance (R), which is a real impedance (Z_(re)), from the impedance (Z₁); (3) determining an imaginary impedance (Z_(im)) from the impedance (Z₂) and substituting the imaginary impedance (Z_(im)) into Equation 1 below to obtain a capacitance (C); (4) substituting the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C) into Equation 2 below to obtain a relaxation time (τ); and (5) determining a temperature using the relaxation time (τ): $\begin{matrix} {Z_{im} = \frac{1}{\omega_{i}C}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack \\ {\tau = {RC}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right\rbrack \end{matrix}$ in Equations 1 and 2, Z_(im) is the imaginary impedance, ω is the frequency, i is 1 or 2, C is the capacitance, τ is the relaxation time, and R is the resistance.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the real impedance is measured at a frequency ranging from 0.001×10³ Hz to 1.0×10³ Hz.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the imaginary impedance is measured at a frequency ranging from 0.001×10⁷ Hz to 1.0×10⁷ Hz.
16. A method of sensing a strain using a stretchable sensor comprising a stretchable active layer comprising an elastomer and an ion conductor dispersed in the elastomer, comprising: (1′) measuring respective impedances (Z₁ and Z₂) at two arbitrary frequencies (ω₁ and ω₂) (ω₁<ω₂); (2′) determining a resistance (R), which is a real impedance (Z_(re)), from the impedance (Z₁); (3′) determining an imaginary impedance (Z_(im)) from the impedance (Z₂) and substituting the imaginary impedance (Z_(im)) into Equation 1 below to obtain a capacitance (C); (4′) substituting the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C) into Equation 2 below to obtain a relaxation time (i); (5′) determining a capacitance (C₀) in a non-strained state using the relaxation time (τ); and (6′) determining a strain using the capacitance (C) and the capacitance (C₀) in the non-strained state: $\begin{matrix} {Z_{im} = \frac{1}{\omega_{i}C}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack \\ {\tau = {RC}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \right\rbrack \end{matrix}$ in Equations 1 and 2, Z_(im) is the imaginary impedance, ω is the frequency, i is 1 or 2, C is the capacitance, τ is the relaxation time, and R is the resistance.
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Board Thread:Roleplaying/@comment-1734134-20161203223931/@comment-11526152-20161204013723
I like the sound of that, could use this chance to polish my writing a fair bit.
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filepath.* in filename_template results in TypeError: argument should be a str or an os.PathLike object where __fspath__ returns a str, not 'NoneType
Is this variable not available in the filename template? I was trying to use it in a conditional like this: filename_template = "{filepath.suffix contains aae?.}{original_name}"
osxphotos_crash.log
No it's only available "post export" -- that is in options that are executed after the export happens as it refers to the exported path. Inside the filename template (which is used to determine the export path) it would be impossible to render (infinite recursion). However it should not crash -- so that's a bug. It should simply resolve to an empty value as it's not known yet.
Ah, thanks, that makes sense :) Perhaps it should also give a warning, in addition to the empty value (non-crash), as users might think it's working if there is no visible result telling them that it's not?
@all-contributors please add @torarnv for bug
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Feature request: Only use last resort key packages
Is your feature request related to a problem?
In discussions about our Key Package handling, we came up with a better solution than the current system of uploading hundreds of single-use key packages.
This should be implemented on both the nodes and the client
Describe the solution to the problem
On each startup, a client will register one new last-resort key package with an expiration of ~1 year. The nodes will distribute this key package to anyone who requests a key package for that installation until the key package is replaced.
This offers comparable security, but without the risk of key package exhaustion attacks. For active clients, key packages will be rotated regularly.
Describe the uses cases for the feature
No response
Additional details
No response
Given that we have a current solution that works, this work makes sense to get sequenced to a time after we have MLS working end to end for sending/receiving messages.
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New York Agricultural Experiment Station. 405
It will be noticed that the number of manufacturers of com mercial fertilizers decreased very largely in 1900 as compared with preceding years. This marked decrease was due to a new provision of the fertilizer law, first taking effect in 1900, requiring manufacturers to pay a license fee of $20 on each brand offered for sale in this State. Small mixers in the State discontinued their business and manufacturers outside of New York, whose business did not warrant the payment of the license fee, withdrew their goods and business. The number of manufacturers was still farther apparently decreased in 1901 by the combination of over 20 companies under one name.
The most marked efifect of the requirement of a license fee for each brand was to reduce the number of brands offered for sale. The increase of different brands had gone on rapidly from a few hundred, until in 1899 it reached the phenomenal number of 2,268. This number fell at once in 1900 to 600 and has since remained between that number and 550. The multiplication of brands by manufacturers had become a most serious abuse, entailing an im mense amount of work and expense on the Station in the collec tion and analysis of the different brands. It was possible to reach this abuse only by the requirement of a license fee.
From the data embodied in this table, it is readily seen that there has been comparatively little variation in the average com position of fertilizers from year to year. The amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash above guarantee have run within comparatively narrow limits. The data show that goods
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Let $G$ be a locally compact group, and let $1\le p < \infty$. Consider the
weighted $L^p$-space $L^p(G,\omega)=\{f:\int|f\omega|^p<\infty\}$, where
$\omega:G\to \mathbb R$ is a positive measurable function. Under appropriate
conditions on $\omega$, $G$ acts on $L^p(G,\omega)$ by translations. When is
this action hypercyclic, that is, there is a function in this space such that
the set of all its translations is dense in $L^p(G,\omega)$? H. Salas (1995)
gave a criterion of hypercyclicity in the case $G=\mathbb Z$ . Under mild
assumptions, we present a corresponding characterization for a general locally
compact group $G$. Our results are obtained in a more general setting when the
translations only by a subset $S\subset G$ are considered.
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# Etch-a-sketch
Etch-a-sketch is a simple javascript program designed to recreate the classic children's Etch-a-sketch in the browser.
## Description
Click on each of the colour buttons to change the colour of your etch. Click the Clear & Reset button to generate a new grid using a number of your choosing between 2 and 64.
## Installation
*_`$ git clone https://github.com/sambailey222/etch-a-sketch.git` onto your computer
*_Open `index.html` in the root folder using your web browser.
## Technologies used
*_Written using plain javascript
*_Frontend with HTML5 and CSS
Copyright (c) 2020 **_Sam Bailey_**
This software is licensed under the MIT license.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
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