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31959381#3 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | Forest started their return to the top league campaign with a 3-1 win at Everton. Three further wins in league and cup followed without conceding a goal. Then came five early September goals conceded losing 3-0 at Arsenal and beating Wolves 3-2 at home. Peter Shilton then signed for a record fee for a goalkeeper of £325,000. Taylor reasoned: "Shilton wins you matches." |
31959381#4 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | 20 year old Middleton transferred later in the month with £25,000 in exchange for Archie Gemmill moving to Forest from another top flight club, Derby County. Middleton played 80 competitive first team games (73 in the league) for Derby. A persistent shoulder injury forced his retirement from football aged 23 in 1980. |
31959381#5 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | Middleton played twice against Norway and once again Finland for England in UEFA Under 21 Championship qualifying group matches. He conceded only one goal in total winning all three games. All three games were in 1977 during his last four months at Forest. His last cap was four days before the 3-0 defeat by Arsenal playing for Forest. |
31959381#6 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | John Middleton died on 3 July 2016 aged 59. |
31959381#7 | John Middleton (footballer, born 1956) | Nottingham Forest: |
31959398#0 | Miguelete, Uruguay | Miguelete or Colonia Miguelete is a village in the Colonia Department of southwestern Uruguay. |
31959398#1 | Miguelete, Uruguay | It is located on Route 106, a small distance south of its intersection with Route 54, about north-northeast of the department capital Colonia del Sacramento. |
31959398#2 | Miguelete, Uruguay | Miguelete was founded on 27 March 1909. Its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) category on 8 November 1942 por Ley No. 10.113. |
31959398#3 | Miguelete, Uruguay | There is a nearby creek of the same name. |
31959398#4 | Miguelete, Uruguay | In 2011 Miguelete had a population of 999.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959404#0 | Zagarzazú | Zagarzazú or Balneario Zagarzazú is a resort village in the Colonia Department of southwestern Uruguay. |
31959404#1 | Zagarzazú | Zagarzazú is located on the coast of Río Uruguay, north of the city of Carmelo and just south of Route 21. To the west of the resort, is situated the famous and luxurious hotel Four Seasons Resort of Carmelo, which shares the beach of the resort and its beautiful surroundings. To the north of the hotel and the resort is situated a big golf course. |
31959404#2 | Zagarzazú | In 2011 Zagarzazú had a population of 96 permanent inhabitants and 165 dwellings. According to El Pais, the majority of the dwelings are rented by people from Carmelo either for summer vacation or as residence during the whole year, as many of them are employees of the Four Seasons Hotel.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959404#3 | Zagarzazú | A statue of the founder of the resort, Isidro (Chiquito) Zagarzazú, can be found at the end of the entrance road, near the beach. |
31959404#4 | Zagarzazú | Just east of the Zagarzazú resort, is situated the "Aeropuerto Zagarzazú of Carmelo" (Zagarzazú Airport). This airport was built along with the resort by Isidro Zagarzazú. "Aeropuerto Zagarzazú" was later donated to the City of Carmelo as a means of making it an International Airport. Since its donation, there has been political pressure to make it a Domestic Airport again, in order to increase traffic to its neighbouring airport, the "Aeropuerto de Colonia". According to Mr. Parodi, subdirector of Tourism at the time, in 2009, a movement of 20 privately chartered flights per day was recorded in this International Airport, transporting people who came to play golf or to stay in the Four Seasons Hotel. |
31959404#5 | Zagarzazú | Much controversy has begun taking place due to the issue of the airport, which, if turned to Domestic, would break the clause and the basis on which the airport was initially donated. If this happens then the airport donation clause will be voided and the airport should be returned to the Zagarzazú Family.
The beach of Zagarzazú is reminiscent of the resorts of the Costa de Oro of Canelones Department, though the number of visitors is much smaller. |
31959427#0 | Blanquillo, Uruguay | Blanquillo is a village in the Durazno Department of central Uruguay. |
31959427#1 | Blanquillo, Uruguay | The village is located on Route 43, about north-northwest of its junction with Route 6. The railroad track that joins Florida with La Paloma pass through the town. |
31959427#2 | Blanquillo, Uruguay | On 17 November 1964, its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) by the Act of Ley Nº 13.299. |
31959427#3 | Blanquillo, Uruguay | In 2011, it had a population of 1,084.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959429#0 | Arnova | Arnova is: |
31959443#0 | Carlos Reyles | Carlos Reyles is a village in the Durazno Department of central Uruguay. |
31959443#1 | Carlos Reyles | It is located on the Route 5 on the spot where Route 4 splits off in a northwestern direction to Río Negro Department. It is about north of the city of Durazno. |
31959443#2 | Carlos Reyles | On 16 August 1939 the "nucleus of houses" that were in the area of "Estación Molles" were given the name "Carlos Reyles" by the Act of Ley Nº 9.860, and on 12 August 1988 its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) by the Act of Ley Nº 15.972. |
31959443#3 | Carlos Reyles | In 2011 Carlos Reyles had a population of 976.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959445#0 | Rolo Puente | Rolo Puente (August 13, 1939 – May 5, 2011) was an Argentine comedian and actor. Puente was born Rolando Pardo Dominguez in Buenos Aires on August 13, 1939, but adopted Rolo Puente as his stage name.
In April 2011, Puente was admitted to Guemes Sanatorium in Buenos Aires for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His condition worsened and he died at midnight on May 5, 2011, at the age of 71. |
31959453#0 | Alba Arnova | Alba Arnova (15 March 1930 – 11 March 2018) was an Italian-Argentine ballerina and film actress. |
31959453#1 | Alba Arnova | Born in Buenos Aires as Alba Fossati, daughter of two Italian emigrants, Arnova studied piano at the Conservatory and enrolled in the university at the medical faculty. She became the principal classical dancer of the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires and changed her surname first to Ars Nova and then to Arnova. She left Argentina in 1948, for a six months stage tour, and eventually remained in Rome, where she worked first in theater as a classical dancer and as a revue and avanspettacolo soubrette. She began acting in films in 1949, though usually in minor roles. |
31959453#2 | Alba Arnova | In 1956 Arnova created a controversy when she appeared on the RAI television variety show "La piazzetta" wearing a tight leotard that made her appear semi-nude because of the lighting effects and the black-and-white system. The show was suspended and she was subsequently fired and banned from Italian television. She subsequently chose to leave showbusiness. |
31959453#3 | Alba Arnova | Arnova was married to composer and conductor Gianni Ferrio. |
31959455#0 | La Paloma, Durazno | La Paloma is a village in the Durazno Department of central Uruguay. |
31959455#1 | La Paloma, Durazno | The village is located into a secondary road that splits off Route 6 in a westward direction at about north of Sarandí del Yí. A train station of the railroad track from Sarandí del Yí to the north end of the department is east of the village. |
31959455#2 | La Paloma, Durazno | Its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) on 3 May 1984 by the Act of Ley Nº 15.542. |
31959455#3 | La Paloma, Durazno | In 2011, it had a population of 1,443.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959465#0 | Santa Bernardina | Santa Bernardina is a suburb of Durazno, the capital city of Durazno Department, in central Uruguay. |
31959465#1 | Santa Bernardina | This suburb is located to the north of the city of Durazno, across the river Río Yí. Directly east of the suburb is the Santa Bernardina International Airport. |
31959465#2 | Santa Bernardina | In 2011, Santa Bernardina had a population of 1,094.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959466#0 | Ján Varga | Ján Varga (born 21 July 1990 in Levice) is a Slovak football player who currently plays for FK Slovan Levice. His former club was MFK Dubnica. He made his debut for MFK Dubnica against FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce on 30 April 2011. |
31959475#0 | Sarandí del Yí | Sarandí del Yí is a city in the Durazno Department of central Uruguay. |
31959475#1 | Sarandí del Yí | It is located on the north bank of the river Río Yi, and on the intersection of Route 6 with Route 14, about east of Durazno, the capital of the department. The nearest populated centre, to the south, is the small town of Capilla del Sauce of the Florida Department. |
31959475#2 | Sarandí del Yí | A "Pueblo" (village) was founded here on 19 December 1875. On 13 June 1906 its status was elevated to "Villa" (town) by the Act of Ley N° 3.041, and then on 23 August 1956, to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley N° 12.308. |
31959475#3 | Sarandí del Yí | In 2011 Sarandí del Yí had a population of 7,176.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay"The city is home to Club Nacional de Fútbol (Sarandí del Yi), an athletics club founded in 1911. |
31959476#0 | Donald W. Loveland | Donald W. Loveland (born December 26, 1934 in Rochester, New York) is a professor emeritus of computer science at Duke University who specializes in artificial intelligence. He is well known for the Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland algorithm. |
31959476#1 | Donald W. Loveland | Loveland graduated from Oberlin College in 1956, received a master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958 and a Ph.D. from New York University in 1964. He joined the Duke University Computer Science Department in 1973. He previously served as a faculty member in the Department of Mathematics at New York University and Carnegie Mellon University. |
31959476#2 | Donald W. Loveland | He received the Herbrand Award for Distinguished Contributions to Automated Reasoning in 2001. He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (2000) and a Fellow of the Association of Artificial Intelligence (1993).
Model elimination |
31959498#0 | Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia | The Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia (, ) in Nicosia, Cyprus, is home to an extensive collection of Cypriot works include archaeological artifacts, costumes, photographs, medieval pottery, maps and engravings, jewels, and furniture. |
31959498#1 | Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia | The Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia presents the history and social development of the city of Nicosia from the Chalcolithic period (3000BC) to the present day. The museum was founded in 1984 after the initiative of the Mayor of Nicosia, Mr Lellos Demetriades. The museum is named after its donor Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation which bought and restored the building and its administered by the Municipality of Nicosia. In 1985, the Association of the Friends of the Museum was established. Its main objective is to assist in enriching the museum's collections. Anyone may join this association at an annual subscription fee of 5 Cyprus Pounds. |
31959498#2 | Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia | On April 20, 1989, the Municipality of Nicosia and the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation opened the museum to the public, the first historical museum in Cyprus. The collections displayed in its permanent galleries represent over 5.000 years of the capital's history.
The collection of the Museum were established after 1984. Most of them were gathered from donations, private collections, sponsoring and special funding from the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation. Donations related with the history and social development of Nicosia are always welcome. |
31959498#3 | Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia | The exhibits are arranged so that visitors are guided from the present days of Nicosia, the capital of the Republic of Cyprus, through to the Ancient period (3000BC). Every year the museum organises and hosts a number of temporary exhibitions, lectures, educational programmes and other events. The Shop of the Museum is run by the Association of the Friends of the Museum. Their task is to increase the sales of the shop, so that they buy and then donate to the Museum new objects for its collections. One may buy various souvenirs, copies of antique objects, books and unique gifts for friends. Every school year, since 1989, the museum has organised special educational programmes for school children of all ages. Special workshops and educational programmes for children and adults are also organised during the year. A small library with publications and other material on the history of Nicosia as well as rare and old publications on Cyprus is open for researchers only by appointment. |
31959515#0 | Sian Edwards | Sian Edwards (born 27 August 1959) is an English conductor, best known as music director of English National Opera in the 1990s. |
31959515#1 | Sian Edwards | Sian Edwards was born in West Chiltington, West Sussex. She studied at the Royal Northern College of Music and later with the conductors Sir Charles Groves, Ilya Musin and Neeme Järvi. She won first prize in the 1984 Leeds International Conducting Competition, on the strength of which she was engaged for concerts with a number of British orchestras. |
31959515#2 | Sian Edwards | In 1986, Sian conducted opera for the first time, with Kurt Weill's "Mahagonny" for Scottish Opera. The following year, she conducted "La traviata" at Glyndebourne. In 1988 she conducted the world premiere of Mark-Anthony Turnage's opera "Greek" at the Munich Festival, and followed it with further performances at the 1988 Edinburgh Festival. In the same year she was the first female conductor engaged by the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, with Tippett's "The Knot Garden". She was invited back to conduct "Rigoletto", the opening opera of the 1989–90 season |
31959515#3 | Sian Edwards | Edwards first appeared at the English National Opera conducting Prokofiev's "The Gambler" in 1990. In 1993 she succeeded Mark Elder as ENO's music director. She resigned from the post in December 1995, and has since freelanced. The "Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" lists the orchestras she has conducted: the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Orchestre de Paris, the St Petersburg Philharmonic and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. She appeared in the BBC 4 production of 'In the Bleak Midwinter' about the composer Gustav Holst, conducting the Royal College of Music Orchestra. Sian Edwards is performing as guest conductor with the Palestine Youth Orchestra (PYO). |
31959515#4 | Sian Edwards | As part of its centenary season, she conducted the world premiere at the Opéra-Comique at the Salle Favart in Paris of Hans Gefors's opera "Clara". |
31959515#5 | Sian Edwards | She is frequently involved with new music projects; as well as regular performances with the Ensemble Modern, she also appears with the London Sinfonietta, Ensemble Resonanz and Klangforum Wien among others. Sian teaches conducting at the Guildhall School where she is a Fellow, and also gives masterclasses for the Dirigentenforum, Germany, and St Andrews University, Scotland. |
31959516#0 | Cardal, Uruguay | Cardal is a town in the Florida Department of southern-central Uruguay. |
31959516#1 | Cardal, Uruguay | The town is located on Route 77 between the towns of Independencia and 25 de Mayo, about north of Veinticinco de Agosto and 30 km south of Florida capital city. |
31959516#2 | Cardal, Uruguay | The date when the populated centre was first created is uncertain, but it is generally taken to be at the time the train station was established here, in 1900. Its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) on 10 September 1937 by the Act of Ley Nº 9.688, and on 28 January 1985, to "Villa" (town) by the Act of Ley Nº 15.707. In the year 2000 a celebration was held for the 100 years of the town with a big party which lasted a whole week. |
31959516#3 | Cardal, Uruguay | In 2011 Cardal had a population of 1,202.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959516#4 | Cardal, Uruguay | A Junta Local is established in the town. |
31959516#5 | Cardal, Uruguay | By national law, Cardal is the capital of the milk in Uruguay. Each year a celebration is held to commemorate this nomination. The area is surrounded by many milk farms, this being the principal economic activity. Many of the milk farms are nucleated in Grupo Cardal, a gremial group of milk farmers. Along the town there is also many shops and services. There are many groceries shops, a pharmacy, a petrol station, two bakery, many bars, two butchers, a tools trade, some unisex´s clothing store. |
31959516#6 | Cardal, Uruguay | There is a GP (General Practi) from the General Health Public Service (ASSE). Also a GP from the private health service COMEF is established at the town.
There are two doctors who live at the town. |
31959516#7 | Cardal, Uruguay | The town school was named "Italia", in their classrooms students from 4 to 12 years learning for their future. There is also a high school for teenagers from 12 to 16 years. |
31959516#8 | Cardal, Uruguay | It has a sport and social club nominated 19 de Abril, a place of encounter for the inhabitants of the town and also it has a football team which participates in many championships along the department of Florida and the whole country.
Many children play football in a club nominated "Sureños", which has a good reputation as a club to meet children and create a good ambient for them apart from the school. |
31959516#9 | Cardal, Uruguay | There are two MEVIR complex, something which has helped to bring homes to many people. |
31959523#0 | Shin Se-gye | Shin Se-Gye (; born 16 September 1990) is a South Korean football midfielder, who plays for Sangju Sangmu, on loan from Suwon Samsung Bluewings. |
31959523#1 | Shin Se-gye | Shin, having spent his youth career at Sungkyunkwan University, entered the 2011 K-League draft intake, and was selected by Suwon Bluewings for the 2011 season. His professional debut came in week five of the K-League, against Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors. In a goalless draw, Shin finished the match with a yellow card. A little over a month later, in Suwon's final group game of the 2011 AFC Champions League, against Chinese Super League club Shanghai Shenhua F.C., Lee scored his first goal, helping Suwon to a 3–0 win. |
31959528#0 | Casupá | Casupá is a town in the Florida Department of southern-central Uruguay. |
31959528#1 | Casupá | The town is located on Route 7, around northeast of Montevideo. |
31959528#2 | Casupá | Casupá was founded on 15 September 1908, and on 12 June 1924, it was declared "Pueblo" (village) by the Act of Ley N° 7.728. It was then elevated to the category of "Villa" (town) on 5 July 1956 by the Act of Ley No. 12.297. |
31959528#3 | Casupá | In 2011, Casupá had a population of 2,402.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959545#0 | Mostar Youth Theatre | Mostar Youth Theatre (locally known as "Mostarski Teatar Mladih" or MTM) is a city-sponsored community theatre located in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded on February 24, 1974. The work of MTM includes a practical drama education for children and young people as well as production of theatre shows. |
31959545#1 | Mostar Youth Theatre | MTM offers its members training in acting, improvisation, acting games, physical theatre, movement, voice, pantomime, dance, masks, and various styles of acting. Theatre is divided into following subdivisions: a children's drama studio, youth drama group and the group for adults. |
31959545#2 | Mostar Youth Theatre | The Mostar Youth Theatre used to organize the “Days of Youth Theatre” IFAP (International Festival of Authorial Poetics), which also included the educational part called "Alternative Academy". However, this segment has been abandoned in 2012 and partially continued by a private theatre group called Mostar Youth Theatre 1974. |
31959545#3 | Mostar Youth Theatre | In addition, the Mostar Youth Theatre has founded an International award called the “Grozdanin Kikot” award. It is usually awarded to the five individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to the development of drama education. The award organization was later taken over by the Centre for Drama Education (CDO) which was also initiated by the MTM. |
31959545#4 | Mostar Youth Theatre | Mostar Youth Theatre is one of the Mostar theaters with the largest number of productions and their headquarters are located in the City Bath building at Mostar's Musala Square. |
31959545#5 | Mostar Youth Theatre | On January 24, 2011, Izida Sakić was named a temporary director of the MTM while the former director and co-founder Sead Đulić underwent an investigation concerning financial mismanagement of the institution.
Sead Dulic accused the City of Mostar of not granting sufficient funds for MTM's management while the City of Mostar claimed that in 2005 MTM independently chose to become a city-sponsored institution and that their funds were misused. |
31959545#6 | Mostar Youth Theatre | This has resulted in unpaid late tax fees which amounted to around 50.000 BAM. City of Mostar also claimed that Đulic served as a director illegally since he never underwent official selection process and because he lacks necessary professional qualifications. In addition to this, the City also accused a former director of submitting false financial reports as well as illegally transferring MTM funds to the accounts of Centre for Drama Education whose president is also Sead Dulic. |
31959545#7 | Mostar Youth Theatre | In response to these accusations Sead Đulić, along with several former members of the theatre, formed a new company called Mostar Youth Theatre 1974 which continued producing and touring shows. |
31959545#8 | Mostar Youth Theatre | Dr. Tanja Miletić Oručević was appointed a Mostar Youth Theatre director post in the summer of 2012. |
31959546#0 | Madonna of the Rose Garden | The Madonna of the Rose Garden (Italian: "Madonna del Roseto") is an International Gothic painting attributed to Michelino da Besozzo or Stefano da Verona. Dating to c. 1420–1435, it is currently housed in the Castelvecchio Museum in Verona, northern Italy. |
31959546#1 | Madonna of the Rose Garden | The tempera on panel painting shows the traditional theme of the Madonna with Child within an enclosure of roses, a "hortus conclusus", symbol of her virginity, in the presence of St. Catherine of Alexandria. The latter, as a princess, is crowned, and is accompanied by her martyrdom attribute of the torture wheel. There are also numerous slender angels. They are performing a series of activities: reading (a hint to the religious texts), collecting petals of rose, playing near a Gothic font (symbolizing the definition of Mary as "Fons gratiae", "Spring of Grace"). |
31959546#2 | Madonna of the Rose Garden | Two peacocks are roaming in the garden: they are a symbol of the immortality of Christ since early Christian times, when their flesh was considered not liable to rot. |
31959546#3 | Madonna of the Rose Garden | The work has been attributed to both Stefano da Verona or Michelino da Besozzo, with more recent scholars tending to favor the latter. |
31959548#0 | Alejandro Gallinal | Alejandro Gallinal or Cerro Colorado (old name, still in use) is a village in the Florida Department of southern-central Uruguay. |
31959548#1 | Alejandro Gallinal | It is located on Route 7, about northeast of Montevideo. |
31959548#2 | Alejandro Gallinal | On 18 December 1952, the locality "Cerro Colorado" was given its new name by decree Ley N° 11.893. Its status was elevated to "Pueblo" (village) by decree Ley N° 15.708 on 28 January 1985.
In 2011 Alejandro Gallinal had a population of 1,357.
Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" |
31959557#0 | Emanuele Cavalli | Emanuele Cavalli (1904–1981) was an Italian painter belonging to the modern movement of the Scuola Romana (Roman School). He was also a renowned photographer, who experimented with new techniques since the 1930s. |
31959557#1 | Emanuele Cavalli | The son of Apulian landowners, Cavalli moved to Rome in 1921, where he became a student of the Italian painter Felice Carena, also attending a local art college. In 1926 he exhibited some paintings at the Biennale di Venezia, where he would continue to exhibit regularly. |
31959557#2 | Emanuele Cavalli | From 1927 to 1930, Cavalli attended some exhibitions together with the painters Giuseppe Capogrossi and Francesco Di Cocco, also travelling to France (1928), where he was introduced by his friend Onofrio Martinelli to the circle of "Italiens de Paris" (i.e., De Pisis, De Chirico, Savinio and others). He exhibited at the Salon Bovy in Paris with Fausto Pirandello and Di Cocco, then in 1930 he returned to Rome, where he became one of the painters of the "Scuola Romana". |
31959557#3 | Emanuele Cavalli | In a series of exhibitions Cavalli held from 1931 to 1933, the artist began elaborating Tonalism, a pictorial and aesthetic style that will find in him one of its best and most refined interpreters, even from the theoretical point of view. In these exhibitions he received the support from important art critics and collectors, as well as from renowned Italian author Massimo Bontempelli, the uncle of his friend Corrado Cagli and the promoter of "Magic realism", a literary and artistic movement which had many similarities with tonalistic painting. |
31959557#4 | Emanuele Cavalli | In 1933 Cavalli, together with Capogrossi and Melli, wrote the "Manifesto del Primordialismo plastico" (Manifesto of Plastic Primordialism) defining the Tonalist Creed, with special emphasis on the style's spiritual and abstract side. In 1935 and 1943, Cavalli exhibited a group of paintings at the Quadriennale di Roma, developing the theme of painting-music relationships: he displayed a series of feminine figures of different tonalities, and explained this work within the terms of "contrapuntal sensitivity", comparing it to a "collection of preludes and fugues in major and minor tones". |
31959557#5 | Emanuele Cavalli | Other important exhibitions were held by Cavalli at the Leonardo da Vinci Gallery of Florence in 1939 and at the Zodiaco of Rome in 1945, the latter crowned by the appointment as professor of Painting at Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze. He thus moved permanently to Florence with wife Vera Haberfeld. In 1949 Cavalli was affected by a deep crisis, increased by his professorship not being renewed and his close friends' change of style towards abstract art.The impression of being rejected by profession and art alike, with the concomitant affirmation of abstractism, depressed him deeply and he even came to destroy some of his previous work. |
31959557#6 | Emanuele Cavalli | Cavalli continued to paint for the rest of his life, alternating it with photography and innovative imaging, receiving important commissions from public and private organisations. |
31959575#0 | Fried parameter | The Fried parameter or Fried's coherence length (commonly designated as formula_1) is a measure of the quality of optical transmission through the atmosphere due to random inhomogeneities in the atmosphere's refractive index. In practice, such inhomogeneities are primarily due to tiny variations in temperature (and thus density) on smaller spatial scales resulting from random turbulent mixing of larger temperature variations on larger spatial scales as first described by Kolmogorov. The Fried parameter has units of length and is typically expressed in centimeters. It is defined as the diameter of a circular area over which the rms wavefront aberration due to passage through the atmosphere is equal to 1 radian. For a telescope with an aperture, formula_2, the smallest spot that can be observed is given by the telescopes Point spread function (PSF). Atmospheric turbulence increases the diameter of the smallest spot by a factor approximately formula_3 (for long exposures). As such, imaging from telescopes with apertures much smaller than formula_1 is less affected by atmospheric seeing than diffraction due to the telescope's small aperture. However, the imaging resolution of telescopes with apertures much larger than formula_1 (thus including all professional telescopes) will be limited by the turbulent atmosphere, preventing the instruments from approaching the diffraction limit. |
31959575#1 | Fried parameter | Although not explicitly written in his article, the Fried parameter at wavelength formula_6 can be expressed in terms of the so-called atmospheric turbulence strength formula_7 (which is actually a function of temperature fluctuations as well as turbulence) along formula_8 the path of the starlight : |
31959575#2 | Fried parameter | formula_9 |
31959575#3 | Fried parameter | where formula_10 is the wavenumber. If not specified, a reference to the Fried parameter in astronomy is understood to refer to a path in the vertical direction. When observing at a zenith angle formula_11, the line of sight passes through an air column which is formula_12 times longer, producing a greater disturbance in the wavefront quality. This results in a smaller formula_1, so that in terms of the "vertical" path "z", the operative Fried parameter formula_1 is reduced according to: |
31959575#4 | Fried parameter | formula_15 |
31959575#5 | Fried parameter | At locations selected for observatories, typical values for formula_1 range from 10 cm for average seeing to 20 cm under excellent seeing conditions. The angular resolution is then limited to about formula_17 due to the effect of the atmosphere, whereas the resolution due to diffraction by a circular aperture of diameter formula_2 is generally given as formula_19. Since professional telescopes have diameters formula_20, they can only obtain an image resolution approaching their diffraction limits by employing adaptive optics.
Because formula_1 is a function of wavelength, varying as formula_22, its value is only meaningful in relation to a specified wavelength. When not stated explicitly, the wavelength is typically understood to be formula_23. |
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