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3254938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20King%20%28Royal%20Navy%20officer%29 | James King (Royal Navy officer) | Captain James King (1750 – 16 November 1784) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He served under James Cook on his last voyage around the world, specialising in taking important astronomical readings using a sextant. After Cook died he helped lead the ships on the remainder of their course, also completing Cook's account of the voyage. He continued his career in the Navy, reaching the rank of post-captain, commanding several ships and serving in the American War of Independence.
Early life
King was born in Clitheroe, Lancashire, in 1750, the son of James King, who was at that time curate of St Mary Magdalene, Clitheroe. According to the parish registers young James King was baptised on 13 July 1750, presumably shortly after his birth. At an early age King entered Clitheroe Royal Grammar School, where he remained until he was 12 years old.
The Navy
King entered the navy on 19 November 1762 under the patronage of his kinsman William Norton, serving under him first in as an able seaman, although in fact he was treated as a junior officer, and then as a midshipman in the William and Mary. After further service as an able seaman or midshipman in and , King joined , Captain James Chads, on 15 March 1768 as an able seaman for service on the Newfoundland Station under Hugh Palliser, a commodore and friend and patron of James Cook, but there is no indication that Cook and King met at this time. It has been said that King served aboard in the Mediterranean under Captain John Jervis but there is no evidence of this.
Having passed for lieutenant on 7 March 1769, King was promoted to this rank on 10 January 1771, serving in several ships before being placed on half pay in May 1773. He was then granted leave to go abroad on his private affairs for one year, visiting Paris before joining his elder brother Thomas in Auxerre. This was followed by a period with his brother Walker King at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was introduced to Thomas Hornsby, a priest and Savilian Professor of Astronomy, by his father's first cousin, Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, Speaker of the House of Commons and member of the Board of Longitude, who recommended him for Cook's third voyage.
Service on Captain Cook's third voyage
King joined as second lieutenant, sharing the duties of astronomer with Cook, taking astronomical observations on board by sextant and with Larcum Kendal's timekeeper K1, to establish the Resolutions position at sea and on shore by sextant or by astronomical quadrant to establish the geographical position of salient points during the course of Cook's surveys. Thus King's geographical positions were an important contribution to the accuracy of the various surveys carried out during the voyage and his use of the early chronometers helped prove their use at sea for calculation of Longitude. .
Following the death of Cook, King remained in the Resolution but on the death of Charles Clerke, Cook's successor, King was appointed to command , the Resolutions consort, remaining in her for the rest of the voyage. After his return to England King was very much involved in the publication of the official account of Cook's third voyage, writing the third volume at Woodstock, near Oxford, where his brother Thomas was rector of St Mary Magdalene. But shortly after his return King was promoted Post-captain and appointed commander of in the English Channel.
Later life
Then towards the end of 1781 King was appointed commander of the 40-gun and escorted a fleet of merchantmen to the West Indies. He captured a French frigate, La Coquette, off Turks Island before returning to England at the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 with his health much impaired. King then returned to Woodstock to continue to work on Cook's third voyage. After the publication of the three-volume account of the voyage, advancing tuberculosis drove him to Nice, accompanied by his friends James Trevenen, who had served with him in the Resolution and Discovery, and Captain William Young, who had served with him in the Guernsey, where he died on 16 November 1784 at the age of 34, although the memorial tablet in Woodstock parish church states erroneously that he died in his 32nd year. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1782 in recognition of his astronomical observations during Cook's third voyage he was also made an honorary L.L.D. Trinity College, Dublin, after donating his collection of Pacific artefacts to the college.
King Island in British Columbia was named in 1793 by George Vancouver, in honour of the family of Captain James King, under whom Vancouver had served as a midshipman on the Discovery during the latter part of the third voyage of James Cook.
References
1750 births
1784 deaths
People from Clitheroe
English explorers of North America
English sailors
18th-century British astronomers
Explorers of Australia
Explorers of Canada
English explorers of the Pacific
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Clitheroe Royal Grammar School
James Cook | [
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50626719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalali%2C%20Bhiwani | Kalali, Bhiwani | Kalali is a village and administrative unit with a democratically elected panchayat samiti (local council) in the Loharu (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Siwani Tehsil of Bhiwani District under Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency and Hisar Division of Haryana state.
It is situated from Hisar on the Hisar-Rajgarh road and from the district headquarters Bhiwani.
History
Kalali came into existence even before its twin village Bidhwan.
Bidhwan Jaglan Zail and Jaglan Lambardari
Bidhwan is seat of the former Jaglan Zail that was headed by the Zaildar from influential Jaglan clan who during the British Raj ruled over four revenue villages of Princely state called Loharu State. Descendants of whom still live in the village and their descendant Surender Singh Jaglan still holds the position of Lambardar of these villages. Currently, these four villages of Bidhwan (बिधवाण), Kalali (कलाली), Mandholi Khurd (मंढोली खुर्द) and Mandholi Kalan (मंढोलीकलां) lie in Bhiwani district.
Khunga or Jaglan gotra Jats and Kaaushik gotra Brahmins were original inhabitants of Kalali village.
Nearby archaeological sites
Nearby Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites are Banawali, Lohari Ragho, Masudpur, Rakhigarhi, Siswal all with Hissar district as well as Burj and Bhirrana and Kunal and Balu in Fatehabad and Mitathal and Naurangabad in Bhiwani district. Another archaeological site is Agroha Mound.
Administration
Currently, it is under Bhiwani Zilla Panchayat and has its own unreserved Gram Panchayat under Gram Panchayat Smiti. There is a Patwari (government land record officer), an ADO (Agriculture Development Officer),a Rural Health Officer (RHO), and an Anganbadi Worker.
The village is inhabited by people belonging to different castes. The dominant caste in the village is Jat where Jaglan (Khunga) is dominant gotra.
Brahman & Jat gotras
The following [[Brahman & Jat gotras are found in the village:
kaushik
Khunga
Jaglan gotra dominates the Jat community in the village
Transportation
It is well connected by the paved bitumen road. It lies from 9 km Jhumpa Khurd, 18 km Bahal, 21 km Siwani, 29 Rajgarh (Rajasthan), 33 Kairu, 55 km Hissar, 57 km Hansi, 49 km Pilani, 50 km from Bhiwani, 163 km Delhi and 282 km from state capital Chandigarh.
Train connectivity
Nearest train stations are 9 km Jhumpa Khurd, 18 km Bahal, 21 km Siwani, 29 Rajgarh. Nearest major junctions are at Hisar, India city and 52 km at Bhiwani city.
Airport connectivity
Hisar Airport, the nearest functional airport and flying training club is away. Currently no commercial flights from this airport. Nearest domestic and international airport is at Delhi.
See also
Bidhwan
Badya Jattan
Kanwari
Zaildar
List of Zaildars by Zail
References
External links
Google location map
Haryana Government e-Services
Bhiwani District Website
e-Disha e-services
Government of India e-services
Villages in Bhiwani district
Archaeological sites in Haryana | [
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58726540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Wright%20%28politician%29 | Ron Wright (politician) | Ronald Jack Wright (April 8, 1953 – February 7, 2021) was an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 6th congressional district from 2019 until his death in 2021. He was a member of the Republican Party.
After serving on Arlington's city council and as tax assessor-collector for Tarrant County, Wright was elected to the House of Representatives in 2018 and reelected in 2020. Before his death from COVID-19 on February 7, 2021, Wright had been diagnosed with lung cancer in June 2019.
Early life and education
Ronald Jack Wright was born on April 8, 1953, in Jacksonville, Texas, the son of Peggy Darlene (Powar) and George Willis Wright. He grew up in Azle, Texas, graduating from Azle High School in 1971. He then attended the University of Texas at Arlington for two years, studying history, psychology, and political science.
Career
Before entering politics Wright worked at Ceramic Cooling Tower, Inc. He wrote several op-eds for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram in the 1990s, recommending public executions and display of corpses as a deterrent to crimes.
Wright served on the Arlington City Council from 2000 to 2008 and as Mayor Pro-Tem of Arlington from 2004 to 2008. He then served as district director for Congressman Joe Barton from 2000 to 2009. From 2009 to 2011, Wright was Barton's Chief of Staff. Wright was appointed Tarrant County Tax Assessor-Collector in 2011, serving until 2018.
In 2014, Wright's office added the motto "In God We Trust" to its stationery, including tax assessment envelopes and tax statements.
U.S. House of Representatives
Elections
In 2018, Wright ran for the United States House of Representatives in to succeed Barton, who had announced that he would not seek reelection after coming to national attention again when sexually explicit photos that he had shared with women surfaced online. Wright finished in first place in the primary election, but did not achieve the 50% majority required to avoid a runoff. He faced Jake Ellzey in the runoff election, and won with 52% of the vote. In the general election, Wright defeated Democrat Jana Lynne Sanchez.
Wright was reelected in 2020, defeating attorney Stephen Daniel. His death triggered a special election in 2021.
Tenure
In June 2019, Reproaction, an abortion rights advocacy group, released a video that showed Wright stating women should "absolutely" be punished for performing self-managed abortions, as "they committed murder".
In December 2020, Wright was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state. Wright later voted against certifying Arizona's and Pennsylvania's electoral votes in an effort to deny the final mechanism that would legally certify Biden's victory. Both votes occurred after the storming of the United States Capitol.
Committee assignments
Committee on Foreign Affairs
Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations
Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, Energy, and the Environment
Committee on Education and Labor
Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
Subcommittee on Workforce Protections
Caucus memberships
Freedom Caucus
Health issues and death
In July 2019, Wright announced he had been diagnosed with lung cancer. The next year, a series of complications with his radiation treatment led to his hospitalization.
On January 21, 2021, Wright announced he had tested positive for COVID-19. After he and his wife were hospitalized in Dallas for two weeks, Wright died from the virus on February 7. As a result, he became the first sitting member of Congress to die from the disease.
Lawmakers from both parties eulogized Wright after his death. Sanchez, his Democratic opponent in 2018, said that while she had her differences with Wright, "we both ran for Congress for the same reason: to fight for the people of North Texas. He served with passion while battling cancer and a deadly virus that has claimed far too many lives far too soon."
Personal life
Wright was married to Susan Wright, whom he met in June 2000 at the Texas GOP convention in Houston. She was a committeewoman for the Texas State Republican Executive Committee (SREC) for District 10. On February 24, 2021, she announced her candidacy in the special election to fill her late husband's congressional seat. She was endorsed by former President Donald Trump and placed first in the May 1, 2021, primary, but did not receive 50% of the vote. Consequently, under Texas law, she advanced to a runoff against the second-place finisher, Republican State Representative Jake Ellzey of Waxahachie. On June 27, 2021, she lost the runoff to Ellzey.
Electoral history
2018
2020
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office
Luke Letlow, U.S. Representative–elect from Louisiana who died from COVID-19
References
External links
1953 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American politicians
American construction businesspeople
Businesspeople from Texas
County officials in Texas
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
People from Arlington, Texas
People from Azle, Texas
People from Jacksonville, Texas
Political chiefs of staff
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Texas Republicans
Texas city council members
United States congressional aides | [
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16677793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20New%20York%20Giants%20season | 1978 New York Giants season | The New York Giants season was the franchise's 54th season in the National Football League. In their first ever season that had a sixteen-game schedule, the Giants looked to improve on their 5–9 record from 1977. The season saw the Giants get off to a hot start. They beat newcomer Tampa Bay in Tampa 19–13, despite being a 1 point underdog. After a close loss to the rival Cowboys 34–24 the next week, the Giants beat the Kansas City Chiefs 26–10 and the San Francisco 49ers 27–10 to start the season 3–1, their first 3–1 start since 1969. However, the Giants then started to struggle, losing to the Atlanta Falcons 23–20 and the Cowboys again 24–3. Following wins at home against the Buccaneers and Redskins, the Giants went on a downfall, which saw them lose their next 6 games and 7 of their last 8. In week 12, the Giants played their arch-rivals, the Philadelphia Eagles, in a crucial game that saw the Giants fumble away the game on Joe Pisarcik’s fumble and Herm Edwards fumble recovery for a touchdown that won the game for Philadelphia, 19-17. The play was dubbed the “Miracle at the Meadowlands”. The Giants never recovered from this game, getting pummeled on the road to the 3–9 Bills, 41–17, despite having a 10 point lead in the 4th quarter. In their final game, a rematch with Philadelphia, the Giants lost 20–3 to end the season 6–10.
Offseason
Draft
Roster
Regular season
The Miracle at the Meadowlands is the term used by sportscasters and Philadelphia Eagles fans for a fumble recovery by cornerback Herman Edwards that he returned for a touchdown at the end of a November 19, 1978 NFL game against the New York Giants in Giants Stadium. It was seen as miraculous because it occurred at a point in the game when the Giants were easily capable of running out the game's final seconds. The Giants had the ball, and the Eagles had no timeouts left. Everyone watching expected quarterback Joe Pisarcik to take one more snap and kneel with the ball, thus running out the clock and preserving a 17–12 Giant upset. Instead, he attempted to hand it off to fullback Larry Csonka and botched it, allowing Edwards to pick up the ball and run 26 yards for the winning score.
Schedule
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Game summaries
Week 4
Television Network: CBS
Announcers: Don Criqui and Tom Matte
Joe Pisarcik threw a 29-yard touchdown pass to Al Dixon early in the game and Bobby Hammond set up two other touchdowns with long runs as the Giants are so far surprising the football world with a 3-1 record with a win over winless San Francsico. New York's Larry Csonka became the sixth player in NFL history to rush for 7,000 yards and he himself scored a 1-yard touchdown run in period 1 while Willie Spencer of the Giants scored a 1-yard touchdown run in period 3 while Joe Danelo kicked two field goals of 28 and 52 yards to provide the Giants scoring that day.
Week 12
Standings
See also
List of New York Giants seasons
References
New York Giants on Pro Football Reference
Giants on jt-sw.com
New York Giants seasons
New York Giants
New York Giants
20th century in East Rutherford, New Jersey
Meadowlands Sports Complex | [
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4943305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces%20of%20Libya | Provinces of Libya | The Provinces of Libya were prescribed in 1934, during the last period of colonial Italian Libya, and continued through post-independence Libya until 1963 when the Governorates system was instituted.
Italian colonial era
After Italy took the area from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 it was administered as a single administrative unit called Italian North Africa. Then from 1927 to 1934, the territory was split into two separate colonies, each run by their own Italian governor: Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania. In 1934 Italy adopted the name "Libya" (Italian Libya) as the official name of the reunified area, and administratively divided it up into the three provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan. In 1937 the Cyrenaica and Tripolitania provinces split, with northern Cyrenaica becoming Benghazi Province and Darnah Province, and northern Tripolitania splitting into Tripoli Province and Misurata Province.
Fezzan was not split in 1937, but the whole southern Sahara Desert area was militarily administered as the Southern Military Territory (Territorio del Sahara Libico or Il Territorio Militare del Sud Libico).
The Libyan Sahara Territory was divided into four military districts administered from the desert oases towns of Ghat, Brak, Murzuk and Hun. The Senussi order Kufra oasis area in the southeastern Libyan Desert was not separately administered by the Italians, although in 1932 they built a fort at the holy place of El Tag above it. This territory was administered only by the Italian military, and in 1936 was increased with the Aouzou Strip from France's Chad.
World War 2
The French and British occupied Libya in 1943 after the Western Desert Campaign victories, when it was again split into three provinces: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan-Ghadames in the southwest.
Independence
After independence in 1951 the three provinces continued as the subdivision system in the Kingdom of Libya, with boundaries slightly shifting, until 1963. The provinces were then replaced by the Muhafazah governorates system (muhafazah) system in the kingdom and subsequent Libyan Arab Republic, until superseded by the 1983 Baladiyat districts system.
See also
History of Libya as Italian colony
Subdivisions of Libya
Districts of Libya
Governorates of Libya
Notes
Italian Libya | [
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53087958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson-Aid%20Mill | Hodgson-Aid Mill | Hodgson-Aid Mill, also known as Hodgson Water Mill and Aid-Hodgson Mill, is a historic grist mill located on Bryant Creek near Sycamore, Ozark County, Missouri. It was constructed around 1897, and is a -story, timber frame mill building covered with red-painted weatherboards. Associated with the mill are the man-made mill pond and the limestone barrel vault constructed at the base of the cliff where Hodgson Spring discharges. The mill has not been in operation since 1976. It is privately owned.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
History
The area around Hodgson-Aid Mill had been settled prior to the Civil War; Ozark County, Missouri was organized in 1841, and until 1857, included parts of Howell and Douglas County. The Hodgson-Aid Water Mill is at least the second mill to be located on the Hodgson Mill Spring. In the early 1860s, William Holeman settled on Bryant Creek and constructed a water mill on or near the site of the Hodgson-Aid Mill. This mill was closed during the Civil War. It is unclear whether Holeman reopened this original mill, or whether he had to construct a new mill after the war. It is reported that Holeman's mill was powered by a vertical wood turbine. Holeman operated the mill until his death in 1879.
In 1884, Alva Hodgson and his mother, Mary Elizabeth Hodgson, purchased the mill from Manuel and Elizabeth Smith, the parents of Alva's future wife, Mary Elizabeth Smith Hodgson, for $500.00. Alva Hodgson continued to operate Holeman's existing mill, but made plans to construct a state-of-the-art mill capable of producing new white or "patent" flour, a higher quality flour than had previously been produced, made possible by the invention of the "middlings purifier" around 1870. Hodgson used this new milling machinery, including roller mills, and also installed two vertical steel water turbines, known as "Leffel turbines" or now as Francis Turbines.
The mill building also housed a general store and the Sycamore post office, sawmill, and cotton gin. Like other rural gristmills, the mill was likely an economic hub of the community. Farmers visited the mill to have their grain (corn and wheat) to be ground into flour and meal, and were able to buy and sell their crops, as well as other goods and services. The store "not only sold necessities - groceries, hardware, and dry goods - it also bought every valuable commodity produced in the area."
Construction of the new mill was completed around 1897; a notice that appeared in the local newspaper on November 25, 1897, noted that "Mr. Hodgson is making a good grade of flour on his new roller mill." Records show that at this time, Alva Hodgson's brother, George, bought 1/3 interest in the mill. In 1901, Alva Hodgson sold his brother the remaining 2/3 interest, and George Hodgson became sole proprietor. Alva Hodgson went on to build nearby Dawt Mill, completed in 1909, as well as a cotton gin in Harrison Arkansas. He returned to Hodgson Mill to work with his brother and improve the mill; he installed a dynamo to generate electricity to light the mill, and imported and installed two millstones, or buhrstones from the French Pyrenees for stone-grinding flour. Despite failing vision, Alva helped run the mill until his death in 1921. George Hodgson then continued to operate the mill until his death in 1927.
Ownership of the mill passed to Fred O. Foster from 1927 to 1934. In 1934, the mill was purchased by businessman Charles Theodore Aid. The mill stayed in the ownership of the Aid family until 1998 and so became known locally as the Hodgson-Aid Mill, or Aid-Hodgson Mill.
The mill was leased and operated intermittently from 1934 to 1949. In 1949 Fred Leach, an experienced miller, assumed the lease and both operated the mill and began marketing products through wholesalers, mostly whole grain flour and corn meal. He also provided picnic tables, campsites, and operated a gift shop for visitors to the mill. Leach increased production of meal and flour to as much as 2,000 pounds a day.
From 1963 to 1969, the Harold Stott family took over operation of the mill. They expanded the line of products to include "white and yellow cornmeal, whole wheat cereal, and bran, whole wheat, unbleached, rye and pancake flours."
In 1969, Ken and Teena Harrington, avid antiquers visiting the area, stumbled on the property. They took over the lease, and initially began selling antiques and operating canoe rentals for the nearby Bryant River They also offered flour and products in their store, and as demand grew; they incorporated the company as Hodgson Mill Inc, and sold products to wholesalers and grocers.
When Ken took up the lease in 1969, the mill was grinding only a couple of hundred pounds of flour a day. By 1973, sales had grown 500 percent, and the old mill was straining under the maximum of 1 million pounds of wheat and corn a year.
The Harringtons installed two more buhrstones to keep up with demand, and also acquired a site in the nearby Gainesville Missouri industrial park to construct a modern production facility. Production of Hodgson Mill Inc. products moved to the Gainesville location in 1976. No large-scale production has taken place at the Hodgson-Aid Mill since, and the mill has been intermittently operated primarily as a tourist attraction. At some point ca. 1970's a concrete block building was built near the mill building.
The Hodgson-Aid Mill suffered some flood damage in 1982, when water rose into the main milling room. Between 1985 and 1993, Herbert Smith (great-nephew of Alva Hodgson) and his wife leased the mill and provided tours, a store, resort cabins and campground.
The mill was sold to Hank and Jean Macler, who raised money in the community to fund restoration efforts. They stabilized the foundation, used Amish craftspeople to repair flood damage, installed facilities to bottle spring water and registered the Hodgson-Aid Mill in the National Register of Historic Places.
In 2011, the mill was sold to John and Gwen Deakle, experienced preservationists.
References
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Industrial buildings completed in 1897
Buildings and structures in Ozark County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Ozark County, Missouri | [
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18530538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Green%20Party%20of%20England%20and%20Wales%20leadership%20election | 2008 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election | The 2008 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election took place in September 2008 to select the first leader of the Green Party of England and Wales. It was won by Caroline Lucas who received 92.4% of the vote. At the same time, Adrian Ramsay was elected unopposed as the party's first deputy leader.
Prior to the leadership election, the Green Party had two spokespeople called principal speakers instead of leaders. Lucas had been the female principal speaker of the party from 2003–2006 and from 2007–2008.
Background
From the formation of the Green Party of England and Wales in 1990 until 2008, the party had elected spokespeople called principal speakers instead of leaders. From 1990 to 1992, the party had six principal speakers and from 1992 to 2008, the party had two principal speakers: one male and one female.
In November 2007, the party held an internal referendum on whether they should replace the system of principal speakers with a single leader. The party's female speaker, Caroline Lucas, supported introducing a single leader, as did the party activists Tony Juniper and Jonathon Porritt. The party's male principal speaker, Derek Wall, opposed the change, as did Jenny Jones, one of the party's two members of the London Assembly. The other Assembly Member, Darren Johnson, ran the campaign in favour of moving to a leadership model.
The referendum required two-thirds of members to vote in favour in order to be effective. 73% of party members voted in favour of the change. The new system would involve leaders serving for two year terms, for a maximum of five terms.
Campaign
Caroline Lucas, one of the party's principal speakers and a Member of the European Parliament, launched a campaign for the leadership on 14 July 2008. The other candidate for the leadership was the actor Ashley Gunstock.
Only one candidate stood for the deputy leadership. Adrian Ramsay was the leader of the Green group on Norwich City Council. He was supported Lucas, and under party gender balance rules, he could only be elected to the post if a woman was elected to the leadership.
Nominations for both the leadership and deputy leadership closed on 31 July 2008, after which ballot papers were distributed. In order to assist candidates with canvassing, the party's Standing Orders Committee decided to release the contact details of 7,000 members to the candidates. More than 100 party members signed a protest letter which questioned whether this publication was legal under the Data Protection Act. The issue became moot when all three candidates declined to request contact details.
Hustings took place at the party's conference, and the results were announced on 5 September.
Results
The turnout was 37.9% of a membership of 7,565. This was an increase from the 20% turnout for the 2007 election of principal speakers.
Leader
Deputy leader
Adrian Ramsay was elected unopposed as deputy leader.
References
2008 elections in the United Kingdom
Green Party of England and Wales leadership elections
Articles containing video clips
Green Party of England and Wales leadership election | [
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37295444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southrey%20Wood | Southrey Wood | Southrey Wood is reserve near Bardney in the county of Lincolnshire, England. Butterfly Conservation manages this reserve. It is in extent.
The woodland forms part of the Bardney Limewoods National Nature Reserve.
References
Butterfly Conservation reserves
Forests and woodlands of Lincolnshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lincolnshire | [
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] |
70178849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%20Southwest%20Texas%20State%20Bobcats%20football%20team | 1948 Southwest Texas State Bobcats football team | The 1948 Southwest Texas State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now known as Texas State University) during the 1948 college football season as a member of the Lone Star Conference (LSC). In their third year under head coach George Vest, the team compiled an overall record of 8–1 with a mark of 6–0 in conference play, and finished as Lone Star champion.
Schedule
References
Southwest Texas State
Texas State Bobcats football seasons
Lone Star Conference football champion seasons
Southwest Texas State Bobcats football | [
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40199755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Hallowich%2C%20H/W%2C%20v.%20Range%20Resources%20Corporation | Stephanie Hallowich, H/W, v. Range Resources Corporation | Stephanie Hallowich and Chris Hallowich, H/W, v. Range Resources Corporation, Williams Gas/Laurel Mountain Midstream, MarkWest Energy Partners, L.P., MarkWest Energy Group, L.L.C., and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection was a case in the Court of Common Pleas of Washington County, Pennsylvania (Civil Division). The trial was held in August 2011.
Chris Hallowich (Born), and his wife Stephanie Hallowich, operated a farm in Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania. They sued Range Resources Corporation, Williams Gas/Laurel Mountain Midstream, MarkWest Energy, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection for compensation for "health and environmental impacts" from "natural gas development operations".
In the settlement, the plaintiffs received $750,000 from the sale of their home for the purchase of a home elsewhere, but were required to abstain, along with their two minor children, from ever again discussing hydraulic fracturing or Marcellus Shale. The filed Washington County court documents in the case show that the Hallowich family was represented by Peter M. Villari, Esq. and Robert N. Wilkey, Esq. of Villari, Brandes, Kline,P.C., a litigation firm located in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. The case received significant international notoriety concerning the issue of First Amendment rights as it relates to confidential settlement agreements, gag-orders, and the constitutional rights of minors within the scope of the natural gas drilling industry, operations, and civil litigation. On March 20, 2011, Judge Debbie O'Dell-Senaca, issued an Order and Opinion, reversing a prior trial court's order to seal the settlement documents, and ordering that the Court record, including the settlement documents be unsealed. Many of the Defendants in the case subsequently appealed, seeking to keep the settlement documents sealed. Eventually, the settlement documents in the Hallowich case were restored and made publicly available.
References
External links
Stephanie Hallowich and Chris Hallowich, H/W, v. Range Resources Corporation; Williams Gas/Laurel Mountain Midstream; MarkWest Energy Partners, L.P.; MarkWest Energy Group, L.L.C.; and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Children Given Gag Order In Pennsylvania Fracking Suit Settlement | Parenting - Yahoo! Shine
Stephanie Hallowich gas production experiences with Range Resources, MarkWest and Williams
This 7-Year-Old Is Banned From Talking About Fracking—Ever | Mother Jones
Children given lifelong ban on talking about fracking | Environment | The Guardian
Hallowich Unsealed Court Documents, Court of Common Pleas of Washington County, PA, Docket No. 2010-3954
Can You Silence a Child? Inside the Hallowich Case, Caitlin Dickson, The Daily Beast, UK Guardian, September 1, 2013
2011 in the environment
2011 in United States case law
Environment of Pennsylvania
United States environmental case law
Environmental impact in the United States
Environmental issues in the United States
Geology of Pennsylvania
Hydraulic fracturing
Natural gas companies of the United States
2011 in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania state case law | [
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189273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%20in%20sports | 1909 in sports | 1909 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Yale Bulldogs
Association football
International football
West Auckland Town, an English amateur team, defeats FC Winterthur of Switzerland 2–0 to win the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, one of the earliest international club competitions
Brazil
4 April — Sport Club Internacional is founded in Porto Alegre
12 October - Coritiba Foot Ball Club is founded in Curitiba
England
The Football League – Newcastle United 53 points, Everton 46, Sunderland 44, Blackburn Rovers 41, The Wednesday 40, Woolwich Arsenal 38
FA Cup final – Manchester United 1–0 Bristol City at Crystal Palace, London
Germany
National Championship – Phönix Karlsruhe 4–2 Viktoria Berlin at Breslau
Romania
Formation of the Romanian Football Federation (Federaţia Română de Fotbal or FRF)
Scotland
Scottish Football League – Celtic
Scottish Cup final – competition cancelled following a riot at a replay between Rangers and Celtic; the first match was drawn 2–2 and the replay ended 1–1
Spain
Formation of the Royal Spanish Football Federation (Real Federación Española de Fútbol or RFEF). It is originally known as the Federación Española de Clubs de Football.
Athletics
February 12 - American athlete James Clark runs world record Marathon (2:46:52.6) in New York City at the Brooklyn Marathon
May 8 - American long-distance runner Albert Raines set a world's best time in the marathon ( 2:46:04) at the Bronx Marathon
August 23 - Fred ‘Tenby’ Davies (Wales) defeats Bert Day (Ireland) at Pontypridd to become world champion over the half-mile distance run.
Australian rules football
VFL Premiership
South Melbourne wins the 13th VFL Premiership: South Melbourne 4.14 (38) d Carlton 4.12 (36) at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)
Bandy
Sweden
Championship final – AIK 7–3 Djurgårdens IF
Baseball
World Series
8–16 October — Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) defeats Detroit Tigers (AL) to win the 1909 World Series by 4 games to 3
Boxing
Events
March 10 - Jack Johnson fights Victor McLaglen to no decision in 6 rounds (Exhibition fight at the Vancouver Athletic Club)
June 19 — Monte Attell wins the World Bantamweight Championship joining his brother Abe Attell, who holds the World Featherweight Championship, as the first pair of brothers to hold world titles simultaneously.
Lineal world champions
World Heavyweight Championship – Jack Johnson
World Light Heavyweight Championship – vacant
World Middleweight Championship – Stanley Ketchel
World Welterweight Championship – vacant
World Lightweight Championship – Battling Nelson
World Featherweight Championship – Abe Attell
World Bantamweight Championship – Jimmy Walsh → "Fighting" Jimmy Reagan → Monte Attell
Canadian football
Grey Cup
4 December — 1st Grey Cup – University of Toronto Varsity Blues 26–6 Toronto Parkdale Canoe Club.
Cricket
Events
15 June — representatives of England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lord's to form the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC)
England
County Championship – Kent
Minor Counties Championship – Wiltshire
Most runs – Ernie Hayes 2105 @ 36.29 (HS 276)
Most wickets – Colin Blythe 215 @ 14.54 (BB 9–42)
Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Warren Bardsley, Sydney Barnes, Douglas Carr, Arthur Day, Vernon Ransford
Australia
Sheffield Shield – New South Wales
Most runs – Vernon Ransford 825 @ 103.12 (HS 182)
Most wickets – Jack O'Connor 40 @ 23.00 (BB 7–36)
India
Bombay Triangular – Europeans
New Zealand
Plunket Shield – Auckland
South Africa
Currie Cup – Western Province
West Indies
Inter-Colonial Tournament – Barbados
Cycling
Tour de France
François Faber (Luxembourg) wins the 7th Tour de France
Giro d'Italia
Luigi Ganna (Italy) wins the inaugural Giro d'Italia
Eton wall game
Events
30 November — a goal is scored in the St. Andrew's Day match at Eton College, the last time this has happened in the St. Andrew's Day game (the most important match of the year) though points have been scored by other methods
Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships
World Men's Champion – Ulrich Salchow (Sweden)
World Women's Champion – Lily Kronberger (Hungary)
World Pairs Champions – Phyllis Johnson and James H. Johnson (Great Britain)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – John Henry Taylor
U.S. Open – George Sargent
Other tournaments
British Amateur – Robert Maxwell
US Amateur – Robert A. Gardner
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Lutteur III
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Electra
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Minoru
The Derby – Minoru
The Oaks – Perola
St. Leger Stakes – Bayardo
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Prince Foote
Canada
Queen's Plate – Shimonese
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Little Hack II
Irish Derby Stakes – Bachelor's Double
USA
Kentucky Derby – Wintergreen
Preakness Stakes – Effendi
Belmont Stakes – Joe Madden
Ice hockey
Stanley Cup
March — Ottawa Hockey Club wins the Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA) championship and the Stanley Cup.
March — Renfrew Creamery Kings win the Federal Hockey League championship and challenge for the Stanley Cup, but cannot play because the Stanley Cup trustees rule their players are ineligible.
Amateur hockey
February — the Allan Cup is donated to be the amateur championship hockey trophy of Canada
March — Ottawa Cliffsides win the Inter-Provincial Amateur Hockey Union (IPAHU) and the Allan Cup. The Cliffsides then lose a challenge to Queen's College of Kingston, Ontario.
Professional hockey
25 November — Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA) disbands over the plans of the Montreal Wanderers to change rinks. The Wanderers are shut out and the new Canadian Hockey Association (CHA) is formed with the remainder of the ECHA teams. The CHA will disband in January 1910.
2 December — The Montreal Wanderers form the National Hockey Association (NHA) with the Renfrew Creamery Kings, Cobalt Silver Kings and Haileybury Comets of the Temiscaming league. The NHA owners also organize a new team Les Canadiens which is the basis of today's Montreal Canadiens. The NHA will absorb Ottawa and the Montreal Shamrocks of the CHA in January 1910.
Motorsport
Rowing
The Boat Race
3 April — Oxford wins the 66th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby league
International
10 February — Great Britain defeats Australia to claim the first ever Ashes series in the final match of the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain
England
Championship – Wigan
Challenge Cup final – Wakefield Trinity 17–0 Hull F.C. at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds
Lancashire League Championship – Wigan
Yorkshire League Championship – Halifax
Lancashire County Cup – Wigan 10–9 Oldham
Yorkshire County Cup – Halifax 9–5 Hunslet
Australia
14 September — NSW Premiership is won by minor premiers South Sydney on a forfeit after Balmain withdraws from the grand final
Rugby union
Home Nations Championship
27th Home Nations Championship series is won by Wales
Wales defeats France in a 1909 non-championship match. It is later retrospectively regarded as a Grand Slam winner.
October 8 – The first rugby football match to be played at Twickenham Stadium is won by the Harlequins when they defeat Richmond at the brand new ground.
Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
Men's All-round Champion – Oscar Mathisen (Norway)
Tennis
Australia
Australian Men's Singles Championship – Anthony Wilding (NZ) defeats Ernie Parker (Australia) 6–1 7–5 6–2
England
Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Arthur Gore (GB) defeats Josiah Ritchie (GB) 6–8 1–6 6–2 6–2 6–2
Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Dora Boothby defeats Agnes Morton 6–4 4–6 8–6
France
French Men's Singles Championship – Max Decugis defeats Maurice Germot: details unknown
French Women's Singles Championship – Jeanne Matthey defeats Gallay: details unknown
USA
American Men's Singles Championship – William Larned defeats William Clothier 6–1 6–2 5–7 1–6 6–1
American Women's Singles Championship – Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman defeats Maud Barger-Wallach 6–0 6–1
Davis Cup
1909 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 5–0 at Double Bay Grounds (grass) Sydney, Australia
References
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7058440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooler%20%28disambiguation%29 | Wooler (disambiguation) | Wooler is a small town in Northumberland, England.
Wooler may also refer to:
Wooler, Ontario, a community in Quinte West, Ontario, Canada
Wooler (motorcycles), a UK manufacturer of motorcycles and other vehicles
Wooler (name), a surname (including a list of people with that name)
See also
Wooller (disambiguation) | [
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2677860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Randolph%20%28loyalist%29 | John Randolph (loyalist) | John Randolph (1727 – January 31, 1784) was an American lawyer and politician from Williamsburg in the British colony of Virginia. He served as king's attorney for Virginia from 1766 until he left for Britain at the outset of the American Revolution.
Early life
Randolph was born in Williamsburg into one of the most prominent families of Virginia. His father was Sir John Randolph, the only colonial Virginian to be knighted. The younger Randolph was a close friend of Thomas Jefferson, his cousin, with whom he often played violin.
Revolution
During the revolutionary crisis, Randolph remained a Loyalist, unlike his brother Peyton Randolph, and his son, Edmund Randolph. In 1774, he wrote "Considerations on the Present State of Virginia", in which he called for reconciliation between his fellow colonists and Great Britain.
He boycotted the Virginia Convention, an extralegal convening of the House of Burgesses headed by his brother Peyton. When hostilities began, Randolph fled to Scotland with Governor Dunmore. In Scotland, Randolph continued to promote reconciliation between Great Britain and the colonies.
Personal life
On July 26, 1750, he married Ariana Jennings (c.1727–1808) in Annapolis, Maryland. Together, they had three children.
Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753–1813), who married Elizabeth Nicholas (1753–1810), daughter of Robert Carter Nicholas Sr.
Susanna Beverly Randolph (1755–1791), who married John Randolph Grymes (1745–1805).
Ariana Jennings Randolph (1760–1794), who married James Wormeley (1746–1830).
When Randolph died in Brompton, London, in 1784, his last request was to be buried in Virginia. His remains were returned and he is interred in the chapel at The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg. His son Edmund became Governor of Virginia, the first Attorney General of the United States, and the second US Secretary of State.
Descendants
His grandson, John Randolph Grymes (1786–1854), was a New Orleans attorney, member of the Louisiana state legislature, U. S. attorney for Louisiana district, and aide-de-camp to General Andrew Jackson during the Battle of New Orleans.
His great-granddaughters through his grandson, Ralph Randolph Wormeley (1785–1852), included Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer (1822–1904), and Ariana Randolph Wormeley (1833–1922), was married to Daniel Sargent Curtis (1825–1908), a lawyer and banker and Trustee of the Boston Public Library, director of the Boston National Bank and owner of Palazzo Barbaro.
Ancestry
References
Crompton, Samuel Willard. "Randolph, John". American National Biography Online, February 2000.
External links
1727 births
1784 deaths
Loyalists in the American Revolution from Virginia
American people of English descent
Burials at the College of William & Mary
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
John
Virginia lawyers | [
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41267071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Indonesian%20football%20transfers%202014 | List of Indonesian football transfers 2014 | This is the list of Indonesia Football player transfers. This list is for 2014 Indonesia Super League and 2014 Liga Indonesia Premier Division season.
Since the 2014 edition, Indonesian FA has applied a new restriction as known as "3+1" format, in which at least 1 of 4 foreign players in every club are originated from Asian countries. Only 3 of them are allowed to play together in a match.
Winter transfers
For Super League winter transfers closed on 28 February and the foreign players registered closed on 15 March 2014.
For Premier Division winter transfers opened on 26 March and closed on 30 April 2014.
Summer transfers
For Super League summer transfers opened on May 5 and closed in June 2014.
For Premier Division summer transfers opened on 19 May and closed on 6 June 2014.
Notes
References
2014 in Indonesian football
Indonesian
Lists of Indonesian football transfers
Indonesia | [
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7353830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Ross%20%28politician%29 | Alex Ross (politician) | Alexander Ross (15 January 1880 – 17 July 1953) was a stonemason, trade unionist and politician in Alberta, Canada. He served as an MLA in the Alberta Legislature from 1917 to 1926 and as a cabinet minister in the United Farmers of Alberta government from 1921 to 1926.
Early life
He was born in Premnoy, Scotland.
Start of his political career
Ross was elected in the 1917 Alberta election defeating Conservative Thomas Tweedie. He was elected as the first and only member of the Labor Representation League to sit in the assembly. The Labor Representation League later merged with the Dominion Labor Party (Alberta).
In the 1921 Alberta election after Calgary Centre was abolished he ran in the reconstituted Calgary riding and won the top spot in a 5-member block vote. In that election the United Farmers of Alberta defeated the Liberals in the rural part of the province, and formed the government. The United Farmers did not run any candidates in Calgary and Ross was asked to serve as Minister of Public Works despite being a member of the opposition.
Ross was acclaimed in a ministerial by-election on December 9, 1921.
In 1922 Ross helped found the Canadian Labor Party and served on its executive with other prominent labor politicians of the era, such as Elmer Ernest Roper and Alf Farmilo.
1926 election
Ross served out the rest of his second term as a minister, and his third term for the legislature until the 1926 Alberta general election. He was nominated by the Canadian Labor Party to run in Calgary, however the Calgary Herald reported that he did not appear to be enthusiastic to run, but would accept his nomination anyway.
Calgary elected its MLAs in a single multi-member district through Single transferable vote in 1926. It elected five MLAs. Ross placed sixth in the First Count ahead of five others including fellow Labour candidate Fred White. White gradually accumulated more votes than Ross through vote transfers as others were eliminated under STV rules. Ross was eliminated in the 8th Count, while White went on to be elected.
External links
Edmonton Labor Council in Municipal Politics 1903 - 1960 (Archived 2009-10-25)
United Farmers of Alberta: Years of Government, Alberta Heritage
Who's Who in the provincial election Calgary Herald June 22, 1926
Alex Ross will run in Calgary, Calgary Herald June 8, 1926
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing
References
Dominion Labor Party (Alberta) MLAs
Alberta Labor Representation League MLAs
1880 births
1953 deaths
Members of the Executive Council of Alberta | [
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29785900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20crocea | Amanita crocea | Amanita crocea, the saffron ringless amanita, is a species of Amanita widely distributed in Europe.
Description
Cap: The cap is free of rings with the volva and has a diameter of 5 – 10 cm, yellow-orange in colour with an apricot tinge at the centre. It expands to become flat or sometimes convex at the umbo, a small raised central area.
Volva: Thick, white, at least 40 – 100 mm wide, saffron orange or a little browner than that in colour in the centre when fresh and paler at the margin.
Gills: Gills are free and cream in mass (sometimes with a slight salmon or pinkish reflection, and 2 - 3± mm broad.)
Stem/stipe: The stem or stipe is 85 - 230 x 7 – 14 mm, 10 – 15 cm long and 1 - 1.5 cm in diameter, tapering, decorated with paler fibrils in a "flame" pattern, with the decoration later becoming orange or brown-orange (darker than the underlying stipe surface) with a membranous sack-like volva at the base.
Spores: The white spores measure (8.0-) 9.4 - 11.8 (-18.8) x (7.5-) 8.5 - 11.0 (-16.0) µm.
Ecology and edibility
The fungi can occur infrequently between July and October in mycorrhizal with hardwood trees, particularly birch and beech in clearings. Its odour is sweet-smelling and it has a mildly nutty sweet taste. It has also been reported from Iran.
While edible, guides advise not to eat it as many Amanitas are very poisonous.
Similar species
It is similar to Amanita fulva (orange-brown ringless amanita or tawny grisette) and Amanita caesarea (Caesar's mushroom), belonging to the Vaginatae and Caesareae sections of the Amanita genus respectively.
The edible tawny grisette is a basidiomycete mushroom located in North America and Europe. It was first described from Sweden in 1821. It is easily confused with the 'Death Cap', though not as substantial. The structure is relatively flimsy and the hollow stem often breaks, even when handled very gently. It has fibres on its stalk usually.
The second similar species, the Caesar's mushroom, is the type species (a species to which the name of a genus is permanently linked) of the Caesareae section of the genus Amanita. It has a distinctive orange cap, yellow gills and stem. Similar orange-capped species occur in North America and India. It was known to and valued by the Ancient Romans, who called it Boletus, a name now applied to a very different type of fungus. The word Amanita comes from Greek 'amanites' meaning mushroom and the word Caesarea comes from Latin 'caesarea' meaning caesarean, of, for, or belonging to Caesar, as this mushroom was highly valued by Roman emperors.
See also
List of Amanita species
References
crocea
Edible fungi
Fungi of Europe | [
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17418775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%203166-2%3AGM | ISO 3166-2:GM | ISO 3166-2:GM is the entry for the Gambia in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
Currently for the Gambia, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 city and 5 divisions. The city Banjul is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the divisions.
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the Gambia. The second part is a letter. The code for Central River is from its former name, MacCarthy Island.
Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).
Click on the button in the header to sort each column.
Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:
See also
Subdivisions of the Gambia
FIPS region codes of the Gambia
External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: GM
Divisions of Gambia, Statoids.com
2:GM
ISO 3166-2
Gambia geography-related lists | [
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59754335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Queets | Mount Queets | Mount Queets is a mountain summit located deep within Olympic National Park in Jefferson County of Washington state. With a good eye and clear weather, the top of the mountain can be seen from the visitor center at Hurricane Ridge. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Meany (6,695 ft), to the south. Due to heavy winter snowfalls, Mount Queets supports the Queets Glacier in a cirque on its north slope, despite its modest elevation. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the headwaters of both the Elwha River and Queets River. There are scrambling routes ranging from class YDS 2 via the North Ridge, class 3 via the ridge from Mt. Meany, and class 4 via the Queets Glacier.
History
The present day Mt. Meany - Mt. Queets area was referred to as Mt. Mesachie on the 1896 Gilman National Geographic Map. The word mesachie is from Chinook Jargon and means wicked.
The mountain was dubbed "Mt. Hearst" during the 1889-90 Seattle Press Expedition to honor William Randolph Hearst, owner of the San Francisco Examiner, but Mount Queets is the officially accepted name today. The name "Queets" first appeared on the Surveyor General's map of Washington Territory referring to the Queets River, then was later applied to the glacier on the mountain which is the primary source of the river. The word "Queets" is a derivation of the name of the Quai'tso (Queets) tribe.
The first ascent of the mountain was made in 1890 by Harry Fisher (aka James B. Hanmore) and Nelson Linsley during the second O’Neil Expedition.
Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Queets is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Olympic Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Olympic Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall (Orographic lift). As a result, the Olympics experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. In terms of favorable weather, the best months for climbing are June through September.
See also
Olympic Mountains
Queets River
Geology of the Pacific Northwest
References
External links
Mount Queets weather: Mountain Forecast
Aerial photo: PBase
Queets
Queets
Queets
Queets | [
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] |
56639281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrin%20%C5%A0migun | Katrin Šmigun | Katrin Šmigun (born 21 October 1979) is an Estonian cross-country skier. She competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Estonian female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of Estonia
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Tartu | [
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35613971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Colomer | André Colomer | André Colomer (4 December 1886, Cerbère – 7 October 1931, Moscow) was a French poet, anarchist and later Communist activist.
Biography
André Colomer was born in Cerbère but was raised in Paris. From a young age he was introduced to radical literature and became an anarchist after he read the works of Émile Zola at the age of twelve.
He was called by the army about the military service he performed in Perpignan in 1906.
He was a teacher at Blois college , and tutor at Lakanal high school. He moved to Paris, began to write and became a journalist. He founded two art reviews with other writers.
In 1911, he refused to serve a military period of twenty days and was imprisoned. In 1914, he is summoned before a reform council to which he does not attend. He prefers to leave for Italy with his wife.
He begins to write À nous deux, Patrie! where he proclaims: “War or Revolution could break out. Neither would count me among its soldiers; neither would have my heroic blood among its ranks."
In 1915, Italy entered the war, which brought it underground. His illness only worsens, he is forced to take the risk of being discovered. He was arrested and transferred to Perpignan. Considering his critical state of health, he was granted a definitive reform which happened to be the day of the armistice.
From 1919 on, he wrote for the magazine Le Libertaire, in which he would be appointed editor-in-chief. At the Club des Insurgés ("Insurgent Club"), he collaborated as a speaker. One of his talks, entitled Qui est coupable? La Société ou le Bandit? ("Who is guilty? The Society or the Bandit?"), Took place in the House of Trade Unions, on Auguste-Blanqui Boulevard. He organized the intellectual workers creating the Union of Writers and the Union of Playwrights in 1920 and was elected secretary of the Inter-union Committee of the Spectacle. He was also co-founder of the Confédération générale du travail unitaire in 1921. Despite the fact that this union was close to the French Communist Party, Colomer was not impressed with the Russian Revolution of 1917; rather, he considered the Revolution to be a myth and an empty word.
In August 1922, he was appointed director of La Revue anarchiste. On November 24, 1923, the Daudet case took place, in which two years later, in L'Insurgé, Colomer revealed that Le Flaoutter was a police informant. In 1925, he traveled to Montpellier to give the lecture Deux monstres, Dieu et la Patrie, ravagent l'humanité ("Two monsters, God and the Fatherland, devastate humanity"). In the audience was Léo Malet, who was impressed with Colomer's speech and ended up in correspondence with him. In his memoirs he dedicated a chapter to the Bonnot Band . On December 12, he published a text in his newspaper under the title Choisir! ("Choose!"):I will be with the proletarians when they rebel against the orders of the state, when they declare themselves insurgents - even if they carry out this insurrection under the red flags of BolshevismFollowing the "murder thesis" of Philippe Daudet of which he was accused, Colomer left Le Libertaire to create the weekly magazine L'Insurgé ("The Insurrectionist"), in which his wife Hauteclaire (Madeleine Colomer), Sébastien Faure, collaborated, Henry Poulaille, Maurice Wullens, Noël Letam (Léo Malet). Colomer was then living at 259 rue de Charenton in Paris. In February 1927, he fell seriously ill again. A few months later he converted to Bolshevism and joined the PCF. Welcomed with his family in Moscow, he died in 1931.
Works
Roland Malmos (novel)
Le Réfractaire (drama in three acts)
Bonimini contre le fascisme
Répression de l'anarchisme en Russie soviétique (1923),
À nous deux, Patrie!: la conquête de soi-même (memoirs), 1925
Sources
The information in this article is based on that in its French equivalent.
1886 births
1931 deaths
French anarchists
French male poets
20th-century French poets
Lycée Lakanal teachers
20th-century French male writers
French Communist Party members | [
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19047383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Lindsay%20%28third%20baseman%29 | Bill Lindsay (third baseman) | William Gibbon Lindsay (February 24, 1881 in Madison, North Carolina – July 14, 1963 in Greensboro, North Carolina) was a Major and Minor League baseball player. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Lindsay played several positions over his career, including second baseman, short stop and third baseman.
Lindsay's baseball career spanned over eight years. The pinnacle of his career was playing for the Cleveland Indians (known then as the Cleveland Naps) in 1911.
Lindsay was often referred to as "The Professor" due to his older age and college education. Lindsay was well educated in an era where few ballplayers experienced a formal education. He graduated from Guilford College in Greensboro, North Carolina. Lindsay also received an undergraduate degree at Haverford College. For post-graduate studies, he attended law school at Tulane University.
Lindsay's first year in professional baseball was 1908, playing for Winston-Salem in the Carolina Association. As the season came to a close his manager took the same job with the Memphis Egyptians (later the Memphis Chicks) of the Southern Association. He asked Lindsay to follow and become the everyday short stop. Bill played with Memphis for rest of the 1908 season as well as part of the 1909 season (team name changed to Memphis Turtles in 1909).
In the summer of 1909 Lindsay was traded to the New Orleans Pelicans, also of the Southern Association. Playing on this team is where he gained some of his notoriety. Lindsay remained with New Orleans for parts of 1909, 1910, 1911 and 1914. In 1910, the Pelicans won the Southern Association Championship with Lindsay at short stop. He played that season with a center fielder named Shoeless Joe Jackson.
With injuries to Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Naps during the early 1911 season, Lindsay's contract was bought by the team to help shore up the infield. He played his first major league game on June 21, 1911 against Ty Cobb and the Detroit Tigers. Players on the Cleveland team during this time were Shoeless Joe Jackson, Cy Young and Nap Lajoie. Once Nap Lajoie recovered from his injuries, Lindsay was made expendable. He played 19 games with the Cleveland Naps. He batted .242 while mainly playing as a third baseman.
After he was made expendable by Cleveland, two separate American League clubs wanted to sign Lindsay but the Cleveland owner, Charles Somers, sent him to Cleveland's new farm team, the Portland Beavers. Charles Somers was one of the first owners to invest in "farm teams" as part of building a major league team. Lindsay spent parts of the 1911, 1912 and 1913 seasons with Portland of the Pacific Coast League.
Lindsay continued to play baseball for about four more years after his brief major league stint. He went back to play with New Orleans in 1914. In 1915 he played with both the Oakland Oaks of the PCL and Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association. Lindsay's last season in professional baseball was 1916. He played parts of the 1916 season with Birmingham and Norfolk (VA) of the Virginia League.
References
External links
1881 births
1963 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Cleveland Naps players
Baseball players from North Carolina
Memphis Egyptians players
Memphis Turtles players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Portland Beavers players
Birmingham Barons players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Norfolk Tars players
Harvard University alumni
Guilford Quakers baseball players
Tulane University Law School alumni
People from Madison, North Carolina | [
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] |
56323740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apterocyclus%20honoluluensis | Apterocyclus honoluluensis | Apterocyclus honoluluensis, the Kauai flightless stag beetle, is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae. It is found on the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands.
Apterocyclus honoluluensis is historically and currently the most commonly found species of Apterocyclus, and is known from various locations on Kauai. It is the smallest member of the genus, at a size of 14-17 mm, rarely up to 21 mm.
The larvae were once found in large numbers in soil that contained the decomposing trunks of the tree Acacia koa. The larvae is sensitive to heat, and can be killed by high temperatures. Adults of Apterocyclus honoluluensis have been victims of heavy predation by the mice introduced to the Hawaiian Islands.
In 1994, Apterocyclus honoluluensis was a potential candidate for protection from the Environmental Species Act, but it was declined because of insufficient data on vulnerability, as published in Federal Register Volume 59, Number 219, Pages 58982 - 59028, November 15, 1994.
References
Further reading
External links
Lucaninae
Beetles of Oceania
Insects of Hawaii
Endemic fauna of Hawaii
Beetles described in 1871 | [
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13560387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883%20Brooklyn%20Grays%20season | 1883 Brooklyn Grays season | The Brooklyn baseball club was formed in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast Charles Byrne who convinced his brother-in-law Joseph Doyle and casino operator Ferdinand Abell to start the team with him. Byrne set up a grandstand on fifth avenue and named it Washington Park in honor of George Washington. The team played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs.
Doyle became the first manager of the team, which drew 6,000 fans to its first home game on May 12, 1883, against the Trenton team. (This was actually the second game the club played in Brooklyn; three days earlier, with Washington Park not yet ready, the Greys beat Harrisburg 7-1 at the Parade Ground. It was the only professional match ever held at the ground, with some 2,000 fans in attendance.) The team won the league title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players. The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the following season.
Season standings
Roster
External links
1883 Brooklyn Grays season at Baseball Reference
Interstate Association roster
References
Los Angeles Dodgers seasons
Brooklyn
19th century in Brooklyn
Park Slope | [
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5974236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmichael%2C%20County%20Cork | Kilmichael, County Cork | Kilmichael () is a village and civil parish in the barony of West Muskerry, County Cork, Ireland. Kilmichael P.O. is located on an early map (1897-1913) at the Cooldorragha Cross Roads. Kilmicheal is part of the Cork North-West (Dáil constituency).
Kilmichael Ambush
The Kilmichael Ambush took place near the village during the Irish War of Independence. The actual fight took place in the townlands of Haremount (Cnocán an Ghiorria in Irish) and Shanacashel (Seanchaiseal). The Kilmichael Ambush site is marked by a monument which is approximately south of the village.
Schools
The local national school, Dromleigh National School, is one of oldest in Ireland and celebrated its 175th anniversary in 2015. The school was opened in 1840 and still operates from the original school building.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
Cahervagliar, a nearby ringfort
References
Towns and villages in County Cork | [
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31804405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah%20%28name%29 | Salah (name) | Salah (Arabic: صلاح, Ṣalāḥ, ) is a Biblical and an Arabic given name and family name. Its meaning in the Bible is 'mission', or 'sending', whereas the Arabic meaning is 'righteousness', 'goodness', or 'peace'.
People with the given name
Salah (biblical figure), an ancestor of the Israelites according to the Table of Nations in Genesis 10
Salah (dancer), full name Salah Benlemqawanssa, a hip-hop dancer
Salah Aboud Mahmoud, an Iraqi former officer
Salah Abdel Sabour, an Egyptian poet, editor, playwright and essayist
Salah Abdel-Shafi, a Palestinian economist and ambassador
Salah Abdul Rasool Al Blooshi, a Bahraini held in extrajudicial detention in the United States on suspicion of terrorism
Salah Abu Seif, an Egyptian film director
Salah Ahmed Ibrahim, a Sudanese writer, poet and diplomat
Salah Ali Al-Ghali, a governor of South Darfur
Salah Amin, an Egyptian footballer
Salah Assad, an Algerian footballer and sports manager
Salah Bachir, Canadian philanthropist and businessman
Salah Bakour, an Algerian footballer
Salah Al Bandar, a British-Sudanese known for role in revealing the Bandargate scandal in Bahrain
Salah Bouchekriou, an Algerian handball player and coach
Salah Choudhury, a Bangladeshi journalist
Salah Dessouki, an Egyptian Olympic fencer
Salah Edin, real name Abid Tounssi, a Dutch-Moroccan rapper
Salah Ezzedine, a Lebanese businessman accused of running a pyramid scheme
Salah Gaham, an Algerian French concierge who died during the 2005 civil unrest in France, see 2005 French riots#Salah Gaham's death
Salah Goudjil, an Algerian politician, belonging to the Secretariat of the Executive Committee of the National Liberation Front
Salah Al-Hamdani, an Iraqi poet, actor and playwright
Salah Hissou, a Moroccan long-distance runner
Salah Jadid, a Syrian general and political figure in the Baath Party, and the country's de facto leader from 1966 until 1970
Salah Jahin, an Egyptian poet, lyricist, playwright and cartoonist
Salah Khalaf, (aka Abu Iyad), deputy chief and head of intelligence for the Palestine Liberation Organization, and a senior official of Fatah
Salah Larbès, an Algerian international footballer
Salah Mansour, an Egyptian film actor
Salah Mohsen, an Egyptian footballer
Salah Mejri, a Tunisian basketball player
Salah Nasr, an Egyptian former head of the country's General Intelligence Directorate
Salah Omar al-Ali, a former Iraqi politician, minister and ambassador
Salah Qoqaiche, a retired Moroccan long-distance marathon runner
Salah Ragab, an Egyptian drummer and jazz musician
Salah Salem, an Egyptian military officer and politician
Salah Samadi, an Algerian football player
Salah Shehade, a Palestinian Hamas movement member
Salah Sid, an Algerian-born British radio broadcaster, producer and voice-over artist
Salah Soliman, an Egyptian footballer
Salah Stétié, a Lebanese writer and poet who writes in the French language
Salah Suheimat, a Jordanian politician and Member of the Jordanian Parliament
Salah Taher, an Egyptian painter
Salah Tarif, a Druze Israeli politician who served as a member of the Israeli Knesset
Salah Mohammed Tubaigy, a Saudi Arabian forensics officer
Salah Zulfikar, an Egyptian actor and movie star
Sallah, a character from Indiana Jones.
People with the family name
Asher Salah, an Israeli historian, specialist and translator in Italian Hebrew literature
Hussein Ahmed Salah, a Djibouti long distance runner athlete
Kamal Salah, birth name of Sami Michael, an Iraqi-born Israeli Hebrew author
Kamal Al Din Salah, an Egyptian diplomat
Maha Naji Salah, a Yemeni writer and social activist
Mahmud Salah, an Azerbaijani musician of traditional and ethnic music
Mohamed Salah, an Egypt footballer who plays for Liverpool F.C.
Trish Salah, a Lebanese Canadian feminist writer, educator and sociologist
Raed Salah, a Palestinian leader, head of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel
Yiḥyah Salaḥ, known as the Maharitz, an 18th-century Yemenite rabbi, author and scholar
Football
Arturo Salah, a Chilean former football player, manager and administrator
Ibrahim Salah, an Egyptian footballer, plays for Zamalek and Egypt
Luay Salah, an Iraqi football player, plays for Al-Zawra'a and has played for Iraq
Mohamed Salah (football manager), an Egyptian coach and retired footballer
Other uses
Ibn al-Salah, a Shafi'i hadith scholar and author
See also
Beni Salah (disambiguation)
Salah (disambiguation)
Salah ad-Din (name)
Saleh (name)
References
Arabic-language surnames
Arabic masculine given names | [
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58540115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer%20Rubin | Meyer Rubin | Meyer Rubin (February 17, 1924 – May 2, 2020) was an American geologist known for his radiocarbon dating work with the United States Geological Survey.
Early career
After graduating from Englewood High School, South Side, Chicago, in 1941, he attended the Woodrow Wilson Junior College, Chicago (now the Kennedy–King College). In the spring of 1943, Rubin enlisted into a University of Chicago run pre-meteorology training program (class "B") for the United States Army Air Forces (AAF); active duty effective March 3, 1943. Basic training was at Fort Sheridan with classes held at the University of Michigan. Rubin finished his training in September 1943, and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. He was shipped off first to Port Moresby, New Guinea, and then later to the Philippines, to help forecast weather for AAF long range flights in the Pacific Theater of World War II. After Japan surrendered, Rubin was sent to Tokyo as part of the post war occupation.
Rubin returned to the States in 1946 and attended, on the G.I. Bill, the University of Chicago, from which he earned his bachelor’s and master's degree, and later his Ph.D. in Geology (Prof. Leland Horberg, advisor).
Rubin joined the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., on June 14, 1950, as a member of the Branch of Military Geology, then led by Frank C. Whitmore, Jr.
Radiocarbon laboratory
In 1952, Hans E. Suess was hired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to set up a radiocarbon dating laboratory in Washington, D.C. and built the radiocarbon apparatus in a basement space in the GSA Building (former Department of the Interior Building) located at 1800 F St., NW. A basement space was needed due to the extreme mass of the two steel and lead shielded counter assemblies. In early 1953, Corrine Alexander joined the radiocarbon project, followed by Rubin in December of the same year.
Routine radiocarbon measurements were begun in the summer of 1953.
Willard Libby, inventor of the dating method and 1960 Nobel Prize winner used a solid carbon method for sample determination, whereas Suess, upon seeing Libby's method in Chicago knew that he would try the gas, acetylene C2H2, as he had success with acetylene in the 1930s in Germany for other radiochemical determinations.
This was a significant step as it allowed more efficient counting and easy movement of the counting material between the extraction apparatus, gas purification line and the two counters. Rubin initially assisted in the acetylene preparation, and as a geologist provided valuable input on the selection of samples and interpretation of results. In the first two years, the laboratory produced approximately 200 age determinations, which were critically important to unravel the various details of the most recent Pleistocene glaciation, the Wisconsin stage, among other geological problems.
Rubin became director of the USGS Radiocarbon Laboratory in 1955 when Suess left to set up a new laboratory at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA.
The next few years at the USGS were devoted to perfecting the acetylene technique and applying it to a multitude of geological and archaeological research. Rubin continued his research on the Wisconsin glacial stage and used the results for his doctoral dissertation, earning his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1956.
In 1973, Rubin and the laboratory moved into a newly built USGS national headquarters in Reston, Virginia.
Rubin kept a room full of samples in the lab as part of the "tour," which included samples he said were wood relics from King Solomon's mines and the Queen of Sheba's palace, linen wraps from the Dead Sea Scrolls, and a large piece of whale baleen. He also kept a guest book he would ask visitors to sign.
History of work
In April 1955, Rubin and Suess published the second set of results from the lab's first year of operation. One of their main focuses was on establishing an absolute time scale for the Wisconsin glaciation substages prior to what was known as the Mankato substage (the most recent glacial advance, around 9,000-11,000 years ago). Suess's acetylene method for carbon counting extended the dating range back to approximately 45,000 years, making it possible to fix in time pre-Mankato glacial events by dating wood and other organic material from older glacial deposits.
Richard Foster Flint assembled a collection of samples that were dated at the lab. Some of the samples were collected by Rubin in collaboration with other geologists such as J Harlen Bretz (who was Rubin's Geomorphology professor at UChicago), Carl Leland Horberg, William John Wayne, Richard Parker Goldthwait, James Zumberge, and Donald Eschman. Samples were collected by other collectors as well. Flint and Rubin published a brief assessment of the stratigraphic meaning of these samples and their age determinations in May 1955. One of the conclusions was that a major glaciation began 25,000 or more years ago and reached a maximum about 20,000 years ago. The results were consistent.
In 1963, Rubin questioned the validity of dates from sea snail shells. Experiments showed that snails could uptake 10-12 percent inorganic carbonate from limestone, yielding an uncertainty in the dates of approximately one thousand years.
In 1964, Rubin and A. A. Rosen, of the U.S. Public Health Service, showed that by measuring content of surface water it is possible to determine the relative contributions of industrial pollution (from fossil fuels) and domestic pollution (from domestic sewage and garbage) in streams—desirable information for planning abatement measures. An activated carbon filter system was used to collect samples of organic contaminants in water, which were then extracted using chloroform and ethanol, and converted to acetylene for measurement, making use of a double-tube combustion system developed to completely burn the highly flammable samples in a controlled manner. Fossil carbon such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal is depleted in compared to the contemporary carbon in animal and plant matter. Their data was reported as a proportion of contemporary carbon to fossil carbon, and the results where consistent with the known pollution sources at the chosen sample sites, and provided new information at sites where this proportion could not be predicted by other means. This work was expanded upon in 1975 by Spiker and Rubin, when they published a water pollution study describing the measurement of activity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface water and groundwater, this time applying high-intensity ultraviolet radiation to large water samples to convert DOC to via photo-oxidation, for measurement. This was one of the early investigations of groundwater DOC impacted by industrial and municipal pollution.
In 1965, Bruce B. Hanshaw, William Back, and Rubin determined the origin of saline water contaminating the Ocala Limestone aquifer near Brunswick, Georgia by measuring the activity of water in and around the aquifer. They found that the contamination was coming from the underlying Claiborne Group, which had relatively low content due to lack of exposure to atmospheric carbon, and not from the nearby ocean. These results were in agreement with previous investigations using piezometric maps and other more traditional hydrologic data. This work laid the foundation for the use of carbon isotopes to delineate flow systems in regional carbonate aquifers.
First publishing together in 1967, George Plafker, Rubin, and their colleagues did painstaking fieldwork after the magnitude 9.2 Alaskan earthquake in 1964, covering hundreds of kilometers of Alaskan shoreline in small boats, helicopters, and float-equipped aircraft after the 1964 quake helped to launch a new field of megathrust earthquake geology, which used observations of the placement and dating of intertidal organisms such as acorn barnacles, mussels and rockweed to determine the amounts of vertical change in land relative to sea level near subduction zones. Plafker and his colleagues determined that the massive Alaskan quake was caused by rupture along a deeply buried fault in a subduction zone where the Pacific tectonic plate thrusts north below the North American plate. Earlier accounts of the Alaskan earthquake had suggested that the quake took place as slip along a vertical fault, as the Pacific plate rotated counter-clockwise against the North American plate. These studies by Plafker, Rubin and colleagues were very important evidence for the existence of subduction processes during the early debates of plate tectonics. See for a geological and historical summary.
In 1968, Rubin co-authored with John Chapman Frye, H. B. Willman, and R. F. Black the official USGS "Definition of Wisconsinan Stage," which defined and described the Wisconsinan Stage of the Pleistocene and its substages as time-stratigraphic units for use in Illinois and Wisconsin.
In 1973, Rubin dated charcoal from campfires used by Paleo-Indians at Flint Run Complex in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, to be 10,000 years old—the oldest evidence of man in the state at the time.
Rubin thoroughly analyzed Mount St. Helens in the years and months preceding its 1980 eruption.
He worked with Dwight Crandell and Donal R. Mullineaux on their paper published in 1975, which correctly predicted an eruption could occur before the turn of the century.
In 1977, Rubin collaborated with Harry E. Gove and others in early demonstrations of successful measurement using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at the University of Rochester.
Development of this technique made possible the 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin, as it allowed for much smaller samples to be used. Gove had a central role in the Shroud project and brought Rubin in for his expertise.
What is today the Great Salt Lake in Utah was previously a massive Lake Bonneville which covered most of northern Utah. Rubin and colleagues determined the changing levels of this ancient lake including a catastrophic flood caused by a sudden overflow of the lake, known as the Bonneville flood. This very exciting epoch in the geologic history of North America was followed chronologically by Rubin in a series a radiocarbon dates, which contributed to publications such as "Great Salt Lake, and precursors, Utah: the last 30,000 years" (1984).
In August 1986, thousands of people were found dead on the shores of Lake Nyos, Cameroon. John P. Lockwood and Rubin found that the lake's maar may have been formed by an explosive eruption, and that could still be trapped under the lake—its gradual release into the waters setting the stage for the tragic gas-release event.
Rubin and colleagues contributed to our understanding of the evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes through hundreds of measurements starting in the late 60's, sample selection refinements, and significant publications in 1987.
Rubin carried out work, in collaboration with Lucio Lirer and Giuseppe Rolandi (University of Naples Federico II), a collaboration arranged by Rubin's long-time friend and fellow geologist Harvey E. Belkin, determining the age of the Breccia Museo (museum breccia), a proximal deposit attributed to the 39,000 BCE eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite. The Breccia Museo deposit is controversial regarding its chronology and origin and this study added to that discussion and the realization that the deposit may be more complex and varied than had been understood.
Awards and honors
In 1956, Rubin received a Washington Academy of Sciences Award in the Physical Sciences.
In 1974, Rubin received a Department of the Interior Meritorious Service Award.
Rubin was designated as a Scientist Emeritus for the Eastern Geology & Paleoclimate Science Center, now renamed the Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA, by the USGS.
On a less serious note, Rubin was also given the 1962 Geological Society of Washington Sleeping Bear Award for best humor during a GSW meeting.
Personal life
Rubin was born in Chicago to Ukrainian-Jewish immigrants from Kiev. He met his wife, Mary Louise Rubin ( Tucker), in high school. They raised three sons, John, Robert, and Mark, and were married for 72 years before she died in 2015.
Rubin made close friends through the US Army Air Force weatherman training, in Frank Wrobel, Mick McCullough, and Frank Getz, who were all shipped to different Pacific theaters during the war. Rubin was also close friends with Edward C. T. Chao, who is known for coesite, stishovite, and tektites, as they were both at one time in the USGS Branch of Military Geology, though they had no scientific relationship.
Rubin and Art Buchwald had at least two things in common — humor and kidney stones. Enabled by go-between Frank Forrester, "Project BUCHWALDSTONE" was a spoof project in which Rubin, Ed Dwornik and other scientists studied Buchwald's kidney stones, which were, according to Rubin, much smaller than his own.
Rubin was an avid kayaker in his prime, known on the Potomac River as "Dr. Kayak" by many. He wrote a spoof advice column in "The Cruiser" (newsletter of the Canoe Cruisers Association) under the same title. Rubin was also an enthusiastic collector of found bobbers.
He tested positive for COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia, and died a few days later.
Publications
References
External links
Meyer Rubin on Google Scholar
Forever bobbing baubles
1924 births
2020 deaths
University of Chicago alumni
United States Geological Survey personnel
20th-century American geologists
People from Vienna, Virginia
Military personnel from Illinois
Scientists from Chicago
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Jewish American scientists
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia
Englewood Technical Prep Academy alumni | [
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38410293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto%20Faustini | Modesto Faustini | Modesto Faustini (27 May 1839 – 1891) was an Italian painter.
Faustini was born in Brescia and died in Rome. He was initially trained as a carpenter in the orphanage of Brescia, but then was trained in the Brera Academy under a scholarship of Tosio Martinengo. In 1869, he won a stipend at the Brescian competition and moved to Rome. Faustini tended to paint religious canvases. His most prominent works were St Francis of Assisi, The Loves of the Angels, Janghen var, and a painting of Saints Cecilia, Catherie, and Lucia. In Milan he painted two medallions under the portico of Brera. He also painted in the Pacheco Chapel of Buenos Aires and the Spanish Chapel in the Basilica of the Holy House at Loreto.
Gallery
References
External links
1839 births
1891 deaths
People from Codogno
19th-century Italian painters
19th-century male artists
Italian male painters
Painters from Milan | [
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45551611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%20Without%20Jews | Berlin Without Jews | Berlin Without Jews () is a 1925 dystopian novel by Arthur Landsberger. It is written from the point-of-view of two German families friendly to each other; the Oppenheims are Jewish, and the Rudenbergs are Lutherans. In the events of the book, a right-wing nationalist political party takes power and expels German Jews. The other factions of German politics and society stand by, doing nothing, thinking the Jews matter little. The expulsion has unfortunate consequences for Germany. German life is poorer both culturally and economically without the Jews, and the novel ends with the government sheepishly inviting the German Jews back and welcoming them as valued members of society.
The novel was described as a "tragi-satire" by its author. It includes satirical jabs at the rhetoric and ideologies of the Weimar Republic.
Background
Austrian author Hugo Bettauer wrote The City Without Jews in 1922, which was made into a film in 1924. It was quite similar to Landsberger's work and likely an inspiration; in Bettauer's book, it is Vienna which exiles its Jews, and similar to Landsberger, the work focuses not on the suffering of the exiled Jews, but rather the effects on Austrian Christians. Also similar is its somewhat comical bent to the consequences, such as the inability to find good coffee shops or cafes. Both novels ended with the Jews being asked to return. Bettauer was shot on March 10, 1925 by a Nazi Party member, and died shortly afterward.
Plot and characters
Boris Pinski is a Russian Bolshevik sent from Moscow to Germany to prepare for the revolution.
Benno Oppenheim, a Commerce Minister in the Reichstag, is an assimilated Jew and successful businessman. He organizes the mass emigration.
Hans Oppenheim, Benno's son and a member of the Foreign Office, is married to Elisabeth Rudenberg.
Robert Rudenberg, a professor of economics, is married to Hans Oppenheim's sister Erna.
Eduard Rudenberg, Robert's brother, sees politics as a game, and sees his chance in the nationalist movement. He works at the newspaper B.Z. where he both learns and spreads tabloid gossip. After seeing the consequences of the expulsion of the Jews, he eventually changes his mind and works on their recall.
The novel opens with the intrigues of Boris Pinski. Despite being a Bolshevik, he joins with and advises the nationalist parties, feeling that their victory would hasten a German communist revolution. He believes that taking an anti-Jewish tack would help them win the next elections. Pinski writes a publication which calls for the German Jews to demonstrate their patriotism and loyalty to Germany by pooling their fortunes together to pay the Treaty of Versailles reparations owed by Germany.
Unsurprisingly, the Jewish leadership rejects such a proposal; this confirms pre-existing prejudices of the German Jews as somehow not loyal to their country. Backed by this, the nationalists win the election while riots occur throughout the country, with 200 homes looted and 160 Jews killed. The new Reichstag approves the exile of all Jews. Half-Jew/half-Germans are allowed to remain, but lose their right to vote and hold public offices. Benno Oppenheim gives a speech on behalf of the opposition "in the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount" decrying the new policy. Some 97 prominent Jews older than 65 years - including Benno Oppenheim - refuse in a letter of protest to leave the country, and commit suicide, instead.
The propaganda department attempts to make the expulsion of the Jews tolerable and fun with music, parades, colorful uniforms, movies, and revues as a distraction. Soon afterward, the nationalists begin to target the centrists as their next scapegoat.
After some hesitation, a trade boycott is imposed against Germany, causing a shortage of raw materials. Strikes break out. Food is rationed. Tourism collapses. As Pinski had hoped, the Bolsheviks are strengthened and engage in street battles with supporters of the nationalists. The (unnamed) chancellor is forced to admit the disastrous economic situation before the Reichstag; the opposition calls for a reversal of the policy. The nationalist parties break apart, the government loses the confidence vote, and a new emergency government of centrists is created. The expulsion is reversed, with the Oppenheims returning home to the celebration of the residents of Berlin.
Legacy
Landsberger's novels were reasonably well-read and popular in the 1920s, but faded from public view in the 1930s and 1940s as Berlin Without Jews had proven uncomfortably accurate - except that reality did not provide a happy ending in which the exiled German Jews returned.
Landsberger himself committed suicide in 1933, six months after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor following the 1933 elections, and the novel was largely forgotten until a new printing was made in 1998.
See also
German federal election, December 1924 – both the Nazis and the Communists suffered severe setbacks in this election, something that Landsberger did not know as he was writing the novel.
References
External links
Post from the Leo Baeck Institute on Berlin Without Jews
1925 German-language novels
20th-century German novels
Dystopian novels
Jews and Judaism in Berlin
Novels set in Berlin
Political novels
Satirical novels
Novels set in the 1920s
Novels set in the 1930s | [
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63980746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittleson | Kittleson | Kittleson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Drew Kittleson (born 1989), American golfer
Isaac Milo Kittleson (1874–1958), American politician
Mark Kittleson (born 1952), American health educator
Travis Kittleson (born 1979), American stock car racing driver | [
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19032161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawsie%20Brzosteckie | Nawsie Brzosteckie | Nawsie Brzosteckie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brzostek, within Dębica County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Brzostek, south of Dębica, and south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
The village has a population of 1,100.
References
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17295161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrus%2C%20Blackwood%20and%20Company | Andrus, Blackwood and Company | Andrus, Blackwood & Company was a racially integrated Contemporary Christian Music group, releasing six albums between 1977 and 1984. The group was composed of two former members of The Imperials, Sherman Andrus and Terry Blackwood as co-lead vocalists. Rounding out the group's first touring band in 1977 were Rocky Laughlin on bass, Tim Marsh on drums, Bob Villareal on guitar and backing vocals, and Karen Voegtlin on keyboards and backing vocals. Other alternating band members between 1978 and 1986 included Billy Blackwood (cousin of Terry Blackwood) on drums, John Mays on bass, Mark Hughes on bass (later with Dobie Gray and owner the world's largest used music store, Mr Mark's Music in Nashville (1980–90, 2000-2016-current), Jeff Chambers on guitars, Randy Dennis on keyboards, David Ennis (later with country group Restless Heart) on keyboards, Gerritt Wilson on Synths, David Hassell on keyboards and vocals, Mark Burchfield on bass. David Hassell also worked as office manager and tour manager for the group. The group's final performance came in June 1986 at Six Flags theme park in Chicago, IL.
At the time the two had left the Imperials, it was one of the most commercially successful acts in CCM. While not songwriters themselves, Andrus and Blackwood were good judges of what CCM radio wanted, developing relationships with Bruce Hibbard, Hadley Hockensmith, Phil Johnson and Tim Sheppard among others. It paid off with a top 10 title track to their 1979 sophomore double-album Following You. During the group's tenure, they placed eight hits on the Christian radio charts including 3 No. 1 hits, "Jesus, You're So Wonderful" (20 weeks, 1980–1981).,"Soldier of the Light" (23 weeks, 1981). and "Step Out of the Night" (4 weeks, 1983). The group appeared as headliners for every major Christian music festival during the late 1970s to mid-1980s, including Disney's Night of Joy, They also appeared on PBS's Austin City Limits musical TV program in 1983.
Andrus and Blackwood now occasionally perform in group now called "Elvis' Imperials" with another former Imperials member, Joe Moscheo.
Discography
References
Performers of contemporary Christian music | [
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1035480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20languages | Atlas languages | The Atlas languages are a subgroup of the Northern Berber languages of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. By mutual intelligibility, they are a single language spoken by perhaps 14 million people; however, they are distinct sociolinguistically and are considered separate languages by the Royal institute of the Amazigh culture. They are:
Central Atlas Tamazight (Central Atlas Berber), spoken in the central Atlas Mountains
Shilha (Tashelhiyt; also rendered Tachelhit, Tasusit; includes Judeo-Berber and perhaps the extinct Lisan al-Gharbi), spoken in southern Morocco
Sanhaja de Srair, spoken in the southern part of the Rif
Ghomara, spoken in the western part of the Rif
References
Berber languages | [
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27460577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silen | Silen | Silen is a village in Stambolovo Municipality, in Haskovo Province, in southern Bulgaria.
References
Villages in Stambolovo Municipality | [
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27459855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorna%20Rositsa | Gorna Rositsa | Gorna Rositsa is a village in the municipality of Sevlievo, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.
References
Villages in Gabrovo Province | [
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1342234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Blount | Edward Blount | Edward Blount (or Blunt) (1562–1632) was a London publisher of the Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline eras, noted for his publication, in conjunction with William and Isaac Jaggard, of the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays in 1623.
He was baptised in London on 31 January 1562; the Stationers' Register states that he was the son of Ralph Blount or Blunt, merchant tailor of London, and apprenticed himself in 1578 for ten years to the stationer William Ponsonby. Blount became a "freeman" (a full member) of the Stationers' Company on 25 June 1588.
Among the most important of his publications are Giovanni Florio's Italian-English dictionary and his translation of Montaigne, plus Marlowe's Hero and Leander (1598), and the Six Court Comedies of John Lyly (1632). He himself translated Ars Aulica, or the Courtier's Arte (1607) from the Italian of Lorenzo Ducci, and Christian Policie (1632) from the Spanish of Juan de Santa María.
Though best remembered for the First Folio, Blount also published works by Miguel de Cervantes, Ben Jonson, Samuel Daniel, William Camden, José de Acosta and other important authors. Blount has been described as "a genuine lover of literature, with discriminating and generous taste." Beyond the Folio, Blount had other minor connections with the Shakespearean canon. In 1601 he published Robert Chester's Love's Martyr, the volume that contained The Phoenix and the Turtle; he entered both Antony and Cleopatra and Pericles, Prince of Tyre in the Stationers' Register in 1608, though he published neither. Blount was also a close friend and professional colleague of Thomas Thorpe, the publisher of Shakespeare's sonnets. He was dead by October 1632.
Notes
References
Sheavyn, Phoebe. The Literary Profession in the Elizabethan Age. Manchester, University of Manchester Press, 1909.
English booksellers
Publishers (people) from London
Edward
1562 births
1632 deaths
People of the Elizabethan era
16th-century English businesspeople
17th-century English businesspeople | [
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] |
53057660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes%20thomsoni | Aedes thomsoni | Aedes (Christophersiomyia) thomsoni is a species complex of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Aedes. It is found in Sri Lanka, and India.
References
External links
Christophersiomyia Barraud, 1923 - Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory
thomsoni
Insects described in 1905 | [
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] |
63683163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela%20Corcoran | Michaela Corcoran | Michaela Corcoran (born August 7, 2002) is an American slalom canoeist. In 2019, she won the bronze medal in the women's slalom C-1 event at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru.
References
External links
Living people
2002 births
Sportspeople from Houston
American female canoeists
Pan American Games medalists in canoeing
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Canoeists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
21st-century American women | [
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65608226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhauni%20railway%20station | Dhauni railway station | Dhauni railway station is a railway station on the Dumka–Bhagalpur line of Sahibganj loop under Malda railway division of the Eastern Railway Zone. The station is situated beside Bhagalpur–Hansdiha Road at Rajoun in Banka district in the Indian state of Bihar.
History
The metre-gauge railway track from Bhagalpur Junction railway station to Mandar Hill railway station branch was opened in 1907. The branch was converted to broad gauge. A new railway line from Mandar Hill to Hansdiha became operational on 23 December 2012 and Dumka to Barapalasi route was reconstructed in June 2014 and finally the full track became operational in 2015.
References
Malda railway division
Railway stations in Banka district | [
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95100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton%20County%2C%20Michigan | Eaton County, Michigan | Eaton County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 109,175. The county seat is Charlotte. The county was organized in 1837; it was named for John Eaton, who was Secretary of War under US President Andrew Jackson, making it one of Michigan's Cabinet counties.
Eaton County is included in the Lansing-East Lansing, Metropolitan Statistical area in Central Michigan.
History
Eaton County was formed in 1837 from open territory. It was named after John H. Eaton, an American Secretary of War. The county is one of the so-called Cabinet counties because it was named after a member of the cabinet of US President Andrew Jackson.
Eaton County was created by the Michigan Territorial Legislature on October 29, 1829: "That as much of the country as is included within the following limits, viz., north of the base line and south of the line between townships four and five north of the base line, and east of the line between ranges six and seven west of the meridian, and west of the line between ranges two and three west of the meridian, be and the same is set off into a separate county, and the name thereof shall be Eaton." The county was named in honor of Gen. John H. Eaton, secretary of war in the cabinet of President Andrew Jackson. The following week (November 4), the legislature added this directive: "That the county of Eaton shall be attached to and compose a part of the county of St. Joseph." On November 5, they also added an act to direct that the counties of Eaton, Branch and Calhoun, and all the country north attached to Eaton be set off into a township by the name of Eaton, and it was ordered that the first town meeting should be held at the house of Jabez Bronson, who lived on the site of the present village of Bronson in Branch county. This was no hardship, for there was not at that time a single white settler within the bounds of Eaton county.
The following summer (July 30, 1830), the Territorial Legislature changed Eaton's assignment, attaching it to Kalamazoo for administrative, revenue, and judicial purposes. Then on March 17, 1835, it directed: "That the county of Eaton shall be a township of Belleville,' and the first township meeting shall be held at such place as the sheriff of Calhoun county shall appoint in said county of Eaton, and shall be attached to the county of Eaton for all judicial purposes."
By 1837 the Territory had been admitted to the Union as a State. On December 29 of that year, the new state legislature created Eaton County as an independent entity: "That the county of Eaton be and the same is hereby organized, and the inhabitants thereof entitled to all the rights and privileges to which by law the inhabitants of other counties of this state are entitled."
While the name "Belleville" was given to the first organized township, including the whole county, it does not appear to have been used in any official documents. The second place where the name of the township is mentioned in a legislative enactment is on March 17 in the session laws of 1837, where it appears under the name of "Bellevue." Official business has always been transacted under the latter name, and yet there is no known law showing that the name has ever been legally changed from "Belleville."
The first division of the town of Bellevue occurred on March 11, 1837, when Eaton and Vermontville were organized. The four northwestern townships, now Vermontville, Chester, Roxand and Sunfield, were set off as a township and named Vermontville; while the four southeastern townships, now Eaton, Eaton Rapids, Hamlin, and Brookfield were organized as the township of Eaton.
This left the four northeastern towns, Benton, Oneida, Delta, and Windsor, and the four remaining towns, Bellevue, Kalamo, Carmel, and Walton, cornering at the geographical center of the county in a single organized township known as Bellevue. But on March 6, 1838, the northeast quarter of the county was detached from Bellevue and was formed as the town of Oneida.
In 1832, a surveyor, George W. Barnes, bought a homestead in central Eaton County; that area is now contained in Charlotte. On March 21, 1833, he applied to Territorial Governor George B. Porter for a commission to be appointed to locate the county seat: "That in the month of may last he put up in three public places in the county of Kalamazoo notices that application would be made to the governor of the territory of Michigan to appoint commissioners to locate a seat of justice for Eaton County, agreeably to the law in such cases made and provided." Accordingly, three locals (Charles C. Hascall, Stillman Blanchard, John W. Strong) were named on April 29. On June 5 they reported to the Governor that they met "at Prairie Ronde [Round] in the county of Kalamazoo on the 27th day of May, 1833, and on June 4, located the county seat on land which is owned by George W. Barnes. The point selected for the seat of justice in this county is on a beautiful prairie, about one mile square, near two and a half miles south of the center of the county, and about one mile north of the Battle creek, the nearest point to the center of the county where water can be obtained for hydraulic purposes."
Geography
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.7%) is water.
Rivers
Battle Creek River
Grand River
Thornapple River
Adjacent counties
Clinton County – northeast
Ingham County – east
Jackson County – southeast
Calhoun County - south
Barry County – west
Ionia County – northwest
Transportation
Major highways
Airports
Fitch H. Beach Airport - general aviation airport in Charlotte.
Capital Region International Airport in Clinton County, Michigan, northeast of Eaton County – airline service.
Rapids Airway Airport (light aviation, grass field, private use only) - two miles (3.2 km) NE of Eaton Rapids.
Demographics
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 107,759 people living in the county. 87.8% were White, 6.3% Black or African American, 1.7% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 1.2% of some other race and 2.6% of two or more races. 4.7% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 24.2% were of English ancestry, 22.9% were of German ancestry and 9.3% were of Irish ancestry.
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 103,655 people, 40,167 households, and 28,237 families in the county. The population density was 180 people per square mile (69/km2). There were 42,118 housing units at an average density of 73 per square mile (28/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 90.25% White, 5.29% Black or African American, 0.44% Native American, 1.13% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.17% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. 3.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 95.6% spoke only English, while 2.0% spoke Spanish.
There were 40,167 households, out of which 33.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.30% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 24.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03.
The county population contained 26.10% under the age of 18, 9.10% from 18 to 24, 28.80% from 25 to 44, 24.60% from 45 to 64, and 11.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $49,588, and the median income for a family was $57,898. Males had a median income of $41,978 versus $29,638 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,411. About 4.10% of families and 5.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.80% of those under age 18 and 5.90% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Eaton County has been reliably Republican for most of its history. Since 1884, the Republican Party nominee has carried the county vote in 80% of the elections (27 of 34 elections) for president. However, population growth in Lansing and the surrounding area has made the county more competitive in recent years. Barack Obama carried the county in both 2008 and 2012, as did Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm, a Democrat, in her winning gubernatorial campaigns of 2002 and 2006. In 2014, Republican governor Rick Snyder narrowly lost the county while winning statewide. Donald Trump won by narrow margins in both 2016 and 2020.
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county
board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.
Elected officials
Prosecuting Attorney: Doug Lloyd (R)
Sheriff: Tom Reich (D)
County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Diana Bosworth (R)
County Treasurer: Bob Robinson, APR (D)
Drain Commissioner: Richard Wagner (R)
Circuit Court Judge: Jan Cunningham
Circuit Court Judge: John Maurer
Probate Court Judge: Thomas K. Byerley
County Board of Commissioners
15 members, elected from districts (7 Republicans, 8 Democrats)
Education
School districts located in Eaton County:
Bellevue Community Schools, Bellevue
Charlotte Public Schools, Charlotte
Eaton Intermediate School District, Charlotte
Eaton Rapids Public Schools, Eaton Rapids
Grand Ledge Public Schools, Grand Ledge. Village of Mulliken schools was annexed by Grand Ledge Public Schools
Maple Valley Schools, Vermontville
Olivet Community Schools, Olivet
Oneida Township S/D #3, Oneida Township
Potterville Public Schools, Potterville
Roxand Township School District #12, Roxand Township
Waverly Community Schools, Delta Township
Some county residents attend out-of-county schools:
Village of Dimondale (Holt Public Schools, Holt, Ingham County)
Village of Sunfield (Lakewood Public Schools, Lake Odessa, Ionia County)
A small portion of northeast Delta Township (Lansing Public Schools, Lansing, Ingham County)
Ingham Intermediate School District (Waverly Community Schools, Village of Dimondale, portion of Delta Township)
Ionia Intermediate School District (Village of Sunfield)
Calhoun Intermediate School District ( Bellevue Community Schools, Olivet Community Schools)
Communities
Cities
Charlotte (county seat)
Eaton Rapids
Grand Ledge
Lansing (partial)
Olivet
Potterville
Villages
Bellevue
Dimondale
Mulliken
Sunfield
Vermontville
Census-designated place
Waverly
Other unincorporated communities
Ainger (called Thurman in 1887)
Bismark
Brookfield
Canada Settlement
Carlisle (called Hyde's Mills until 1843)
Charlesworth
Chester
Clinton Junction
Delta Center
Delta Mills (originally called Grand River City)
Delwood
East Walton
Elmira
Five Points Corner
Gresham
Hoytville
Kalamo
Kelly
Kingsland
Little Venice
Millett (originally called Millett's Station)
Moore's Station
Needmore
Oneida Center
Packard
Petrieville
Shaytown
Stalls Corner
Walton (called East Bellevue until 1840)
West Benton
West Windsor
Woodbury
Townships
Bellevue Township
Benton Township
Brookfield Township
Carmel Township
Chester Township
Delta Charter Township
Eaton Rapids Township
Eaton Township
Hamlin Township
Kalamo Township
Oneida Charter Township
Roxand Township
Sunfield Township
Vermontville Township
Walton Township
Windsor Charter Township
See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Eaton County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Eaton County, Michigan
References
External links
Official Website of Eaton County
History of Eaton County
Michigan counties
Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area
1837 establishments in Michigan
Populated places established in 1837 | [
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33473573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Duckworth%20%28disambiguation%29 | George Duckworth (disambiguation) | George Duckworth was a cricketer.
George Duckworth may also refer to:
George Arthur Duckworth (1901–1986), British Conservative politician
George Herbert Duckworth (1868–1934), English public servant
Sir George Henry James Duckworth-King, 6th Baronet (1891–1952), of the Duckworth-King baronets | [
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7209251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Gatos%20%28band%29 | Los Gatos (band) | Los Gatos (Spanish for "The Cats") were an Argentine rock group of the late 1960s, founded in the wake of an earlier group, Los Gatos Salvajes, who shared two of the same members. They are considered part of the founding trinity of Spanish-language rock in Argentina, along with Almendra and Manal. The unexpected success of their 1967 debut single "La balsa" was the kickstarter of Argentine rock, and pioneered Spanish-language rock.
History
The group was started in the wake of an earlier band Los Gatos Salvajes, who had shared two the same members, in 1967. They recorded their first two singles "Ayer Nomás" and A-side "La Balsa", which turned into an unpredicted large scale hit in the Argentine winter of 67, selling over 200,000 copies, leading to their full-length debut later that year. The following year they went on tour around the Southern Cone, and then released their 3rd album Seremos Amigos, permeating psychedelic rock during the height of that subgenre of rock.
The band's next effort after a short break-up, 1969's Beat N°1, featured the addition to the group of Pappo. His rocking blues style with Litto Nebbia's more classical melodic approach at times made the album uneven, but also created quite dazzling passages of music that can be considered one of the earliest recordings of progressive rock anywhere in the world, previewing the rise of the genre around the world in the 1970s.
In 1970, Los Gatos released their final major album. Originally called Rock de la mujer podrida (literally "Rotten woman's rock"), the band was forced to change the name of the release by government censorship to Rock de la mujer perdida ("Lost woman's rock"). A harder rocking album with Pappo's fingerprints all over, it would be Los Gatos's last. Later that year Pappo left the band to form his own heavy blues-rock group Pappo's Blues. Los Gatos disbanded after a last batch of concerts, with Litto Nebbia kicking off his solo career.
Discography
Studio albums
Los Gatos (1967)
Los Gatos (1968)
Seremos amigos (1968)
Beat N° 1 (1969)
Rock de la mujer perdida (1970)
Live albums
Inédito: ¡En vivo! (1987)
Reunión 2007 en vivo (2007)
Singles
"La balsa" / "Ayer nomás" (1967)
"Ya no quiero soñar" / "El rey lloró" (1967)
"El vagabundo" / "Ayer nomás" (1968)
"La mujer sin nombre" / "Las vacaciones" (1968)
"No hay tiempo que perder" / "Un día de fiesta" (1968)
"Seremos amigos" / "La chica del paraguas" (1968)
"Viento, dile a la lluvia" / "Déjame buscar felicidad" (1968)
"Sueña y corre" / "Soy de cualquier lugar" (1969)
"Rock de la mujer perdida" / "Escapando de mí" (1970)
"Mamá rock" / "Campo para tres" (1971)
See also
Origins of Argentine Rock
References
Argentine pop music groups
Argentine rock music groups | [
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45644155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Adika | David Adika | David Adika is an Israeli photographer and educator.
Biography
David Adika (דוד עדיקא) was born in Jerusalem in 1970. He lives and works in Tel Aviv. Adika graduated from Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in 1997, receiving BFA. He received MFA in 2004, graduating from joint educational program of Bezalel Academy of Art and Design and Hebrew University Advanced Studies Program. He was appointed head of photography department of Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in January 2018.
Academic roles
1999–present: Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem. Professor.
2004–present: Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan. Professor
2010–present: School of the Arts Campus Arison, Tel Aviv. Head of the Visual Arts Department.
2018–present: Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem. Head of Department of Photography.
Exhibitions
Solo
2016 Table studies - Museo Morandi, Bologna.
2014 As In Water Face Reflects Face - Latvian National Museum of Art, Riga.
2013 As In Water Face Reflects Face - The Open Lens Gallery, Braverman Gallery, Tel Aviv
2012 Equator - The Open Lens Gallery, The Gershman Y, University of the Arts, Philadelphia [Curator: Jordan Rockford]
2011 Oululu - East Central Gallery, London
2010 Living Room - Helena Rubinstein Pavilion, Tel Aviv Museum of Art [Curator: Hadas Maor]
2009 Every Monkey is a Gazelle in Its Mother’s Eyes - Braverman Gallery, Tel Aviv (Artist Book)
2007 Come Thou Beauty - 3 solo shows, The Art Gallery, University of Haifa [Curator: Ruti Direktor]
2006 Fix (‘Tikkun’) - Braverman Gallery, Tel Aviv
2006 After Winter Must Come Spring - Q! Gallery, Glasgow International Festival of Contemporary Visual Art [Curator: Rancis McKee]
2005 In–Out - Ashdod Museum of Art, Monart Center [Curator: Yona Fischer]
2004 Multi-Function - Graduation Show, Bezalel Gallery, Tel Aviv
2004 Will It Shine - Kav 16 Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Galia Yahav]
2004 Works - Neta Eshel – House for Art, Caesarea (with Gal Weinstein)
2003 Mahogany - Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art, Herzliya [Curator: Dalia Levin]
2002 Mother Tongue/Portraits - Hagar Gallery, Jaffa [Curator: Tal Ben-Zvi]
2002 Sacker Garden - Oranim Gallery, Tivon (with Eli Petel) [Curator: David Wakstein]
2001 Lifestyle - Borochov Gallery, Tel Aviv; in collaboration with the Photography Department Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem [Curator: Sharon Yaari]
Group
1998
To the East -Orientalism in the Arts in Israel - Israel Museum, Jerusalem [Curators: Yigal Zalmona, Tamar Manor-Friedman]
2003
Tel Aviv-Glasgow-Tel Aviv - Bezalel Gallery, Tel Aviv, in cooperation with GSA (Glasgow School of Arts) [Curator: Nachum Tevet]
Mother Tongue - Museum of Art, Ein Harod [Curator: Tal Ben-Zvi]
Matter of Taste - The Israel Museum, Jerusalem [Curator: Hagit Allon]
2004
Alphabet - Israelisk Samtidskonst, Kristinehamns Konstmuseum, Sweden [Curator: Tali Cederbaum]
Lets Food - Bat Yam Museum of Art, Bat Yam
Omanut Haaretz - (Art of the Land) Festival, Tel Aviv [Curator: Ruti Director]
Animal, Vegetable, Mineral - Bezalel Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Nachum Tevet]
Pets - Time for Art – Center for Contemporary Art, Tel Aviv [Curator: Tali Cederbaum]
In Days Gone By, At this Time - Rubin Museum, Tel Aviv [Curator: Carmela Rubin, Shira Naftali]
The Scream 2 - Homage Exhibition to Edvard Munch’s “The Scream”, Kav 16 Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Galia Yahav]
2005
Prizes in Art and Design from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport - 2004, Tel Aviv Museum of Art [Curator: Ellen Ginton]
Artic 7 - Recipients of the Sharett scholarship for Young Israeli Artists, The Museum of Israeli Art, Ramat Gan
Yona at Bezalel - Issues in Contemporary Curating, Bezalel Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curators: Sarit Shapira, Sandra Weill]
Reunion - Braverman Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Yani Shapira]
2006
3rd Generation - Photography in Estate of Identity Crises, Minshar Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Yair Barak]
Present Now, Omanut Haaretz Festival - Reading Power Station, Tel Aviv [Curator: Tal Ben-Zvi]
Incorrigible Young & Restless Romantics, Noga Gallery of Contemporary Art, Tel Aviv [Curator: Jossef Krispel]
El Hama’ayan - The Yarkon Stream as a Cross-Section in the Israeli Metropolis, Tel Aviv Museum of Art [Curators: Meira Yagid Haimovici, Nathalie Kertesz, Ze’ev Maor]
2007
Through the Object - The Open Museum of Photography, Tel Hai Industrial Park [Curator: Naama Haikin]
Somewhere Better Than this Place - Braverman Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Sally Haftel Naveh]
The Rear - The 1st Herzliya Biennial of Contemporary Art, Herzliya [Curator: Joshua Simon]
New Acquisitions - Haifa Museum of Contemporary Art, Haifa [Curator: Tami Katz-Freiman]
2008
Territoires - The 6th Biennale of International Photography, Liege - Belgium [Curator: Dorothee Luczak]
2009
Watermelons - Rubin Museum, Tel Aviv [Curator: Carmela Rubin, Shira Naftali]
David and the Girls - POV Festival of Contemporary Photography, Tel Aviv [Curator: David Adika]
4 Openings in Israeli Art - Salame Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Ruti Direktor]
Faces: Inside and Out - Eretz Israel Museum, Tel Aviv [Curators: Danna Taggar Heller]
Maximalism - Avni Institute - Tel Aviv [Curator: Aline Alagem]
Solace - Inga Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: David Adika]
Tel Aviv Time, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv [Curator: Nili Goren]
2010
Looking In, Looking Out - The Window in Art, Israel Museum, Jerusalem [Curator: Hagit Allon]
Memoria Technica - eastcentral gallery, London [Curator: Adi Gura]
Stop Making Sense - Oslo Fine Art Society [Curator: Marianne Hultman]
Shelf Life - Haifa Museum of Art [Curators: Tami Katz-Freiman, Rotem Ruff]
With This Ring - Beth Hatefutsoth, Tel Aviv [Curator: Raz Samira]
True Colors - Soho Gallery, London. The Cube Gallery, Manchester [Curator: Daniel Cahana Levinson]
2011
Jerusalem Beach - The Artists’ Studios - Art Cube Gallery, Jerusalem [Curator: Iris Mendel]
Nimrod’s Descendants - Jerusalem Artists’ House Gallery, Jerusalem [Curator: Gideon Ofrat]
2012
The Winners - The Minister of Culture Award for Fine-Art Artist, Ministry of Science, Culture and Sport, Jerusalem. Petach-Tikava museum of Contemporary Art [Curator: Naomi Aviv]
Making Room, Contemporary Israeli Photography, From the Museum Collection - Tel Aviv Museum Of Art, [Curator: Nili Goren]
Archive - Fresh Paint Art Fair, Special Project [Curator: Iris Rivkind]
2013
Lot's Wife - The Photographic Gaze, The Open Museum of Photography [Curator: Naama Haikin]
Curator - Yona Fischer, Beginnings of Collection, Ashdod Museum of Art, Monart Center [Curators: Yuval Beaton, Roni Cohen-Binyamini]
Human Nature - Braverman Gallery, Tel Aviv [Curator: Adi Gura]
Night Stamp - "Beit Ha'ir museum", Tel Aviv [Curator: Claudette Zoree, Ayelet Bitan Shlonski]
2017
Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism. Tel Aviv Art Museum.
Scholarships and awards
The Minister of Culture Award for Fine Art Artist, Ministry of Science, Culture and Sport, Jerusalem, 2011
The Jack Nailor Award for Photography, Haifa Film Festival, 2011
Sharet Scholarship, America-Israel Cultural Foundation, 2005
Young Artist Award, Ministry of Science, Culture and Sport, Jerusalem, 2004
P.S.S. Pilot Summer School, Glasgow School of Arts, Scotland Foreign Ministry and British Council, 2003
Dean’s Award, yearly scholarship, Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem, 1996
Dean’s Award, yearly scholarship, Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, JerusalemMulti-Function, Graduation, 1995
References
External links
David Adika
Israeli photographers
Living people
Israeli educators
Artists from Jerusalem
1970 births
LGBT artists from Israel
21st-century LGBT people | [
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13472067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20Transportation%20for%20Aviation%20and%20International%20Affairs | Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Aviation and International Affairs | The Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs is the head of the Office of Aviation and International Affairs within the United States Department of Transportation.
Background
The assistant secretary is appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate. The assistant secretary is paid at level IV of the Executive Schedule, meaning he or she receives a basic annual salary of $143,000. The acting assistant secretary is Annie Petsonk. Previous assistant secretaries include Karan Bhatia, Read C. Van DeWater, and Francisco Sanchez.
Responsibilities
The assistant secretary has responsibility for licensing of U.S. and foreign airlines and for formulating U.S. international aviation policy. The Assistant Secretary is also responsible for the administration of the Department of Transportation's economic policies and programs designed to promote access to, competition in, and the health of the U.S. aviation system. The Assistant Secretary coordinates Departmental policies and programs in all modes of international transportation and trade.
References
United States Department of Transportation agencies | [
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20323171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Evans%20%28footballer%29 | Stephen Evans (footballer) | Stephen James Evans (born 25 September 1980) is a Welsh football midfielder who plays for Welsh Premier League side Carmarthen Town.
Club career
Evans began his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace, turning professional in August 1998. He had previously had trials with Norwich City and Cardiff City before being signed by Palace. Evans' league debut came for Palace on 6 February 1999 when he was a late substitute, for Leon McKenzie in a 1–1 draw at home to Birmingham City. He made four further substitute appearances later that season. The following season he played just twice, against Crewe Alexandra in the league and against Colchester United in the League Cup.
He missed most of the 2000–01 season through injury, returning for the final game of the season as a late substitute for Wayne Carlisle in a 4–2 win away to Portsmouth. Evans joined Swansea City on loan in November 2001, playing six times in the league and twice in the FA Cup. He returned to Crystal Palace, but was allowed to join Brentford on a free transfer in March 2002. He was released by Brentford in May 2004.
He joined Working F.C. in August 2004 after a successful trial, leaving to join Crawley Town in January 2007. He struggled to establish himself at Crawley, particularly after his namesake, the manager Steve Evans took over and joined Llanelli in January 2008. He went on to score twice in 7 appearances that season and also played in Llanelli's Welsh Cup final defeat to Bangor City.
2008–09 started with Steve's European debut, winning a throw in that led to Llanelli's winning goal against Ventspils in the Champions league, the Reds however lost the away leg 4–0 to crash out on aggregate. He played a key part in Llanelli's season, netting 7 goals in 30 appearances but left the club in June 2009 following the departure of manager Peter Nicholas. However, he returned to the club in November 2009 and made seven appearances during the 2009–10 season before leaving the club for a second time in June 2010, joining Carmarthen Town.
International career
Evans was capped by Wales at U18 and U21 level.
Personal life
Evans is a Liverpool supporter.
References
External links
Profile at Flown from the nest
Living people
1980 births
Welsh footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Llanelli Town A.F.C. players
Carmarthen Town A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Cymru Premier players
Wales under-21 international footballers
Wales youth international footballers
Association football defenders | [
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26374529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncoast%20Classic | Suncoast Classic | The Suncoast Classic was a golf tournament on the Southern Africa based Sunshine Tour. It was founded in 2006 and has always been held at the Durban Country Club in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Winners
References
Former Sunshine Tour events
Golf tournaments in South Africa
Sport in Durban
2006 establishments in South Africa
2011 disestablishments in South Africa | [
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11450949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20temps%20des%20fleurs | Le temps des fleurs | "Le temps des fleurs" ("The time of the flowers") is a song by French singer Dalida for her twenty-first studio album of the same name. While the French lyrics were written by Eddy Marnay, the melody was taken from Russian romance song "Dorogoi dlinnoyu" ("Дорогой длинною"), composed by Boris Fomin in 1924. Dalida covered the song after Mary Hopkin popularised the original with her English version one month earlier.
Le temps des fleurs is Dalida's first recording to debut atop of French song chart, while it peaked the newly established "Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque" sales chart two weeks after entry. The record was a sales success and earned Dalida her twenty-eighth gold disc, which made Dalida record it also in Italian as "Quelli erano giorni", and in German as "An jenem Tag". In France, the song remains as one of 1960s classics, and Dalida's signature songs.
Background
Two weeks after the release of Those were the days, while it was still unknown that it was plagiarism as the Gene Raskin took over the credits of melody's composer Boris Fomin, Eddie Barclay obtained the melody from Raskin legally. In 1973, after it was discovered that Raskin was just a songwriter and not a composer, Barclay stopped giving Raskin a portion of the song's annual profit, but abandoned the lawsuit and didn't receive a refund.
Recording and composition
Le temps des fleurs is a romantic ballad, with elements of Russian folk and French chanson. Lyrics describe innocence of childhood and youth and reflect on the passage of time. It features violin, mandoline, string, clarinet and background vocals highlighted refrain. The French lyrics were written by renowned French Jewish lyricist Eddy Marnay, and the song was recorded on 20 September 1968 from one cut in Studios Hoche under orchestral conduction by Guy Motta. Journalist of ORTF was present and Dalida was interviewed for television and live radio transmission.
Other songs from EP were recorded during following week, under orchestral conduction by Guy Motta and Jean Claudric; "Le petit perroquet", "Je m'endors dans tes bras", "Le septième jour" and "Je me repose".
Release and acclaim
Le temps des fleurs was released in early October on EP, in 18 cm (7 inch) format under catalog number 71 296, with cover photo credited to Georges Dambier. It immediately scored a success in its first week, selling roughly around 30,000 copies and reaching top of the French radio charts where it remained for four consecutive weeks. Dalida promoted the record during her current concert tour, over radio and television, mostly for title song, but also making several appearances for others. Paris Match described: "to watch Dalida performing [the song] on television is as incredible as listening to the song itself". Until late 1969, the record was reissued for three more times, Barclay Records' personal record, and sold over 415,000 units.
Other languages
Dalida was first one to record the song in French, German and Italian. Lyrics of German version "An jenem Tag" were written by Heinz Korn, and Italian "Quelli erano Giorni" by Daiano. Both were recorded and released in October on singles, with B-side each having their language equivalent of Dalida's French song Quelques larmes de pluie. With them, Dalida charted fairly, entering Top 10 in Germany and Top 20 in Italy, collectively selling additional 90,000 copies.
All three language versions by Dalida received covers from other artists like Ima, but also Mary Hopkin and Sandie Shaw, failing to leave an impact.
Charts
References
External links
Dalida – Le Temps Des Fleurs at Discogs
Dalida songs
1968 songs
French songs | [
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66598963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charan%20Gill | Charan Gill | Charanpal Singh Gill (17 June 19362 February 2021) was a Canadian social activist and South-Asian community leader in British Columbia. Through his work, he focused on improving the living conditions, wages, and working conditions of farmworkers across British Columbia and Canada. He was an inductee to the Order of British Columbia in 1999 and the recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002, and the BC Achievement Foundation Community Award in 2010 for his contributions toward community service and social justice advocacy.
Early life
Gill was born into a Punjabi family in colonial Hong Kong on 17 June 1936. His family returned to India, two years after his birth in 1938. He was raised by his mother Harnam Kaur Gill, after the death of his father in 1939. He obtained a Master of Arts degree in Punjabi literature from Panjab University in 1959 and worked in Hong Kong at a bank through his 20s. He moved to Canada in 1967 at the age of 31, with his family joining him in 1969. He completed his Masters in Social Work (MSW) from the University of British Columbia in 1983.
Career
Gill started his career in Canada, working in a sawmill in Williams Lake, British Columbia, until he was forced to stop due to a broken wrist. The injury and subsequent work disruption had Gill shift focus to social work focused on northern communities in British Columbia based out of Prince Rupert. He subsequently moved to Surrey in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia and continued his social work. He co-founded the Farm Workers Organizing Committee, focused on improving the living conditions for farm workers in the region and co-founded the Canadian Farmworkers Union in 1978 to improve the living and working standards of farmworkers and focus on human rights, health and safety of the workers across the country.
He was the co-founder of British Columbia Organization to Fight Racism in the early 1980s, which was set up to counter the actions of right-wing extremist groups including the local Ku Klux Klan. During the 1980s and 1990s, the organization's offices were repeatedly vandalized and the family subjected to many threats to their lives as they advocated actions against racially motivated attacks.
Some of his other roles as a human rights activist included serving as an executive member of the BC Human Rights Coalition and serving as the president of the BC Organization to Fight Racism. He was also the founder of Progressive Intercultural Community Services Society, and also of the Rainbow Community Health Co-operative. Through these organizations he worked for the health and social justice actions for the South-Asian community in British Columbia. Some of the other causes advanced by these organizations included combating domestic violence, elder abuse, and support programs for visible minorities.
Gill was inducted to the Order of British Columbia in 1999. He received the BC Achievement Foundation Community Award in 2010 with the nomination statement stating that he was known "for doing more for his community in one single day than most will do in an entire lifetime”. He was also the recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002.
In 2010, Gill was one of the recipients of the Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards presented by Canadian Immigrant magazine.
Personal life
Gill and his wife, Daljit Gill, had three children. The family moved to Canada from India in 1969, two years after Gill moved. He died on 2 February 2021, in Langley, British Columbia, from cancer. He was 84.
References
External links
Canadian Farmworkers Union (CFU) collection at Simon Fraser University
1936 births
2021 deaths
Canadian human rights activists
Canadian social workers
Canadian people of Punjabi descent
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
Hong Kong emigrants to Canada | [
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] |
31043516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasha%20Alexander | Tasha Alexander | Tasha Alexander (born 1969) is an American author who writes New York Times bestselling historical mystery fiction.
Biography
Alexander was born and raised in South Bend, Indiana to Anastasia (Friel) and Gary Gutting, University of Notre Dame philosophy professors.
In 2002, while living in New Haven, Connecticut, she started work on her first novel, after being inspired by a passage in Dorothy L. Sayers's Gaudy Night. Carolyn Marino at William Morrow acquired the book, And Only to Deceive, which was published in 2005 as the first installment of the Lady Emily series. Following a move to Franklin, Tennessee, where Alexander wrote her second novel in a local Starbucks, she eventually relocated to Chicago, where she married British novelist Andrew Grant (brother of bestselling author Lee Child) in 2010.
In 2007, according to Library Journal, Minotaur Books "lured her away" from William Morrow. She is now edited by Charles Spicer and is the imprint's top writer of historical mysteries. Alexander's work has been translated into more than a dozen languages and has been nominated for the Bruce Alexander Award and the RT Reviewers Choice Award. She has a reputation for being extremely careful about accuracy in her novels and is meticulous about research.
The Lady Emily series
The Lady Emily series, set in a time between the 1890s and 1900s and spanning across cities throughout Europe, follow the adventures of Lady Emily and her husband Colin Hargreaves.
Novels and short stories
Non-Lady Emily short story works
(Short stories appearing in anthology collections)
"Preparations" – Kwik Krimes (2013; anthology edited by Otto Penzler)
"Before a Bohemian Scandal" – Echoes of Sherlock Holmes (2016; anthology edited by Laurie R. King and Leslie S. Klinger)
"[self-titled essay]" – Private Investigations (2020; anthology edited by Victoria Zackheim)
Miscellaneous works
Elizabeth: The Golden Age, novelization, (2007); based on motion picture screenplay written by William Nicholson and Michael Hirst; published to coincide with release of 2007 film Elizabeth: The Golden Age, starring Cate Blanchett and Clive Owen.
References
External links
Living people
1969 births
American women novelists
American women short story writers
American short story writers
Writers from South Bend, Indiana
Women mystery writers
Novelists from Indiana
21st-century American women | [
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18603230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia%20at%20the%202008%20Summer%20Paralympics | Serbia at the 2008 Summer Paralympics | Serbia competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing for the first time as independent country. Serbian competitors took part in table tennis and athletics events. They won 2 silver medals, Borislava Perić in table tennis event and Draženko Mitrović in athletics.
Medalists
Sports
Athletics
Men's track
Men's field
Women's track
Women's field
Shooting
Men
Women
Table tennis
Men
Women
See also
2008 Summer Paralympics
Serbia at the Paralympics
Serbia at the 2008 Summer Olympics
External links
Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Official Site
International Paralympic Committee
References
Nations at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
2008
Paralympics | [
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5656496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Gordon%20%28disambiguation%29 | Deborah Gordon (disambiguation) | Deborah or Debbie Gordon may refer to:
Deborah M. Gordon, biologist at Stanford University who studies ant colony behavior and ecology
Debbie Gordon, Brookside character
Debbie Gordon, former member of The Dicks | [
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189109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20language%20in%20the%20United%20States | Spanish language in the United States | The United States has over 41 million people aged five or older who speak Spanish at home, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the United States. Spanish is the most studied language other than English in the United States, with about six million students. With over 40 million native speakers, heritage language speakers, and second-language speakers, the United States has the second largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, surpassing Spain itself. About half of all United States Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English "very well" in the 2000 US Census. That increased to 57% in the 2013–2017 American Community Survey. There is an Academy of the Spanish Language located in the United States as well.
In the United States there are more speakers of Spanish than speakers of French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Hawaiian, the various varieties of Chinese, the Indo-Aryan languages, and the Native American languages combined. According to the 2019 American Community Survey conducted by the US Census Bureau, Spanish is spoken at home by 41.8 million people aged five or older, more than twice as many as in 1990.
Spanish has been spoken in what is now the United States since the 15th century, with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America. Colonizers settled in areas that would later become Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California as well as in what is now the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 of the future US states leaving behind a varying range of Hispanic legacy in the North America. Western regions of the Louisiana Territory were also under Spanish rule between 1763 and 1800, after the French and Indian War, which further extended Spanish influences throughout what is now the United States.
After the incorporation of those areas into the United States in the first half of the 19th century, Spanish was later reinforced in the country by the acquisition of Puerto Rico in 1898. Waves of immigration from Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela, El Salvador, and elsewhere in Latin America have strengthened the prominence of Spanish in the country. Today, Hispanics are one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States, which has increases the use and importance of Spanish in the United States. However, there is a marked decline in the use of Spanish among Hispanics in America, declining from 78% in 2006 to 73% in 2015, with the trend accelerating as Hispanics undergo language shift to English.
History
Early Spanish settlements
The Spanish arrived in what would later become the United States in 1493, with the Spanish arrival to Puerto Rico. Ponce de León explored Florida in 1513. In 1565, the Spaniards founded St. Augustine, Florida. The Spanish later left but others moved in and it is the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental United States. Juan Ponce de León founded San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1508. Historically, the Spanish-speaking population increased because of territorial annexation of lands claimed earlier by the Spanish Empire and by wars with Mexico and by land purchases.
Spanish Louisiana
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, land claimed by Spain encompassed a large part of the contemporary U.S. territory, including the French colony of Louisiana from 1769 to 1800. In order to further establish and defend Louisiana, Spanish Governor Bernardo de Gálvez recruited Canary Islanders to emigrate to North America. Between November 1778 and July 1779, around 1600 Isleños arrived in New Orleans, and another group of about 300 came in 1783. By 1780, the four Isleño communities were already founded. When Louisiana was sold to the United States, its Spanish, Creole and Cajun inhabitants became U.S. citizens, and continued to speak Spanish or French. In 1813, George Ticknor started a program of Spanish Studies at Harvard University.
Spain also founded settlements along the Sabine River, to protect the border with French Louisiana. The towns of Nacogdoches, Texas and Los Adaes were founded as part of this settlement, and the people there spoke a dialect descended from rural Mexican Spanish, which is now almost completely extinct.
Although it's commonly thought in Nacogdoches that the Hispanic residents of the Sabine River area are ,
their Spanish dialect is derived from rural Mexican Spanish, and their ancestors came from Mexico and other parts of Texas.
Annexation of Texas and the Mexican–American War
In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely "American" Texans fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico. The arrivals from the US objected to Mexico's abolition of slavery. They declared independence and established the Republic of Texas. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. By 1850, fewer than 16,000 or 7.5% of Texans were of Mexican descent, Spanish-speaking people (both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers, including German Texans) were outnumbered six to one by English-speaking settlers (both Americans and other immigrant Europeans).
After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States.
Mexico lost almost half of the northern territory gained from Spain in 1821 to the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). This included parts of contemporary Texas, and Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, California, Nevada, and Utah. Although the lost territory was sparsely populated, the thousands of Spanish-speaking Mexicans subsequently became U.S. citizens. The war-ending Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) does not explicitly address language. Although Spanish initially continued to be used in schools and government, the English-speaking American settlers who entered the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, displacing Spanish in the public sphere.
The California experience is illustrative. The first California constitutional convention in 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish, and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages. One of the first acts of the first California Legislature of 1850 was to authorize the appointment of a State Translator, who would be responsible for translating all state laws, decrees, documents, or orders into Spanish.
Such magnanimity did not last very long. As early as February 1850, California adopted the Anglo-American common law as the basis of the new state's legal system. In 1855, California declared that English would be the only medium of instruction in its schools. These policies were one way of ensuring the social and political dominance of Anglos.
The state's second constitutional convention in 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants; the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English; and the convention ultimately voted 46–39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.
Spanish–American War (1898)
In 1898, consequent to the Spanish–American War, the United States took control of Cuba and Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam as American territories. In 1902, Cuba became independent from the United States, while Puerto Rico remained a U.S. territory. The American government required government services to be bilingual in Spanish and English, and attempted to introduce English-medium education to Puerto Rico, but the latter effort was unsuccessful.
Once Puerto Rico was granted autonomy in 1948, even mainlander officials who came to Puerto Rico were forced to learn Spanish. Only 20% of Puerto Rico's residents understand English, and although the island's government had a policy of official bilingualism, it was repealed in favor of a Spanish-only policy in 1991. This policy was reversed in 1993 when a pro-statehood party ousted a pro-independence party from the commonwealth government.
Hispanics as the largest minority in the United States
The relatively recent but large influx of Spanish-speakers to the United States has increased the overall total of Spanish-speakers in the country. They form majorities and large minorities in many political districts, especially in California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas (the American states bordering Mexico), and also in South Florida.
Mexicans first moved to the United States as refugees in the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution from 1910–1917, but many more emigrated later for economic reasons. The large majority of Mexicans are in the former Mexican-controlled areas in the Southwest. From 1942 to 1962, the Bracero program would provide for mass Mexican migration to the United States.
At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the second largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups, Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish, but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland are fluent in Spanish. Puerto Ricans are natural-born U.S. citizens, and many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States, increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii, where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 19th century, seven percent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.
The Cuban Revolution of 1959 created a community of Cuban exiles who opposed the Communist revolution, many of whom left for the United States. In 1963, the Ford Foundation established the first bilingual education program in the United States for the children of Cuban exiles in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 boosted immigration from Latin American countries, and in 1968, Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act. Most of these one million Cuban Americans settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration. Likewise, the Nicaraguan Revolution and subsequent Contra War created a migration of Nicaraguans fleeing the Sandinista government and civil war to the United States in the late 1980s. Most of these Nicaraguans migrated to Florida and California.
The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20 to 30 percent of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50 percent, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped, headed to the United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadoran Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.
As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador, including earthquakes and hurricanes. By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.
Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela, only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who were born and/or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States; however, there are few specific figures indicating these statistics. Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain there following graduation. They are frequently joined by relatives. However, since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US. In the 2000s, dissident Venezuelans migrated to South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral and Weston. Other main states with Venezuelan American populations are, according to the 1990 census, New York, California, Texas (adding to their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland.
Refugees from Spain also migrated to the U.S. due to the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and political instability under the regime of Francisco Franco that lasted until 1975. The majority of Spaniards settled in Florida, Texas, California, New Jersey, New York City, Chicago, and Puerto Rico.
The publication of data by the United States Census Bureau in 2003 revealed that Hispanics were the largest minority in the United States and caused a flurry of press speculation in Spain about the position of Spanish in the United States. That year, the Instituto Cervantes, an organization created by the Spanish government in 1991 to promote Spanish language around the globe, established a branch in New York.
Historical demographics
In total, there were 36,995,602 people aged five or older in the United States who spoke Spanish at home (12.8% of the total U.S. population) according to the 2010 census.
Current status
Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, especially at the management level. Some states, such as Arizona, California, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents in Spanish and English and in other commonly-used languages. English is the home language of most Americans, including a growing proportion of Hispanics. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of Hispanics who spoke Spanish at home decreased from 78 to 73 percent. As noted above, the only major exception is the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in which Spanish is the official and the most commonly-used language.
Throughout the history of the Southwest United States, the controversial issue of language as part of cultural rights and bilingual state government representation has caused sociocultural friction between Anglophones and Hispanophones. Spanish is now the most widely-taught second language in the United States.
California
California's first constitution recognized Spanish-language rights:
By 1870, English-speakers were a majority in California; in 1879, the state promulgated a new constitution with a clause under which all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English, which remained in effect until 1966. In 1986, California voters added a new constitutional clause by referendum:
Spanish remains widely spoken throughout the state, and many government forms, documents, and services are bilingual in English and Spanish. Although all official proceedings are to be conducted in English:
Arizona
The state, like its neighbors in the Southwest, has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state, except for the 1853 Gadsden Purchase, was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase spoke mostly Spanish until the 1940s although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones (including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English). The continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.
Florida
Most of the residents of the Miami metropolitan area speak Spanish at home, and the influence of Spanish can even be seen in many features of the local dialect of English. Miami is considered the "capital of Latin US" for its many bilingual corporations, banks, and media outlets that cater to international business. In addition, there are several other major cities in Florida with a sizable percentage of the population able to speak Spanish, most notably Tampa (18%) and Orlando (16.6%). Ybor City, a historical neighborhood close to Downtown Tampa, was founded and is populated chiefly by Spanish and Cuban immigrants. Most Latinos in Florida are of Cuban (especially in Miami and Tampa) or Puerto Rican (Miami and Orlando) ancestry, followed by Mexican (Tampa and Fort Myers/Naples) and Colombian ancestry.
New Mexico
New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated in both Spanish and English. English is the state government's paper working language, but government business is often conducted in Spanish, particularly at the local level. Spanish has been spoken in New Mexico since the 16th century.
Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, particularly the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish lost in other varieties and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language that is still spoken by the Nahua people in Mexico. New Mexican Spanish also contains loanwords from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second-person plural verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and the partial merger of the second and third conjugations.
Texas
In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language although it lacks de jure status and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants has increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Although it is a part of the Southern United States, Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic and so Spanish is commonly spoken in the region. The Texas government, in Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates providing by state agencies of information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.
Kansas
Spanish has been spoken in the state of Kansas since at least the early 1900s, primarily because of several waves of immigration from Mexico. That began with refugees fleeing the Mexican Revolution (c. 1910–1920). There are now several towns in Kansas with significant Spanish-speaking populations: Liberal, Garden City, and Dodge City all have Latino populations over 40%. Recently, linguists working with the Kansas Speaks Project have shown how high numbers of Spanish-speaking residents have influenced the dialect of English spoken in areas like Liberal and in other parts of southwest Kansas. There are many Spanish-language radio stations throughout Kansas, like KYYS in the Kansas City area as well as various Spanish-language newspapers and television stations throughout the state. Several towns in Kansas boast Spanish-English dual language immersion schools in which students are instructed in both languages for varying amounts of time. Examples include Horace Mann Elementary in Wichita, named after the famous educational reformer, and Buffalo Jones Elementary in Garden City, named after Charles "Buffalo" Jones, a frontiersman, bison preservationist, and cofounder of Garden City.
Puerto Rico
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recognizes Spanish and English as official languages, but Spanish is the dominant first language. This is largely due to the fact that the territory was under Spanish control for 400 years, and was inhabited by mainly Spanish-speaking settlers prior to being ceded to the United States in 1898.
Place names
Because much of the US was once under Spanish, and later Mexican sovereignty, many places have Spanish names dating to these times. These include the names of several states and major cities. Some of these names preserve older features of Spanish orthography, such as San Ysidro, which would be in modern Spanish. Later, many other names were created in the American period by non-Spanish speakers, often violating Spanish syntax. This includes names such as Sierra Vista.
Learning trends
In 1917, the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese was founded, and the academic study of Spanish literature was helped by negative attitudes towards German due to World War I.
Spanish is currently the most widely taught language after English in American secondary schools and higher education. More than 790,000 university students were enrolled in Spanish courses in the autumn of 2013, with Spanish the most widely taught foreign language in American colleges and universities. Some 50.6% of the over 1.5 million U.S. students enrolled in foreign-language courses took Spanish, followed by French (12.7%), American Sign Language (7%), German (5.5%), Italian (4.6%), Japanese (4.3%), Chinese (3.9%), Arabic (2.1%), and Latin (1.7%). These totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S. population.
Radio and media
Spanish language radio is the largest non-English broadcasting media. While foreign language broadcasting declined steadily, Spanish broadcasting grew steadily from the 1920s to the 1970s.
The 1930s were boom years. The early success depended on the concentrated geographical audience in Texas and the Southwest. American stations were close to Mexico, which enabled a steady circular flow of entertainers, executives and technicians and stimulated the creative initiatives of Hispanic radio executives, brokers, and advertisers. Ownership was increasingly concentrated in the 1960s and 1970s. The industry sponsored the now-defunct trade publication Sponsor from the late 1940s to 1968. Spanish-language radio has influenced American and Latino discourse on key current affairs issues such as citizenship and immigration.
Variation
There is a great diversity of accents of Spanish in the United States. The influence of English on American Spanish is very important. In many Latino (also called Hispanic) youth subcultures, it is common to mix Spanish and English to produce Spanglish, a term for code-switching between English and Spanish, or for Spanish with heavy English influence.
The Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española (North American Academy of the Spanish Language) tracks the developments of the Spanish spoken in the United States and the influences of English.
Varieties
Linguists distinguish the following varieties of the Spanish spoken in the United States:
Mexican Spanish: the US–Mexico border, throughout the Southwest from California to Texas, as well as in Chicago, but becoming ubiquitous throughout the Continental United States. Standard Mexican Spanish is often used and taught as the standard dialect of Spanish in the Continental United States.
Caribbean Spanish: Spanish as spoken by Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Dominicans. It is largely heard throughout the Northeast and Florida, especially New York City and Miami, and in other cities in the East.
Central American Spanish: Spanish as spoken by Hispanics with origins in Central American countries such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. It is largely heard in major cities throughout California and Texas, as well as Washington, DC; New York; and Miami.
South American Spanish: Spanish as spoken by Hispanics with origins in South American countries such as Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Chile, and Bolivia. It is largely heard in major cities throughout New York State, California, Texas, and Florida.
Colonial Spanish: Spanish as spoken by descendants of Spanish colonists and early Mexicans before the United States expanded and annexed the Southwest and other areas.
Californian (1769–present): California, especially the Central Coast
Isleño Spanish (1783–present): St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Sabine River Spanish: Parts of Sabine and Natchitoches Parishes, Louisiana, and the Moral community west of Nacogdoches. Moribund, originated from rural Mexican Spanish.
New Mexican Spanish: Central and north-central New Mexico and south-central Colorado and the border regions of Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, and southeastern Colorado
Many Spanish speakers in the US speak it as a heritage language.
Many of these heritage speakers are semi-speakers, or transitional bilinguals, which means they spoke Spanish in early childhood but largely switched to an English-speaking environment. They typically have a strong passive command of the language, but never fully acquired it. Other, fluent heritage speakers have not undergone such a total shift from Spanish to English in their immediate family.
Transitional bilinguals often produce errors which are rarely found among native Spanish speakers but which are common among second-language learners.
Transitional bilinguals often face difficulties in Spanish classrooms since teaching materials designed for English monolinguals and those designed for fluent heritage speakers are both inadequate.
Heritage speakers in general have a native or near-native phonology.
Dialect contact
Spanish in the US shows mixing and dialect leveling between different varieties of Spanish in large cities with Hispanics of different origins. For example, Salvadorans in Houston show a shift towards lowered rates of /s/ reduction, due to contact with the larger number of Mexican speakers and the low prestige of Salvadoran Spanish.
Los Angeles has its own vernacular Spanish variety, the result of dialect leveling between speakers of different, mainly central Mexican varieties. The children of Salvadoran parents who grow up in Los Angeles typically grow up speaking this variety. Other cities may have their own vernacular Spanish varieties as well.
Common English words derived from Spanish
Many standard American English words are of Spanish etymology, or originate from third languages but entered English via Spanish.
Admiral
Avocado ( from Nahuatl )
Aficionado
Banana (originally from Wolof)
Buckaroo ()
Cafeteria ()
Chili (from Nahuatl )
Chocolate (from Nahuatl )
Cigar ()
Corral
Coyote (from Nahuatl )
Desperado ()
Guerrilla
Guitar ()
Hurricane ( from the Taíno storm god Juracán)
Junta
Lasso ()
Patio
Potato (; see Etymology of "potato")
Ranch ()
Rodeo
Siesta
Tomato ( from Nahuatl )
Tornado
Vanilla ()
Phonology
Spanish in the US often has some phonological influence from English. For example, bilinguals who grew up in the Mesilla Valley in southern New Mexico most often pronounce as a tap instead of a trilled when it comes at the beginning of a word or after a consonant. Even in word-medial position is frequently pronounced as a tap. The use of a trill is even less frequent in northern New Mexico, where contact with monolingual Mexican Spanish is lesser.
has been reported as an allophone of in Chicano Spanish in the Southwest, both when spelled and when spelled . This is primarily due to English influence.
Although Mexican Spanish generally pronounces as a velar fricative, Chicano Spanish often realizes it as a glottal , like English's h sound. In addition, may occasionally be realized as a fricative in initial position.
Much of the variation in US Spanish pronunciation reflects the differences between other Spanish dialects and varieties:
Like in most of Hispanic America, and (before and ) are pronounced as , just like . However, seseo (not distinguishing from ) is also typical of the speech of Hispanic Americans of Andalusian and Canarian descent. Also, the English pronunciation of soft c helps to entrench seseo even though occurs in English.
Spanish in Spain, particularly the regions with a distinctive phoneme, pronounces with the tip of tongue against the alveolar ridge. Phonetically, that is an "apico-alveolar" "grave" sibilant , with a weak "hushing" sound that is reminiscent of fricatives. In the Americas and in Andalusia and the Canary Islands, both in Spain, Standard European Spanish may sound similar to like English sh as in she. However, that apico-alveolar realization of is common in some Latin American Spanish dialects which lack . Some inland Colombian Spanish, particularly Antioquia, and Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia also have an apico-alveolar .
American Spanish usually features yeísmo, with no distinction between and , and both are pronounced . However, yeísmo is an expanding and now a dominant feature of European Spanish, particularly in urban speech (Madrid, Toledo) and especially in Andalusia and the Canary Islands, but has been preserved in some rural areas of northern Spain. Speakers of Rioplatense Spanish pronounce both and as or . The traditional pronunciation of the digraph , , is preserved in some dialects along the Andes range, especially in inland Peru and the highlands of Colombia highlands, northern Argentina, and all of Bolivia and Paraguay.
Most speakers with ancestors born in the coastal regions may debuccalize or aspirate syllable-final to or entirely drop; this, está ("s/he is") sounds like or , as in southern Spain (Andalusia, Murcia, Castile–La Mancha (except the northeastern part), Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla).
(before or ) and are usually aspirated to in Caribbean and other coastal dialects as well as in Colombia, southern Mexico, and most of southern Spain. While it may be in other dialects of the Americas and often in Peru, that is a common feature of Castilian Spanish. It is usually aspirated to , like in most of southwestern Spain. Very often, especially in Argentina and Chile, becomes more fronted before high vowels and then approaches the realization of German in ich. In other phonological environments, it is realized as either or .
In many Caribbean dialects, the phonemes and can be exchanged or sound alike at the end of a syllable: caldo > ca[r]do, cardo > ca[l]do. At the end of words, becomes silent, which gives Caribbean Spanish a partial non-rhoticity. That occurs left often happens as well in Ecuador and Chile and is a feature brought from Extremadura and westernmost Andalusia, in Spain.
In many Andean regions, the alveolar trill of rata and carro is realized as an alveolar approximant or even a voiced apico-alveolar . The alveolar approximant is particularly associated with an indigenous substrate and is quite common in Andean regions, especially in inland Ecuador, Peru, most of Bolivia, and parts of northern Argentina and Paraguay.
In Puerto Rico, besides , , and , syllable-final can be realized as , an influence of American English: "verso" (verse) can become , besides , , or ; "invierno" (winter) can become , aside from , , or ; and "escarlata" (scarlet) can become , aside from , , or []. Word-finally, is usually one of the following:
a trill, a tap, approximant, , or silent before a consonant or a pause, as in amo paterno 'paternal love', and amor ,
a tap, approximant, or before a vowel-initial word, as in amo and eterno 'eternal love').
Voiced consonants , , and are pronounced as plosives after and sometimes before any consonant in most Colombian Spanish dialects (rather than the fricative or approximant characteristic of most other dialects), as in pardo , barba , algo , peligro , desde , rather than , , , , . A notable exception is the Nariño Department and most Costeño speech (Atlantic coastal dialects), which feature the soft fricatives that are common to all other Hispanic American and European dialects.
Word-finally, is frequently velar in Latin American Spanish and pan (bread) is often pronounced . To an English-speaker, the makes pan sound like pang. Velarization of word-final is so widespread in the Americas that only a few regions maintain the alveolar, , as in Europe: most of Mexico, Colombia (except for coastal dialects), and Argentina (except for some northern regions). Elsewhere, velarization is common although alveolar word-final appears among some educated speakers, especially in the media or in singing. Velar word-final is also frequent in Spain, especially in the South (Andalusia and the Canary Islands) and in the Northwest: Galicia, Asturias, and León.
Vocabulary and grammar
The vocabulary and grammar of US Spanish reflect English influence, accelerated change, and the Latin American roots of most US Spanish.
One example of English influence is that the usage of Spanish words by American bilinguals shows a convergence of semantics between English and Spanish cognates. For example, the Spanish words atender ("to pay attention to") and éxito ("success") have acquired a similar semantic range in American Spanish to the English words "attend" and "exit." In some cases, loanwords from English turn existing Spanish words into homonyms: coche has come to acquire the additional meaning of "coach" in the United States, it retains its older meaning of "car."
Other phenomena include:
Loan translations such as 'to run for', 'to apply for', and instead of 'to dream of' frequently occur.
Expressions with , such as , are widespread. Though these appear to be calques, they likely represent a semantic extension.
Spanish speakers in the US tend to use more often instead of . This is an extension of an ongoing trend within Spanish, since historically was used far less often. For more information, see Spanish copulas.
Spanish speakers in the southwest tend to use the morphological future tense exclusively to express grammatical mood. The periphrastic construction ' infinitive' is used for speaking about events that will occur in the future.
Disappearance of de (of) in certain expressions, as is the case with Canarian Spanish: esposo Rosa for esposo de Rosa, gofio millo for gofio de millo, etc.
Doublets of Arabic-Latin synonyms, with the Arabic form being more common in American Spanish, which derives from Latin American Spanish and so is influenced by Andalusian Spanish, like Andalusian and Latin American alcoba for standard peninsular habitación or dormitorio ('bedroom') or alhaja for standard joya ('jewel').
See List of words having different meanings in Spain and Hispanic America.
Future
Spanish-speakers are the fastest growing linguistic group in the United States. Continued immigration and the prevalent Spanish-language mass media (such as Univisión, Telemundo, and Azteca América) support Spanish-speakers. Moreover, the North American Free Trade Agreement makes many American manufacturers use multilingual product labeling in English, French, and Spanish, three of the four official languages of the Organization of American States (the other is Portuguese).
Besides the businesses that always have catered to Hispanophone immigrants, a small but increasing number of mainstream American retailers now advertise bilingually in Spanish-speaking areas and offer bilingual customer services. One common indicator of such businesses is Se Habla Español, which means "Spanish Is Spoken".
The annual State of the Union Address and other presidential speeches are translated into Spanish, following the precedent set by Bill Clinton's administration. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish speak in Spanish to Hispanic-majority constituencies. There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States. Magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased substantially from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.
Historically, immigrants' languages tend to disappear or to be reduced by generational assimilation. Spanish disappeared in several countries and US territories during the 20th century, notably in the Philippines and in the Pacific Island countries of Guam, Micronesia, Palau, the Northern Marianas islands, and the Marshall Islands.
The English-only movement seeks to establish English as the sole official language of the United States. Generally, they exert political public pressure upon Hispanophone immigrants to learn English and speak it publicly. As universities, business, and the professions use English, there is much social pressure to learn English for upward socio-economic mobility.
Generally, Hispanics (13.4% of the 2002 US population) are bilingual to a degree. A Simmons Market Research survey recorded that 19 percent of Hispanics speak only Spanish, 9 percent speak only English, 55 percent have limited English proficiency, and 17 percent are fully English-Spanish bilingual.
Intergenerational transmission of Spanish is a more accurate indicator of Spanish's future in the United States than raw statistical numbers of Hispanophone immigrants. Although Hispanics hold varying English proficiency levels, almost all second-generation Hispanics speak English, but about 50 percent speak Spanish at home. Two thirds of third-generation Mexican Americans speak only English at home. Calvin Veltman undertook in 1988, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of Anglicization by Hispanophone immigrants. Veltman's language shift studies document abandonment of Spanish at rates of 40 percent for immigrants who arrived in the US before the age of 14, and 70 percent for immigrants who arrived before the age of 10. The complete set of the studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census, which has not been repeated, data from the 1990 census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the Hispanic population.
Literature
American literature in Spanish dates back to 1610 when a Spanish explorer Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá first published his epic poem History of New Mexico. However, it was not until the late 20th century that Spanish, Spanglish, and bilingual poetry, plays, novels, and essays were readily available on the market through independent, trade, and commercial publishing houses and theaters. Cultural theorist Christopher González identifies Latina/o authors—such as Oscar “Zeta” Acosta, Gloria Anzaldúa, Piri Thomas, Gilbert Hernandez, Sandra Cisneros, and Junot Díaz—as having written innovative works that created new audiences for Hispanic Literature in the United States.
See also
List of most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States
List of U.S. cities with diacritics
List of U.S. communities with Hispanic majority populations
List of Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States
Biennial academic conference of Spanish in the United StatesGeneral:'
Bilingual education
Spanglish
Spanish language in the Americas
Spanish language in science and technology
List of colloquial expressions in Honduras
Spanish language in the Philippines
History of the Spanish language
Languages in the United States
References
Further reading
Spain–United States relations | [
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45676347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Highway%2032%20%28New%20Zealand%29 | State Highway 32 (New Zealand) | State Highway 32 (SH 32) is a New Zealand state highway in the Central North Island. It forms part of a western traverse of Lake Taupo and a less busy alternative to , avoiding Taupo.
Route description
The route begins at SH 1 in Tokoroa and travels west along Maraetai Road, leaving Tokoroa where the road angles in a more southerly direction through the Kinleith Forest. It eventually meets at a three way junction. From here both SH 32 and SH 30 share a short concurrency of , crossing the Waikato River over the Whakamaru Dam. Shortly after reaching the locality of Whakamaru, SH 32 leaves the concurrency and continues south. The highway continues for the remaining until it reaches Kuratau Junction and terminates with . From there, motorists can continue eastbound to reach SH 1 and complete the alternative north–south route.
Major intersections
History
SH 32, when first established, consisted of only the section between SH 30 and SH 41. In 1995, the highway was extended to Tokoroa. For many years it was the longest highway not to have a major junction with any of the single digit state highways.
See also
List of New Zealand state highways
References
External links
New Zealand Transport Agency
32
Transport in Waikato | [
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] |
2637581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20%28disambiguation%29 | Andrea (disambiguation) | Andrea is a given name common in many parts of the world.
Andrea may also refer to:
Weather
Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007), the first named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical Storm Andrea (2013), the first named storm of the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season
Ships
SS Andrea, an Italian cargo ship
SS Andrea Doria, an Italian ocean liner which capsized and sank on 25 July 1956
Media
Andrea (film), a 1973 Argentine musical comedy film
Andrea (The Spanish Tragedy), a character in Thomas Kyd's play The Spanich Tragedy
Andrea (The Walking Dead), a character in the comic book and television series The Walking Dead
Andrea Chénier, colloquially Andrea, an 1896 opera by Umberto Giordano
Andrea, a character in the animated family comedy film Chibi Maruko-chan: A Boy From Italy
Andrea (Bulgarian singer), or her eponymous 2010 album
Albums
Andrea (Andrea Bocelli album), 2004
Andrea (The Sunrays album) or the title song (see below), 1966
Songs
"Andrea" (song), by the Sunrays, 1966
"Andrea", by Fabrizio De André from Rimini, 1978
"Andrea", by Toronto from Greatest Hits, 1984
Other uses
Project Andrea, an effort by the Chilean military dictatorship to manufacture sarin gas
See also
Andria (disambiguation) | [
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] |
67534464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich%20Flade | Dietrich Flade | Dietrich Flade (died 1589) was a German lawyer, judge and educator. He was one of the most known victims of the Trier witch trials. He was active as a judge during the Trier witch trials until he himself was arrested and executed for sorcery.
References
1589 deaths
Witch trials in Germany
16th-century executions in the Holy Roman Empire
People executed by strangulation
People executed for witchcraft | [
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69298176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Busby | William Busby | William Busby may refer to:
William Busby (priest)
William Busby (politician)
William S. Busby, United States Air Force general | [
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] |
68090696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Lucero | Steve Lucero | Steve Lucero (born 29 June 1964) is a former speedway rider from the United States.
Speedway career
Lucero is a two times North American champion, winning the AMA National Speedway Championship in 1988 and 1996.
He rode in the top tier of British Speedway in 1984, riding for the Eastbourne Eagles and the Wolverhampton Wolves.
References
1964 births
Living people
American speedway riders
Eastbourne Eagles riders
Wolverhampton Wolves riders | [
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11916114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capaz%20de%20Todo | Capaz de Todo | Capaz de Todo (Capable of Everything) is the debut album of the Spanish boy band – D'Nash, previously known as Nash. The original album was released on March 27, 2006 in Spain. After that, the album had been re-released twice.
Album information
Preceded by debut single of the same name, Capaz de Todo was released on March 27, 2006. The album debuted at number 23 in the Spanish albums chart and soon left the chart. Officially, one more single was released from this original album, which was "Dónde Estás".
On November 27, 2006, the album was re-released as a Christmas special under the title Capaz de Todo (Edición Special). The album included two new songs, the Christmas single promoting it, "Más Allá de las Estrellas", and "Qué Sabes del Amor". This edition did not chart in the usual top 50.
After winning the February-held selection of becoming the representatives of Spain in the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest, they re-released the album again on April 17, 2007, with the name Capaz de Todo: Misión Eurovisión. The album was promoted with the Eurovision entry song "I Love You Mi Vida", which landed on the 20th place in the contest. Aside from this song, the Misión Eurovisión version contains 6 songs that do not appear on the first release, including "Qué Sabes del Amor", which was featured on the Special Christmas edition, and the Ben E. King cover "Stand by Me". The latter turned to be their last second and last single from this album. This re-edidion landed on number 23 too, as the original album did. It stayed for four more weeks in the top 50 after its release.
All singles released from the album were backed with a music video, except for "Más Allá de las Estrellas" and "Stand by Me".
Track listings
"Capaz de Todo" (William Luque, Alejandro Parreño, Gonzalo Parreño, Pablo Torres) – 3:56
"Un, Dos, Cuatro" (Vanesa Cortés) – 3:29
"Sobrenatural" (Renny Manzano) – 4:13
"Lo Haré por Ti" (Fede Monreal) – 3:58
"Perversa" (William Luque) – 3:32
"Dónde Estás" (P. Assarsson, N. Edberger, J. Fransson, T.M. Larsson, T. Lundgren) – 3:58
"Se Cancela" (William Luque, Pablo Torres) – 3:36
"Dejarte Ir" (Esteban Camacho, Francisco Colinet, Antonio Ortiz, Michael Sotomayor) – 4:10
"Sexy" (Esteban Camacho, Francisco Colinet, Gabriel Oré, Antonio Ortiz, Michael Sotomayor) – 3:11
"Siempre Serás" (Penny Manzano, Benny Terán) – 4:47
"Escúchame" (Sergio Dominguez, Gabriel Oré) – 3:18
"Come to My Party" (Esteban Camacho, Francisco Colinet, Antonio Ortiz, Gonzalo Parreño, Michael Sotomayor, Pablo Torres) – 3:51
Capaz de Todo (Edición Special)"Capaz de Todo" – 3:56
"Un, Dos, Cuatro" – 3:29
"Sobrenatural" – 4:13
"Qué Sabes del Amor" – 3:34
"Lo Haré por Ti" – 3:58
"Perversa" – 3:32
"Dónde Estás" – 3:58
"Se Cancela" – 3:36
"Dejarte Ir" – 4:10
"Sexy" – 3:11
"Siempre Serás" – 4:47
"Escúchame" – 3:18
"Come to My Party" – 3:51
"Más Allá de las Estrellas" – 4:29Capaz de Todo: Misión Eurovisión
"Capaz de Todo" – 3:56
"I Love You Mi Vida" – 3:01
"Un, Dos, Cuatro" – 3:29
"Sobrenatural" – 4:13
"Qué Sabes del Amor" – 3:34
"Lo Haré por Ti" – 3:58
"Perversa" – 3:32
"Dónde Estás" – 3:58
"Se Cancela" – 3:36
"Dejarte Ir" – 4:10
"Sexy" – 3:11
"Siempre Serás" – 4:47
"Escúchame" – 3:18
"Come to My Party" – 3:51
"Stand by Me" – 2:02
"Busco una Chica" – 2:56
"Una Lágrima" – 2:58
"Tu Voz Se Apagara" – 2:56
"La Reina de la Noche" – 2:59
Charts, certifications and sales
References
External links
D'Nash Official web site
2006 debut albums
D'Nash albums | [
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23409636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomarchus | Onomarchus | Onomarchus () was general of the Phocians in the Third Sacred War, brother of Philomelus and son of Theotimus. After his brother's death he became commander of the Phocians and pursued a warmongering policy until his final defeat.
Commander of the Phocians
Onomarchus commanded a division of the Phocian army under his brother, Philomelus, in the action at Tithorea, in which Philomelus perished. After the battle Onomarchus gathered the remains of the Phocian army and retreated to Delphi. An assembly of the people was held, in which Onomarchus strongly urged the prosecution of the war—in opposition to the counsels of the more moderate party.
In the winter of 354 / 353 BC, the Phocians decided to make Onomarchus supreme commander, in place of Philomelus. As far as the funding of his campaign was concerned, Onomarchus went a step further than his brother and predecessor, who had 'borrowed' from the sacred treasures of Delphi, keeping, however, scrupulous records. He actually confiscated the property of all those states who were opposed to Phocis and made full use of the accumulated wealth of the shrine. Using the treasures of Delphi he was able to assemble and maintain a large body of mercenary troops, in addition to bribing many of the hostile states, allowing him to influence the Thessalians to abandon their allies and take up a neutral position. Thus, disencumbered from his most dangerous antagonists, he was more than a match for his remaining foes.
Campaigning
Onomarchus' campaigning began in 353 BC.
He invaded Locris, took the town of Thronium, compelled Amphissa to surrender, ravaged the Dorian Tetrapolis, and finally turned his arms against Boeotia, where he took Orchomenus and laid siege to Chaeronea, but was compelled to retreat without effecting anything more.
Following the siege of Chaeronea, his assistance was requested by Lycophron, a tyrant of Pherae who was being attacked by Philip II of Macedon. At first Onomarchus sent his brother Phayllus into Thessaly with an army of 7000 men, but they were defeated by Philip's armies. Onomarchus then marched with his entire force to support Lycophron, defeated Philip in two successive battles, and drove him out of Thessaly.
Onomarchus then returned to Boeotia, whose forces he defeated in a battle and took the city of Coroneia. He was recalled once more to the assistance of Lycophron, against Philip, who had again invaded Thessaly. Onomarchus hastened to support his ally with an infantry of 20,000 men and a cavalry of 500 (another source suggests 3000 horse). Philip, however, outnumbered him: a pitched battle ensued, in which the superiority of the Thessalian cavalry decided the victory in favour of Philip.
Defeat
Onomarchus was defeated in the Battle of the Crocus Field. This battle was fought in c. 352 BC between the armies of Phocis, under Onomarchos, and the combined Thessalian and Macedonian army under Philip II. The Phocians were decisively defeated by Philip's forces.
Death
The details concerning Onomarchus' death in 352 BC vary in the written sources.
Reportedly, Onomarchus and many of the fugitives plunged into the sea in the hope of swimming to the Athenian ships under Chares which were lying off the shore.
The Roman historian, Eusebius states he drowned in this effort. Diodorus (XVI 35 ) asserts he was taken prisoner and put to death by Phillip. Pausanias states that he died from the darts of his own soldiers.
Onomarchus' body fell into the hands of Philip, who had it crucified as punishment for his sacrilege. Some sources relate that he also killed 3000 Phocian hostages as a punishment for the sacrilege they committed against the Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi two years earlier.
References
Ancient Phocian generals
People who died under the reign of Philip II of Macedon
4th-century BC executions
Year of birth unknown | [
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29719459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer%20Nunatak | Killer Nunatak | Killer Nunatak () is a granite nunatak, high, near the center of the Emlen Peaks, northwest of Mount Phelan, in the Usarp Mountains of Antarctica. It was named by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1963–64, for its distinctive outline resembling the dorsal fin of a killer whale.
References
Nunataks of Victoria Land
Pennell Coast | [
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] |
14358570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20S%C3%B6llner | Paul Söllner | Paul Söllner (5 June 1911 – 8 April 1991) was a German rower who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Davos and died in Murnau am Staffelsee. In 1936 he won the gold medal as member of the German boat in the coxed four competition. He was member of the Ludwigshafener Ruderverein.
References
External links
Profile on Database Olympics
1911 births
1991 deaths
Olympic rowers of Germany
Rowers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in rowing
German male rowers
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
People from Ludwigshafen
People from Davos | [
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483130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina-class%20battleship | North Carolina-class battleship | The North Carolina class was a group of two fast battleships, and , built for the United States Navy in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
In planning a new battleship class in the 1930s, the US Navy was heavily constrained by international treaty limitations, which included a requirement that all new capital ships have a standard displacement of under . This restriction meant that the navy could not construct a ship with the firepower, armor, and speed that they desired, and the balancing uncertainty that resulted meant that the navy considered fifty widely varying designs.
Eventually, the General Board of the United States Navy declared its preference for a battleship with a speed of , faster than any in US service, with a main battery of nine /50 caliber Mark B guns. The board believed that these ships would be balanced enough to effectively take on a multitude of roles. However, the acting Secretary of the Navy authorized a modified version of a different design, which in its original form had been rejected by the General Board. This called for a ship with twelve 14-inch guns in quadruple turrets and protection against guns of the same caliber. In a major departure from traditional American design practices, this design prioritized firepower at the cost of speed and protection. After construction had begun, the United States invoked a so-called "escalator clause" in the international treaty to increase the class' main armament to nine /45 caliber Mark 6 guns.
Both North Carolina and Washington saw extensive service during the Second World War in a variety of roles, primarily in the Pacific Theater where they escorted fast carrier task forces, such as during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and conducted shore bombardments. Washington also participated in a surface engagement, the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, where its radar-directed main batteries fatally damaged the Japanese battleship . Both battleships were damaged during the war, with North Carolina taking a torpedo hit in 1942 and Washington colliding with in 1944. After the end of the war, both ships remained in commission for a brief time before being laid up in reserve. In the early 1960s, North Carolina was sold to the state of North Carolina as a museum ship, and Washington was broken up for scrap.
Background
After the end of the First World War, several navies continued and expanded naval construction programs that they had started during the conflict. The United States' 1916 program called for six s and five battleships; in December 1918, the administration of President Woodrow Wilson called for building an additional ten battleships and six battlecruisers. The 1919–1920 General Board proposals planned for slightly smaller, but still significant, acquisitions beyond the 1916 plan: two battleships and a battlecruiser for the fiscal year 1921, and three battleships, a battlecruiser, four aircraft carriers and thirty destroyers between the fiscal years 1922 and 1924. The United Kingdom was in the final stages of ordering eight capital ships (the G3 battlecruisers, with the first's keel laying in 1921, and N3-class battleships, to be laid down beginning in 1922). Imperial Japan was, by 1920, attempting to build up to an 8-8 standard of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers or cruisers with the , , , and classes. Two ships from these designs were to be laid down per year until 1928.
With the staggering costs associated with such programs, the United States' Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes invited delegations from the major maritime powers—France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom—to come together in Washington, D.C. to discuss, and hopefully end, the naval arms race. The subsequent Washington Naval Conference resulted in the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. Along with many other provisions, it limited all future battleships to a standard displacement of and a maximum gun caliber of 16 inches. It also decreed that the five countries could not construct another capital ship for ten years and could not replace any ship that survived the treaty until it was at least twenty years old. The 1936 Second London Naval Treaty kept many of the Washington treaty's requirements but restricted gun size on new warships to 14 inches.
The treaties heavily influenced the design of the North Carolina class, as can be attested to in the long quest to find a ship that incorporated everything the US Navy considered necessary while remaining under 35,000 long tons.
Design
Early
The General Board began preparations for a new class of battleships in May–July 1935, and three design studies were submitted to them. "A" would be armed with nine guns in triple turrets, all forward of the bridge; capable of 30 knots; and armored against 14-inch shells. "B" and "C" would both be over , able to reach , and armored against 14-inch shells. The major difference between the two was the planned main battery, as "B" had twelve 14-inch guns in triple turrets, while "C" had eight 16-inch/45-caliber guns in dual turrets. "A" was the only one to remain within the 35,000-ton displacement limit set in the Washington Naval Treaty and reaffirmed in the Second London Naval Treaty. When the Bureau of Ordnance introduced a "super-heavy" 16-inch shell, the ships were redesigned in an attempt to provide protection against it, but this introduced severe weight problems; two of the designs were nearly over the treaty limit.
Although these original three studies were all "fast" battleships, the General Board was not committed to the higher maximum speeds. It posed questions to the Naval War College, asking for their opinion as to whether the new class should be a "conventional" ship with an eight-nine, 16-inch main battery, or rather one akin to "A", "B" or "C".
Five more design studies were produced in late September 1935, which had characteristics of 23–30.5 knots, eight or nine 14- or 16-inch guns, and a standard displacement between . Designs "D" and "E" were attempts at fast battleships with 16-inch guns and protections against the same, but their displacement was greater than the Washington Naval Treaty allowed. Design "F" was a radical attempt at a hybrid battleship-carrier, with three catapults mounted fore and eight 14-inch guns aft. It was reportedly favored by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, but as aircraft launched from catapults were necessarily inferior to most carrier- or land-based aircraft because of the floats used to land, nothing came of the design. Designs "G" and "H" were slower 23-knot ships with nine 14-inch guns; in particular, "H" was thought to be a very well balanced design by the Preliminary Design section of the Bureau of Construction and Repair. However, the General Board finally decided to use faster ships, which "G" and "H" were not.
These studies demonstrated the difficulty the designers faced with a displacement of 35,000 tons. They could choose a faster ship, able to steam at 30 knots, but that would force them to mount a lighter armament and armor than contemporary foreign battleships. Alternatively, they could choose a lower maximum speed and mount heavier guns, but fitting in adequate protection against newer 16-inch guns would be extremely difficult. The Preliminary Design section drew up five more studies in October, based upon "A" with additional armor or a scaled-down "B"; all used 14-inch guns and called for at least 30 knots. Two called for four turrets, but they would be too heavy and mount less armor. Another, "K," would have a belt and deck, giving it a immune zone against the United States' super-heavy 14-inch shell. While "K" was liked by the naval constructors, its designed standard displacement of 35,000 tons left little room for error, modifications, or improvements . The final two designs, "L" and "M," would use quadruple turrets to save weight (similar to the French ) while still mounting 12 guns.
Many officers in the United States Navy supported the construction of three or four fast battleships for carrier escorts and to counter Japan's . These included the acting Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral William Standley, the president of the Naval War College Admiral William S. Pye, a small majority (9–7) of senior officers at sea, and five of six line officers engaged in strategic planning as part of the War Plans Division, although at least one officer believed that an aerial attack would also be capable of sinking the Kongōs. With the above recommendations, the General Board selected "K" to undergo further development.
Final
At least 35 different final designs were proposed. All numbered with Roman numerals ("I" through "XVI-D"), the first five were completed on 15 November 1935. They were the first to employ so-called "paper" weight reductions: not counting certain weights towards the ship's 35,000 long ton treaty limit that were not specifically part of the definition of standard displacement. In this case, even though there was designed storage room for 100 shells per main battery gun and an extra 100 rounds, the weight of the rounds did not figure toward the treaty-mandated limit.
These final designs varied greatly in everything but their standard displacements and speeds. Just one was over the treaty displacement limit; every other design called for 35,000 long tons. Only five planned for a top speed of under ; of those, only one was lower than : "VII", with . "VII" returned to a lower speed to obtain more firepower (twelve 14-inch guns in triple turrets) and protection; as such, the design called for only and a length of only . Most other plans called for or , although a few had lengths between and . Several different gun mountings were examined, including eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve 14-inch guns; eight 14-inch guns in two quadruple turrets, and even one design with two quadruple 16-inch guns.
One specific design, "XVI," was a , ship with twelve 14-inch guns, a belt, and a deck thick. Produced on 20 August 1936, the Bureau of Ordnance found many problems in it. For example, model tests showed that at high speeds, waves generated by the hull would leave certain lower parts of the ship uncovered by water or adequate armor, including around the explosive magazines, and the Bureau believed that hits around this part of the hull were easily possibly when fighting at ranges between . Other problems included the design's defense against aircraft-dropped bombs, as the Bureau thought the formula used to calculate its effectiveness was not realistic, and the tapering of a fore bulkhead below the waterline could worsen underwater shell hits because the mostly unarmored bow could easily be penetrated. The proposed solutions for these issues were all impractical: added patches of armor around the magazines could neutralize the effectiveness of the ship's torpedo-defense system, and deepening the belt near the bow and stern would put the ships over the 35,000 long ton limit. The General Board detested this design, saying it was "not ... a true battleship" due to its speed and armor problems.
To address these problems, a final set of designs was presented by the Preliminary Design section in October 1936. Designated "XVI-B" through "XVI-D," they were all modifications of the "XVI" plan. These added an extra of length to "XVI" for greater speed, but the resulting weight increase meant that only eleven 14-inch guns could be mounted with a thin belt. Another gun could be traded for a belt, and yet another could be swapped for more speed and an extra tenth of an inch of belt armor; this became design "XVI-C". The General Board liked "XVI-C" very much, seeing in it a ship that had enough protection to fight—and survive—in a battle line formed with the US' older battleships while also having enough speed to operate in a detached wing with aircraft carrier or cruiser commerce raiding groups.
However, one member of the Board, Admiral Joseph Reeves—one of the principal developers of the United States' aircraft carrier strategy—disliked "XVI-C" because he believed that it was not fast enough to work with the fast carriers, and it was not powerful enough to justify its cost. Instead, he advocated a development of the previously rejected "XVI", adding additional underwater protection and patches of armor within the ship to make the magazines immune to above- and below-water shell hits from and beyond. The immune zone's outer limit was increased from to . After further revisions, Reeves went to Standley, the Chief of Naval Operations, who approved "XVI" in its newly modified form over the hopes of the General Board, who still thought that "XVI-C" should be built. Standley's only addition to the characteristics was to be able to switch from quadruple 14-inch to triple turrets if the "escalator clause" in the Second London Naval Treaty was invoked.
With these parameters now set, "XVI" would become the basis of the North Carolina class' as-built design despite additional additional back and forth over the design's final particulars. These included an increase in armor; something allowed by the finding of more on-paper weight savings; the armor's slope was increased from 10° to 13°, and eventually settled at 15°; a months-long debate on the propulsion machinery's layout was finally concluded, and other minor changes.
The "escalator clause"
Although the Second London Naval Treaty stipulated that warship guns could be no larger than 14 inches, a so-called "escalator clause" was included at the urging of American negotiators in case any country that had signed the Washington Naval Treaty refused to adhere to this new limit. The provision allowed signatory countries of the Second London Treaty—France, the United Kingdom and the United States—to raise the limit from 14 to 16 inches if Japan or Italy still refused to sign after 1 April 1937. When figuring potential configurations for the North Carolinas, designers focused most of their planning on 14-inch weaponry; Standley's requirement meant that a switch from 14- to 16-inch, even after the ships' keels had been laid, was possible. Japan formally rejected the 14-inch limit on 27 March 1937, meaning that the "escalator clause" could be invoked. There were hurdles that still needed to be overcome, though: Roosevelt was under heavy political pressure and, as a result, was reluctant to allow the 16-inch gun.
Admiral Reeves also came out strongly in favor of the larger weapon. In a two-page letter to Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson and indirectly to Roosevelt, Reeves argued that the 16-inch gun's significantly greater armor penetration was of paramount importance, drawing examples from the First World War's Battle of Jutland, where some battleships were able to survive ten or twenty hits from large guns, but other battlecruisers were blown up in three to seven hits because the shells were able to cut through the armor protecting magazines and turrets. Reeves also argued that the larger gun would favor the "indirect method" of shooting then being developed, where airplanes would be used to relay targeting information to allied battleships so that they could bombard targets that were out of their sight or over the horizon, because new battleships being built by foreign powers would have more armor. Reeves believed that if the 14-inch gun was adopted, it would not be able to penetrate this larger amount of protection, whereas the 16-inch would be able to break through.
In a final vain attempt, Roosevelt's Secretary of State Cordell Hull sent a telegram on 4 June to the Ambassador to Japan Joseph Grew instructing him that the United States would still accept a cap of 14-inch guns if he could get Japan to as well. The Japanese replied that they could not accept this unless the number of battleships was also limited; they wanted the United States and the United Kingdom to agree to having an equal number of battleships with Japan, but this was a condition that the two countries refused to accept. On 24 June, the two North Carolinas were ordered with the 14-inch weapons, but on 10 July, Roosevelt directed that they be armed with triple 16-inch instead.
Specifications
General characteristics
The North Carolina was long at the waterline and long overall. The maximum beam was while waterline beam was due to the inclination of the armor belt. In 1942, the standard displacement was while full load displacement was , while maximum draft was . At design combat displacement of , the mean draft was and (GM) metacentric height was . As designed, the crew complement was 1,880 with 108 officers and 1,772 enlisted. By 1945, the considerable increase in anti-aircraft armament and their crew accommodations had increased full load displacement to , while crew complement increased to 2,339 with 144 officers and 2,195 enlisted. After the end of World War II, the crew complement was reduced to 1,774.
The North Carolina class hull feature a bulbous bow and had an unusual stern design for the time by placing the two inboard propulsion shafts in skegs. This was theorized to improve flow conditions to the propellers. Initial model basin testing for various stem configurations suggested that the skeg arrangement could reduce resistance, although later testing during the design process of the battleship would indicate an increase in drag. The skegs improved the structural strength of the stern by acting as girders and also provided structural continuity for the torpedo bulkheads. However, the skegs also contributed to severe vibration problems with the class that required extensive testing and modifications to mitigate. The problem was particularly acute near the aft main battery director, which required additional reinforcing braces due to the vibrations. Nevertheless, skegs would be improved and incorporated in the designs of all subsequent American battleships, with vibration problems largely eliminated on the Iowa class battleships.
Armament
North Carolina and Washington were principally armed with nine /45 caliber (cal) Mark 6 guns and twenty /38 cal Mark 12 guns. Their lighter armament consisted of varying numbers of /75 caliber, .50 caliber machine guns, Bofors 40 mm and Oerlikon 20 mm.
Main battery
Mounted on both the North Carolina class and the follow-up , the nine 16 in/45 were improved versions of the guns mounted on the s, hence the designation of "Mark 6". A major alteration from the older guns was the Mark 6's ability to fire a new armor-piercing (AP) shell developed by the Bureau of Ordnance. At full charge with a brand-new gun, the heavy shell would be expelled at a muzzle velocity of . At a reduced charge, the same shell would be fired at . Barrel life—the approximate number of rounds a gun could fire before needing to be relined or replaced—was 395 shells when using AP, although if only practice shells were used this figure was significantly higher: 2,860. Turning at 4 degrees a second, each turret could train to 150 degrees on either side of the ship. The guns could be elevated to a maximum inclination of 45 degrees; turrets one and three could depress to −2 degrees, but due to its superfiring position, the guns on turret two could only depress to 0 degrees.
Each gun was long overall; its bore and rifling length were and , respectively. Maximum range with the heavy AP shell was obtained at an inclination of 45 degrees: . At the same elevation a lighter high capacity (HC) shell would travel . The guns weighed not including the breech; the turrets weighed .
When firing the same shell, the 16-inch/45 Mark 6 had a slight advantage over the 16-inch/50 Mark 7 when hitting deck armor—a shell from a 45 cal gun would be slower, meaning that it would have a steeper trajectory as it descended. At , a shell from a 45 cal would strike a ship at an angle of 47.5 degrees, as opposed to 38 degrees with the 50 cal.
Secondary battery
The North Carolinas carried ten Mark 28 Mod 0 enclosed base ring mounts, each supporting twin 5-inch/38-caliber Mark 12 guns Originally designed to be mounted on destroyers built in the 1930s, these guns were so successful that they were added to a myriad of American ships during the Second World War, including every major ship type and many smaller warships constructed between 1934 and 1945. They were considered to be "highly reliable, robust and accurate" by the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance.
The 5-inch/38 functioned as a dual purpose gun. However, this did not mean that it possessed inferior anti-air abilities; as established during 1941 gunnery tests conducted on board North Carolina, the gun possessed the ability to consistently shoot down aircraft flying at , which was twice as far as the effective range of the earlier single purpose 5-inch/25 anti-air gun.
Each 5-inch/38 weighed almost without the breech. The entire mount weighed . It was long overall, had a bore length of , and had a rifling length of . The gun could fire shells at about ; about 4,600 could be fired before the barrel needed to be replaced. Minimum and maximum elevations were −15 and 85 degrees, respectively. The guns' elevation could be raised or lowered at about 15 degrees per second. Loading was possible at any elevation. The mounts closest to the bow and stern could aim from −150 to 150 degrees; the others were restricted to −80 to 80 degrees. They could be turned at about 25 degrees per second.
Smaller weaponry
The remaining weaponry on board the two North Carolinas was composed of differing numbers of 1.1"/75 caliber guns, .50 caliber machine guns, Bofors 40 mm and Oerlikon 20 mm cannons. Although the ships were originally designed to carry only four quadruple 1.1 in and twelve .50 caliber, this was greatly increased and upgraded during the war.
On both ships, two more quadruple sets of 1.1 in guns were added in place of two searchlights amidships. After it was torpedoed in 1942, North Carolina had these removed and ten quadruple sets of 40 mm guns added. Fourteen were present by June 1943, while a fifteenth mount was added on top of the third main turret that November. Washington retained its six 1.1 in quads until the middle of 1943, when ten quad 40 mm guns replaced them. By August, it had fifteen. The two ships carried these through to the close of the war.
The .50 caliber machine guns did not have the range or power needed to combat modern aircraft and were scheduled for replacement by equal numbers of 20 mm guns, but nothing immediately came of the proposal. In fact, both North Carolina and Washington carried 20 mm and .50 caliber guns for most of 1942. In April, North Carolina had, respectively, forty and twelve, while Washington had twenty and twelve. Two months later, the number of 20 mm guns remained the same, but twelve .50 caliber guns had been added. By September, Washington had twenty more 20 mm guns added, for a total of forty, but five were removed—along with all of the .50 caliber guns—shortly thereafter when two quadruple sets of 1.1 in guns were added. In its refit after being torpedoed, North Carolina had an additional six 20 mm guns added and all of its .50 caliber weapons removed. Washington had sixty-four 20 mm weapons by April 1943, prior to one single mount being replaced by a quadruple mount, and North Carolina had fifty-three by March 1944. In April 1945, North Carolina was assigned to have fifty-six 20 mm, while Washington was assigned seventy-five. In August 1945, the ships both had eight twin 20 mm mounts; North Carolina also carried twenty single, while Washington carried one quad and sixty-three single.
Electronics
Both North Carolina and Washington, designed prior to radar, were originally fitted with many fire-control and navigational optical range-finders. The former lasted until 1944, when it was replaced by a Mark 27 microwave radar supplemented by a Mark 3 main armament fire control radar. The range-finders were removed in favor of additional 20 mm guns sometime between the end of 1941 and mid-1942. In addition, the ships were commissioned with two Mark 38 directors and were originally fitted with a CXAM air search, two Mark 3s and three Mark 4 secondary armament.
By November 1942, North Carolina had an additional Mark 4 and a SG surface search radar added. The normal battleship configuration was present aboard North Carolina in April 1944, with SK and SG radars (air and surface search, respectively), a backup SG, and Mark 8s to direct its main battery. All of the Mark 4s remained for the secondary battery, and one of the older Mark 3s was still present, possibly as a backup for the Mark 8s. An SK-2 dish replaced the older SK radar and Mark 12s and 22s superseded the Mark 4s in September of that year. Aside from never receiving an SK-2, Washington was the recipient of similar upgrades.
Both ships underwent extensive refits near the end or after the war. North Carolina received a secondary air search set (SR) and a SCR-720 zenith search radar on the forward funnel. At the end of the war, it had an SP surface-search, a SK-2 air-search, a Mark 38 main battery fire control system with Mark 13 and 27 radars, a Mark 37 secondary battery fire control system with Mark 12, 22 and 32 radars, and a Mark 57 smaller weaponry fire control system, with a Mark 34 radar. In March 1946, Washington had a SK fore and a SR aft, a SG both fore and aft, and a TDY jammer (which could scramble radar on other ships).
Propulsion
[[File:No.2 machinery space of USS North Carolina (BB-55) during construction.jpg|thumb|left|North Carolina'''s No. 2 machinery space under construction, seen from the port side of the ship on 16 January 1939; the No. 4 boiler has just been installed|alt=A cavernous steel room, with two large rectangular boilers inside; a number of men are working on the machines.]]
The ships in the North Carolina class were equipped with four General Electric geared turbines and eight Babcock & Wilcox three-drum express type boilers. The ships' powerplant incorporated several recent developments in turbine equipment, including double helical reduction gears and high-pressure steam technology. North Carolinas boilers supplied steam at and as hot as . To meet the design requirement of , the engine system was originally designed to supply , but the new technologies increased this output to . Despite this increase, the maximum speed for the ships did not change, since the modifications to the powerplant were incorporated later in the design process. The turbines that had already been installed could not fully take advantage of the higher pressure and temperature steam, and so the level of efficiency was not as high as it should have been. When going astern, the engines provided .Whitley, Battleships, 291
The engine system was divided into four engine rooms, all on the centerline. Each room contained a turbine and two boilers, without any division between the boilers and turbines. This was done to limit the risk of capsizing should the ship sustain heavy flooding in the engine rooms. The engine rooms alternated in their layout: the first and third engine rooms were arranged with the turbine on the starboard side and its corresponding boilers on the port, this was reversed in the second and fourth rooms. The forward-most engine room powered the starboard outer shaft, the second turbine drove the outer screw on the port side, the third engine supplied power to the inner starboard propeller, and the fourth turbine drove the port-side inner screw. All four screws had four blades; the two outer propellers were in diameter and the inner pair were wide. Steering was controlled by a pair of rudders.
At the time of their commissioning, the ships had a top speed of , though by 1945, with the addition of other equipment, such as anti-aircraft weaponry, their maximum speed was reduced to . The increases in weight also reduced the ships' cruising range. In 1941, the ships could steam for at a cruising speed of ; by 1945, the range at that speed was reduced to . At , the range was considerably lower, at .
Electrical power was supplied by eight generators. Four were turbo-generators designed for naval use; these provided 1,250 kilowatts each. The other four were diesel generators that supplied 850 kilowatts each. Two smaller diesel generators—each provided 200 kilowatts—supplied emergency power should the main system be damaged. Total electrical output was 8,400 kilowatts, not including the emergency generators, at 450 volts on an alternating current.
Armor
The North Carolina class incorporated "all or nothing" armor which weighed 41% of the total displacement; it consisted of an "armored raft" that extended from just forward of the first gun turret to just aft of the rear gun turret. They had a main armored belt that was thick amidships, inclined at 15°, and backed by Special Treatment Steel (STS). This tapered down to on the lower edge of the belt. The ships had three armored decks; their main deck was thick, the second, thickest deck was of armor laminated on STS for a total of , and the third and thinnest deck was thick. The first deck was designed to cause delay-fuzed projectiles to detonate, while the thicker second deck would protect the ships' internals. The third deck was intended to protect against shell splinters that might have penetrated the second deck; it also acted as the upper support for the torpedo bulkheads. The conning tower was connected to the armored citadel by a thick communications tube. Armor thickness for the conning tower itself ranged from on both sides to on the front and rear. The roof was thick and the bottom was thick.Whitley, Battleships, 290
The main battery turrets were heavily armored: the turret faces were 16-inch thick, the sides were thick, the rear sides were thick, and the roofs were thick. Sixteen–inch-thick armor was the maximum width factories were able to produce at the time of the ships' design; by 1939, however, it was possible to create -thick plates. These were not installed because it was estimated that the conversion would delay completion of the ships by 6 to 8 months. The barbettes that held the turrets were also strongly protected. The front portion was , the sides increased to 16 in, and the rear portion reduced to . The 5-inch gun turrets, along with their ammunition magazines, were armored with STS plates.
The side protection system incorporated five compartments divided by torpedo bulkheads and a large anti-torpedo bulge that ran the length of the "armored raft". The outer two compartments, the innermost compartment and the bulge would remain empty, while the third and fourth compartments would be filled with liquid. The system was reduced in depth at either end by the forward and rear gun turrets. In these areas, the fifth compartment was deleted; instead, there was an outer empty compartment and two liquid-filled spaces, backed by another empty compartment. To compensate for the reduced underwater protection system, these sections received additional armor plating, up to in thickness. The complete system was deep and designed to withstand warheads of up to of TNT. Underwater protection was rounded out by a triple bottom that was deep. The bottom layer was thick and was kept filled with fluid, while the upper thick layer was kept empty. The triple bottom was also heavily subdivided to prevent catastrophic flooding should the upper layer be penetrated.
Service
Construction
Two ships, each to cost about $50 million, were authorized in January 1937. Five shipyards submitted bids to build one of the two planned ships. Three were privately run corporations: Bethlehem Shipbuilding, New York Shipbuilding and Newport News Shipbuilding. The other two, the New York Naval Shipyard and Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, were run by the government. When bids were reviewed, the privately run shipyards' submissions ranged from $46 to 50 million, while their government counterparts came in at $37 million. Newport News was unique among these in refusing any fixed monetary value in favor of a "cost-plus %" price, but this led to the rejection of their bid out of hand.
The bids from private companies were heavily influenced by the legislation of the New Deal. The Vinson-Trammell Act limited profit from a ship's construction to 10 percent, while the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act specified a minimum wage and required working conditions for workers. The latter act greatly affected the ability of the navy to acquire steel, as the text of the law caused friction between executives in the industry, who greatly disliked the forty-hour work week and minimum wage requirements, and their workers—who themselves were embroiled in a separate dispute pitting the union of the skilled workers, the American Federation of Labor, against the union of the unskilled, the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Amid the unrest, the navy ran into difficulties trying to acquire 18 million pounds of steel to build six destroyers and three submarines; many more pounds than this would be needed for the new battleships.
The private shipyards, however, had their own labor problems, so much so that one author described the navy's issues as "minimal" compared to their shipbuilding counterparts. This increased the price of the battleships to $60 million each, so the Bureau of Steam Engineering and Bureau of Construction and Repair recommended to their superiors that the $37 million tenders from the two navy yards be accepted. This was confirmed by Roosevelt, as the private shipyards' bids were seen as unjustly inflated. The contracts for North Carolina and Washington—names had been officially chosen on 3 May 1937—were sent to the New York and Philadelphia yards, respectively, on 24 June 1937. Shortly after this announcement, Roosevelt was bombarded with heavy lobbying from citizens and politicians from Camden and the state of New Jersey, in an ultimately futile attempt to have the construction of North Carolina shifted to Camden's New York Shipbuilding; such a contract would keep many men employed in that area. Roosevelt refused, saying that the disparity in price was too great. Instead, the company was awarded two destroyer tenders in December 1937, and .
Construction of the North Carolina class was slowed by the aforementioned material issues, the changes made to the basic design after this date—namely the substitution of 16-inch for 14-inch guns—and the need to add both length and strength to the slipways already present in the navy yards. Increased use of welding was proposed as a possible way to reduce weight and bolster the structural design, as it could have reduced the ships' structural weight by 10%, but it was used in only about 30% of the ship. The costs associated with welding and an increase in the time of construction made it impractical.
North Carolina
was laid down on 27 October 1937, the first battleship begun by the United States since the never-completed South Dakota class of the early 1920s. Although North Carolina was launched on 13 June 1940 and commissioned on 9 April 1941, it did not go on active duty because of acute longitudinal vibrations from its propeller shafts. A problem shared with its sister Washington and some other ships like , it was only cured after different propellers were tested aboard North Carolina, including four-bladed and cut-down versions of the original three-bladed. This testing required it to be at sea, and the many resulting trips out of New York Harbor to the Atlantic Ocean caused it to be nicknamed "The Showboat"."North Carolina" in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"6112175" in the Miramar Ship Index
After a shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea and participation in war exercises, North Carolina transited the Panama Canal en route to the Pacific War. Joining Task Force (TF) 16, the battleship escorted the aircraft carrier during the invasions of Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 7 August 1942, and continued to accompany the carrier when it moved to be southeast of the Solomons. The Battle of the Eastern Solomons began when Japanese carriers were spotted on 24 August; although American planes were able to strike first by sinking the light carrier , a strike group from a different force, formed around the fleet carriers and , attacked TF 16. In an intense eight-minute battle, North Carolina shot down 7–14 aircraft and was relatively undamaged, though there were seven near-misses and one crewman was killed by strafing. Enterprise took three bomb hits.North Carolina then joined the carrier s screen, and protected it while support was rendered to American troops fighting on Guadalcanal. Although it dodged one torpedo on 6 September, it was not able to avoid another on the 15th. Out of a six-torpedo salvo from the , three hit the carrier , one hit , one missed, and one struck North Carolina. A warhead hit on the port side below the waterline at a point that was just behind the number one turret. It created a hole, allowed about of water into the ship—which had to be offset with counter-flooding, meaning that another entered—killed five men, and wounded twenty. Although North Carolina could steam at soon after the explosion, it was later forced to slow to to ensure that temporary shoring did not fail. Structural damage beneath the first turret rendered it unable to fire unless in absolute need, and the main search radar failed. As this was the first torpedo to strike a modern American battleship, there was a large amount of interest from various officers and bureaus within the navy in learning more about it. The conclusions were seen as a vindication by some who believed that too much had been sacrificed in the design of the North Carolinas—the torpedo defense system had come close to breaking near one of the most important areas of the ship (a magazine), after all—and the General Board called for the fifth and sixth s, and , to have a torpedo bulge added outside their magazines. However, the new Bureau of Ships opposed this on the basis that the system performed as it was supposed to; in any case, no modifications were made.Friedman, U.S. Battleships, 277 and 279Whitley, Battleships, 293–294
Repaired and refitted at the facilities in Pearl Harbor, North Carolina operated as a carrier escort for Enterprise and Saratoga for the remainder of 1942 and the majority of 1943 while they provided cover for supply and troop movements in the Solomons. In between, it received advanced fire control and radar gear in March, April and September 1943 at Pearl Harbor. In November, North Carolina escorted Enterprise while the carrier launched strikes upon Makin, Tarawa and Abemama. On 1–8 December it bombarded Nauru before returning to carrier screening; it accompanied while that carrier launched attacks on Kavieng and New Ireland.Garzke and Dulin, United States Battleships, 39
Joining Task Force 58 in January 1944, North Carolina escorted aircraft carriers as the flagship of Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee, Commander, Battleships, Pacific Fleet (ComBatPac) for much of the year, providing support for airborne strikes on Kwajalein, Namur, Truk (twice), Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Palau, Woleai, and Hollandia in January–April. Also in April, North Carolina destroyed defensive installations on Ponape before setting course for Pearl Harbor for repairs to a damaged rudder. With repairs completed, the battleship joined with Enterprise on 6 June for assaults within the Marianas; as part of these, North Carolina used its main battery to bombard Saipan and Tanapag.
In late June, North Carolina was one of the American ships which took part in the so-called "Marianas Turkey Shoot", where a majority of attacking Japanese aircraft were shot down out of the air at little cost to the American defenders. Problems with its propeller shafts then caused the battleship to sail to the Puget Sound Navy Yard to receive an overhaul. It returned to active duty in November and to its carrier escort tasks in time to be hit by a typhoon. North Carolina protected carriers while they provided air cover for invasion fleets and launched attacks on Leyte, Luzon, and the Visayas. Surviving another typhoon, one which sank three destroyers, North Carolina continued escort duty when naval aircraft struck Formosa, Indo-China, China, the Ryukyus and Honshu in January and February 1945. During the invasion of Iwo Jima, the battleship provided bombardment support for troops ashore.Garzke and Dulin, United States Battleships, 39–40
During the assault on Okinawa, North Carolina screened carriers and bombarded targets ashore. Although it was able to shoot down three kamikazes on 6 April, it was also struck by a shell during that time in a friendly fire incident; three were killed and forty-four injured. The battleship shot down a plane on the 7th and two on the 17th. After receiving another overhaul from 9 May to 28 June, this one in the naval yard at Pearl Harbor, North Carolina operated as both a carrier escort and shore bombardier for the remainder of the war. Of note was a 17 July bombardment of the industrial area in Hitachi, Ibaraki in company with fellow battleships , , and , along with smaller warships.Garzke and Dulin, United States Battleships, 40
In August, members of North Carolinas crew and Marine contingent were sent ashore to assist in occupying Japan. After the official surrender, these men were brought back aboard and the battleship sailed to Okinawa. As part of Operation "Magic Carpet", soldiers were embarked to be returned to the United States. Passing through the locks of Panama Canal on 8 October, it weighed anchor in Boston on the 17th. After an overhaul in the New York Naval Yard, it participated in exercises off New England before beginning a midshipman training cruise in the Caribbean.North Carolina was decommissioned in Bayonne, New Jersey on 27 June 1947; it remained in the reserve fleet in until 1 June 1960, when it was struck from the Naval Vessel Register. Instead of the scrapping that faced most of the United States' battleships, North Carolina was sold to the state of North Carolina for $250,000 on 8 August 1961 to be a museum ship. It was dedicated in Wilmington on 29 April 1962 as a memorial to the citizens of the state who died in the Second World War. Listed on the United States' National Register of Historic Places and designated as a National Historic Landmark on 1 January 1986, it remains there today, maintained by the USS North Carolina Battleship Commission.
Washington
was laid down on 14 June 1938, launched on 1 June 1940 and commissioned on 15 May 1941 at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Although commissioned, its engine had not yet been run at full power—like its sister, Washington had major problems with longitudinal vibrations, which were only tempered after many tests conducted aboard North Carolina. The fixes made it possible to run builder's trials, which Washington did on 3 August 1941; loaded at about , the propulsion plant was run up to , and repeated the performance again in February 1942, achieving ."Washington" in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
In early 1942 Rear Admiral John W. Wilcox chose Washington as the flagship of Task Force 39. On 26 March 1942, Washington, along with Wasp, , and various smaller ships, sailed to bolster the British Home Fleet. During the voyage, Wilcox fell into the ocean; he was seen soon after by the destroyer , face down in the water, but due to rough seas they were unable to retrieve the body. It is not known what exactly happened; he could have simply been caught by a wave and washed overboard, but there has been speculation that he suffered a heart attack. The force reached the main anchorage of the Home Fleet, Scapa Flow, on 4 April.Washington and the other ships of TF 39 participated in exercises with the Home Fleet until late April. Along with certain British units, the task force departed the British Isles as TF 99. They escorted some of the Arctic convoys which were carrying vital cargo to the Soviet Union. While carrying out this duty, an accompanying British battleship, HMS King George V, accidentally rammed a destroyer, cutting it in two. Directly behind King George V, Washington passed through the same stretch of sea and received damage from exploding depth charges. Though damage to the hull was minimal—limited to only one leaking fuel tank—many devices on board the ship were damaged, including main battery range finders, circuit breakers, three fire-control and the search radars. The American ships then put in at an Icelandic port, Hvalfjörður, until 15 May; they returned to Scapa Flow on 3 June. On 4 June, Washington hosted the commander of US naval forces in Europe, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark, who set up a temporary headquarters on the ship for the next few days. On 7 June, King George VI of the United Kingdom inspected the battleship.Washington left the North Sea bound for the United States on 14 July with an escort of four destroyers; upon arrival at the New York Naval Yard on the 23rd, it was given a full overhaul which took a month to be completed. It set sail for the Panama Canal and the Pacific Ocean on 23 August and reached its destination, Tonga Island, on 14 September, where it became the flagship of Admiral Willis "Ching" Lee. Over the coming months, Washington would be focused upon the safe arrival of supply convoys to the men fighting on Guadalcanal. On 13 November, three formations of Japanese ships were discovered on course for Guadalcanal, one of them aiming to bombard Henderson Field while night gave them protection from aircraft. The first Japanese bombardment force was driven back by an American cruiser-destroyer force. On 14 November, the Japanese organized another sortie to neutralize the airfield. Washington, , and four destroyers were sent to intercept the Japanese force that night. The Japanese, composed of the fast battleship , two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and nine destroyers, initially sank three US destroyers and inflicted significant topside damage to South Dakota. However, Washington remained undetected and at midnight fired on Kirishima from , point blank range for Washingtons 16-inch/45-caliber guns.Garzke and Dulin, p. 44 Washington fired seventy-five 16-inch and one hundred and seven 5-inch rounds during the melee, scoring 20 main and seventeen secondary battery hits, knocking out Kirishima's steering and main battery and causing uncontrollable progressive flooding. Kirishima capsized at 03:25 on the morning of 15 November 1942, with 212 crewmen lost. Radar-directed fire from Washingtons secondary battery also damaged destroyer so severely it had to be scuttled. Soon after the battle, the Japanese began evacuating Guadalcanal.Whitley, Battleships, 296
Until April 1943, Washington stayed near its base in New Caledonia, providing protection for convoys and battle groups that were supporting the Solomons campaign. Returning to Pearl Harbor, it practiced for battle and underwent an overhaul before returning to the combat zone in late July. From August to the end of October, Washington operated out of Efate. It then joined with four battleships and six destroyers as Task Group (TG) 53.2 for exercises; Enterprise, and also participated. TG 52.2 then voyaged to the Gilbert Islands to add additional firepower to the strikes currently hitting them. Departing in late November, Washington first steamed to Makin to provide protection for ships there, then Ocean Island to prepare to bombard Nauru with its sister North Carolina, all four South Dakota-class battleships, and the carriers Bunker Hill and . All of the capital ships struck before dawn on 8 December; the aircraft carriers struck again soon after. The ships then sailed back to Efate, arriving on 12 December. On Christmas, Washington, North Carolina, and four destroyers left Efate for gunnery practice. By late January, it was made part of TG 50.1 to escort the fast carriers in that group as they launched strikes on Taroa and Kwajalein. It also moved in to hit Kwajalein with its guns on 30 January.Garzke and Dulin, United States Battleships, 46
Before dawn on 1 February, with the sky still shrouded in darkness, Washington collided with when the latter left formation to fuel four destroyers. Indiana had radioed that it was going to make a turn to port out of the formation, but soon after starting the turn, its captain ordered a reversal, back to starboard. About seven minutes later, it came into view of lookouts aboard Washington at a range of . Although crews on both ships frantically tried to avoid the other, it was to no avail; Washington gave Indiana a glancing blow, scraping down a large aft portion of the ship's starboard side. Washingtons fore end was severely damaged, with about of its bow hanging down and into the water. Ten men, six from Washington, were killed or listed as missing. After temporary reinforcements to the damaged section, it was forced to sail to Pearl Harbor to be fitted with a false bow to make possible a voyage to Puget Sound. Once there, it received a full overhaul, along with a new bow; this work lasted from March until April. Washington did not enter the war zone again until late May."Marshall Islands Campaign," Naval History and Heritage CommandWashington next participated in the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, serving again as a carrier escort ship, though it was detached on the 13th to fire on Japanese positions on Saipan and Tinian. With the sortie of a majority of the remaining ships in the Imperial Japanese Navy spotted by American submarines, Washington, along with six other battleships, four heavy cruisers and fourteen destroyers covered the aircraft carriers of TF 58; on the 19th, with the attack of many aircraft, the Battle of the Philippine Sea began. Able to beat off the attacks, Washington refueled and continued escorting carriers until it formed a new task group with three battleships and escorts. After a lengthy stop at Enewetak Atoll, it supported troops assaulting Peleliu and Angaur before returning to screening duties. This duty lasted from 10 October to 17 February 1945.Garzke and Dulin, United States Battleships, 47
The battleship bombarded Iwo Jima from 19–22 February in support of the invasion there before escorting carriers which sent aircraft raids against Tokyo and targets on the island of Kyūshū. On 24 March and 19 April, Washington bombarded Okinawa; it then departed for Puget Sound to receive a refit, having been in action for the majority of the time since its refit in March–April 1944. This lasted through V-J Day and the subsequent formal ceremony aboard Missouri, so Washington received orders to voyage to Philadelphia, where it arrived on 17 October. Here it was modified to have an additional 145 bunks so it could participate in Operation Magic Carpet. Sailing to Southampton with a reduced crew of 84 officers and 835 crew, it brought 185 army officers and 1,479 enlisted men back to the United States; this was the only voyage it would make in support of the operation. The battleship was placed into reserve at Bayonne, New Jersey on 27 June 1947, after only a little more than six years of service. Washington was never reactivated. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1960—exactly 21 years to the day since its launch—she was sold on 24 May 1961 to be scrapped.Whitley, Battleships, 297
Post-war alteration proposals North Carolina and Washington remained in active duty in the years immediately after the war, possibly because their crew accommodations were more comfortable and less cramped than the four South Dakotas. The ships received alterations during this period; the Ship Characteristics Board (SCB) directed in June 1946 that four of the quadruple-mounted 40 mm guns be removed, though only two were actually taken off each ship. The 20 mm weapons were also reduced at some point so that both ships were decommissioned with sixteen twin mounts. North Carolina and Washington were decommissioned on 27 June 1947 and subsequently moved to the reserve fleet.
In May 1954, SCB created a class improvement project for the North Carolinas which included twenty-four 3-inch/50 guns directed by six Mark 56s. A month later, the SCB chairman voiced his belief that the North Carolinas and South Dakotas would be excellent additions to task forces—if they could be faster. The Bureau of Ships then considered and discarded designs that would move these ships at , four knots faster than their current attainable speed. In order for a North Carolina to obtain 31 knots, would be required. This, in turn, would necessitate the installation of an extremely large power plant, one which would not fit into the ship even if the third turret was removed. If the outer external belt armor were removed, would still be required. However, no matter if the belt was taken off or not, all of the hull form aft would have to be greatly modified to accept larger propellers. The last strike against the project was the high estimated cost of $40 million, which did not include the cost of activating battleships that had been out of commission for ten years.
Later calculations proved that the North Carolinas could be lightened from 44,377 long tons to around , at which 210,000 shp would suffice. At the trial displacement figure of , even would be enough; the 210,000 figure was derived from a 12.5% overestimation to account for a fouled bottom or bad weather. A similar power plant to the one used in the Iowa class (generating ) would be enough, and if the third turret was removed there would be no problems with weight, but there was not enough space within the North Carolinas. When compared, the current power plant measured , but Iowas was . Lastly, there would be an issue with the propellers; the Iowa class' were wide, while the North Carolinas were . In the end, no conversions were undertaken.
Designs for helicopter carriers also contained a plan for a conversion of the North Carolinas. At a cost of $30,790,000, the ships would have been able to embark 28 helicopters, 1,880 troops, of cargo and of oil. All of the 16-inch and 5-inch guns would have been removed, though the number one turret would have remained so that weights added on the stern half of the ship could be balanced. In place, the ships would have received sixteen 3-inch guns in twin mounts. Displacement would be lowered slightly to a fully loaded weight of about , while speed would not have changed. It was estimated that the ships could serve for about fifteen to twenty years at a cost of about $440,000 a year for maintenance. However, it was found that a purpose-built helicopter carrier would be more economical, so the plans were shelved.
Ships of the class
Notes
Endnotes
References
Bibliography
Campbell, John. Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985. .
Friedman, Norman. U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985. . .
Garzke, William H., and Robert O. Dulin. Battleships: United States Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976. . .
McBride, William H. "The Unstable Dynamics of a Strategic Technology: Disarmament, Unemployment, and the Interwar Battleship." Technology and Culture 38, no. 2 (1997): 386–423. . . .
Muir Jr., Malcolm. "Gun Calibers and Battle Zones: The United States Navy's Foremost Concern During the 1930s." Warship International XVII, no. 1 (1980): 24–35. . .
"North Carolina" in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History & Heritage Command. Accessed 15 November 2009.
Whitley, M.J. Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1998. . .
"Washington" in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History & Heritage Command. Accessed 15 November 2009.
Web
DiGiulian, Tony. "United States of America 16"/45 (40.6 cm) Mark 6." NavWeaps. Accessed 15 November 2009.
DiGiulian, Tony. "United States of America 5"/38 (12.7 cm) Mark 12." NavWeaps. Accessed 15 November 2009.
Haworth, R.B. "Single Ship Report for "6112175" (North Carolina)." (subscription required). Miramar Ship Index. Accessed 15 November 2009.
Haworth, R.B. "Single Ship Report for "6112726" (Washington)." (subscription required). Miramar Ship Index. Accessed 15 November 2009.
"Marshall Islands Campaign, Jan.–Feb. 1944 – USS Washington and USS Indiana Collide, 1 February 1944." Online Library of Selected Images, Naval History & Heritage Command. Accessed 15 November 2009.
"." Naval Vessel Register, Department of the Navy. Accessed on 15 November 2009.
"." Naval Vessel Register, Department of the Navy. Accessed 15 November 2009.
Primary
"Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armament [Second London Naval Treaty]". London: Third London Naval Conference, 25 March 1936.
Further reading
Burr, Lawrence, and Peter Bull. US Fast Battleships 1936–47: The North Carolina and South Dakota Classes. Oxford: Osprey, 2010. . .
Moss, Stafford. "A Comparison of Machinery Installations of North Carolina, South Dakota, Iowa and Montana Class Battleships." Warship International'' XLVII, no. 4 (2010): 363–91. . .
External links
Mohl, Michael. "Post-Dreadnought Battleships". NavSource History.
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31017191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20Atl%C3%A9tico%20Madrid%20season | 2008–09 Atlético Madrid season | The 2008–09 season saw Atlético Madrid return to the UEFA Champions League after an eleven-year absence. The team marked the return with an impressive group stage performance, only denied winning the group by a late penalty for Liverpool at Anfield. In the round of 16, Atlético went out on away goals to Porto, being denied entry to the last eight.
In the league, Atlético repeated the 4th place of 2007–08, improving on the previous season by three points. Uruguayan striker Diego Forlán had a tremendous season, scoring 32 league goals, the highest amount of La Liga goals for a single player in a decade.
Squad
Goalkeepers
Grégory Coupet (1)
Leo Franco (25)
Ángel Bernabé (27)
Defenders
Midfielders
Attackers
Diego Forlán (7)
Luis García (9)
Sergio Agüero (10)
Florent Sinama Pongolle (14)
Competitions
La Liga
League table
Matches
Atlético Madrid–Málaga 4-0
1-0 John Heitinga
2-0 Diego Forlán
3-0 Diego Forlán
4-0 Florent Sinama Pongolle
Valladolid–Atlético Madrid 2-1
1-0 Ángel Vivar Dorado
2-0 Javier Baraja
2-1 Sergio Agüero
Atlético Madrid–Recreativo Huelva 4-0
1-0 Sergio Agüero
2-0 Maniche
3-0 Florent Sinama Pongolle
4-0 Florent Sinama Pongolle
Getafe–Atlético Madrid 1-2
0-1 Florent Sinama Pongolle
1-1 Juan Ángel Albín
1-2 David Cortés
Atlético Madrid–Sevilla 0-1
0-1 Luís Fabiano
Barcelona–Atlético Madrid 6-1
1-0 Rafael Márquez
2-0 Samuel Eto'o
3-0 Lionel Messi
3-1 Maxi Rodríguez
4-1 Samuel Eto'o
5-1 Eiður Guðjohnsen
6-1 Thierry Henry
Atlético Madrid–Real Madrid 1-2
0-1 Ruud van Nistelrooy
0-2 Gonzalo Higuaín
1-2 Simão
Villarreal–Atlético Madrid 4-4
0-1 Simão
0-2 Diego Forlán
1-2 Marcos Senna
2-2 Joseba Llorente
3-2 Gonzalo Rodríguez
4-2 Giuseppe Rossi
4-3 Simão
4-4 Raúl García
Atlético Madrid–Mallorca 2-0
1-0 Sergio Agüero
2-0 Sergio Agüero
Osasuna–Atlético Madrid 0-0
Atlético Madrid–Deportivo 4-1
1-0 John Heitinga
2-0 Diego Forlán
3-0 Maxi Rodríguez
4-0 Diego Forlán
4-1 Filipe Luís
Numancia–Atlético Madrid 1-1
0-1 Diego Forlán
1-1 José Barkero
Atlético Madrid–Racing Santander 4-1
0-1 Mohammed Tchité
1-1 Simão
2-1 Sergio Agüero
3-1 Diego Forlán
4-1 Diego Forlán
Sporting Gijón–Atlético Madrid 2-5
1-0 Mate Bilić
1-1 Sergio Agüero
1-2 Sergio Agüero
1-3 Diego Forlán
2-3 David Barral
2-4 Maxi Rodríguez
2-5 Diego Forlán
Atlético Madrid–Betis 2-0
1-0 Maxi Rodríguez
2-0 Sergio Agüero
Espanyol–Atlético Madrid 2-3
0-1 Maxi Rodríguez
1-1 Sergio Sánchez
1-2 Sergio Agüero
1-3 Maxi Rodríguez
2-3 Valdo
Valencia–Atlético Madrid 3-1
1-0 David Villa
2-0 David Silva
2-1 Diego Forlán
3-1 David Silva
Atlético Madrid–Athletic Bilbao 2-3
1-0 Antonio López
1-1 Koikili
1-2 Fernando Llorente
1-3 Fernando Llorente
2-3 Diego Forlán
Almería–Atlético Madrid 1-1
1-0 Kalu Uche
1-1 Florent Sinama Pongolle
Málaga–Atlético Madrid 1-1
1-0 Apoño
1-1 John Heitinga
Atlético Madrid–Valladolid 1-2
0-1 Luis Prieto
1-1 José García Calvo
1-2 Víctor
Recreativo Huelva–Atlético Madrid 0-3
0-1 Sergio Agüero
0-2 Diego Forlán
0-3 Diego Forlán
Atlético Madrid–Getafe 1-1
1-0 Diego Forlán
1-1 Juan Ángel Albín
Sevilla–Atlético Madrid 1-0
1-0 Jesús Navas
Atlético Madrid–Barcelona 4-3
0-1 Thierry Henry
0-2 Lionel Messi
1-2 Diego Forlán
2-2 Sergio Agüero
2-3 Thierry Henry
3-3 Diego Forlán
4-3 Sergio Agüero
Real Madrid–Atlético Madrid 1-1
0-1 Diego Forlán
1-1 Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
Atlético Madrid–Villarreal 3-2
0-1 Matías Fernández
0-2 Cani
1-2 Sergio Agüero
2-2 Diego Forlán
3-2 Antonio López
Mallorca–Atlético Madrid 2-0
1-0 Aritz Aduriz
2-0 Chory Castro
Atlético Madrid–Osasuna 2-4
0-1 Walter Pandiani
1-1 Diego Forlán
1-2 Krisztián Vadócz
1-3 Walter Pandiani
1-4 Masoud Shojaei
2-4 Pablo Ibáñez
Deportivo–Atlético Madrid 1-2
0-1 Sergio Agüero
0-2 Simão
1-2 Rodolfo Bodipo
Atlético Madrid–Numancia 3-0
1-0 Éver Banega
2-0 Diego Forlán
3-0 Simão
Racing Santander–Atlético Madrid 5-1
1-0 Christian
2-0 Ezequiel Garay
3-0 Mohammed Tchité
3-1 Diego Forlán
4-1 Pedro Munitis
5-1 Nikola Žigić
Atlético Madrid–Sporting Gijón 3-1
1-0 Diego Forlán
2-0 Simão
3-0 Sergio Agüero
3-1 Mate Bilić
Betis–Atlético Madrid 0-2
0-1 Diego Forlán
0-2 Diego Forlán
Atlético Madrid–Espanyol 3-2
0-1 Nenê
0-2 Dani Jarque
1-2 Diego Forlán
2-2 Sergio Agüero
3-2 Diego Forlán
Atlético Madrid–Valencia 1-0
1-0 Diego Forlán
Athletic Bilbao–Atlético Madrid 1-4
0-1 Raúl García
1-1 Xabier Etxeita
1-2 Diego Forlán
1-3 Diego Forlán
1-4 Diego Forlán
Atlético Madrid–Almería 3-0
1-0 Sergio Agüero
2-0 Raúl García
3-0 Diego Forlán
Top scorers
La Liga
Diego Forlán 32
Sergio Agüero 17
Simão 7
Maxi Rodríguez 5
Florent Sinama Pongolle 5
Atlético Madrid seasons
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11702126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albano%20Machado%20Airport | Albano Machado Airport | The Albano Machado Airport is a public airport southeast of Huambo, the capital of Huambo Province, Angola. It was formerly named the Nova Lisboa Airport, since in colonial times the city was called Nova Lisboa, or New Lisbon.
The Huambo non-directional beacon (Ident: HU) is located west of the Runway 29 threshold. The Huambo VOR-DME (Ident: VHU) is located on the field.
Airlines and destinations
During the months of July and August in 1975, the airport operated as a bridge between Angola and Lisbon while the Angolan Civil War raged around the city. Several airlines operated special flights into the city: Swissair (Douglas DC-10), Transinternational Airlines (Douglas DC-8), TAP Portugal (Boeing 707s, 747), Perfect Tours (Boeing 707), and Overseas National Airways (DC-8).
Accidents and incidents
On 3 September 1970. Douglas DC-3 G-AVPW of Hunting Surveys was substantially damaged when it was subjected to ground fire on take-off. Hydraulic lines were damaged and the fuel tanks ruptured. A successful emergency landing was made at Luanda Airport. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.
On 14 September 2011, 17 people, including 11 military personnel, died when an Angolan Air Force EMB-120 crashed shortly after take-off from Albano Machado airport. The plane was headed to Luanda Airport.
See also
List of airports in Angola
Transport in Angola
Gallery
References
External links
OpenStreetMap - Huambo
OurAirports - Albano Machado Airport
Airports in Angola
Huambo | [
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5736301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders%20Hill%20Park | Golders Hill Park | Golders Hill Park is a formal park in Golders Green, London. It is managed by the City of London Corporation as part of the parkland and commons in and near Hampstead Heath, and is part of the Hampstead Heath Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation. Unlike the rest of the Heath, Golders Hill Park is closed at night.
It adjoins the West Heath part of Hampstead Heath, and was formerly surmounted by a large house which was bombed during World War II. It is chiefly grassy parkland, but it also has a formal, beautifully tended, flower garden next to a duck pond with a small humpback bridge, a separate water garden, which leads onto a larger pond, and a small free zoo, recently renovated, mostly in one bloc but with a separate pen primarily for fallow deer. A butterfly house is open at certain times in summer. There are also tennis courts, a playground and croquet lawns. A restaurant stands at the top of the park, near the site of the original house.
During the summer, children's activities are organised and through June and July there is live music on the bandstand on Sunday afternoons. Unlike most of Hampstead Heath, dogs must be kept on a lead in the park.
Species
The zoo contains a variety of animals and birds, including donkeys, coatis, a rhea, maras, red junglefowl, Lady Amherst's pheasants, red-legged seriemas, ring-tailed lemurs, kookaburras, sacred ibis, cattle egrets, little egrets, Eurasian eagle-owls and white-naped cranes.
See also
List of public art in Barnet
Nature reserves in Barnet
Barnet parks and open spaces
References
External links
Nature reserves in the London Borough of Barnet
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barnet
Golders Green | [
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4248480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Otago | Flag of Otago | Otago is one of the few regions of New Zealand to have officially adopted a flag.
Otago has long been associated with several symbols and colours. The St. Andrew's Cross is one such symbol, in recognition of the former province's Scottish settlement. Another, used on the original arms of the province, is the eight-pointed star.
Traditionally, the province (as the region is still called) has always been associated with the colours blue and gold, these colours representing Otago's original foundation, on the wealth of gold taken from the rivers of the province during the 1860s gold rush. The blue also again harks back to the flag of Scotland.
For many years, these colours were seen in a wide variety of different designs intended to represent Otago. Popular designs included flags quartered in blue and gold, or in blue with a gold saltire. A vertically divided design in blue and gold with the word "Otago" in white fimbriated in black was also popular and can still be seen in use in the province.
In 2004, a campaign was started by prominent local author and regional councillor Neville Peat to decide on a design for a flag for the region as a whole (and more specifically for use by the Otago Regional Council).
The design (chosen in late 2004 from several hundred entries submitted) was designed by Gregor Macaulay. It is blazoned Per fess dancetty azure and or, two mullets of eight points in pale counterchanged. The design represents the blue skies over the hills of Otago separated by a zigzag dividing line, similar to that found on the flag of the province's main centre, Dunedin. The two eight-pointed stars were taken from the former Otago Provincial Council's seal, and also represent the sun shining over the lakes and the hills of Central Otago.
Flag
Flags of New Zealand
Flags adopted through competition
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35632212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haniya%20Aslam | Haniya Aslam | Haniya Aslam is a Pakistani musician. She began her career as member of music group Zeb and Haniya along with her cousin Zebunnisa Bangash in 2007. In 2014 she left the group and moved to Canada for studies. Later she pursued her solo career in Canada.
Filmography
Television
Discography
Albums
References
External links
Living people
Pashtun people
Musicians from Toronto
Pakistani musicians
Musicians from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Year of birth missing (living people) | [
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36873763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica%20de%20Nossa%20Senhora%20do%20Carmo%20%28S%C3%A3o%20Paulo%29 | Basílica de Nossa Senhora do Carmo (São Paulo) | Basílica de Nossa Senhora do Carmo is a church in São Paulo, Brazil.
It was inaugurated in 1934 and named for Our Lady of Mount Carmel.
References
Roman Catholic churches in São Paulo
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1934
Basilica churches in Brazil
1934 establishments in Brazil
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Brazil | [
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44654167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20head%20fracture | Radial head fracture | Radial head fractures are a common type of elbow fracture that typically occurs after a fall on an outstretched arm. They account for approximately one third of all elbow fractures and are frequently associated with other injuries of the elbow. Radial head fractures are diagnosed by a clinical assessment and medical imaging. A radial head fracture is treated according to the severity of the injury and its Mason-Johnston classification. Treatment may be surgical or nonsurgical. Stable isolated fractures typically have excellent outcomes. Unstable fractures with other associated injuries have varying outcomes. Common adverse outcomes include stiffness, pain, poor bone healing, and hardware complications.
Diagnosis and Classification
Radial head fractures are diagnosed from a clinical assessment and diagnostic imaging. Clinical assessment may include pain or tenderness at the radial head, bruising, swelling, and a limited range of motion of the injured elbow. Diagnostic imaging may include ultrasound, plain radiography (x-ray imaging), Computed tomography scan (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A fat pad sign may be present on diagnostic imaging and may indicate a radial head fracture.
A diagnosed radial head fracture can be classified according to the Mason-Johnston system.
Treatment
Radial head fracture treatment is informed by the Mason-Johnston classification, patient symptoms, and fracture stability. An unstable fracture will involve fracture displacement, fractures to adjacent structures and injury to other associated soft tissues. A stable type 1 radial head fracture is typically managed with conservative measures including joint aspiration, immobilization in a sling for a few days and followed by early range of motion exercises. If range of motion is still limited after joint aspiration it may indicate a mechanical block which is treated surgically. Stable type 2 radial head fractures may be treated as a type 1 if the displacement is minimal. Unstable type 2 - 4 fractures generally warrant surgery. Surgical correction can include fracture fragment excision, radial head reconstruction, open reduction and internal fixation, and radial head excision with artificial replacement. Associated structures that were damaged during the injury may also need to be repaired.
Rehabilitation exercises are recommended and tailored to fracture and treatment type. It is recommended to wait 6 weeks before resuming load bearing with a stable type 1 fracture and 10-12 weeks following surgery for unstable type 2-4 fractures.
Prognosis and Complications
Stable type 1 and 2 radial head fractures often have good outcomes with most cases regaining complete range of motion and having minimal residual stiffness or pain. Outcomes for unstable type 2-4 radial head fractures vary greatly depending on the severity of the injury and the surgical intervention. Some of the more common complications of unstable radial head fractures includes stiffness, poor bone healing, nerve damage, and pain/prominent hardware.
References
External links
Bone fractures | [
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2723170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20John%27s-Ravenscourt%20School | St. John's-Ravenscourt School | St. John's-Ravenscourt School (commonly referred to as SJR) is an independent, co-educational, university-preparatory school founded in 1820. Located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the school delivers an enriched curriculum from Kindergarten through Grade 12. Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, is the royal patron of the school. The school offers a boarding option starting in grade 8.
History
The school was founded in 1820 by Rev. John West as the Red River Mission School for the children of early Selkirk settlers and select aboriginal children. The School was originally built on the banks of the Red River in Selkirk, and then relocated by Rev. David Thomas Jones to the west bank of the river near present-day St. John's Park. In 1834, the School recorded 20 boys and 21 girls attending the renamed Red River Academy.
The Academy was purchased in 1849 by the Bishop of Rupertsland, David Anderson, and was renamed St. John's Collegiate. In 1866, the school's name was changed to St. John's College School. The school's campus was expanded to include buildings on Main Street and Anderson Avenue, and stood as a landmark until their demolition in the early 1950s.
In 1929, Norman Young became the first headmaster of Ravenscourt. Young had been encouraged by a group of Winnipeg businessmen, who promised that their sons would attend. The school was originally located at Armstrong's Point on the Assiniboine River. In 1934, it was relocated to a house built by Colonel R.M. Thomson. The unfinished home was located in Fort Garry on the banks of the Red River. The new facility was soon expanded to include the Richardson Gymnasium, the first gym in Western Canada to sport a basketball court.
In 1950, the Board of Anglican churchmen that as a group governed St. John's College decided to close the school. This decision upset the alumni of the school, and the alumni sought a way to continue their school. It was finally decided that St. John's College School would be amalgamated with Ravenscourt. The two schools became St. John's-Ravenscourt.
After the flood of 1950, many new facilities were added to the school, notably an arena, and a junior school building. In 1971, the school made the decision to readmit girls to the school.
In November 1981, Her Majesty the Queen granted her patronage to the School, and one year later gave permission for the creation of scholarship in her name to mark the event of her patronage.
In 2004, Kindergarten Classes and the Music Room were created for the junior school, and girls were allowed into Junior School.
From 2008 through 2017, St. John's-Ravenscourt School was named one of Manitoba's Top Employers, announced by the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper.
Today, the school's student population has increased to just over 800 students, with full integration of girls in all grades since 2007.
In 2014, the new Richardson Senior School and Riley Fitness Centre were opened. The renovation project was done by Bockstael Construction in association with Stantec Architects.
Campus
St. John's-Ravenscourt School has a large, well designed campus with several different buildings serving multiple or specific purposes. The school campus is located on the bank of the Red River in Fort Garry at 400 South Drive. The school features an olympic sized arena, multiple playing fields, two separate gyms, a music wing with several different music rooms, offices, boarding facilities, a cafeteria, and numerous classrooms and laboratories.
The school is divided into three main wings. Each wing has its own faculty, including a principal.
Junior School - The Junior School Wing consists of several buildings, the largest being the Kiddell Building. The Junior School wing includes a distinct Kindergarten education facility, several classrooms, a gym, and a computer lab. In addition to this, the Junior School contains an atrium adjacent to the Junior School office, as well as its own library and music room.
Middle School - The Middle School's facilities contain an art studio and the school's only theatre, the Moffat-Richardson Theatre. It also contains a media room with a Green Screen, a common room for the students' use, several science labs and multipurpose rooms, and the Middle School Office. The middle school wing is a building built in 1997. It is located behind the new senior school.
Richardson Senior School - The Senior School Wing is the newest and largest wing of the school, with a renovation project finished in 2014, updating many of the Senior School's facilities. The wing encompasses many separate buildings, now connected, including: the Camsell Science Wing, the Tom Bredin Athletic Building, Reimer Gymnasium, and the entrance hall of the school. The Athletics building includes one of the few international-sized hockey arenas in Manitoba, the Dutton Memorial Arena. The Senior School also includes the school's cafeteria, Hamber Hall. In addition, the wing contains several music rooms, shared by the whole school.
Boarding - There are boarding facilities spread out through the campus, with a boarder's lounge near the music rooms, a historic building used for girls boarding called Thomson House, and a boys boarding wing over top of the food services offices.
Faculty
There are approximately 150 faculty members listed on the St. John's-Ravenscourt website. Some teachers teach in both Senior and Middle School, but most teach only on one level. There are also many support staff, such as administrators, advancement and alumni relations, archives, communication and marketing, uniform shop, admissions, student records, facilities, food services, finance, student services, residence staff and IT technicians. Teachers who teach for over 25 years are recognized with a service award.
Curriculum
St. John's-Ravenscourt School delivers the government standard curriculum, as well an enriched curriculum set by SJR's own teachers. The school places emphasis on the math and debating programs within their curriculum. The school has formulated its own mathematics curriculum, using its own textbooks and teaching materials. It has also made debating a mandatory course from grade six to eight. On the national stage, SJR is the host of the annual Canadian National Public Speaking Championship; internationally, SJR has won 15 of the 32 World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships (WIDPSCs) thus far - more than any other school - with their most recent first place overall finish at WIDPSC 2014. As SJR is a university prep school, the students must achieve a 65% average or better starting in grade 6 in order to be promoted to the next grade up. Many academic scholarships are offered, and some of the scholarship money goes to paying for the tuition of the school.
Amenities and services
There is a new fitness center with cardio machines and weightlifting machines. A hot lunch is provided every day for students and staff. Busing for students provided by Beaver Bus Lines takes students to school and home every day. Many clubs and extracurricular activities such as chess, math, writing, debating, Ultimate frisbee, soccer and more are available for students. There are two large playing fields alongside the campus. The headmaster's house, Shepard House, is also on campus, as well as the director of boarding's living facilities. SJR also has a full-time school nurse who works in the Health Centre.
Tuition
There is a tuition, and depending on grade and/or boarding, prices range from $16,890 to $49,440. The school has financial aid for those who are unable to pay the full tuition.
Notable alumni
St. John's-Ravenscourt School has produced 18 Rhodes Scholars, as well as numerous otherwise notable alumni, including:
Donovan Alexander: CFL Football player
Tyler Arnason: former National Hockey League player.
David Asper: lawyer (represented David Milgaard); businessman; Chairman of the National Post newspaper; Executive Vice President of CanWest Global Communications Corp.
Jennifer Botterill: Olympic gold medallist; former member of the Canadian national women's hockey team.
Steve Braun: television and movie actor.
Charles Camsell: Canadian explorer, author, founder of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Deputy Minister of Mines and Natural Resources, Commissioner of the Northwest Territories.
Susan Coyne: writer and actor; best known as one of the co-creators and co-stars of the award-winning ''Slings and Arrows."
Matthew Corrin: founder of Freshii
Brian Engblom: former National Hockey League player.
Brett Hull: former National Hockey League player; son of Bobby Hull.
Gerard Kennedy: politician; former Ontario Minister of Education under Dalton McGuinty; former candidate for leadership of the federal Liberal party.
David Kilgour: politician; one of the longest current serving Members of Parliament and one of the very few who has been elected under both the Progressive Conservative and Liberal banners; awarded the 2009 Human Rights Prize of the International Society for Human Rights in Switzerland for work in raising awareness of state-sponsored organ pillaging in China.
Ralph Krueger: former Edmonton Oilers head coach; currently the Chair of Southampton F.C. of the Premier League.
Ryan Reaves: NHL player
James Armstrong Richardson: politician; member of Cabinet under Pierre Elliott Trudeau; businessman; founder of James Richardson International.
Alexander Steen: National Hockey League player.
David Schumacher: Emmy-winning television and film producer/director.
Sarah Stock: wrestler (a.k.a. Sarita, Dark Angel)
Dr. Kunaal Jindal: Plastic Surgeon and co-founder Ask The Doctor
Zach Werner: musician; record producer; entertainment lawyer; and talent manager.
Athletics
Athletics are an important factor in the SJR community. Soccer is the School's most popular sport in terms of participation, with twelve recreational teams from U9 through U16, four Varsity teams and two CAIS traveling teams. Ultimate Frisbee is another popular sport at SJR, with traveling teams, and recreational teams. Ice hockey, another popular sport at SJR, is played in Dutton Memorial Arena.
Other popular sports include rugby, volleyball, basketball, and badminton.
Notes
References
St. John's-Ravenscourt School (2005). SJR - St. John's-Ravenscourt School - About. Retrieved October 30, 2005.
External links
St. John's-Ravenscourt School Official Site
The Association of Boarding Schools profile
Preparatory schools in Manitoba
Private schools in Manitoba
High schools in Winnipeg
Elementary schools in Winnipeg
Educational institutions established in 1820
1820 establishments in Canada
Boarding schools in Manitoba
Fort Garry, Winnipeg | [
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] |
65496030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnayiru | Gnayiru | Gnayiru (), is a suburb located North of Chennai, a metropolitan city in Tamil Nadu, India.
References
External links
CMDA Official Webpage
Neighbourhoods in Chennai | [
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] |
43426299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguelmonneus%20insolitus | Miguelmonneus insolitus | Miguelmonneus insolitus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 2001 and moved into its own genus in 2021.
References
Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2001 | [
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55212943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20AFL%20Women%27s%20All-Australian%20team | 2017 AFL Women's All-Australian team | The 2017 AFL Women's All-Australian team represents the best-performed players of the 2017 AFL Women's season. It was announced on 28 March 2017 as a complete women's Australian rules football team of 22 players, the first and only time that this happened before teams in the AFL Women's were reduced to 21 players in 2018. The team is honorary and does not play any games.
Selection panel
The selection panel for the 2017 AFL Women's All-Australian team consisted of Simon Lethlean, Mark Evans, Josh Vanderloo, Jennie Loughnan, Kevin Sheehan, Peta Searle, Darren Flanigan, Kelli Underwood, Ros Lanigan and Shelley Ware.
Initial squad
The initial 40-woman All-Australian squad was announced on 23 March. Minor premiers had the most players selected in the initial squad with nine, with players from grand finalists and Brisbane making up more than one-third of the squad.
Final team
The final team was announced on 28 March. Grand finalists Adelaide and Brisbane had the most representatives with five each, and every team had at least one representative. captain Daisy Pearce was announced as the All-Australian captain and Adelaide co-captain Erin Phillips was announced as the vice-captain.
Note: the position of coach in the AFL Women's All-Australian team is traditionally awarded to the coach of the premiership-winning team.
References
External links
AFLW Awards
2017 AFL Women's season | [
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] |
34181924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Kadirgamar | Sam Kadirgamar | Sam J. C. Kadirgamar Jr., QC was an eminent Sri Lankan lawyer.
Kadiragamar came from a Tamil Protestant Vellala family with deep roots in Jaffna, his father was Samuel J.C.Kadirgamar Sr, JP, UM a Proctor, who was the President of the Colombo Proctor's Association and the founder President of the Law Society of Ceylon. He was the oldest in a family of five brothers. His brothers where Rear Admiral Rajan Kadiragamar, former Captain of the Royal Ceylon Navy; Major Selvanathan "Bai" Kadirgamar of the Ceylon Army, Thirumalan "Mana" Kadirgamar, and the youngest Lakshman Kadirgamar, PC former Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Educated at Royal College Colombo, where he played rugby in the annual Bradby Shield Encounter and at Ceylon Law College.
He gained prominence as a lawyer being appointed as a Queen's Counsel and was part of the defense team of the accused of the coup d'étata was attempted in 1962.
He was a member of the Ceylon Rifle Association.
References
External links
Sri Lanka Tamil Royal Family Genealogy
Sri Lankan Tamil lawyers
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of Sri Lanka Law College
Ceylonese Queen's Counsel | [
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1252309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanurae | Tetanurae | Tetanurae (/ˌtɛtəˈnjuːriː/ or "stiff tails") is a clade that includes most theropod dinosaurs, including megalosauroids, allosauroids, tyrannosauroids, ornithomimosaurs, compsognathids and maniraptorans (including birds). Tetanurans are defined as all theropods more closely related to modern birds than to Ceratosaurus and contain the majority of predatory dinosaur diversity. Tetanurae likely diverged from its sister group, Ceratosauria, during the late Triassic. Tetanurae first appeared in the fossil record by the Early Jurassic about 190 mya and by the Middle Jurassic had become globally distributed.
The group was named by Jacques Gauthier in 1986 and originally had two main subgroups: Carnosauria and Coelurosauria, the clade containing birds and related dinosaurs such as compsognathids, tyrannosaurids, ornithomimosaurs, and maniraptorans. The original Carnosauria was a polyphyletic group including any large carnivorous theropod. Many of Gauthier's carnosaurs, such as tyrannosaurids, have since been re-classified as coelurosaurs or primitive tetanurans. Carnosauria has been reclassified as a group containing allosaurids that split from the Coelurosauria at the Neotetanurae/Avetheropoda node. Members of Megalosauroidea are believed to represent basal tetanurans, but recent discoveries have shown that they might be members of Carnosauria expanding Carnosauria back to its original meaning.
Tetanuran evolution was characterized by parallel diversification of multiple lineages, repeatedly attaining large body size and similar locomotor morphology. Cryolophosaurus has been claimed as the first true member of the group, but subsequent studies have disagreed on whether it is a dilophosaurid or tetanuran. Arcucci and Coria (2003) classified Zupaysaurus as an early tetanuran, but it was later placed as a sister taxon to the clade containing dilophosaurids, ceratosaurs, and tetanurans.
Shared tetanuran features include a ribcage indicating a sophisticated air-sac-ventilated lung system similar to that in modern birds. This character would have been accompanied by an advanced circulatory system. Other tetanuran characterizing features include the absence of the fourth digit of the hand, placement of the maxillary teeth anterior to the orbit, a strap-like scapula, maxillary fenestrae, and stiffened tails. During the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, large spinosaurids and allosaurs flourished but possibly died out in the northern hemisphere before the end of the Cretaceous, and were replaced as apex predators by tyrannosauroid coelurosaurs. At least in South America, carcharodontosaurid allosaurs persisted until the end of the Mesozoic Era, and died out at the same time as the non-avian coelurosaurs.
Morphology
Anatomy
Tetanurans have two basic skull morphologies. The first skull type, typical in large theropods such as Allosaurus, is common within ceratosaurs and may be primitive for tetanurans. In this type, the skull is about three times longer than tall, with a blunter snout and frequent elaborations such as horns or spikes along the lacrimals, nasals, and frontals. In the second skull type, the skull is lower and longer, with a less elaborated skull roof and a more elongated snout. Shared tetanuran features include the maxillary fenestra (an opening in the antorbital fossa), a pneumatic excavation in the jugal, and the position of the maxillary teeth anterior to the orbit. The posterior skull is little modified in tetanurans, except within Spinosauridae.
In the postcranial skeleton, tetanurans transition between the most primitive theropod morphologies in basal tetanurans towards more derived, bird-like states in coelurosaurs. Most tetanurans possess specialized wrist bones, the absence or reduction of the fourth digit of the hand, a strap-like scapula, stiffened tails, and a laminar astragalar ascending process. Advanced tetanurans would have possessed a sophisticated air-sac-ventilated lung system similar to birds, and an advanced circulatory system. In megalosaurids and allosaurids, the orientation of the femoral head is anteromedial such as in ceratosaurs, but in avetheropods this orientation is fully medial. Tetanuran locomotor morphology is relatively generalized, with few variations between taxa.
The hands of tetanurans, unlike those of the closely related ceratosaurs, lack a fourth finger. Early tetanurans still possessed metacarpal IV, but it was vestigial and not part of a finger anymore. The tridactyl manus was preserved in birds. Evidence from the basal ceratosaur Saltriovenator indicates the tetanuran digits are I, II and III instead of II, III and IV.
Body Size
Basal tetanurans were the first theropods to achieve truly giant body sizes, with both megalosauroid and allosauroid taxa weighing over 1 ton. Sequential temporal appearances of large body size in subsequent clades suggest a pattern of size-cycles, with the extinction of incumbent giant forms allowing for replacement with a new, more bird-like theropod group that then also evolved giant body size. It is, however, possible that more than one giant tetanuran existed at a time in the same paleoenvironment, perhaps with feeding habit variations. Within most dinosaur clades, body size tended to increase over time along a lineage according to Cope's rule. Coelurosaurian theropods are the notable exception to the pattern of body size increases.
History of study
History of classification
Tetanurae was recognized and named by Gauthier in 1986. The earliest-discovered non-avian tetanuran is Megalosaurus. For a century after the description of Megalosaurus, most large carnivorous dinosaurs were serially arrayed into the family Megalosauridae within the order Theropoda. In 1914, Friedrich von Huene separated small, lightly built forms into the infraorder Coelurosauria and larger taxa into the infraorder Pachypodosauria. Later, he transferred large, carnivorous taxa to the new infraorder Carnosauria, which came to include all known large-bodied carnivores other than Ceratosaurus. The size-based arrangement persisted until Gauthier, who redefined Carnosauria and Coelurosauria based on new cladistic analyses but retained the terms. Gauthier defined Coelurosauria as a taxon comprising birds and theropods closer to birds than to Carnosauria, and listed within Carnosauria several large-bodied theropod taxa but did not formally define the group. Many of these original carnosaurs have since been reclassified as coelurosaurs or primitive tetanurans, and Carnosauria has now been defined as Allosaurus and all Avetheropods closer to Allosaurus than to birds.
Initial cladistics studies supported the arrangement of primitive megalosaurs as serial outgroups to a clade of allosaurids, followed by the Coelurosauria. Subsequent studies have discovered that many of these basal tetanurans formed a true clade, termed Megalosauroidea or alternatively Spinosauroidea.
Current phylogeny
Current phylogeny agrees on a monophyletic Tetanurae that includes a series of generally large-bodied basal taxa outside a monophyletic Coelurosauria. Coelophysoids are basal to Tetanurae, with Ceratosauria forming a sister taxa that diverged during the late Triassic.
After their initial appearance, Tetanurae radiated into two main clades, Spinosauroidea or Megalosauroidea and Avetheropoda or Neotetanurae. Spinosauroidea are believed to represent basal Tetanurans. At the Neotetanurae/Avetheropoda node, allosaurids split from the Coelurosauria. Tyrannosauridae has been placed within Coelurosauria. The allosaurids and their closest relatives form a reconstituted Carnosauria. Debate persists about whether the allosaurids form a clade with spinosauroids/megalosauroids, and whether Allosauroidea belongs in Avetheropoda with Coelurosauria or forms a sister taxa to Megalosauroidea, and whether Megalosauroidea forms a valid clade.
The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis published by Zanno and Makovicky in 2013.
In 2019, Rauhut and Pol described Asfaltovenator vialidadi, a basal allosauroid displaying a mosaic of primitive and derived features seen within Tetanurae. Their phylogenetic analysis found traditional Megalosauroidea to represent a basal grade of carnosaurs, paraphyletic with respect to Allosauroidea.
Paleobiology
Biogeography
The biogeographical history of non-avian Tetanurae spans over 110 million years and all continents. The presence of major lineages prior to the breakup of Pangaea implies wide dispersal of these clades, with later absences indicating regional extinctions or dispersal failure. The density of sampling is currently insufficient to provide a detailed analysis of biogeographical evolution for the Tetanurae.
Diversity
Tetanurae and Ceratosauria likely diverged during the late Triassic, more than 200 mya. By the Early Jurassic, Tetanurae fossils appear in the fossil record and reached global distribution by the Middle Jurassic. In the Late Jurassic, the fossil record demonstrates widespread presence of multiple clades within both megalosauroids and avetheropods. The Megalosauroidea contained high diversity with two Jurassic clades, Piatnitzkysauridae and Megalosauridae, as well as the Cretaceous Spinosauridae. Tetanuran evolution appears to exhibit waves of diversification, although this may be due to uneven sampling. During the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, large spinosaurids and allosaurids flourished, but the latter possibly died out before the end of the Cretaceous due to the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, while spinosaurids are known from the Santonian. Soon afterwards the niche of terrestrial apex predator ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurid coelurosaurs, which dominated terminal Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Coelurosaurs persisted through the end of the Mesozoic Era. Modern birds are the only living representatives of the Tetanurae.
References
Extant Hettangian first appearances
Taxa named by Jacques Gauthier | [
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19540560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com | Tor.com | Tor.com is an online science fiction and fantasy magazine published by Tor Books, as well as an imprint of Tom Doherty Associates, a division of Macmillan Publishers. It publishes articles, reviews, original short fiction, re-reads and commentary on speculative fiction.
History
The magazine was established in July 2008 and, as of 2014, reported having 1.5 million readers each month. It publishes articles and reviews related to English language science fiction and other speculative fiction, as well as original short science fiction. Unlike traditional print magazines like Asimov's or Analog, it releases online fiction that can be accessed free of charge.
Since May 2014, Tor.com is also the name of an imprint of Tor Books, dedicated to publishing short fiction such as novellas, short novels and serializations. These are in the form of print-on-demand and audiobook formats in addition to e-books, and are only available for purchase, unlike its free online fiction (which continues to be published). Tor.com also has a novel line.
Reception
Gardner Dozois called Tor.com "one of the coolest and most eclectic genre-oriented sites on the Internet". He felt in 2011 that its short fiction output that year was weaker than usual, but said it was still a fascinating place to visit. In 2014, The Guardian Damien Walter remarked on a "digital renaissance" in short SF, and cited a new generation of online magazines, including Lightspeed, Strange Horizons, Tor.com and Escape Pod, as having transformed the genre. Of these, he described Tor.com as "the reigning champion of science-fiction magazines". He noted the broad range of its output, and said that it had published "many of the most exciting new talents" such as Maria Dahvana Headley and Karin Tidbeck.
In 2018, Dozois noted that there had been a dramatic resurgence in novellas, with more than 80 published, and attributed the development to Tor.com publishing's "ambitious new program". The same year, The Verge Andrew Liptak called Tor.com the publisher of "sci-fi’s most innovative stories", noting the critical acclaim of its output such as Nnedi Okorafor’s Binti and Martha Wells’ Murderbot series, which have won Hugo and Nebula Awards.
Awards
Tor.com has won six Locus Awards for Best Magazine (2015, 2017–21), breaking a 40-year-long streak where the category was only won by Asimov's and F&SF (in addition to Locus itself). For its art direction, Irene Gallo received the 2014 World Fantasy Award for Professional Work.
There have also been several award-winning collections of Tor.com content. Reviews and commentary by Jo Walton were collected in the books What Makes This Book So Great and An Informal History of the Hugos, with the former winning the 2014 Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction, and the latter nominated for the 2019 Hugo and Locus Awards. The fiction anthology, Worlds Seen in Passing: 10 Years of Tor.com Short Fiction, won the 2019 World Fantasy Award for Best Anthology.
References
Sources
Speculative fiction magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2008
Science fiction webzines
2008 establishments in the United States
Speculative fiction websites
Fantasy fiction magazines | [
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27091889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystiscus%20beqae | Cystiscus beqae | Cystiscus beqae is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.
Description
The size of the shell attains 1.46 mm.
Distribution
This marine species was found off Beqa Island, Fiji.
References
External links
Wakefield A. & McCleery T. 2006. Descriptions of new species of Pacific Cystiscus Stimpson, 1865 (Gastropoda : Cystiscidae). Part 1: species with banded mantle patterns. Novapex 7 (Hors-série 4): 1-31
Cystiscidae
Gastropods described in 2006
Beqae | [
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65229095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20Mountain%20%28Zion%20National%20Park%29 | Cathedral Mountain (Zion National Park) | Cathedral Mountain is a elevation Navajo Sandstone summit located in Zion National Park, in Washington County of southwest Utah, United States.
Description
Cathedral Mountain is situated at the north end of Zion Canyon, towering 2,500-feet (760 meters) above the canyon floor and the North Fork of the Virgin River which drains precipitation runoff from this mountain. Cathedral is the nearest higher neighbor to Angels Landing, with 0.7 mile (1 km) of separation, and the Angels Landing Trail traverses Refrigerator Canyon between them. Other neighbors include The Great White Throne, Observation Point, The Organ, Lady Mountain, Cable Mountain, and parent Mount Majestic. This feature's descriptive name was applied by Stephen S. Johnson in 1922, and officially adopted in 1934 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. The Spearhead, elevation 5,804-ft, is the southernmost tip of this mountain, and is prominently featured from Zion Lodge. The first ascent of Cathedral was made by Walter Becker, Fritz Becker, and Rudolph Weidner on August 31, 1931.
Climate
Spring and fall are the most favorable seasons to visit Cathedral Mountain. According to the Köppen climate classification system, it is located in a Cold semi-arid climate zone, which is defined by the coldest month having an average mean temperature below 32 °F (0 °C), and at least 50% of the total annual precipitation being received during the spring and summer. This desert climate receives less than of annual rainfall, and snowfall is generally light during the winter.
Gallery
See also
List of mountains in Utah
Geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area
Colorado Plateau
References
External links
Zion National Park National Park Service
Weather forecast: Cathedral Mountain
Cathedral Mountain Rock Climbing: mountainproject.com
Mountains of Utah
Zion National Park
Mountains of Washington County, Utah
Sandstone formations of the United States
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18934838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset | Asset | In financial accounting, an asset is any resource owned or controlled by a business or an economic entity. It is anything (tangible or intangible) that can be used to produce positive economic value. Assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash (although cash itself is also considered an asset).
The balance sheet of a firm records the monetary value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business.
Assets can be grouped into two major classes: tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include cash, inventory, accounts receivable, while fixed assets include land, buildings and equipment.
Intangible assets are non-physical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm an advantage in the marketplace. Intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents, computer programs, and financial assets, including financial investments, bonds, and stocks.
Formal definition
IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards), the most widely used financial reporting system, defines: "An asset is a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events.
An economic resource is a right that has the potential to produce economic benefits."
The definition under US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles used in the United States of America): "Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events."
Characteristics
Con 6 provides the following discussion of the nature of an asset:
An asset has three essential characteristics:
(a) it embodies a probable future benefit that involves a capacity, singly or in combination with other assets, to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash inflows,
(b) a particular entity can obtain the benefit and control others’ access to it, and
(c) the transaction or other event giving rise to the entity’s right to or control of the benefit has already occurred.
This accounting definition of assets necessarily excludes employees because, while they have the capacity to generate economic benefits, an employer cannot control an employee.
Similarly, in economics, an asset is any form in which wealth can be held.
There is a growing analytical interest in assets and asset forms in other social sciences too, especially in terms of how a variety of things (e.g., personality, personal data, ecosystems, etc.) can be turned into an asset.
Accounting
In the financial accounting sense of the term, it is not necessary to be able to legally enforce the asset's benefit for qualifying a resource as being an asset, provided the entity can control its use by other means.
The accounting equation is the mathematical structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owner's equity:
Assets = Liabilities + Capital (which for a corporation equals owner's equity)
Liabilities = Assets − Capital
Equity = Assets − Liabilities
Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a company's balance sheet, certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which vary from country to country. Assets can be divided into current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables, and inventory.
Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools. These monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc., of both physical and non-physical assets.
Current assets
Current assets are cash and others that are expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle (whichever is longer), without disturbing the normal operations of a business. These assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, and negotiable instruments (e.g., money orders, cheque, bank drafts).
Short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences (trading securities)
Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts.
Inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the balance sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value, whichever is lower. This is known as the "lower of cost or market" rule.
Prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed (common examples are insurance or office supplies). See also adjusting entries.
Marketable securities: securities that can be converted into cash quickly at a reasonable price
The phrase net current assets (also called working capital) is often used and refers to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities.
Long-term investments
Often referred to simply as "investments". Long-term investments are to be held for many years and are not intended to be disposed of in the near future. This group usually consists of three types of investments :
Investments in securities such as bonds, common stock, or long-term notes
Investments in fixed assets not used in operations (e.g., land held for sale)
Investments in special funds (e.g. sinking funds or pension funds).
Different forms of insurance may also be treated as long-term investments.
Fixed assets
Also referred to as PPE (property, plant, and equipment), these are purchased for continued and long-term use to earn profit in a business. This group includes land, buildings, machinery, furniture, tools, IT equipment (e.g., laptops), and certain wasting resources (e.g., timberland and minerals). They are written off against profits over their anticipated life by charging depreciation expenses (with exception of land assets). Accumulated depreciation is shown in the face of the balance sheet or in the notes.
These are also called capital assets in management accounting.
Intangible assets
Intangible assets lack physical substance and usually are very hard to evaluate. They include patents, copyrights, franchises & licenses, goodwill, trademarks, trade names, etc. These assets are (according to US GAAP) amortized to expense over 5 to 40 years with the exception of goodwill.
Websites are treated differently in different countries and may fall under either tangible or intangible assets.
Tangible assets
Tangible assets are those that have a physical substance, such as currencies, buildings, real estate, vehicles, inventories, equipment, art collections, precious metals, rare-earth metals, Industrial metals, and crops. The physical health of tangible assets deteriorate over time. As a result, asset managers use deterioration modeling to predict the future conditions of assets.
Depreciation is applied to tangible assets when those assets have an anticipated lifespan of more than one year. This process of depreciation is used instead of allocating the entire expense to one year.
Tangible assets such as art, furniture, stamps, gold, wine, toys and books are recognized as an asset class in their own right. Many high-net-worth individuals will seek to include these tangible assets as part of their overall asset portfolio. This has created a need for tangible asset managers.
Wasting asset
A wasting asset is an asset that irreversibly declines in value over time. This could include vehicles and machinery, and in financial markets, options contracts that continually lose time value after purchase. Mines and quarries in use are wasting assets. An asset classified as wasting may be treated differently for tax and other purposes than one that does not lose value; this may be accounted for by applying depreciation.
Comparison: current assets, liquid assets and absolute liquid assets
See also
Assets under management (AUM)
References
Accounting terminology
Finance | [
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66713950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Malena | La Malena | Magdalena Seda Loreto, better known as La Malena (Jerez de la Frontera, 1877 - Seville, 1956), was a gypsy flamenco dancer of Spain.
Artistic Career
She developed almost all her artistic career for more than fifty years in Seville. She was the niece of María La Chorrúa, who was her first teacher and expert in dancing alegrías. She was the one who taught her to move her arms and hands gracefully. La Malena started in her homeland and very soon her fame went beyond its limits, going to the singing cafés of that time.
Her way of dancing was in the style of La Macarrona, who was her neighbor in Alameda de Hércules (Seville),and as her, she had a very similar career. La Malena began in the cafés-cantantes and ended up in the company of La Argentinita. In 1911 she made her first tour that took her to Russia, in the company of Maestro Realito. She received many praises, published in the Spanish press for more than two decades. During the 1940s she worked for Concha Piquer, and later she was the first dancer in the flamenco group for the Casino de la Exposición in Seville called "Malena y sus gitanas" (Malena and her gypsies).
Manuel Vallejo wrote about her:"La Malena meant and combined all the grace, all the charm and all the best style of an art learned and acquired by her with true devotion, she put all her soul and all her senses [...]."Despite her great success, the artist ended her days selling sweets in a street stall in the Alameda de Hércules, poor and forgotten.
José Manuel Caballero Bonald also considered Malena to be among the greatest flamenco dancers of all time:"Malena's dancing, learned from that of Chorrúa, was like an unleashed vertigo of inspiration, like an electric jolt of the flesh. It is said that, at some moments, the dancer was subjected to a continuous syncope that was terrifying to watch"
Bibliography
Fernando el de Triana, Arte y artistas flamencos, Imprenta Helénica, Madrid, 1935
El Imparcial (Madrid. 1867).Hemeroteca digital, BNE 20-4-1933
Heraldo de Madrid. Hemeroteca digital, BNE, 20-5-1933
References
External links
B Web "Flamencas por derecho"
Flamenco dancers
Spanish dancers | [
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] |
23442589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tunnels%20in%20Norway | List of tunnels in Norway | This list of tunnels in Norway includes any road, rail or waterway tunnel in Norway.
There are over 900 road tunnels in Norway with total length exceeding 750 km.
The longest road tunnels (>7 km, with opening year and length):
The longest subsea road tunnels (see also List of subsea tunnels in Norway):
The longest railway tunnels:
See also
List of subsea tunnels in Norway
List of tunnels by location
Norway
Tunnels
Tunnels | [
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] |
2086540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trad | Trad | Trad. is often an abbreviation of the word "traditional". It may also refer to:
Music
Trad jazz, a style of jazz music in the 1950s and 1960s
Néo-trad, a musical style that arose in Quebec around the turn of the 21st century
Places
Trat Province, Thailand, also spelt Trad
Trat, a town in Thailand
Other uses
Ivy League clothes, a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s
Traditional climbing
Trads, members of an Indian alt-right group
Trojan skinhead, subculture also known as traditional or trad skinheads
See also
Tradescantia or Spiderwort, a genus of plant species in the family Commelinaceae | [
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1947543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaking%20the%20Tree%3A%20Sixteen%20Golden%20Greats | Shaking the Tree: Sixteen Golden Greats | Shaking the Tree: Sixteen Golden Greats is a compilation album by the English rock musician Peter Gabriel. It was released in 1990 as Gabriel's first career retrospective, including songs from his first solo album Peter Gabriel (I or Car) (1977), through Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ (1989). It was remastered with most of Gabriel's catalogue in 2002.
Track selection
The tracks are creatively re-ordered, ignoring chronology. Some of the tracks were different from the album versions. New parts were recorded for several tracks in Gabriel's Real World Studios. Most songs are edited for time, either as radio, single, or video edit versions. "Shaking the Tree"—a track from Youssou N'Dour's 1989 album The Lion—is a 1990 version featuring new vocals from Gabriel. "I Have the Touch" is listed as a 1983 remix, although it is actually the 1985 remix which appeared on the "Sledgehammer" single. (The 1985 remix is similar to the 1983 remix, which appeared as the B-side of the "Walk Through the Fire" single, but is edited down to 3m 45s long, as here.)
"Here Comes the Flood" is a new recording from 1990. This version is a piano and voice arrangement, that is far simpler than the highly produced version on Peter Gabriel (1977). Its sparseness is closer to the version that Gabriel recorded with Robert Fripp on Fripp's Exposure (1979). In interviews, Gabriel has said that he preferred the 1979 version, and it was that version with Fripp that he chose to overdub in German as the flipside of the single "Biko" released before Ein deutsches Album (1980).
Although this album highlights songs from Peter Gabriel's earlier albums, tracks from Peter Gabriel (II, or Scratch) and the soundtrack to the film Birdy are not included. "In Your Eyes" is notably missing from the compilation. Say Anything..., in which it was played in a prominent scene, had been released the year before. Although this made "In Your Eyes" perhaps the most well known Peter Gabriel song aside from "Sledgehammer", it failed to crack the top 20 and was thus omitted from the album in favour of five of the other eight tracks from So—four other hits and album track "Mercy Street".
Track listing
NOTE: All tracks marked with * are not on the vinyl release of the album.
Personnel
"Solsbury Hill"
Bob Ezrin – production
Larry Fast – synthesizer
Robert Fripp – guitar
Peter Gabriel – vocals
Steve Hunter – guitar
Tony Levin – bass guitar
Alan Schwartzberg – drums
"I Don't Remember" (Edited version)
Larry Fast – processing
Robert Fripp – guitar
Peter Gabriel – piano, synthesizer, vocals, and production
Tony Levin – Chapman Stick
Jerry Marrotta – drums
David Rhodes – guitar
Peter Walsh;– production
"Sledgehammer" (Single edit)
P.P. Arnold – backing vocals
Peter Gabriel – Fairlight CMI, Prophet, piano, vocals, production
Carol Gordon – backing vocals
Manu Katche – drums
Wayne Jackson – trumpet
Daniel Lanois – production
Tony Levin – bass guitar
Dee Lewis – backing vocals
Don Mikkelsen – trombone
David Rhodes – guitar
Mark Rivera – saxophone
"Family Snapshot"
Larry Fast – synthesizer
Phil Collins – snare drum
Peter Gabriel – piano, vocals
John Giblin – bass guitar
Dave Gregory – guitar
Steve Lillywhite – production
Jerry Marrotta – drums
Dick Morrissey – saxophone
David Rhodes – guitar
"Mercy Street" (Edited version)
Djalma Correa – surdu, congas, and triangle
Peter Gabriel – Fairlight CMI, Prophet, piano, CS80, vocals, and production
Larry Klein – bass guitar
Daniel Lanois – production
Mark Rivera – processed saxophone
"Shaking the Tree" (1990 remix)
George Acogny – Fairlight CMI percussion
Roger Bolton – Fairlight CMI percussion and sequencing
Simon Clark – organ, piano, keyboard bass, and synthesizer
Habib Faye – bass guitar, guitar
Peter Gabriel – vocals and re-recorded vocals
Manu Katche – drums
Youssou N'Dour – vocals
David Rhodes – acoustic and electric guitar
"Don't Give Up" (Edited version)
Peter Gabriel – chant, CMI, Prophet, piano, production
Kate Bush – chant
David Rhodes – guitar
Tony Levin – bass guitar
Simon Clark – chorus CS 80
Richard Tee – piano
Daniel Lanois – production
"San Jacinto"
Peter Gabriel – vocals, production
David Lord – production
"Here Comes the Flood" (1990 re-recording)
Peter Gabriel – piano, vocals, and production
"Red Rain"
Peter Gabriel – vocals, production
Daniel Lanois – production
"Games Without Frontiers" (Single edit)
Steve Lillywhite – production
"Shock the Monkey" (Radio edit)
Peter Gabriel – vocals, production
David Lord – production
"I Have the Touch" (1983 remix)
Peter Gabriel – keyboards, vocals, and production
David Lord – production
Simon Phillips – drums
James Guthrie – remix engineer
"Big Time
Peter Gabriel – vocals, production
Daniel Lanois – production
"Zaar" (Edited version)
Peter Gabriel – production
"Biko" (Edited version)
Steve Lillywhite – production
Additional
Alexander Knaust – styling and photography assistance
Robert Mapplethorpe – photography
Mouat Nomad, London – design
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1990 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Bob Ezrin
Albums produced by Daniel Lanois
Albums produced by Peter Gabriel
Albums produced by Steve Lillywhite
Geffen Records compilation albums
Peter Gabriel albums
Virgin Records compilation albums | [
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14756066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle%20station | Roselle station | Roselle is a station on Metra's Milwaukee District/West in Roselle, Illinois. The station is away from Union Station, the eastern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Roselle is in zone E. As of 2018, Roselle is the 24th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 1,448 weekday boardings.
References
External links
Station House from Google Maps Street View
Metra stations in Illinois
Former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad stations
Roselle, Illinois
Railway stations in DuPage County, Illinois
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1922 | [
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32324662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinsia%20praealtus | Hellinsia praealtus | Hellinsia praealtus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in Guatemala.
The wingspan is 22‑24 mm. The forewings are white, much sprinkled with dark brown scales, which form a narrow and slightly diffused line along the costa, interrupted before and beyond by a broad costal patch at three‑fourths, produced obliquely inward to the base of the fissure and then diffused outwards to the tornus and termen. This is preceded by a dark spot on the middle of the cell, with another on the dorsum and little beyond it, and a costal spot before the apex is followed by another on the lower margin of the apical lobe. The hindwings are greyish brown. Adults are on wing in February and August.
References
Moths described in 1915
praealtus
Moths of the Caribbean
Moths of Central America | [
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] |
59913513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel%20Sennoun | Adel Sennoun | Adel Sennoun (born 1 September 1967) is an Algerian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Algerian men's volleyball players
Olympic volleyball players of Algeria
Volleyball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Algerian people | [
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] |
6316130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20Explorer | Process Explorer | Process Explorer is a freeware task manager and system monitor for Microsoft Windows created by SysInternals, which has been acquired by Microsoft and re-branded as Windows Sysinternals. It provides the functionality of Windows Task Manager along with a rich set of features for collecting information about processes running on the user's system. It can be used as the first step in debugging software or system problems.
Process Explorer can be used to track down problems. For example, it provides a means to list or search for named resources that are held by a process or all processes. This can be used to track down what is holding a file open and preventing its use by another program. As another example, it can show the command lines used to start a program, allowing otherwise identical processes to be distinguished. Like Task Manager, it can show a process that is maxing out the CPU, but unlike Task Manager it can show which thread (with the callstack) is using the CPU – information that is not even available under a debugger.
History
Process Explorer began in the early Sysinternals days as two separate utilities, HandleEx and DLLView, which were merged in 2001. Until 2008, Process Explorer worked on Windows 9x, Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000. Versions of Process Explorer up to 12.04 work on Windows 2000; versions 14.0 and higher do not require credui.dll (which is only available since Windows XP/2003). Windows XP is supported up to version 16.05. The current version runs on Windows Vista and upwards. The open source software "Process Hacker" has been developed with the aim to replicate its functionality.
Features
Hierarchical view of processes
Ability to display an icon and company name next to each process
Live CPU activity graph in the task bar
Ability to suspend selected process
Ability to raise the window attached to a process, thus "unhiding" it
Complete process tree can be killed
Interactively alter a service process's access security
Interactively set the priority of a process
Disambiguates service executables which perform multiple service functions. For example, when the pointer is placed over a svchost.exe, it will tell if it is the one performing automatic updates/secondary logon/etc., or the one providing RPC, or the one performing terminal services, and so on
There is an option (in a process's context menu) to verify a process in VirusTotal
There is an option to display DLLs loaded by process (View => Lower Pane View => DLLs); an option Show Lower Pane has to be switched on
There is an option to display processes' handles which includes named mutants, events, sockets, files, registry keys etc. (View => Lower Pane View => Handles); an option Show Lower Pane has to be switched on
In properties of a process a user can view the process's threads and threads' stack traces
There is a command to create a process dump (mini or full) (Process => Create Dump)
There is a Find command which allows for searching a handle or DLL which can be used to identify the process(es) holding a file lock
There is an option (in handle context menu) to close a selected handle
Version 15 added GPU monitoring
See also
Activity Monitor
Ksysguard
Process Lasso
Resource Monitor
Taskkill
Tasklist
Process Monitor – capturing file system and Registry activity.
ProcDump
References
External links
Process Explorer Official Webpage Microsoft Retrieved on December 29, 2008
Using Process Explorer to tame svchost.exe - Advanced topics February 9, 2008
Process Explorer Part 2 February 10, 2008
Process Explorer Guide for Newbies February 27, 2009
Sysinternals Suite at Microsoft Technet Updated continuously as of August 2009
Utilities for Windows
2001 software
Microsoft software | [
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23514207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Library%20Association | Illinois Library Association | The Illinois Library Association (ILA) is the eighth oldest library association in the world and the third largest state library association in the United States. The association provides leadership for the development, promotion, and improvement of library services in Illinois and for the library community in order to enhance learning and ensure access to information for all. This access is essential for an open democratic society, an informed electorate, and the advancement of knowledge for all people. It is headquartered in Chicago.
History
The first meeting of what was to become the Illinois Library Association was held November 22–23, 1881. Originally called the Western Library Association (WLA), it met twice, in 1881 and again in 1884, both times in Illinois. William Frederick Poole was its first president and its avowed purpose was to promote cooperative purchasing and cataloging. The WLA ceased to exist in 1885. Ten years later, members of the Chicago Library Club proposed forming a state library association and held a meeting, in Springfield, Illinois to officially launch the Illinois Library Association.
Membership
ILA membership is open to any person or organization, though most of its members are primarily librarians, library staff, and trustees. Membership represents all types of libraries in the state—public, academic, school, government, and special libraries.
Organizational structure
The association has four full-time staff members and is governed by a sixteen-member executive board, made up of elected officers.
Activities
Library advocacy
Throughout the year, the Illinois Library Association monitors legislative activity at the state and national level, preparing for both challenges and opportunities. In countering legislation that restricts intellectual freedom, the profession advocates for a future of free and open access to information. In providing information to legislators and supporting legislation that improves library resources, the association is an advocate for change that will increase opportunities for all citizens. Timely alerts on pending legislation mobilize citizens to contact their representatives. The association also maintains legislative counsel in the state capital during the legislative session and works with the state library and other groups to maximize public benefit from available resources.
Major Publications
The Illinois Library Association Reporter is a bimonthly publication intended to explore new ideas and practices from all types of libraries and library systems; examine the challenges facing the profession; and inform the library community and its supporters with news and comment about important issues. The Reporter has been in publication since 1983 and it is indexed by EBSCO in Library & Information Science Source.
The Illinois Library Association E-Newsletter is an email newsletter intended to alert and inform the ILA membership about issues and events that are considered significant by the general media. The E-Newsletter is sent free to the ILA membership and subscribers in the general public.
In 2014, the association produced and printed Serving Our Public 3.0: Standards for Illinois Public Libraries. State law requires Illinois public libraries to "provide, as determined by the State Librarian, library services which either meet or show progress toward meeting Illinois library standards, as most recently adopted by the Illinois Library Association."
Illinois Library Laws and Rules in Effect October 2012 is a compilation of all current laws and rules affecting library service in Illinois. New rules governing including regional library system membership, reciprocal borrowing, and state grants that took effect in July 2012 are included plus changes in the ethics statutes.
Reading promotion
Since 1982, ILA has developed iREAD, the association's summer reading program, intended to provide high quality, low-cost resources and products that enable library staff to motivate children to read.
In summer 2008, ILA successfully partnered with the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) to create the Summer Reading Club.
Conferences and events
ILA sponsors an annual statewide conference each fall, rotating from Chicago, to sites in suburban Chicago, and downstate Illinois.
Other ILA activities
In spring 2009, the Barack Obama Commemorative License Plate was introduced by the Illinois Department of Motor Vehicles and the Illinois Library Association. The license plate was valid for vehicle use until April 17, 2009, and has now become a popular international collectors' item.
In spring 2007, the Illinois Library Association partnered with MySpace.com to produce the "CyberSafety Bookmark". One million bookmarks were distributed for free to libraries across the country, and were sold for a nominal fee afterward. They are currently sold out, but available for download.
ILA Executive Directors
James A. Harvey (Executive Secretary), 1973–75
John R. Coyne (Executive Secretary), 1976–78
Alfred L. Woods (Executive Secretary), 1979–80
Judith C. Burnison, 1981–82
Willine C. Mahony, 1983–89
James Steenbergen (acting), 1989
Barbara Manchak Cunningham, 1990–93
Jane E. Getty, 1993–95
Donna Dziedzic (interim), 1995
Robert P. Doyle, 1996-2017
Diane B. Foote, 2017--
References
External links
American Library Association
Illinois Library Association
Library-related professional associations
Library associations based in Chicago
Organizations established in 1896
1896 establishments in Illinois | [
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62617193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Days%20to%20Live | Three Days to Live | Three Days to Live () is a 1957 French crime film directed by Gilles Grangier and starring Daniel Gélin, Jeanne Moreau and Lino Ventura. It was shot at the Saint-Maurice Studios in Paris and on location in Le Havre and Rouen. The film's sets were designed by the art director Roger Briaucourt. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in August 1957.
Synopsis
An actor, struggling as a part of a company touring the provinces, identifies the suspect in a murder case and becomes an overnight sensation. However the man he has accused escapes and now threatens him.
Cast
Daniel Gélin as Simon Belin
Jeanne Moreau as Jeanne Fortin
Lino Ventura as Lino Ferrari
Georges Flamant as Inspector Segalier
Albert Augier as Dédé
Aimé Clariond as Charlie Bianchi
Roland Armontel as Alexandre Bérimont
Joëlle Bernard as Mauricette
Moustache as Davros
Robert Rollis as Lucien Morisot
Evelyne Rey as Bélina
Jannick Arvel as Thérese
Jacques Marin as Le gendarme
Jean Toulout as Président des Assises
Jean-Marie Rivière as Un comédien
Jo Peignot as Patron du café
Jean Degrave as Réceptionniste de l'hôtel
Marcel Pérès as Propriétaire du thêatre
José Quaglio as Un acteur
François Joux as Secrétaire du commissaire
References
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
External links
1957 films
1957 crime films
French crime films
French films
French-language films
Films directed by Pierre Colombier
Films scored by Joseph Kosma | [
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25919065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20chamber | Steam chamber | A Steam chamber is an enclosed space containing steam. Relevant articles include:
Steambath
Steam room | [
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49166659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis%3A%20The%20Best%20of%20%26%20Reworked | Nemesis: The Best of & Reworked | Nemesis: The Best of & Reworked is a best of compilation album, from the German futurepop band Blutengel. All the tracks on the first disc are re-recorded. The deluxe edition second disc features songs released between 2005 and 2015. In the collectors box set, there is also a DVD of all the music videos released to date. Weg Zu Mir was released as a preview for Nemesis on their 2015 In Alle Ewigkeit EP. All tracks are taken from all albums and EPs, with the exception of Demon Kiss.
Two lyric videos were released, Children of the Night (Reworked) preceding the release by a week, and Soul of Ice (Reworked) on the day of the album's release. On 19 February, Children of the Night (Reworked) was also made available to download from the album.
Track listing
Credits
Music and male vocals: Chris Pohl
Female vocals: Ulrike Goldmann
References
External links
Musicfolio.com
2016 compilation albums
Blutengel albums | [
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65563866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20of%20Crime | King of Crime | King of Crime is an adventure published by Mayfair Games in 1986 for the superhero role-playing game DC Heroes.
Plot summary
King of Crime is an introductory adventure meant to show new players how to generate and run superhero player characters. The adventure is set in Central City, where the superheroes will face members of the Secret Society of Super Villains, organized by the King of Crime.
Publication history
Mayfair Games first published the superhero role-playing game DC Heroes in 1985. The introductory adventure King of Crime was published the following year, a 32-page softcover book written by Jeff O'Hare, with cover art by Ed Hannigan, Carmine Infantino, and Bob Smith, interior art by Rob Davis, and cartography by James Clouse.
Reception
In White Dwarf #84, Pete Tamlyn was disappointed in this product, saying, "The bad guys are well known [ DC Comics ] cannon fodder. Unfortunately the Central City background isn't a patch on [Marvel Super Heroes]'s New York, and the adventure plot is like something out of the Batman TV series. I think the problem is that the project was beyond the scope of a 32 page package, and it wasn't helped by having an editor who wouldn't even keep the mayor's name constant throughout the booklet. Shame."
References
DC Heroes adventures | [
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16093328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream%20House%20for%20Medically%20Fragile%20Children | Dream House for Medically Fragile Children | Dream House For Medically Fragile Children was a Georgia based organization dedicated to providing financial support and homes to children with severe health issues. It is a tax-exempt 501c3 charitable nonprofit. The organization was founded by Laura O. Moore, a pediatric nurse. The organization eventually served "children [who] had been abandoned by their families because they didn’t have the means to properly care for the child. In other instances, the child had been taken from the parents or caregivers because of abuse or neglect." Children could stabilize and improve with good care, and then returning them to their families, placing them in foster homes and/or obtaining adoption would be possible.
History
In the fall of 2001, Laura O. Moore founded the organization as The Dream House for Kids, a non-profit organization dedicated to moving medically fragile children out of institutions and to educate these children's families, caregivers, and communities about issues that affect them. Moore was trained as a pediatric intensive care nurse.
In December 2002 the organization was renamed the Dream House For Medically Fragile Children.
Laura Moore and her husband took in Katie as a foster child in 2004.
The organization expanded in 2004, hiring a separate Executive Director, allowing the founder to serve in other ways.
"Person of the Week"
During 2008, ABC News with Charles Gibson regularly ran a segment named "Person of the Week" that highlighted extraordinary persons. ABC News had noticed the story of Laura Moore and the Dream House in People Magazine.
Laura Moore as "ABC Person of the Week" became a segment on nationwide news. Gibson called the house an "oasis in rural Georgia ..." (1:15 on). Laura had by then found homes for 12 children.
Care and closure
The organization ran an actual transitional housing facility in a large house, but it was forced to close the house in 2011 for financial reasons, leading to some of its wards being replaced into state custody. During the course of its existence, the Dream House had about 100 residents.
The organization had served about 1,000 children, of which about 100 had actually lived in the house for some period. Those were the most dire cases, of orphans and those whose families could not adequately handle their care.
The house served as a "live-in transition home for children dependent on equipment, medication or constant nursing care to survive, many of which are orphans or wards of the state" and was "essentially rescuing them from living in the hospital as they awaited a caring foster family."
According to the organization, ninety percent of children served were served via weekend programs training and assisting families, and other non-residential care.
In the financial statements for the year ending June 30, 2014, the board of directors stated that with regret the organization was to close down in August.
Programs
The organization runs three programs: a "Weekend Retreat" respite program that "offers an opportunity where the children can feel at home, while their families can receive a much-needed break from the stress and exhaustion that comes from providing constant, around the clock care", a "Family for Keeps®" education and skills training program that "provides tailored instruction that teaches foster, adoptive and biological families, social work professionals and other caregivers how to provide safe and effective care for medically fragile children at home," and a "Bridging the Gap" program that is intended "to help foster, adoptive and biological families acquire health care supplies, home modifications, and equipment necessary to provide safe and accessible homes for their medically fragile children."
Development
The nonprofit benefited from a 2007 fundraiser headlined by Atlanta Braves baseball player Jeff Francoeur, involving Delta Air Lines' frequent flyer program, SkyMiles, donating the value of 25,000 Skymiles for each homerun hit by Francoeur during the season.
In 2007, Moore was named a Volvo For Life Award category winner, garnering a $50,000 donation by Volvo to the charity.
In 2007, Moore was named Gwinnett Magazine's Woman of the Year.
In 2008, for her work in the nonprofit, founder Moore was named a finalist in the Health-Care Innovation section of the 2008 Atlanta Business Chronicle's "Health-Care Heroes Awards".
By 2008, the organization had 18 staff, had raised more than $3 million, and had served 900 children throughout Georgia.
Laura Moore was covered in People and named ABC Person of the Week on the ABC News program in 2008.
Its required filing for 2012 shows that the organization achieved revenues over one million dollars in 2010–2011, and had assets of $585,000 and net assets of 210,000 as of June 30, 2012. The report also states that the program would in the future change its program goal towards its weekend program.
The organization was to hold an inaugural Valentine's dinner and dance as a fundraiser in Duluth, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, on February 8, 2014.
Laura O. Moore
Laura O. Moore grew up in Texas and Georgia. She attended Auburn University and then became a nurse in Atlanta. She was married in 1984. She worked as a pediatric nurse for 23 years. She founded the Dream House charity in 2001.
References
External links
ABC News Person of the Week: Dream House Changing Sick Kids' Futures
People Magazine feature
Music on Main website
Volvo or life Awards Heroes
Gwinnett Magazine's Best Local Charities and Laura Moore - Woman of the Year
Dream House website (not available, 11/2015)
Organizations for children with health issues
Organizations established in 2001 | [
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10150496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursberg | Ursberg | Ursberg is a municipality in the district of Günzburg in Bavaria in Germany.
Nearby is Ursberg Abbey, a former Imperial Abbey of the Holy Roman Empire.
Notable residents
Theo Waigel, former Chairperson of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria party and Federal Minister of Finance of Germany.
References
Populated places in Günzburg (district) | [
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45143084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20S%C3%A2rbu | Andrei Sârbu | Andrei Sârbu (born 6 December 1950 in Chișinău – died 14 April 2000 in Chișinău) – Moldovan painter who contributed to the introduction of a modern approach to painting in Moldova. Known for his non-figurative works, Pop Art series and Photorealism.
Life
Between 1963 and 1966 Andrei Sârbu studied at the A.V. Sciusev Art School followed by three years of study at 'Valentin Serov' College in Leningrad. Due to material hardships he was constrained to abandon his studies. Nevertheless, the artist's stay in Leningrad gave him the opportunity to familiarize himself with a wider context of modern art. Sârbu pursued his studies in Tallinn from 1966 to 1968, followed by his activity in the workshop of the renowned painter Mihai Grecu.
Works
In 1968 Andrei Sârbu exhibited " Geranium from parents' home" at the National Museum of Art in Chișinău and started to work as a designer and painter of theatrical scenery at the "Luceafarul" theater in Chișinău.
In the 1970s, Sârbu embraced the technique of collage, which can be seen in works such as "Clock-1" and "Clock-2". The work "Projection" (1976–77) is a vivid example of the artist's use of the pictorial language of Pop Art. Elements such as cinema tape, sunflowers and quinces became his trademarks and were closely associated with his still lives.
The "Reflexes" series (1987–89) are highly representative of Andrei Sârbu's artistic maturity. The artist's later use of the pictorial language of Op-Art, shows the influence of the French painter Victor Vasarely.
Through the efforts of Marat Ghelman Andrei Sârbu was able to exhibit his works in art galleries in Moscow. The influence of Abstract Expressionism, Suprematism and De Stijl can de detected in his work from this period.
In the 1990s Andrei Sârbu devoted his attention to his native land's history through the series of paintings "Archeology" and the project "Archeo" sponsored by the Soros Foundation Moldova. Traditional themes found a modern pictorial expression in these series. In 1999 Andrei Sârbu was awarded a scholarship for excellence by the same institution.
The artist's deteriorating health prevented him from organising exhibition titled "Anno-Timpuri", which was presented to the public by wife, Antonina Sârbu. Andrei Sârbu died on April 14, 2000 in Chișinău.
Throughout his artistic career, Andrei Sârbu preferred to paint landscapes, still lives and non-figurative compositions. Works from series such as "Quinces", "Apples" and "Sunflower" show the artist's preference for these themes.
Andrei Sârbu is one of the few uncompromising artists from Moldova who refused to cooperate with the totalitarian Soviet regime. Although his incorruptibility has profoundly marked his human condition, it brought him recognition from his colleagues. He is undoubtedly one of Moldova's most appreciated modern artists.
Selected works
References
1950 births
2000 deaths
Artists from Chișinău
Moldovan painters | [
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] |
43080315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Ramirez | Cristian Ramirez | Cristian Ramirez may refer to:
Cristian Ramírez (Argentine footballer), Argentine footballer
Cristian Ramírez (Ecuadorian footballer), Ecuadorian footballer
Cristian Ramírez (Paraguayan footballer), Paraguayan footballer
Cristián Moll Ramírez, Chilean handball player
See also
Christian Ramirez (disambiguation) | [
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] |
32035401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Shepetov | Ivan Shepetov | Ivan Mikhailovich Shepetov (; 11 July 1902 21 May 1943) was a Soviet infantry officer who enlisted in the Red Army as a Civil War volunteer in 1918 and rose to command the 96th Mountain Rifle Division in the months following the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
World War II
Promoted to major-general and awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union in autumn 1941 for his capable handling of the 96th Mountain Rifle Division on the Southwestern Front, Shepetov continued to command the division (redesignated as the 14th Guards Rifle Division) until 29 May 1942, when he was wounded and taken prisoner in the German encirclement near the town of Izyum.
Transferred between various prisoner camps after falling into German hands, Shepetov was shot while attempting to escape from the Flossenbürg concentration camp in May 1943.
Surviving Soviet war prisoners held at Flossenbürg stated that they had witnessed Shepetov's torture at Flossenbürg in the spring of 1943.
References
1902 births
1943 deaths
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
People who died in Flossenbürg concentration camp
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Military personnel who died in Nazi concentration camps
People from Kamianske
People of the Russian Civil War
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet major generals
Soviet military personnel killed in World War II
Soviet prisoners of war
Ukrainian people of World War II
Deaths by firearm in Germany
Frunze Military Academy alumni | [
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36305132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Vasle | Juan Vasle | Juan Vasle, (born 31 August 1954) is a Slovenian operatic and concert bass baritone and a journalist.
Biography
Singing career
Vasle was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he received his diploma as a singer at the Superior Institute of Arte (Instituto Superior de Arte) of the Teatro Colón. He was a finalist at the Luciano Pavarotti International Voice Competition in Philadelphia. Since 1990, he is a member of the solo ensamble of the SNG Opera and Ballet Ljubljana, where he has done a long line of important bass roles: Zahari, Lindorf, Coppelius, Dappertuto, Miracle, don Alfonso, Ferrando, Escamillo, Martin Krpan, St. Bris, Ramfis...
He also took part in guest appearances in Australia, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Italy, Canada, Kosovo, Peru, Uruguay, and elsewhere. He has also performed in a lot of oratorios of Bach, Mozart, Mendelssohn, Rossini, Verdi and lieder recitals.
Journalism
He received his journalist degree at the Journalism Academy in Buenos Aires. In the 1970s, he was employed at the Mercado weekly magazine, which was at the time considered the most influential in the world of business and economy in the country. He also wrote columns about football for the Crónica. Later, he co-founded and became the chief editor of a musical magazine ProMúsica. As a professional commentator of classical music, he took part of the show Matutino 103, which was at the time anchored by the well-known Luis Garibotti and received the Ondas award for the highest level of excellency for Spanish language broadcasts.
In his native Slovenia, he published articles about association football in South America in the local Delo newspaper. He had a column in the Dnevnik called Volej z odra (A volley from backstage), and is still an occasional participant in its Saturday supplement, Objektiv. Since 2008, he comments on the broadcasts of South American football matches at the local television station Šport TV.
Discography
Slovenske pesmi (Slovenski samospevi in narodne pesmi) (Slovenian songs (Slovene lieder and national songs)), 1993
Slovenski samospevi XX. Stoletja (Slovenian lieder of the 20th century), 1996
Sudamérica (Pesmi iz Južne Amerike), (Sudamérica (Songs from South America)) 1998
Raduj, človek moj (Božične pesmi), (Be happy, dear fellow (Christmas carols))2002
Ljuba si, pomlad zelena (Slovenske narodne pesmi), (Ljuba si, pomlad zelena (Slovenian national songs)) 2009
Books
Pevci so tudi ljudje (24 intervjujev z znamenitimi opernimi pevci) (Singers are also people (24 interviews with famous opera singers)), 1993
Fuzbal, tango in polka (Nogometne zgodbe iz Slovenije in Južne Amerike) (Football, tango and polka (Stories about association football in Slovenia and South America)), 2002
Ustavite svet! Mundial je tu (Zgodovina nogometnih svetovnih prvenstev 1930-2006) (Stop the world!The World Cup is here (The history of the Association football World Cup 1930-2006)), 2006
References
Križnar, Franc Sto slovenskih glasbenikov, Ljubljana, Prešernova družba, 2002
External links
Official page
1954 births
Living people
Slovenian opera singers
Slovenian journalists
Slovenian sports journalists
Argentine people of Slovenian descent | [
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3014603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordisk | Nordisk | Nordisk is a Scandinavian word meaning Nordic.
It is commonly found in the names of various entities and organizations based in the Nordic countries, including:
Nordisk Copyright Bureau, Danish copyright collecting society
Nordisk Film, Danish film studio
Nordisk Mobiltelefon, Swedish mobile telephone network operator
Novo Nordisk, Danish pharmaceutical company
Nordisk familjebok, Swedish encyclopedia | [
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55486549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Mixed%20doubles | 1957 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles | Vic Seixas and Shirley Fry were the defending champions, but Fry did not compete. Seixas partnered with Louise Brough, but they lost in the fourth round to Luis Ayala and Thelma Long.
Mervyn Rose and Darlene Hard defeated Neale Fraser and Althea Gibson in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the mixed doubles tennis title at the 1957 Wimbledon Championships.
Seeds
Vic Seixas / Shirley Fry (fourth round)
Neale Fraser / Althea Gibson (final)
Jiří Javorský / Věra Pužejová (third round)
Mervyn Rose / Darlene Hard (champions)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
X=Mixed Doubles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Mixed doubles | [
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41264177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%20of%20Kent%20Cemetery | Men of Kent Cemetery | The Men of Kent Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Meetinghouse Lane in Scituate, Massachusetts. The cemetery dates from the earliest days of Scituate's settlement, estimated to have been established in 1628. It is the town's oldest cemetery, containing the graves of some of its original settlers. The cemetery is also the site where the town's first meeting house was built in 1636. The cemetery is so named because Scituate was founded by colonists from the English county of Kent.
The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
References
External links
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Cemeteries in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Scituate, Massachusetts | [
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Subsets and Splits