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140,696	Bahram IV	1,172,078,465	King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran	[ "399 deaths", "4th-century Sasanian monarchs", "4th-century births", "4th-century murdered monarchs", "Governors of Kerman Province", "Governors of the Sasanian Empire", "Murdered Persian monarchs", "Shahnameh characters" ]	Bahram IV (also spelled Wahram IV or Warahran IV; Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭), was the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran from 388 to 399. He was likely the son and successor of Shapur III (r. 383–388). Before his accession to the throne, Bahram served as governor of the southeastern province of Kirman. There he bore the title of Kirmanshah (meaning "king of Kirman"), which would serve as the name of the city he later founded in western Iran. His reign as shahanshah was largely uneventful. In Armenia, he deposed his insubordinate vassal Khosrov IV and installed the latter's brother Vramshapuh on the Armenian throne. In 395, the Huns invaded the countryside around the Euphrates and the Tigris, but were repelled. It was under Bahram IV that the use of mint signatures became regular, with several new mints established in his empire. Like his father, Bahram IV was killed by the nobility; he was succeeded by his brother Yazdegerd I. He is notable for being portrayed on two seals, one during his tenure as Kirmanshah; and the other as shahanshah. ## Name His theophoric name "Bahram" is the New Persian form of the Middle Persian Warahrān (also spelled Wahrām), which is derived from the Old Iranian Vṛθragna. The Avestan equivalent was Verethragna, the name of the old Iranian god of victory, whilst the Parthian version was Warθagn. The name is transliterated in Armenian as Vahagn/Vrām, whilst the Greek transliteration is Baranes. The name is attested in Georgian as Baram and Latin as Vararanes. ## Early life According to the medieval historian al-Tabari (d. 923), Bahram was the son of Shapur II (r. 309–379). However, several other historians, such as Hamza al-Isfahani (d. after 961), state that he was the son of Shapur III (r. 383–388), which is thought to be more likely. Bahram, during the reign of his father, was the governor of the southeastern province of Kirman, and may have built the town of Shiragan, which would serve as the capital of the province for the remainder of the Sasanian period. The town played an important economic role, serving as a mint city. The district it governed was an important agricultural region. According to the medieval geographer Yaqut (d. 1229), Bahram had buildings constructed in the city of Veh-Ardashir. Like many other governors of Kirman, Bahram bore the title of Kirmanshah (meaning "king of Kirman"), which would serve as the name of the city he later founded in western Iran. In 388, Bahram succeeded his father, who had been killed by a party of Iranian nobles. ## Reign During the reign of Shapur III, an agreement was made between Iran and Rome to partition Kingdom of Armenia. The boundary stretched through Theodosiopolis in the north and Amida in the south, which meant that most of Armenia remained in Sasanian hands. When this treaty exactly took place is unsure; most scholars believe the treaty was made in 387. The pro-Roman king Arshak III (r. 378–387) of the Arsacid dynasty soon died, which made the Romans abolish their branch of the Arsacid monarchy and create the province of Western Armenia. The Arsacid monarchy in the Iranian part of Armenia (which became known as Persarmenia) was maintained, with Khosrov IV ruling the country as a Sasanian vassal. Bahram IV began to distrust Khosrov IV, which eventually resulted in Khosrov IV's removal and the succession of his brother Vramshapuh. The immediate cause of Khosrov IV's removal may have been his appointment of Sahak as the patriarch of Persarmenia without consulting the Iranian court. In 395, the Huns invaded the Roman provinces of Sophene, Western Armenia, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cappadocia. They reached as far Galatia, taking many captives. They then invaded the Iranian realm, devastating much of the countryside around the Euphrates and the Tigris. A counterattack was soon made, which resulted in the defeat of Hunnic forces and the retrieval of their spoils. Bahram IV allowed the Roman captives to stay at Veh-Ardashir and Ctesiphon, where they were given rations, which included bread, wine and oil. Most of the captives were later returned to their own lands. These Hunnic invasions signaled to the Sasanians that areas of Iran that lacked natural defenses had to be better secured. In 399, Bahram IV was killed by an arrow during a hunting expedition. The 9th-century historian Dinawari calls the incident an accident, while al-Tabari calls the perpetrators "a group of murderous evildoers". Modern scholarship agrees that the nobility was behind the murder. According to the modern historian Scott McDonough, Bahram IV was killed for his attempt to reduce the authority of the powerful Parthian noble families (known as the wuzurgan) who formed the bulk of the Iranian feudal army. Centered on the Iranian plateau, they were largely autonomous. Attempts to curb their authority usually resulted in the shahanshah's murder. Ultimately, the Parthian nobility worked for the shahanshah for personal benefit, personal oath, and, conceivably, a common awareness of the "Aryan" (Iranian) kinship they shared with their Persian overlords. Bahram IV was succeeded by his brother Yazdegerd I, who, aware of the previous actions of the nobility, strived to restrict their power. ## Personality The assessment of Arabic sources towards Bahram IV is mixed, although he is generally portrayed in a positive light. According to al-Tabari "he governed his subjects in commendable fashion and was praised for his rule". The 9th-century scholar Ibn Qutaybah mentions "his pursuit of justice and good rule". Hamza al-Isfahani calls him a "proud but harsh ruler, who neglected his subjects". The 12th-century historian Ibn al-Balkhi, however, calls him a "self-absorbed king who never held mazalim". ## Coinage On his coinage, Bahram IV is portrayed wearing a crown with wings—a reference to Verethragna. The wings are attached to a mural crown, which was a symbol of the supreme god in Zoroastrianism, Ahura Mazda. Bahram IV was the first Sasanian monarch to combine two religious components on his crown. Afterwards such crowns became a common feature among the Sasanians. It was also under him that the use of mint signatures became regular. The regularization of mint signatures allows the origin of coins to be more easily identified. Under Bahram IV, the eastern province of Abarshahr produced its largest proportion of coinage (19%) throughout Sasanian history. The large production of coins in the region was to meet the expenditure needed to maintain the large number of troops stationed there. Like Shapur II, Ardashir II and Shapur III, Bahram IV also minted unique gold coins in the Indian region of Sindh, which may have corresponded to the Sasanian province of Hind. Under Bahram IV, mints were established in the cities of Gundeshapur and Susa in Khuzistan. A mint was also established in the northwestern province of Adurbadagan to support the construction of the Caspian Gates to protect the Caucasus border against Hunnic incursions. ## Seals A seal of Bahram during his tenure as Kirmanshah has survived. Written in Middle Persian, its inscription says the following; "Wahrān Kermān Šāh, son of the Mazdā-worshipping Lord Šāpūr, king of kings of Iran and non-Iran, who is a scion of lords". In addition to that, another seal of Bahram IV has been found dating from his rule as shahanshah. This seal, currently located in the British Museum, portrays him with his characteristic crown. He is holding a javelin and standing on the body of an unknown fallen foe. This fallen foe resembles the same figure portrayed on the rock relief of Ardashir II, which most likely depicted the Roman emperor Julian, who fell in battle against the Sasanians in 363. It has been suggested that the figure on Bahram IV's seal may have been Julian as well, added by Bahram IV to emphasize his own legitimacy and ability through his supposed participation in the formers defeat.	[ "## Name", "## Early life", "## Reign", "## Personality", "## Coinage", "## Seals" ]	1,914	17,392
1,692,598	Break the Ice (song)	1,166,274,580	2008 single by Britney Spears	[ "2007 songs", "2008 singles", "American contemporary R&B songs", "Animated music videos", "Britney Spears songs", "Jive Records singles", "Music videos directed by Robert Hales", "Song recordings produced by Danja (record producer)", "Songs written by Danja (record producer)", "Songs written by Jim Beanz", "Songs written by Keri Hilson", "Songs written by Marcella Araica" ]	"Break the Ice" is a song by American singer Britney Spears from her fifth studio album, Blackout (2007). It was released as the third and final single from the album on March 3, 2008, by Jive Records. The song was written by Nate "Danja" Hills, Jim Beanz, Keri Hilson and Marcella Araica, while production was handled by Danja and vocal production was handled by Beanz. "Radar" was originally planned to be released as the third single, but "Break the Ice" was released after it was chosen by a poll on Spears's official website. Musically, "Break the Ice" is an electro-R&B song with influences of crunk. The song opens with a choir and features synthesizers. Its lyrics deal with an attraction between two people. "Break the Ice" received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising its lyrics, production, Spears' vocal performance and deemed it a strong electronic song from the record. "Break the Ice" was a moderate success, reaching the top ten in Canada and Finland, and charting within the top 40 in Australia, New Zealand and many other European countries. In the United States, the single reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100, while peaking at number one on the Dance Club Songs chart. An accompanying music video, directed by Robert Hales, was released on March 12, 2008. The anime-influenced animation video was based on the superheroine character of Spears's "Toxic" video, and portrays her destroying a highly secured laboratory with several clones, including one of herself. A remix of "Break the Ice" was used as a video interlude during The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009) and was performed for the first time during her residency show at Planet Hollywood Las Vegas, Britney: Piece of Me (2013–17). ## Background "Break the Ice" was written by Nate "Danja" Hills, Marcella "Ms. Lago" Araica, Keri Hilson, James Washington and produced by Danja. Spears started working with Danja in July 2006. He explained that the creative process was not difficult at first since he was "left to do pretty much whatever I wanted to", and "if she felt it, she was gonna ride with it. If she didn't, you’d see it in her face." Spears began recording the track in Las Vegas in August 2006, while she was seven months pregnant with her second child, Jayden James. Recording continued at Spears' house in Los Angeles, California, three weeks after she gave birth. Hilson commented that "She gave 150 percent. [...] I don’t know any other mother that would do that." "Radar" was originally planned to be released as the third single from Blackout, according to Ezekiel Lewis of The Clutch. "Break the Ice" was chosen as a single by a poll on Spears' official Jive Records website. On February 11, 2008, it was announced that the song had won, receiving 39% of the total votes. ## Composition "Break the Ice" is an electro-R&B song with influences of crunk. According to Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly, "Break the Ice" sounds similar to "Say It Right" by Nelly Furtado. It opens with Spears singing the lines "It's been a while / I know I shouldn't have kept you waiting / But I'm here now", which serve as an apology for being gone so long from the music industry as well as away from her love interest in the song. After the first line, Spears sings over a choir. According to Chuck Arnold of People, Spears delivers her "trademark breathy vocals". In the first verse, synthesizers kick in and run until the end of the second chorus. After it, Spears stops the song and sings "I like this part / It feels kind of good", mimicking Janet Jackson in "Nasty" (1986). The music changes, as described by Tom Ewing of Pitchfork Media, to "[something that] sounds like spacehoppers [are] bouncing in slow motion round a padded cell". The song is constructed in the common verse-chorus form. Lyrically, the song is about two people, in which one of them asks the other to get to know each other and break the ice. ## Critical reception Eric R. Danton of The Hartford Courant deemed it as a "crunk-style thumper", while calling it one of the "killer tracks" off the album along with "Radar" and "Hot as Ice". Nick Levine of Digital Spy called it "a booming slice of multi-layered electro R&B" and said that it, along with "Radar", is "as avant-garde as pop gets in 2007". A reviewer from Popjustice said "[it] is a really brilliant track", Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said some of the songs of Blackout, "really show off the skills of the producers", exemplifying "Gimme More", "Radar", "Break the Ice", "Heaven on Earth" and "Hot as Ice". He also referred to the song as a "stuttering electro-clip". Jennifer Vineyard of MTV said the song "might have been a stronger album leadoff track than 'Gimme More', [...] since [Spears] re-introduces herself at the top and apologizes for being gone for so long." Kelefe Sanneh of The New York Times said the song was "nearly as good" as previous singles "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me", and described it as a "rave-inspired flirtation". A reviewer from the Ottawa Citizen said that "[t]here's also a lot to like about Break The Ice, Why Should I Be Sad and Perfect Love[r]". Jim Abbott of the Orlando Sentinel said that "Musically, songs such as 'Piece of Me,' 'Radar' and 'Break the Ice' are one-dimensional, robotic exercises." Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe called it "numbing club filler." ## Chart performance In the United States, "Break the Ice" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number one hundred on the issue dated March 15, 2008. It peaked at number forty-three on May 24, 2008. Two weeks later, it peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs, becoming the third consecutive single from the album to reach the top position of the chart. As of July 2010, "Break the Ice" has sold 688,000 paid digital downloads in the United States. In Canada, the song entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number ninety-seven on March 1, 2008. On April 26, 2008, it reached its peak position of number nine. On May 5, 2008, the track debuted at number forty-one on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. It peaked at number twenty-three on the issue dated May 19, 2008. In New Zealand, the single debuted at number thirty-seven on April 7, 2008. It peaked at number twenty-four three weeks later. "Break the Ice" entered the UK Singles Chart at number thirty-six on March 31, 2008. On April 20, 2008, it peaked at number fifteen. The song also had moderate success through Europe, reaching the top ten in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia) and Finland, and the top twenty in Denmark and Sweden. In Denmark, it was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for sales over 7,500 copies. ## Music video Originally, the remix with Fabolous was initially to be released as the album's third single and have a music video with a chair dancing sequence similar to the video for Spears' 2000 single "Stronger". However, due to her personal life struggles at the time, this idea was cancelled and Spears came up with the idea for creating an animated video instead. The music video for "Break the Ice" was directed by Robert Hales. It was created with an anime-influenced animation style and was produced by a South Korean animation studio called "Studio Animal" (the name "홍치우", an animator who participated in the production can be seen throughout the music video). It premiered on March 12, 2008 at BlackoutBall.com, a website created exclusively for the premiere, in which fans could access a chat room. The video begins with Spears wearing a short black bodysuit and knee-high black boots, standing on the roofs of a futuristic city. As the first verse begins, she breaks into a research facility and battles with suited henchmen. Spears ends up gaining access to a highly secured laboratory and walks through aisles of clones held in liquid cocoons. She sees that one is a clone of her, kisses her and plants a bomb on the tank. After this, Spears infiltrates the base of the apparent villain, kissing him, and then destroying him, revealing him to be a robot also. From there, she dodges a bullet and sets off a panic among the newly arrived henchmen, meanwhile the bomb's timer runs lower and lower. Next, there is a wide shot of the building exploding, while Spears is jumping and "Victory" is depicted on the side of the structure. The video ends with the phrase "To be continued...". ## Live performances A remix of "Break the Ice" was used as a video interlude during The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009). The song was performed for the first time in 2013, during Spears' Las Vegas residency Britney: Piece of Me. Halfway through the performance of "Gimme More", Spears and her dancers, wearing cowboy-inspired plaid and denim outfits, performed a fragment of "Break the Ice", which was then followed by a dance routine which pays tribute to Michael Jackson and then "Piece of Me". In the revamp of the concert in 2016, the song was moved to the first act of the show with a different choreography. Spears also performed it during her concert at the 2016 Apple Music Festival on September 27, 2016. According to rehearsal videos published at Spears' social media accounts in late 2018, "Break the Ice" was set to be performed at her planned residency Britney: Domination prior to its cancellation. ## Track listings and formats - CD single 1. "Break the Ice" – 3:16 2. "Everybody" – 3:16 - CD maxi single 1. "Break the Ice" – 3:16 2. "Break the Ice" (Kaskade Remix) – 5:28 3. "Break the Ice" (Tracy Young Mix) – 6:32 4. "Break the Ice" (Tonal Remix) – 4:52 5. "Break the Ice" (Video Enhancement) – 3:22 - 12-inch vinyl – The Remixes 1. "Break the Ice" (Kaskade Remix) – 5:28 2. "Break the Ice" (Jason Nevins Rock Remix) – 3:18 3. "Break the Ice" (Tonal Remix) – 4:52 4. "Break the Ice" (Mike Rizzo Funk Generation Dub) – 7:14 5. "Break the Ice" (Tracy Young Club Mix) – 8:51 6. "Break the Ice" (Doug Grayson Remix) – 4:43 - Digital download – EP 1. "Break the Ice" – 3:16 2. "Break the Ice" (Jason Nevins Rock Remix) – 3:16 3. "Break the Ice" (Kaskade Remix) – 5:28 - Digital download – Remixes 1. "Break the Ice" (Jason Nevins Extended) – 6:18 2. "Break the Ice" (Jason Nevins Dub) – 6:57 3. "Break the Ice" (Mike Rizzo Generation Club Mix) – 6:41 4. "Break the Ice" (Mike Rizzo Generation Dub) – 7:14 5. "Break the Ice" (Tracy Young Club Mix) – 8:50 6. "Break the Ice" (Tracy Young Dub) – 8:28 ## Credits and personnel Credits for "Break the Ice" are taken from Blackout's liner notes. - Britney Spears – lead vocals - Nate "Danja" Hills – songwriting, production - Marcella Araica – songwriting, instruments, programming, mixing - Keri Hilson – recording, songwriting, background vocals - James Washington – songwriting - Jim Beanz – background vocals ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Certifications ## Release history	[ "## Background", "## Composition", "## Critical reception", "## Chart performance", "## Music video", "## Live performances", "## Track listings and formats", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Certifications", "## Release history" ]	2,720	1,856
17,733,865	McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink	1,168,219,441	Multi-purpose venue within Millennium Park in Chicago, Illinois	[ "2001 establishments in Illinois", "Event venues established in 2001", "Ice rinks in the United States", "Millennium Park", "Restaurants in Chicago", "Sports venues in Chicago" ]	McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink or McCormick Tribune Plaza is a multi-purpose venue within Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. On December 20, 2001, it became the first attraction in Millennium Park to open. The \$3.2 million plaza was funded by a donation from the McCormick Tribune Foundation. It has served as an ice skating rink, a dining facility and briefly as an open-air exhibition space. The plaza operates as McCormick Tribune Ice Rink, a free public outdoor ice skating rink that is generally open four months a year, from mid-November until mid-March, when it hosts over 100,000 skaters annually. It is known as one of Chicago's better outdoor people-watching locations during the winter months. It is operated by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs rather than the Chicago Park District, which operates most major public ice skating rinks in Chicago. For the rest of the year, it serves as Plaza at Park Grill or Park Grill Plaza, Chicago's largest outdoor dining facility. The 150-seat park grill hosts various culinary events as well as music during its months of outdoor operation, and it is affiliated with the 300-seat indoor Park Grill restaurant located beneath AT&T Plaza and Cloud Gate. The outdoor restaurant offers scenic views of the park. ## History Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west, Grant Park has been Chicago's front yard since the mid-19th century. Its northwest corner, north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute, east of Michigan Avenue, south of Randolph Street, and west of Columbus Drive, had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park. As of 2007, Millennium Park, which is located in the northwest corner of Grant Park, trails only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction. The earliest plans for Millennium Park were unveiled by Chicago's mayor, Richard M. Daley, in March 1998 and included "a reflecting pool that would double as a skating rink in winter". The architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill came up with the master plan for the park; their original design for the ice rink placed it along upper Randolph Street, on the park's northern edge. However, McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink was built on the western edge of Millennium Park. The Chicago Tribune'''s Pulitzer Prize-winning architecture critic Blair Kamin called this move "a masterstroke" and praised the new location "where the skaters symbolize the year-round vitality of the city". Kamin noted the location on the east side of Michigan Avenue allowed those at the plaza and ice rink to enjoy the skyline of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Another addition to the plaza and rink's design was the 300-seat restaurant; the final architectural design was completed by OWP&P Architects, who were also the architects for the adjoining Wrigley Square. Although the rink was budgeted for \$5 million, it was constructed for only \$3.2 million (\$ million today), making it one of the few Millennium Park attractions to cost less than was initially budgeted. The rink was funded by and named for the McCormick Tribune Foundation, which was established by former Chicago Tribune owner and publisher Robert R. McCormick. The McCormick Tribune Foundation is a supporter of the McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum and the McCormick Tribune Campus Center at the Illinois Institute of Technology, both of which are also located in Chicago. McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink was the first feature in Millennium Park to open. Its grand opening was celebrated on December 20, 2001, a few weeks ahead of the Millennium Park underground parking garage. Mayor Daley, McCormick Tribune Foundation Chairman of the Board John W. Madigan, Millennium Park private donor group chief John Bryan, actress Bonnie Hunt and other local celebrities attended the event. The new ice rink was seen as a replacement for "Skate on State", a public skating rink on State Street in the Loop which closed in 2001. From June 21 to September 15, 2002, McCormick Tribune Plaza hosted the inaugural exhibit in Millennium Park, Exelon Presents Earth From Above by Yann Arthus-Bertrand, a French aerial photographer. Arthus-Bertrand used planes and helicopters to photograph sites in over 60 countries on every continent, and displayed more than 120 of these photographs in dozens of cities, starting in Paris and including Tokyo and Geneva. In the summer of 2002, the book associated with the exhibit had sold over 1.5 million copies, and the photographs were displayed in Brazil, Lebanon, Poland, Sweden, Germany, Britain, Norway, Hungary and along the banks of the Volga River in Russia. Chicago was the first American city to host the Earth From Above exhibition. The exhibit featured 4-by-6-foot (1.2 m × 1.8 m) photographic prints that were laminated onto thin 5-by-7.5-foot (1.5 m × 2.3 m) aluminum panels that protected them from ultraviolet rays. The photographs included scenes of natural beauty such as a Filipino Bajau village built on coral reefs, a formation of rocks in Madagascar, an inlet in the Ionian Islands that is home to endangered sea turtles, and architectural highlights such as the Palace of Versailles and the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. It also showed scenes of tragedy such as the 1999 earthquake in Turkey and the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. The exhibit used photovoltaic solar panels to store electrical energy during the day that then lit the exhibit at night. Part of the 2006 film The Weather Man, starring Nicolas Cage, was shot at the rink. In 2008, Millennium Park hosted a winter celebration called the Museum of Modern Ice. The installation included a 95-by-12-foot (29.0 m × 3.7 m) ice wall in the park and a large abstract painting by Gordon Halloran, which was embedded in the McCormick Tribune Ice Rink. The works were titled Paintings Below Zero. In 2008–2009 the logo for the unsuccessful Chicago bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics was displayed in the rink's ice. The ice rink served as the "headquarters" for the 2011 edition of Hockey Weekend Across America; the NHL on NBC broadcast its studio coverage from the rink on February 20 of that year. Eddie Olczyk opened the show by skating with the Stanley Cup in the Millennium Park rink. ## Details The ice skating rink at McCormick Tribune Plaza is 200 by 80 feet (61 by 24 m). Due to the rink's rounded corners, the total skating surface is 15,910 square feet (1,478 m<sup>2</sup>), which critic Blair Kamin called "amply sized". For comparison, this is a considerably larger skating surface than the Rockefeller Center rink in New York City, which is 120 by 60 feet (37 by 18 m). The Millennium Park rink has a lobby which provides skaters a respite from the natural environs, as well as toilets and public lockers. During the 2003–04 season the rink rented 77,667 pairs of ice skates. By 2009–2010, its ninth season, it was attracting more than 100,000 skaters a year. While availability of the rink depends on the weather, it also has a state-of-the-art chiller system that can maintain the ice in the event of unseasonably warm weather. Thus, temperature is not the only factor involved in decisions to close the rink. In his review of the plaza and rink, Kamin gave it two stars (out of a possible four), called the structure "solid, though unremarkable", and praised its uses throughout the year. When the rink is closed, its surface becomes a 150-seat cafe that complements the 300-seat indoor Park Grill dining facility. Street level features such as McCormick Tribune Plaza are linked to elevated features such as Cloud Gate and AT&T Plaza, which are atop the Park Grill Restaurant and can be reached via balustraded stairs. ## Operations Through 2006 and 2007, the McCormick Tribune Ice Rink was one of several operated by the Chicago Park District. Since then, although the Chicago Park District still operates ten public ice skating rinks, the Millennium Park ice rink is operated by a division of the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs, itself a Department of the City of Chicago Government. ### Ice rink McCormick Tribune Ice Rink is generally open for skating afternoons and evenings seven days a week, with longer hours on weekends. However, it is occasionally closed for private events. Skating is free and skate rental is available. Except for its first year, the rink has been scheduled to be open from mid-November until mid-March, weather permitting. For the 2009–10 winter season, the rink was scheduled to be open from November 20, 2009 to March 14, 2010, with abbreviated holiday schedules on Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and New Year's Eve. Skating is accompanied by loudspeaker music, which is mostly seasonal music during the holidays. Rink attendance is heavier on the weekends and other times when school is not in session. Romantic holidays such as Christmas Eve and Valentine's Day are also quite crowded. The ice rink is a popular people watching location during the winter months; many view events at the McCormick Tribune Plaza from AT&T Plaza, above and to the east. The ice skating rink has become so popular that when the weather was too warm for the rink's opening in November 2005, the story became international news. The book 1,000 Places to See in the U.S.A. & Canada Before You Die suggests a visit to McCormick Tribune Plaza during the skating season, and describes Millennium Park as a renowned attraction. There are days when themed skating is encouraged. Santa attire was encouraged on Saturday, December 13, 2008, and zombie attire was encouraged the next day, as part of an attempt to set a Guinness World Record for number of zombies on ice. The rink also serves as a host to the annual Chicago Winter Dance Festival; during the festival there is a month of free skating instruction and demonstration at the rink, and there is free dance instructions behind the glass doors of the Jay Pritzker Pavilion stage. ### Park Grill Plaza During much of the offseason alfresco dining is available in a 150-seat cafe set up on the ice rink, in what is then referred to as the Park Grill Plaza. This outdoor dining experience is associated with the Park Grill Restaurant and the Park Grill Cafe, which are both located under the Cloud Gate on AT&T Plaza. Architecture critic Blair Kamin compares the in-park eating options availed at the Park Grill with New York's former Tavern on the Green and Chicago's Cafe Brauer. The Park Grill Plaza is the largest outdoor dining venue in Chicago, and hosts a variety of events, including a benefit called "Chefs on the Grill" in which guests interact with invited chefs who are competing to produce the best dish. Wine tastings are also hosted there, and during the summer, the Park Grill Plaza hosts musical performances on Thursdays. During the skating season, there are rinkside tables and the Park Grill Cafe offers take out and to-go service. Outdoor dining service begins in May. McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink is one of two features in the park to include accessible restrooms; the other is Jay Pritzker Pavilion. The restrooms are located adjacent to the Park Grill. Although McCormick Plaza is a winter focal point, the park's restroom facilities at this feature are not heated for winter use. According to Fodor's, the restaurant is known for a view that makes up for unimpressive service. However, Citysearch speaks positively about the service. Metromix, Fodor's and Frommer's all laud the location of the restaurant, which serves New American cuisine. Frommer's'' gives the restaurant 2 out of 3 stars and notes that the restaurant has a kids menu to accommodate the numerous families that visit the park. Metromix notes that the restaurant is well known for its signature Park Grill Burger. The northern area of the Plaza has been named the North Lounge and has furniture for lounging; it has a distinct menu including options from the Plaza's menu, as well as its own offerings. The indoor restaurant has seating for 300, a VIP room, and serves dinner, lunch, and weekend brunch. ## See also - Maggie Daley Park ice skating ribbon	[ "## History", "## Details", "## Operations", "### Ice rink", "### Park Grill Plaza", "## See also" ]	2,645	41,702
31,495,234	Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay	1,172,088,432	2004 reality television special	[ "2004 television specials", "Fox Broadcasting Company original programming", "Fox television specials", "LGBT-related controversies in television", "LGBT-related television specials", "Television controversies in the United States", "Television series by Rocket Science Laboratories", "Unaired television shows" ]	Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay is an unaired American reality television special planned for broadcast by the Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox). A two-hour special was set to premiere on June 7, 2004, although the special was abruptly removed from the Fox schedule only eleven days before its planned broadcast. Filmed in West Hollywood, California, the special depicted two straight men in competition for a \$50,000 reward over who could pass themselves off as a more convincing gay man. The contestants were required to move into separate lofts with gay roommates, come out to their best friends, and socialize at gay nightclubs, in addition to competing in a variety of daily challenges. Irish television presenter Amanda Byram was set to host the special. Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay was a part of Fox's intent to capitalize on a rising interest in LGBT-themed reality television shows. The special, however, was met with fierce criticism from advocacy groups, such as the media monitoring organization GLAAD, who claimed it promoted a negative portrayal of gay men. The special's press release also received backlash, particularly a line that described the special's premise as "a heterosexual male's worst nightmare: turning gay overnight". On May 27, 2004, Fox shelved the special, citing creative reasons. The special's cancellation influenced other television networks to reach out to GLAAD for review of their own LGBT-themed television shows. In 2005, Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay was one of several television programs cited in a class-action lawsuit filed by the Writers Guild of America concerning labor law violations. ## Format Set in West Hollywood, the two-hour special depicted two straight men—a 22-year-old student from Florida and a 28-year-old salesman from Massachusetts—in competition for a reward of \$50,000. In order to win the reward, the men were required to pass themselves off as gay for a week and immerse themselves in gay culture. The men were required to move into separate lofts with gay roommates, come out to their best friends, and socialize at gay nightclubs. The contestants also competed in daily challenges; challenges included swimsuit modeling for a group of gay men, confiding in a former teammate that the contestant wrestled due to enjoyment of "close contact with sweaty boys", fork-feeding dinner to a blind date and convincing the date to spank them, making a "gay face", and naming a favorite male pornographic film actor. The contestants were each assigned three coaches (referred to as "mantors") that guided them in experiencing "life as a gay man". At the end of the week, the two men were judged by a diverse panel of gay men who had previously been told that only one of the contestants were actually gay. Whichever contestant the panel chose as the more convincing gay man received the reward. Irish television presenter Amanda Byram was set to host the special. ## Announcement and reception On May 13, 2004, Fox sent out a press release for Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay. Set to air on June 7, 2004, the release described the special's premise as "a heterosexual male's worst nightmare: turning gay overnight". The release also specified that the winner of the special would be selected by a "jury of their queers". The release quickly drew criticism from television critics, with Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post referring to it as homophobic. Production company World of Wonder, who specializes in LGBT programming, referred to the special as a "potential problem" that exploits gay men. Four hours after the release went out, Fox distributed another press release that omitted both of these lines. The network also issued an apology, in which it referred to the content of the initial release as a "failed attempt at humor". The special's announcement followed a rising interest in LGBT-themed reality television shows. Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay drew sharp criticism from advocacy groups, including the media monitoring organization GLAAD. Fox provided GLAAD with an advance copy of the special; upon review, the organization condemned it as "an exercise in systematic humiliation". The organization specifically cited dialogue in which the contestants described their experiences as their "worst nightmare" and being "trapped in gay hell". The organization further criticized the special's general premise, in which they claimed it was offensive and could potentially increase violence against gay people. GLAAD's entertainment media director, Stephen Macias, further claimed that the special embodied "ludicrously sophomoric notions of what it is to be gay". In addition to the special's content, the organization also criticized the language used in its press release, specifically the line that described a panel of gay men as a "jury of their queers". In response to GLAAD's comments about Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay, several of the special's producers and actors—many of whom were gay themselves—voiced their own criticism toward the organization. Creative consultant Christian McLaughlin accused GLAAD of attempted censorship. He commented, "Our primary purpose was to be funny, but if people actually got to see the show, they would probably be more tolerant of gay people in the future." Executive producer Ray Giuliani described the special as a "joke" and stated that GLAAD's belief that the special would cause harm to gay people was baseless. Under the impression that both contestants were homophobic, Giuliani further explained that the producers intended for the contestants to have "walked away learning something about what it feels like to be a gay man in the middle of a straight world". Larry Anderson, one of the two contestants, claimed that the special helped him conquer his own homophobia, adding that he had many meaningful interactions amongst himself and his coaches. Jackie Beat, a drag performer and one of the coaches, criticized GLAAD's stance on the special and claimed that it did not portray gay people in a negative manner. Byram similarly expressed her disappointment with the negative reception the special garnered, in which she claimed that "TV and the FCC [are] very sensitive right now". ## Cancellation On May 27, 2004, Fox announced that it had shelved the special for creative reasons, in which a spokesperson stated, "[The network] looked at it, and creatively it was not where we felt like it should be". This announcement came only hours after a meeting was scheduled between GLAAD and Fox's entertainment president Gail Berman, in which GLAAD planned to voice their concerns about the special's portrayal of gay men. According to The Advocate, an "inside source" at Fox claimed the cancellation of the special was additionally a result of Fox executives "believ[ing] the gay reality phenomenon was on the wane" due to the underperformance of Playing It Straight and Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. Following its cancellation, Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay was replaced on the Fox schedule with a telecasting of American Pie 2. Giuliani largely attributed the special's cancellation to pressures Fox faced from GLAAD, however, Beat claimed that the network was unenthusiastic about the program in general. In response to the cancellation, GLAAD commended Fox for "doing the right thing" and being responsive to the organization's concerns. One of the contestants, Larry Anderson, subsequently did a photo spread for The Advocate; the magazine interviewed Anderson, several of the special's producers, and a representative from GLAAD. The controversy and subsequent cancellation of Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay prompted the executive producers of the TBS series He's a Lady to reach out to GLAAD for review of their own program. Douglas Ross and Tommy Campbell claimed that they did not want to offend transgender people with He's a Lady, which depicted a competition between eleven men who received feminine makeovers and participated in weekly gender-specific challenges. Campbell explained: "We had heard about Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay and how it was controversial. We went to GLAAD to get their support and to show that this was a kind show." Despite this claim, GLAAD alleged that they were the ones to reach out to the producers after seeing a press release for the series. As a result of their consultation with GLAAD, Campbell stated that the organization helped the producers to "become more aware of transgender issues and the double standards of beauty". The cancellation of Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay also resulted in Fox organizing a meeting with GLAAD to discuss and improve the network's on-air representations of the LGBT community. ## Lawsuit On August 23, 2005, Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay was one of several television programs cited in a class-action lawsuit filed by the Writers Guild of America. Known as Shriver v. Rocket Science Laboratories, the suit was filed in the Los Angeles County Superior Court and targeted the special's production company, Rocket Science Laboratories, alongside the special's network, Fox. The plaintiffs in the suit included writers and editors of the special who alleged violations of the California Labor Code. The employees claimed that the two companies violated labor laws in relation to overtime, wages, and meal periods. More specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that the companies forced employees to falsify time cards in order to be paid a flat weekly rate, despite the employees actually working nearly 80 hours a week with no meal breaks. In 2009, a settlement was reached between the two parties for \$2.57 million, although Rocket Science Laboratories and Fox continued to deny all liability. Speaking on the settlement, Emma Leheny, an attorney for the plaintiffs, stated, "I'd like to say as a plaintiff's attorney that I cured cancer, that this case brought these violations to an end. But we know they still go on." ## See also - List of television series canceled before airing an episode	[ "## Format", "## Announcement and reception", "## Cancellation", "## Lawsuit", "## See also" ]	1,985	31,642
21,954,921	Bjaðmunjo Mýrjartaksdóttir	1,083,018,237	Irish princess	[ "12th-century Irish women", "Irish princesses", "Medieval Gaels from Ireland", "O'Brien dynasty", "Place of death unknown", "Year of birth unknown", "Year of death unknown" ]	Bjaðmunjo Mýrjartaksdóttir (Gaelic: Blathmuine ingen Muirchertach; fl. 1102/1103) was a daughter of a Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. In 1102 whilst still a child, she was married to Sigurðr, son of Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway. At this time, Magnús appears to have been in the process of setting up his son as king over the Earldom of Orkney, the Kingdom of the Isles, and the Kingdom of Dublin. The marriage temporarily bound Muirchertach and Magnús together as allies before the latter's death the following year. Sigurðr thereupon repudiated Bjaðmunjo, and left for Scandinavia, where he proceeded to share the Norwegian kingship with his brothers. ## Background Bjaðmunjo was a daughter of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. In the late eleventh century, following the death of his father, Muirchertach seized control of the Kingdom of Munster and moved to extend his authority throughout Ireland as High King of Ireland. In so doing, he gained control of the Norse-Gaelic Kingdom of Dublin, and as a result began to extend his influence into the nearby Kingdom of the Isles. There is uncertainty concerning the political situation in the Isles in the last decade of the eleventh century. What is known for sure is that, before the end of the century, Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway led a marauding fleet from Scandinavia into the Irish Sea region, where he held power until his death in 1103. The catalyst for this Norwegian intervention may have been the extension of Muirchertach's influence into the Irish Sea region following the death of Gofraid Crobán, King of the Isles. The region appears to have degenerated into chaos following Gofraid's demise, and Magnús seems to have taken it upon himself to reassert Norwegian authority. Magnús made two expeditions into the Irish Sea region. One arrived in 1098; the other in 1102. The focus of the second overseas operation appears to have been Ireland itself. Following an apparent Norwegian conquest of Dublin, Magnús and Muirchertach negotiated a peace agreement, sealed through the marriage of Magnús' son, Sigurðr, and Bjaðmunjo herself. ## Marriage The marriage agreement between Magnús and Muirchertach is noted in several sources. The Annals of Inisfallen and the Annals of the Four Masters reveal that the marriage took place in 1102. Other sources reporting the marriage include the twelfth-century Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum, the thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga, and Magnúss saga berfœtts within the thirteenth-century Heimskringla. Sigurðr was apparently twelve years old at the time of the marriage, although Bjaðmunjo's age is uncertain. The remarkably young age of the newlyweds, and the fact that the union is recorded at all in historical sources, suggests that a dynastic marriage was required for the conclusion of peace between their fathers. There seems to be some confusion in several historical sources regarding the marriage. For example, the twelfth-century Historia ecclesiastica states that Magnús himself married the daughter of an Irish king in about 1093. According to Morkinskinna, Magnús was at one point set to marry a certain Maktildr, described as an "emperor's daughter". It is possible that Maktildr represents Matilda, a woman who was a sister of the reigning Étgar mac Maíl Choluim, King of Scotland, and who is known to have married Henry I, King of England in 1110. In fact, the episode concerning Magnús and Maktildr in Morkinskinna may have influenced the erroneous claim preserved by the same source and the thirteenth-century Fagrskinna, that Sigurðr married a daughter of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Scotland. At about the same time as the marriage between Bjaðmunjo and Sigurðr, the former's father secured yet another marital alliance through another daughter and Arnulf de Montgomery, Earl of Pembroke, an English magnate in the midst of a revolt against the reigning King of England. ## Ramifications Just prior to the settlement of peace between the Uí Briain and the Norwegians, Muirchertach was not only contending with the arrival of Magnús, but was also locked in an extended struggle with Domnall Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain. The agreement of a year's peace between Muirchertach and Magnús, however, turned Magnús from an enemy into an ally. Whilst Magnús appears to have intended for Sigurðr to rule over his recently-won overseas territories—a region stretching from Orkney to Dublin—Muirchertach appears to have intended to exert influence into the Isles through his new son-in-law. In fact, during the following year, Muirchertach and Magnús cooperated in military operations throughout Ireland. Unfortunately for Muirchertach, and his long-term ambitions in Ireland and the Isles, Magnús was slain in Ulster in 1103. Thereupon Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna reveal that Sigurðr immediately repudiated Bjaðmunjo—their marriage apparently having been unconsummated—and returned to Norway. There Sigurðr proceeded to share the Norwegian kingship with his two brothers, Eysteinn and Óláfr. It was over one hundred and fifty years until another King of Norway ventured into the Isles. ## See also - Bjaðǫk, a Gaelic wife/mistress/concubine of Haraldr gilli, King of Norway. Haraldr gilli himself claimed to be a son of Magnús by another Gaelic woman.	[ "## Background", "## Marriage", "## Ramifications", "## See also" ]	1,302	20,393
50,728,265	Royal Oak, Frindsbury	1,109,447,518	Public house in Frindsbury, England	[ "Grade II listed pubs in Kent", "Medway", "Timber framed pubs in England" ]	The Royal Oak is a Grade II-listed house (formerly a public house, or "pub") in Frindsbury, a Medway town in Kent, United Kingdom. The building dates from the late 17th century and it was used as a public house since before 1754. It is one of a few pre-Victorian buildings on Cooling Road in Frindsbury and one of the last remaining coach houses in the area. The two-storey timber-framed building was remodelled throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, with extensions in the 19th and 20th centuries, while the pre-1840 parts of the building remain intact to the present day. The pub was sold by Enterprise Inns to a property developer in 2015 who closed the pub and proposed demolition. The "Save The Royal Oak, Frindsbury" campaign opposed its demolition, and the pub was subsequently registered as an asset of community value by Medway Council and as a Grade II listed building by Historic England in 2016. In early 2017, the campaign was seeking funding to try and to buy the pub to reopen it for the community; the developer was subsequently granted planning permission in June 2017 to convert the building into residential use. It was subsequently converted to a house, with additional housing built next door. ## Location The Royal Oak is located in Frindsbury, a Medway town in Kent, United Kingdom; the address is Royal Oak, 53 Cooling Road, Frindsbury, Strood, Kent, ME2 4RP. It is north of Frindsbury's town centre and is around 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from Strood railway station, 0.1 miles (0.16 km) from Hilltop Primary School and 0.3 miles (0.48 km) from Strood Academy. It lies on chalk geology (Lewes, Newhaven, and Seaford chalk formations). The site of the pub covers 0.093 hectares (930 m<sup>2</sup>) to the east of Cooling Road, at the junction with Iden Road. It is one of four pre-Victorian buildings on the road following from a 20th-century clearance and it is one of the last remaining coach houses in the area. It was originally in the Bill Street hamlet, which merged into Frindsbury in the 1940s, when Frindsbury was a rural village separate from Strood. It is located in a region of post-World War I two-storey housing in a variety of building styles. The pub formerly faced the village's old vicarage (for the All Saints Church, Frindsbury) until the vicarage was demolished in the 1930s; it is now opposite a former petrol station turned MOT test centre. The nearest other listed building is the Grade II Tudor Cottage around 210m to the north, although neither are located in a conservation area. Around 20 other pubs were located within one mile from the Royal Oak, including five within half a mile (the Ship Inn, Sans Pareil, The Bell, The Bas Bar, and the Weston Arms). ## History ### Founding The date that the building was first constructed is uncertain, with best estimates putting the build date during the Georgian era around the late 17th century as a timber-framed house; this is determined by the chamfered beams and the rectangular lobby entrance with the front door centrally-located, opening to back-to-back fireplaces with main rooms to the left and right, known as a 'baffle-entry' layout. It transitioned into use as a public house by 1754, which is a common origin of country pubs. It was mentioned in the Melville's Directory of 1858, with Joseph Charlton as the licensee. In 1895 William Sayer, a former landlord of the pub, was killed in a collapse at a nearby chalk mine. It appears on historical maps from 1867, 1897 and various others since, and was labelled as the Royal Oak Public House on all but the first. A number of brickworks were located adjacent to the pub in the 19th and 20th centuries. The origin of the name of the pub is unclear, but one reported theory is that it was named after the 17th-century warship HMS Royal Oak, which was sunk at the nearby Raid on the Medway in 1664. Local people say that one of the beams in the pub comes from the ship, the remains of which may have been broken up at a nearby shipyard after the battle. Another theory is that it was named after the Royal Oak that Charles II of England hid in following the Battle of Worcester. ### Remodelling In the late 18th or early 19th century it was given a Flemish Bond brick face and the rear was extended with a catslide roof. A slate-roofed, single-level extension was added to the south prior to 1867. The front ground floor was remodelled sometime between 1900 and 1930, with a doorcase removed and a fascia and cornice added. Later in the 20th century, single-storey extensions were added to the north in the 1960s, and also to the rear (both with flat roofs) and the south, including a uPVC conservatory. The front of the building was also modelled, with a wider front door, fascia sign and plinth added across both the original frontage and the extensions, dividing the architectural features of the ground and first floors. A large amount of the pre-1840 fabric of the building, including first floor joinery, survives into the 21st century. ### Redevelopment and listing By the 2010s the building was owned by Enterprise Inns, who own around 5,500 pubs in the UK. Despite advertising for a new lease of the building in circa 2013 whilst letting the property for a peppercorn rent, Enterprise Inns ultimately decided to sell the property as a freehold in March 2015. No offers to continue operating the building as a pub were received, although some offers were received from developers seeking to redevelop the property, perhaps due to the substantial refurbishment of the building that was required. The building was subsequently sold by Enterprise Inns to property developer Interesting Developments in September 2015 for £275,000 plus VAT, rather than being sold to the former landlord for the same price. It then closed as a pub in 2015, with initial plans to demolish the pub and construct seven houses on the site submitted in December 2015 and after revision the construction of six homes was formally proposed in 2016. Although initial indications from Medway Council were for the development, the "Save The Royal Oak, Frindsbury" campaign started, led by Joe O’Donnell, who organised a petition against the demolition that was signed by over 1,000 people. The pub featured in a BBC magazine article on the future of UK pubs in 2016, given their declining numbers in the 21st century and historical value. In 2016 the pub was listed as an asset of community value by Medway Council. The building was then Grade II listed by Historic England on 24 May 2016 due to its architectural interest and the intactness of the pre-1840 parts of the building, excluding the later extensions (aside from the first extension to the rear) and modern bar fittings. Plans to demolish the building were withdrawn in May 2016. The "Save The Royal Oak, Frindsbury" campaign started seeking funding to buy the pub to re-open it for the community, alongside a loan from the UK Government's "Pub Loan Fund" and an application for funding to the Plunkett Foundation, in a six-month period from November 2016. The asking price was £450,000 plus VAT (excluding the garden), significantly more than the developer purchased the site for and was seen as unreasonable, despite several expressions of interest. Following from draft plans in August 2016, a new planning application was submitted by Interesting Developments on 16 January 2017 to convert the pub back into a house as it appeared around 1900, demolishing the 20th century extensions and modifications and restoring historic features such as the interior fireplaces and the oculus window, A separate part to the planning application included three two-storey two-bedroom terraced houses to be constructed on the pub garden, along with a redesigned and landscaped car park to include a charging station. An additional house to the rear of the pub was considered but not proposed; campaigners criticised the absence of plans to preserve some historic features, the partial demolition of the building and the proximity of the new buildings. Despite objections, planning permission was granted by Medway Council on 13 June 2017. As of 2021 it was for sale after conversion to a four-bedroom house, with two bathrooms, three parking spaces and an electric car charging point, with an asking price of £580,000. ## Architecture ### Exterior The main part of the detached building is two storeys high along with an attic and cellar. The building was based on a timber frame structure that partially survives although refaced in brick and affected by later extensions. It is mostly rendered and painted white or cream, with doors and window frames painted red or brown. The west-facing front of the original building consists of three bays with a central door. Above the door is an oculus window that originally had glazing bars, with other windows on both sides that have segmented arched heads and timber sills. The original upper floor windows have been replaced in the 19th or 20th century while the ground floor windows are modern but within the original openings. The sides of the original building are hidden by the modern extensions up to the level of the first floor. The gables are weatherboarded above the plain wall with double casement windows opening into the attic. The rear has a prominent late 18th century extension covered by the catslide roof. The rest of the rear of the building is a series of flat-roofed extensions. The roof is steeply pitched, tiled and half-hipped with over-hanging eaves Kent peg tiles, and weatherboarded gables. Forged brackets support the guttering. The pub also has a lawned pub garden to the north and a car park to the south. The car park has a covenant that prevents it from being built upon, with underground channels, cables and pipes, and an adjacent substation. A well is also located in the rear yard of the pub, one of a number in the immediate area. ### Interior The ground floor pair of bars (one either side of the door) have been knocked through into the extensions to the rear to create an open-plan layout for the bar, which is a common feature of pubs. The ground floor also has a function room and kitchen. Studding at the back of the bar may be the original rear wall. Some of the principal timbers survive, such as some original chamfered beams that are visible except in the northern room, however most of the joinery has been replaced over the years. The area used for the pub had an internal floorspace of 218.5 square metres (2,352 sq ft). The central chimney stack exists, but the back-to-back fireplaces have been blocked. The staircase may have originally been located to one side of the back-to-back fireplaces, but no evidence of this remains. There are two rooms on the upstairs floor, the southern one having been partitioned, plus an additional two rooms in the attic complete with modern fittings. The first floor and attic was used as a flat, with a kitchen, living room and office on the first floor, and two bedrooms in the attic. The roof is thought to be from around 1800 but has subsequently been strengthened. ## See also - Listed buildings in Frindsbury	[ "## Location", "## History", "### Founding", "### Remodelling", "### Redevelopment and listing", "## Architecture", "### Exterior", "### Interior", "## See also" ]	2,480	37,835
32,658,414	2011–12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team	1,161,991,866	American college basketball season	[ "2011 in sports in Michigan", "2011–12 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season", "2012 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament participants", "2012 in sports in Michigan", "Michigan Wolverines men's basketball seasons" ]	The 2011–12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games in Ann Arbor, Michigan at Crisler Center for the 45th consecutive year. It had a seating capacity of 12,721. It was also the team's 95th straight season as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Fifth-year head coach John Beilein led the team, alongside All-Big Ten players Trey Burke, Tim Hardaway Jr. and Zack Novak. Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Year and was Michigan's first Associated Press All-American honoree since 1998. The team's season began with a preseason media day and practices in October 2011. In February 2012, Michigan hosted ESPN's College GameDay for the first time in a game against Ohio State. It was the eighth time a Big Ten team hosted the show, which began in 2005. The team was in the national rankings all season and ended as the 2011–12 Big Ten co-champion with Michigan State and Ohio State. It had three victories over teams ranked in the top 10 at the time of the meeting (eighth-ranked Memphis, ninth-ranked Michigan State and sixth-ranked Ohio State). The team was undefeated at home until its last home game of the season. Michigan lost in the semifinals of the 2012 Big Ten Conference tournament and bowed out in the second round of the 2012 NCAA tournament to end the season with a 24–10 record. The team won the school's first Big Ten Conference Championship since the 1985–86 season and had the school's best Big Ten record (13–5) since the 1993–94 season. ## Preseason ### 2011–12 incoming team members Before the season began, point guard Darius Morris, the Big Ten assists leader in the 2010–11 season, left the team after being drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers. The incoming class included Carlton Brundidge and 2011 Ohio Mr. Basketball point guard Trey Burke. Both Brundidge and Burke were among Scout.com's top 100 players of the 2011 class; Brundidge ranked 98th and Burke ranked 94th. Max Bielfeldt committed to Michigan in April despite his family's ties to the Illinois Fighting Illini. Illinois University's Bielfeldt Athletic Administration Building was endowed by his family. Sai Tummala, who along with Bielfeldt was recruited by Ivy League schools, rounded out the incoming class. Tummala earned an academic scholarship and was considered a walk-on candidate for the basketball team. Tim Hardaway Jr., son of former NBA All-Star Tim Hardaway, returned to the team. He was coming off a freshman season in which he was a unanimous Big Ten All-Freshman, All-Big Ten honorable mention, Collegeinsider.com Freshmen All-America and Team USA FIBA U19 honoree. Jordan Dumars, the son of Detroit Pistons All-Star Joe Dumars, left the team, citing nagging knee issues. ### 2011–12 team recruits ## Roster Former team captains Travis Conlan (1996–97 and 1997–98) and C.J. Lee (2008–09) served as director of basketball operations and administrative specialist, respectively. Peter Kahler was the team's video coordinator. ## Schedule Michigan announced its 14-game non-conference schedule on August 1, 2011. The team began the season in a renovated Crisler Arena: new seats and a high-definition scoreboard were added, but seating capacity was reduced to 12,721 from 13,751 in the previous 10 seasons. Michigan came in third place in the three-game 2011 Maui Invitational Tournament between November 21–23. The team defeated the eighth-ranked Memphis Tigers 73–61, lost to the sixth-ranked Duke Blue Devils 82–75, and defeated the Pac-12 favorite UCLA Bruins 79–63. Tim Hardaway Jr. was named the Big Ten Player of the Week, and Trey Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week. In an ACC–Big Ten Challenge game in late November, Michigan lost to Virginia 70–58. In its next game, Michigan defeated Iowa State 76–66. On December 10, 2011, Michigan beat Oakland 90–80, its highest-scoring game since beating 97–50 on November 14, 2009. It was also Michigan's first game since 2002 with three 20-point scorers (Hardaway, Burke and Evan Smotrycz). Burke earned his second Freshman of the Week honor on December 12 after scoring a season-high 20 points and nine assists in the game. On the same day, Michigan was the highest-rated Big Ten team in the Ratings Percentage Index, although the team trailed several schools in the national polls. In the final two non-conference games of the season, Smotrycz scored his first two double-doubles against and on December 17 and 22. Heading into the Big Ten Conference schedule, both of the teams Michigan had lost to were ranked (Duke was 7th and 5th in the AP and Coaches' polls and Virginia was 23rd and 24th). On December 29, Michigan won its first Big Ten Conference opener since 2006–07, beating Penn State as Smotrycz extended his double-double streak to three games. On January 2, Burke earned his first Big Ten Conference Player of the Week honor and his third Freshman of the Week honor for his 40 points in Michigan's first two conference games. On December 29 against Penn State he posted 13 points, seven assists, five rebounds and no turnovers. On January 1, 2012, he added a career-high 27 points on 8-for-11 shooting with three rebounds and three assists against Minnesota to earn Big Ten Conference Player of the Week the following day. On January 19, Michigan became the leader in the conference with a 5–2 record, thanks to conference wins over ranked Wisconsin and Michigan State teams. Michigan remained in first place until losing to Ohio State ten days later. The team went 5–2 in conference in February, including wins over ranked Indiana and Ohio State teams. Michigan lost its final home game of the season to Purdue on February 25 to finish with a 15–1 home record. On March 1, the team defeated Illinois for their first road win in Illinois since 1995. During the game, Michigan's 30th of the season, Trey Burke broke Gary Grant's school freshman assists record, set over the course of 30 games in the 1984–85 season, by pushing his total to 143. The March 4 victory over Penn State clinched a share of the 2011–12 Big Ten Conference season regular season championship. In the first game of the 2012 Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament against Minnesota, Burke led the team to victory with a career-high 30 points. Burke's total was a school record for the Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament. In the semifinal contest, however, Michigan was eliminated by Ohio State for the third year in a row. Michigan entered the 2012 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament seeded fourth, but lost to the thirteenth-seeded Ohio Bobcats 65–60. Burke became Michigan's first Associated Press All-American honoree since Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock in 1998. Stu Douglass concluded the season as the school's all-time leader in games played, with 136. He surpassed Loy Vaught, who played in 135 games. Novak set the school record in career minutes played with 4,357, surpassing Louis Bullock, who played 4,356 minutes. Burke had a school record-setting freshman season in assists, ending the year with 156. ## Results \\|- !colspan=12 style="background:#242961; color:#F7BE05;"\\| Exhibition \\|- !colspan=12 style="background:#242961; color:#F7BE05;"\\| Non-conference Regular Season \\|- !colspan=12 style="background:#242961;"\\| Big Ten Regular Season \\|- !colspan=12 style="background:#242961;"\\| Big Ten tournament \\|- !colspan=12 style="background:#242961;"\\| NCAA tournament ## Statistics The team posted the following statistics: ## Rankings ## Watchlists and awards ### Preseason Five of the 30 nominees for the men's basketball Lowe's Senior CLASS Award were from the Big Ten, including Michigan's Zack Novak. ### In-season Trey Burke was one of nearly 60 Bob Cousy Award candidates named in December 2011. On January 4, Burke was one of 20 finalists. On January 25, Novak was named one of ten finalists for the Lowe's Senior CLASS Award along with three other Big Ten athletes. He was also one of four Big Ten men's basketball players named Academic All-District, putting him among the 40 finalists for the 15-man Academic All-America team. Novak was named a third team Academic All-American. ### Accolades and honors Trey Burke - CBSSports.com Second Team All-American - Big Ten Freshman of the Year (Big Ten media) - Co-Big Ten Freshman of the Year (Sporting News) - All-Big Ten (second team, coaches and media) - All-Freshman (unanimous) - USBWA All-District V Team Tim Hardaway - All-Big Ten (third team, coaches and media) Zack Novak - Academic All-District - Academic All-American (third team) - All-Big Ten (honorable mention, media) - Academic All-Big Ten Josh Bartelstein - Academic All-Big Ten Matt Vogrich - Academic All-Big Ten ## Roster changes The team lost senior captains Stu Douglass and Zack Novak as well as senior reserve Corey Person to graduation following the season. Person was later granted an extra year of eligibility to return to the team. At the end of the season, three players (Evan Smotrycz, Carlton Brundidge and Colton Christian) decided to leave the program. Smotrycz, who had started in 42 of the 69 games he played in during his first two years, left the program as the program's fifth all-time three-point shooter with a percentage of 40.5. Smotrycz transferred to Maryland, Brundidge transferred to Detroit and Christian transferred to Florida International. Following the season, Trey Burke first said he was not inclined to enter the 2012 NBA draft. A few days later, however, the realization that the pool of point guards in the 2012 draft was shallow and Burke's stock was high led to some deliberation for him and his family: "When you have a season as a freshman like he did, the NBA, they like them young," Trey's father, Benji Burke said. "They think their ceiling is higher when they're young. Trey had ... a solid season for a freshman. It's going to be one of the weaker point guard drafts in years." Some observers thought Burke was at his peak in terms of NBA potential. Eventually, he decided to return to play for Michigan for another year. ### 2012–13 team recruits The team announced in September 2010 that Glenn Robinson III, son of former first overall NBA draft pick Glenn Robinson, verbally agreed to attend Michigan, making him the first commitment in the school's class of 2012. Canadian wing guard Nik Stauskas gave Michigan its second verbal commitment for the class of 2012 on March 26, 2011. On November 3, Mitch McGary, who was ranked as the number-two prospect in the nation at the time, announced his verbal commitment to Michigan. Within hours of the commitment, ESPN said that Michigan's ranked as the fifth-best class in the nation. All three signed a National Letter of Intent with the team on November 9. After several other schools announced their commitments, the McGary's commitment moved Michigan from outside the top 25 to the seventh-best class in the nation, according to ESPN. Michael "Spike" Albrecht committed to Michigan on April 6, 2012. ## Team Players Drafted into the NBA	[ "## Preseason", "### 2011–12 incoming team members", "### 2011–12 team recruits", "## Roster", "## Schedule", "## Results", "## Statistics", "## Rankings", "## Watchlists and awards", "### Preseason", "### In-season", "### Accolades and honors", "## Roster changes", "### 2012–13 team recruits", "## Team Players Drafted into the NBA" ]	2,620	12,633
35,512,709	Lesotho at the 2012 Summer Olympics	1,069,203,410	null	[ "2012 in Lesotho sport", "Lesotho at the Summer Olympics by year", "Nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics" ]	Lesotho competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its tenth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The delegation included three track and field athletes; Tsepo Ramonene, Mosito Lehata and Mamorallo Tjoka, and one swimmer; Masempe Theko. Ramonene and Lehata qualified for the Games by meeting qualification standards, while Tjoka and Theko made the Olympics through wildcard places. Tjoka was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Lehata held it at the closing ceremony. Ramonene finished last in the men's marathon and was revived by medical personnel during the event. Lehata did not progress to the semi-finals of the men's 200 metres and Tjoka finished in 90th in the women's marathon. Theko finished 73rd (and last) overall in the women's 50 metre freestyle and did not progress to the semi-finals of the event. ## Background Lesotho participated in ten Summer Olympic Games between its début at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, with the exception of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, because of a boycott relating to the New Zealand national rugby union team touring South Africa. No Mosothoan athlete has ever won a medal at the Olympic Games and the nation has not entered the Winter Olympic Games. Lesotho participated in the London Summer Olympics from 27 July to 12 August 2012. In April 2009 the Lesotho National Olympic Committee (NOC) began preparations for the London Olympic Games by inviting 23 of the country's member federations to a workshop to discuss the issue on sending a larger team. The delegation to London consisted of athletes Tsepo Ramonene, Mosito Lehata, Mamorallo Tjoka and swimmer Masempe Theko. Tjoka was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and Lehata held it at the closing ceremony. The team trained in the North Wales town of Wrexham. ## Athletics The 2012 Summer Olympics marked Tsepo Ramonene's début. He qualified for the Games because his fastest time, two hours, 16 minutes and 36 seconds set in the 2012 Steinmetz Gaborone Marathon, met the "B" standard qualifying time for the men's marathon. Ramonene said that he was happy to participate in the event because he wanted to win a medal for Lesotho. He competed in the men's marathon on 12 August, finishing 85th (and last) of all finishers, with a time of two hours, 55 minutes and 54 seconds. Ramonene stopped several times on his run, and reduced his pace when approaching The Mall and medical personnel were required to revive him. Ramonene was the slowest Olympic men's marathon runner since the 2000 Sydney Games. In an interview with NBC Sports in 2016, he said he was not tempted to use the bailout bus, but that cheers from the crowd encouraged him to complete the race. Competing in his first Olympics, Mosito Lehata was notable for carrying the flag of Lesotho in the closing ceremony. He qualified for the Games because his fastest time, 20:63 seconds set in the 2012 African Championships in Athletics, met the "B" standard qualifying time for the men's 200 metres. The International Association of Athletics Federations applied a rule where any competitor observed jumping the start would be disqualified. A spokesperson for the Lesotho Amateur Athletics Association noted that Lehata had previously jump started races in his career but did not expect him to violate the rule at the Olympics because of the athlete's slow reaction time. Lehata competed in the fourth heat of the men's 200 metres on 7 August, finishing seventh (and last) of all competitors, with a time of 20.74 seconds. Overall he finished 33rd out of 53 runners, and was unable to progress to the semi-finals because his time was 0.24 seconds behind the slowest qualifier. Mamorallo Tjoka was the oldest athlete representing Lesotho at the Olympic Games at the age of 27, and was the country's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. She had previously competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in the women's marathon which she withdrew from because she injured her leg. Tjoka qualified for the Games via a wildcard because she had not set a competitive time for the women's marathon, between the last Olympic Games and the London Olympics. She stated that if she won the marathon, she believed that her country would be "really happy". Her training was aided by Lesotho's high altitudes. Tjoka took part in the women's marathon on 5 August, finishing 90th out of 107 athletes, with a time of 2 hours, 43 minutes, 15 seconds. Key Men Women ## Swimming Masempe Theko was participating in her first Olympic Games at the age of 25. She qualified after receiving a universality place awarded by FINA because her best time of 49.75 seconds in the women's 50 metre freestyle, was 23.99 seconds slower than the "B" standard qualifying time. Theko said that it was an "honour" that she was chosen to represent her country: "I don't know how to explain it, but in my head it really plays out big. I'm looking forward to the event, being in London and meeting new friends and acquaintances." She was drawn in the first heat of the women's 50 metre freestyle on 3 August, finishing third (and last), with a time of 42.35 seconds. Theko reacted over a second after the gun fired to signal the start of the heat, although she improved her personal best time by over seven seconds. She finished 73rd (and last) of all swimmers overall, and did not advance to the semi-finals because her time was 17.07 seconds slower than the slowest athlete who progressed to the later stages. Women ## See also - Lesotho at the 2012 Summer Paralympics	[ "## Background", "## Athletics", "## Swimming", "## See also" ]	1,322	2,306
4,680,548	Great Bear (roller coaster)	1,172,544,062	Roller coaster at Hersheypark	[ "Hersheypark", "Inverted roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard", "Roller coasters in Pennsylvania", "Roller coasters introduced in 1998" ]	Great Bear is an inverted roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. Designed and manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, with additional design from Werner Stengel, the roller coaster opened on May 23, 1998, in the Minetown section of the park. Great Bear was the first inverted looping coaster in Pennsylvania and cost \$13 million, the largest project Hersheypark undertook at the time. The roller coaster reaches a maximum height of 90 feet (27 m), a maximum speed of 58 miles per hour (93 km/h) to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), and has a total track length of 2,800 feet (850 m). When Great Bear opened, it was the sixth roller coaster in operation at Hersheypark, as well as the fourth steel roller coaster at the park. The layout of the roller coaster was designed to weave through several attractions, including SooperDooperLooper, Coal Cracker, and Spring Creek. The ride is named after the constellation Ursa Major, and its major elements represent the number of stars within the constellation. Upon opening to the public, the roller coaster received positive reviews from critics and guests. ## History After the opening of Sidewinder, a steel shuttle roller coaster in 1991, the park considered in its long-term goals to add a bigger steel roller coaster for the coming decade. Great Bear was part of the Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company's five-year plan, alongside an expansion to its Hershey Lodge and Convention Center at an estimated \$26 million dollars, as well as renovations for the Hersheypark Arena. The park conducted surveys showing that guests wanted the park to add roller coasters. During the planning stages, Jeff Budgeon, then the park's planning, engineering, and maintenance director, said that park executives did not want to build record-breaking roller coasters because these would not equate to better thrills and would be expensive. Four manufacturers presented proposals to Hersheypark that would be designed specifically for the park's layout and terrain. Ultimately, the park chose Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M). Hersheypark announced on August 19, 1997, its intentions to build a \$13 million roller coaster (equivalent to \$ in ) for the 1998 operating season. Named the Great Bear, the attraction would be a steel inverted roller coaster built by B&M. At the time, the closest roller coaster similar to the Great Bear was located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. The park's general manager said the project would constitute "the largest sum of money ever spent on a single attraction at Hersheypark". Ground breaking and construction of the Great Bear started in mid-November. By December, excavation work was completed, with concrete foundation work taking place for the track and station. In the same month, track work began to be assembled on site. In the new year, the park would increase admission prices because of the construction of Great Bear. A press conference was held on March 31, for media to view the Great Bear which was nearing completion with all of the track work in place. To be finished were the electrical wiring for the controls and testing the roller coaster. The roller coaster was revealed to media personnel on May 22, to ride, and opened to the public a day later on May 23 during the park's 92nd operating season. It was the most expensive roller coaster ever constructed in the park, as well as the first inverted looping coaster in Pennsylvania. To promote the Great Bear, Hersheypark created a 30-second television advertisement called "Brave Souls". At the end of 1998, the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions gave the commercial a Brass Ring Award for "originality, creativity, and excellence in marketing". In its first five seasons of operation, the Great Bear attracted an average of 1.2 million riders annually. ## Ride experience After the floor drops down slightly beneath the train, riders exit the station begins to climb a 90-foot (27 m) tall lift hill. After cresting the lift, the train begins a sweeping helix to the left. Following this turn, riders plunge into a 124-foot (38 m) drop into The Hollow. The train enters a 100-foot (30 m) vertical loop, then racing straight through a shallow pit towards onlookers, followed by an Immelmann loop. After the Immelmann, the train curves slightly right into a zero-g roll. The train continues through The Hollow, passing over walkways and heading towards SooperDooperLooper and Comet, then making a sharp left turn over Spring Creek. Due to the presence of Spring Creek, the train passes over several unconventional support structures wrapping under and around the train. The train whips into a corkscrew, and then two wide turns, first to the left, then the right, skirting around SooperDooperLooper's vertical loop. Following another slight curve to the left, over the Coal Cracker flume ride, riders photos are taken and the train enters the final brake run. After the brake run, the train curves to the right and returns to the station. One cycle of the roller coaster is about 175 seconds long. ## Characteristics The roller coaster is a custom Inverted Coaster model, designed and manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard; Werner Stengel assisted with the design. Most of the ride's components were manufactured in the United States. Due to its proximity to other attractions, the roller coaster was one of Bolliger & Mabillard's most difficult projects to design. General construction was undertaken by Wickersham Construction and Engineering, which built the foundations and buildings for the roller coaster. Sources cite the ride as being supported by 214 or 217 piers. Its construction included 4,500 yd (4,100 m) of concrete and 2,000,000 pounds (910,000 kg) of steel. The Great Bear was the sixth roller coaster to be built at the park and the fourth steel roller coaster. When the Great Bear opened, the roller coaster was located in the Minetown section of the park close by the Kissing Tower. The Great Bear's location in the Minetown section was chosen as it was a lesser traversed area of the park since the inclusion of several attractions elsewhere. The roller coaster's location was also thought to better fan out guests as to not overload existing facilities. Another area considered for the roller coaster was the Midway America section, themed to the early twentieth century, but was said to be "too modern" by Jeff Budgeon. To accommodate the roller coaster, a mini golf course and a building were removed. The Great Bear's designed layout would weave through nearby steel roller coaster SooperDooperLooper and log flume Coal Cracker to add a more thrilling experience. The ride also passes just over Spring Creek, which winds through Hersheypark. The Great Bear covers at least 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land and was built on a hill. Netting is placed below portions of the track to catch objects from inverting riders. The roller coaster was named after the constellation Ursa Major; seven elements of the roller coaster represent the stars of the constellation. The name also references the Hershey Bears, a local American Hockey League team. The station of the roller coaster used to be host to a catering venue as well as a former Sky Ride stop. The track is about 2,800 feet (850 m) long. The color scheme includes black track with light grey supports, and the trains are shades of purple, pink, and yellow. The top speed of Great Bear is either 58 miles per hour (93 km/h) or 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). Each of the two trains can accommodate 32 passengers, arranged in eight rows with four to a single row. There is a separate queue for the front row of seating. The trains use over-the-shoulder restraints. Each train contains 32 upstop wheels, placed beneath the rail; 32 guide wheels, placed beside the rail; and 32 road wheels, placed above the rail. The track is flanked by two pairs of on-ride cameras, which are controlled remotely. When a train passes by, each of the cameras snaps eight riders' photos in about eight-tenths of a second. These photos are displayed on monitors at the ride's exit, where guests' photos could be combined. According to the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, New Era, "the system ensures customers won't have strangers in the photo they buy". The ride is controlled by two computers in the basement of the station; one of the computers is responsible for the day-to-day operation, while the other is used as a backup. The computers record data from green "proxy switches" underneath the lift hill, which record the train's location, speed, and other statistics. In addition, pairs of light sensors, known as "photo eyes", are mounted above the track to detect obstructions. A beam of light shines between each pair of "photo eyes", and the ride automatically shuts down if the light beam is obstructed. ## Reception Upon opening, Great Bear received generally positives reviews from guests and critics. Aliah Wright, a reporter for the Associated Press, noted a guests' reaction to the roller coaster, who stated they were "amazed" and noting a great sense of fear because of footchopper elements. Thomas Flannery, a staff member for the Intelligencer Journal who attended the media preview, simply related the experience of Great Bear to that of a fighter pilot. Sara Barton, a writer for the Lancaster New Era, dramatically recounted her ride experience on the Great Bear as "not nice", stating the roller coater "is not normal". Barton had personally disliked the experience having come off nauseous after her second ride, though her fellow reporter, Jane Holahan, had favored the experience wanting to ride "for fun". Elizabeth Arneson of the Lebanon, Pennsylvania, Daily News wrote: "The Great Bear paradoxically gives riders an exhilarating sense of freedom while they're strapped securely into a seat." Out of all the roller coasters Arneson rode at the park, the Great Bear was "the star of the day". Lin Weisenstein of the Daily Record wrote in August 1998 that, though no seat was bad on the roller coaster, "the flying sensation up front is out of this world". Weienstein further commented that the Great Bear was "pure pleasure", remarking positively of the smooth ride without head banging. ## See also - Alpengeist, a Bolliger & Mabillard custom Inverted Coaster model at Busch Gardens Williamsburg - Batman: The Ride, a Bolliger & Mabillard Inverted Coaster model at several Six Flags parks - Afterburn (roller coaster), a Bolliger & Mabillard custom Inverted Coaster model at Carowinds	[ "## History", "## Ride experience", "## Characteristics", "## Reception", "## See also" ]	2,272	26,294
39,771,270	Lady of the Forest	1,167,796,390	Book by Jennifer Roberson	[ "1992 American novels", "Books illustrated by Anne Yvonne Gilbert", "Fiction set in the 1190s", "Novels set in Nottinghamshire", "Parallel literature", "Prequel novels", "Robin Hood books", "Zebra Books books" ]	Lady of the Forest: A Novel of Sherwood is a 1992 historical fiction novel by American author Jennifer Roberson. A re-telling of the Robin Hood legend from the perspective of twelve characters associated with the legend, the story centers around English noblewoman Lady Marian FitzWalter's encounters with Lord Robert of Locksley and his scheming rival the Sheriff of Nottingham amid the backdrop of Prince John's schemes – he aims to increase his own wealth and power at the expense of post-Conquest England and his brother, King Richard. Roberson wrote her novel as a prequel to the known legend. Understanding that Robin Hood lacked a single origin story, she decided to create an original narrative that depicted how "seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to join together to fight the inequities of medieval England." Roberson spent a year researching and writing the story, and sought to combine fact and legend in developing the motivations for certain characters. The novel was published in September 1992 by Zebra Books, with a cover designed by illustrator Anne Yvonne Gilbert. Lady of the Forest received generally positive reviews, and has been analyzed by Robin Hood scholar Stephen Thomas Knight, who observed that Roberson's Marian is a "strong woman" who helps Robert, a traumatized veteran of the Crusades, adjust to his life in England; Knight connects this to the "post-Vietnam" mood that existed when the novel was written. Roberson released a sequel, Lady of Sherwood, in 1999. ## Plot summary The story begins in the spring of 1194 in the English county of Nottinghamshire. Lady Marian FitzWalter attends a festival held at Huntington Castle by the Earl of Huntington, who wishes to honour the return of his only surviving heir, Lord Robert of Locksley, from the Crusades. Marian seeks an audience with Robert to learn the manner of her Crusader father's death the previous year, as Robert was a witness. The reserved, mentally scarred Robert reacts strongly, having flashbacks to Sir Hugh's violent murder at the hands of Saracens. He informs her that Hugh wished for Marian to marry William DeLacey, the harsh and scheming Sheriff of Nottingham, to her dismay. DeLacey knows naught of her father's last wishes, but intends to make her marry him anyway. Prince John arrives at the festival unexpectedly with plans: he states his wish to ally himself with the Earl by marrying Robert to his bastard daughter Joanna, and also approaches DeLacey about raising more taxes ostensibly to be sent to ransom John's brother, King Richard. In truth, John wishes to keep the revenue for himself and maintain his brother's imprisonment. Soon after, Marian is reluctantly manipulated into accompanying the Sheriff to attend a market at Nottingham Castle. There, she is kidnapped by the prisoner William "Scarlet" Scathlocke, an enraged man imprisoned for killing four Norman soldiers, and is taken into the depths of nearby Sherwood Forest. Lord Robert, who was taught how to navigate the massive forest as a youth, secretly tracks Scarlet and is able to secure Marian's release. While accompanying Marian back to her modest manor, Ravenskeep, Robert falls ill from a fever. Marian gradually wears down the mental wall he had built up in captivity by the Saracens, and after his recovery at Ravenskeep, they consummate their relationship soon after she refuses DeLacey's offer of marriage. Robert returns to Huntington, along the way besting outlaws such as Adam Bell and Will Scarlet at a contest of archery. He encounters his father and several other prominent noblemen, and is told they wish for him to marry Joanna to mislead Prince John about their intentions to thwart his grabs for power. Robert refuses. Meanwhile, Marian barely avoids being forced to marry DeLacey, and only escapes with the help of the kind Friar Tuck and the Sheriff's seneschal Guy de Gisbourne, who is infatuated with her. She flees to Huntington Castle; the Earl is displeased with his son's disobedience and their liaison, causing Marian and Robert to travel to the small village of Locksley, his namesake and holding. Robert endeavours to steal the funds needed for King Richard's ransom, and begins robbing the rich with the help of Sherwood's outlaws, whom he has gradually befriended. At the same time, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard's mother, is working to raise the ransom through more legal methods: by taxing clergy and laymen for a quarter of the value of their property, confiscating the gold and silver treasures of the churches, and imposing scutage and carucage taxes. Back in the small village of Locksley, Marian is captured and sent to the Sheriff's dungeon, where she is given an ultimatum: marry DeLacey or find herself charged with witchcraft. She is rescued by Robert, who arrives with his friends to free her. Just as they are about to be arrested by a wrathful Prince John, whose money has been stolen by the outlaws, King Richard arrives unexpectedly, allowing Robert and his associates to escape. ## Development American author Jennifer Roberson was known for writing fantasy novels before she moved into historical fiction, a genre new to her. She noted, "One thing I'd always wanted to try –another ‘someday’ dream – was a big, sprawling, mainstream historical epic." She proposed to her literary agent that she write a reinterpretation of the Robin Hood legend from the perspective of Maid Marian. Roberson understood that her rendition was not a "recounting" of the original story, because "there is none"; rather, Lady of the Forest was "purely [her] own concoction." Describing the novel as a prequel, the author explained, "I wanted very much to write the story of how the legend came to be; the tale of how seven very different people from a rigidly stratified social structure came to join together to fight the inequities of medieval England. To me, the key was logic—I interwove historical fact with the fantasy of the classic legend, and developed my own interpretation of how things came to be. I wanted to come to know all of these people; to climb inside their heads and learn what motivated them to do what they did." It took Roberson a year to research and write the novel. She credited as resource materials J. C. Holt's Robin Hood, Maurice Keen's The Outlaws of Sherwood, The Ballads of Robin Hood, Elizabeth Hallam's The Plantagenet Chronicles, W. L. Warren's King John, as well as the works of Frances and Joseph Gies. In a 2007 interview, Roberson stated that writing the story was "extremely challenging" because she employs the viewpoints of twelve main characters – Marian, Lord Robert, DeLacey, Sir Guy de Gisbourne, the Earl of Huntington, Eleanor DeLacey (the Sheriff's plain, scheming daughter), Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, the minstrel Alan of the Dales (whom becomes an outlaw after being falsely accused of rape), the simple boy Much, the moneylender Abraham the Jew (who Robert uses to raise money for the ransom), and the shepherd turned reluctant outlaw Little John. Roberson believed that this experience made her a better writer. Roberson has spoken of the difficulties of writing medieval women, particularly because so many contemporary authors are accused of giving their characters "anachronistic independence of thought and feminist leanings." The author acknowledged that with Eleanor DeLacey, an invented character, she "tread[s] close to the boundaries" but believes Eleanor is a reflection of women of "loose morals", who indeed existed in the 1190s. Roberson continued, "I choose to believe an Eleanor might well have looked to sexual dalliance as a means of seeking freedom of choice in an age when women had very little." Conversely, Marian, Roberson wrote, "is a truer product of her times, shaped by the ordinary responsibilities and expectations of a medieval woman." Marian only gains the strength and freedom to love after the loss of her good reputation as a captive in Sherwood Forest. ## Analysis Stephen Thomas Knight, a scholar on Robin Hood, has written extensively on Roberson's "interesting" perspective of the legend. According to him, Lady of the Forest was another in a long line of contemporary stories that has elevated Marian to "hero status". He connects this to a corresponding "weakening" of Robin in Roberson's story, noting that there is a relationship between the novel's "post-Vietnam" date and its story, with Robin rendered as a "battleweary veteran returning from the Crusades" in a "traumatized state." Knight continues that "it is evident that Roberson is using the post-Vietnam mood as the basis for her weakening of Robin to permit a 'strong woman' presentation of Marion." Roberson's Marian is made "an independent and intelligent woman who helps Lord Robin, traumatised by the crusades, re-establish himself both as a man and a leader of resistance." In an article published in the Journal of Gender Studies, Jane Tolmie stated that Lady of the Forest was another in a long line of contemporary fantasy novels that depicted women having to endure acts of rape, violence, and oppression as "aspects of a continuum rather than as isolated difficulties" – Marian for instance is subjected to abductions and attempted forced marriage. Tolmie added that in the context of Roberson's book, Marian is praised as "extraordinary" only within the "oppressive, gender-based" criteria promoted by the patriarchal Norman society. After Marian wields a quarterstaff to attack another, Robert compares the lady to a man, namely her father – both "had met adversity with the same determination, the same intensity." ## Release and reception Lady of the Forest was published in September 1992 by New York City-based Zebra Books, with cover art by Anne Yvonne Gilbert. A Japanese translation was released in 1994, while a German edition was published in 2003. Roberson stated in a March 2007 interview that "various options" had been taken for adapting the book but added that this was true of many other works. In 1999, she followed the novel with the sequel Lady of Sherwood, which depicts the effects of King Richard's death: the outlaws are persecuted anew by the Sheriff, while the Earl works against John in favor of Arthur of Brittany. Lady of the Forest has received generally positive reviews, with Stephen Knight deeming it a "highly effective novel." The Library Journal lauded Roberson for thoroughly researching the story and yet not overwhelming readers with facts, and predicted the book would be popular in the wake of the 1991 feature film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. The Journal continued that the author's "personal touches create a delightful historical novel with traditional romantic overtones. The writing is so colorful and active that it is difficult to put the book down." Publishers Weekly praised the novel for its "lively storytelling and pacing", which helped make it "an enjoyable, almost creditable recasting of the Robin Hood legend as historical fiction." The book's romance, the reviewer added, "works beautifully, capturing in the tale of Robin and Marian the terrifying bliss of first love. A diverting, delightful book from a most promising talent." However, Publishers Weekly included some criticisms, opining that Robert of Locksley and Marian "are unlikely to have been as naive as Roberson depicts them." ## See also - List of historical novels - Robin Hood in popular culture	[ "## Plot summary", "## Development", "## Analysis", "## Release and reception", "## See also" ]	2,401	28,611
33,380,627	St Eugrad's Church, Llaneugrad	1,081,711,626	null	[ "12th-century church buildings in Wales", "Church in Wales church buildings", "Grade II* listed churches in Anglesey", "Llaneugrad" ]	St Eugrad's Church, Llaneugrad is an isolated church near the village of Marian-glas, in Anglesey, north Wales. A church was supposedly founded here by St Eugrad in about 605, although the earliest parts of the present structure are the nave, chancel and chancel arch, which date from the 12th century. A side chapel was added to the north in the 16th century, and some moderate restoration work was carried out in the 19th century. It contains a 12th-century font, a 13th-century carved stone depicting the crucifixion, and a memorial to one of the officers killed when the Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in 1859. The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales, one of four in a combined parish; one of the others is St Gallgo's Church, Llanallgo, founded by Eugrad's brother. As of 2012, the parish does not have an incumbent priest. St Eugrad's is a Grade II\* listed building, a national designation given to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest", in particular because it is regarded as a "simple rural church" and "characteristic of the island", and because of the medieval fabric including the chancel arch, described as "a rare survivor of an early building date for the region." ## History and location St Eugrad's Church is in the countryside in the north-east of Anglesey, north Wales, in the community of Llaneugrad. It is about half a mile (800 m) from the village of Marian-glas and 5 miles (8.0 km) from the county town of Llangefni. The isolated church, set within an oval churchyard, is located at the side of a lane leading to a house and farm. The community of Llaneugrad (a local government sub-division equivalent to a parish council in England) takes its name from the church: the Welsh word llan originally meant "enclosure" and then "church". The 19th-century writer Samuel Lewis said that the church was supposedly founded in about 605 by St Eugrad. Eugrad was one of the sons of St Caw (a king from northern Britain) and a brother of St Gildas. He was also brother of St Gallgo, who founded the nearby church now dedicated to him. St Gallgo's and St Eugrad's have been in the same parish since at least 1253. No part of any building from the early 7th century survives. The oldest parts of the church are the walls of the nave and the chancel, which are from the 12th century. The north and south doorways were added in the 14th and 15th centuries respectively. A chapel was added to the north side of the chancel in the 16th century. This was at a time when a second altar was added to many churches to allow expressions of devotion to St Mary, and side chapels from the late 15th and early 16th centuries can be found in many Anglesey churches. The 17th century saw the re-roofing of the nave. A porch was added to the south-west corner and a vestry to the north-west in the middle of the 19th century; Some restoration work (described as "conservative") took place in the later part of the century. St Eugrad's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales. It is one of four churches in the combined benefice of Llaneugrad and Llanallgo with Penrhosllugwy with Llanfihangel Tre'r Beirdd. It is within the deanery of Twrcelyn, the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor. As of 2012, there is a vacancy for an incumbent priest. A service of Holy Communion or Morning Prayer (in English) is held at the church most Sunday mornings. The poet Dafydd Trefor is recorded in a list of clergy for the Bangor diocese of 1504 as being rector of St Gallgo's and St Eugrad's, and signed himself as such in a deed of 1524. The poet and historian John Williams (better known by his bardic name "Glanmor") was rector of the two churches from 1883 until his death in 1891. ## Architecture and fittings St Eugrad's is built in Decorated style using rubble masonry with gritstone dressings. The roof is made of slate and has stone coping. It has a 17th-century bellcote at the west end containing one bell, and stone crosses at the tops of the gables. All of the church's external walls have been pebbledashed apart from the north and west wall of the chapel and the south porch. The vestry and the porch both have flat roofs and battlements. The church is entered through the porch at the south-west corner of the nave, which leads to a round-arched 15th-century doorway. Internally, the nave and chancel are separated by a 12th-century arch, which is now covered in plaster. The nave is 18 feet 9 inches by 12 feet 6 inches (5.7 by 3.8 m). A doorway on the north side of the nave, from the 14th century, leads into the 19th-century vestry. Alongside the doorway there is a water stoup which shows signs of weathering, and a carved stone depicting the crucifixion. It shows a "crudely carved" figure on a wheel cross, and is probably from the 13th century. It was previously set in a recess above the south door. The plain baptismal font, thought to be from the 12th century, is at the west end of the nave. The chancel measures 12 feet 9 inches by 10 feet 6 inches (3.9 by 3.2 m). Its roof is from the 16th century and has its trusses closer together than the 17th-century nave roof. The south wall of the chancel has a decorated wooden panel dated 1644, which used to be part of a pulpit. The north wall was removed when the chapel was added, and a beam placed across the opening. The chapel measures 20 feet by 12 feet 9 inches (6.1 by 3.9 m). Its roof is also from the 16th century and is similar to the nave roof. There is a blocked 16th-century doorway with a pointed arch on the chapel's west side. The windows mainly date from the 19th century. The south wall of the nave has a blocked-up round-headed window from the 12th century. The 19th-century east window has three lights (sections of window separated vertically by mullions) topped by tracery in trefoil shapes (decorative stonework in a three-leaf circular pattern). The chapel's north and west window are similar. The north window in the vestry has details similar to those of the blocked nave window, and reuses some medieval material in the window sill. There is no stained glass in the church; all the windows have clear glass. The church furniture (pews, pulpit, reading desk and chancel rail) is from the 19th century; all the items are all decorated with trefoil holes. A survey of church plate within the Bangor diocese in 1906 recorded some plain silver-plated items (chalice, paten, flagon and alms dish) without inscriptions or dates. There are various 18th-century memorials, and some from the 19th and 20th centuries honouring members of the Williams family upon whose land the church stands. John Groome, the Fourth Officer of the Royal Charter (which sank off the east coast of Anglesey in 1859 with the loss of over 440 lives) is remembered with a stone memorial in Art Nouveau style. ## Assessment The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II\* listed building – the second-highest of the three grades of listing, designating "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". It was given this status on 12 May 1970, and has been listed as "a simple rural church (characteristic of the island)" which is "substantially 12th-century in character and fabric". Cadw (the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists) also notes the chancel arch, commenting that it "represents a rare survivor of an early building date for the region", the 13th-century cruxifixion stone and the 16th-century chancel roof and chapel. The 19th-century Anglesey historian Angharad Llwyd described the church in 1833 as "a small but stately edifice, of lofty proportions and venerable appearance." The clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones visited in 1844, and later wrote that "this little edifice is one of the simplest in the island", although he added that "the plan of the building has been rendered very anomalous" because of the erection of the chapel, "as large as the nave", on the north side of the chancel. He noted the "rudely sculptured crucifixal figure", suggesting that it may have come from the churchyard cross. At the time of his visit, he said that the church "was in a state of great neglect" but deserved to be "carefully preserved" because of its "architectural peculiarities". A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey comments that the nave and chancel both have "considerable headroom", and notes the "very large beam" between the chancel and chapel. It describes the porch as "unusual" because of its flat roof and castellation. A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region describes St Eugrad's as "very small", adding that it is "small enough to have preserved its plan from the Early Christian Church". It comments that the north and south doorways are "obscured" by the "clumsily battlemented" porch and vestry.	[ "## History and location", "## Architecture and fittings", "## Assessment" ]	2,149	31,904
62,034,784	1979 Salvadoran coup d'état	1,171,402,799	Coup d'état in El Salvador	[ "1970s coups d'état and coup attempts", "1979 in El Salvador", "Cold War", "Cold War conflicts", "Cold War in Latin America", "Military coups in El Salvador", "Salvadoran Civil War" ]	The 1979 Salvadoran coup d’état was a military coup d'état that occurred in El Salvador on 15 October 1979. The coup, led by young military officers, bloodlessly overthrew military President Carlos Humberto Romero and sent him into exile. The National Conciliation Party's firm grasp on power was cut, and in its place, the military established the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador (JRG). The junta was composed of two military officers and three civilians. The Revolutionary Government Junta declared itself to be a "reformist junta" which would pass political and economic reforms. In reality, it continued to crack down on political opposition, especially after the rise of several leftist militant groups in the early 1980s. The coup is commonly cited as the beginning of the twelve year-long Salvadoran Civil War. ## Background The National Conciliation Party (PCN) had held a firm grasp on Salvadoran politics since the 1961 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election and the 1962 Salvadoran presidential election, following the dissolutions of both the Junta of Government in 1961 and the Civic-Military Directory in 1962. The PCN government was supported by the United States since its government style, a military dictatorship, was seen as "the most effective [way of] containing Communist penetration in Latin America." The Salvadoran National Guard was equipped and trained by the United States and the CIA, both of which directly supported the PCN regime. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, many political groups arose in opposition to the military government of the National Conciliation Party. The Christian Democratic Party (PDC) was the chief opponent of the PCN, gaining significant influence in the Legislative Assembly. In the 1972 presidential election, PDC candidate José Napoleón Duarte, under the banner of the National Opposing Union (UNO), was declared to have won the election by 6,000 votes by the Central Election Board, but the result was cancelled and the Legislative Assembly instead voted PCN candidate Arturo Armando Molina as president. Duarte was arrested, tortured, and exiled to Venezuela for his victory in the 1972 election. Other, less political, groups which appeared included the United Front for Revolutionary Action (FUAR), Party of Renovation (PAR), Unitary Syndical Federation of El Salvador (FUSS), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), and the Christian Federation of Salvadoran Peasants (FECCAS). In order to combat the political and militant opposition to the government, President Julio Adalberto Rivera established the National Democratic Organization (ORDEN). The organization was headed by General José Alberto Medrano and placed under the administration of the National Security Agency of El Salvador (ANSESAL). ORDEN was a group of several government-controlled death squads which were used to arrest and torture political opponents, intimidate voters, rig elections, and kill peasants. ORDEN claimed to have somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000 members at its peak in the late 1960s. Some of the most notorious death squads included the Anti-Communist Armed Forces of Liberation – War of Elimination (FALANGE) and the White Warrior's Union (Mano Blanca). The Football War between El Salvador and Honduras in July 1969 saw 300,000 Salvadoran refugees leave Honduras for safety in El Salvador. They increased rates of unemployment and crime, weakening the nation's economy. The refugees coming from Honduras overpopulated the already densely populated country. They lived in poverty and had to sustain themselves without any government assistance. The impoverished citizens supported opposition candidates in elections since the government did little to nothing to support them, but the results were always rigged by the government and the poor were harassed by ORDEN. The increase of impoverished Salvadorans in the nation allowed militant groups such as the Farabundo Martí People's Forces of Liberation (FPL), Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES), National Resistance (RN), and the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) to grow in size and numbers. In March 1979, President Carlos Humberto Romero attempted to negotiate with his political opponents due to the outbreak of the Nicaraguan Revolution the year prior, hoping to prevent a revolution against his own government. As a result, opposition forces, who saw weakness, organized strikes and marched in the streets of San Salvador and the crowds seized public buildings. Romero's soldiers crushed the strikes and marches by using live ammunition on the protesters. The event was broadcast across the United States and Europe and resulted in Costa Rica, Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and West Germany, closing their embassies in El Salvador citing an "uncontrollable spiral of violence." ## Coup ### Prelude and planning In July 1979, the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle was overthrown in the Nicaraguan Revolution and the Sandinistas gained power in Nicaragua. The event caused many military officials in El Salvador to fear that Romero's government would likely soon fall to the left-wing guerrilla forces with Sandinista support, and several military officers planned a coup to prevent El Salvador from "suffering the same fate as Nicaragua." The 800-strong officer corps of the military decided to act to remove Romero and install their own government with support from the United States. Before the coup was staged, three different groups each started plotting their own coup attempts. In May 1979, Colonel Ernesto Clairmount, a Christian Democrat who was living in exile in Costa Rica, called for the army to overthrow Romero. Constitutionalists in the army under Colonel Adolfo Arnoldo Majano Ramos wanted to bring several economic and political reforms to El Salvador, while those with pro-US sympathies, who wanted moderate reforms and to crush left-wing organizations, supported Colonel Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño. Meanwhile, oligarchs supported extreme reactionaries in the army to protect their own interests. According to the memoirs of Colonel Gutiérrez Avendaño, the coup was postponed three times. He claimed that Romero found out about the conspiracy but failed to take any serious action to prevent it. ### Overthrow of Romero On 15 October 1979 at 8:15 am local time, the group of military officers, called the Military Youth, rallied the Armed Forces of El Salvador to overthrow Romero's government. The armed forces were led by Colonels Majano Ramos and Gutiérrez Avendaño. The coup succeeded with no casualties and resulted in Romero's resignation. He was charged with corruption, electoral fraud, and human rights violations, but Romero fled for exile in Guatemala after negotiating a deal with the military to leave El Salvador by 6:30 pm local time. Divisional General Federico Castillo Yanes (Minister of National Defense), and Colonels Antonio Corleto (Director of the National Guard), Antonio López (Director of the National Police), Oscar René Serrano (Director of the Treasury Police), and Roberto Santibáñez (Director of the Political Police) also left the country for exile. In the wake of the coup, the military established the center-left wing Revolutionary Government Junta. The junta consisted of Colonels Majano Ramos and Gutiérrez Avendaño, and three civilians: Guillermo Manuel Ungo Revelo, Mario Antonio Andino, and Román Mayorga Quirós. Ungo Revelo was a democratic socialist politician who had opposed the PCN government in the 1970s, Andino was the ex-vice president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of El Salvador (CCIES), and Mayorga Quirós was a member of the Central American University. The Salvadoran National Guard supported the coup and most of its leadership became loyal to the junta. Brigadier General José Guillermo García was appointed to Minister of National Defense by the junta. The junta dissolved ORDEN which resulted in the death squads operating independently throughout what became the Salvadoran Civil War. The junta itself was the source of human rights violations such as mass murder, torture, executions, and unexplained disappearances. Despite dissolving ORDEN, the junta utilized its own death squads to commit the atrocities. ### United States involvement The United States government took an active role in the coup. Plotters stated that they had first attained prior US approval for the coup. It is clear that the US was aware of the plan beforehand. The US had been Romero's biggest supporter, but by October 1979, the US decided it needed a regime change. The officers the US recruited promised reforms, political rights, and amnesty for all political prisoners. Following the coup, the United States immediately recognized the junta's legitimacy as the government of El Salvador. Under Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, the junta and subsequent civilian government received massive aid and funding from the United States. The coup was proclaimed as a "reformist coup" which established a "reformist junta," similar to the Military Revolutionary Council in South Vietnam during the 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état which overthrew Ngô Đình Diệm. In both instances, the United States sent increased support to the new government. The chairman of the junta, Majano Ramos, had left-leaning tendencies. The United States counted on right-leaning influence from Gutiérrez, and later Duarte, drowning out Majano Ramos' leftist influence. They eventually succeeded when Majano Ramos resigned as chairman and commander-in-chief in May 1980, and then from the junta entirely in December 1980. He was later arrested by the junta in February 1981 and left for exile in Panama in March 1981 after being released. His resignation allowed Gutiérrez Avendaño to become commander-in-chief and chairman of the junta in May 1980. He remained chairman and commander-in-chief until December 1980 when Duarte became president of the junta, where he remained until the 1982 presidential election. ## Aftermath In the weeks directly following the coup, thousands of civilians marched in the streets of San Salvador. They occupied churches and gathered around government buildings, demanding that the junta release information of all those who had disappeared under the military regime. They also demanded the lowering of rent prices, a raise in wages, and the institute of land reform. Despite ORDEN being officially dissolved by the junta in October 1979, its former paramilitary forces continued to operate during the civil war. Archbishop Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez cautiously endorsed the junta which was established stating that the junta's goals of reform were good willed, but he warned that "beautiful promises are not dead letters." The coup of 1979 allowed for the rise of militant left-wing groups in the country. The five largest groups, Farabundo Martí People's Forces of Liberation (FPL), Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES), National Resistance (RN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), and the Revolutionary Party of the Central American Workers – El Salvador (PRTC), joined forces on 10 October 1980, nearly one year after the coup, to form the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), the most prominent opposition force to the Salvadoran government throughout the Salvadoran Civil War. The group was named after Augustín Farabundo Martí Rodríguez, the leader of the Communist Party during an uprising in 1932 which resulted in the massacre of 10,000 to 40,000 peasants under the rule of Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, who himself had a far-right death squad named after him. During the rule of the junta from 1979 to 1982, around 20,000 Salvadoran civilians were killed, with human rights organizations estimating that up to 80% were killed directly by the junta. In 1980, the US-equipped National Guard massacred 300–600 civilians in Chalatenango, and in 1981, the US-trained Atlácatl Battalion massacred 800 civilians in the village of El Mozote. The junta denied the accusations of utilizing death squads to protect itself, instead claiming that it was a problem it could not control. The resulting civil war killed anywhere from 70,000 to 80,000 people and lasted twelve years from 1979, starting with the coup, until 1992, with the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords. The coup of 1979 was the last successful military coup in Salvadoran history. ## See also - List of Salvadoran coups d'état - Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador - Salvadoran Civil War	[ "## Background", "## Coup", "### Prelude and planning", "### Overthrow of Romero", "### United States involvement", "## Aftermath", "## See also" ]	2,614	26,689
71,892,896	Osney Martínez	1,171,107,127	Bolivian politician (born 1961)	[ "1961 births", "20th-century Bolivian politicians", "21st-century Bolivian politicians", "Bolivian municipal councillors", "Bolivian people of Arab descent", "Living people", "Members of the Bolivian Chamber of Deputies from Beni", "Nationalist Democratic Action politicians", "People from José Ballivián Province", "Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence politicians", "Revolutionary Nationalist Movement politicians", "University of Washington alumni" ]	Osney Martínez Daguer (born 15 December 1961) is a Bolivian agronomist, politician, and rancher who served as a party-list member of the Chamber of Deputies from Beni from 2010 to 2015. Born to a wealthy family from San Borja with political links to the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement, Martínez spent most of his career in local administration, starting as a substitute member of the city's municipal council before being twice elected to a full seat on the body. In 2009, Martínez was elected to represent Beni in the Chamber of Deputies on behalf of the National Convergence alliance. Elected in 2011 to lead the fractured opposition caucus, he sought to create a working relationship with the ruling Movement for Socialism but was hampered by internal rebellions within his own bloc, a fact that led to his ouster as leader the following year. Alienated from political leaders, he was not nominated for reelection and retired to his ranch at the end of his term. ## Early life and career Osney Martínez was born on 15 December 1961 to Arnulfo Martínez Durán and Celia Daguer Barba, a wealthy family of ranchers native to San Borja, Beni. Martínez's parents held longstanding political links to the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), his father having been an active participant in the National Revolution of 1952, while his mother—a second-generation Arab immigrant—served as mayor of San Borja. In their later years, Arnulfo Martínez went on to become a founding member of the Federation of Ranchers of Beni, while Celia Daguer managed a local charity supporting children with disabilities. From age 7, Martínez was sent to attend a German boarding school in Sucre, where he remained for two years. He continued his education in La Paz at the city's German international school before being transferred to the nearby Don Bosco School, finally completing his studies at institutions in Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Puerto Suárez. In 1981, Martínez traveled to the United States to study English, completing two semesters at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Over the next four years, Martínez studied agricultural engineering at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, though he ultimately decided to return to Bolivia before completing his degree. ## Early political career Returning to San Borja, Martínez briefly dedicated himself to ranching before taking his first steps into politics. He joined the MNR and was elected to lead one of the party's branches in San Borja. Martínez made his electoral debut in the 1995 municipal elections when he won a seat on the San Borja Municipal Council as a substitute councillor. The following cycle, he sought the mayoralty but landed in second place, alleging demographic manipulation through the importation of voters from La Paz. Though he failed to reach the top municipal position, Martínez did conserve his seat on the municipal council, which he chaired as the body's president for the duration of his term. With the decline of the MNR as a political force in the wake of the collapse of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada's government, Martínez distanced himself from the party. For his second reelection bid, Martínez opted to form his own group, the Borjan Alliance; however, its lack of legal status led him to align with Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), with which he won reelection. ## Chamber of Deputies ### Election Martínez limited himself to local politics until 2009 when he was invited to seek a seat in the Chamber of Deputies on the slate of candidates presented by National Convergence (CN), a haphazard electoral alliance that incorporated many of the old party structures of ADN and the MNR. He won the seat and entered the lower chamber. ### Tenure No sooner was Martínez sworn into office than CN fractured as a grouping, owing to its circumstantial formation and the flight of its primary political leaders from the country. In this context, it was Martínez who, in his second year, was selected to lead this largely individualistic caucus in the lower chamber. As head of CN, Martínez sought to establish a "proactive opposition" within the legislature, attempting to build bridges and cooperate where he could with the ruling Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP), a strategy that was successful inasmuch as it further divided the alliance, accused by dissident factions of being "functional" to the government. Nonetheless, in 2012, Martínez sought a second term as caucus leader. Despite initially declaring victory—counting forty-eight votes in his favor—Martínez's legitimacy was challenged by competing factions, with many CN deputies later withdrawing their support in favor of Luis Felipe Dorado, who was ultimately recognized by the broader chamber as CN's next head. Upon the conclusion of his term, Martínez failed to locate a front willing to postulate him for reelection. He and some other colleagues attributed this to the MAS, alleging that the ruling party had been "manag[ing] the lists" of its electoral opponents by vetoing certain parliamentarians from appearing on them. Both the MAS and the opposition Democratic Unity coalition denied these accusations, and neither Martínez nor his colleagues presented any evidence to back their claims. ### Commission assignments - Rural Native Indigenous Peoples and Nations, Cultures, and Interculturality Commission - Rural Native Indigenous Peoples and Nations Committee (2012–2015) - Coca Leaf Committee (2010–2011) - Government, Defense, and Armed Forces Commission - Public Security Committee (2011–2012) ## Later life Following the end of his term, Martínez retired to his residence in San Borja, where he once again took up ranching and worked to promote rapprochement between the many opposition groups that found themselves at odds following the victory of the MAS in the 2014 elections. Martínez re-approached the MNR and was reincorporated into its ranks, supporting the 2015 gubernatorial bid of former senator Sandro Giordano, who unsuccessfully sought to project a winning candidacy in one of the party's last vestiges of support. Martínez's brother, Arnulfo, took a far different political path, joining the MAS, with which he was elected corregidor of San Borja and later sub-governor of Ballivián Province in 2015 and 2021, respectively. ## Electoral history	[ "## Early life and career", "## Early political career", "## Chamber of Deputies", "### Election", "### Tenure", "### Commission assignments", "## Later life", "## Electoral history" ]	1,366	32,223
16,717,213	Curtiss XBTC	1,104,826,632	1945 torpedo bomber aircraft prototype series by Curtiss	[ "1940s United States attack aircraft", "Aircraft first flown in 1945", "Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers", "Carrier-based aircraft", "Curtiss aircraft", "Low-wing aircraft", "Single-engined tractor aircraft", "World War II torpedo bombers of the United States" ]	The Curtiss XBTC was a prototype single-seat, single-engined torpedo/dive bomber developed during World War II for the United States Navy. Four aircraft were ordered, powered by two different engines, but the two aircraft to be fitted with the Wright R-3350 radial engine were cancelled in late 1942, leaving only the pair using the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 radial. By this time, Curtiss Aircraft was overwhelmed with work and the Navy gave the XBTC-2 prototypes a low priority which delayed progress so the first flight did not take place until the beginning of 1945. One aircraft crashed in early 1947 and the other was disposed of later that year. ## Design and development In the 1930s and early 1940s, the Navy divided carrier-borne bombers into two types: the torpedo bomber and the dive bomber, each with crews of two or three men. Wartime experience showed that pilots could aim bombs and torpedoes without assistance from other crewmembers as well as navigate with the aid of radio beacons and the development of more powerful engines meant that faster aircraft no longer needed a rear gunner for self-defense. Furthermore, the consolidation of the two types of bombers greatly increased the flexibility of a carrier's air group and allowed the number of fighters in an air group to be increased. In January 1942 the Navy issued a specification to replace the prewar two-seat, carrier-capable VSB (Scout Bomber) aircraft with a single-seat aircraft that used the 2,200 hp (1,641 kW) Wright R-3350 radial engine. The aircraft was required to be armed with four 20-millimeter (0.8 in) autocannon and be capable of dive-bombing and torpedo attacks. It was to be provided with an internal bomb bay with space for two 1,000-or-1,600-pound (454 or 726 kg) bombs or a Mark 13 torpedo hung below the fuselage. The range requirement was for 1,000 nautical miles (1,852 km; 1,151 mi) with a 1,000-pound bomb or 1,500 nmi (2,778 km; 1,726 mi) with drop tanks. Curtiss responded with their Model 96 which was a low-wing monoplane with retractable conventional landing gear with the R-3350 and proposed an alternate powered by the heavier 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-4360 radial that would use contra-rotating propellers to handle the extra horsepower. The Navy agreed to both and issued a letter of intent in late June for two aircraft equipped with the R-3350, the XBTC-1 (BT reflecting its new role), and another pair fitted with the R-4360, the XBTC-2. Due to development and production difficulties with the high-priority SB2C Helldiver dive bomber, along with the SO3C Seamew and SC Seahawk scout and observation floatplanes, the Navy only awarded a contract for the two XBTC-2 prototypes on 31 December and gave them a low priority. Little documentation about the early development of the XBTC-2 has survived, but photographs of the mockup dated December are available. They show the larger engine installation of the XR-4360-8A and the contra-rotating propellers, but the mockup may have been reworked from the C-1 as it lacks the larger empennage that would be necessary to handle the more powerful engine. The prototypes had a fuel capacity of 540 US gallons (2,000 L; 450 imp gal) housed in two interconnected 90-US-gallon (340 L; 75 imp gal) fuselage tanks and a pair of interconnected 180-US-gallon (680 L; 150 imp gal) combination wing and fuselage tanks. The two wing hardpoints were plumbed to handle 100-or-150-US-gallon (380 or 570 L; 83 or 125 imp gal). An additional 300-US-gallon (1,100 L; 250 imp gal) fuel tank could be fitted in the bomb bay. All control surfaces were skinned with metal and the aircraft was fitted with a set of dive brakes on the upper and lower surfaces of the inner wing panel as well as slotted flaps along its trailing edge. The outer wing panels were equipped with leading-edge slats and had 10° dihedral. To improve landing performance the aircraft intended to be fitted with "duplex" (slotted) flaps, but wind-tunnel tests revealed problems with the flaps so two different outer wing panels were developed, both. The so-called "Model A" panel lacked the flaps and was lengthened by 2 ft (0.6 m). Its leading edge was perpendicular to the fuselage centerline and its trailing edge followed the taper of the inner wing panel. It was fitted with an aileron that started at the tip and extended inwards for about 3/4s of the panel's span; the remaining space was used by ordinary slotted flaps. It was also equipped with another pair of dive brakes. The "Model B" panel reversed the relationship of the leading and trailing edges. Its aileron occupied the entire trailing edge and the "duplex" flaps were positioned on the underside of the wing, just ahead of the aileron. In use, they were lowered to create space for air to reach the underside of the ailerons. The armament of the XBTC-2s consisted of four 20 mm autocannon, each with 200 rounds. The bomb bay contained a single shackle that could handle ordnance up 1,600 pounds in weight. In a dive, the bomb was swung clear of the propeller on a H-shaped trapeze prior to release. A 2,000-pound (907 kg) torpedo (such as the Mark 13) could be mounted on the bomb bay doors, although nothing could be dropped from the bomb bay in that case. The wing hardpoints were stressed to carry weapons weighing up to 1,000 pounds. Development and construction of the two prototypes was delayed by the low priority given to the program by the Navy, so the aircraft did not make its first flight until 20 January 1945. It was fitted with a pre-production XR-4360-8A engine and the "Model A" wing. Although the second aircraft equipped with a production R-4360-14 engine and the "Model B" wing, both prototypes were initially fitted with 14-foot-2-inch (4.3 m) Curtiss Electric propellers, but they were replaced by 13.5-foot-6-inch (4.3 m) Aeroproducts AD7562 propellers sometime after a landing accident with the first prototype on 3 March. The aircraft was repaired and was later fitted with a "Model B" wing. They were delivered to the Naval Air Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, on 30 July 1946. The second prototype crashed during stall testing when its engine failed on 17 March 1947. The surviving prototype was transferred to the Naval Air Material Unit in August for disposal. The United States Army Air Forces assigned the designation A-40 to a proposed 'de-navalized' version of the XBTC; however, it later decided not to acquire any further single-engine attack aircraft and the project was cancelled. ## Variants - Curtiss XBTC-1: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone engine - Curtiss XBTC-2: Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major engine ## Operators United States - United States Navy ## Specifications (XBTC-2) ## See also	[ "## Design and development", "## Variants", "## Operators", "## Specifications (XBTC-2)", "## See also" ]	1,616	35,699
27,569,481	Nidan	1,094,203,024	Welsh priest in the 6th and 7th centuries	[ "6th-century Christian saints", "7th-century Christian saints", "7th-century deaths", "Medieval Welsh saints", "Year of birth unknown" ]	Nidan (sometimes known as Midan or Idan) was a Welsh priest and, according to some sources, a bishop, in the 6th and 7th centuries. He is now commemorated as a saint. He was the confessor for the monastery headed by St Seiriol at Penmon, and established a church at what is now known as Llanidan, which are both places on the Welsh island of Anglesey. He is the patron saint of two churches in Anglesey: St Nidan's Church, Llanidan, built in the 19th century, and its medieval predecessor, the Old Church of St Nidan, Llanidan. Midmar Old Kirk in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, is also dedicated to him: Nidan is said to have helped to establish Christianity in that area as a companion of St Kentigern. St Nidan's, Llanidan, has a reliquary dating from the 14th or 16th century, which is said to house his relics. ## Life Little is known in detail about Nidan's life, and his year and place of birth are unknown. He is sometimes referred to as "Midan" or "Idan". According to manuscript sources, such as Peniarth MS 45 (which has been dated to the 14th century) in the National Library of Wales, he was the son of Gwrfyw ab Pasgen ab Urien Rheged. He was a descendant of Urien Rheged, as was Saint Grwst of Llanrwst, a town on the north Wales mainland in present-day Conwy County Borough. Urien was a "celebrated warrior" from the late 5th century, whose deeds were commemorated by the Welsh poet Taliesin. Nidan was associated with St Seiriol's monastery at Penmon, on the eastern tip of Anglesey in north Wales, and was the monastery's confessor. He is also referred to as a bishop in one source. He founded a church in what is now known as Llanidan, also on Anglesey, near to the Menai Straits. According to tradition, this was established in 616. He is reported to have lived at Cadair Idan, near the church, and a well about 200 yards (180 m) away from the church is reputed to be his holy well. Nidan is said to have been one of the 665 monks who travelled with St Kentigern, also known as St Mungo, and reputed to be a cousin of his, from Llanelwy, north Wales, to Scotland. Together with another of Kentigern's companions, Finan or Ffinan, they are said to have established Christianity in Midmar, in what is now Aberdeenshire, in the 7th century. A church in Midmar was dedicated to Nidan. However, the existence of a link between Nidan and Kentigern has been doubted, with one author saying that "the whole idea that these people [i.e. Nidan and Ffinan] had any connection with Kentigern is without any real foundation." According to some sources, he died in about 610, which would be inconsistent with the reported foundation date for the church at Llanidan of 616. ## Commemoration The Old Church of St Nidan, Llanidan, was in use until the middle of the 19th century when it was replaced by St Nidan's Church, Llanidan, nearer to the village of Brynsiencyn. This was for two reasons: the old church needed repair, and also because the population of Brynsiencyn needed a church. The old church was then partially demolished. The new church contains a sandstone reliquary, about 26 inches (66 cm) long, which is said to contain Nidan's relics. The reliquary's date is uncertain: it has been described as being "probably" from the 14th century, but also, in a more recent description, as "probably 16th century". It was found buried under the altar of the old church in 1700. His feast day in the Welsh calendar of saints is 30 September; in the Scottish calendar of saints, it is 3 November. Nidan was venerated as a saint, although he was never canonized by a pope: as the historian Jane Cartwright notes, "In Wales sanctity was locally conferred and none of the medieval Welsh saints appears to have been canonized by the Roman Catholic Church". ## See also Other Anglesey saints commemorated at local churches include: - Caffo at St Caffo's Church, Llangaffo - Cwyllog at St Cwyllog's Church, Llangwyllog - Eleth at St Eleth's Church, Amlwch - Iestyn at St Iestyn's Church, Llaniestyn - Peulan at St Peulan's Church, Llanbeulan - Tyfrydog at St Tyfrydog's Church, Llandyfrydog	[ "## Life", "## Commemoration", "## See also" ]	1,062	10,252
2,971,941	Edea Kramer	1,166,745,478	Final Fantasy VIII character	[ "Female characters in video games", "Fictional ambassadors", "Fictional witches", "Final Fantasy VIII", "Final Fantasy characters", "Video game antagonists", "Video game bosses", "Video game characters introduced in 1999", "Video game characters who use magic", "Video game characters with ice or cold abilities" ]	Edea Kramer (Japanese: イデア・クレイマー, Hepburn: Idea Kureimā) is a character and a major antagonist in Final Fantasy VIII. Protagonist Squall is sent to assassinate her, though it is later discovered that the Sorceress Ultimecia had Edea under mind control. It is also revealed that Edea was the matron for Squall and the other main characters at an orphanage years in the past. Edea was created by Tetsuya Nomura, who originally intended her to be an antagonist named "Witch" in Final Fantasy VII who served the character Jenova, one of its antagonists. The design went unused in Final Fantasy VII, but because Nomura liked it, it was featured in Final Fantasy VIII. She has received generally positive reception, being noted as an effective villain and praised for her dress. ## Concept and creation Edea is one of three character concepts, along with Fujin and Raijin, to have been created before Final Fantasy VIII. Edea's design, created by Tetsuya Nomura, was originally intended to be featured in Final Fantasy VII and was known as "Witch". She was meant to be a servant of Jenova. Nomura based Edea's design on the style of Yoshitaka Amano, who was the character illustrator of Final Fantasy VI and previous games. This design was not used, but they chose to use this design for her in Final Fantasy VIII due to how much Nomura liked her. A scene depicting Edea murdering someone in front of a cheering crowd was met with speculation that Edea was mind controlling the audience, which was later confirmed in the Final Fantasy VIII Ultimania guide. ## Appearances Edea first appears in the PlayStation role-playing game Final Fantasy VIII. Prior to the game's release, she was marketed extensively in promotional material such as trailers, screenshots, box art and game descriptions or summaries as its main villain. She is initially presented as a power-hungry sorceress who seizes control of the government of Galbadia from President Deling. Edea's motives are unknown, but the mercenary group SeeD dispatches Squall to assassinate her. The mission fails after Edea sends a bolt of ice through Squall's chest. It is later revealed that Edea is the wife of Headmaster Cid, and was the matron to Squall and the other protagonists who grew up in her orphanage. It is eventually explained that Edea was not acting of her own will, but was possessed by a sorceress from the future named Ultimecia. When Ultimecia's control is broken, Edea takes the side of SeeD in the struggle and joins Squall's party for a short time. However, Edea accidentally gives her powers to Rinoa Heartilly, one of the Party members and fellow protagonist, making her a sorceress. After Ultimecia is defeated, a younger Edea meets Ultimecia and decides to have her powers absorbed, resulting in a time paradox. Edea appears as a playable character in Final Fantasy Record Keeper, while one of Ultimecia's designs in Dissidia Final Fantasy is based on Edea's. Edea's likeness appears as an alternate outfit for Ultimecia in Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy, and also in Dissidia NT as part of the "Edea's Corpse Appearance Set" DLC. ## Reception Edea has received generally positive reception since Final Fantasy VIII. Meghan Marie of Game Informer and Brittany Vincent of Game Revolution regarded her as one of their favorite video game characters and favorite character designs. Chris Hodges of Screen Rant identified her as one of the most interesting characters in the Final Fantasy series. Her outfit was praised by publications including Complex and IGN. Writers Brittany Vincent and Foster Kamer also ranked her as the 20th coolest video game villain, praising her for how the game shifts her from antagonist to likable ally. Laura Burrows of IGN complimented her attractiveness and discussed how her true personality does not take away from how powerful and vicious she was when she was possessed. Matthew Walden of GameSpot noted the difficulty of finding a villain with a gentler side than her, comparing her non-possessed form to Mother Teresa. Chad Concelmo of Destructoid included her in their list of "asshole" wizards in video games, due to how difficult an encounter with her turned out. Robert Steinman of RPGFan regarded her as an especially frightening villain, discussing how the twist regarding her true story as one of the strangest in the series. He also drew a comparison between Edea's theme and the theme of Disney villain Maleficent. Paolo Papi of Blasting News included Edea in his list of characters who are both sexy and deadly, discussing her use of her sexuality to "beguile her enemies". Chris Greening of Video Game Music Online discussed how various themes are used throughout the game to demonstrate how Edea's character grows; he cited "The Sacrifice" and "Premonition" as identifying of Edea's dark side, while "The Successor" represents her true nature.	[ "## Concept and creation", "## Appearances", "## Reception" ]	1,062	23,360
5,820,690	Cris and Cru Kahui homicides	1,172,613,563	2006 New Zealand murders of twin infants	[ "2006 murders in New Zealand", "Child abuse resulting in death", "Crime in Auckland", "Incidents of violence against boys", "Murder in New Zealand", "Murdered New Zealand children", "Triplets", "Unsolved murders in New Zealand", "Violence against children" ]	The Cris and Cru Kahui homicides refers to the murders of twin brothers Christopher Arepa and Cru Omeka Kahui (20 March 2006 – 18 June 2006), two New Zealand infants who died in Auckland's Starship Children's Hospital after being admitted with serious head injuries. Their family initially refused to cooperate with police in the homicide investigation into the children's murder. The father, then 21-year-old Chris Kahui, was charged with their murder. Kahui's defence was that the mother, Macsyna King, was responsible for the deaths. After a six-week trial, the jury took just one minute to acquit Kahui. In July 2012, a coroner's report was released, which concluded that the children's injuries occurred "whilst they were in the sole custody, care and control of their father". ## Background Chris and Cru Kahui were the two survivors of triplets born prematurely at 29 weeks by emergency caesarean section on 20 March 2006 at the National Women's Hospital in Grafton to parents Christopher Sonny Kahui and Macsyna Pono King. At the time of their birth, King was 29 and her partner Kahui was 21, and they were already the parents of a 13-month-old son, Shane, who was born in 2005. Prior to that, King, who was born in South Auckland, had already had three other children in two previous relationships, and met Kahui through his father when she was 27 and he 19. However, the relationship was not always smooth, with a range of risk factors contributing to tension and instability for the couple prior to, and after, the arrival of their children. After their birth, Cris and Cru spent six weeks at the Kidz First neonatal intensive care unit at Middlemore Hospital. During this time, nurses and social workers at the facility had informally raised concerns with a worker from the New Zealand Department of Child, Youth and Family Services (CYF), as the parents did not spend a lot of time with the twins. According to the hospital, parents not visiting is not considered child abuse, but was a "cause for concern". Because the infants were still technically patients of Middlemore Hospital, hospital workers regularly visited the family home. During their last visit to the hospital, Chris and Cru were reported to be healthy and well-fed. However, an autopsy showed that the infants had suffered fractured ribs in an incident prior to the fatal injuries. ## Deaths On 13 June 2006, upon returning home after a night of partying, King found that the twins suffered extensive bruises and that their grandfather, William "Banjo" Kahui, had performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation on them. Police said Banjo was not the only person in the house at the time. According to former MP John Tamihere, members of Chris Kahui's extended family had said "a young relative", whom they refused to name, was caring for the infants on the day they were fatally injured. King and Kahui took their children to the family's general practitioner, who ordered immediate hospitalisation for the infants. The coroner made a finding that Kahui refused to take the children to hospital, running away from the family car and leaving a distraught King carrying the twins in their carriers into the hospital on her own. Doctors immediately discovered that the infants had serious brain injuries. Both had suffered skull fractures from blunt force trauma, and Cris had a broken femur. An orthopaedic specialist told The Sunday Star-Times that in order to break the femur of a baby, the bone would have to be deliberately bent at a 90-degree angle, ruling out an accidental cause of the injury. After the infants were transferred to Starship Children's Hospital, hospital staff notified the police. CYF removed Shane and their female cousin Cayenne, aged six months, from two rented Housing New Zealand homes – one in Clendon and the other in Māngere — where Cris and Cru had lived. Police said they were treated in hospital for injuries resulting from "neglect", showing signs of malnourishment and poor hygiene. According to the Herald on Sunday newspaper, the two children were to be returned to the family in September 2006, but neither the parents nor members of Kahui's family who persistently refused to cooperate with police would be their caregivers. Cris and Cru were ultimately taken off life support, with Cru being the first to die at 5 a.m. on 18 June. Cris died at 6:45 p.m. later in the day. The bodies were released to the family on 21 June, taken to the Manurewa marae for a tangihanga (funeral rites), and were buried at the Manukau City cemetery on 24 June. ## Investigation The deaths of Cris and Cru resulted in an initial serious assault investigation by the New Zealand Police before charges were upgraded to homicide. The police believe that, while the infants were in hospital prior to their deaths, the Kahui family was uncooperative with any investigation. Pita Sharples, the co-leader of the Māori Party, said the family had agreed to talk to police on 26 June, but this did not happen. Following the deaths, Sharples said he was disgusted by the Kahui family's behaviour, claiming some of them were more interested in going "to the pub and have a drink" than coming forward to police. Prime Minister Helen Clark said it was "absolutely shocking" for the family to hide behind the funeral while everyone in the country was "shocked and revolted" by the children's injuries. There were even reports that gang members were threatening the family in utu (or revenge) over their refusal to speak. After refusing to speak to police in the week after the death, police finally went to residences of the Kahui family on 27 June. At least four family members, including King and an aunt, were escorted to police stations. By 4 July, at least twenty extended family members were questioned, as well as ninety medical practitioners and staff who were in contact with the twins. Forensic scientists removed items such as clothing from the Kahui residences. By September, police said that the family were no longer "stone-walling" their inquiries, but a prima facie case had yet to be established. Sunday News reported on 17 September that a list of suspects was down to three and an arrest was imminent. This was followed by a police statement nine days later stating that they now knew who was responsible for the deaths. However, other family members could still be charged with related crimes. Two half-sisters of King appeared on TVNZ's Sunday 23 July episode, claiming that King and her brother, Robert King, had told them the name of the killer. TVNZ censored the name when one of the women said it, but the gender was revealed to be male. The infants' paternal grandmother, who appeared the next day on TV3's Campbell Live, contradicted this information, stating that the killer was female. The homes where Cris and Cru lived were also home to at least nine adult occupants, eight of whom were on some form of social welfare. These relatives had been receiving payments totalling between \$845 and \$1395 a week, depending on their age and circumstances. Work and Income New Zealand launched an investigation to see whether all the payments were legitimate. Two instances of substantiated benefit fraud were found for one individual. The Clendon house had been occupied for two to three months, but neighbours had not noticed that infants were living there. According to the neighbours, Tuesday and Thursday nights were "party nights," as this was when benefit payments were received. Loud music, foul language and fighting were frequently heard. One neighbour said that a sixteen-year-old female appeared on their doorstep at 3:30 a.m. one morning after she said an older man at the Clendon house attempted to sexually assault her. ### Murder arrest The 1 October edition of the Star-Times published an interview with Kahui, who said that he did not kill his sons, but if Police could not find anyone else, "I go down for something I didn't do". Investigators called Kahui's interview with the police on 3 October a "major development". On 26 October, a "carload of detectives" had gone to several addresses looking for Kahui, who was brought in for questioning. At 10 p.m., it was announced in a press conference that a 21-year-old man had been arrested and charged with the murder of the infants, and would appear in the Manukau District Court the next day. No other family members faced charges with relation to the deaths. Contrary to this, the Sunday News reported on 31 December that, according to an unnamed source, a second arrest was expected. Neither the exact charges that would be laid nor the relationship of the person to the infants were revealed. Three weeks later the Sunday News said four people involved in the investigation had been summoned to appear at the Manukau District Court on 24 January. Sources told the newspaper that the new charges relate to dead infants and a pre-school child. One of those to be charged was King, the mother of Chris and Cru. None of these charges eventuated. According to the Herald on Sunday, a Microsoft Word file containing the press release announcing the arrest of Kahui had actually been created five days earlier, and the last edit was the day before the arrest. In the same article, the Herald reported police were questioning whether Kahui was actually the biological father of the infants. DNA tests later confirmed that he was the father. ### Court appearances Kahui appeared in the Number One court of the Manukau District Court on 27 October for a two-minute hearing, where he was formally charged with murder. He was asked not to plead; however, outside the court, Kahui's lawyer, Lorraine Smith, said her client would "fight the charges". Kahui was remanded in police custody until 10 November, when he was freed on bail. A pre-depositions hearing was held 17 January. A second pre-depositions hearing was intended to take place on 21 March. This was so Kahui's lawyer could read sixty files of evidence collected by police, and for a medical expert from Australia to become available. This second hearing was delayed because the defence was still waiting for the medical report from Australia. The depositions hearing was finally set for 18 June, with a brief court appearance on 18 April. This date was later changed to sometime on 13 August. Kahui was found not guilty on Thursday 22 May 2008, after only one minute of deliberation by the jury. The officer who led the police investigations into the murders, Detective Inspector John Tims, said he was "disappointed" at the verdict, finding "no evidence to support a charge against any other person and that includes the mother, Macsyna King". Tims acknowledged the prosecutor, who had "said in his opening and closing address that there is no new evidence to support a charge being laid against the mother, Macsyna King". No charges were laid against King. Kahui's lawyer has threatened to lodge a complaint with the Police Complaints Authority over police handling of the prosecution of her client for the murder of the twins. ### Coroner's report Coroner Gary Evans released a report into the deaths of the children in July 2012. He found that the twins had suffered the brain injuries which led to their deaths during the afternoon or early evening of 12 June 2006, at a time "whilst they were in the sole custody, care and control of their father", Kahui. He said there was no evidence or fact to support that injuries being caused by King. Kahui, who gave evidence to the coroner's inquest, attempted to prevent the publication of the report. ## Significance The case highlighted the fact that Māori children are more than twice as likely to die as a result of abuse than non-Māori and that New Zealand ranks fifth highest among OECD nations for child deaths due to maltreatment according to a 2003 UNICEF report. ## Media The case was covered by Casefile True Crime Podcast on 23 April 2016. ## See also - List of unsolved murders	[ "## Background", "## Deaths", "## Investigation", "### Murder arrest", "### Court appearances", "### Coroner's report", "## Significance", "## Media", "## See also" ]	2,544	22,611
47,096,553	French submarine Mariotte	1,136,274,351	French Navy's submarine	[ "1911 ships", "Maritime incidents in 1915", "Scuttled vessels", "Ships built in France", "Shipwrecks of Turkey", "World War I shipwrecks in the Dardanelles", "World War I submarines of France" ]	The French submarine Mariotte was a submarine built for the French Navy prior to World War I. Intended to accompany the fleet, she was designed for high speed on the surface. Although the navy was unsatisfied with her performance on the surface, the boat had a higher underwater speed than any French submarine before or during the following 35 years. Mariotte was plagued with engine problems during her construction and the navy spent years fixing the various issues before finally commissioning her five years after beginning construction. During the war, she participated in the Dardanelles Campaign, but had to be scuttled after she became entangled in the cables of a minefield on her first attempt to penetrate the Dardanelles. ## Design and description Mariotte was the winning design in a competition conducted by the Ministère de la Marine (Navy Ministry) in 1906 for a submarine (displacing 530 metric tons (520 long tons) that could accompany a squadron of battleships on the surface and had a submerged range of 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi). The winning design, by Constructor, First Class (Ingénieur de 1ère classe) Charles Radiguer, was optimized for good sea-keeping qualities and high speed with moderate buoyancy, a long, thin single hull, and high freeboard. The most unusual feature of his design was the prominent forecastle that was built atop the forward part of the pressure hull, while the rear was virtually awash. This odd configuration gave the boat her nickname of toothbrush (brosse à dents). The submarine actually displaced slightly more than planned, 545 metric tons (536 long tons) surfaced and 634 metric tons (624 long tons) submerged. She measured 64.75 meters (212 ft 5 in) between perpendiculars and had a beam of 4.3 meters (14 ft 1 in). Mariotte had a maximum draft of 3.82 meters (12 ft 6 in) and had a depth of 7.25 meters (23 ft 9 in) from the bottom of her keel to the top of the conning tower. This latter was faired into the rear of the forecastle. Two lead weights were located in the keel and could be dropped in an emergency. Her hull was divided into nine compartments and she was fitted with five internal trim tanks, an internal central ballast tank and three external ballast tanks. She had a test depth of 35 meters (115 ft). Mariotte had two rudders, one above the waterline for submerged use and the other below the waterline for regular use. She had two sets of diving planes, fore and aft, to control her depth below the water. The boat was evaluated in 1914 and the commission felt that she was generally successful except for her surface speed and range. It noted that she had problems with a following sea as the superstructure rapidly filled with water, but drained slowly so that she was much heavier by the bow and would tend to wallow. It also felt that she was insufficiently buoyant and had mediocre stability on the surface. For surface running, the boat was powered by two Sautter & Harlé six-cylinder, 700-metric-horsepower (690 bhp; 515 kW) diesel engines, each driving a 1.72-meter (5 ft 8 in) propeller. When submerged each propeller was driven by a Breguet 500-metric-horsepower (493 shp; 368 kW) electric motor using electricity from two 124-cell batteries. Mariotte could reach 14.2 knots (26.3 km/h; 16.3 mph) on the surface and 11.7 knots (21.7 km/h; 13.5 mph) underwater. This latter speed was a record that would not be exceeded by a French submarine for 35 years. On the surface, the boat had a range of 1,658 nmi (3,071 km; 1,908 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), submerged, she had a range of 143 nmi (265 km; 165 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). She was armed with four internal 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes in the bow and two Drzewiecki drop collars in the forecastle. Two reloads were stowed internally, which gave her a total of eight torpedoes. During World War I, the boat probably used Modèle 1911V torpedoes. These had a 110-kilogram (240 lb) warhead and a range of 2,000 meters (2,200 yd) at a speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). ## Construction and service Mariotte, named after the physicist Edme Mariotte, was ordered from the Arsenal de Cherbourg on 31 December 1906. The boat was laid down on 30 March 1908 and launched on 2 February 1911 with only the starboard electric motor in place. The port electric motor was under repair at the time and was installed from 3 May to 21 June and a brief series of trials were conducted. The boat was refitted and further repairs were made to the port-side motor, although continuing problems with her propulsion system often immobilized Mariotte into 1912. She was able, however, to conduct diving, torpedo and underwater speed trials in August and September 1911. The boat was lightly damaged when the air heater of a Modèle 1909R torpedo exploded in its tube on 27 December. Her diesel engines, three years delayed by problems during factory testing, were installed from 1 March to 28 July 1912. They were judged satisfactory after the oil sump and the compressors were changed. After repeated breakdowns, Mariotte conducted her testing of the diesels from 23 October to 11 December and she was finally commissioned (armament définitif) on 5 February 1913 after a complete overhaul of her propulsion system. The boat was assigned to the 2nd Division (escadrille) of the Light Squadron of submarines on 16 January and she joined them at Calais on 11 February. Mariotte visited Brest on 20 February and was inspected by Rear Admiral Charles Eugène Favereau. During the inspection the oil-fired galley stove in the forecastle exploded, lightly burning two sailors. The boat was in Calais for the visit of King Christian X of Denmark later in the year. When World War I began in August 1914, Mariotte was transferred to the Mediterranean Squadron at Toulon where she patrolled off the coast of Provence. In July 1915, she was transferred to Mudros to attempt to penetrate the Dardanelles. After making a reconnaissance flight over the straits and having studied the reports of the British submarines that had successfully entered the Dardanelles, Lieutenant de vaisseau Auguste Farbre ordered his crew to cast off on the evening of 25 July. Escorted by the French destroyer Poignard to the mouth of the Dardanelles, she rounded Cape Helles on the surface, but dived to avoid being spotted by a searchlight about an hour later and attempted to pass underneath a minefield near Çanakkale. The boat became entangled in the cables and when she surfaced in an unsuccessful attempt to free herself, she was immediately engaged by a Turkish gun battery at close range. Mariotte could not submerge because her conning tower had been penetrated by shells so Farbre decided to scuttle the boat and surrender. The Turks ceased fire when he signaled his surrender and so his crew was able to destroy documents and equipment before opening the seacocks to sink the submarine. The wreck lies off Cape Nara near a Turkish naval base at a depth of 5 meters (16 ft). ## See also - List of submarines of France	[ "## Design and description", "## Construction and service", "## See also" ]	1,654	4,257
36,557,538	Terry Bywater	1,162,309,533	British wheelchair basketball player	[ "1983 births", "British men's wheelchair basketball players", "Living people", "Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics", "Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics", "Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics", "Medalists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics", "Paralympic bronze medalists for Great Britain", "Paralympic medalists in wheelchair basketball", "Paralympic wheelchair basketball players for Great Britain", "Sportspeople from Middlesbrough", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2000 Summer Paralympics", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2004 Summer Paralympics", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2008 Summer Paralympics", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2012 Summer Paralympics", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2016 Summer Paralympics", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2020 Summer Paralympics" ]	Terrance Bywater (born 28 February 1983) is a British wheelchair basketball player. He participated in the 2000 Summer Paralympics, where his team came in fourth place; in the 2004 Summer Paralympics, where he won a bronze medal and was the highest scorer for Great Britain; the 2008 Summer Paralympics, winning another bronze medal; and the 2012 Summer Paralympics, where his team again came in fourth place. ## Personal Bywater was born on 28 February 1983 in Dormanstown, England and currently lives in Cleveland, North Yorkshire. As of 2009, he weighs 74 kilograms (11 st 9 lb) and is 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall. He was born without a tibia and a fibula in his left leg, which was amputated when he was two. He has a son, Benjamin Bywater. ## Wheelchair basketball Bywater began playing wheelchair basketball at the age of 13 at an open day in Middlesbrough with the Teesside Lions. He later played with them. After playing for a year, he was selected for the Great Britain Under-23 team and began training. He made his debut at the Sydney 2000 Summer Paralympics, and finished fourth. He participated in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, where he won a bronze medal, and was the top Great Britain scorer in the event. He currently plays for the Sheffield Steelers. He once played for C. D. Fundosa in Spain, along with many other European clubs. Bywater returned to England so he could play with the Super League Club Sheffield Steelers throughout the 2011–12 season. He is a 4.5 point player. His first championships were the 2001/2002 European Championships in Amsterdam, Netherlands, where he finished fourth. In 2002 he went to the World Championships in Kitakyushu in Japan, where he finished second (silver). He participated in the 2003 European Championships in Sassari, Italy, and won bronze. He competed in the 2005 European Championships in Paris, France, and won silver. He competed in the 2006 World Championships in Amsterdam and was fifth place, and in 2007 he participated in the European Championships in Wetzlar, Netherlands, and received a silver medal. Two years later, he won bronze in the European Championships of Adana in Turkey. In 2010, for the first time, he participated in the World Wheelchair Basketball Championships in Birmingham, and was fifth place. He won gold in the 2011 European Championships in Nazareth, Israel. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the wheelchair basketball team lost to the United States, and finished in fourth position, after losing to Canada, missing out of the finals. He said that not winning a medal at the Paralympics was the "worst moment" of his career.	[ "## Personal", "## Wheelchair basketball" ]	622	10,750
5,852,501	What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This?	1,156,026,473	1963 film by Martin Scorsese	[ "1960s English-language films", "1963 directorial debut films", "1963 films", "1963 short films", "American black-and-white films", "Films set in New York (state)", "Short films directed by Martin Scorsese" ]	What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This? is a 1963 American black-and-white short comedy-drama film created by Martin Scorsese while he studied at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. It is a story about a writer who becomes obsessed with a picture on his wall. The film stars Zeph Michaelis, Mimi Stark, Sarah Braveman, Fred Sica, and Robert Uricola. The work, shot using 16 mm film, features animations, montage, jump cuts, associative editing, and freeze-frame shots. Scorsese created it shortly after watching Federico Fellini's 1963 surrealist comedy-drama 81⁄2. The negative was cut incorrectly by a student, so a professor asked Thelma Schoonmaker, who was also participating in the summer program, to help Scorsese. Commentators noted that the film has a connection to most of Scorsese's later projects, including Goodfellas (1990) and The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). The film received positive critical reviews, the majority of which complimented its direction and editing. It was released in 1992 on a VHS compilation tape in the United Kingdom and was re-released in May 2020 in 4K resolution format by The Criterion Collection. It was honored at the 1965 National Student Film Festival with another Scorsese short film It's Not Just You, Murray! (1964). ## Plot A writer Algernon, moves into a new apartment. He purchases a picture of a boat on a lake from a persuasive salesman although he dislikes it. His friends tell him it is not particularly impressive to look at. After a few days, Algernon finds himself fixating on the image and finds it difficult to write and eat. He believes his obsession with the picture is a result of his intense sensitivity and vivid imagination and he has difficulty sleeping. Algernon throws a party, where he meets a girl who distracts him from the photograph. He finds her very attractive but does not develop any obsessive feelings about the image around her. Algernon regains the ability to eat, write and sleep. His friends describe the girl as a "real good catch". He later decides to marry her, and they honeymoon at the 1964 New York World's Fair, which is still under construction. After their honeymoon, Algernon starts to write a book of confessions, and the girl paints pictures. However, after having a conversation with a psychoanalyst about his obsession with the image, Algernon becomes focused on another picture, depicting an ocean. His fixation on the new photograph leads him to feel trapped inside it. ## Cast Credits adapted from the British Film Institute. - Zeph Michaelis as Algernon 'Harry' - Mimi Stark as a wife - Sarah Braveman as an analyst - Fred Sica as a friend - Robert Uricola as the singer - Martin Scorsese as a man in the picture ## Themes Director Martin Scorsese said it was inspired by an Algernon Blackwood short story, Mel Brooks's 1963 short animated film The Critic, and French-Italian New Wave cinema. He created and directed the film after watching Federico Fellini's surrealist comedy-drama 81⁄2 (1963) for the first time, which he listed as one of his favorite films. What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This? depicts Algernon searching for his identity; which Scorsese would explore in his future works. Themes of Catholic guilt are evident when Algernon begins writing a book of confessions. Author Annette Wernblad noted that Algernon's ego was in "grip of deadly fear" and she compared Algernon to Norman Bates, a fictional character from Psycho created by Robert Bloch. Ben Nyce describes it as "a light-hearted treatment" of self-destructive behavior. Author Lester Keyser said that Scorsese's "yearning for sex" leads to What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This?, Who's That Knocking at My Door and Mean Streets. It was noted by author L. Grist that in certain respects Algernon's "paralysing obsession" with the image was making "himself alienating". He added that, however, his relationship with the man in the picture "renders the photograph, a metaphoric mirror". Grist also pointed out that there is a "technical and logistical circumscription" thus there are repeated use of filming locations, the minimum amount of dress, some scene having no light, "setting-obscuring lighting and montages of stills". When the film is showing Algernon using a typewriter, it was replicated from Shoot the Piano Player. Grist also said that he is aware of the fact man in the picture is Scorsese; in order to become part of the picture, he occupies "a space analogous to that occupied by Scorsese", so he becomes "substitute" of Scorsese. At the end of the film, the analyst tells that "he only half existed to begin with". ## Production Scorsese intended to become a priest, but failed out of seminary. Consequently, he joined the New York University's Washington Square College (now known as the College of Arts and Science). There he met professor Haig P. Manoogian, head of the Department of Television, Motion Pictures and Radio, who he was impressed by his passion and energy. He began to learn the fundamentals of filmmaking. In 1963, Scorsese wrote and directed his first film What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This? as part of New York University's summer program with the Edward L. Kingsley Foundation, the Screen Producers Guild and the Brown University Film Festival backing the project alongside Scorsese's professor, Haig P Manoogian who produced it. The film features music by Richard H. Coll, cinematography by James Newman, and editing by Robert Hunsicker and contains animation, montage, jump cuts, associative editing, and freeze-frame shots. The professor had motivated Scorsese to write an original script rather than relying on someone else to write the story. Though the film was intended initially to be in the horror genre it evolved into a comedy. The film's negative was cut incorrectly by a student so a professor asked Thelma Schoonmaker, who was also participating in the summer program, to help Scorsese. Schoonmaker worked with him on his first feature film Who's That Knocking at My Door (1967) and in 1980, she won an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for Raging Bull (1980). Scorsese says of the work: "My little film had all the tricks and the fun of just putting pictures together in slow motion and fast motion and stills, and intercutting with mattes the way Truffaut would do in Jules and Jim. It had no depth at all, but it was a lot of fun. And I won a scholarship, so my father was able to use it for the tuition for the next year ... [the film is] a tale of pure paranoia." The film is nine minutes long, but the May 2020 re-release lasts ten minutes, two seconds. ## Release, reception and legacy What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This? was released in 1992 on the Scorsese x4 VHS compilation tape in the United Kingdom. On 26 May 2020, the film was released in a Blu-ray digital format by The Criterion Collection. Many critics complimented the work of the director, one cited that it was an "early genius" and the staff of the Austin Film Society said that "you can sense the assurance and gifts of its young writer/director". Vincent LoBrutto felt the film's title was a "cliché". Annette Wernblad claimed that "like many of [Scorsese's] other films it is simultaneously absurdly humorous and deeply disturbing". Scott Meslow of Mental Floss suggested that this film was "briskly paced". Peter Galvin writing for the Special Broadcasting Service believed that What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place like This? was one of the inspiration for Goodfellas (1990). Aaron Baker described it as "a hybrid work combining elements of popular entertainment such as Hollywood and vaudeville with a playful, New Wave sensibility". This work, along with Scorsese's second student project It's Not Just You, Murray! (1964), were honored at the 1965 National Student Film Festival. Jim Sangster said it has a connection to most of Scorsese's later films. Scorsese reexamined a man being trapped inside a picture in the 1990 Japanese-American magical realist Dreams, where he plays Vincent van Gogh who ventures into his painting Wheatfield with Crows. Sangster wrote that when Algernon moves his belongings to a new apartment, it is similar to a scene in David Fincher's 1999 drama Fight Club. Christopher Campbell of Business Insider said the film is Scorsese's "earliest use of a narrator telling his life story in the first person" and compared it to The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). According to Slant Magazine, the painting of an old man in a boat in this film, "amusingly anticipates a painting that would be featured in Goodfellas".	[ "## Plot", "## Cast", "## Themes", "## Production", "## Release, reception and legacy" ]	1,980	22,933
59,501,437	Soviet destroyer Skory (1939)	1,173,296,780	Russian Storozhevoy-class destroyer	[ "1939 ships", "Ships built at Severnaya Verf", "Ships sunk by mines", "Storozhevoy-class destroyers", "World War II shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea" ]	Skory (Russian: Скорый, lit. 'Fast') was one of 18 Storozhevoy-class destroyers (officially known as Project 7U) built for the Soviet Navy during the late 1930s. Although she began construction as a Project 7 Gnevny-class destroyer, Skory was completed in 1941 to the modified Project 7U design. With her sea trials cut short by the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in June, Skory was assigned to the Baltic Fleet and fought in the defense of Tallinn, Estonia, providing naval gunfire support to Soviet troops. During the evacuation of Tallinn on 28 August, she struck a mine while attempting to tow the damaged destroyer leader Minsk and was nearly broken in half, sinking within minutes with the loss of 57 crewmen and an unknown number of passengers. ## Design and description Originally built as a Gnevny-class ship, Skory and her sister ships were completed to the modified Project 7U design after Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ordered that the latter be built with their boilers arranged en echelon, instead of linked as in the Gnevnys, so that a ship could still move with one or two boilers disabled. Like the Gnevnys, the Project 7U destroyers had an overall length of 112.5 meters (369 ft 1 in) and a beam of 10.2 meters (33 ft 6 in), but they had a reduced draft of 3.98 meters (13 ft 1 in) at deep load. The ships were slightly overweight, displacing 1,727 metric tons (1,700 long tons) at standard load and 2,279 metric tons (2,243 long tons) at deep load. The crew complement of the Storozhevoy class numbered 207 in peacetime, but this increased to 271 in wartime, as more personnel were needed to operate additional equipment. Each ship had a pair of geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller, rated to produce 54,000 shaft horsepower (40,000 kW) using steam from four water-tube boilers, which the designers expected would exceed the 37-knot (69 km/h; 43 mph) speed of the Project 7s because there was additional steam available. Some fell short of it, although specific figures for most individual ships have not survived. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Project 7Us varied from 1,380 to 2,700 nautical miles (2,560 to 5,000 km; 1,590 to 3,110 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph), that upper figure demonstrated by Storozhevoy. The Project 7U-class ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a pair of 76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K AA guns in single mounts and three 45-millimeter (1.8 in) 21-K AA guns, as well as four 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DK or DShK machine guns. They carried six 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts amidships. The ships could also carry a maximum of 58 to 96 mines and 30 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although these were useless at speeds over 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). ## Construction and career Skory was laid down in Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov) in Leningrad with the yard number 524 on 29 November 1936 as a Gnevny-class destroyer. She was relaid down as a Project 7U destroyer on 23 October 1938, and launched on 24 July 1939. When Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941, the ship was still fitting-out. Her trials were drastically curtailed as a result of the war and the Soviet naval jack was raised aboard her on 15 July, before joining the 2nd Division of the Baltic Fleet Light Forces Detachment three days later. Skory accompanied the hospital ships Iosif Stalin and Andrey Zhdanov to Tallinn on 25 July, and was officially transferred to the fleet on 1 August. During her brief career the destroyer fought in the defense of Tallinn, expending 172 shells from her main guns between 24 and 28 August. While in the Tallinn roadstead on 26 August, a German shell struck her upper deck, killing three sailors and damaging the aft depth-charge launcher. During this day and the next, Skory received at least one direct hit and several near misses, also without significant damage. During the Evacuation of Tallinn, she accidentally rammed the subchaser MO-407, but remained afloat. On 28 August Skory was ordered to take the destroyer leader Minsk in tow, after she was damaged in the area of Cape Juminda by the explosion of a mine caught in her paravanes. While backing toward Minsk at 21:30, Skory struck a mine that nearly tore her hull in half. Within minutes the ship capsized and sank with the loss of 57 crew members, including the captain, in addition to an unknown number of Baltic Fleet Naval Aviation mechanics. Skory was struck from the Soviet Navy on 10 September.	[ "## Design and description", "## Construction and career" ]	1,190	34,988
57,905,968	Lo-En	1,173,857,202	Albian–Campanian guyot in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean	[ "Extinct volcanoes", "Landforms of the Marshall Islands", "Mesozoic volcanoes", "Ralik Chain", "Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean" ]	Lo-En or Hess is an Albian–Campanian guyot in the Marshall Islands. One among a number of seamounts in the Pacific Ocean, it was probably formed by a hotspot in what is present-day French Polynesia. Lo-En lies southeast of Eniwetok which rises above sea level, and Lo-En is almost connected to it through a ridge. The seamount is formed by basaltic rocks that probably formed a shield volcano first. It is believed that a number of hotspots such as the Macdonald hotspot, the Rarotonga hotspot and the Rurutu hotspot may have been involved in the formation of Lo-En. After volcanic activity, by the Turonian the seamount was submerged although it is possible that a carbonate platform formed during the Albian. After a hiatus, sedimentation commenced on the seamount in Oligocene time and led to the deposition of manganese crusts and pelagic sediments including limestone, some of which were later modified by phosphate. ## Name and research history The name "Lo-En" is a reference to the hibiscus tree. The seamount was formerly known as Hess Guyot. In 1992 the seamount was targeted for drilling in the Ocean Drilling Program. ## Geography and geology ### Local setting Lo-En lies within the northern Marshall Islands, less than 150 kilometres (93 mi) south-southeast from Eniwetok. It is part of a cluster of seamounts and islands that surrounds Eniwetok, but also appears to be part of a chain running parallel to the Ralik Chain and the Ratak Chain, two seamount-and-island chains in the Marshall Islands. The seamount rises 4,561 ± 526 metres (14,964 ± 1,726 ft) above the seafloor to a depth of 1,080 metres (3,540 ft) below sea level. Lo-En is elongated in north–south direction and is a typical guyot. Its flat top has dimensions of 30 by 40 kilometres (19 mi × 25 mi) and a surface area of 823 square kilometres (318 sq mi). A volcanic pinnacle is embedded in the sediments on top of Lo-En, it is either a volcanic formation that resisted erosion or a volcanic vent that was active after Lo-En was submerged. There are other cones which emerge from the sediments and which appear to be of volcanic origin in light of the dredged rocks, as well as lobate structures. Terraces occur on Lo-En's southwestern rim and may be products of landslides. The magnetization pattern of the seamount has been investigated; it is classified as "normal" but with particular magnetization patterns that are different from the topography. No carbonate cap or limestones have been found on the platform of Lo-En, unlike in several other guyots of the region; a drill core at Lo-En found pelagic sediments directly on the volcanic basement. However, remains of reefs and of lagoonal sediments have been detected on seismic profiles although the existence of a barrier reef has been questioned, and Lo-En has a 141.7–143.6-metre (465–471 ft) thick pelagic sediment cap. It is possible that shallow water limestones exist at the margins of the platform, which were not drilled. Lo-En shares its volcanic edifice with Eniwetok; a northern spur from Lo-En almost reaches Eniwetok while another spur emerges in south-southeast direction and is about 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) long. Another seamount lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) farther west from Lo-En. The seafloor underneath Lo-En is 113–156.9 ± 5 million years old and lies at a depth of more than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). ### Regional setting The Pacific Ocean seafloor, especially the parts that are of Mesozoic age, contains most of the world's guyots. These are flat-topped submarine mountains which are characterized by steep slopes, a flat top and usually the presence of corals and carbonate platforms. It is not clear whether the Cretaceous guyots were atolls in the present-day sense but many of these seamounts were, which today still exist. All these structures originally formed as volcanoes in the Mesozoic Ocean. First fringing reefs may have developed on the volcanoes, which then became barrier reefs as the volcano subsided and turned into an atoll. Continued subsidence balanced by upward growth of the reefs led to the formation of thick carbonate platforms. Sometimes volcanic activity occurred even after the formation of the atoll or atoll-like landforms, and during episodes where the carbonate platforms were lifted above sea level erosional features such as channels and blue holes developed. The crust underneath these seamounts tends to subside as it cools and thus the islands and seamounts sink. The formation of many such seamounts including Limalok has been explained with the hotspot theory, which discusses the formation of chains of volcanoes which get progressively older along the length of the chain, with an active volcano only at one end of the system. Seamounts and islands in the Marshall Islands do not appear to have originated from such simple age-progressive hotspot volcanism as the age progressions in the individual island and seamount chains are often inconsistent with a hotspot origin. One solution to this dilemma may be that more than one hotspot passed through the Marshall Islands, as well as the possibility that hotspot volcanism is affected by contemporaneous lithospheric extension. Candidate hotspots responsible for the formation of Lo-En are the Macdonald hotspot which passed close to Lo-En between 115 and 105 million years ago and the Rarotonga hotspot and Rurutu hotspot, both of which were at Lo-En between 90 and 74 million years ago. Of these, the first two also have the strongest geochemical similarity to Lo-En. In the case of Lo-En, volcanism on the Ogasawara Fracture Zone may also have contributed to its formation considering that the seamount is much older than surrounding seamounts. Based on plate motion reconstructions, the region of the Marshall Islands was located in the region of present-day French Polynesia during the time of active volcanism. Both regions display numerous island chains, anomalously shallow ocean floors and the presence of volcanoes. About 8 hotspots have formed a large number of islands and seamounts in that region, with disparate geochemistries, and that geological province has been called the "South Pacific Isotopic and Thermal Anomaly" or DUPAL anomaly. ### Composition Lo-En has erupted alkali basalt and hawaiite. Minerals contained in the rocks include apatite, biotite, clinopyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite and plagioclase. Strong alteration has occurred and has given rise to calcite, carbonate, chabazite, clay, hematite, smectite and zeolite, as well as palagonite. Other rocks found on Lo-En are chalk, limestone, manganese crusts, phosphate and sandstone. ## Geologic history The geologic history of Lo-En seamount is relatively poorly known; paleomagnetic data have been used to infer an age of 45–85 million years ago for the seamount. It was located at about 25–30 degrees southern latitude when it formed, south of the hotspots that are presently active in the Cook Islands–Austral Islands. Eniwetok is about 36 million years younger than Lo-En. ### Volcanism and first biotic phenomena A first phase of volcanic activity occurred 114 million years ago, and was followed by a second episode during the Campanian, separated by as much as 30 million years. The first episode has been dated at 111.6–114.0 million years ago and was contemporaneous with volcanic activity at other western Pacific seamounts. The second episode may be responsible for the cones that emerge from or are embedded in sediments that cover Lo-En. Eniwetok was active 76.9 million years ago and flexural effects from its growth may have influenced the second volcanic phase at Lo-En. Potentially, the first episode was caused by the Macdonald hotspot and the second by the Rarotonga and Rurutu hotspots. The volcanic rocks encountered in drill cores consist of breccia and lava flows. Their alkalic composition implies that they may be post-shield volcanics. Claystones indicate that weathered terrain occurred on Lo-En, with subaerial alteration of volcanic rocks. ### Post-volcanic Lo-En was submerged in the Turonian by about 112.8 ± 1.2 million years ago, long before surrounding seamounts and islands formed. The absence of a barrier reef would have facilitated the erosion of Lo-En's summit. It is possible that flexural loading by Eniwetok pushed Lo-En downward and thus prevented the formation of reefs on Lo-En during the Cretaceous when the seamount was uplifted by a hotspot. It took about 2–7 million years from the end of volcanic activity until sedimentation began. During the Albian, limestones were emplaced on Lo-En. These appear to reflect the formation of reefs and a shallow carbonate bank, material from which has been dredged on the southern flank. This platform drowned during the late Albian, similar to many other carbonate platforms of similar age, and there is no evidence of mid-Cretaceous platforms. Starting in the Albian–Cenomanian, pelagic limestone was deposited directly on the volcanic rocks during Santonian–Coniacian times; in light of fossil data it is likely that the seamount was not overly deep at that time. Sediments of Cretaceous–Paleocene age reach thicknesses of less than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). Starting in the Oligocene, pelagic oozes were deposited on Lo-En. The previously emplaced limestones also underwent phosphate reactions as they were exposed on the seafloor, and some of the sediments underwent reworking. Foraminifera encountered on the seamount in the form of nannofossils are: - Arkangelskiella specillata - Aspidolithus parcus expansus - Eiffellithus eximius - Gephyrorhabdus coronadventis - Lithastrinus septenarius - Micula sp. - Nannoconus farinacciae - Reinhardtites sp. - Stoverius sp.	[ "## Name and research history", "## Geography and geology", "### Local setting", "### Regional setting", "### Composition", "## Geologic history", "### Volcanism and first biotic phenomena", "### Post-volcanic" ]	2,233	3,491
2,079,803	Homie the Clown	1,168,606,011	null	[ "1995 American television episodes", "Television shows written by John Swartzwelder", "The Simpsons (season 6) episodes", "Works about clowns" ]	"Homie the Clown" is the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 12, 1995. In the episode, Homer becomes a Krusty the Clown impersonator, but is mistaken for the real Krusty by the Springfield Mafia. Joe Mantegna returned as Fat Tony, while Dick Cavett and Johnny Unitas guest starred as themselves. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by David Silverman. Swartzwelder's script required very little rewriting and Silverman considers this one of the best episodes he has directed. He later used it to help him when directing The Simpsons Movie. One dropped storyline for The Simpsons saw Krusty being revealed as Homer's secret identity and this episode allowed writers to comment upon the similarity of the two characters' design. The episode features references to Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The Godfather, and The Maltese Falcon. ## Plot Krusty's gambling debts and reckless spending land him in deep trouble with the Springfield Mafia. To make more money, he launches a training college for clowns, where Homer enrolls. After graduating, he impersonates Krusty at events that the real Krusty deems beneath him, such as children's birthday parties and the unveiling of a new sandwich at Krusty Burger. The stress of impersonating Krusty makes Homer consider quitting. He soon discovers his uncanny resemblance to the clown has its benefits: Chief Wiggum rips up a speeding ticket when he mistakes Homer for Krusty, and Apu gives him a discount at the Kwik-E-Mart. Later, Homer realizes that impersonating Krusty also has its pitfalls: Homer is kidnapped by the Mafia when they mistake him for Krusty, who still owes them money. Don Vittorio DiMaggio tells Homer he will kill him unless he performs a loop-the-loop on a tiny bicycle, the only trick Homer never did master at clown college. After he fails to perform the stunt to DiMaggio's satisfaction, the Mafioso is deeply offended. Soon the real Krusty arrives and the confused DiMaggio forces them to perform the stunt together on the same tiny bicycle. They succeed and their lives are spared, but DiMaggio still requires Krusty to pay off his gambling debt – which proves to be a mere \$48. ## Production The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by David Silverman. Swartzwelder came up with the idea and his script required very little rewriting. The episode is one of Silverman's favorites and he was pleased to direct it, after enjoying Swartzwelder's script. Silverman felt he himself "brought a lot to the party on [this] one", and although "people didn't like [Swartzwelder's script] at the read-through", Silverman thought "the script was really funny, and I had an idea for the opening and presented it with a lot of circus music that inspired the music they used for it. It was great fun." He used it, along with "Three Men and a Comic Book", to help him when directing The Simpsons Movie. Brad Bird also helped Silverman, particularly with Krusty's design. An early idea for The Simpsons saw Krusty the Clown being revealed as Homer Simpson's secret stage identity. This storyline never developed, but this episode allowed writers to comment upon the design similarity of the two characters. Krusty's appearance and design is just that of Homer's, with clown make-up. Silverman enhanced the lines under Krusty's eyes, and reshaped his beard line in order to make a clearer distinction between the two characters. Homer beating up the Estonian dwarf (who first appeared in "Burns' Heir") was a joke Matt Groening "had trouble with". David Mirkin wanted the scene to be violent, but Silverman stated that he thought he had animated the finished product to be too realistic. However, nothing was changed. Fox objected to the mafia buying ammunition from a Big 5 Sporting Goods until Mirkin pointed out that Big 5 sold ammunition. The second act break was, up until the animatic, after Fat Tony's line "cancel the world search". Joe Mantegna returned as Fat Tony. Mirkin said Mantegna is a joy to direct and that Mantegna loves the role so much, he wishes to voice him "even if he only coughs". Dick Cavett guest-starred as himself. Mirkin commented that Cavett's part was probably the "meanest" they had ever been to a guest star. Cavett often told stories involving himself and other famous people and Mirkin decided to make light of that. Cavett did not have any objections. ## Cultural references - The episode's title is reference to the character Homey D. Clown from the sketch comedy show In Living Color. - Krusty lights a cigarette with an issue of Action Comics \#1, the first appearance of Superman, and one of the rarest comic books of all time. - Homer forms his mashed potatoes into a circus tent in a parody of Richard Dreyfuss' character forming his potatoes into a replica of Devils Tower in the 1977 film Close Encounters of the Third Kind. - The episode contains several references to films related to organized crime, such as the notes played on the wine glasses during Homer and Krusty's bicycle trick forming those of the theme from the film The Godfather. - Homer, having been kidnapped by the mob for resembling Krusty the Clown, attempts to explain that he's not actually Krusty with a fake name. Homer inadvertently stumbles upon Joe Valachi's name, whom the mobsters instantly recognize as "The same Joe Valachi who squealed to the senate about organized crime." - Silverman inserted a low-angle shot of Fat Tony sitting in a chair as a tribute to a similar shot of Sydney Greenstreet's character in The Maltese Falcon, while Don Vittorio is based on actors William Hickey and Don Ameche. - Krusty was threatened with a lawsuit for patent infringement by George Carlin regarding Seven Words You Can Never Say On Television, with Krusty telling his accountant to pay \$10,000 to settle it out of court, as well as a similar fee when learning that Steve Martin was calling him for what was implied to be another lawsuit relating to the use of his catchphrase "Well, excuse me!" when signing off. ## Reception ### Critical reception Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, stated the episode was "notable for its scenes of Homer on trying to emulate Krusty's mini-trike loop the loops". Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict felt it "features one of the more amusing stunts to cap an episode", giving it an A. Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said in a review of the sixth season DVD that the episode "offers a truly terrific show", and praised the "clever Close Encounters reference, and the ways that it ties together Krusty's mob connection with Homer", concluding "it's a real winner". Mike Brantley of The Mobile Register named "Homie the Clown" the 48th greatest television episode of all-time. When The Simpsons began streaming on Disney+ in 2019, former Simpsons writer and executive producer Bill Oakley named this one of the best classic Simpsons episodes to watch on the service. ### Ratings In its original broadcast, "Homie the Clown" finished 59th (tied with Behind Closed Doors II) in the ratings for the week of February 5 to February 12, 1995, helping Fox to an overall Nielsen rating of 7.9. The episode was the fifth highest rated show on the Fox network that week.	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Cultural references", "## Reception", "### Critical reception", "### Ratings" ]	1,618	18,275
779,874	Patsy Fagan	1,153,097,701	Irish former professional snooker player, 1977 UK champion	[ "1951 births", "Irish snooker players", "Living people", "Sportspeople from Dublin (city)", "UK champions (snooker)" ]	Patsy Fagan (born 15 January 1951) is an Irish former professional snooker player. Having been runner-up in the 1974 English Amateur Championship, he turned professional in October 1976. He experienced early success with victories at the 1977 UK Championship and the 1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup but following a car accident, developed a psychological block when using the which affected his playing and he did not win another title. He lost his professional status in 1989 following a 2–9 playoff defeat by Brady Gollan and now works as a snooker coach. His highest career ranking was 11, in 1978/79. ## Early life and amateur career Fagan was born in Dublin on 15 January 1951, one of twelve children. He started playing snooker at the age of 12, and moved to London in 1968. He played at the Chiswick Memorial Club, and in 1974 it was reported in a local newspaper that in a six-frame session he had recorded a break of 106, another over 80, and three more over 70. In the 1974 English Amateur Championship, he defeated Mick Fisher 6–1 in the Southern section final before being beaten 7–11 by the reigning world amateur champion Ray Edmonds in the main final. In 1975, Fagan became the youngest player ever to win the London and Home Counties billiards championship, playing with a focus on potting the red ball as he defeated Ron Riggins 1,176–881 in the final. In the 1975 English Amateur Snooker Championship he lost 1–4 to Terry Griffiths in the Southern region quarter-finals, and in the 1976 Southern area final he lost 6–8 to Chris Ross despite making a tournament record break of 115. In 1974, Fagan won a money match against Alex Higgins for £2,000, an amount equal to that received by the winner of the 1974 World Snooker Championship. ## Early professional success Regarded as "one of the most exciting players of the mid-seventies", and "one of the men most likely to succeed when he turned professional", Fagan turned professional in October 1976. He made his first maximum break on 15 January 1977, his 26th birthday, against Dave Gilbert at the Clapton Bus Garage Social Club. At the 1977 World Snooker Championship, he beat Jim Meadowcroft 11–9 in qualifying and then lost 7–13 to defending champion Ray Reardon in the last 16, having finished the first session of the match level at 4–4 and the second 7–10 behind. Reardon then won all three in the final session, taking the last two of them on the black. The matches between Fagan and Reardon, and between Fred Davis and John Pulman, were the first to be held at the Crucible Theatre, which as of 2022 had remained as the venue for the World Snooker Championship for 45 years. At the UK Championship in 1977, which at the time was a non-ranking event open only to UK passport holders, Fagan beat Jackie Rea 5–1 in the first round, and Fred Davis 5–0 in the second round. He won in the deciding frame in each of the next two rounds, 5–4 against Jim Meadowcroft in the quarter-finals and 9–8 against John Virgo in the semi-finals, to reach the final against another player in his first year as a professional, Doug Mountjoy. The two finalists shared the first four frames but Fagan won the next four to take a 6–2 lead, after which Mountjoy also won four frames in a row to level the match at 6–6. Fagan then took the next two frames to lead 8–6, eventually winning the match 12–9. Before the UK championship, Fagan had been announced as one of the four invited contenders for the 1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup, along with world championship winners Alex Higgins, John Spencer and Reardon. He beat Spencer in the semi-final then Higgins 4–2 in the final to win the tournament. He received £2,000 prize money for his Dry Blackthorn Cup win, the same amount he had received for his UK championship victory a couple of weeks earlier. ## Later professional career Fagan failed to make an impact at the 1978 Masters, losing 2–4 to John Pulman in the first round. At the 1978 World Snooker Championship he beat John Dunning 9–5 and then Alex Higgins 13–12. In the match against Higgins, Fagan was 10–12 behind but won two frames on the black and the last on the pink. He lost 10–13 to Fred Davis in the quarter-finals. In the 1970s and until 1982, the Irish Professional Championship was played on a challenge basis, and in April 1978 Fagan played defending champion Alex Higgins for the title. Fagan was a frame ahead after the first day of the match, at 5–4. At the start of the next day's play he extended his lead to 8–5 before Higgins drew level at 8–8 and then won seven of the next nine to leave Fagan 10–15 behind at the end of the second day. Higgins won the match 21–13. Entering the 1978 UK Championship as defending champion, Fagan lost the first four frames of his opening match against David Taylor before tying the match at 4–4, eventually losing 7–9. He was also defeated by Taylor in the first round of the 1979 Masters, losing 3–5 after having been 3–2 ahead. From late 1978, following a car accident, Fagan started to experience a psychological block when using the . This version of the "yips" caused him to spend a long time cueing and then usually ; because of this, he would play left-handed rather than using the rest where possible. This problem affected his match against Taylor at the Masters in January 1979. Two months later, he challenged Higgins again for the Irish Professional title. Higgins won the match 21–12, making a break of 124 in 2 minutes and 45 seconds on the final day. Fagan was part of the "rest of the world" team at the 1979 World Challenge Cup, along with Perrie Mans and Jimmy van Rensberg. In their match against the Northern Ireland team, Fagan lost 0–1 to Dennis Taylor on the first day, in a match where Taylor asked him to play again after Fagan had fouled by touching the blue ball with his sleeve whilst using the rest in attempting to hit the yellow ball. Fagan was quoted afterwards as saying "Dennis took advantage of my rest problems but it didn't bother me." On the second day, he beat Jackie Rea 1–0 but then lost 0–3 to Higgins on the second. Northern Ireland won the match 8–7 after having been 2–7 behind. Fagan and his fellow team members also lost 7–8 against the England team. Dennis Taylor also beat Fagan in the quarter-finals of the 1979 UK Championship, 9–6, after Fagan had knocked out Mike Hallett 9–4 and Graham Miles 9–5. In the 1980 World Snooker Championship Fagan lost in his first match, 6–10 to Steve Davis. This was the last time he reached as far as the quarter-final of a major tournament other than the Irish Professional Championship or the 1986 Irish Masters, the latter resulting from a walkover against Kirk Stevens. He lost to Dennis Taylor in a challenge for the Irish Professional Championship in 1981, coming from 0–3 down to lead 5–4 at the end of the first session, and 10–8 at the close of the second session. The third session saw Fagan make a break of 107 on his way to building a 15–12 lead. However, Taylor retained the title, winning 22–21. A 2–9 professional playoff defeat by Brady Gollan in April 1989 meant that Fagan lost his professional status. His highest career ranking had been 11, in 1978/79, and his best finish in a ranking tournament was reaching the quarter-final at the 1978 World Snooker Championship. He subsequently worked as a landscape gardener and a night-shift sorter for the Post Office. Fagan works as a snooker coach and has coached the Paddington professional Alfie Burden, who was the world amateur champion in 2009. Ronnie O'Sullivan sought coaching advice from Fagan in 2011. He entered the 2021 World Seniors Championship, losing 0–3 to Stephen Hendry in the first round. ## Performance and rankings timeline ## Career finals ### Non-ranking finals: 6 (3 titles) ### Amateur finals: 1	[ "## Early life and amateur career", "## Early professional success", "## Later professional career", "## Performance and rankings timeline", "## Career finals", "### Non-ranking finals: 6 (3 titles)", "### Amateur finals: 1" ]	1,904	3,208
39,513,314	Adriana Ocampo	1,170,080,276	Colombian planetary geologist	[ "1955 births", "20th-century American women scientists", "20th-century Colombian women scientists", "21st-century American women scientists", "California State University, Northridge alumni", "Colombian emigrants to the United States", "Colombian scientists", "Living people", "NASA people", "People from Barranquilla", "Planetary scientists", "Women planetary scientists", "Women space scientists" ]	Adriana C. Ocampo Uria (born January 5, 1955) is a Colombian planetary geologist and a Science Program Manager at NASA Headquarters. In 1970, Ocampo emigrated to California and completed her Master in Sciences at California State University, Northridge and finished her PhD at the Vrije Universiteit in the Netherlands. During high school and graduate studies she worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where she serves as the science coordinator for many planetary missions ( Viking, Mars Observer, Voyager, Galileo Galileo Mission, etc.). She was the first to recognize, using satellite images, that a ring of cenotes or sinkholes, is the only surface impression of the buried Chicxulub crater. This research contributed significantly to the understanding of this impact crater. Ocampo has subsequently led at least seven research expeditions to the Chicxulub site. and to Belize K/Pg ejecta sites, which she discovered and are the subject of her MSc and PhD. She continues to search for new impact craters, and with her team, in 2017, reported on a possible crater near Cali, Colombia. As lead Program Executive for NASA's New Frontiers Program she has oversight responsibility for the program. The New Frontier Program is composed of the mission New Horizons, Juno, OSIRIS ReX, and Dragonfly. She is also currently the Program Executive of the Discovery Program Lucy mission Lucy Mission the first mission to explore the Trojans asteroids. Ocampo was the Program Executive of the Juno mission to Jupiter Juno Mission. and New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. She received the Woman of the Year in Science award from the Comisión Femenil in 1992. In 2002, she was named one of the most important women in science by the Discover magazine. To commemorate her contributions to space exploration, an asteroid was named after her. ## Early life and education Adriana C. Ocampo Uria was born on January 5, 1955, in Barranquilla, Colombia. Her mother is Teresa Uria Ocampo, and her father is Victor Alberto Ocampo. Her family moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina, and then emigrated to Pasadena, California, in 1970, at the age of 14, where she was able to study physics and calculus. During high school, Ocampo was part of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) troop 509. In 1973, while a junior in high school, she got a summer job at the JPL, where she analyzed images sent by the Viking spacecraft. In 1980, Ocampo attained U.S. citizenship. She began her higher education in aerospace engineering at the Pasadena City College while participating in a Jet Propulsion Laboratory sponsored program. Ocampo then transferred to California State University, where she changed her major. Ocampo earned her B.S. degree in geology from California State University, Los Angeles in 1983 while working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In 1983, after graduation, she accepted a full-time job at there as a research scientist. She earned her Master in Science. degree in planetary geology from California State University, Northridge, in 1997, and she finished her Ph.D. at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. ## NASA career Adriana Ocampo started in 2015 to serve as the lead program executive for the New Frontiers Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The New Frontiers Program mission is to take the top priorities and goals of the planetary scientific community and address them employing medium-class spacecraft missions that furthers the understanding of the Solar System. These include the Juno mission to Jupiter, the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the asteroid sample return mission OSIRIS-REx. She was also the lead NASA scientist in their collaboration with the European Space Agency's Venus Express mission, and with the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's Venus Climate Orbiter mission. Ocampo has had an asteroid name after her in recognition of her contributions to space exploration. Adriana Ocampo worked in a multi-mission image processing laboratory culminating in a publication in 1980. She was a member of the imaging team for the Viking program where she planned, analyzed, and produced images of Mars' satellites Phobos and Deimos, published by NASA in 1984 and later utilized to plan the Soviet Phobos mission. During this mission the team detected 100 kilometres (62 mi) down through the dense atmosphere of Venus. This was particularly useful to study the "night side" of Venus. Consequently, the team of scientists constructed the night-side maps of Venus, with resolutions 3 to 6 times better than those of Earth-based telescopes. The Chicxulub impact crater is located underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. It was hypothesized that this crater was formed by an asteroid leading to mass extinctions on Earth. This was previously postulated in the early 1980s by the physicist Luis Walter Alvarez and his son the geologist Walter Alvarez. However, the only evidence to back this theory was the presence of iridium in the K/T boundary, since this element was found to be mainly present in asteroids and comets. While looking for water resources in Yucatán using satellite images in 1989 and 1990, Ocampo, former NASA archaeologist Kevin O. Pope, and Charles Duller, found cenotes related to this crater. Adriana Ocampo and her colleagues hypothesized that the cenote might be near the impact site, and their findings were later published in Nature in May 1991. In 1991, NASA and The Planetary Society Pasadena sponsored an expedition led by Ocampo and Pope. During this expedition, Ocampo and her colleges discovered two new sites containing two layers consisting of particles that had been ejected upon impact of the asteroid and then flowed away, generating ejecta lobes. The ejecta lobes at Chicxulub are key to understanding Mars better, since most of that planet is covered by ejecta. Ocampo was awarded her master thesis on the Chicxulub impact crater at California State University. The Exobiology Program of NASA's Office of Space Science and The Planetary Society of Pasadena sponsored an expedition to the second ejecta site in Belize. Ocampo led expeditions there in January 1995, 1996, and 1998. Small particles resembling green glass, and later identified as tektites, were found at the site. These particles, formed from exposure to high temperatures like the ones generated during the impact, linked this site to other ejecta sites in the Caribbean and Mexico. In 2005, Ocampo was a member of the Galileo mission's team . She led of the near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS), on Galileo's project, acting as the science coordinator for flight project mission operations. Galileo was launched in 1989 in route to Jupiter, bearing four remote-sensing instruments, one of them being NIMS. Ocampo was in charge of scheduling the observations of Jupiter's moon Europa, and leading the data analysis. Adriana Ocampo and her colleges published the results of this study in the Icarus journal titled "Galileo's Multiinstrument Spectral View of Europa's Surface Composition". Ocampo led the Juno mission which was in charge of developing strategic plans and recommendations for the research of Jupiter. Juno is the first spacecraft built with solar panels with a span exceeding 8 metres (26 ft). ## Awards and honors Ocampo received the Woman of the Year Award in Science from the Comisión Femenil in Los Angeles in 1992. She also received the Advisory Council for Women Award at JPL in 1996 and the Science and Technology Award from the Chicano Federation in 1997. In 2002, Ocampo was named one of the 50 Most Important Women in Science by the science magazine Discover. Asteroid 177120 Ocampo Uría, discovered by American astronomer Marc Buie at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in 2003, was named after Adriana Ocampo. In March 2022, Ocampo was honored at the Latin America Lifetime Awards virtual ceremony for her inspiring legacy as a scientist.	[ "## Early life and education", "## NASA career", "## Awards and honors" ]	1,704	34,419
2,301,304	In Marge We Trust	1,165,821,224	null	[ "1997 American television episodes", "The Simpsons (season 8) episodes" ]	"In Marge We Trust" is the twenty-second episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 27, 1997. It was the first episode of the series written by Donick Cary and was directed by Steven Dean Moore. The episode guest stars Sab Shimono as Mr. Sparkle, Gedde Watanabe as the factory worker, Denice Kumagai and Karen Maruyama as dancers, and Frank Welker as the baboons. In the episode, Marge replaces Reverend Lovejoy as the town's moral adviser, while Homer investigates why his face appears on a Japanese detergent box. In its original broadcast, the episode was watched by approximately 9.8 million households, with a Nielsen rating of 10.1, and was the third-highest-rated show on Fox that week. The episode received critical acclaim for both story arcs, and was noted for its subtle humor contrasting with the surreal Mr. Sparkle ad. ## Plot After Reverend Lovejoy's sermon bores his congregation, Marge voices her concern over his lack of enthusiasm about helping people. Lovejoy explains that his passion faded as he dealt with Ned Flanders's constant trivial problems since the first day he served as Springfield's reverend. Marge begins working for the Church as the "Listen Lady", listening to people's problems and helping solve them. Lovejoy realizes his inadequacy and feels depressed; visions of the saints depicted in the church's stained-glass windows chastise him for doing little to inspire his congregation. Homer takes Bart and Lisa to dispose of their Christmas tree at the Springfield dump, where they find a box of Japanese dishwasher detergent, Mr. Sparkle, whose mascot resembles Homer. Disturbed, Homer contacts the manufacturer in Hokkaidō, Japan. Homer is sent a promotional video that reveals that the mascot is a result of a joint venture between two conglomerates, whose mascots, a fish and a lightbulb, merge to form Mr. Sparkle; the similarity to Homer is a mere coincidence. Ned telephones Marge for help: the delinquents Jimbo, Dolph and Kearney are loitering outside his store, the Leftorium. At her suggestion, he tries to shoo them away, but they harass him. Ned calls Marge again, but when the bullies cut the phone cord, Marge assumes that Ned has hung up and that everything is fine. The next morning, Maude informs Marge that Ned is missing. Marge goes to Lovejoy for help, and they track Ned to the zoo, where Japanese tourists think Homer is Mr. Sparkle. Lovejoy rescues Ned from the baboon enclosure and rediscovers his passion for his career, regaling his congregation with the tale of Ned's rescue. ## Production By season eight, the show had begun to explore episodes revolving around secondary characters. Reverend Lovejoy was selected for this episode because, aside from being noted as "the priest who didn't care", he had not had much character development. This was the first episode that Donick Cary wrote for The Simpsons. He was disappointed that his first story was about "Marge's crisis with faith." The trip to the dump was inspired by Cary's youth, in which he would often go "dump picking". This led to the writers deciding to have Homer's face on a discarded box, which became the Mr. Sparkle subplot. To help create the advertisement, the writers watched videos of many Japanese commercials. The solution for how Mr. Sparkle resembles Homer was written by George Meyer, after hours of time had been spent trying to come up with a realistic ending. Matsumura Fishworks was named after Ichiro Matsumura, a friend of David X. Cohen. An original scene from Lovejoy's flashback showed that Jasper Beardley preceded him as minister of the First Church of Springfield. After her lines in this episode were recorded, Yeardley Smith caught the flu, so she decided to record brief lines for the next two episodes at her house and felt better in time for recording sessions of "The Secret War of Lisa Simpson". ## Reception In its original broadcast, "In Marge We Trust" finished 25th in ratings for the week of April 21–27, 1997, with a Nielsen rating of 10.1, equivalent to approximately 9.8 million viewing households. It was the third-highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following The X-Files and King of the Hill. In Australia, the episode premiered on June 22, 1997, while in the UK it premiered on July 20, 1997. The episode received critical acclaim. Authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, said: "A rare case of both storylines being worthy of full episodes in their own right, this is a cracking episode which highlights the unduly neglected Rev. Lovejoy and makes you realize Homer isn't the only one ready to kill Ned Flanders! Great stuff." The A.V. Club found the episode to be a "beautiful ... change of pace" from the show's usual ridiculousness, noting its subtle humour and Lovejoy's condensed character arc, and how Homer responds with "paranoid disquiet" instead of his usual anger and violence. It described the Mr. Sparkle ad as "a giddy explosion of surrealism" in the relatively mild episode, "perfectly constructed nonsense in which every little scene is utterly insane yet flows with perfect anti-logic from what preceded it." In a 2000 Entertainment Weekly article, Matt Groening ranked it as his fifth favorite in the history of the show. Josh Weinstein described it as one of the best of the season, as well as being one of the most underrated episodes of all time. He also described the Mr. Sparkle commercial as his all-time favorite sequence. The Fruity Oaty Bar commercial from the film Serenity was partially inspired by the Mr. Sparkle advertisement. Since 2009, the show's opening sequence includes Mr. Sparkle detergent with Marge's supermarket purchases. On June 15, 2020, Comedian Eric Andre was a guest on The Last Laugh podcast and cited the episode as his favorite and "the hardest [he] had ever laughed" at anything on television.	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Reception" ]	1,323	17,843
1,430,977	Polydeuces (moon)	1,170,120,276	Trojan moon of Saturn	[ "Astronomical objects discovered in 2004", "Moons of Saturn", "Moons with a prograde orbit", "Trojan moons" ]	Polydeuces /ˌpɒlɪˈdjuːsiːz/, also designated Saturn XXXIV, is a small trojan moon of Saturn occupying the trailing Lagrange point of Dione. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in images taken by the Cassini space probe on 21 October 2004. With a mean diameter of about 3 km (1.9 mi), Polydeuces is thought to have a smooth surface coated with fine, icy particles accumulated from the cryovolcanic plumes of Enceladus. In its orbit around Saturn, Polydeuces periodically drifts away from Dione's Lagrange point due to gravitational perturbations by other nearby moons of Saturn. Of the four known trojan moons of Saturn, Polydeuces exhibits the largest displacement from its Lagrange point. ## Discovery Polydeuces was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team on 24 October 2004 while routinely investigating images taken by the Cassini space probe earlier on 21 October 2004. The images were visually inspected through the blink comparison technique, which revealed any potential moons that moved relative to the background stars. The discovery images consisted of four frames taken with Cassini's wide-angle camera over less than six minutes, which showed Polydeuces moving 3–6 pixels per frame. The observed motion of Polydeuces immediately suggested that it could be orbiting Saturn at the distance of one of the large moons, Dione, possibly sharing its orbit in a co-orbital configuration. By 4 November 2004, the Cassini Imaging Science Team obtained more Cassini images of Polydeuces, including two frames taken on 2 November 2004 and another two predating the discovery images by three hours. Preliminary orbit determinations using these images confirmed that Polydeuces was a co-orbital trojan moon residing around Dione's Lagrange point. With the aid of ephemeris predictions from Polydeuces's newly determined orbit, the Cassini Imaging Science Team was able to identify 52 pre-discovery detections of Polydeuces in Cassini's narrow-angle camera images taken between 9 April 2004 and 9 May 2004. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) announced the discovery of Polydeuces on 8 November 2004. Besides Polydeuces, Cassini has discovered five other objects orbiting Saturn in 2004: Methone, Pallene, S/2004 S 3, S/2004 S 4, and S/2004 S 6. After the discovery announcement, Cassini was retasked to begin targeted observations of Polydeuces in January 2005 to better determine its orbit. In 2006, researchers found even earlier Cassini pre-discovery images of Polydeuces taken on 2 April 2004. ## Name The name Polydeuces was approved and announced by the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature on 21 January 2005. In Greek mythology, Polydeuces is another name for Pollux, who is the twin brother of Castor and the son of Zeus and Leda. Polydeuces is also known by its official Roman numeral designation Saturn XXXIV (34th moon of Saturn discovered) and was previously known by its provisional designation S/2004 S 5, which was given by the IAU when it announced the moon's discovery. ## Orbit Polydeuces is an inner moon of Saturn in a co-orbital configuration with Dione, meaning they share the same orbit. Together with Dione and its other co-orbital companion Helene, Polydeuces orbits Saturn in 2.74 days at an average distance of 377,600 km (234,600 mi) from the planet's center, between the orbits of Tethys and Rhea. Due to gravitational perturbations by other nearby moons of Saturn, Polydeuces's orbital radius can vary by ±7,660 km (4,760 mi) over time. Its orbit is closely aligned with Saturn's equatorial plane with a low orbital inclination of 0.2°. Polydeuces has a slightly elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.019, which is unusually higher than Dione's eccentricity of 0.002. While Dione's eccentricity is known to result from its 1:2 mean-motion orbital resonance with Enceladus, the effects of this resonance are too weak to explain Polydeuces's relatively high eccentricity. One possible explanation is that Polydeuces always had an eccentric orbit since its formation because its orbit did not change much over billions of years. Polydeuces resides around Dione's Lagrange point trailing 60° behind Dione in its orbit, which makes Polydeuces a trojan moon of Dione. The Lagrange points are locations where the gravitational pulls of Dione and Saturn balance out, allowing for stable co-orbital configurations in Dione's trojans. Dione's other co-orbital moon, Helene, is a trojan residing around the Lagrange point leading 60° ahead of Dione. Trojan moons are not unique to Dione; another large moon of Saturn, Tethys, also has two trojans, named Telesto and Calypso, which reside in its and Lagrange points, respectively. Because of perturbations by other moons of Saturn, Polydeuces does not stay exactly 60° behind Dione; its angular distance from Dione oscillates or librates over time. Of Saturn's four known trojan moons, Polydeuces librates the farthest from its Lagrange point: its angular distance behind Dione oscillates from 33.9° to 91.4° with a period of 790.931 days (2.17 years). In a rotating reference frame with respect to Dione's orbit, Polydeuces appears to travel in a looping path around Dione's point due to its varying relative speed and radial distance from Saturn in its perturbed eccentric orbit. Polydeuces's apparent looping motion combined with its librating angular distance from Dione forms a tadpole orbit about Dione's point. ## Origin Polydeuces is thought to have formed by accreting out of leftover debris trapped in Dione's Lagrange point, in a similar process experienced by Saturn's other trojan moons. This process likely took place at an intermediate stage of the formation of Saturn's moons, when Tethys and Dione have not finished forming and gases have become depleted in Saturn's circumplanetary disk. Mean-motion orbital resonances by other nearby moons did not appear to play a significant role in the formation of the trojan moons. Dynamical modeling of the trojan moons' formation suggests that Tethys's and Dione's and Lagrange points should have started with similar amounts of material for trojan moons to form with roughly similar sizes. However, this is not the case for Dione's trojans, Helene and Polydeuces, whose masses significantly differ by more than an order of magnitude. As of yet, this mass asymmetry in Dione's and trojans remains unexplained. ## Physical characteristics As of 2020, the most recent estimate for Polydeuces's dimensions is 3.50 km × 3.10 km × 2.62 km (2.17 mi × 1.93 mi × 1.63 mi), based on resolved Cassini imagery of the moon from 2015. These dimensions correspond to a volume-equivalent mean diameter of 3.06 km (1.90 mi) for Polydeuces. Cassini's highest-resolution images of Polydeuces from 2015 show that it has an elongated shape, with a relatively smooth limb deviating from a simple ellipsoid. Polydeuces presumably rotates synchronously with its orbital period, similar to the rest of Saturn's trojan moons. Little is known about Polydeuces's other physical properties because it was never approached up close by Cassini or any other space mission to Saturn. Because of its very small size, Polydeuces's gravitational perturbations on the trajectory of Cassini spacecraft and other Saturnian moons are negligible, which prevents the measurement of the moon's mass and density. In spite of this, researchers assume that Polydeuces has a density similar to those of Saturn's small inner moons, whose average density is 0.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, Polydeuces's small size makes it prone to disruption by impact events. Depending on the size-frequency of impactors in the Saturnian system, Polydeuces is predicted to have suffered at least one disruptive impact in the last one billion years. This implies either that Polydeuces is very young with an age of less than one billion years, or it is a primordial moon that has consistently reaccreted from each disruptive impact over the Saturnian system's 4.5 billion-year lifespan. Polydeuces has a bright and likely smooth surface due to the accumulation of fine water ice particles from the surrounding E Ring, which is generated by the cryovolcanic plumes of Enceladus. Because of its small size, any craters on Polydeuces would be completely buried in E Ring material, giving it a craterless appearance resembling Methone or Pallene. Its geometric albedo is unknown since it has never been observed at low phase angles. Cassini imagery shows that Polydeuces has a uniform surface brightness across its leading and trailing hemispheres. Its surface is about as bright as Dione's but darker than Helene's. The trojan moons of Tethys exhibit a similar difference in surface brightness, where Calypso is brighter than Telesto and Tethys. The reason for these brightness asymmetries in the trojan moons of Dione and Tethys remains unknown; possible explanations include an asymmetric distribution of E Ring particles or recent impacts that brightened Helene and Calypso. ## Exploration Cassini is the only space mission to Saturn that has made targeted observations of Polydeuces. Over the 13-year span of Cassini's mission in orbit around Saturn, the spacecraft has made 22 close approaches within 130,000 km (81,000 mi) of Polydeuces. Cassini's closest encounter with Polydeuces took place on 17 February 2005, when it passed 6,446.7 km (4,005.8 mi) from Polydeuces while moving outbound from periapse. However, Cassini did not take any images of Polydeuces on that date. The only encounters where Cassini has taken resolved images of Polydeuces were on 22 May 2006, 10 May 2015, and 16 June 2015, at closest approach distances of 64,089.9 km (39,823.6 mi), 33,997.8 km (21,125.3 mi), and 34,794.3 km (21,620.2 mi), respectively. Cassini's two close encounters in 2015 provided the first images where Polydeuces was larger than 10 pixels across. ## See also - Telesto and Calypso, trojan moons of Tethys at its and Lagrange points, respectively - Janus and Epimetheus, two inner moons of Saturn in a co-orbital exchange orbit with each other	[ "## Discovery", "## Name", "## Orbit", "## Origin", "## Physical characteristics", "## Exploration", "## See also" ]	2,368	5,941
27,402,461	Reginald of Canterbury	1,139,102,913	12th-century French monk and writer	[ "12th-century English poets", "12th-century English writers", "12th-century French poets", "12th-century French writers", "12th-century Latin writers", "English Benedictines", "Epic poets", "French Benedictines", "Medieval Latin poets" ]	Reginald of Canterbury (died after 1109) was a medieval French writer and Benedictine monk who lived and wrote in England in the very early part of the 12th century. He was the author of a number of Latin poems, including an epic entitled Malchus, which still survives. Born in France around 1050, he arrived in England sometime before 1100. He became a monk at St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, where most of his poetic works were composed. He is last mentioned in 1109, when he was the recipient of a poem from Thomas the Archbishop of York. Reginald's major work was an epic poem in six books on the life of Malchus, a late antique Syrian saint whose first biographer was Jerome. Reginald's other works included a poem about his native town, a group of poems extolling Canterbury and its saints, and one or two on Anselm of St Saba. ## Life Reginald, a native of France, was born roughly about 1050 in a place usually called Fagia, which may be the modern Faye-la-Vineuse in Poitou. The local lord for Fagia was named Aimericus, and it is possible that he served as an early patron for Reginald. At some point he formed a connection with Noyers Abbey, near Tours, but its nature is unclear. By 1100, he was a monk at St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, England, and may have been there for quite a number of years before 1100. It is unclear why he travelled to England and most of his poetical works were composed in England while he was at St Augustine's. Reginald was still alive in 1109, when he was the recipient of a poem from Thomas the Archbishop of York, who was elevated to York in 1109. This poem of Thomas' was in thanks for a copy of the Vita that Thomas had received, and the thanks-poem has a notation that it was from Thomas as archbishop. ## Work Reginald's major work was an epic poem in six books on the life of Malchus, a late antique Syrian saint whose first biographer was Jerome. Reginald's work, entitled Malchus, or Vita Sancti Malchi, exists in two versions, the first of which consists of 1706 lines and survives at Oxford University as Merton College manuscript (MS) 241. The second is expanded from the first and three times its length. Reginald's other works included a poem about his native town, a group of poems extolling Canterbury and its saints, and one or two on Anselm of St Saba. The largest surviving version of his poems is in Bodleian Library manuscript Laud misc 40, which was probably a presentation copy to one of Reginald's correspondents, Baldwin, a monk of the cathedral chapter of Rochester Cathedral. In his prose works, Reginald experimented with poetic metres, employing hexameters, pentameters and sapphics, but his main poems were in hexameters. These works have been edited and published by two different modern editors. Five poems were edited by Thomas Wright in 1872 in the Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets published in the Rolls Series as volume 59. The other 31 surviving poems were edited by Felix Liebermann in an 1888 article in Liebermann's journal Neues Archiv. Reginald's work was part of the flowering of hagiography after the Norman Conquest that included works by Goscelin, Eadmer, and Osbern of Canterbury. He may also have been the author of a Versarium de libris ethnicorum that was recorded as being in the library at Rievaulx Abbey around 1200, but as the work does not survive it is not clear whether Reginald was its author.	[ "## Life", "## Work" ]	812	32,927
43,048,054	Asher Vollmer	1,163,088,609	American indie video game developer (born 1989)	[ "1989 births", "American video game designers", "Indie game developers", "Living people", "Place of birth missing (living people)", "USC Interactive Media & Games Division alumni" ]	Asher Vollmer (born September 14, 1989) is an American indie video game developer. He created Puzzlejuice and Threes. While a student at USC Interactive Media & Games Division, he developed 2012 iOS game Puzzlejuice with Greg Wohlwend. The pair's next game, the 2014 iOS puzzle game Threes, received numerous awards and was later ported to multiple platforms. Among other projects, Vollmer subsequently worked on Close Castles, a real-time strategy game later put on hiatus, and Royals, a simulation game for OS X and Windows. ## Career Vollmer is a graduate of the USC Interactive Media & Games Division program. As a student, he began work on Puzzlejuice, a puzzle video game. He reached out to artist Greg Wohlwend for aesthetic advice, which led to a collaboration between the two. Puzzlejuice is a combination of Tetris, tile-matching, and Boggle: players rearrange falling tetromino blocks into rows of similar colors, which turn into letters that are cleared from the board by forming words. The iOS game was released on January 19, 2012, to what review aggregator Metacritic described as "generally favorable" reviews. Multiple reviewers mentioned the difficulty in mentally balancing the various components of the game. Vollmer started as thatgamecompany's "feel engineer" in August 2012, but left in April 2013 to "go indie" and work on his own projects. On his blog, he said he thought the studio's current project would be groundbreaking, though he was unhappy working there. Vollmer tried to write a short story in an attempt to take a break from games. Before long, he began to play with his computer keyboard. Vollmer challenged himself to make a game that only used the arrow keys, and prototyped what would become Threes in ten hours overnight. He proceeded to iterate on the idea with Wohlwend over the game's 14-month development. In Threes, the player slides numbered tiles on a four-by-four grid to combine addends and multiples of three. Vollmer cited Drop7 as an inspiration for the game, having played it for two years beforehand. Threes had no original inclination towards minimalism. In fact, Vollmer and Wohlwend felt that the game needed to appear more complex so as to interest players. They returned to the original idea and added character personalities to the tiles. The iOS game was released on February 6, 2014, to what Metacritic characterized as "universal acclaim". Reviewers found the game "charming" and "addictive", and compared it to Drop7 (2009), Triple Town (2010), and Stickets (2013). Eurogamer and TouchArcade awarded the game perfect scores, with the latter calling Threes "about as close as it gets to a perfect mobile game". Other developers released similar games and clones within weeks of the game's launch. Apple named Threes its best iPhone game of 2014. The game was later ported to Android, Xbox One, and Windows Phone platforms. Polygon included Vollmer in their "50 admirable gaming people of 2014" for his work on Threes. Vollmer thought he would work on a new game a month after releasing Threes, but was kept busy by obligations to fix and update the game, to port it to other platforms, and to promote game through press and events. He was convinced that he would never make a game "as clean and tight as Threes ever again". Vollmer's next game was Close Castles, a real-time strategy game. ### After Threes Vollmer unveiled Close Castles in June 2014. Players start in corners of a "grid map" and are represented by castles. Vollmer explained that the game's name is from castles built too close to one another, starting a mutually assured destruction scenario. Players can build three structure types out from their castle: towers that fire at incoming enemies (defense), houses that make "loyal subjects" (offense), and markets that make money (economy). The "A" button with a direction constructs a path directing followers to the enemy. Followers capture enemy structures as denoted by a "defense bar" that fills as followers enter the structure and that destroys the structure when filled. Markets are the weakest structure, and two towers can defend against one house. Player turf grows as player structures approach the limits of their area. Players earn five units of money a second, which increases by five for every market. Polygon called the game's simple visual design "horrifyingly deceptive". Vollmer has said that games should last around three minutes apiece and that the local multiplayer's lack of "hidden information" should make interactions with other players less of a "sadomasochistic" game of waiting for an opponent to concede. The game was demoed on an Xbox 360 but was planned for release on the PlayStation 4. Vollmer put the project on hold while he worked out "fundamental flaws" in the gameplay. While Vollmer traditionally worked on multiple games at once, Close Castles was his only project when it was in production. In March 2015, he worked three days a week on a bigger project with a small team, and saved his other days for personal experimentation and Threes bugs. The next month, Vollmer released Royals, a pay what you want simulation game for OS X and Windows. In Royals, the player controls a peasant who advances towards royal status by collecting resources and followers. In February 2016, Sirvo Studios announced Guildlings, a fantasy adventure game, which was later released in November 2019. Vollmer had founded Sirvo with other indie developers the previous year, which received funding from FunPlus, who also started a \$50 million investment fund for the early projects of rising video game developers and artists. In September 2021, Vodeo Games, which was co-founded by Vollmer, released adventure game Beast Breaker. Vollmer felt Guildlings was misaligned with his design sensibilities, which led to Vodeo. In September 2022, Vodeo Games, which employees' Communications Workers of America affiliated union was noted for being in the process of bargaining, closed after "running out of funds".	[ "## Career", "### After Threes" ]	1,301	21,449
55,809,778	Catherine Neill	1,131,432,975	British physician	[ "1921 births", "2006 deaths", "Alumni of the UCL Medical School", "British cardiologists", "British emigrants to the United States", "British paediatricians", "English people of Irish descent", "Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians", "Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians", "Johns Hopkins University faculty", "Scientists from London", "Women cardiologists", "Women pediatricians" ]	Catherine Annie Neill (3 September 1921 – 23 February 2006) was a British pediatric cardiologist who spent the majority of her career at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center in Baltimore, where she worked alongside Helen B. Taussig. Her primary interest was congenital heart defects; she discovered one type of defect, scimitar syndrome, in 1960. Over the course of her career, Neill co-directed the Baltimore Washington Infant Study of the 1980s, contributed to 100 journal articles and 40 book chapters, and co-authored two books. In 1970, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. She retired twice, first in 1989 before returning to work and being promoted to professor of pediatrics and senior consultant for pediatric cardiology, and then again in 1993, though she continued to volunteer in the Hopkins medical archives. Her teaching and mentorship ability held her in esteem among colleagues and trainees; according to Edward Clark from the University of Utah, at the time, “a place for women in medicine was hard to find," and Neill's "quiet mentoring and support was one of the reasons so many women chose pediatric cardiology, because they had such a strong role model and mentor.” Neill died in 2006 at 84 years old in nursing home care while visiting family in Wimbledon, London. ## Early life Catherine Neill was born on 3 September 1921 in London. She was the eldest of four children born to Sir Thomas Neill, a health insurance executive, and his wife Annie Strachan Neill (née Bishop). One of her three younger brothers was Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen, who would become a barrister. Her other brothers were Brian and Desmond. Other members of her family worked mostly in law and literature, but Neill's interest in medicine was likely shaped by her father's contributions to the movement for passing the National Insurance Act 1911 and her mother's aspiration to study medicine (which was never fulfilled). Catherine was educated at Channing School and attended the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine from 1938 until her graduation in 1944. She was awarded a Diploma in Child Health in 1946 and an MD in 1947. ## Career Neill began her medical career as a pediatric registrar at London's Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children, where she worked alongside Helen Mackay and developed an interest in congenital heart defects, frequently going out of her way to admit patients with polycythemia, a disease state in which the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood) is elevated. She travelled to Canada in 1950 to pursue a fellowship in pediatric cardiology at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, where she worked with John Keith, and she moved to the United States the following year. She took up a post at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore as an assistant to Helen B. Taussig, the founder of the field of pediatric cardiology and one of the originators of the Blalock–Taussig shunt, a lifesaving procedure to treat certain heart defects. While in Baltimore, Neill also studied cardiac embryology at the Carnegie Institution for Science, and a planned one year fellowship with Taussig became a three-year post. She returned to London in 1954 as a consultant at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, where she worked with cardiologist John Maurice Hardman Campbell to study the natural history of adults with congenital heart defects, but in 1956 she requested to return to Baltimore; she remained at Johns Hopkins for the rest of her career and was appointed a professor of pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University in 1964. With Charlotte Ferencz, she co-directed the Baltimore Washington Infant Study of the 1980s, which studied the genetic and environmental factors in 5000 infants with congenital heart defects, also studying malformations in pulmonary veins. She contributed to many of the early articles on surgical procedures for pediatric cardiac abnormalities and early descriptive publications on cholesterol abnormalities among pediatric patients. Neill discovered and named scimitar syndrome, in which blood is returned from the lungs to the wrong side of the heart, in 1960. According to Edward Clark, then chair of pediatrics at the University of Utah, Neill's 1956 publication in the Journal of Pediatrics, which detailed the embryological development of the pulmonary veins, was still cited as the best description of the topic 50 years later. She co-authored two books: The Heart of a Child: What Families Need to Know About Heart Disorders in Children (1992), aimed at parents, and The Developing Heart — A "History" of Pediatric Cardiology (1995). She also wrote 40 book chapters and 100 journal articles throughout her career. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1970. Neill first retired in 1989 after working at Hopkins for the better part of six decades, but she returned to work during a period of great clinical demand, receiving a promotion to professor of pediatrics and senior consultant for pediatric cardiology. She again retired in 1993 but continued to volunteer at Johns Hopkins, organizing papers in the institutional medical archives. ### Selected publications ## Personal life and legacy Neill was noted for her dry sense of humor. She was shy and fond of traveling. She never married. Neill died in nursing home care in Wimbledon, London from cancer on 23 February 2006 while visiting family. She was 84 years old. Neill was remembered by trainees for her teaching and mentorship ability. Edward Clark from the University of Utah noted that at the time, “a place for women in medicine was hard to find," and that he believed that "her quiet mentoring and support was one of the reasons so many women chose pediatric cardiology, because they had such a strong role model and mentor.” George Dover, a former Pediatrician-in-Chief at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center, commented that Neill was "probably more famous as a clinician and an educator than as a strict scientist." An obituary in The Lancet quoted Helen Taussig referring to Neill as "among the ablest I have ever trained". In its obituary for Neill, The Times referred to her as "a pioneer in open-heart surgery for children born with congenital defects" and "for decades a leading and influential figure in the field of pediatric cardiology." Richard S. Ross, then the Dean Emeritus of Johns Hopkins University's School of Medicine, wrote that Neill was "first and foremost a skillful and wise physician." She was posthumously listed in the Johns Hopkins Children's Center's list of influential faculty.	[ "## Early life", "## Career", "### Selected publications", "## Personal life and legacy" ]	1,381	21,178
26,702,791	Hurricane Karl (1980)	1,171,665,125	Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1980	[ "1980 Atlantic hurricane season", "Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes", "Tropical cyclones in 1980" ]	Hurricane Karl was a late-season and unusual tropical cyclone that formed within a larger extratropical cyclone. Karl was also the northernmost forming Atlantic hurricane on record in November. The fifteenth and final tropical cyclone, twelfth named storm, and ninth hurricane of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season, Karl developed at the center of another, larger extratropical cyclone over the North Atlantic. After being classified a subtropical cyclone on November 25, it became more independent of its parent storm and grew into a full-fledged Category 1 hurricane. It peaked in intensity on November 26, and ultimately dissipated on November 29, as it merged with another system. Karl holds the record for the northernmost formation of a November tropical or subtropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean. It also attained hurricane strength at an unusual latitude, and contributed to one of the most active Novembers on record in terms of tropical cyclones. However, it stayed over open waters and did not have any effects on land. It was the 11th named storm of the season. ## Meteorological history Hurricane Karl originated in a low pressure area that formed along a frontal boundary near the southeastern United States. It approached the Canadian Maritimes the next day and strengthened to below 1000 millibars. On November 24, the broad cyclone was located south of Newfoundland, and early the next day a mass of convection developed near the core. It evolved into a separate vortex, and due to the lack of inhibiting wind shear, a small cyclone developed. It became a subtropical storm at 00:00 UTC before executing a tight counterclockwise loop as it rotated within the larger cyclone. About 18 hours later, the storm strengthened and gained enough tropical characteristics to be designated a hurricane, accompanied by the formation of a pronounced eye feature. At the time, it was situated around 610 miles (1,110 km) west-southwest of the Azores. Although the development of a tropical cyclone within a non-tropical storm is rare, it is not unprecedented. The "Perfect Storm" unnamed hurricane in November 1991 and Subtropical Storm Alpha in September 2020 also formed in this manner. After being classified as a hurricane, Karl gradually strengthened, and its circulation became more distinguished from the surrounding cloudiness. A trough that emerged from North America steered the hurricane eastward, and on November 26, it reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a central barometric pressure reading of 985 mbar (hPa; 29.09 inHg). Karl maintained this strength for approximately 18 hours until beginning to weaken slightly as it accelerated towards the northeast. On November 27, the storm's eye became more ragged as the cyclone passed within 230 miles (370 km) of the Azores and started to show signs of deterioration. The trough over the North Atlantic developed into the dominant low pressure area, and Karl turned northward around its periphery. Karl became extratropical on November 28 and later merged with another approaching system within a day, and was declared dissipated by November 29. ## Records Hurricane Karl was unusual in several aspects. It developed late in the hurricane season, which runs from June 1 through November 30, over waters colder than the standard limit for tropical cyclone formation. It marked the farthest-north development of a November tropical or subtropical cyclone on record. While the 1991 unnamed hurricane was farther north, it became a subtropical storm late on October 31, and had moved south by November 1. Karl was reported at the time to be the farthest-east hurricane during the last 10 days of the month of November. Additionally, it maintained hurricane intensity until reaching 45.0°N, at which point it became extratropical; only Hurricane Lois in 1966 lasted as a hurricane farther north in the month of November. When Karl became a hurricane on November 25, the 1980 season became notable for having two November hurricanes; the other was Jeanne. This tied 1932 and 1969 for the record of the most November hurricanes, which was later accomplished during the 1994 season. Later, 2001 broke this record with three hurricanes. ## See also - Other tropical cyclones named Karl	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Records", "## See also" ]	902	3,315
67,747,486	This Is Me Trying	1,172,352,593	2020 song by Taylor Swift	[ "2020 songs", "Dream pop songs", "Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff", "Song recordings produced by Joe Alwyn", "Song recordings produced by Taylor Swift", "Songs about alcohol", "Songs written by Jack Antonoff", "Songs written by Taylor Swift", "Taylor Swift songs" ]	"This Is Me Trying" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the ninth track on her eighth studio album Folklore, which was released on July 24, 2020, by Republic Records. "This Is Me Trying" was written by Swift and Jack Antonoff and produced by the latter two along with Joe Alwyn. It is an orchestral pop and dream pop song supported by an organ, slow-paced beats, and horns. The song is written "from three different characters' perspectives"; Swift conveyed the emotions felt in 2016 and 2017. The narrator of "This Is Me Trying" embraces the perspective of "the rejected party to devastating effect". Swift tries to hide as the narrator of the track, as she accepts someone's else point of view of her. Swift, in her 2020 concert documentary Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions, said that the song also touches on alcoholism. Critics lauded the song's production and lyrics, and some praised Swift's vocal performance. "This Is Me Trying" peaked at number 39 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and in the top 40 of singles charts in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. "This is Me Trying" was used in a commercial celebrating American gymnast Simone Biles' return to the 2020 Summer Olympics after she withdrew from several events due to medical issues. ## Background and production Taylor Swift and producer Jack Antonoff had written and produced songs for Swift's previous studio albums 1989 (2014), Reputation (2017), and Lover (2019). They collaborated again on Folklore, which Swift surprise-released amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Folklore was released on July 24, 2020, through Republic Records. On the March 18, 2023, concert in Glendale, Arizona, as part of the Eras Tour, Swift performed "This Is Me Trying" as a "surprise song". Swift wrote or co-wrote all songs on the album, and along with Antonoff produced six, including "This Is Me Trying". Swift wrote the lyrics "from three different characters' perspectives"; she conveyed the emotions felt in 2016 and 2017, "I just felt like I was worth absolutely nothing." The first verse regards a character who is in a life crisis and failing in a relationship, while the second verse is about one who "has a lot of potential, but has feels they have lost in life", falling into alcohol addiction and has "issues with struggling every day". On the third verse, Swift wondered how the song would turn out if it was produced by the National. "This Is Me Trying" also features production from English actor Joe Alwyn. The song was recorded at Kitty Committee Studio in Beverly Hills by Laura Sisk and Antonoff. The latter also played bass, electric guitar, drums, organ, and keyboard, which were recorded at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles and Electric Lady Studios in New York. Evan Smith played the saxophone and additional keyboard, both instruments were recorded at Pleasure Hill Recording in Portland. Bobby Hawk and Lorenzo Wolf were in charge of the strings that were recorded at Restoration Sound in New York. John Rooney and Jon Sher worked as assistant engineers. Serban Ghenea mixed "This Is Me Trying" at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach, with John Hanes serving as the mix engineer. It was mastered by Randy Merrill at Sterling Sound in New York. ## Composition "This is Me Trying" was written from multiple perspectives. The song was inspired by her state of mind in 2016–2017 when she "felt like [she] was worth absolutely nothing". It also contains themes of addiction and existential crisis. According to Swift, people around her were not aware of her trying "not to fall into old patterns". In the documentary concert film Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions (2020), Swift said that the song also touches on alcoholism. The lyrics also address "where her life is", noticed in the verse, "I got wasted like all my potential". The song documents the accountability and regret of someone who admits feeling that they are not enough. However, there are "feelings of hope and growth." The narrator of "This Is Me Trying" embraces the perspective of "the rejected party to devastating effect". Swift tries to hide as the narrator of the track, as she gives "credence to the other person's view of her". She transmits the idea that she has a habit of needing "the last word, in public and private" and that has been her downfall. "This Is Me Trying" is an orchestral pop and dream pop song. Its instrumentation features a "yawning" organ, "subtle" horns, percussions, strings, and a saxophone. The track was written in the key of A major and has a moderately fast tempo of 136 beats per minute. Swift's vocal range spans between D3 to C5. "This Is Me Trying" evolves into a "wracked orchestral grandeur". The Guardian's Laura Snapes wrote the song "[sounded] more unsettling still for how Swift's voice, processed at a ghostly, vast remove, seems to encompass the whole song with her desperation". ## Critical reception "This Is Me Trying" received positive reviews from most music critics. Alexandrea Lang from the Dallas Observer named "This Is Me Trying" as one of the "most profound and underrated" songs on Folklore, praising Swift's "gorgeous, breathy vocals" and the "flawless" capture of emotions of someone struggling with motivation and mental illness. Jonathan Keefe from Slant Magazine affirmed that the track "still demonstrates Swift's masterful grasp of song structure". Clash's Lucy Harbron lauded Swift's "penchant for blending the last remnants of her country roots with a more modern edge". Rolling Stone critic Rob Sheffield said that the track is "the disturbingly witty tale of someone pouring her heart out, to keep herself from pouring more whiskey." Regarding the song's metaphor set around curve and sphere, Sheffield commented: "Taylor could have invented geometry, but Euclid couldn't have written this song." Rob Harvilla of The Ringer called the song one of the album's "most luscious and intense songs", soaked in regret, failure and booze, "as luminous as it is dolorous". He praised Swift's "sharp and specific" writing and the "gauzy lusciousness" of Antonoff's production. New Statesman critic Anna Leszkiewicz defined "This Is Me Trying" as an "expansive, atmospheric portrait" of someone opting vulnerability over "defense mechanisms" in a relationship. Despite viewing the song less favorably, Eric Mason, writing for Slant Magazine, praised Swift's vulnerability in the song, stating that she was "mining both her vulnerability and her ability to do harm" on the track. "This Is Me Trying" was featured on a list of the best songs of 2020 by Teen Vogue. In Clash's list ranking the writer's 15 favorite Swift songs, Lucy Harbron remarked on the singer's vocals: "It's one of the first times her voice ever sounded this mature and jagged as the bridge seems to bite at your ears". In Vulture's list ranking all songs in Swift's discography, Jones wrote about "This Is Me Trying": "The climax sneaks up on you like a moment of clarity." Sheffield picked it among the best 20 songs of Swift's discography, "The easiest Folklore song to underrate, because it seems so deceptively straight-ahead." ## Commercial performance Upon the release of Folklore, "This Is Me Trying" debuted on various singles charts. In the United States, the song entered at number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated August 8, 2020. The song simultaneously debuted and peaked at number nine on Billboard'''s Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, where it stayed for 14 weeks. "This Is Me Trying" peaked within the top 40 on singles charts of Australia, Canada, and Singapore. On the Rolling Stone Top 100, the song peaked at number 13 in July 2020. ## Usage in media "This is Me Trying" was used in a promotional video released in August 2021 celebrating American gymnast Simone Biles' return to the 2020 Summer Olympics after she withdrew from several events due to medical issues. The song was featured in the seventh episode of the first season of American television series Gossip Girl'' (2021). ## Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. - Taylor Swift – vocals, songwriting, production - Jack Antonoff – production, songwriting, live drums, percussion, programming, keyboards, bass, background vocals, organ, recording - Joe Alwyn – production - Evan Smith – saxophones, keyboards - Bobby Hawk – strings - Lorenzo Wolf – strings - Laura Sisk – recording - John Rooney – assistant engineering - Jon Sher – assistant engineering - Serban Ghenea – mixing - John Hanes – mix engineering - Randy Merrill – mastering ## Charts ## Certifications ## Note	[ "## Background and production", "## Composition", "## Critical reception", "## Commercial performance", "## Usage in media", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "## Certifications", "## Note" ]	1,903	3,012
6,105,154	Castleton Square	1,165,373,070	Shopping mall in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.	[ "1972 establishments in Indiana", "Buildings and structures in Indianapolis", "Shopping malls established in 1972", "Shopping malls in Indiana", "Simon Property Group", "Tourist attractions in Indianapolis" ]	Castleton Square is an enclosed shopping mall in the Castleton neighborhood on the northeastern side of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Built by Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation and Homart Development Company in 1972, it is owned and managed by Simon Property Group. It is the largest mall in the state of Indiana, and has remained so since its construction. The center's original anchor stores were JCPenney, Sears, Lazarus, and Woolworth. Expansions in 1990 and 1998 added to the total number of anchor and inline stores, while also adding a food court. The anchor stores are JCPenney, Forever 21, H&M, AMC Theatres, Dick's Sporting Goods, Macy's, and Von Maur; the former location of Sears has been vacant since 2018. Overall, Castleton Square consists of over 130 inline stores. ## History Youngstown, Ohio-based shopping mall development company Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation formed a joint venture with Homart Development Company, a shopping mall development subsidiary of the department store chain Sears, to begin development on Castleton Square in 1971. DeBartolo announced the mall's development in January of that year and began groundbreaking soon afterward. The original plans called for a Y-shaped enclosed mall with three anchor stores: Sears, JCPenney, and Rike Kumler Co. (Rike's), a department store chain based out of Dayton, Ohio. The mall would be situated on 82nd Street just outside the Interstate 465 beltway within the Castleton neighborhood on the northeastern side of Indianapolis. It was the second of three malls built by DeBartolo as a part of its expansion into Indianapolis, following Lafayette Square Mall in 1968 and preceding Washington Square Mall in 1974. The company chose to build on the northeastern side of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, as the area was projected for further suburban growth in the intervening years. Similarly, research conducted by Sears showed a trend in residential growth to the city's northeast side, thus creating a market which the chain deemed suitable for a new store. To accommodate for mall traffic, the Indiana Department of Transportation announced prior to the mall's development that it would expand 82nd Street to a four-lane divided highway. Federated Department Stores (now Macy's, Inc.), then-owners of the Rike's chain, confirmed in late 1971 that the third anchor of Castleton Square would instead be Lazarus, a Columbus, Ohio-based chain then also under their ownership. Also confirmed as tenants for the mall by 1972 were a Kroger supermarket, an F. W. Woolworth Company dime store, and a three-screen movie theater. Inline tenants would include Robert Hall Clothes, Hickory Farms, Kinney Shoes, Zales Jewelers, Waldenbooks, and Orange Julius. ### 1970s and 1980s Upon opening, the 1,116,160-square-foot (103,695 m<sup>2</sup>) mall was the largest in the state of Indiana. Sears was the first store to open, doing so in August 1972. One month later, Kroger and 20 other mall shops had opened as well. Official opening ceremonies occurred on September 13, 1972, and were initiated by a ribbon-cutting ceremony hosted by Indianapolis' then-mayor Richard Lugar. Architectural features of the mall included a 20-foot (6.1 m)-wide fountain and chandeliers in center court, 22 planters filled with live tropical plants, 102 circular benches, skylights, and terrazzo flooring. The mall also featured parking for up to 7,050 cars. By Christmas 1972, the mall had increased to 59 stores. JCPenney opened for business in January 1973, followed by Woolworth in March. The Lazarus store, their first location in Indiana, opened in August 1973. Consisting of 311,855 square feet (28,972.3 m<sup>2</sup>), the store featured three levels and a restaurant overlooking the mall's center court. Opening ceremonies for the store were attended by William P. Giovanello, the chain's then-president. At the time of the store's opening, DeBartolo confirmed that both Washington Square and Lafayette Square malls would also include Lazarus stores. General Cinema Corporation expanded its presence at Castleton Square in 1976 by building a second cinema in the parking lot northeast of Sears. Kroger exited the mall in 1979 to move to a larger store further down 82nd Street, and its former location in the mall was subdivided for additional mall space. Woolworth closed at the mall in April 1982 due to unprofitability. During the 1982 Christmas season, the former Woolworth space was used by several local automotive dealers as a temporary showroom. In 1983, Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation announced that the mall would be receiving a thorough renovation which would include new planters and benches, removal of the center court's fountain in favor of a performance stage, new lighting, heightened ceilings in the department stores, and a customer service kiosk. In addition, Kohl's would be opening a department store in the former location of Woolworth. The store was one of four opened that year by Kohl's upon entry into Indianapolis by acquisition of vacated Woolworth properties. Tenth-anniversary festivities coinciding with the mall renovation and opening of Kohl's included performances by more than fifty circus performers. ### 1990s No other major changes occurred at the mall until 1990, when two more anchor stores were added. First was L. S. Ayres, which built a 150,000-square-foot (14,000 m<sup>2</sup>) prototype store onto the mall's south side and opened for business in August 1990. L. S. Ayres chose to build the store in order to attract customers from cities northeast of Indianapolis, such as Anderson and Muncie. Unlike its other stores at the time, the Castleton Square store did not sell furniture due to a proliferation of furniture stores around the mall. Two months later, a 108,000-square-foot (10,000 m<sup>2</sup>) Montgomery Ward department store opened off the JCPenney wing. The store was Montgomery Ward's first purpose-built store in an Indianapolis mall, as their other three shopping mall stores (Lafayette Square, Washington Square, and Greenwood Park Mall) were all purchased from William H. Block Co. in 1988. Also unlike those stores, the Castleton Square location featured appliance and electronic repair centers. A Best Buy store opened right next to the mall on October 30, 1992. Yet another change in anchor stores ensued in early 1997 when Kohl's moved out of the mall to a larger store in the Geist neighborhood. Simon Property Group, which merged with DeBartolo Corporation in 1996, announced in July 1997 that the Kohl's store would be demolished in favor of a new wing featuring a food court and a Galyan's sporting goods store, along with renovations to mall entrances, skylights, and landscaping, plus the addition of kiosk shops and new larger restroom facilities. Three months later, Montgomery Ward announced that it would close its location at Castleton Square, along with the ones at Lafayette Square and Washington Square. Simon attempted to purchase the store back from Montgomery Ward in 1998 with the intention of leasing it to Lord & Taylor, but the company was outbid by Von Maur, which had been seeking locations in the Indianapolis market for several years prior. Von Maur opened for business in June 1998. Galyan's also opened for business in mid-1998, thus becoming the company's first store to be located in a shopping mall. The store was nearly double the size of the existing Galyan's locations in Indianapolis at the time. By year's end, the accompanying food court had opened as well. It featured 15 restaurants and décor themed around gardening, along with a fountain and a children's play area. ### 21st century In October 2002, a Costco store opened north of the mall. In 2003, Federated Department Stores rebranded all Lazarus locations as Lazarus-Macy's in order to expand the Macy's name throughout the United States. The dual-branding also introduced several Macy's product lines to the merchandise mix of Lazarus. The same year, both floors of the Galyan's building were expanded, increasing the store size by 20,000 square feet (1,900 m<sup>2</sup>); one year later, Galyan's was sold to Dick's Sporting Goods, resulting in the closure of a nearby Dick's Sporting Goods which had only been open for a year. Federated acquired The May Department Stores Company, then the parent company of L. S. Ayres, in 2006 and announced plans to convert most of the May Department Stores brands to Macy's. As part of this, the Lazarus-Macy's store was rebranded again to just Macy's. Castleton Square was one of four malls in Indiana to have both a Macy's and a division of May Department Stores, so in all four cases Federated chose to maintain the existing Macy's and close the acquired stores. As a result, the L. S. Ayres location was closed in mid-2006. A year after closure, the building was demolished for a new outdoor concourse featuring Borders Books & Music, an AMC Theatres multiplex, Johnny Rockets, Stir Crazy, Cold Stone Creamery, and H&M. Following the closure of Borders in 2011, its space was renovated for the clothing store Forever 21. McAlister's Deli opened at the mall in the fall of 2014. On May 31, 2018, it was announced that the two-story Sears store would close in September 2018, along with 62 others across the country. At the time of closure, it was the last remaining Sears in Indianapolis. The same year, Macy's announced that the Castleton Square store would be part of its "Growth 50" campaign to add new options for shoppers at some of its more profitable locations. Included in the renovation are new lighting, fitting rooms, and restrooms, expanded furniture departments, dedicated locations for online pickups and returns, and mobile payment options. As of 2019, Castleton Square remains the largest mall in the state of Indiana, with more than 130 stores.	[ "## History", "### 1970s and 1980s", "### 1990s", "### 21st century" ]	2,196	28,278
55,483,037	Adventure Time (season 10)	1,166,466,359	2017–2018 season of television series	[ "2017 American television seasons", "2018 American television seasons", "Adventure Time seasons" ]	The tenth and final season of Adventure Time, an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward, premiered on Cartoon Network on September 17, 2017, and ended on September 3, 2018, and was produced by Frederator Studios and Cartoon Network Studios. It follows the adventures of Finn (a human boy) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, where they interact with the series' other main characters: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess. The season was storyboarded and written by Sam Alden, Graham Falk, Erik Fountain, Polly Guo, Tom Herpich, Seo Kim, Patrick McHale, Adam Muto, Hanna K. Nyström, Kent Osborne, Aleks Sennwald, Somvilay Xayaphone, and Steve Wolfhard. The season's multi-episode story arcs include Princess Bubblegum confronting her antagonistic Uncle Gumbald, Finn dealing with Fern's embrace of the dark side, and Betty trying to turn the Ice King back into Simon Petrikov. The season began with "The Wild Hunt," which was seen by 0.77 million viewers (a decrease from the previous season's finale, "Three Buckets," which was viewed by 0.85 million). It ended with "Come Along with Me," a four-part episode that served as the series' initial finale. Critical reaction to the season was primarily positive. Furthermore, the episodes "Ring of Fire" and "Come Along with Me" were nominated for Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in 2018 and 2019, respectively. A DVD set of the season was released on September 4, 2018. ## Development ### Concept The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human (a boy) and his best friend Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, where they interact with the other major characters: Princess Bubblegum, the Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess. Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures, dealing with the antagonistic-but-misunderstood Ice King, and battling monsters to help others. The season's multi-episode story arcs include Princess Bubblegum confronting her antagonistic Uncle Gumbald, Finn dealing with Fern's embrace of the dark side, and Betty trying to turn the Ice King back into Simon Petrikov. ### Production On July 21, 2016, lead writer Kent Osborne posted an image on Twitter which suggested that Adventure Time had been renewed for another season. At the time, the season was intended to be the show's ninth. The season divisions were later rearranged by Cartoon Network, and "The Wild Hunt" became the first episode of season ten. According to series showrunner Adam Muto, the number of episodes ordered by the network as part of the season was substantially lower than it had been, leading the production crew to think "that if this wasn't the end, it was coming up soon." This season's episodes were produced similarly to those of previous seasons. Each episode began as simple two-to-three-page outline with necessary plot information. The rough outline was given to storyboard artists, who expanded it into a full storyboard. The episodes were designed and colored at Cartoon Network Studios in Burbank, California, and animated in South Korea by Rough Draft Korea and Saerom Animation. Storyboard artists who worked on this season included Sam Alden, Polly Guo, Seo Kim, Somvilay Xayaphone, Steve Wolfhard, Tom Herpich, Graham Falk, Kent Osborne, Hanna K. Nyström, Aleks Sennwald, Erik Fountain, and Patrick McHale. Ghostshrimp, the series' former lead background designer, returned to work on the "final story arc of Adventure Time" proper. Although Ghostshrimp had retired from the show after the fourth season, he had returned to draw backgrounds for the seventh-season miniseries Stakes and the ninth-season episodes "Abstract", "Fionna and Cake and Fionna", and "Whispers". Former character designer, storyboard artist, and background designer Andy Ristaino returned as a revisionist for this season. Former storyboard artist Rebecca Sugar returned to contribute the song "Time Adventure" to the series finale. ### Series conclusion During the last few seasons of Adventure Time, there was talk at Cartoon Network about wrapping up the series. According to Olivia Olson, the discussion went on for a while, and "the ending of the show was getting stretched and stretched and stretched." About the decision to end the series, Cartoon Network executive vice president and chief content officer Rob Sorcher told the Los Angeles Times: > Adventure Time was playing less and less on Cartoon Network, yet we were moving towards a large volume of episodes. And I really began thinking, "[The end] can't come quickly as a sudden company decision; it needs to be a conversation over a period of time." And it did also strike me that if we don't wind this up soon, we're going to have a generation of fans graduate through the [television] demo[graphic that Cartoon Network targets], and we won't have completed a thought for them. Cartoon Network ordered a reduced number of episodes for the show's tenth season, and the network announced on September 29, 2016, that the season would be its last. Asked in an interview with Skwigly about his feelings about the end of the series, Osborne said: > It's weird because I've never been on a show this long, and I don't think Cartoon Network has done a show with this many episodes—for the past few seasons, we've been surprised ... every time it gets picked up. And I think a lot of us were thinking in the back of our minds, "When is this going to end? Am I gonna be 80 and still writing this?!" It is sad, and everyone's kind of grieving, but it's hard to feel too bad about it because ... they have so many episodes in the bank that it's gonna play for another couple years. He noted that Cartoon Network gave the writers "an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale." According to writer Jack Pendarvis, storyline writing for the series ended in mid-November 2016 and the last storyline meeting was held on November 21. Osborne tweeted that the season's final script was pitched to storyboarders on November 28; the episode was pitched to the show's producers during the third week of December 2016. A number of voice actors, including Maria Bamford and Andy Milonakis, confirmed that voice recording for the season (and series) ended on January 31, 2017. Regular production of the series ended with a November 16, 2017 wrap party hosted by Cartoon Network for cast and crew who had worked on the series since its beginning. The party featured a DJ booth shaped like Finn and Jake's tree fort, a live band, and Adventure Time-related food. Several crew members were hired for Cartoon Network's Summer Camp Island, created by Adventure Time storyline writer Julia Pott, after the latter's final season ended. ## Cast Voice actors for the season included Jeremy Shada (Finn the Human), John DiMaggio (Jake the Dog), Tom Kenny (The Ice King), Hynden Walch (Princess Bubblegum), and Olivia Olson (Marceline the Vampire Queen). Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters, including Lumpy Space Princess. Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voiced sentient video-game console BMO in English and Jake's girlfriend, Lady Rainicorn, in Korean. Polly Lou Livingston, a friend of Pendleton Ward's mother Bettie, voiced the small elephant Tree Trunks. Jessica DiCicco voiced Flame Princess, Finn's ex-girlfriend and sovereign of the Fire Kingdom. Andy Milonakis voiced N.E.P.T.R., a sentient robot who makes (and throws) pies. The Lich, the series' principal antagonist, is voiced in his demonic form by Ron Perlman. The Adventure Time cast recorded their lines as a group for more natural-sounding dialogue. Hynden Walch has described the group sessions as similar to "doing a play reading—a really, really out there play." In addition to the regular cast members, episodes had guest voices by other actors, musicians, and artists. "The Wild Hunt," "Always BMO Closing," "Bonnibel Bubblegum," "Seventeen," "Gumbaldia," and "Come Along with Me" featured Fred Melamed voicing Princess Bubblegum's Uncle Gumbald. In "The Wild Hunt", Jenny Slate reprised her role as Huntress Wizard. "Son of Rap Bear" saw Dumbfoundead voicing the titular character; Rekstizzy voiced Rap Bear, Keith David reprised his role as Flame King, Paul Scheer reprised his role as Toronto, and Open Mike Eagle voiced a gingerbread man. Livvy Stubenrauch voiced the younger Princess Bubblegum in "Bonnibel Bubblegum", and former supervising director Andres Salaff reprised his role as Neddy. Brad Neely voiced the Green Knight in "Seventeen" and "Gumbaldia". "Ring of Fire" featured David Herman as Randy, Raza Jaffrey as Danny, and Andy Daly as Wyatt. Martin Olson reprised his role as Hunson Abadeer, Marceline's father, in "Marcy & Hunson". In "The First Investigation", Marc Evan Jackson reprised his role as Kim Kil Whan and Dave Foley voiced Warren Ampersand; Foley reprised his role in "Jake the Starchild". In "Temple of Mars", Felicia Day reprised her role as Betty; the episode also saw the return of Tom Scharpling as Jermaine the dog. Day and Scharpling returned in the series finale, "Come Along with Me", which also featured Willow Smith as Beth the Pup Princess, Sean Giambrone as Shermy, Bettie Ward as a dream poodle, Jill Talley as Maja, and Ashley Eriksson as the music hole. Other characters were voiced during the season by Dee Bradley Baker, Maria Bamford, Steve Little, and Melissa Villaseñor. ## Broadcast and reception ### Episode "bombs" Much like the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth seasons, the tenth season of Adventure Time featured several episode "bombs" in which several episodes premiered over a relatively-short time. The first occurred on September 17, 2017, when "The Wild Hunt", "Always BMO Closing", "Son of Rap Bear", and "Bonnibel Bubblegum" aired. The second was December 17, 2017 when "Seventeen", "Ring of Fire", "Marcy and Hunson" and "The First Investigation" aired. The third was March 18, 2018, when "Blenanas", "Jake the Starchild", "Temple of Mars", and "Gumbaldia" aired. ### Ratings The tenth season of Adventure Time had its television premiere on September 17, 2017, with "The Wild Hunt" episode bomb. It was watched by 0.77 million viewers and scored a 0.24 Nielsen rating in the 18-to- 49-year-old demographic. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems which determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, and the episodes were seen by 0.24 percent of all households aged 18 to 49. This was a decrease compared with the season-nine finale, "Three Buckets" (seen by 0.85 million viewers), but an increase from the previous season's premiere, "Orb" (which was viewed by 0.71 million). The season and series itself ended with "Come Along with Me" on September 3, 2018. The four-part finale was viewed by 0.921 million viewers, and scored a 0.25 Nielsen rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic. The special was the twenty-fifth most-watched cable program on the day of its airing. ### Reviews and accolades During this season, Entertainment Weekly named Adventure Time the tenth-best series of 2018: "All the episodes [that aired in 2018] shined with Adventure Time's eccentric trademarks: sweet fairy-tale logic, twisted dark humor, full-blown cosmic adventure, an ability to create and puncture myths in under 11 minutes." Entertainment Weekly argued that the finale was one of the "Best TV episodes of 2018", writing: "'Come Along with Me' is equal parts silly and sad, with music playing a major role. In other words, it's everything we loved about Adventure Time." At the 70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in July 2018, "Ring of Fire" was nominated for a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Short-format Animated Program. At the 71st Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, "Come Along with Me" was nominated for a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Animated Program, making it the series' first nomination in this category. ## Episodes ## Home media ### US release A DVD set including seasons eight, nine and ten was released on September 4, 2018. ### Australian release On February 20, 2019, the tenth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia. ## See also - Adventure Time: Distant Lands - Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake	[ "## Development", "### Concept", "### Production", "### Series conclusion", "## Cast", "## Broadcast and reception", "### Episode \"bombs\"", "### Ratings", "### Reviews and accolades", "## Episodes", "## Home media", "### US release", "### Australian release", "## See also" ]	2,863	9,471
3,535,769	Casting Crowns (album)	1,162,509,634	null	[ "2003 debut albums", "Casting Crowns albums", "Christian rock albums by American artists", "Reunion Records albums" ]	Casting Crowns is the first studio album by American Christian rock band Casting Crowns. Produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman, the album was released on October 7, 2003, by Beach Street Records. It incorporates a pop rock and rock sound, with the main instruments used in the album being guitar, keyboard and violin. Casting Crowns received positive reviews from music critics, many of whom praised the album's lyrics and production quality. It was nominated for Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year at the 35th GMA Dove Awards, while its singles were nominated for and received various awards. Preceded by a lead single, "If We Are the Body", which peaked at number one on the Radio & Records Christian AC and Christian CHR charts in the US, Casting Crowns debuted at number 198 on the Billboard 200. The album eventually peaked at number 59 on that chart, also peaking at number 2 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart and at number 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart. Two other singles, "Who Am I" and "Voice of Truth", also went to number 1. The album ranked as one of the best-selling Christian albums of 2004 and 2005 in the United States and was the 11th best-selling Christian album of the 2000s in the United States. Casting Crowns has sold more than 1.9 million copies since its release and has been certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), one of 8 Christian albums to reach that milestone. ## Background and recording Casting Crowns was formed in 1999 by Mark Hall (lead vocals), Hector Cervantes (guitar, vocals), Juan DeVevo (guitar, vocals), and Melodee DeVevo (violin, vocals) as a student worship band. The band is originally from Daytona Beach, Florida but relocated to Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia in 2001, where they recruited Megan Garrett (piano/vocals), Andy Williams (drums), and Chris Huffman (bass guitar) as members. One of their independent records was discovered by Mark A. Miller, the lead vocalist for country band Sawyer Brown. Although Casting Crowns had not released their independent records with intentions of receiving a record deal, Miller offered the band the opportunity to become the first artists signed to his record label. The band agreed to join and signed with the as-yet-unnamed record label, an imprint of Provident Label Group, and began work on their debut album. As a group, Casting Crowns was unusual in several ways, such as having seven members, never having toured before, and their producer (Miller) having no history in the Christian music industry. However, Christian singer and songwriter Steven Curtis Chapman was brought in to co-produce the album with Miller, giving the project a greater amount of support in the Christian music industry. Terry Hemmings, Provident Label Group CEO/President and a personal friend of Miller, openly predicted success for Casting Crowns and made them one of his top priorities at the label. While most artists in a similar situation would have received nine months for artist development, Hemmings gave the band four months and sped up the album's release. Most of Casting Crowns was recorded and mixed by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin, Tennessee, with the exception of "If We Are the Body", which was mixed by Steve Bishir at Oxford Sound. Additional recording for "Voice of Truth", "What if His People Prayed", and "If We Are the Body" was conducted by Matt Goldman at Glow in the Dark Studio in Decatur, Georgia. The album was mastered by Ken Love at MasterMix in Nashville, Tennessee. ## Release and promotion To promote the album prior to its release, lead single "If We Are the Body" was released to Christian AC and Christian CHR radio on July 26, 2003. The single was a significant hit at Christian radio stations, peaking at number 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC and Christian CHR charts and at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts. Casting Crowns was released on October 7, 2003 and debuted at number 198 on the Billboard 200 selling 6,000 units; it also debuted at number 11 on the Christian Albums chart and number 9 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. By March 2004, the album had sold 168,000 copies in the United States, in large part due to the success of "If We Are the Body". For the chart week of March 6, 2004, Casting Crowns reached its peak position of number 2 on the Christian Albums chart. The following week, the album reached the number 1 position on the Heatseekers Albums chart. "Who Am I", the album's 2nd single, was released on February 22, 2004 to Christian AC, Christian CHR, and Soft AC/Inspirational radio. The song topped the Radio & Records Christian AC, Christian CHR, and Soft AC/Inspirational charts as well as the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts. In May 2004 the album reached its peak position of number 59 on the Billboard 200. "American Dream" was serviced to Christian Rock radio on June 24, 2004 while "Voice of Truth", the album's 3rd single, was released to Christian AC, Christian CHR, and Soft AC/Inspirational radio on September 18, 2004. "Voice of Truth" peaked atop the Radio & Records Christian AC and Soft AC/Inspirational charts as well as the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts. By the end of 2004, Casting Crowns had sold over 710,000 copies. It ranked as the 2nd best-selling Christian album and the 126th best-selling album of 2004 in the United States. Casting Crowns ranked as the 5th best-selling Christian album and the 179th best-selling album of 2005 in the United States. By September 10, 2005 the album had sold over 1 million copies. Casting Crowns received re-releases in 2006 and 2007, both of them featuring bonus DVD content. After first charting on the Billboard Catalog Albums chart in 2005 the album reached a peak position of number 7 on the chart for the chart week of September 5, 2009. The album ranked as the 11th best-selling Christian album of the 2000s decade and had sold around 1.7 million copies in the United States by December 5, 2009. The album received a 2× Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2012, signifying shipments of over 2,000,000 units. It is one of only 8 Christian albums to reach that certification. As of March 2014, the album has sold more than 1.9 million copies. ## Musical style Casting Crowns is noted as having a Christian rock, pop rock and rock sound. Some critics noted that the album sounds somewhat similar to the work of Chapman. The album's main instrumentation consists of guitar, keyboard, and violin. The album's lyrics, which have been described by music critics as "bold" and "straightforward", take an approach which was described by Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today as "no-nonsense... tell[ing] it like it is, simply and with conviction". Album opener "What If His People Prayed", described as a pop song challenges the listener; the couplet "What if the church, for heaven's sake/Finally stepped up to the plate/Took a stand upon God's promise/And stormed hell's rusty gates?" has been cited as an example. "If We Are the Body", an acoustic rock song, features the mandolin, violin, and accordion in its arrangement. Inspired by a verse in the second chapter of James where the writer "admonishes the church for giving preferential treatment to any one particular group over another", the song questions why the church does not minister impartially to everyone. The song's chorus, which references the Christian concept of the body of Christ, asks "If we are the body/why aren't his arms reaching?/Why aren't his hands healing?/Why aren't his words teaching?/And if we are the body/Why aren't his feet going?/Why is his love not showing them there is a way?" "Voice of Truth" was written around Hall's struggles with dyslexia and learning issues as a child. Co-written by Chapman, the track is a pop rock ballad, encouraging listeners to tackle their personal fears and replace them with faith. The song "Who Am I" has been described as a pop rock, adult contemporary and pop country song. The ballad incorporates orchestral sounds and lyrically explains emptiness without Christ. "American Dream", considered a rock anthem, features an arena rock sound. Cited as an example of Hall's "in-your-face" approach to songwriting by Breimeier, the track challenges the fixation of society with wealth, even at the cost of personal relationships. It encourages listeners to not neglect their families in pursuit of their careers and challenges fathers to spend a greater amount of their time with their families. "Here I Go Again" relates the story of a Christian, who instead of "sharing the gospel" with a friend, engages in "mindless conversation". The song encourages listeners to overcome their fear of spreading the gospel in the chorus. The album's final 4 songs are all worship songs, with folk instruments incorporated in several of them. "Praise You with the Dance", sung by the female members of the band, has been described as a country rock song. The song also incorporates a violin solo of "Lord of the Dance". "Glory", described as a worship song, has been noted as displaying the "distinctive production touch" of Chapman. The album closes with a cover of Darrell Evans' song "Your Love Is Extravagant"; it features harmony vocals from the band. ## Critical reception Casting Crowns received positive reviews from music critics. Particular praise was given to the album's lyrical content and production quality. Ashleigh Kittle of Allmusic gave it 3 out of 5 stars, comparing the album's overall sound to that of Chapman, Caedmon's Call, and Phillips, Craig & Dean. Andy Argyrakis of CCM Magazine gave the album a B grade, praising the album as a "promising freshman effort" but critiquing its "tendency to occasionally reflect its primary muse a bit too liberally". Belinda S. Ayers of Christian Broadcasting Network praised the album's lyrics and sound. Steve Best of Cross Rhythms gave Casting Crowns ten out of ten squares, saying, "The passion of lead vocalist and youth pastor Hall jumps out of each set of lyrics, while Chapman's distinctive production touch...makes this a must listen album". While praising the album's overall production and lyrical content, Breimeier said the album "too readily recalls the work of its producers, leaving us to wonder how much of it is really Casting Crowns" – he gave the album 3.5 out of 5 stars. The album received positive reviews from Brian Mansfield of USA Today, Robin Parrish of CMCentral.com, and Michael Herman of Christianity Today. ### Accolades Casting Crowns was nominated for Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year at the 35th GMA Dove Awards. "If We Are the Body" was nominated for the Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the same event. At the 36th GMA Dove Awards, "American Dream" was nominated for Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year and "Who Am I" was nominated for Worship Song of the Year. "Who Am I" won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year while "Voice of Truth" won the award for Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year. "Voice of Truth" was nominated for Song of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards. ## Track listing ## Personnel Credits adapted from the album liner notes. Casting Crowns - Mark Hall – lead vocals - Megan Garrett – keyboards, accordion, vocals - Hector Cervantes – guitars, backing vocals - Juan DeVevo – guitars, backing vocals - Melodee DeVevo – violin, vocals - Chris Huffman – bass - Andy Williams – drums Additional musicians - Chris Mosher – keyboards (1, 3-6), programming (1, 3-6), strings (3), string arrangements (3) - Rob Graves – guitars - Bernie Herms – strings (4) - Jonathan Yudkin – strings (4), string arrangements (4) Production - Terry Hemmings – executive producer - Steven Curtis Chapman – producer - Mark A. Miller – producer - Sam Hewitt – recording, mixing (1, 3-10) - Steve Bishir – mixing (2) - Matt Goldman – additional recording (1, 2, 3) - Ken Love – mastering at MasterMix, Nashville, Tennessee - Robert Beeson – A&R consultant - Laurie Melek – A&R administration - Frank Miller – A&R administration - Jenna Roher – A&R administration - Stephanie McBrayer – art direction, styling - Tim Parker – art direction, graphic design - Russ Harrington – photography - Lori Turk – hair, make-up ## Charts and certifications ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ### Decade-end charts ### Singles ### Certifications ## Release history	[ "## Background and recording", "## Release and promotion", "## Musical style", "## Critical reception", "### Accolades", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts and certifications", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "### Decade-end charts", "### Singles", "### Certifications", "## Release history" ]	2,883	8,611
20,132,567	Peter Isaacson	1,173,198,284	Australian pilot and publisher	[ "1920 births", "2017 deaths", "Australian World War II pilots", "Australian newspaper publishers (people)", "British emigrants to Australia", "Members of the Order of Australia", "Military personnel from London", "People educated at Brighton Grammar School", "Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)", "Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)", "Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Medal", "Royal Australian Air Force officers", "Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II" ]	Peter Stuart Isaacson, AM, DFC, AFC, DFM (31 July 1920 – 7 April 2017) was an Australian publisher and decorated military pilot. He was the owner of Peter Isaacson Publications, publisher of various trade journals and suburban newspapers including the Southern Cross and the Sunday Observer in Melbourne. During World War II, he served in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as a pilot with RAF Bomber Command and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Force Cross and the Distinguished Flying Medal. Isaacson grew up in Melbourne and started working for a newspaper when he was sixteen. He joined the RAAF in 1940. Following his stint in Bomber Command, he became well known in Australia for his tours in the Avro Lancaster Q-for-Queenie to promote the sale of war loans and, in particular, for flying his plane under the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1943. He transferred to the RAAF Reserve after the war, retiring as a wing commander in 1969. From 1956 he served as a Trustee, Chairman, and finally Life Governor of the Victorian Shrine of Remembrance. In 1991 he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for his publishing and community work. ## Early life Isaacson was born in London on 31 July 1920 to an Austrian mother, Caroline "Lynka" (née Jacobson) and an Australian father, Arnold Isaacson; his parents moved to Australia with him when he was six years old. Growing up in Melbourne, he was educated at Brighton Grammar School and started work at sixteen as a messenger boy on The Age, where his mother Caroline edited women's features. All of Isaacson's immediate family would eventually serve in World War II: his father, Arnold, a World War I veteran, joined the Volunteer Defence Corps, his mother became Public Relations Officer in the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS), and his sister Joan became a photographer with the AWAS. ## World War II On 8 December 1940, the nineteen-year-old Isaacson enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). After completing his training in Australia and Canada, he was posted to the United Kingdom and joined No. 460 Squadron RAAF at RAAF Breighton, Yorkshire, as a sergeant pilot. Operating Vickers Wellington medium bombers, No. 460 Squadron had been raised under the Article XV provisions of the Empire Air Training Scheme and was one of a number of nominally Australian formations taking part in RAF Bomber Command's strategic air campaign against Germany. The squadron commenced operations in March 1942 and participated in 1,000-bomber raids against Cologne, Essen and Bremen in May and June. It converted to Avro Lancaster heavy bombers in October. Isaacson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal on 6 November 1942 for "many successful night attacks on the enemy" with No. 460 Squadron. The following month his Lancaster was damaged by a Junkers Ju 88 night fighter after a raid on Munich. Commissioned as a pilot officer, Isaacson was subsequently posted to No. 156 Squadron RAF of the Pathfinder Force, based at RAF Warboys, Huntingdonshire. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 30 March 1943 for his actions during a raid on Berlin. His citation, promulgated in the London Gazette, read: > One night in March 1943, this officer was detailed for an attack on Berlin. Following the attack and while still over the target area, his aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire and severely damaged. The mid-upper turret frame was twisted, the perspex and 2 engine cowlings blown off, the aileron controls damaged and the aircraft forced down to 4,000 feet. On the return journey the aircraft was driven off the route and held in a cone of searchlights for 15 minutes; during this time a further loss of height down to 900 feet occurred. In the face of this perilous situation Pilot Officer Issacson, showing coolness, resolution and skilful airmanship, succeeded in flying his aircraft back to base. This officer is an outstanding captain of aircraft who has a fine record of many successful operational sorties. Isaacson completed forty-five sorties with Bomber Command, when the likelihood of surviving an operational tour of thirty missions was never more than 50% and, at times, much less. Promoted to acting flight lieutenant, he was chosen in May 1943 to captain Lancaster Q-for-Queenie on a landmark flight from England to Australia across the Pacific Ocean, and then from Melbourne to New Zealand and back, non-stop in both directions. He was awarded the Air Force Cross on 27 August 1943 for this mission, the citation noting that it was "the first occasion on which an aircraft has flown to Australia by this route and the direct flights between Melbourne and New Zealand are the first of their kind". The Lancaster was brought to Australia so that it could serve as a template for local production of the type, but this never took place and it was instead used for exhibition flights to encourage purchase of war bonds. On 22 October 1943 Isaacson flew Q-for-Queenie under the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flouting a 1931 regulation that prohibited such activity; the Lancaster remains the largest aircraft to have been flown under the bridge. Isaacson gave his crew no warning of what he was about to do and when asked later why he did it, replied "Because it was there". It was, however, reported at the time that he undertook the stunt to support the war loan effort for which he and his crew were actively fundraising. Notwithstanding the publicity the escapade generated for war loans, Isaacson recalled that when he landed at Mascot afterwards: > I was threatened with a court martial. Two authorities wanted to court martial me: Eastern Area in which the crime was committed and Southern Command to which I was attached at the time. I was told later there was a great fight among the bureaucrats of each of these commands as to which would court martial me. Apparently they could not agree on which should be the prosecutor and the idea either lapsed – or maybe is still being pursued by the successors to each of these commands! In December 1943, following his promotional tour with his crew in Q-for-Queenie, he settled down to instructional work at an operational training unit before undertaking a further tour in the Lancaster commencing in March 1944. ## Post-war career Isaacson stood as the Liberal candidate for Prahran in the November 1945 Victorian state election, but was defeated by Labor's Bill Quirk. His wartime commission was terminated on 21 February 1946 and he transferred to the RAAF Reserve. He was state commandant of the Victorian Squadron of the Air Training Corps from 1950, and commandant of No. 21 (City of Melbourne) Squadron from 1961, before retiring in 1969 with the rank of wing commander. He also served as an honorary aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II from 1963 to 1965. After working as aviation correspondent for The Argus in Melbourne, Isaacson set up his first newspaper, the Advertiser, in 1947; he established Peter Isaacson Publications the same year. The Advertiser took over other community newspapers and became the Southern Cross, which Isaacson edited and published along with Sunday Observer and various business and industry magazines. In 1986 Peter Isaacson Publications took over the Asher Joel Media Group. Southern Cross was bought by APN News & Media in 1993 and Isaacson became APN's director, serving until 1998. He chaired TW Media from 1997 to 2005. Isaacson married Anne McIntyre in Melbourne on 21 December 1950. The couple, who had known each other since their teens, had delayed their wedding during Anne's five-year struggle with polio and Isaacson carried his future bride to the registry office on the day. The marriage produced two sons. On 10 June 1991 Isaacson was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia "for services to the print media and the community". He published As I Remember Them: Men and Women Who Shaped a Life, a collection of eulogies he had delivered for friends and colleagues, in 2012. In May of that year he was among a group of thirty-two veterans selected to attend the dedication of the RAF Bomber Command Memorial in London as part of the official Australian delegation. Isaacson was a Life Governor of the Victorian Shrine of Remembrance, having previously served as a Trustee from 1956 to 2000, and Chairman from 1983 to 2000. He and his wife lived in the Melbourne suburb of Toorak. Isaacson died on 7 April 2017 in Melbourne at the age of 96, following a short illness. He was survived by his sons; Anne had died the year before.	[ "## Early life", "## World War II", "## Post-war career" ]	1,857	4,485
65,772,639	Jesse Marcel	1,157,804,195	United States Air Force officer	[ "1907 births", "1986 deaths", "Military personnel from Louisiana", "Personnel of Strategic Air Command", "Recipients of the Air Medal", "United States Air Force colonels", "United States Air Force reservists", "United States Army Air Forces officers", "United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II" ]	Jesse Antoine Marcel Sr. (May 27, 1907 – June 24, 1986) was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force who helped administer Operation Crossroads, the 1946 atom bomb tests at the Bikini Atoll. Marcel was the first military officer tasked with investigating the 1947 Roswell incident, where supposed "flying disc" debris was later identified as pieces of a weather balloon. The incident was largely forgotten until 1978, when Marcel, then a retired lieutenant colonel, told ufologist Stanton Friedman that he believed the Roswell debris was extraterrestrial. ## Early life Jesse Marcel Sr. was born on May 27, 1907, in Bayou Blue, Louisiana. He was the youngest of seven children born to Theodule and Adelaide Marcel. Jesse harbored an early interest in amateur radio and graduated from Terrebonne High School. After Marcel graduated from high school, he worked at a general store and attended a few graphic design classes at Louisiana State University. Marcel began working as a draftsman and cartographer for the Louisiana Highway Department, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Shell Oil Company. ## Personal life In June 1935, Marcel married Viaud Aleen Abrams. The following year she gave birth to their only child, Jesse A. Marcel Jr. ## Military career In 1924, Marcel began a three-year enlistment in the Louisiana National Guard. ### World War II In March 1942, Marcel was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the US Army Air Force, and in mid-1942, Marcel attended the Army Air Force Intelligence School in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for training as combat photo interpreter/ intelligence officer. Upon graduation from the program, Marcel was promoted to the role of instructor. In October 1943, 1st Lieutenant Marcel was assigned to the 5th Bomber Command in the Southwest Pacific, serving as squadron intelligence officer and, later, group intelligence officer. Marcel received two Air Medals and the Bronze Star. After a promotion to captain, in May 1945, Marcel was promoted to the rank of major. ### 509th and role in Operation Crossroads Operation Crossroads was a pair of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946. They were the first nuclear weapon tests since Trinity in July 1945, and the first detonations of nuclear devices since the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The purpose of the tests was to investigate the effect of nuclear weapons on warships. There were only seven nuclear bombs in existence in July 1946. The tests, called Able and Baker, both used Fat Man plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapons of the kind dropped on Nagasaki. The Able bomb was stenciled with the name "Gilda" and decorated with an Esquire magazine photograph of Rita Hayworth, star of the 1946 movie, Gilda. The Baker bomb was nicknamed "Helen of Bikini". In mid-1946, Marcel was attached to the 509th Composite Group to prepare for and participate in Operation Crossroads. On July 26, 1946, Brigadier General Roger M. Ramey authored a letter of commendation complimenting Marcel's performance during Operation Crossroads. The following month, Marcel received an additional letter of commendation from Major General W. E. Kepner for his performance in the operation. ### Role in the Roswell incident #### Investigation Marcel was the first military officer tasked with investigating a balloon crash near Roswell, New Mexico—an event that occurred amid the flying saucer craze of 1947, and which would subsequently become known as the Roswell incident. On June 26, media nationwide had reported civilian pilot Kenneth Arnold's story of seeing what became known as "flying saucers". Historians would later chronicle over 800 "copycat" sightings reported after the Arnold story. On Monday, July 7, Roswell Army Air Field was contacted by Sheriff George Wilcox, who reported that a local rancher had recovered a crashed "flying disc". Marcel and Lieutenant Colonel Sheridan Cavitt met with rancher Mac Brazel and followed him back to the ranch outside Corona. With Marcel in a jeep while Brazel and Cavitt rode horses, the trio visited the debris field where they loaded debris into the vehicle. Upon his return to base, Marcel reported the recovery to base commander William H. Blanchard. Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release announcing the recovery of a 'flying disc' and naming Marcel as the responsible officer. The debris was loaded onto a plane, and Marcel accompanied it from Roswell to Fort Worth. After his arrival, Marcel participated in a press conference in Texas where the debris was identified as pieces of a weather balloon kite. Marcel was quoted as saying, "[We] spent a couple of hours Monday afternoon [July 7] looking for any more parts of the weather device, [and] we found a few more patches of tinfoil and rubber." #### Renewed interest The event at Roswell was largely forgotten until 1978. That year, the sensationalist tabloid National Enquirer reprinted the original, uncorrected article from July 8, 1947. In February 1978, Marcel, then a retired lieutenant colonel, was interviewed by ufologist Stanton Friedman. In that interview, Marcel said he believed the Roswell debris was extraterrestrial. On December 19, 1979, Marcel was interviewed by Bob Pratt of the National Enquirer, and on February 28, 1980, the tabloid brought large-scale attention to the Marcel story. On September 20, 1980, the TV series In Search of... aired an interview where Marcel described his participation in the 1947 press conference: Marcel's son, Jesse A. Marcel Jr., spent 35 years stating that in 1947, when he was 10 years old, his father had shown him alien debris recovered from the Roswell crash site, including "a small beam with purple-hued hieroglyphics on it". According to a 1994 Air Force report, produced in response to a Congressional inquiry into the Roswell Incident, the material recovered by Marcel was likely debris from Project Mogul—a "then-sensitive, classified project, whose purpose was to determine the state of Soviet nuclear weapons research" using high-altitude balloons. During June and July 1947, Mogul balloons had been test-launched at Alamogordo Army Air Field (now Holloman AFB) and White Sands Missile Range. Air Force declassification officer Lieutenant James McAndrew concluded: ### Strategic Air Command and later career In late 1947, Marcel received a promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Marcel remained with the 509th at Walker AFB until August 16, 1948, when he was transferred to Strategic Air Command at Andrews AFB. When SAC HQ transferred to Offutt AFB in Nebraska on November 9, 1948, Marcel transferred with it. After requesting a hardship discharge to care for his elderly mother, in July 1950, Marcel returned to Houma, Louisiana. In September 1950, Marcel was released from active duty and transferred to the Air Force reserves. He received his final discharge in 1958. ## Final years and death In his final years, Marcel was a self-employed television repairman. He died on June 23, 1986, in Houma, Louisiana, at the age of 79.	[ "## Early life", "## Personal life", "## Military career", "### World War II", "### 509th and role in Operation Crossroads", "### Role in the Roswell incident", "#### Investigation", "#### Renewed interest", "### Strategic Air Command and later career", "## Final years and death" ]	1,563	11,157
1,375,537	SIS Building	1,169,385,772	Government office building in London, England	[ "1994 establishments in the United Kingdom", "1994 in London", "Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth", "Buildings and structures on the River Thames", "Government buildings completed in 1994", "Intelligence agency headquarters", "National government buildings in London", "Office buildings completed in 1994", "Office buildings in London", "Organisation headquarters in the United Kingdom", "Postmodern architecture in the United Kingdom", "Secret Intelligence Service", "Terry Farrell buildings", "Vauxhall", "Ziggurat style modern architecture" ]	The SIS Building or MI6 Building at Vauxhall Cross houses the headquarters of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, MI6), the United Kingdom's foreign intelligence agency. It is located at 85 Albert Embankment in Vauxhall, London, on the bank of the River Thames beside Vauxhall Bridge. The building has been the headquarters of the SIS since 1994. ## History ### Background Previously based at 54 Broadway, the SIS relocated to Century House, a 22-storey office block on Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth, near Lambeth North and Waterloo stations, in 1964. Its location at Century House was classified information, though The Daily Telegraph reported that it was "London's worst-kept secret, known only to every taxi driver, tourist guide and KGB agent". Century House was described as "irredeemably insecure" in a 1985 National Audit Office (NAO) report with security concerns raised in a survey; the modernist building was made largely of glass, and had a petrol station at its base. Security concerns combined with the remaining short leasehold and cost of modernising the building were important factors in moving to a new headquarters. ### Design and construction The site on which the SIS building stands had been the location of the Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens in the 19th century. Several industrial buildings were subsequently built on the site after the demolition of the pleasure gardens in the 1850s, including a glass factory, a vinegar works and a gin distillery. Archeological excavation of the site during building found the remains of 17th-century glass kilns, as well as barge houses and an inn called The Vine. Evidence was also found for a river wall on the site. In 1983 the site was bought by property developers Regalian Properties. A competition to develop the site was won by architect Terry Farrell, with an urban village as Farrell's original proposal. A scheme of office blocks was subsequently developed for the site, with a government agency as their occupier. The building had been sold for £130 million in 1989, with construction planned to take three years, built by John Laing. SIS ultimately became the occupiers of the building. Farrell's design for the building was influenced by 1930s industrial modernist architecture such as Bankside and Battersea Power Stations and Mayan and Aztec religious temples. Regalian approached the government in 1987 to assess their interest in the proposed building. In 1988 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher approved the purchase of the new building for the SIS. The NAO put the final cost at £135.05 million for site purchase and the basic building or £152.6 million including the service's special requirements. The site is rumoured to include a tunnel under the Thames from the building to Whitehall. The numerous layers over which the building is laid out create 60 separate roof areas. 25 different types of glass were used in the building, with 130,000 square feet (12,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of glass and aluminium used in the building's construction. The windows in the SIS building are triple glazed for security purposes. Due to the sensitive nature of MI6's work, large parts of the building are below street level, with numerous underground corridors serving the building. Amenities for staff include a sports hall, gymnasium, aerobics studio, a squash court and a restaurant. The building also features two moats for protection. The building was completed in April 1994 and officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II accompanied by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on 14 July 1994. ### Recent history In September 2000, the building was attacked by unapprehended forces using a Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank rocket, causing superficial damage. The Metropolitan Police recovered the discarded rocket launcher at Spring Gardens park in Vauxhall, as well as finding remains of the rocket which had exploded against an eighth floor window. Dissident Irish Republicans were believed to have been behind the attack. Writing in The Daily Telegraph after the attack, journalist Alan Judd referred to detractors who wished a less visible physical presence for SIS; writing that "Both sides of the Whitehall debate might now claim vindication by the rocket attack: on the one hand, the building's profile made it an obvious target; on the other, a headquarters with expensive security protection has been shown to be necessary." On 1 June 2007, the building and its curtilage were designated as a protected site for the purposes of Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. The effect of the act was to make it a specific criminal offence for a person to trespass onto the site. In August 2010, two men from North Wales were arrested after a parcel bomb was found at the SIS building's postal handling centre. The Queen visited Vauxhall Cross for a second time in February 2006, and Charles, Prince of Wales visited in July 2008. In June 2013, Prince Harry visited Vauxhall Cross and was given a briefing on intelligence by staff. During the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, part of the celebrations for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012, the London Philharmonic Orchestra played the "James Bond Theme" as they passed the building. The Daily Telegraph wrote that "Even MI6 managed to join the party – just. Its headquarters at Vauxhall sported a few discreet rows of bunting. But its balconies remained empty." The building was lit with pink lights to raise awareness of breast cancer in 2013. In January 2013, the building was briefly put into a state of alert after the Vauxhall helicopter crash. ## Cultural influence ### Architectural criticism The SIS building was reviewed favourably by Deyan Sudjic in The Guardian in 1992; he described it as an "epitaph for the architecture of the eighties". Sudjic wrote that "It's a design which combines high seriousness in its classical composition with a possible unwitting sense of humour. The building could be interpreted equally plausibly as a Mayan temple or a piece of clanking art deco machinery", and added that the most impressive thing about Farrell's design was the way he had not "confined himself to a single idea" as the building "grows and develops as you move around it". In their 2014 Guide to London's Contemporary Architecture, Kenneth Allinson and Victoria Thornton wrote: > Some see this building as Farrell's most controlled and mature building – a rich diet, certainly, but not a cacophony of rhetorical features, nor without the unselfconscious virtuosity which can uplift and excite. But it is undoubtedly too Gotham City for the taste of many. Farrell's many critics and opponents ... would call it a nightmare: a secret service fortress, provided by a private speculator, designed by an avowed populist, and sited on a most prominent river location. Indubitably, it is a bizarre phenomenon. Feargus O'Sullivan on the other hand mentioned the nickname "Ceaușescu Towers" for the building, referring to the architecture of Socialist Romania, and derided the whole neighbourhood of newly constructed buildings in Vauxhall as "Dubai-on-Thames". ### James Bond films Vauxhall Cross has featured in several recent James Bond films, where it is depicted as the home base of the fictional 00 Section and its associated Q Branch. The building was first featured in GoldenEye in 1995 and was depicted as having been attacked in The World Is Not Enough (1999), Skyfall (2012), and Spectre (2015). For Skyfall a 50-foot-high (15-metre) model of the building was constructed at Pinewood Studios. A special premiere of Skyfall was held at Vauxhall Cross for MI6 staff, who cheered when their headquarters was attacked in the film. Filming for the 24th Bond film, Spectre, took place on the Thames near Vauxhall Cross in May 2015, with the fictional controlled demolition of the building playing a key role in the finale sequence of the film. ## See also - Thames House – the headquarters of MI5, the British domestic intelligence agency - The Doughnut – the headquarters of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the British signals intelligence and cybersecurity agency	[ "## History", "### Background", "### Design and construction", "### Recent history", "## Cultural influence", "### Architectural criticism", "### James Bond films", "## See also" ]	1,741	25,612
59,823,126	Bedin I	1,146,504,210	Dwarf spheroidal galaxy located in the constellation Pavo	[ "Astronomical objects discovered in 2018", "Discoveries by the Hubble Space Telescope", "Dwarf spheroidal galaxies", "Pavo (constellation)" ]	Bedin I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy located in the constellation Pavo. It is situated around 28.38 million light-years from Earth, behind the globular cluster NGC 6752. Bedin I is possibly one of the oldest galaxies known, having formed around 10–13 billion years ago, and is one of the most isolated dwarf galaxies known, situated around 2.12 million light-years away from NGC 6744, its nearest neighbor with which it may be physically associated. As such, it has been deemed by astronomers as a "fossil" from the early universe. It was accidentally discovered by Italian astronomer Luigi Bedin, whose team was studying white dwarfs in NGC 6752 using the Hubble Space Telescope in September 2018; the discovery was announced in a paper published in January 2019. ## Nomenclature Bedin I, pronounced /bɛˈdiːn/, was named by its discovery team after their leader, Luigi Bedin, who is a researcher at the National Institute for Astrophysics's observatory in Padua, Italy. He was credited as the galaxy's sole discoverer. Bedin and the team opted to avoid the galaxy being given "an anonymous identification based on its coordinates." ## Characteristics Bedin I is an isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxy located around 8.7 megaparsecs, or around 28.38 million light-years, from Earth, with similar characteristics to KKR 25 and the Tucana Dwarf Galaxy. It is estimated to be around 840 by 340 parsecs, or 2,700 by 1,100 light-years, in size, which is a fifth the size of the Large Magellanic Cloud. At a metallicity of −1.3, the galaxy's population is made up of metal-poor red giant stars, and its luminosity is roughly a thousand times dimmer than the Milky Way Galaxy, at an absolute magnitude of −9.76. Bedin I is believed to have formed around 10–13 billion years ago with no star formation having occurred since then, making it one of the oldest galaxies known. Bedin I is also possibly the most isolated dwarf galaxy known, located at least 650 kiloparsecs, or 2.12 million light-years, from its nearest neighbor, the intermediate spiral galaxy NGC 6744; the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are separated by a similar distance. A physical association with NGC 6744 has been speculated however, due to the close angular distance between the galaxies, and their similar physical distances from Earth. Its age, isolation, and lack of interaction with other galaxies has led to the galaxy being deemed a "fossil" from the early universe. ## Observation Bedin I is located in the constellation Pavo, at a right ascension of and declination of . The galaxy is situated behind a group of unnamed foreground stars within the globular cluster NGC 6752. Bedin I measures around 20 by 8 arcseconds across and has an apparent magnitude of 19.94, although its visibility is significantly decreased by NGC 6752, one of the brightest globular clusters in the sky with an apparent magnitude of 5.4. Bedin I was accidentally discovered by a team researching white dwarfs in the cluster in an effort to better determine the cluster's age. The galaxy partially appeared in the field of view during program GO-15096 of the Hubble Space Telescope, led by principal investigator Luigi R. Bedin, which occurred between 7 and 18 September 2018. The program, which saw the Wide Field Channel (WFC) of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) pointed at NGC 6752 for 75 exposures lasting 1,270 seconds each, was conducted over 40 orbits; these exposures were able to capture objects with an apparent magnitude above 30. Five of the orbits failed however, due to poor guide star acquisition. The journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters published the team's three-part scientific paper on findings from the program on 31 January 2019, with the first part dedicated to the discovery of Bedin I. A second program of 40 orbits, GO-15491, is currently scheduled for late 2019. ## See also - List of galaxies named after people - List of nearest galaxies	[ "## Nomenclature", "## Characteristics", "## Observation", "## See also" ]	909	31,834
1,854,597	The Kat	1,167,885,124	American female professional wrestler	[ "1970 births", "20th-century female professional wrestlers", "21st-century American women", "21st-century female professional wrestlers", "American female professional wrestlers", "Living people", "Professional wrestlers from Arkansas", "Professional wrestling announcers", "Professional wrestling managers and valets", "WWF/WWE Women's Champions" ]	Stacy Lee Carter (born September 29, 1970) is an American retired professional wrestling valet and professional wrestler. She is best known for her tenure in the World Wrestling Federation from August 1999 to February 2001 under the ring names Miss Kitty and The Kat, where she held the WWF Women's Championship once. ## Professional wrestling career ### Early career (1998–1999) Carter was introduced to professional wrestling by her then-partner, Jerry Lawler. She made her wrestling debut on April 18, 1998 in Jonesboro, Arkansas for Power Pro Wrestling. ### World Wrestling Federation (1999–2001) #### Alliance with Chyna; Women's Champion (1999–2000) Carter first appeared on World Wrestling Federation (WWF)'s flagship program, Raw is War, in August 1999. She debuted as Miss Kitty, an assistant to Debra, appointed to her by Jeff Jarrett, whom Debra managed. The partnership ended when Jarrett left the company after losing the Intercontinental Championship to Chyna at No Mercy. Because Jarrett was departing the company after the match, Miss Kitty began managing Chyna, and then started dressing in 'Chyna-like' clothing and wearing a black wig. At Armageddon in December 1999, Miss Kitty won her only WWF Women's Championship in a Four Corners Evening Gown Pool match by defeating then-champion Ivory, Jacqueline, and Barbara "BB" Bush by stripping them of their gowns. The special guest referees were The Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young. After the match, Miss Kitty stripped out of her dress in celebration and quickly flashed the crowd her breasts. The following evening, she announced before successfully defending her title in a thong in a Chocolate Pudding Match against Tori that she was changing her name to The Kat. The Kat then appeared at the Royal Rumble in the 'Miss Royal Rumble Swimsuit Contest', where she appeared in a bikini made out of bubble wrap. The contest, however, was won by Mae Young. She lost the Championship on the January 31 edition of Raw to Hervina in a Lumberjill Snowbunny match, a match that took place in a snow filled pool surrounded by female wrestlers whose purpose was to keep The Kat and Hervina from leaving the pool. #### Rivalry with Terri Runnels (2000) The Kat then began an on-screen rivalry with Terri Runnels, although neither were fully trained wrestlers. At WrestleMania 2000, Runnels (accompanied by The Fabulous Moolah) defeated The Kat (with Mae Young) in a catfight. Val Venis was the special guest referee, but he was distracted during the match when Young kissed him, which allowed Moolah to pull The Kat out of the ring. When Venis saw her out of the ring, he declared Runnels the winner. Post-match, The Kat attacked Runnels by stripping off her pants to expose her thong. The feud continued, and the duo had an arm wrestling match at Insurrextion. The Kat was victorious, but after the match, Runnels pulled The Kat's top off, exposing her breasts, which The Kat allowed. The two women continued to feud throughout the summer, often in mixed tag matches. In June 2000, The Kat attempted to regain the Women's Championship by entering in the first-ever women's battle royal to become the \#1 contender, which also featured the likes of Lita, Jacqueline and Ivory, but was eliminated by her rival Terri. The feud resurfaced in a 'Thong Stink Face' match at SummerSlam, which The Kat won by performing a stinkface on Runnels. She would at times team up with Jerry Lawler, Rikishi and Al Snow in mix tag matches against Terri with Dean Malenko and Perry Saturn. #### Rivalry with Right to Censor (2001) In early 2001, The Kat began a new storyline with a stable called "Right to Censor", a group of wrestlers purportedly wanting to rein in the vulgarity of the "Attitude Era," during which she demanded equal time for the "right for nudity". During this time, The Kat also began competing in WWF's various developmental territories against the likes of Victoria, Molly Holly, Jasmine St. Claire and Cynthia Lynch. At No Way Out, Jerry Lawler, who was representing The Kat, lost a match to Steven Richards, the head of the stable, after The Kat mistakenly hit Lawler with the Women's Championship belt. As a result of Lawler losing the match, she was forced to join the stable. On February 27, 2001, The Kat was abruptly released from the WWF in the middle of the Right to Censor storyline. As a result, her husband Jerry Lawler also quit the company. According to Lawler, The Kat was released from the WWF because Vince McMahon decided to end the angle with the Right to Censor. Other insiders cite The Kat's negative backstage attitude as the reason for her dismissal. In 2021, Professional wrestling commentator and WWE Hall of Famer Jim Ross stated that the reason for The Kat's departure from the WWF was "based on what the writers said, she was too hard to work with. So, they caught Vince on a day when he was not in a really great mood, apparently. I got called in Vince‘s office, 'I want her gone.' 'What?' 'I want her gone today.'" So, you know, that’s where your job becomes very challenging and Vince McMahon’s word was final”. To cover her departure it was explained that she and Val Venis had a liaison which resulted in her being kicked out of the group. Val managed to stay in the group after an emotional apology on that weeks Smackdown. ### Late career (2001, 2010-2011, 2015) After Carter and Lawler left the World Wrestling Federation, they worked various independent wrestling events. She retired from wrestling in 2001. They also signed with Tri-Star Productions and worked at Memphis Championship Wrestling. Carter made her debut for Tri-State Wrestling Alliance (TWA) on June 5, 2010 at the TWA Homecoming event in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, where she teamed up with Demolition (Ax and Smash) in a winning effort defeating Sheeta and The Nigerian Nightmares (Maifu and Saifu) in a 6-person mixed-tag team match. Carter made her debut for Stranglehold Wrestling (SHW) on August 26, 2010 at the Stranglehold Devils Playground Tour in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, where she competed in an Arm-Wrestling match against Pissed off Pete in a no-contest. Later that event, Carter accompied Sinn Bohdi to the ring where he competed against George Terzis. Her last match was teaming with Sinn Bohdi defeating Massive Damage and Sexy Samantha at Future Stars of Wrestling (FSW) in Las, Vegas on April 18, 2011. In 2015, Carter was featured as a guest in WWE's documentary titled Good To Be The King: The Jerry Lawler Story, which featured her ex-husband Jerry Lawler. In the same year, she also appeared in an episode of The WWE List, a digital series that aired on WWE.com. ## Personal life Carter's family was originally from West Memphis, Arkansas. After her parents divorced, Carter's mother moved to Memphis, Tennessee. Stacy Carter, however, as well as her younger brother and sister, continued to live with their father, who worked as a policeman, in Arkansas. Carter moved to Memphis to live with her mother, Cathy, after graduating from high school. Carter met Jerry Lawler, her future husband, at a charity softball game at Treadwell High School in Memphis on July 23, 1989, two months before her nineteenth birthday. She was attending the game with her mother, who was dating one of the players on the team for which Lawler also played. Lawler, however, was married at the time, and he claims that when he initially met Carter, he considered an affair. After Lawler separated from his wife, Carter moved in with him. When Carter first met Lawler, she was working as a bank teller. Lawler later helped her get a job at a photography studio, and she also opened and ran her own hair salon. Carter was less than sixteen months older than Lawler's son Brian. Lawler and Carter married in September 2000. While they were together, former professional wrestler Missy Hyatt offered Carter \$10,000 to pose nude on her website, but Carter refused the offer. Carter decided to leave Lawler in July 2001, and they separated not long after. She left professional wrestling upon separating from Jerry Lawler. She worked in the field of real estate in Lee County, Florida for Century 21 Real Estate for some time after the divorce. Carter and professional wrestler Nick Cvjetkovich announced their engagement on June 12, 2010. Cvjetkovich and Carter were married in St. Petersburg Florida July 29, 2010 on the beach in front of many family and friends. Stevan Cvjetkovich (Nicholas' younger brother) and Edge both stood as best men. Jimmy Hart gave Carter away in the ceremony. They divorced in 2013. ## Filmography ### Film ### Video games ## Championships and accomplishments - World Wrestling Federation - WWF Women's Championship (1 time)	[ "## Professional wrestling career", "### Early career (1998–1999)", "### World Wrestling Federation (1999–2001)", "#### Alliance with Chyna; Women's Champion (1999–2000)", "#### Rivalry with Terri Runnels (2000)", "#### Rivalry with Right to Censor (2001)", "### Late career (2001, 2010-2011, 2015)", "## Personal life", "## Filmography", "### Film", "### Video games", "## Championships and accomplishments" ]	1,987	30,302
46,796,961	Medjed	1,170,795,687	Ancient Egyptian deity	[ "Book of the Dead", "Egyptian gods", "Internet memes", "Internet memes introduced in the 2010s" ]	In Ancient Egyptian religion, Medjed (Egyptological: mḏd) is a minor deity mentioned in certain copies of the Book of the Dead. While not much is known about the deity, his ghost-like depiction in the Greenfield papyrus has earned him popularity in modern Japanese culture, and he has appeared as a character in video games and anime. ## In the Book of the Dead The Book of the Dead is made up of a number of individual Ancient Egyptian funerary texts with accompanying illustrations. They are in general written on papyrus and were used from the earliest period of the New Kingdom (c. 1550 BCE) until around 50 BCE. These texts consist of magic spells, some of which are to grant the dead person mystical knowledge in the afterlife, or to give them control over the world around them through their journey in the Duat, or underworld. Of the Book of the Dead copies that have been found, a limited number reference an obscure entity in spell 17b named "Medjed" (also spelled "Metchet"), which means "The Smiter". In an English translation of the Papyrus of Ani, Raymond O. Faulkner renders the portion of the spell referring to Medjed as follows: > I know the name of that smiter [i.e., Medjed] among them who belongs to the House of Osiris, who shoots with his eyes, yet is unseen. The sky is encircled with the fiery blast of his mouth and Hāpi makes report, yet he is unseen. Apart from this short passage, nothing is known about Medjed. Hermann Grapow proposed that Medjed could refer to a star (given that Medjed is said to radiate light and to have a connection with the cyclical flooding of the Nile), but as Ilaria Cariddi notes, the name is never written with a star determinative. ### Visual depictions According to Illaria Cariddi, visual representations of Medjed can be found on only nine papyrus scrolls, all of which date to around the time of Egypt's Twenty-first Dynasty (1077–943 BCE). These scrolls (of which the Greenfield papyrus is arguably the most well-known) are as follows: In these scrolls, Medjed is depicted as a dome with eyes, supported by two human-like feet. A few scrolls also portray the deity with a red knotted belt above or below his eyes. The scholars E. A. Wallis Budge, H. Milde, and Mykola Tarasenko have argued that Medjed's dome-like torso is either a shroud or a "shapeless body" that symbolizes the deity's imperceptible nature, and Cariddi has proposed that Medjed's prominent eyes and legs could signify that he can "see, move and act even though humans cannot perceive him". In contrast, Bernard Bruyère and Terence DuQuesne have contended that Medjed is actually a personification of an oil jar, and that his red "belt" is actually a stylized lid fastener. ## In popular culture After the Greenfield papyrus illustrations were exhibited in 2012 at the Mori Art Museum in Tokyo and the Fukuoka Museum of Art, Medjed became an internet meme on Japanese social media, thanks largely to his "cartoon ghost"-like appearance. He has since entered into Japanese popular culture and has appeared in video games (e.g., Fate/Grand Order) and anime (e.g., Kamigami no Ki and Oh, Suddenly Egyptian God). ## Gallery ## See also - Medjed (fish), also worshipped in ancient Egyptian religion	[ "## In the Book of the Dead", "### Visual depictions", "## In popular culture", "## Gallery", "## See also" ]	766	8,209
440,890	John Baskeyfield	1,136,712,604	British Army soldier (1922–1944)	[ "1922 births", "1944 deaths", "British Army personnel killed in World War II", "British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross", "British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross", "Military personnel from Staffordshire", "Operation Market Garden", "People from Burslem", "South Staffordshire Regiment soldiers" ]	John Daniel Baskeyfield VC (18 November 1922 – 20 September 1944) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. Born in 1922, Baskeyfield was called up to the British Army in early 1942. He served with the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, a glider infantry unit of the 1st Airlanding Brigade, part of the 1st Airborne Division, in Sicily and Italy in 1943 before returning to the United Kingdom. The division was next deployed in Operation Market Garden and fought in the subsequent Battle of Arnhem. While defending the Oosterbeek perimeter three days into the battle, Baskeyfield commanded a pair of anti-tank guns that destroyed several enemy tanks before the crews were killed. Baskeyfield subsequently fired the guns alone before he too was killed. His body was not identified after the war and he has no known grave. ## Early life John Baskeyfield was born on 18 November 1922 in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England, the son of Daniel and Minnie Baskeyfield. He trained and worked as a butcher during the early years of the Second World War, until he received his call up papers in February 1942 at the age of 19. ## Early military service Baskeyfield joined the South Staffordshire Regiment and served with the 2nd Battalion's anti-tank platoon. The 2nd Battalion was part of the 1st Airlanding Brigade, itself part of the 1st Airborne Division and Baskeyfield accompanied them to North Africa, from where they took part in Operation Ladbroke, the glider-borne element of the Invasion of Sicily in 1943. The division then landed in Italy as part of Operation Slapstick and spent some weeks fighting their way through the country before sailing back to England. ## Battle of Arnhem The Battle of Arnhem was part of Operation Market Garden, an attempt to secure a string of bridges through the Netherlands. At Arnhem the British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were tasked with securing bridges across the Lower Rhine, the final objectives of the operation. However, the airborne forces that dropped on 17 September were not aware that the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer divisions were also near Arnhem for rest and refit. Their presence added a substantial number of Panzergrenadiers, tanks and self-propelled guns to the German defences and the Allies suffered heavily in the ensuing battle. Only a small force managed to hold one end of the Arnhem road bridge before being overrun on 21 September. The rest of the division became trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge and had to be evacuated on 25 September in Operation Berlin. The Allies failed to cross the Rhine, which remained under German control until Allied offensives in March 1945. ### South Staffordshire's advance Owing to a shortage of aircraft, the Allies planned to fly the entire division to Arnhem over three days. The South Staffordshire Battalion was split between the lifts on day one and day two; most of the unit arrived on day one, with the rest arriving with the second lift. The battalion's anti-tank guns were flown from RAF Manston on day one. Major General Roy Urquhart's original plan envisaged the 1st Airlanding Brigade securing the drop zones for subsequent lifts, but by the end of day one the Allied advance into Arnhem had stalled. Only a small group of the 1st Parachute Brigade, mainly elements of Lieutenant Colonel John Frost's 2nd Battalion, were able to reach the bridge. The 1st and 3rd Battalions were unable to penetrate the outer suburbs of the city and their advance stalled, so in order to support them the first lift of the South Stafford's were sent forward on the morning of 18 September. When the second lift arrived later that day they too were sent forward and arrived at the outskirts of Arnhem that night. The South Staffordshire's anti-tank platoon was kept in the divisional area. In the early hours of the morning of 19 September, an attack was launched on a narrow front between the river and the railway line, in order to force a passage through to the bridge. Most of the support weapons were left in the rear, as they were unable to suitably deploy in the dark and in the narrow confines of the urban surroundings. However, in the face of strong enemy positions and armour, the attack faltered and the British were routed. ### Withdrawal to Oosterbeek ` The remnants of the four battalions fell back in disarray to the main divisional positions at Oosterbeek. Here they were gathered into defensive units by Lieutenant Colonel Sheriff Thompson, Commanding Officer of the 1st Airlanding Light Artillery Regiment, who forcibly stopped many of the panicked troops and had Major Robert Cain form them into a defensive screen half a mile in front of his own 75 Millimetre Howitzers positions. The sector was designated "Thompson Force", but Thompson actually sent Major Richard Lonsdale forward to take command of these outlying troops later in the day.` The German forces made determined attacks against Lonsdale's force on 20 September, starting soon after dawn. Baskeyfield was in charge of two 6 pounder anti–tank guns defending a T junction on the Benedendorpsweg, the southernmost road between Arnhem and Oosterbeek. Baskeyfield's guns faced up the Acacialaan, which joined the Benedendorpsweg from the north, and covered the likely enemy approach along this road and from open ground to the north east. His right flank – to the east – was covered by another anti-tank gun commanded by Lance-Sergeant Mansell. In an initial German assault, Baskeyfield and his gun crews destroyed two tanks and a self-propelled gun as they advanced down the Acacialaan. Baskeyfield allowed the armour to come within 100 yards of his positions before ordering his crews to fire, while paratroopers of the 11th Battalion in nearby houses dealt with attacking infantry. In the course of this action, Baskeyfield's crew was killed or wounded and Baskeyfield himself was badly injured. However he refused to be evacuated and in a later German attack he worked his gun alone, loading, laying and firing it himself. He fired round after round until enemy fire put his gun out of action, and he crawled to the second gun, whose crew had similarly been disabled. From here he engaged another self-propelled gun, dispatching it with two rounds, but was killed shortly afterwards by fire from another German tank. Lonsdale's men fell back to new positions later that day and "Thompson Force" was renamed "Lonsdale Force" when Thompson was wounded on 21 September. The force continued to hold the Oosterbeek perimeter until the Allies withdrew in Operation Berlin on the night of 25 September. ### Victoria Cross The full citation for Baskeyfield's Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 23 November 1944, reading: > War Office, 23rd November, 1944. > > The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to: – > > No. 5057916 Lance-Sergeant John Daniel Baskeyfield, The South Staffordshire- Regiment (1st Airborne Division) (Stoke-on-Trent). > > On 20 September 1944, during the battle of Arnhem, Lance-Sergeant Baskeyfield was the N.C.O. in charge of a 6-pounder anti-tank gun at Oosterbeek. The enemy developed a major attack on this sector with infantry, tanks and self-propelled guns with the obvious intent to break into and overrun the Battalion position. During the early stage of the action the crew commanded by this N.C.O. was responsible for the destruction of two Tiger tanks and at least one self propelled gun, thanks to the coolness and daring of this N.C.O., who, with complete disregard for his own safety, allowed each tank to come well within 100 yards of his gun before opening fire. > > In the course of this preliminary engagement Lance-Sergeant Baskeyfield was badly wounded in the leg and the remainder of his crew were either killed or badly wounded. During the brief respite after this engagement Lance-Sergeant Baskeyfield refused to be carried to the Regimental Aid Post and spent his time attending to his gun and shouting encouragement to his comrades in neighbouring trenches. > > After a short interval the enemy renewed the attack with even greater ferocity than before, under cover of intense mortar and shell fire. Manning his gun quite alone Lance-Sergeant Baskeyfield continued to fire round after round at the enemy until his gun was put out of action. By this time his activity was the main factor in keeping the enemy tanks at bay. The fact that the surviving men in his vicinity were held together and kept in action was undoubtedly due to his magnificent example and outstanding courage. Time after time enemy attacks were launched and driven off. Finally, when his gun was knocked out, Lance-Sergeant Baskeyfield crawled under intense enemy fire to another 6-pounder gun nearby, the crew of which had been killed, and proceeded to man it single-handed. With this gun he engaged an enemy self propelled gun which was approaching to attack. Another soldier crawled across the open ground to assist him but was killed almost at once. Lance-Sergeant Baskeyfield succeeded in firing two rounds at the self propelled gun, scoring one direct hit which rendered it ineffective. Whilst preparing to fire a third shot, however, he was killed by a shell from a supporting enemy tank. > > The superb gallantry of this N.C.O. is beyond praise. During the remaining days at Arnhem stories of his valour were a constant inspiration to all ranks. He spurned danger, ignored pain and, by his supreme fighting spirit, infected all who witnessed his conduct with the same aggressiveness and dogged devotion to duty which characterised his actions throughout. ## Legacy After Arnhem was liberated in April 1945, Grave Registration Units of the British 2nd Army moved into the area and began to locate the Allied dead. Over 1700 men were buried in the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, but Baskeyfield's body was never identified. Although several hundred burials in the cemetery are unidentified, there are no records of any unidentified soldiers being exhumed from Acacialaan. Instead Baskeyfield's name is inscribed on the Groesbeek Memorial which commemorates all those Allied servicemen killed between August 1944 and the end of the conflict who have no known grave. Four more VCs were awarded after the battle, including one for Major Robert Cain, commander of B Company, 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment. The 2nd Battalion thus became the only British battalion to receive two VCs during one engagement in the Second World War. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Staffordshire Regiment Museum in Whittington, Staffordshire. A twice life size memorial statue of him was erected in 1990 at Festival Heights in Stoke-on-Trent, by sculptors Steven Whyte and Michael Talbot. The John Baskeyfield V.C. Church of England Primary School in Burslem was named after him but was renamed Saint Nathaniel's Academy on 1 March 2014. Baskeyfield is commemorated by the retirement community at Baskeyfield House, Angels Way, Burslem, built in 2015, and by the Army Reserve Centre, also called Baskeyfield House, at Anchor Road, Stoke on Trent. The artist Terence Cuneo made a painting of Baskeyfield's action, and in 1969 a Staffordshire filmmaker spent three years making a short film about his role in the battle, entitled Baskeyfield VC. A tree on the site of Baskeyfield's second gun, on the corner of Benedendorpsweg and Acacialaan, has been named the Jack Baskeyfield Tree. ## See also - List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients Four other men were awarded the Victoria Cross at Arnhem: - Major Robert Henry Cain, 2nd Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment. - Lieutenant John Hollington Grayburn, 2nd Battalion Parachute Regiment. - Flight Lieutenant David Samuel Anthony Lord, 271 Squadron, Royal Air Force. - Captain Lionel Ernest Queripel, 10th Battalion Parachute Regiment.	[ "## Early life", "## Early military service", "## Battle of Arnhem", "### South Staffordshire's advance", "### Withdrawal to Oosterbeek", "### Victoria Cross", "## Legacy", "## See also" ]	2,658	3,258
11,206,011	Robert Harrill	1,141,299,432	American hermit	[ "1893 births", "1972 deaths", "20th-century squatters", "American hermits", "People from Burke County, North Carolina", "People from Gaffney, South Carolina", "People from New Hanover County, North Carolina", "Squatting in the United States", "Works Progress Administration workers" ]	Robert E. Harrill, or Harrell, (February 2, 1893 – June 4, 1972) was an American man also known as the Fort Fisher Hermit. He became a hermit in 1955, at the age of 62, having hitchhiked to Fort Fisher on the North Carolina coast from Morganton, North Carolina. He had previously been committed to a mental hospital in Morganton, after his marriage failed. Harrill settled in an abandoned World War II bunker set in a salt marsh beside the Cape Fear River in the Fort Fisher State Recreation Area. Harrill fed himself by fishing and scavenging. He and his bunker became a tourist attraction and visitors would listen to him talk about his "School of Common Sense", leaving donations in a frying pan. After living as a hermit for 17 years, he died under mysterious circumstances in 1972, with the official cause of death given as a heart attack. His life has been commemorated with books, films and a theatre production. ## Early life Robert E. Harrill was born in Shelby, North Carolina on 2 February, 1893. He was educated at Boiling Springs High School and then Gardner-Webb Jr. College. His parents were abusive, which led to him spending much of his time in the local woods. He married Katie Hamrick in 1913 and they had five children. The eldest son committed suicide and the family later fell apart in the 1930s due in part to Harrill's mental health problems. He was also known as Robert Harrell. ## Hermit The name "Fort Fisher Hermit" came from Fort Fisher and the Fort Fisher State Recreation Area, where Harrill settled. He arrived in 1955, having left a mental institution in Morganton and then hitchhiking 260 miles (420 km) to the coast. At first Harrill lived in a tent near to the Confederate monument by the fort. He then squatted in an abandoned World War II era bunker set in a salt marsh beside the Cape Fear River. He collected driftwood to furnish his home and was able to gather much of the food that he needed from the marsh. He ate fish, clams and oysters, and planted a vegetable garden to supplement his diet. Harrill learned many of his survival skills from Empie Hewett, a true hermit, who also lived in the salt marshes of the Fort Fisher area. Harrill loved to talk to visitors (who left donations in a frying pan) and his guestbook recorded thousands of entries. ## Attraction Robert Harrill became the second largest tourist attraction in the state of North Carolina, trailing only the USS North Carolina in terms of numbers of visitors. Visitors to Carolina Beach would routinely take time to call on the hermit, and he would talk about his philosophy, which he termed the "School of Common Sense". He told people who came to see him that he was writing a book entitled A Tyrant in Every Home. Alongside the curious, Harrill met drunk youths and developers who wanted to evict him; two men even kidnapped and robbed him. Once, after falling asleep on the beach, Harrill was arrested and charged with vagrancy, defending himself in court. Harrill also attracted a large number of journalists to his bunker interested to write about his lifestyle and beliefs. He explained his popularity in 1968: > Everybody ought to be a hermit for a few minutes to an hour or so every 24 hours, to study, meditate, and commune with their creator ... millions of people want to do just what I'm doing, but since it is much easier thought of than done, they subconsciously elect me to represent them, that's why I'm successful ... ## Death After living as a hermit for 17 years, Harrill died under mysterious circumstances on June 4, 1972. The New Hanover County coroner pronounced the cause of death as a heart attack, yet local rumours suggested Harrill may have been killed after a violent attack by a group of three men, a fisherman alleging that he saw them speeding away in a car. However, there was no autopsy and the case was closed as a natural death. When Harrill's son agreed to a second autopsy in 1984, the body was exhumed but the test results were inconclusive. Harrill was first buried in a cemetery off River Road near Fort Fisher, and then later moved to the Federal Point Cemetery at Dow Road, Carolina Beach. ## Memorial and legacy Harrill's life has been remembered with books, films and a theatre production. A documentary film directed by Rob Hill and narrated by Barry Corbin was released in 2007. It was called The Fort Fisher Hermit: The Life and Death of Robert E. Harrill. Hill filmed 35 hours' worth of material and interviewed 16 people who knew Harrill. Fred Pickler knew Harrill and with Anne Russell co-authored the book Life and Times of the Fort Fisher Hermit, Through the Lens of Fred Pickler. A local theatre company produced The Hermit of Fort Fisher, written by David Wright. It premiered in July 2014 at the Cape Fear Playhouse and had a sold-out run. The Hermit Society was founded to commemorate the life of Harrill; president Michael Edwards wrote The Battle for Independence: The Story of the Fort Fisher Hermit. The society gives out certificates to graduates of the "School of Common Sense". The bunker where Harrill lived is still standing and can be reached by following the Basin Trail at the Fort Fisher State Recreation Area. A plaque on the bunker commemorates his occupation.	[ "## Early life", "## Hermit", "## Attraction", "## Death", "## Memorial and legacy" ]	1,164	7,540
28,611,468	Flight deck cruiser	1,135,232,351	Proposed American aircraft cruiser	[ "Abandoned military projects of the United States", "Aircraft carriers of the United States", "Cruisers of the United States", "Proposed ships of the United States Navy", "Ship types" ]	The flight-deck cruiser was a proposed type of aircraft cruiser, (warships combining features of aircraft carriers and light cruisers), designed by the United States Navy during the period between World War I and World War II. Several designs were proposed for the type, but none was approved for construction. The final design was developed just before World War II, and the entry of the United States into the war saw the project come to an end. ## Background In the 1920s, following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, the United States Navy converted two incomplete battlecruisers into aircraft carriers, USS Lexington and USS Saratoga. These conversions proved to be extremely expensive, and designs were sought that would provide aircraft carrying capability for the fleet at a more reasonable cost. USS Ranger, America's first purpose-built aircraft carrier, was of a smaller, more economical design than the battlecruiser conversions, however the ship sacrificed the big-gun scouting capability of the earlier ships. In an attempt to develop a ship capable of both carrying aircraft and engaging the enemy in the scouting role, the "flight-deck cruiser" concept was developed, following a series of studies proposing the conversion of cruisers under construction into carriers, all of which were rejected. In addition to providing an economical method of providing additional aircraft for the fleet, the "flight-deck cruiser" was seen to have an additional advantage; it would be considered a cruiser under the terms of the Washington Treaty, not an aircraft carrier, and thus the Navy would not be restricted in the number of ships of the type that could be built. ## Designs Several designs were proposed for a ship carrying both aircraft and a gun armament equivalent to a light cruiser's. One design, from 1930, was described as "a Brooklyn-class light cruiser forwards [and] one half of a Wasp-class aircraft carrier aft", and utilized an early version of the angled deck that would in the 1950s be adopted for use by fleet carriers. The vessel, 650 feet (200 m) in length, had a 350-foot (110 m) flight deck and hangar aft for twenty-four aircraft, while forwards three triple 6-inch (152 mm) gun turrets were mounted, the standard armament for a light cruiser of the time. A secondary dual purpose armament of eight 5-inch (127 mm) guns was also projected to be carried for defense against enemy torpedo-boats and aircraft. In 1934, another design for a flight-deck cruiser was proposed, featuring twelve 6 in (152 mm) guns, mounted forwards and aft with a 200-foot (61 m) flight deck in between; while a 1939 revival of the concept proposed two triple turrets, fore and aft, again with an amidships flight deck. In December 1939, a design for a much larger flight-deck cruiser, displacing 12,000 tons, was proposed, fitted with two catapults, a triple turret for 8-inch (203 mm) guns, and a 420-foot (130 m) flight deck; by January 1940 the design had been shrunk to a flight deck 390 feet (120 m) in length and two triple 6 in (152 mm) guns for main armament. ## Abandonment Despite the continued designs and interest in the idea, no funding was ever appropriated for the construction of a flight-deck cruiser; in addition, evaluation of the design by the Naval War College determined that even a 12,000-ton ship was too small for the concept's intended characteristics to be effectively realized, and thus the ship would be ineffective in battle. In 1940, the design was formally shelved, although provision was made for reconsideration of the concept at a future date. The entry of the United States into World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, however, removed the primary justifications for the concept of a hybrid warship, as naval limitations treaties were now moot and adequate funding was now available for the construction of more conventional ships. As a result, the flight deck cruiser concept was never revisited. ## Similar ships Although no flight-deck cruisers were ever built by the U.S. Navy, the Soviet Union's Kiev-class aircraft carrier, developed in the 1970s, is remarkably similar to that of the original flight-deck cruiser design, featuring an angled flight deck aft with anti-ship missile launchers forwards. In addition, during the early 1980s, plans were proposed for the reactivation of the U.S. Navy's Iowa-class battleships that entailed the removal of each ship's aft turret and the installation of a flight deck for operating V/STOL aircraft; in the end a much more modest conversion, lacking the flight deck, was carried out. An article `in the U.S. Naval Institute's Proceedings proposed a canted flight deck with steam catapult and arrestor wires for F/A-18 Hornet fighters. Plans for these conversions were dropped in 1984.` ## See also - Moskva-class helicopter carrier - Invincible-class aircraft carrier - Vittorio Veneto-class helicopter carrier	[ "## Background", "## Designs", "## Abandonment", "## Similar ships", "## See also" ]	1,055	2,089
24,314,292	Until the Whole World Hears	1,147,290,507	null	[ "2009 albums", "Casting Crowns albums", "Christian rock albums by American artists" ]	Until the Whole World Hears is the fourth studio album by American Christian rock band Casting Crowns. Released on November 17, 2009, the album was produced by Mark A. Miller and features a sound that has been described as 'pure American rock', 'soft adult contemporary', and 'CCM'. Lyrically, the album discusses Christian subjects such as God, Jesus, and salvation, with several songs being reinventions of classic hymns. Until the Whole World Hears sold over 167,000 copies in its first week, Casting Crowns' highest sales week to date, and debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 and at No. 1 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart. In the United States, the album ranked as the 37th best-selling album of 2010 and the 137th best-selling album of 2011; it ranked as the first and third best-selling Christian album in those years, respectively. It has sold over 1.1 million copies and been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Until the Whole World Hears received a mixed-to-positive reception from critics and was nominated for Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards. Three singles were released from the album: the title track, "If We've Ever Needed You", and "Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)". The title track and "Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)" both peaked atop the Billboard Christian Songs chart, while the latter also peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart; "If We've Ever Needed You" peaked at No. 5 on the Christian Songs chart. Two album cuts, "To Know You" and "Joyful, Joyful", also appeared on the Christian Songs chart, peaking at numbers 27 and 3, respectively. ## Background and songwriting Casting Crowns' lead vocalist Mark Hall has stated that the band's songs "have always come from our ministry in the church. They start as messages on Wednesday night, things we're teaching our teenagers and their families"; Until the Whole World Hears retains that same formula. Hall also stated that the musical sound of their songs is written so as not to conflict or detract from the lyrics, comparing the musical elements of his songs to a plate that the 'meat', the lyrics, are served on. A philosophy that "fuels" the album is the idea of putting "faith in action"; Hall stated that he wanted believers to become more active in their faith, and to "get out of their pews and get involved in what God is doing". "Always Enough" was written when a member of Hall's church was killed in Afghanistan; the band was unable to attend his funeral, as they were on the other side of the United States and couldn't cancel their tour dates. Another song on the album, the title track, was inspired by the Biblical character of John the Baptist. Several songs on the album are reinventions of hymns, which Hall enjoyed experimenting with; Hall retained the lyrics of the songs while reworking their melodies. Until the Whole World Hears was produced by Mark A. Miller; its executive producer was Terry Hemmings. It was recorded by Sam Hewitt, Michael Hewitt, and Dale Oliver at Zoo Studio in Franklin, Tennessee; the string instrument tracks on the title track and "Always Enough" were recorded by Bobby Shin at Little Big Sound Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, while the string instrument tracks on "If We've Ever Needed You" and "Joyful, Joyful" were recorded by John Painter and Leslie Richter at Ocean Way in Nashville. Crowd vocals on the title track and "Blessed Redeemer" were recorded by Carter Hassebroek, Darren Hughes and Billy Lord at Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia (where Hall and several other band members are ministers). Digital editing was handled by Michael Hewitt, while mixing was handled by Sam Hewitt. The album was mastered by Andrew Mendelson, Shelly Anderson, Natthaphol Abhigantaphand and Daniel Bacigalupi at Georgetown Masters in Nashville. ## Composition The overall sound of Until the Whole World Hears has been described as 'pure American rock', 'soft adult contemporary', and 'CCM'. Robert Ham of Christianity Today regarded the album as comparable to the sound of rock bands Creed and Nickelback. One critic observed that most of the songs on the album "start off with chords plunked out on a piano or strummed slowly on a guitar, letting the song build slowly toward a massive wave of sound". The title track has been described as having a "real rock vibe" infused by electric guitar riffs, while "Shadow of Your Wings" has been described as an "unashamed rock-n-roll jam". "Joyful, Joyful" is driven by a "pulsing" and "driving" string section that "calls to mind Coldplay's 'Viva la Vida'". "Mercy" and "Blessed Redeemer" feature female-fronted vocals, the former sung by Megan Garrett and the latter sung by Melodee DeVevo; on "At Your Feet", Hector Cervantes and Juan DeVevo joining Mark Hall on vocals. Every track on Until the Whole World Hears features references to Christian subjects such as God, Jesus, and salvation. "Joyful, Joyful", "Blessed Redeemer", and "Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)" were adopted from classic hymns. "Holy One" and "Shadow of Your Wings" are taken almost word for word from the Book of Psalms. "If We've Ever Needed You" and "Always Enough" are "darker inspirational anthems", while other songs explore themes such as repentance and forgiveness. ## Release and sales Until the Whole World Hears had first-week sales of 167,000 copies, Casting Crowns' best sales week to date; the album's high first-week sales enabled a No. 4 debut on the Billboard 200. It also debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart and at No. 12 on the Billboard Digital Albums chart. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album gold one month after its release; by January 2015, it had reached platinum status. signifying shipments of over 1,000,000 copies. By April 2011 Until the Whole World Hears had sold over 800,000 copies, and as of March 2014 the album has sold 1.1 million copies. Billboard magazine ranked Until the Whole World Hears as the best-selling Christian album and the 37th best-selling album overall of 2010. It also ranked as the 3rd best-selling Christian album and the 137th best-selling album overall of 2011. Three singles were released from Until the Whole World Hears. The title track was released as the album's lead single and peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Christian Songs chart and at No. 23 on the Billboard Heatseekers Songs chart. "If We've Ever Needed You", the second single released from the album, peaked at No. 5 on the Christian Songs chart. "Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)" was released as the third single off the album and peaked atop the Christian Songs chart. It also peaked at No. 2 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart and at No. 20 on the Heatseekers Songs chart. Two other songs off the album, "To Know You" and "Joyful, Joyful", appeared on the Christian Songs chart; they peaked at numbers 27 and 3, respectively. ## Critical reception Until the Whole World Hears met with an overall mixed to positive response from critics. Several critics regarded the musical aspects of the album as mediocre or sub-par, while others praised the album's lyrical content. Jared Johnson of Allmusic gave the album four out of five stars and described it as a "powerful worship experience", but also stated that "some might wonder how a little more variety would sound from such experienced professionals ... the band's core sound continues to land in the AC cross hairs". Andrew Greer of CCM Magazine commented that the album "ups the musical ante a bit, with some borderline poetic verses and interesting musical riffs", but also commented that "many of these tracks still suffer from the 'Crowns Cliché Syndrome,' using lyrical Christian-ese to produce trite rhymes that seem hard-pressed to energize a ready-to-worship crowd". Robert Ham of Christianity Today criticized the album for using what he deemed as a repetitive musical formula, but also praised the song "Joyful, Joyful", which he compared to Coldplay's song "Viva la Vida", as well as Megan's Garrett's vocals on "Mercy". He concluded that Until the Whole World Hears "feels like a step backward creatively". At Cross Rhythms, Tony Cummings rated the album seven out of ten squares, saying "this album is a little disappointing considering some of the glories that preceeded [sic] it." Debra Akins of Gospel Music Channel.com said the album "follows successfully in the footsteps of its predecessors" and "should further solidify Casting Crowns as a staple artist for Christian music fans everywhere". Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak Hideout gave Until the Whole World Hears two out of five stars, opining that "Casting Crowns has come down to a whole new low, such that it could be their most unremarkable record to date" and that "it is almost insulting to the listener to believe that one is supposed to find this project profound or listenable". Paul Asay of Plugged In stated that "With appropriate apologies to the many talented and successful acts that straddle the secular and spiritual with their tunes, it's great to have a band that speaks to the Christian heart with such power and eloquence—without apology". ### Accolades Until the Whole World Hears was nominated for the Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards Two of its three singles also received award nominations; its title track was nominated for Pop/Contemporary Record Song of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards, and "Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)" has been nominated for Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year at the 43rd GMA Dove Awards. It was nominated for Top Christian Album at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards. ## Track listing Adapted from the album liner notes ## Personnel Credits adapted from the album liner notes Casting Crowns - Mark Hall – lead vocals - Megan Garrett – acoustic piano, keyboards, backing vocals, lead vocals (9) - Hector Cervantes – electric guitar, vocals (5) - Juan DeVevo – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, vocals (5) - Melodee DeVevo – violin, backing vocals, lead vocals (11) - Chris Huffman – bass - Brian Scoggin – drums Additional performers - Joey Canaday – musician - Chad Chapin – musician - Will Denton – musician - Rob Graves – musician - Bernie Herms – musician - Bobby Huff – musician - Adam Lester – musician - Blair Masters – musician - Adam Nitti – musician - Dale Oliver – musician - John Mark Painter – musician - Pete Stewart – guitars Technical - Michael Hewitt – recording, digital editing - Sam Hewitt – recording, mixing - Dale Oliver – additional recording - Bobby Shin – string recording (1, 3) - John Mark Painter – string recording (2, 4) - Leslie Richter – string recording assistant (2, 4) - Carter Hassebroek – crowd vocal recording (1, 11) - Darren Hughes – crowd vocal recording (1, 11) - Billy Lord – crowd vocal recording (1, 11) - Andrew Mendelson – mastering at Georgetown Masters (Nashville, Tennessee) - Natthaphol Abhigantaphand – mastering assistant - Shelley Anderson – mastering assistant - Daniel Bacigalupi – mastering assistant Production - Mark A. Miller – producer - Terry Hemmings – executive producer - Jason McArthur – A&R - Jenna Roher – A&R administration - Michelle Box – A&R production - Tim Parker – art direction, art design - David Dobson – photography - Sheila David Curtis – hair, make-up - Claire Castleman –hair assistant, make-up assistant - Stephanie McBrayer – stylist - Proper Management – management ## Charts and certifications ### Album charts ### Song charts ### Certifications	[ "## Background and songwriting", "## Composition", "## Release and sales", "## Critical reception", "### Accolades", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts and certifications", "### Album charts", "### Song charts", "### Certifications" ]	2,669	6,204
5,240,085	Dub Jones (American football)	1,160,846,883	American football player and coach (born 1924)	[ "1924 births", "American football running backs", "Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) players", "Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players", "Cleveland Browns players", "Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players", "Living people", "Miami Seahawks players", "People from Arcadia, Louisiana", "Players of American football from Louisiana", "Ruston High School alumni", "Tulane Green Wave football players", "United States Navy personnel of World War II" ]	William Augustus "Dub" Jones (born December 29, 1924) is an American former professional football player who was a halfback for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and the old All-America Football Conference (AAFC) in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily for the Cleveland Browns. He shares the NFL record for touchdowns scored in a single game, with six. Jones was born into an athletic family in Louisiana and played a variety of sports, including football, at his high school in Ruston. The team won the state championship in 1941, his senior year. Jones attended Louisiana State University on a scholarship for a year before being transferred to Tulane University in New Orleans as part of a World War II-era U.S. Navy training program. He played football at Tulane for two seasons before joining the Miami Seahawks of the new AAFC in 1946. The Seahawks traded Jones at the end of the 1946 season to the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers, who subsequently sent him to the Browns before the 1948 season. That year, the Browns won all of their games and the AAFC championship. The team repeated as champions in 1949, but the AAFC dissolved at the end of the year and the Browns joined the NFL. A tall flanker back who was both a running and receiving threat, Jones was a key part of Browns teams that won NFL championships in 1950, 1954 and 1955. He was twice named to the Pro Bowl, the NFL's all-star game, including in 1951, when he set his touchdown record. Jones retired after the 1955 season, but returned to the Browns as an assistant coach in 1963. The Browns won the NFL championship the following year. Jones left football for good in 1968 and went back to Ruston, where he worked with one of his sons in a general contracting business. Jones is a member of the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame and the Greater New Orleans Sports Hall of Fame. ## Early life and college Jones was born in Arcadia, Louisiana, but moved with his mother and three brothers to nearby Ruston after his father died when he was three years old. He played Little League Baseball as a child and went to watch boxing matches and baseball and football games at the nearby Louisiana Tech University. Jones attended Ruston High School starting in 1938, and played football under head coach L.J. "Hoss" Garrett. He was small in stature and did not make the first team until his senior year in 1941. Ruston's Bearcats football team won its first-ever state championship that year, with Jones playing left halfback and tailback. Jones also played baseball and basketball and boxed in high school. After graduating, Jones got a scholarship to attend Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge, where one of his brothers played football. He stayed there for a year before joining the U.S. Navy as American involvement in World War II intensified. The Navy transferred him to a V-12 training program at Tulane University in New Orleans, where he played as a halfback and a safety in 1943 and 1944. Jones carried the football for a total of 700 yards of rushing and scored four touchdowns in 1944, his junior year, and was named an All-American and an All-Southeastern Conference player by sportswriters. He trained as a fireman aboard submarines while in the Navy, and in 1945 he played football for a military team at the Naval Submarine Base New London in New London, Connecticut. Before beginning his professional career, he played in the 1946 Chicago College All-Star Game, a now-defunct annual contest between the National Football League champion and a squad of the country's best college players. Led by quarterback and future teammate Otto Graham, the college players beat the Los Angeles Rams 16–0 that year. ## Professional career Jones was selected by the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL) with the second pick in the 1946 NFL Draft, but did not sign with the team as he pondered returning to LSU to finish his studies. When the Miami Seahawks of the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC) offered him a \$12,000 contract, however, he accepted it and joined the team. The Seahawks won just three games in 1946, the AAFC's first season of play, and Jones was traded along with two other players to the Brooklyn Dodgers, another AAFC team, in December. The Seahawks, meanwhile, folded and were moved to Baltimore after the season because of poor attendance and shaky finances. Jones played sparingly for the Dodgers in the last three games of the 1946 season, rushing for 62 yards on 19 carries. The Dodgers traded for Jones in part to replace Glenn Dobbs – a star tailback in Brooklyn's single-wing offense – because Dobbs was suffering from injuries. Jones himself was hurt early in the 1947 season, however, when he was hit by Bill Willis of the Cleveland Browns. Injuries to his knee, hip and clavicle forced him to sit out for several weeks. He broke his hand when he returned and had to play exclusively on defense for the rest of the season. Paul Brown, the head coach of the Browns, was impressed with Jones's defensive play for Brooklyn, and traded away the rights to University of Michigan star Bob Chappuis to acquire him in June 1948. Jones began his career with the Browns as a defensive back, but was switched to halfback early in the 1948 season because his performance on defense wasn't up to Brown's standards. Jones played on offense alongside Graham, the team's quarterback, and star fullback Marion Motley as the Browns won all of their games in 1948 and beat the Buffalo Bills for their third straight AAFC championship. He ended the year with 149 rushing yards on 33 carries. Over the next two seasons, Jones developed into a star flanker, a position he helped invent. He was both a running threat and a receiver – his tall stature was well-suited to receiving – and helped complement a passing attack that featured the Browns' two main ends, Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie. Jones often went in motion behind the line of scrimmage before the snap at a time when few players did so, causing confusion and mismatches on defense. He had 312 rushing yards and 241 receiving yards in 1949, when the Browns won another AAFC championship. Jones came into his own in the 1950 season, when the Browns joined the NFL following the dissolution of the AAFC. Cleveland won the NFL championship against the Rams that year, helped by Jones's skill receiving short passes underneath opponents' coverage. Jones had 31 receptions and 11 rushing and receiving touchdowns in 1950. Jones continued to excel in 1951, scoring 12 touchdowns and amassing a career-high 1,062 yards from scrimmage. He tied an NFL record in a November 25 game by scoring six touchdowns - 4 rushing, 2 receiving - in a 42-21 win over the Chicago Bears, a single-game record he shares with Ernie Nevers (1929), Gale Sayers (1965), and Alvin Kamara (2020). The Browns finished the season with an 11–1 win–loss record and advanced to the championship game, but lost this time to the Rams. Jones came in second in the NFL in touchdowns scored and was named to the Pro Bowl, the league's all-star game. He was also selected by sportswriters as a first-team All-Pro. "Dub has the speed, the guts and the know-how of a great player," Paul Brown said at the time, calling him "the most underrated player in the league." Jones made the Pro Bowl again in 1952, when he had 952 total yards and six touchdowns. Cleveland advanced to the NFL championship for the third time in a row that year, losing 17–7 to the Detroit Lions. In 1953, Jones's production declined: he had just 401 total yards and no touchdowns, and he decided to retire after the Browns reached and lost another championship game. He went back to Ruston to work at a lumber business he ran in the offseason, but Brown asked him to return in 1954, saying the team needed him. Jones played for two more years, winning two more championships with the Browns before retiring for good. He pulled his hamstring in an exhibition game before the 1955 season, an injury that caused him to miss several games and bothered him all season. ## Later life and coaching career Jones spent seven years working at his business in Ruston after leaving the Browns. He worked briefly as a special instructor for the Houston Oilers and an occasional advisor to college programs in Louisiana, but otherwise was out of football. He returned to the Browns as an assistant coach, however, in March 1963 after Paul Brown was fired by team owner Art Modell. Blanton Collier, Brown's long-time deputy, became head coach and put Jones in charge of the receivers. Jones and Collier had been close during his playing days, and Collier considered him an astute student of the game. Under Collier, Jones supervised the offensive backfield and the ends, but was also the Browns' offensive play-caller. He directed the team from the press box on Collier's behalf because Collier was hard of hearing and could not do so himself. The Browns won their first six games at the beginning of Jones's coaching career in the 1963 season, although a late slump cost them a spot in the championship game. The team regrouped the following year, ending with a 10–3–1 win–loss–tie record and winning the NFL's eastern division. Cleveland went on to win the championship game against the Baltimore Colts in 1964. The Browns advanced to the championship game again the following year, but lost to the Green Bay Packers. During his tenure as a coach, Jones was the primary position coach for running backs Jim Brown and Leroy Kelly, both of whom are members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He also coached receiver Paul Warfield, another hall of fame member who helped propel the Browns to the 1964 championship. Jones stayed with the Browns until early 1968, when he quit and was replaced by Nick Skorich. The Browns had offered him a part-time coaching job but made clear that he could not stay on as offensive coordinator; Jones declined the reduced role. After leaving the Browns, Jones moved back to Ruston and did occasional scouting for the team at the nearby Grambling State University. He was also a volunteer coach of receivers on Grambling's football team. Later in life, he worked for his son Tom's general contracting business in Ruston. Jones was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1982 and the Greater New Orleans Sports Hall of Fame in 1984. He is the father of former NFL quarterback Bert Jones, who played 10 seasons in the 1970s and 1980s for the Baltimore Colts and Los Angeles Rams and won the NFL's most valuable player award in 1976. Jones and his wife, Schump, have seven children, including four sons who played college football.	[ "## Early life and college", "## Professional career", "## Later life and coaching career" ]	2,332	21,884
24,188,185	1980 Azores Islands earthquake	1,158,664,739	Earthquake on Azores Islands, Portugal	[ "1980 earthquakes", "1980 in Portugal", "Earthquakes in Portugal", "January 1980 events in Europe", "Strike-slip earthquakes" ]	Striking the Autonomous Region of Azores on 1 January, the 1980 Azores Island earthquake killed 61 people and injured over 400, causing severe damage on the islands of Terceira and São Jorge. Measuring 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale, it also shook the islands of Pico and Faial, and resulted from a strike slip fracture, typical of other historical Azorean earthquakes. In response to the earthquake, Portuguese president António Ramalho Eanes announced three days of national mourning, while relief efforts, initiated by agents of the local Air Force, were soon accompanied by government-supported agencies. ## Geology ### Background In 1950, another strong earthquake had rocked the Azores Islands region, and this was the largest earthquake since. ### Description Volcanic in origin, the Azores lie in a tectonically complex area on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, between the European, American and African plate boundaries, forming their own microplate. The 1980 earthquake was the result of movement along the northwest to southeast trending strike-slip fault. After aftershocks from the quake had concluded, examination took place, producing a focal solution to the small events. Movement of these shocks was similar to that of previous earthquakes around the Azores. For these earthquakes, scientists had determined that the conjugate nodal plane was responsible, seeing shearing on the right-lateral (dextral) side. All faulting in this area is strike-slip-oriented, and on a rather large scale. Because of this research, information now points towards Azores volcanism being controlled by earthquake movement. ## Damage and casualties The earthquake that struck the Azorean islands was 6.9 . It caused considerable damage on three separate islands (Terceira, São Jorge Island, and Graciosa), destroying several buildings. According to local reports, roughly 70% of the houses on Terceira were completely demolished, including the historic quarter of the island capital, Angra do Heroísmo. In general, public buildings such as churches remained intact, while several buildings caved in on themselves. Public utilities such as electricity and water, were reported cut in several areas. Initially, the number of fatalities was set at 52, but it was later revised to 61. Additionally, the injuries were set at 300, but this was also revised to more than 400. At least 20,000 people were left homeless. Minor damage was recorded at Pico and Faial islands. No fatalities were recorded at the Lajes Field air base, nor any major damage. ## Relief efforts and response United States Navy and Air Force personnel stationed at Lajes functioned as disaster relief workers, sheltering as many as 150 families. Portuguese Air Force members brought supplies to earthquake victims, while a Portuguese Navy João Coutinho-class corvette transported medical officials to the island. The Portuguese president, António Ramalho Eanes, flew in on a plane accompanied by medical personnel and supplies (such as bedding). Local officials including policemen and volunteer firemen cleared roads for relief supplies and transports. Responding to the situation, these officials were also involved in looking for survivors in the rubble. Soon after, tents were erected to replace the destroyed or unsafe homes for approximately 200 families of the islands. Portable homes were constructed by the People to People International project fund, resulting in 100 shelters. Three days of national mourning were declared by Eanes. Following the relief efforts, 19 seismographic stations were installed to monitor seismic activities. Eleven of these were used to monitor earthquake activity, while the other eight also record information on the island's geothermal areas. The earthquake forced hundreds of people to leave the country for the United States. It occurred during a period of several major natural disasters in which many residents of the island left; in 1975, 8,000 residents left. In 1981, however, just 2,500 people left the island. ## Analysis and current situation Later studies of the events leading up to the tragedy found several factors contributing to the extent of the damage. A. Malheiro (2006) linked five major causes to damage from these earthquakes. The buildings most damaged by the earthquake were near fault lines on top of loosely packed soil. They tended to be of poor construction and did not conform to proper building code, nor had they been adequately examined. The area around the Azores remains active. Threats from earthquakes and landslides remain. ## See also - List of earthquakes in 1980 - List of earthquakes in Portugal - List of earthquakes in the Azores	[ "## Geology", "### Background", "### Description", "## Damage and casualties", "## Relief efforts and response", "## Analysis and current situation", "## See also" ]	952	5,018
50,565,938	Afghanistan at the 2016 Summer Olympics	1,158,198,829	null	[ "2016 in Afghan sport", "Afghanistan at the Summer Olympics by year", "Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics" ]	Afghanistan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. The country's participation at Rio de Janeiro marked its fourth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics and fourteenth in total. Afghanistan had officially made its debut in 1936 and missed five editions since then. Rohullah Nikpai, who had previously won a medal for Afghanistan in taekwondo, did not participate. Afghanistan failed to earn a single Olympic medal in Rio for the first time since 2004. ## Background Afghanistan had participated in twelve Summer Olympics between its debut in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Nazi Germany, and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Afghanistan won a total of two bronze medals in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics respectively, both by Rohullah Nikpai in Taekwondo. The Afghanistan National Olympic Committee sent a total of three athletes to the Games, trimming into half of the roster from London 2012. Track sprinters Abdul Wahib Zahiri and Kamia Yousufi competed in athletics, while judoka Mohammad Tawfiq Bakhshi was selected to carry the Afghan flag in the opening ceremony. ## Athletics Afghanistan was represented by Abdul Wahib Zahiri and Kamia Yousufi in athletics. Both athletes made their Olympic debuts, with Zahiri participating in the Men's 100 m event while Yousufi took part in the Women's 100 m. Yousufi ran her preliminary heat in a full-body kit and hijab. Despite finishing last and not qualifying for the next round, she became Afghanistan's national record holder with 14.02 seconds. Zahiri ran his heats in 11.56 seconds and finished seventh, failing to advance to the quarterfinals. Track & road events ## Judo 31-year-old Mohammad Tawfiq Bakhski, captain of the Afghan national judo team, represented Afghanistan in men's judo and participated in the men's half-heavyweight category (100 kg) event. Bakhshi lost in the round of 64 to Jorge Fonseca of Portugal.	[ "## Background", "## Athletics", "## Judo" ]	454	27,826
16,626,911	Colorado State Highway 112	1,150,910,592	Highway in Colorado	[ "State highways in Colorado", "Transportation in Alamosa County, Colorado", "Transportation in Rio Grande County, Colorado", "Transportation in Saguache County, Colorado" ]	State Highway 112 (SH 112) is a 27.802-mile-long (44.743 km) state highway in southern Colorado. Built in 1916 and formally defined in 1922, the route begins at its western end in Del Norte at a junction with U.S. Highway 160 (US 160). From there the road travels east crossing US 285 two miles (3.2 km) west of Center before reaching its eastern terminus at Hooper where it meets SH 17. ## Route description The route begins at US 160 in central Del Norte. Here, it begins northward along Oak Street before crossing the Rio Grande, where the route exits the city and curves northeastward. The highway then straddles the Rio Grande – Saguache county line as it travels in a northeasterly direction. Soon, it intersects County Route 374, which traverses east all the way to US 285. The route then suddenly curves eastward when it meets Twelve Mile Road. As the route continues to meet numerous county roads along its length, the land along the side of the road transitions from plain grassland to circular-shaped fields of crops. The route meets US 285 approximately twelve miles east of Del Norte. East of US 285, the route enters the town of Center, where it skirts the south side of town as 8th Street. Here, it meets a railroad that connects the town to Sugar Junction farther south. The route moves east through farmland, where it meets County Road 100, which continues south to SH 15. It then skirts along the county line all the way east to SH 17 at the north side of Hooper. ## History In 1916, a 12-mile (19 km) gravel road numbered as 10-S ran from Center to Hooper. Another unsurfaced part of the road continued to Alamosa from Hooper. By the late 1910s, the Highway Department of Colorado had built State Highway 68, which ran from Del Norte to SH 36. When built, the route had a five-mile (6.0 km) gap along the Rio Grande – Saguache county line, on which work began in the 1920s. In 1922, SH 68 was renumbered as SH 112 from Del Norte to Hooper. By 1930, SH 112 had been paved from Del Norte to the county line. Because the residents of San Luis Valley sought better roads, the Department of Highways began improving SH 112 around the area, but the highway was not fully surfaced until 1946. The next year, Rio Grande and Saguache counties paid to resurface the rest of the road in asphalt. Since 1947, there have been no major realignments in the routing. ## Major intersections ## See also - List of state highways in Colorado	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	594	15,532
29,381,442	Ojo de Agua Raid	1,034,275,451	1915 military engagement at Ojo de Aqua, Texas	[ "1915 in Mexico", "1915 in Texas", "20th-century military history of the United States", "American frontier", "Battles of the Mexican Revolution", "Battles of the Mexican Revolution involving the United States", "Conflicts in 1915", "History of Mexico", "History of Texas", "Military raids", "October 1915 events" ]	The Ojo de Agua Raid was the last important military engagement between Mexican Seditionistas and the United States Army. It took place at Ojo de Agua, Texas. As part of the Plan of San Diego, the rebels launched a raid across the Rio Grande into Texas on October 21, 1915 aimed at harassing the American outposts along the Mexican border and disrupting the local economy. After moving across the border, the Seditionistas began an assault against the United States Army Signal Corps station at Ojo de Agua. The small group of American defenders was cornered into a single building and suffered heavy casualties before reinforcements arrived driving the Seditionist force back into Mexico. The raid proved to be the tipping point in the American conflict with the Seditionistas, as its severity convinced American officials to send large numbers of American troops to the area in order to deter any further serious border raids by the Mexican force. ## Background Throughout 1915 Mexican insurgents raided the Texas border region as part of the Plan of San Diego. Supported by the Mexican Carranza government, a group of raiders known as the Seditionistas attacked American military and commercial interests along the United States–Mexican border in an effort to provoke a race war in the Southwestern United States with aims of returning the area to Mexican control. Charged with guarding the border, American General Frederick Funston had 20,000 troops to pit against the few hundred Seditionista insurgents. Nonetheless, the Mexicans never raided in force and the long border was difficult for Funston to fully protect. The Seditionista raids became such a threat to the Americans in the Big Bend area that local vigilante groups were formed in order to repel the Mexican raiders as Funston did not have enough troops to ensure the safety of the American citizens living in the area. In order to protect the Big Bend region, the United States deployed a number of cavalry and signalmen in various posts along the Texas border. One of these posts was at the village of Ojo de Agua which had been raided on September 3, 1915 and was the planned target of a Seditionista raid in October 1916. The American base at Ojo de Agua under the command of Sergeant Ernest Schaeffer consisted of a radio station manned by approximately ten men from Troop G, 3rd Cavalry, and eight men of the United States Army Signal Corps. The post at Ojo de Agua was lightly defended and seemed to be little match for the 25 to 100 raiders that planned to raid the village. ## Raid After crossing the Rio Grande and arriving at Ojo de Agua at approximately 1 am, the Mexican raiders attacked the village's garrison. The American soldiers who had been sleeping in a wooden building stubbornly resisted. The Americans were heavily outgunned, though, as the Signal Corps personnel were armed only with pistols. In the fighting Sergeant Schaeffer was killed, and as a result command devolved to Sergeant First Class Herbert Reeves Smith who by that time had also been wounded three times. In addition to attacking the garrison, the raiders robbed the post office and attacked the home of the Dillard family, setting their house on fire and stealing their livestock. Although the Americans at Ojo de Agua were unable to call for reinforcements due to the fact that their wireless station had been knocked out of action earlier in the attack, other American detachments in the vicinity heard gunfire and two groups of American cavalry set out to investigate. A company from the 3rd Cavalry under Captain Frank Ross McCoy at Mission, Texas some 8 miles (13 km) from Ojo de Agua was dispatched, as was a small group of twelve recruits under Captain W. J. Scott. As Scott's outfit was only 2 miles (3.2 km) from the fighting, they arrived at the scene well before McCoy did and immediately attacked from the west of the raiders' positions driving them off from their assault on the mission. McCoy's force arrived just as the Mexicans withdrew and saw little or no fighting. ## Aftermath By the end of the raid one civilian and three American soldiers had been killed and eight wounded including the Ojo de Agua post's commanding officer, Sergeant Schaffer, who was included among the former. The Seditionistas also took several casualties, with five men dead and at least nine others wounded, of whom two later died. A Japanese man was found among the dead, as were two Carranzista soldiers, a fact which was seen as evidence that the Carranzistas had been supporting the Plan of San Diego. The American soldiers were commended for their bravery during the raid, and Sergeant First Class Herbert Reeves Smith was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross for his actions during the engagement. The Seditionista raid on Ojo de Agua had a vast impact on American military strategy in the area. The severity of the raid led the commanding American general in the region, General Frederick Funston, to reinforce the Texas–Mexico border region with troops and to contact Washington with demands that he be allowed to give no quarter to any Mexican raiders who attacked the United States in the future. Although Washington denied General Funston his request, the raids did come to an end when Washington finally gave diplomatic recognition to the Mexican government under Carranza. Wishing to maintain good relations with the American government, Carranza ordered the Seditionista commanders to cease their raiding activities. Without support from the Mexican federal government the Plan of San Diego movement fell apart and there were no further Mexican invasions of the United States until the Villistas raids began in 1916.	[ "## Background", "## Raid", "## Aftermath" ]	1,152	26,080
41,248,392	Cyclone Gretelle	1,144,749,757	South-West Indian tropical cyclone 1997	[ "1996–97 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season", "1997 in Madagascar", "Cyclones in Madagascar", "Intense Tropical Cyclones" ]	Tropical Cyclone Gretelle was a deadly storm that struck southeastern Madagascar in January 1997. The seventh named storm of the 1996–97 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Gretelle developed within the Intertropical Convergence Zone on 19 January, and gradually intensified while moving southwestward. On 22 January, the storm intensified to tropical cyclone status while passing northwest of Réunion; there, Gretelle produced strong wind gusts and heavy rainfall in mountainous regions. Subsequently, the cyclone strengthened to reach peak 10-minute sustained winds of 140 km/h (85 mph). On 24 January, Gretelle made landfall near Farafangana, the first in the region in 41 years. The cyclone weakened while crossing Madagascar, but restrengthened slightly in the Mozambique Channel. Gretelle meandered off the coast of Mozambique, bringing gusty winds that downed trees, but caused little damage in the country. An approaching trough turned the cyclone to the southeast, and Gretelle dissipated on 31 January to the south-southwest of Madagascar. Damage from Cyclone Gretelle was heaviest near where it made landfall in Madagascar. In several villages, over 90% of the buildings were destroyed, leaving about 80,000 people homeless. Wind gusts at Farafangana reached 220 km/h (140 mph), which knocked trees onto roads and wrecked about 138,000 tons of crops. Heavy rainfall and high waves flooded coastal regions, in some areas up to 16 m (52 ft) deep. Overall damage was estimated at around \$50 million, and there were 152 deaths. After the storm, there was a coordinated international relief effort to provide food and money to Madagascar. ## Meteorological history The Intertropical Convergence Zone spawned a tropical disturbance on 19 January, developing a circulation just west of St. Brandon. That day, the Météo-France on Réunion (MFR) classified the system as a tropical disturbance, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring the system as a low-pressure area a day prior. The system intensified into Tropical Storm Gretelle late on 20 January, by which time the JTWC gave it the designation Tropical Cyclone 20S. Due to a large ridge centered near Île Amsterdam, the storm tracked generally southwestward toward the Mascarene Islands. Early on 22 January, the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, and later that day, the MFR upgraded Gretelle to tropical cyclone status, or with 10-minute sustained winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph). Shortly after attaining tropical cyclone status, Gretelle made its closest point of approach to Réunion late on 22 January, passing about 300 km (190 mi) northwest of the island. Subsequently, the cyclone developed a small eye, and the MFR estimated peak 10-minute winds of 140 km/h (85 mph) at 0000 UTC on 23 January. Meanwhile, the JTWC estimated Gretelle continued to intensify to a 1-minute sustained wind peak of 215 km/h (135 mph) at 0600 UTC on 24 January, equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Later that day, the cyclone made landfall on southeastern Madagascar near Farafangana near peak intensity. Reports from the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs considered Gretelle the first cyclone to strike the region in 41 years. Gretelle rapidly weakened over land, emerging into the Mozambique Channel as a tropical depression on 25 January. Continuing to the southwest, the depression re-intensified into a tropical storm on 27 January. After becoming a tropical storm again, Gretelle slowed in the Mozambique Channel. A cold front bypassed the storm to the south, and a building ridge behind it turned Gretelle to a west-northwest drift. Although it approached southeastern Africa on 28 January, an advancing trough turned the storm to the southeast. The next day, the JTWC briefly re-upgraded Gretelle to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, and on 30 January, the MFO estimated a secondary 10-minute wind peak of 85 km/h (55 mph). Accelerating to the south-southeast, Gretelle dissipated on 31 January well to the south-southwest of Madagascar. ## Impact While passing north of Réunion, Gretelle dropped heavy rainfall in the eastern and western portions of the island. Over 48 hours, rainfall totaled nearly 1 m (3.3 ft) at Commerson Crater, while Mafate recorded over 600 mm (24 in). Gretelle produced gusts of about 100 km/h (62 mph) in portions of Réunion. Late in its duration, the cyclone produced heavy rainfall but left minimal damage in Mozambique, estimated at \$50,000. Winds of over 55 km/h (34 km/h) knocked over trees and caused power outages in Gaza and Maputo provinces. Officials in South Africa issued rain and wind warnings for the northeast coast. In Madagascar, Gretelle produced wind gusts of over 200 km/h (120 mph) at Vangaindrano near where it moved ashore, and over 220 km/h (140 mph) at Farafangana. The storm also dropped heavy rainfall, although peak totals were unknown due to the meteorological station in Farafangana being destroyed. Heavy rainfall and high waves left heavy damage near the coast, washing away several boats and causing rivers to overflow. Floods in some areas reached 16 m (52 ft) deep. Where Gretelle made landfall, most buildings were damaged or destroyed excluding those made of concrete, leaving about 80,000 people homeless. Among the wrecked buildings included a hospital and a prison. About 95% of homes in Vondrozo were wrecked, and in Farafangana, 90% of government buildings were destroyed. In both southern Midongy and Vangaindrano, nearly every building was destroyed. Gretelle damaged or destroyed 1,538 homes in Manakara. Reports from the Red Cross indicated that Gretelle was the severest in the region "in living memory", with many people surviving the high tides and winds by "clinging to trees". The storm also damaged water stations, power lines, and thousands of hectares of crops, including food reserves. The World Food Programme estimated that Gretelle destroyed 7,000 tons of rice, 123,500 tons of cassava, and 8,000 tons of cash crops, mostly to coffee. About 40,000 people were isolated for weeks after the storm in Befotaka and Midongy Sud, with many roads blocked by fallen trees. Overall, about 200 people were killed or left missing in Madagascar, with 152 confirmed fatalities by two weeks after the storm, 82 of whom in Vangaindrano. The International Disaster Database later listed 140 as the total fatalities related to Gretelle. Damage from the storm was estimated at \$50 million. ## Aftermath After heavy damage from Cyclone Bonita in 1996, the government of Madagascar initiated a disaster response system that was used during Gretelle; there was quick response but efforts were hampered by damaged infrastructure and disrupted transportation. The storm had cut communications in some areas, but by 29 January, or five days after landfall, telephone service was restored to Manakara. Following the storm, the Madagascar government coordinated the distribution of emergency rice rations and other relief items. On 27 January, the government launched a fundraiser on television that raised over ₣130 million (FMG, US\$30,000). The southern portion of the country was declared a disaster area. A plane of relief supplies flew from the capital Antananarivo to Manakara along the southeast coast, where trucks distributed the items to the affected areas. A radio station based out of the country criticized the slow pace of relief, citing the lack of available boats after many were destroyed. In addition, there were reports that government aid was being stolen by looters. In the weeks after the storm, the hardest hit residents faced food shortages and lacked access to clean water, in an area already facing ongoing food shortages. In response, the World Food Programme and other agencies of the United Nations created a program to feed about 350,000 people in the region over three months, providing about 5,900 tons of food. In the months after the storm, roads were repaired, including the link from Vangaindrano to Midongy. Farmers grew additional beans and potatoes to compensate for the damaged crops, while the quick distribution of food prevented significant malnutrition. In the subsequent years, about 40% of the forest at Manombo that regrew following Gretelle was of foreign nature, which threatened the original plants in the region. Due to the scale of the cyclone damage, the government issued an international appeal for assistance. As a result, the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs provided a grant of \$30,000. UNICEF provided about \$48,000 to secure drug kits for children impacted by the cyclone. The Red Cross of Seychelles donated about one tonne of clothing and 20 tonnes of tuna, and the Red Cross of Réunion sent drugs to Madagascar. The government of France also sent a crew from Réunion to Madagascar to assist in the aftermath, as well as a plane to airdrop the aid. The governments of Germany, Japan, France, the United Kingdom each donated about \$100,000 to Madagascar, while the United States provided about \$25,000 and 500 tons of food. The government of Japan also sent 2,040 blankets and 10 tents. By 18 February, the total contributions by the international community reached about \$3 million.	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Impact", "## Aftermath" ]	2,047	19,747
42,988,751	The Boat Race 1935	1,081,894,423	null	[ "1935 in English sport", "1935 in rowing", "1935 sports events in London", "April 1935 sports events", "The Boat Race" ]	The 87th Boat Race took place on 6 April 1935. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Umpired by former Oxford rower Robert Bourne, Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds. The record twelfth consecutive victory took the overall record in the event to 46–40 in Cambridge's favour. ## Background The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and, as of 2014, broadcast worldwide. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1934 race by four and a quarter lengths, and led overall with 45 victories to Oxford's 40 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877). Cambridge's coaches were D. H. E. McCowen (who had rowed in the 1932 race) and, according to the rowing correspondent for The Times, "two eminent Metropolitan coaches" in R. A. Nisbet and C. H. Rew. Oxford were coached by Francis Escombe and Peter Haig-Thomas, both of whom previously coached the Light Blues, and former Light Blue rower Kenneth Payne (who rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races). The race was umpired by former Oxford rower and boat club president Robert Bourne who had stroked the Dark Blues to four consecutive victories between 1909 and 1912, while the finishing judge was C. W. Kent. Both boats were made by Sims and both crews used Ayling's oars. The rowing correspondent for The Times noted that "neither crew is exceptionally fast" and suggested that Oxford's heavier crew would out-perform Cambridge, who he claimed "will be seen at their best in calm conditions". As a result of Oxford's practice rows during the period running up to the race, former Dark Blue rower E. P. Evans, writing in The Manchester Guardian, stated "Cambridge are now at the zenith of their power and are not likely to improve, whilst Oxford are still in the stages of reaching perfection". ## Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13 lb (81.9 kg), 4.375 pounds (2.0 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Cambridge saw four participants with Boat Race experience return to the crew, including cox Noel Duckworth. The Light Blue crew also included a pair of brothers in Annesely and Desmond Kingsford. Oxford's crew also contained four former Blues, including P. R. S. Bankes and John Couchman, both of whom were rowing in their third consecutive race. All of the race participants were registered as British. ## Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station, handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford. The umpire Bourne started the race at 2:48 p.m. in strong and gusty wind, and rough water. The Light Blues made the quicker start, out-rating Oxford by three strokes within the first minute, and led by half a length. Thirty seconds later, Cambridge were clear and were further ahead by Craven Steps. By the end of the Fulham Wall, Duckworth steered directly towards the Surrey shore in an attempt to find shelter from the conditions. A spurt from the Dark Blues made no difference to the gap and Cambridge passed the Mile Post almost two lengths ahead. Another spurt from Oxford at Harrods Furniture Depository once again made no impact on the deficit and Cambridge passed below Hammersmith Bridge with a lead of three lengths. Intelligent steering from C. G. F. Bryan, the Oxford cox, saw the Dark Blues "hugging the Surrey bank" to reduce the Cambridge lead to about a length by Chiswick Eyot. It was short-lived however, as Bryan steered back over towards the Middlesex side of the river, losing his crew a length in doing so and moving into rougher water, and by Chiswick Steps, the Light Blues were four and a half lengths ahead. Cambridge's stroke Ran Laurie called for a spurt and by the time they passed under Barnes Bridge they were five lengths ahead. They crossed to the Middlesex side of the river before passing the finishing post with a lead of four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds. It was a record twelfth victory for the Light Blues and took the overall record in the event to 46–40 in their favour. Former Oxford rower E. P. Evans, writing in The Manchester Guardian, stated that Cambridge "won in the easiest manner possible, having led from start to finish" and described the race as a "fiasco". The rowing correspondent for The Times suggested that "never was it so obvious after the first few strokes that there was only one crew in the race ... Oxford's form was too bad to be true."	[ "## Background", "## Crews", "## Race" ]	1,120	11,141
70,750,036	El Costo de la Vida	1,147,263,667	null	[ "1992 singles", "1992 songs", "Juan Luis Guerra songs", "Protest songs", "Songs about poverty", "Songs written by Juan Luis Guerra" ]	"El Costo de la Vida" (transl. "The Cost of Living") is a song by Dominican Republic singer-songwriter Juan Luis Guerra from his sixth studio album, Areíto (1992). The song was released as the album's third single in 1992 by Karen Records. It is a Spanish-language adaptation of soukous song "Kimia Eve" composed by Diblo Dibala. The song features Dibala on the guitar and is performed by Guerra as a merengue number. The lyrics to the song provides a social commentary to the rising cost of living, while the artist denounces the dislevel of socioeconomics as well as political corruptions in Latin America. He also references the racial identities of Latin America. The song received positive reactions from music critics for its social commentary and music. "El Costo de la Vida" won the Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical Song of the Year at the 1993 Lo Nuestro Awards which caused controversy with the Cuban community in Miami. Commercially, the song reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States. The music video for the song features Guerra as a newscaster who reports about the cost of living. The video includes graphic content depicting the poverty and repression Latin American countries suffered from. Due to the violent nature of the scenes, it was censured in several Latin America countries, despite still receiving substantial play in both Latin America and the US. ## Background and composition In 1990, Juan Luis Guerra released his fifth studio album Bachata Rosa which sold over five million copies and won the Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Album in 1992. The album popularized the bachata genre which became mainstream in the Dominican Republic, having been previously seen as music for the lower-class. When Guerra recorded the following album, Areíto (1992), he stated: "[t]here was lot of pressure for me, as well as the record label, principally because of the audience, which is always waiting for a hit. The problem is that people get used to a type of song, but an artist always has to be evolving. This album is completely different than the last one." Recording took place at his 4:40 Studio in New York City with Guerra handling its production and writing the lyrics for all the tracks. The final release consists of various Latin music styles including merengue, mambo, salsa, bachata, cha-cha-cha and balada. One of the album's merengue tracks is "El Costo de la Vida", which is a Spanish-language adaptation of the 1988 soukous song "Kimia Eve" by Congolose band Loketo. The band's lead musician and song composer Diblo Dibala makes an appearance on the track playing the soukous guitar for Guerra's cover. The merengue tune also features a South African melody. It is one of the album's two protest songs, in which Guerra sings about "tragi-comical, socio- political realities". In the song, he strongly denounces the dislevel of socioeconomics as well as political corruptions. Guerra critiques the consequences of the global economic situation in Latin America and proclaims: "Nobody cares because we don't speak English, not Mitsubishi, not Chevrolet". He also comments about the cost of living going up stating "you can't eat beans anymore or a pound of rice or a measure of coffee". Guerra also makes references to the racial identities of Latin America since the encounter of the New World by European settlers 500 years ago and asks "but, who discover whom?" ## Music video The accompanying music video portrays Guerra as a newscaster who reports the cost of living. The news monitor behind the singer depicts graphic content with footages of starving children, the Chilean military dictatorship and the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. This content is interspersed with scenes of "erotic modern dance" and footage of Japanese sumo wrestlers. The video was controversial and censured in North America and Latin America. Guerra was asked by network stations to remove the graphic content which he refused to do as it is the "reality of our nations". Despite the controversy, the video received substantial play in both continents and was nominated in the category of Video of the Year at the 5th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards in 1993, but ultimately lost to "Una Rosa Es una Rosa" by Mecano. It was nominated for International Viewer's Choice: MTV International at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards, which was awarded to "América, América" by Luis Miguel. The video won Best Music Video at 1993's Soberano Awards. ## Promotion and reception "El Costo de la Vida" was released as the album's third single in 1992 by Karen Records. The track was included on Guerra's greatest hits album Grandes Éxitos Juan Luis Guerra y 440 (1995). He performed the track live as part of the set list for the Areíto Tour (1993). AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier praised it as a "witty song with a sharp socio-political edge unlike anything Guerra had written to date, let alone released as a single". The Los Angeles Times critic Enrique Lopetegui called the track a "biting but gentle critique on the economic situation of Latin America". John Lannert of the Sun-Sentinel stated that the song "reveals a South African melody layered over a thumping merengue beat". Larry Birnbaum wrote for Newsday that Guerra "translates Zairean soukous into hip-wiggling merengue". Similarly, the Rolling Stone editor Daisann McLane noted the artist "transforms a soukous by Zaire's Diblo Dibala into a bubbly merengue romp". J.D. Considine of the Rapid City Journal felt the "most interesting tracks are those that go beyond the usual stylistic boundaries of salsa", citing "El Costo de la Vida" and "Mal de Amor" and highlighted the former for its "soukous-style guitar lines that color" the song. The Boston Globe reviewer Fernando Gonzalez called the track a "nod to soukous and zouk". The Chicago Tribune's Achy Obejas found the music to be "playful, ironic". Ramiro Burr from the Austin American-Statesman called the song a "bold, political statement". Cashbox journalist Rafael A. Charres complimented it as a "phenomenal single". An editor for Billboard cautioned that the music video might "slow the song's ascent" on their Hot Latin Songs chart. Despite the editor's concern, it became Guerra's first song to reach the chart's summit. At the 1993 Lo Nuestro Awards, "El Costo de la Vida" won Tropical Song of the Year. The accolade was met with outrage by several Cuban exiles living in Miami who accused Guerra of being a communist. "That was one of the most difficult moments in my career", Guerra recalled. The backlash by the community was condemned by Cuban American singer Gloria Estefan. The track was recognized as one of the best-performing songs of the year at the inaugural BMI Latin Awards in 1994. ## Track listing Promotional single 1. "El Costo de la Vida" – 4:09 2. "Ojala Que Llueva Cafe" – 4:10 3. "Burbujas de Amor" – 4:13 ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## See also - List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1993	[ "## Background and composition", "## Music video", "## Promotion and reception", "## Track listing", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## See also" ]	1,615	24,954
10,783,704	Delaware Route 36	1,155,016,837	State highway in Sussex County, Delaware, United States	[ "State highways in Delaware", "Transportation in Sussex County, Delaware" ]	Delaware Route 36 (DE 36) is a state highway in Sussex County, Delaware. It runs in a generally northeast–southwest direction from DE 404 in Scotts Corner east to Slaughter Beach, a town along the Delaware Bay. The road runs through the northern portion of Sussex County, passing through rural areas along with Greenwood and Milford. The route intersects DE 16 and U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Greenwood and US 113, DE 1 Business (DE 1 Bus.), and DE 1 in Milford. DE 36 was built as a state highway in stages during the 1920s and 1930s. The road was designated by 1938 from DE 16 east of Greenwood east to Fort Saulsbury (present-day Slaughter Beach) and was extended west to DE 404 by 1994. ## Route description DE 36 begins at an intersection with DE 404 in Scotts Corner, heading to the northeast on two-lane undivided Scotts Store Road. The road runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, coming to a junction with DE 16. At this point, DE 16 turns east to become concurrent with DE 36 on Hickman Road. The road enters the town of Greenwood and becomes Market Street, passing several homes along with a few businesses. The highway crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade before it intersects US 13 on the eastern edge of Greenwood. Past this intersection, DE 16/DE 36 leaves Greenwood and becomes Beach Highway, crossing the Nanticoke River. In Saint Johnstown, the road becomes a divided highway and DE 36 splits from DE 16 by turning to the northeast onto two-lane undivided Shawnee Road. The road heads through agricultural areas with some woods and homes, passing through the community of Staytonville. Farther northeast, the road reaches the city of Milford. Upon reaching Milford, the route runs through residential areas and intersects US 113. Past this intersection, DE 36 becomes Lakeview Avenue. The road forms the eastern border of Silver Lake, a lake along the Mispillion River, and crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad's Indian River Subdivision line at-grade northwest of the former Milford station. After this, DE 36 continues to the east on Causey Avenue past homes and businesses. In the downtown area of Milford, the route turns north onto two-lane divided Walnut Street briefly before it heads east on two-lane undivided Southeast Front Street. The route passes through the residential eastern part of Milford where it intersects DE 1 Bus. DE 36 leaves Milford and heads to the northeast on Cedar Beach Road, entering a mix of farmland, woodland, and homes. The road turns to the east, running a short distance to the south of the Mispillion River as it comes to a diamond interchange with the DE 1 bypass of Milford. Past this interchange, the route continues to the northeast. DE 36 winds east through a mix of farmland and marshland and comes to a drawbridge over the Cedar Creek just outside the town of Slaughter Beach. The DE 36 designation ends here, but the road continues past the drawbridge into Slaughter Beach where it becomes Bay Avenue and turns south to run along the Delaware Bay. The section of the route between Maple Avenue in Milford and Slaughter Beach is designated as part of the Delaware Bayshore Byway, a Delaware Byway and National Scenic Byway. DE 36 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 9,681 vehicles at the eastern edge of Greenwood to a low of 1,854 vehicles at the eastern border of Milford. ## History By 1920, a section of present-day DE 36 southwest of Milford was completed as a state highway while a portion leading further northeast into Milford was under contract as one; the remainder of the route existed as an unimproved county road. The section leading into Milford was completed four years later, in addition to the segment of the road through Greenwood. A year later, the state highway was under proposal between Greenwood and southwest of Milford. The state highway between Greenwood and Milford was finished in 1929. All of current DE 36 was completed by 1931 except for the easternmost part of the road. DE 36 was designated to follow its current alignment between DE 16 east of Greenwood and Fort Saulsbury (now Slaughter Beach) by 1938, with the entire route paved except for the part near Fort Saulsbury. The unpaved portion was paved a year later. DE 36 was extended westward to its current terminus at DE 404 by 1994. ## Major intersections ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	998	11,876
404,284	Cherry Valley massacre	1,170,426,832	1778 American Revolutionary War attack	[ "1778 in New York (state)", "1778 murders in North America", "Battles in the Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga", "Battles involving Great Britain", "Battles involving the Iroquois", "Battles involving the United States", "Battles of the American Revolutionary War in New York (state)", "Conflicts in 1778", "Massacres by Native Americans", "Massacres in 1778", "Massacres in the American Revolutionary War", "Otsego County, New York" ]	The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the town of Cherry Valley in central New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It has been described as one of the most horrific frontier massacres of the war. A mixed force of Loyalists, British soldiers, Senecas, and Mohawks descended on Cherry Valley, whose defenders, despite warnings, were unprepared for the attack. During the raid, the Seneca in particular targeted non-combatants, and reports state that 30 such individuals were killed, in addition to a number of armed defenders. The raiders were under the overall command of Walter Butler, who exercised little authority over the Indian warriors on the expedition. Historian Barbara Graymont describes Butler's command of the expedition as "criminally incompetent". The Seneca were angered by accusations that they had committed atrocities at the Battle of Wyoming, and the colonists' recent destruction of their forward bases of operation at Unadilla, Onaquaga, and Tioga. Butler's authority with the Indigenous People was undermined by his poor treatment of Joseph Brant, the leader of the Mohawks. Butler repeatedly maintained that he was powerless to restrain the Seneca, despite accusations that he permitted the atrocities to take place. During the campaigns of 1778, Brant achieved an undeserved reputation for brutality. He was not present at Wyoming — although many thought he was — and he along with Captain Jacob (Scott) of the Saponi (Catawba) actively sought to minimize the atrocities that took place at Cherry Valley. Given that Butler was the overall commander of the expedition, there is controversy as to who actually ordered or failed to restrain the killings. The massacre contributed to calls for reprisals, leading to the 1779 Sullivan Expedition which saw the total military defeat of the Iroquois in Upstate New York, who allied with the British. ## Background With the failure of British General John Burgoyne's campaign to the Hudson after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777, the American Revolutionary War in upstate New York became a frontier war. The Mohawk Valley was especially targeted for its fertile soil and large supply of crops farmers were supplying Patriot troops. British leaders in the Province of Quebec supported Loyalist and Native American partisan fighters with supplies and armaments. During the winter of 1777–78, Joseph Brant and other British-allied Natives developed plans to attack frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania. In February 1778 Brant established a base of operations at Onaquaga (present-day Windsor, New York). He recruited a mix of Iroquois and Loyalists estimated to number between 200 and 300 by the time he began his campaign in May. One of his objectives was to acquire provisions for his forces and those of John Butler, who was planning operations in the Susquehanna River valley. Brant began his campaign in late May with a raid on Cobleskill, and raided other frontier communities throughout the summer. The local militia and Continental Army units defending the area were ineffective against the raiders, who typically escaped from the scene of a raid before defenders arrived in force. After Brant and some of Butler's Rangers attacked German Flatts in September, the Americans organized a punitive expedition that destroyed the villages of Unadilla and Onaquaga in early October. While Brant was active in the Mohawk valley, Butler descended with a large mixed force and raided the Wyoming Valley of northern Pennsylvania in early July. This action complicated affairs, for the Senecas in Butler's force were accused of massacring noncombatants, and a number of Patriot militia violated their parole not long afterward, participating in a reprisal expedition against Tioga. The lurid propaganda associated with the accusations against the Seneca in particular angered them, as did the destruction of Unadilla, Onaquaga, and Tioga. The Wyoming Valley attack, even though Brant was not present, fueled among his opponents the view of him as a particularly brutal opponent. Brant then joined forces with Captain Walter Butler (the son of John Butler), leading two companies of Butler's Rangers commanded by Captains John McDonell and William Caldwell, for an attack on the major Schoharie Creek settlement of Cherry Valley. Butler's forces also included 300 Senecas, probably led by either Cornplanter or Sayenqueraghta, as well as a number of Cayuga led by Fish Carrier, and 50 British soldiers from the 8th Regiment of Foot. As the force moved toward Cherry Valley, Butler and Brant quarreled over Brant's recruitment of Loyalists. Butler was unhappy at Brant's successes in this sphere, and threatened to withhold provisions from Brant's Loyalist volunteers. Ninety of them ended up leaving the expedition, and Brant himself was on the verge of doing so when his Indigenous supporters convinced him to stay. The dispute did not sit well with the Indigenous forces, and may have undermined Butler's tenuous authority over them. ## Massacre Cherry Valley had a palisaded fort (constructed after Brant's raid on Cobleskill) that surrounded the village meeting house. It was garrisoned by 300 soldiers of the 7th Massachusetts Regiment of the Continental Army, commanded by Colonel Ichabod Alden. Alden and his command staff were alerted by November 8 through Oneida spies that the Butler–Brant force was moving against Cherry Valley. However, he failed to take elementary precautions, continuing to occupy a headquarters (the house of a settler named Wells) some 400 yards (370 m) from the fort. Butler's force arrived near Cherry Valley late on November 10, and established a cold camp to avoid detection. Reconnaissance of the town identified the weaknesses of Alden's arrangements, and the raiders decided to send one force against Alden's headquarters and another against the fort. Butler extracted promises from the Indian warriors in the party that they would not harm noncombatants in a council held that night. The attack began early on the morning of November 11. Some overeager Native warriors spoiled the surprise by firing on settlers cutting wood nearby. One of them escaped, raising the alarm. Little Beard led some of the Senecas to surround the Wells house, while the main body surrounded the fort. The attackers killed at least sixteen officers and troops of the quarters guards, including Alden, who was cut down while he was running from the Wells house to the fort. Most accounts say Alden was within reach of the gates, only to stop and try to shoot his pursuer, who may have been Joseph Brant. His wet pistol repeatedly misfired and he was killed by a thrown tomahawk hitting him in the forehead. Lt. Col. William Stacy, second in command, also quartered at the Wells house, was taken prisoner. Stacy's son Benjamin and cousin Rufus Stacy ran through a hail of bullets to reach the fort from the house; Stacy's brother-in-law Gideon Day was killed. Those attacking the Wells house eventually gained entry, leading to hand-to-hand combat inside. After killing most of the soldiers stationed there, the Senecas slaughtered the entire Wells household, twelve in all. The raiders' attack on the fort was unsuccessful—lacking heavy weapons, they were unable to make any significant impressions on its stockade walls. The fort was then guarded by the Loyalists while the Native warriors rampaged through the rest of the settlement. Not a single house was left standing, and the Senecas, seeking revenge, were reported to have slaughtered anyone they encountered. Butler and Brant attempted to restrain their actions but were unsuccessful. Brant in particular was dismayed to learn that a number of families who were well known to him and whom he had counted as friends had borne the brunt of the Seneca rampage, including the Wells, Campbell, Dunlop, and Clyde families. Lt. William McKendry, a quartermaster in Colonel Alden's regiment, described the attack in his journal: > Immediately came on 442 Indians from the Five Nations, 200 Tories under the command of one Col. Butler and Capt. Brant; attacked headquarters; killed Col. Alden; took Col. Stacy prisoner; attacked Fort Alden; after three hours retreated without success of taking the fort. McKendry identified the fatalities of the massacre as Colonel Alden, thirteen other soldiers, and thirty civilian inhabitants. Most of the slain soldiers had been at the Wells house. Accounts surrounding the capture of Lt. Col. Stacy report that he was about to be killed, but Brant intervened. "[Brant] saved the life of Lieut. Col Stacy, who [...] was made prisoner when Col. Alden was killed. It is said Stacy was a freemason, and as such made an appeal to Brant, and was spared." ## Aftermath The next morning Butler sent Brant and some rangers back into the village to complete its destruction. The raiders took 70 captives, many of them women and children. About 40 of these Butler managed to have released, but the rest were distributed among their captors' villages until they were exchanged. Lt. Col. Stacy was taken to Fort Niagara as a prisoner of the British. A Mohawk chief, in justifying the action at Cherry Valley, wrote to an American officer that "you Burned our Houses, which makes us and our Brothers, the Seneca Indians angrey, so that we destroyed, men, women and Children at Chervalle." The Seneca "declared they would no more be falsely accused, or fight the Enemy twice" (the latter being an indication that they would refuse quarter in the future). Butler reported that "notwithstanding my utmost Precaution and Endeavours to save the Women and Children, I could not prevent some of them falling unhappy Victims to the Fury of the Savages," but also that he spent most of his time guarding the fort during the raid. Quebec Governor Frederick Haldimand was so upset at Butler's inability to control his forces that he refused to see him, writing "such indiscriminate vengeance taken even upon the treacherous and cruel enemy they are engaged against is useless and disreputable to themselves, as it is contrary to the dispositions and maxims of the King whose cause they are fighting." Butler continued to insist in later writings that he was not at fault for the events of the day. The violent frontier war of 1778 brought calls for the Continental Army to take action. Cherry Valley, along with the accusations of murder of non-combatants at Wyoming, helped pave the way for the launch of the 1779 Sullivan Expedition, commissioned by commander-in-chief Major General George Washington and led by Major General John Sullivan. The expedition destroyed over 40 Iroquois villages in their homelands of central and western New York and drove the women and children into refugee camps at Fort Niagara. It failed, however, to stop the frontier war, which continued with renewed severity in 1780. ## Legacy A monument was dedicated at Cherry Valley on August 15, 1878, at the centennial anniversary of the massacre. Former New York Governor Horatio Seymour delivered a dedication address at the monument to an audience of about 10,000 persons, saying: > I am here today not only to show reverence for those dead patriots, but to offer my respects and heartfelt gratitude to the living descendants of those illustrious persons of the early settlements, who have erected this memorial stone. It is to be hoped that their example will be copied; that the report of these commemorative exercises will move others to like acts of pious duty. Let every son of this soil uncover reverently as this monument is unveiled, and do reverence to their sturdy patriotism, made strong by their grand faith, their trials, and their sufferings, and show that the blood of innocent children, of wives, of sisters, of mothers, and of brave men, was not shed in vain. Let us show the world that 100 years have added to the value of that noble sacrifice. Thus we shall leave this sacred spot better men and women, with a higher and nobler purpose of life than that which animated us when we entered this domain of the dead. Years after the massacre, Benjamin Stacy's home village of New Salem, Massachusetts, celebrated the annual Old Home Day holiday with a Benjamin Stacy footrace, honoring his escape at Cherry Valley.	[ "## Background", "## Massacre", "## Aftermath", "## Legacy" ]	2,576	13,652
12,967,889	First Ostend Raid	1,091,118,046	1918 British military attack on German-held port in Belgium	[ "April 1918 events", "Conflicts in 1918", "Naval battles of World War I involving France", "Naval battles of World War I involving Germany", "Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom", "North Sea operations of World War I" ]	The First Ostend Raid (part of Operation ZO) was the first of two attacks by the Royal Navy on the German-held port of Ostend during the late spring of 1918 during the First World War. Ostend was attacked in conjunction with the neighbouring harbour of Zeebrugge on 23 April in order to block the vital strategic port of Bruges, situated 6 mi (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) inland and ideally sited to conduct raiding operations on the British coastline and shipping lanes. Bruges and its satellite ports were a vital part of the German plans in their war on Allied commerce (Handelskrieg) because Bruges was close to the troopship lanes across the English Channel and allowed much quicker access to the Western Approaches for the U-boat fleet than their bases in Germany. The plan of attack was for the British raiding force to sink two obsolete cruisers in the canal mouth at Ostend and three at Zeebrugge, thus preventing raiding ships leaving Bruges. The Ostend canal was the smaller and narrower of the two channels giving access to Bruges and so was considered a secondary target behind the Zeebrugge Raid. Consequently, fewer resources were provided to the force assaulting Ostend. While the attack at Zeebrugge garnered some limited success, the assault on Ostend was a complete failure. The German marines who defended the port had taken careful preparations and drove the British assault ships astray, forcing the abortion of the operation at the final stage. Three weeks after the failure of the operation, a second attack was launched which proved more successful in sinking a blockship at the entrance to the canal but ultimately did not close off Bruges completely. Further plans to attack Ostend came to nothing during the summer of 1918, and the threat from Bruges would not be finally stopped until the last days of the war, when the town was liberated by Allied land forces. ## Bruges Bruges had been captured by the advancing German divisions during the Race for the Sea and had been rapidly identified as an important strategic asset by the German Navy. Bruges was situated 6 mi (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) inland at the centre of a network of canals which emptied into the sea at the small coastal towns of Zeebrugge and Ostend. This land barrier protected Bruges from bombardment by land or sea by all but the very largest calibre artillery and also secured it against raiding parties from the Royal Navy. Capitalising on the natural advantages of the port, the German Navy constructed extensive training and repair facilities at Bruges, equipped to provide support for several flotillas of destroyers, torpedo boats and U-boats. By 1916, these raiding forces were causing serious concern in the Admiralty as the proximity of Bruges to the British coast, to the troopship lanes across the English Channel and for the U-boats, to the Western Approaches; the heaviest shipping lanes in the World at the time. In the late spring of 1915, Admiral Reginald Bacon had attempted without success to destroy the lock gates at Ostend with monitors. This effort failed, and Bruges became increasingly important in the Atlantic Campaign, which reached its height in 1917. By early 1918, the Admiralty was seeking ever more radical solutions to the problems raised by unrestricted submarine warfare, including instructing the "Allied Naval and Marine Forces" department to plan attacks on U-boat bases in Belgium. The "Allied Naval and Marine Forces" was a newly formed department created with the purpose of conducting raids and operations along the coastline of German-held territory. The organisation was able to command extensive resources from both the Royal and French navies and was commanded by Admiral Roger Keyes and his deputy, Commodore Hubert Lynes. Keyes, Lynes and their staff began planning methods of neutralising Bruges in late 1917 and by April 1918 were ready to put their plans into operation. ## Planning To block Bruges, Keyes and Lynes decided to conduct two raids on the ports through which Bruges had access to the sea. Zeebrugge was to be attacked by a large force consisting of three blockships and numerous supporting warships. Ostend was faced by a similar but smaller force under immediate command of Lynes. The plan was for two obsolete cruisers—HMS Sirius and Brilliant—to be expended in blocking the canal which emptied at Ostend. These ships would be stripped to essential fittings and their lower holds and ballast filled with rubble and concrete. This would make them ideal barriers to access if sunk in the correct channel at the correct angle. When the weather was right, the force would cross the English Channel in darkness and attack shortly after midnight to coincide with the Zeebrugge Raid a few miles up the coast. By co-ordinating their operations, the assault forces would stretch the German defenders and hopefully gain the element of surprise. Covering the Inshore Squadron would be heavy bombardment from an offshore squadron of monitors and destroyers as well as artillery support from Royal Marine artillery near Ypres in Allied-held Flanders. Closer support would be offered by several flotillas of motor launches, small torpedo boats and Coastal Motor Boats which would lay smoke screens to obscure the advancing blockships as well as evacuate the crews of the cruisers after they had blocked the channel. ### British order of battle #### Offshore Squadron - Lord Clive-class monitors with 12 in (300 mm) guns: - HMS Marshal Soult, Lord Clive, Prince Eugene and General Crauford - M15 class monitors with 7.5 in (190 mm) guns: - HMS M24, M26, M21 - Destroyers: - HMS Mentor, Lightfoot and Zubian - French Navy Mécanicien Principal Lestin, Enseigne Roux and Bouclier - Light craft: - 4 torpedo boats, 4 French motor launches #### Inshore Squadron - Blockships: - HMS Sirius, Brilliant - Destroyers: - HMS Swift, Faulknor (destroyer leader), Matchless, Mastiff, Afridi, Tempest, Tetrarch - Light craft: - 18 Motor Launches, 8 Coastal Motor Boats Artillery support was also provided by Royal Marine heavy artillery in Allied-held Flanders. The force was covered in the English Channel by seven light cruisers and 16 destroyers, none of which saw action. ## Attack on Ostend The assaults on Zeebrugge and Ostend were launched on 23 April, after being twice delayed by poor weather. The Ostend force arrived off the port shortly before midnight and made final preparations; the monitors took up position offshore and the small craft moved forward to begin laying smoke. Covering the approach, the monitors opened fire on German shore defences, including the 11-inch (280 mm) guns of the powerful "Tirpitz" battery. As a long-range artillery duel developed, the cruisers began their advance towards the harbour mouth, searching for the marker buoys which indicated the correct passage through the diverse sandbanks which made navigation difficult along the Belgian coast. It was at this stage that the attack began to go seriously wrong. Strong winds blowing off the land swept the smoke screen into the face of the advancing cruisers, blinding their commanders who attempted to navigate by dead reckoning. The same wind disclosed the Inshore Squadron to the German defenders who immediately opened up a withering fire on the blockships. With their volunteer crews suffering heavy casualties, the commanders increased speed despite the poor visibility and continued groping through the narrow channels inshore, searching for the Stroom Bank buoy which directed shipping into the canal. Commander Alfred Godsal led the assault in HMS Brilliant and it was he who stumbled into the most effective German counter-measure first. As Brilliant staggered through the murk, the lookout spotted the buoy ahead and Godsal headed directly for it, coming under even heavier fire as he did so. Passing the navigation marker at speed, the cruiser was suddenly brought to a halt with a juddering lurch, throwing men to the decks and sticking fast in deep mud well outside the harbour mouth. Before warnings could be relayed to the Sirius following up close behind, she too passed the buoy and her captain Lieutenant-Commander Henry Hardy was shocked to see Brilliant dead ahead. With no time to manoeuvre, Sirius ploughed into the port quarter of Brilliant, the blockships settling into the mud in a tangle of wreckage. Artillery and long-range machine gun fire continued to riddle the wrecks and the combined crews were ordered to evacuate as the officers set the scuttling charges which would sink the blockships in their current, useless locations. As men scrambled down the side of the cruisers into Coastal Motor Boats which would relay them to the Offshore Squadron, destroyers moved closer to Ostend to cover the retreat and the monitors continued their heavy fire. Godsal was the last to leave, picked up by launch ML276 commanded by Lieutenant Rowley Bourke. With the main assault a complete failure, the blockading forces returned to Dover and Dunkirk to assess the disaster. When the forces had reassembled and the commanders conferred, the full facts of the failed operation were revealed. The German commander of Ostend had been better prepared than his counterpart at Zeebrugge and had recognised that without the navigation buoy no night attack on Ostend could be successful without a strong familiarity with the port, which none of the British navigators possessed. However, rather than simply remove the buoy, the German commander had ordered it moved 2,400 yd (2,200 m) east of the canal mouth into the centre of a wide expanse of sandbanks, acting as a fatal decoy for any assault force. ## Aftermath The assault at Zeebrugge a few miles away from Ostend was more successful and the blocking of the major channel did cause some consternation amongst the German forces in Bruges. The larger raiders could no longer leave the port, but smaller ships, including most submarines, were still able to traverse via Ostend. In addition, within hours a narrow channel had also been carved through Zeebrugge too, although British intelligence did not realise this for several weeks. The defeat at Ostend did not entirely dampen the exuberant British media and public reaction to Zeebrugge, but in the Admiralty and particularly in the Allied Naval and Marine Forces the failure to completely neutralise Bruges rankled. A second operation (Operation VS) was planned for 10 May using the cruiser HMS Vindictive and proved more successful, but ultimately it also failed to completely close off Bruges. A third planned operation was never conducted as it rapidly became clear that the new channel carved at Zeebrugge was enough to allow access for U-boats, thus calling for an even larger double assault, which would stretch the resources of the Allied Naval and Marine Forces too far. British losses in the three futile attempts to close Bruges cost over 600 casualties and the loss of several ships but Bruges would remain an active raiding base for the German Navy until October 1918.	[ "## Bruges", "## Planning", "### British order of battle", "#### Offshore Squadron", "#### Inshore Squadron", "## Attack on Ostend", "## Aftermath" ]	2,341	1,656
25,894,275	Battle of Frenchman's Creek	1,157,021,903	Battle of the War of 1812	[ "Battles involving Canada", "Battles of the War of 1812 in Ontario", "Battles on the Niagara Frontier", "November 1812 events", "War of 1812 National Historic Sites of Canada" ]	The Battle of Frenchman's Creek took place during the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States in the early hours of November 28, 1812, in the Crown Colony of Upper Canada, near the Niagara River. The operation was conceived as a raid to prepare the ground for a larger American invasion. The Americans succeeded in crossing the Niagara and landing at both of their points of attack. They achieved one of their two objectives before withdrawing but the invasion was subsequently called off, rendering useless what had been accomplished. The engagement was named, "the Battle of Frenchman's Creek" by the Canadians, after the location of some of the severest fighting. To contemporary Americans, it was known as, "the Affair opposite Black Rock". The battle site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1921. ## Background After the American defeat at the Battle of Queenston Heights, command of the U.S. Army of the Centre on the Niagara Frontier passed from Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer of the New York Militia to his second-in-command, Brigadier General Alexander Smyth of the Regular U.S. Army. Smyth had deeply resented being subordinated to a militia officer and this was the opportunity for which he had been waiting. He immediately planned to invade Canada with 3,000 troops. Assembling his forces at Buffalo, he directed a two-pronged attack in advance of his main invasion. Captain William King, with 220 men, was to cross the Niagara and spike the batteries at the Red House, beside Fort Erie, in order to enable Smyth's main invasion force to land without facing artillery fire. At the same time, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Boerstler, with 200 men, was to land in Canada between Fort Erie and Chippawa and destroy the bridge over Frenchman's Creek in order to hinder the bringing-up of British reinforcements to oppose Smyth's landing. The British commander-in-chief in North America, Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, had forbidden any offensive action on the Niagara Frontier. This left the local British forces with no alternative but to wait for the Americans to make the first move and try to counter any attempt at invasion. The regular troops were distributed among the defensive outposts and supplemented with militia and Native American forces. In a floridly worded proclamation, published on 10 November and addressed "To The Men of New York", Smyth wrote that, "in a few days the troops under my command will plant the American standard in Canada" and he urged New Yorkers not to "stand with your arms folded and look on in this interesting struggle" but to "advance...to our aid. I will wait for you a few days." Smyth's statement of intent appears to have attracted no attention from his opponents across the border. ## Opposing forces Captain William King of the 13th U.S. Regiment of Infantry was detailed to attack the Red House with 150 troops and 70 U.S. Navy sailors under Lieutenant Samuel Angus. King's soldiers came from Captain Willoughby Morgan's company of the 12th U.S. Regiment of Infantry and Captains John Sproull and John E. Wool's companies of the 13th Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Charles Boerstler was directed against Frenchman's Creek with 200 men of his own 14th U.S. Regiment of Infantry. Colonel William H. Winder, commander of the 14th Regiment, was in reserve, with 350 of his own regiment. The British local commander, Lieutenant Colonel Cecil Bisshopp, was stationed at Chippawa, with a company of the 1st Battalion, 41st Regiment of Foot, two infantry companies of the 5th Lincoln Militia and a small detachment of Lincoln Militia Artillery. More of the 5th Lincoln Militia under Major Richard Hatt were posted nearby. In the area that would face attack on December 26, Bisshopp had several different detachments under his overall command. At Fort Erie were 80 of the 49th Regiment of Foot under Major Ormsby and 50 of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment under Captain Whelan. At Black Rock Ferry were two companies of Norfolk Militia under Captain John Bostwick. At the Red House, two-and-half miles from Fort Erie on the Chippawa Road, were 38 of the 49th Regiment under Lieutenant Thomas Lamont, some men of the Royal Regiment of Artillery under Lieutenant King, and some militia artillerymen. Lamont's battery mounted two guns: an 18-pounder and a 24-pounder; while King's battery mounted a 6-pounder and a 3-pounder. Further along the Chippawa Road, about four-and-a-half miles from Fort Erie, lay the post at Frenchman's Creek, garrisoned by 38 more men of the 49th Regiment under Lieutenant J. Bartley. Not far away were 70 of the light infantry company of the 41st Regiment under Lieutenant Angus McIntyre. ## Battle ### King's Attack Only part of Captain King's force, including 35 of Lieutenant Angus's 70 sailors, succeeded in making a landing at the Red House. Under fire from the defenders, the invaders charged Lieutenant Lamont's detachment of the 49th Regiment. The sailors, armed with pikes and swords, closed in for hand-to-hand fighting. Lamont's troops drove back the attackers three times but King made a fourth assault which hit the British left flank and overwhelmed them; capturing Lamont and killing, taking or dispersing all of his men. The victorious Americans set fire to the post, spiked the guns and set off back to the landing-point, where they expected their boats to have re-landed in order to evacuate them. However, in the moonless darkness, King's force became dispersed and split into two parties: one led by King and the other by Lieutenant Angus. Angus returned to the landing-point and found only four of the party's ten boats there. Unaware that the six missing boats had not in fact landed, Angus assumed that King had already departed, and he re-crossed the river in the remaining boats. When King's party reached the landing-point, they found themselves stranded. A search downriver found two unattended British boats, in which King sent half of his men, and the prisoners that he had captured, over the Niagara while he waited with his 30 remaining men for more boats to come from Buffalo and pick him up. ### Boerstler's Attack Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler made for Frenchman's Creek but four of his eleven boats, "misled by the darkness of the night or the inexperienced rowers being unable to force them across the current, fell below, near the bridge and were forced to return". Nevertheless, Boerstler's seven remaining boats forced a landing, opposed by Lieutenant Bartley and his 37 men of the 49th Regiment. Boerstler led the attack, shooting with his pistol a British soldier who was about to bayonet him. Bartley's outnumbered force retired, pursued to the Frenchman's Creek Bridge by the Americans, who took two prisoners. Boerstler's men were then attacked by Captain Bostwick's two companies of Norfolk Militia, who had advanced from Black Rock Ferry. After an exchange of fire in which Bostwick's force lost 3 killed, 15 wounded and 6 captured, the Canadians retreated. Boerstler now encountered another problem: many of the axes provided for the destruction of the Frenchman's Creek bridge were in the four boats that had turned back and those that were in the seven remaining boats had been left behind when the Americans fought their way ashore. Boerstler dispatched eight men under Lieutenant John Waring to "break up the bridge by any means which they could find". Waring had torn up about a third of the planking on the bridge when it was learned from a prisoner that "the whole force from Fort Erie was coming down upon them". Boerstler quickly re-embarked his command and rowed back to Buffalo, leaving behind Waring and his party at the bridge. ### British response In response to the attack, Major Ormsby advanced from Fort Erie to Frenchman's Creek with his 80 men of the 49th Regiment, where he was joined by Lieutenant McIntyre's 70 light infantrymen, Major Hatt's Lincoln Militia and some British-allied Native Americans under Major Givins. Finding that Boerstler's invaders had already gone, and being unable to determine any other enemy presence in the pitch dark, Ormsby's 300 men remained in position until daybreak, when Lieutenant Colonel Bisshopp arrived from Fort Erie. Bisshopp led the force to the Red House, where they found Captain King and his men still waiting to be evacuated. Outnumbered by ten-to-one, King surrendered. ### Winder's reinforcement When the news arrived in Buffalo that King had spiked the Red House batteries, General Smyth was overjoyed. "Huzza!" he exclaimed, "Canada is ours! Canada is ours! Canada is ours! This will be a glorious day for the United States!" and he dispatched Colonel Winder with his 350 men across the river to evacuate King and the rest of his force. Winder collected Lieutenant Waring and his party and then landed. However, he had only disembarked part of his force when Bisshopp's 300 men appeared. Winder ordered his men back to their boats and cast off for Buffalo but his command came under a severe fire as they rowed away, costing him 28 casualties. In spiking the guns at the Red House battery, the Americans had accomplished the more important of their two objectives: an invading force could now land between Chippawa and Fort Erie without facing artillery fire. However, subsequent events would render their service useless. ## Casualties The British official casualty return gave 15 killed, 46 wounded and 30 missing. As was often done in casualty returns with officers (but not with enlisted men), Lieutenant King of Royal Artillery and Lieutenant Lamont of the 49th were included in the "wounded" category although they were also taken prisoner. The Americans took 34 prisoners, including Lamont and King, which would indicate that two of the enlisted men who were thought to have been killed were in fact captured. This gives a revised British loss (with Lamont and King counted among the prisoners rather than the wounded) of 13 killed, 44 wounded and 34 captured. Eaton's Compilation states that Captain King's command had 8 killed and 9 wounded; that Colonel Winder's detachment had 6 killed and 22 wounded but that the losses of Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler's detachment were unknown, being "nowhere stated" in the records. The New York Gazette of December 15, 1812, reported that, of Lieutenant Angus's 35 sailors who assaulted the Red House, 28 were killed or wounded, 2 were captured and only 5 escaped unscathed. Captain King (who was slightly wounded in the foot) and 38 other prisoners were taken by the British, The British reported that King and Angus's detachment left 12 killed behind them at the Red House (4 of whom were presumably from Angus's naval detachment) and that 18 American dead were recovered altogether. Since only 30 prisoners had surrendered along with King and since Winder's detachment did not come under fire until they had re-embarked and cast off for Buffalo, it would appear that 6 of the dead left on the battlefield and 8 of the prisoners belonged to Boerstler's command. The known American casualties (which include the killed and captured but not the wounded in Boerstler's detachment) therefore appear to have been 24 killed, 55 wounded and 39 captured. ## Aftermath With the Red House batteries out of action, Smyth immediately pressed on with his invasion plans. However, attempts to embark his 3,000 men ended in chaos; with only 1,200 men managing to board because of a shortage of boats and the artillery taking up an unexpected amount of space on board. Amid torrential rain and freezing cold, a council of war headed by Smyth decided to postpone the invasion pending more thorough preparations that would enable the embarkation of whole force. On November 30, Smyth tried again, ordering his men to embark two hours before dawn in order to avoid enemy fire. This time, the embarkation was so slow that, two hours after daylight, only 1,500 men were on board. Rather than attempt an amphibious landing in broad daylight, Smyth once again postponed the invasion. By this time, morale in Smyth's command had plummeted: "all discipline had dissolved; the camp was a bedlam". This, and widespread illness among the troops, persuaded a second council of war called by Smyth to suspend all offensive operations until the army was reinforced. The Army of the Centre went into winter quarters without attempting any further offensive operations and General Smyth requested leave to visit his family in Virginia. Three months later, without Smyth either resigning his commission or facing a court-martial, his name was dropped from the U.S. Army rolls by President James Madison. Unaware of the American intentions, the British and Canadians thought that King, Boerstler and Winder had been intended as the first wave of Smyth's invasion rather than as a preparatory raid. The Canadian press praised the "gallant achievement" of the defenders in apparently repulsing the Americans and singled out Bisshopp for particular congratulation. In his dispatch to Prevost, Major General Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, the British commander in Upper Canada, wrote that "Lieut.-Colonel Bisshopp deserves high commendation for the spirit and activity he displayed, and great credit is due the officers and men who acted under his orders." Bisshopp was killed the following summer while leading the Raid On Newport. Seven active infantry battalions of the Regular Army (1-2 Inf, 2-2 Inf, 1-4 Inf, 2-4 Inf, 3-4 Inf, 1-5 Inf and 2-5 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of several American infantry regiments (the old 13th, 20th and 23rd Infantry Regiments) that were at the Battle of Frenchman's Creek.	[ "## Background", "## Opposing forces", "## Battle", "### King's Attack", "### Boerstler's Attack", "### British response", "### Winder's reinforcement", "## Casualties", "## Aftermath" ]	2,986	6,815
14,237,442	Tanner Glass	1,158,441,682	Canadian professional ice hockey player	[ "1983 births", "Boxers de Bordeaux players", "Calgary Flames players", "Canadian ice hockey centres", "Dartmouth Big Green men's ice hockey players", "Florida Panthers draft picks", "Florida Panthers players", "Hartford Wolf Pack players", "Ice hockey people from Regina, Saskatchewan", "Living people", "Nanaimo Clippers players", "New York Rangers players", "Penticton Panthers players", "Pittsburgh Penguins players", "Rochester Americans players", "Stockton Heat players", "Vancouver Canucks players", "Winnipeg Jets players" ]	Tanner Glass (born November 29, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger. Known as a physical player, he played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Florida Panthers, Vancouver Canucks, Winnipeg Jets, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Rangers and Calgary Flames. During the 2012 NHL Lockout, he played for HC ’05 Banská Bystrica in the Slovak Extraliga and he also had a spell with Boxers de Bordeaux of the French Ligue Magnus. Glass played junior hockey in the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) for two seasons with the Penticton Panthers and Nanaimo Clippers, earning All-Star Team honours in 2003. Going on to the college ranks with the Dartmouth Big Green for four seasons, he helped his club to two third-place finishes in the ECAC Hockey Conference and served as team captain in his senior year. Selected 265th overall by the Florida Panthers in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, he turned professional in 2007 with the team's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Rochester Americans. For the next two seasons, he split time between the NHL and AHL before signing with the Canucks in July 2009 as an unrestricted free agent. He solidified his role as a fourth-line forward on the team and helped them to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost to the Boston Bruins. In July 2011, he left the Canucks for the Jets via free agency. The following year, he signed with the Penguins as a free agent, and subsequently played with the Rangers after his contract with the Penguins expired. Glass has been the Rangers' Assistant Director of Player Development since he officially announced his retirement as an active player in June 2019. ## Playing career ### Amateur Born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Glass played midget with the Yorkton Mallers of the Saskatchewan Midget Hockey League (SMHL). In 2001–02, he began a two-year career of Junior A in the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL). Playing his rookie season with the Penticton Panthers, he recorded 11 goals and 39 points over 57 games. The following season, he was traded to the Nanaimo Clippers after 32 games with Penticton. He finished his second junior season with 23 goals and 62 points over 50 games, split between Penticton and Nanaimo. In addition to appearing in the 2003 BCHL All-Star Game, Glass received end-of-season BCHL All-Star Team honours. In the off-season, he was selected 265th overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Florida Panthers. Following his draft, he joined the college hockey ranks with the Dartmouth Big Green of the ECAC Hockey Conference. He missed 8 games in his freshman year due to mononucleosis, finishing with 11 points over 26 games. He helped the Big Green to the third-place game of the ECAC playoffs, where they lost to the Colgate Raiders. The following season, he improved to 15 points in 33 games. Prior to his junior year, he was named an alternate captain for the Big Green, going on to score a college career-high 12 goals and 28 points over 33 games. Glass made his second appearance in the ECAC's third-place game, winning 3–2 against Colgate. Captaining the team as a senior in 2006–07, Glass matched his career-high 28 points and helped Dartmouth to the third-place game once more. He finished his college career losing to the St. Lawrence Saints. ### Florida Panthers Still unsigned by the Panthers at the end of his college career, Glass received an amateur tryout contract from Florida's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Rochester Americans, on March 21, 2007. He notched his first professional point, an assist, against the Syracuse Crunch four days later. Playing the final four games of the 2006–07 AHL season, he finished with one assist in his initial stint with the Americans. After signing his first NHL contract with the Panthers in August 2007, Glass split the 2007–08 season between Rochester and Florida. He began the campaign in the AHL, scoring his first professional goal against goaltender Jaroslav Halak in a game against the Hamilton Bulldogs on October 12, 2007. The following month, he received his first NHL call-up and earned just over a minute of ice time in his NHL debut against the Carolina Hurricanes, a 4–3 loss on November 12, 2007. After being sent back down within eight days, Glass earned two more call-ups over the course of the season. On January 22, 2008, he scored his first NHL goal against Ray Emery in a 5–3 win against the Ottawa Senators. Playing 41 games in his rookie NHL season, he notched a goal and an assist, while also recording 11 points in 43 AHL games. Beginning the 2008–09 season in the AHL for the second consecutive year, Glass was appointed as an alternate captain for the Americans. After appearing in 44 AHL games (4 goals and 13 points) and 3 NHL games (no points), he sustained a season-ending injury on February 7, 2009. Glass did not receive a qualifying offer from the Panthers for the following season. ### Vancouver Canucks Glass became an unrestricted free agent in the off-season. On the first day of free agency, he was signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a one-year, two-way deal worth the league-minimum \$500,000 at the NHL level. With early injuries to Canucks forwards during training camp, Glass made the line-up for the start of the season as the thirteenth forward. He scored his first goal with the Canucks on November 1, 2009, in a 3–0 win against the Colorado Avalanche. He recorded 11 points over 67 games in 2009–10. In the off-season, Glass filed for arbitration, looking for a one-way contract to ensure an NHL salary. He was re-signed on July 12, 2010, to a one-year contract worth \$625,000. Until suffering an upper-body injury during practice in early March 2011, Glass was the lone staple on the Canucks' fourth line, playing with a rotation of wingers and centres. Glass missed nine games with the injury, returning in early April. He finished the regular season with 3 goals and 10 points over 73 games, helping the Canucks win the Presidents' Trophy as the team with the league's best record. With the top seed in the Western Conference, the Canucks eliminated the Chicago Blackhawks, Nashville Predators and San Jose Sharks en route to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost in seven games to the Boston Bruins. Over 20 post-season games, Glass recorded no points and 18 penalty minutes. ### Winnipeg Jets Set to become an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Glass expressed a desire to return to the Canucks, but he was not re-signed. On July 1, 2011, he agreed to a one-year contract worth \$750,000 with the Winnipeg Jets. Playing on the Jets' third line with Jim Slater and Chris Thorburn, Glass set career highs in goals, assists and points in his first and only season with Winnipeg, earning a total of 16 points. ### Pittsburgh Penguins The Jets did not re-sign Glass, and on July 1, 2012, he signed a 2-year contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins, worth \$1.1 million per year. During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Glass played in the Slovak Extraliga for Banská Bystrica. In 6 games for the Slovakian club, he tallied one assist. Once the NHL season finally began, he played in 48 games, scoring 2 points. On November 23, 2013, in a match against the Montreal Canadiens, Glass broke his hand blocking a shot from P.K. Subban. He was placed on the injured reserve for 33 days before returning to the ice on December 27 against the Carolina Hurricanes. On January 26, 2014, Glass registered 13 of the Penguins' 36 total hits in a loss to the Dallas Stars. ### New York Rangers On July 1, 2014, Glass signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers on a three-year contract worth \$1.45 million per year. Glass underwhelmed in 2014-15, with 6 points in 66 games, and after a poor start to the 2015-16 season, Glass was put on waivers and assigned to the Hartford Wolf Pack. Glass was then recalled by the Rangers on December 14 after Jarret Stoll was waived. ### Calgary Flames On August 29, 2017, Glass signed a professional tryout agreement with the Calgary Flames. On October 3, the Flames signed Glass to a one-year, \$650,000 contract. ### Europe Following completion of the 2017–18 season with the Flames, his 11th in the NHL, Glass as a free agent opted to sign abroad by agreeing to a one-year contract with French club, Boxers de Bordeaux of the Ligue Magnus on August 31, 2018. On June 13, 2019, the club announced his retirement from playing professional hockey. ## Playing style Glass has established himself as primarily a fourth-line forward in the NHL. His work ethic makes him effective at blocking shots. A physical and aggressive player, he is also known to be a capable fighter. He has also been recognized as a leader on his teams, serving as an alternate captain with Rochester in the AHL, as well as a captain with Dartmouth during his college career. ## Personal life Glass was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, to Fred and Cathy Glass. He has a brother, Darnell, and a sister, Shayna. Growing up in nearby Craven, Saskatchewan, he graduated from Lumsden High School. An honour roll student, Glass also played on several athletic high school teams. He won provincial championships in baseball and hockey, as well bronze medals in the 200 metre and 4x100 metre relay track events. In July 2011, Glass married Emily Tracy in Seattle, Washington; the couple have two sons together. ## Career statistics ## Awards and honours	[ "## Playing career", "### Amateur", "### Florida Panthers", "### Vancouver Canucks", "### Winnipeg Jets", "### Pittsburgh Penguins", "### New York Rangers", "### Calgary Flames", "### Europe", "## Playing style", "## Personal life", "## Career statistics", "## Awards and honours" ]	2,170	19,375
8,051,732	New York State Route 144	1,134,870,832	State highway in New York, US	[ "State highways in New York (state)", "Transportation in Albany County, New York", "Transportation in Greene County, New York" ]	New York State Route 144 (NY 144) is a state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States. The highway runs for 14.74 miles (23.72 km) as a two-lane road from an intersection with U.S. Route 9W (US 9W) in the Greene County town of New Baltimore to a junction with NY 32 in the town of Bethlehem just south of the Albany city limits. NY 144 closely parallels the New York State Thruway (Interstate 87 or I-87) and the west bank of the Hudson River as it heads across Albany County. The Thruway and NY 144 connect at exit 22 about 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Albany in Bethlehem. NY 144 was originally designated as part of NY 10 in the mid-1920s and as part of US 9W from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 144 was assigned to what is now US 9W between New Baltimore and Albany. The alignments of US 9W and NY 144 were flipped in the mid-1930s, placing the latter on a routing that extended north from Bethlehem to downtown Albany. NY 144 was truncated to its present length in the late 1960s. ## Route description NY 144 begins at an intersection with US 9W in the town of New Baltimore, just north of US 9W's junction with County Route 51 (CR 51). The route heads northeastward through New Baltimore as a two-lane rural roadway, crossing CSX Transportation's West Shore Line before intersecting with a service road that connects to the New Baltimore Travel Plaza on the New York State Thruway (I-87). Not far from the junction, NY 144 passes by a stretch of homes alongside the Thruway and crosses over the toll road, at which point the road enters a residential but wooded area of the town. This stretch leads to the hamlet of New Baltimore, located on the west bank of the Hudson River. In the residential center of the community, NY 144 intersects with the northern terminus of CR 61 (River Road). At this junction, NY 144 makes a turn northward, following the riverbank out of the hamlet. Continuing northward, NY 144 heads through gradually less developed areas as it crosses the Greene–Albany county line and enters the town of Coeymans. It crosses Hannacrois Creek just north of the county line on its way into the nearby hamlet of Coeymans, where the route becomes known as Main Street. NY 144 runs north–south through the small residential community, intersecting with the eastern terminus of NY 143 (Church Street) and passing over Coeymans Creek before exiting the area and becoming River Road. Outside of Coeymans, NY 144 heads northward along a strip of land bounded by Coeymans Creek to the west and the Hudson River to the east. It serves a large industrial complex and passes under a long pipeline connection in an otherwise undeveloped and wooded area before trending to the northwest toward the nearby New York State Thruway. NY 144 comes within 50 feet (15 m) of the Thruway's northbound lanes before turning back to the northeast. The two highways remain close for the next 3.5 miles (5.6 km), with both roads continuing to traverse wooded areas of the town of Coeymans. NY 144 serves a handful of isolated housing tracts before passing over a railroad line and under the Berkshire Connector of the Thruway, which terminates just west of the overpass at Thruway exit 21A. Past the connector, the amount of development along NY 144 slowly increases as the highway crosses into the town of Bethlehem. Here, the route intersects the eastern terminus of NY 396 (Maple Avenue) just east of Selkirk and finally connects to the Thruway at the toll road's exit 22, located just north of the NY 396 junction. After the Thruway exit, the freeway heads off to the north while NY 144 takes a slightly northeasterly track toward Cedar Hill and Wemple, two small riverside hamlets about 2 miles (3.2 km) apart on opposite sides of Vioman Kill. North of Wemple, the sporadic residences along the highway are replaced by a string of tank farms serving barges on the Hudson River. The industrial surroundings follow NY 144 into the hamlet of Glenmont, centered on the route's junction with Glenmont Road. Here, NY 144 crosses over another set of railroad tracks before heading northeastward from the community toward Normans Kill. The route runs alongside the Hudson River tributary and another set of tank farms to an intersection with NY 32 (Corning Hill Road) near the Port of Albany–Rensselaer, where the NY 144 designation terminates. NY 32 continues northward from this point on NY 144's right-of-way, becoming South Pearl Street and immediately crossing Normans Kill to enter the city of Albany. ## History The first piece of NY 144 brought into the state highway system began with the portion of NY 144 between Selkirk and Greene County line as SH 508. A 4.77 miles (7.68 km) long stretch of highway, SH 508 was to cost \$41,000 (1907 USD) to reconstruct to state standards. The contract was let on September 5, 1907 to the Elmore and Hamilton Contracting Company to put new limestone on the top course of the new roadway and approved stones for the bottom. Work commenced in June 1908 and was completed three months later. Most of modern NY 144 was originally designated as part of NY 10 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924. NY 10 joined what is now NY 144 at Coeymans and followed it north through Bethlehem to Albany, where NY 10 continued into the city on modern NY 32. When U.S. Highways were first posted in New York in 1927, all of NY 10 south of Albany became part of US 9W. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, US 9W was realigned through the towns of New Baltimore and Coeymans to use modern NY 144 instead. At the same time, the portion of what is now US 9W from New Baltimore to Albany was designated as NY 144. The alignments of US 9W and NY 144 north of New Baltimore were flipped in April 1935. Initially, NY 144 entered Albany, overlapping with NY 32 along South Pearl Street to US 20 in the downtown district. It was truncated to its current northern terminus south of Albany in the late 1960s. ## Major intersections ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	1,453	4,794
18,559,216	Russula brevipes	1,173,358,583	Species of fungus	[ "Edible fungi", "Fungi described in 1890", "Fungi of North America", "Fungi of Pakistan", "Russula", "Taxa named by Charles Horton Peck" ]	Russula brevipes is a species of mushroom commonly known as the short-stemmed russula or the stubby brittlegill. It is widespread in North America, and was reported from Pakistan in 2006. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with trees from several genera, including fir, spruce, Douglas-fir, and hemlock. Fruit bodies are white and large, with convex to funnel-shaped caps measuring 7–30 cm (3–12 in) wide set atop a thick stipe up to 8 cm (3 in) long. The gills on the cap underside are closely spaced and sometimes have a faint bluish tint. Spores are roughly spherical, and have a network-like surface dotted with warts. The mushrooms of Russula brevipes often develop under masses of conifer needles or leaves of broadleaved trees, and fruit from summer to autumn. Forms of the mushroom that develop a bluish band at the top of the stipe are sometimes referred to as variety acrior. Although edible, Russula brevipes mushrooms have a bland or bitter flavor. They become more palatable once parasitized by the ascomycete fungus Hypomyces lactifluorum, a bright orange mold that covers the fruit body and transforms them into lobster mushrooms. ## Taxonomy Russula brevipes was initially described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1890, from specimens collected in Quogue, New York. It is classified in the subsection Lactaroideae, a grouping of similar Russula species characterized by having whitish to pale yellow fruit bodies, compact and hard flesh, abundant lamellulae (short gills), and the absence of clamp connections. Other related Russula species with a similar range of spore ornamentation heights include Russula delica, R. romagnesiana, and R. pseudodelica. There has been considerable confusion in the literature over the naming of Russula brevipes. Some early 20th-century American mycologists referred to it as Russula delica, although that fungus was described from Europe by Elias Fries with a description not accurately matching the North American counterparts. Fries's concept of R. delica included: a white fruit body that did not change color; a smooth, shiny cap; and thin, widely spaced gills. To add to the confusion, Rolf Singer and later Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi described other species they named Russula delica. Robert Shaffer summarized the taxonomic conundrum in 1964: > Russula delica is a species that everybody knows, so to speak, but the evidence indicates that R. delica sensu Fries (1838) is not R. delica sensu Singer (1938), which in turn is not R. delica sensu Kühner and Romagnesi (1953)... It is best to use R. brevipes for the North American collections which most authors but not Kühner and Romagnesi (1953), call R. delica. The name, R. brevipes, is attached to a type collection, has a reasonably explicit original description, and provides a stable point about which a species concept can be formed. Shaffer defined the Russula brevipes varieties acrior and megaspora in 1964 from Californian specimens. The former is characterized by a greenish-blue band that forms at the top of the stipe, while the latter variety has large spores. The nomenclatural database Index Fungorum does not consider these varieties to have independent taxonomical significance. In a 2012 publication, mycologist Mike Davis and colleagues suggest that western North American Russula brevipes comprise a complex of at least four distinct species. According to MycoBank, the European species Russula chloroides is synonymous with R. brevipes, although Index Fungorum and other sources consider them distinct species. The specific epithet brevipes is derived from the Latin words brevis "short" and pes "foot", hence "short-footed". Common names used to refer to the mushroom include short-stemmed russula, short-stalked white russula, and stubby brittlegill. ## Description Fully grown, the cap can range from 7 to 30 cm (3 to 12 in) in diameter, whitish to dull-yellow, and is funnel-shaped with a central depression. The gills are narrow and thin, decurrent in attachment, nearly white when young but becoming pale yellow to buff with age, and sometimes forked near the stipe. The stipe is 3–8 cm long and 2.5–4 cm thick. It is initially white but develops yellowish-brownish discolorations with age. The mushroom sometimes develops a pale green band at the top of the stipe. The spore print is white to light cream. Spores of R. brevipes are egg-shaped to more or less spherical, and measure 7.5–10 by 6.5–8.5 μm; they have a partially reticulate (network-like) surface dotted with warts measuring up to 1 μm high. The cap cuticle is arranged in the form of a cutis (characterized by hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface) comprising interwoven hyphae with rounded tips. There are no cystidia on the cap (pileocystidia). The variant R. brevipes var. acrior Shaffer has a subtle green shading at the stipe apex and on the gills. R. brevipes var. megaspora has spores measuring 9–14 by 8–12 μm. ### Similar species The subalpine waxy cap (Hygrophorus subalpinus) is somewhat similar in appearance to R. brevipes but lacks its brittle flesh, and it has a sticky, glutinous cap. The Pacific Northwest species Russula cascadensis also resembles R. brevipes, but has an acrid taste and smaller fruit bodies. Another lookalike, R. vesicatoria, has gills that often fork near the stipe attachment. R. angustispora is quite similar to R. brevipes, but has narrower spores measuring 6.5–8.5 by 4.5–5 μm, and it does not have the pale greenish band that sometimes develops in the latter species. The European look-alike R. delica is widely distributed, although rarer in the northern regions of the continent. Similar to R. brevipes in overall morphology, it has somewhat larger spores (9–12 by 7–8.5 μm) with a surface ornamentation featuring prominent warts interconnected by a zebra-like patterns of ridges. The milk-cap mushroom Lactifluus piperatus can be distinguished from R. brevipes by the production of latex when the mushroom tissue is cut or injured. ## Distribution and habitat It is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with several hosts across temperate forest ecosystems. Typical hosts include trees in the genera Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga. The fungus has been reported in Pakistan's Himalayan moist temperate forests associated with Pinus wallichiana. Fruit bodies grow singly or in groups; fruiting season occurs from summer to autumn. In western North America, where the mushroom is quite common, it is encountered most frequently in late autumn. The mushrooms are usually found as "shrumps"—low, partially emerged mounds on the forest floor, and have often been partially consumed by mammals such as rodents or deer. Studies have demonstrated that geographically separated R. brevipes populations (globally and continentally) develop significant genetic differentiation, suggesting that gene flow between these populations is small. In contrast, there was little genetic differentiation observed between populations sampled from a smaller area (less than approximately 1000 meters). R. brevipes is one of several Russula species that associates with the myco-heterotrophic orchid Limodorum abortivum. ## Edibility Russula brevipes is a non-descript edible species that tends to assume the flavors of meats and sauces it is cooked with. It is one of several Russula species harvested in the wild from Mexico's Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park and sold in local markets in nearby Ozumba. The mushrooms are suitable for pickling due to their crisp texture. Fruit bodies are commonly parasitized by the ascomycete Hypomyces lactifluorum, transforming them into an edible known as a lobster mushroom. In this form, the surface of the fruit body develops into a hard, thin crust dotted with minute pimples, and the gills are reduced to blunt ridges. The flesh of the mushroom—normally brittle and crumbly—becomes compacted and less breakable. ### Bioactive compounds Sesquiterpene lactones are a diverse group of biologically active compounds that are being investigated for their antiinflammatory and antitumor activities. Some of these compounds have been isolated and chemically characterized from Russula brevipes: russulactarorufin, lactarorufin-A, and 24-ethyl-cholesta-7,22E-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol. ## See also - List of Russula species	[ "## Taxonomy", "## Description", "### Similar species", "## Distribution and habitat", "## Edibility", "### Bioactive compounds", "## See also" ]	1,968	25,849
1,551,139	Treehouse of Horror III	1,172,420,586	null	[ "1992 American television episodes", "Cultural depictions of Albert Einstein", "Cultural depictions of George Washington", "Cultural depictions of William Shakespeare", "Halloween television episodes", "King Kong (franchise)", "Sentient toys in fiction", "Television episodes about zombies", "Television episodes written by Al Jean", "The Simpsons (season 4) episodes", "Treehouse of Horror" ]	"Treehouse of Horror III" is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 29, 1992. The third annual Treehouse of Horror episode, it features segments in which Homer buys Bart an evil talking doll, Homer is a giant ape which is captured by Mr. Burns in a parody of the 1933 version of King Kong, and Bart and Lisa inadvertently cause zombies to attack Springfield. The episode was written by Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen, Wallace Wolodarsky, Sam Simon, and Jon Vitti, and directed by Carlos Baeza. ## Plot The episode's wraparound segment shows the Simpson family having a Halloween party for the children of Springfield. Lisa, Grampa, and Bart each tell a horror story. In Lisa's story, "Clown Without Pity", Homer buys a cursed Krusty the Clown doll as a last-minute birthday present for Bart. After the doll makes numerous attempts on Homer's life, he captures the doll, locks it in a suitcase, and drops it in a "Bottomless Pit". Returning home, Homer is ambushed by the escaped doll, who tackles him into the kitchen and tries to drown him in a dog bowl. Marge calls the consumer service hotline. A repairman arrives and discovers that the doll has been set to "evil" mode. He flips the switch to "good" and the Krusty doll becomes friends with Homer, although it is quickly put to work as Homer's slave. In Grampa's story, "King Homer", inspired by Grampa watching lots of movies, Marge joins Mr. Burns and Mr. Smithers on an expedition to Ape Island as bait for the legendary giant ape King Homer in 1936. The natives of Ape Island capture Marge and tie her to a post as an offering for King Homer, who is summoned by the sound of drums. Marge is initially terrified but sees the friendly side of Homer, and the two form a friendship. Nonetheless, Mr. Burns is determined to capture King Homer and Smithers knocks Homer unconscious with a gas bomb. Returning to Springfield, the group display King Homer at a theater. The photographers' flashes enrage King Homer, who breaks free from his restraints. He abducts Marge and attempts to climb a skyscraper, but is unable to get past the second story of the building and collapses in exhaustion. In the end, King Homer and Marge get married. In Bart's story, "Dial "Z" for Zombies", Bart finds a book of black magic in Springfield Elementary Library when he is asked to write a book report for class. That night, he tries to resurrect the family's dead cat, Snowball I, but accidentally reanimates corpses from the nearby human cemetery instead. The zombies terrorize Springfield, turning many people into zombies. Aided by Homer wielding a shotgun, Lisa and Bart find a book at the library to cast the appropriate counter-spell, causing all of the zombies to return to their graves. ## Production This episode originally encountered trouble when the color version came back from South Korea. With only six weeks to the airdate, the writers made almost one hundred line changes, a very rare occurrence. It was decided to completely overhaul the episode after a poorly received screening with the writing staff. The tombstones that appeared at the start of and during the episode were abandoned in later episodes because it was becoming increasingly difficult to think of ideas. A subtle tombstone joke in this episode is in the scene where two zombies are crawling out of their graves. The names Jay Kogen and Wolodarsky (two of The Simpsons writers who worked on the episode) are written on the tombstones, but both are misspelled. The "King Homer" segment is one of Matt Groening's all-time favorite stories from the Treehouse of Horror series. Al Jean was also quite worried about this segment because it was the longest running black-and-white segment they had ever aired, and he thought that some people might be concerned that their televisions were broken. The "He was a zombie?" line, created by Mike Reiss, is, in the opinions of the writers, one of the all-time classic lines from the series. ## Cultural references The opening sequence where Homer walks into Alfred Hitchcock's silhouette is a parody of Alfred Hitchcock Presents. It was meant to show Homer's stomach bigger than that of the outline, but it was so subtle that not many people realized the joke. In the episode's wraparounds, Bart is dressed as Alex from the film A Clockwork Orange. The "Clown Without Pity" segment is based on the Twilight Zone episode "Living Doll" and the film Trilogy of Terror. The title itself is a play on the song "Town Without Pity", written for the movie of the same name and performed by Gene Pitney. The man that gives Homer the Krusty doll is based on Mr. Wing from the film Gremlins. The song Homer sings in the bathtub is a variation of the Oscar Meyer song with the letters spelling out his name instead of "O-S-C-A-R". The Krusty doll riding under Homer's car is a reference to the 1991 film Cape Fear. The song Marge hears while put on hold after calling the Krusty doll hotline is "Everybody Loves a Clown" by Gary Lewis & the Playboys. The "King Homer" segment is a parody of the 1933 film King Kong. In "King Homer", the tribal leader is heard saying 'Mosi Tatupu, Mosi Tatupu', which means they will sacrifice the blue-haired lady. During King Homer's rampage, he spots Shirley Temple singing On the Good Ship Lollipop and ends up grabbing and devouring her. The title "Dial "Z" for Zombies" is a play on the title of the 1954 Hitchcock film Dial M for Murder. "Dial "Z" for Zombies" references Return of the Living Dead, Night of the Living Dead and Pet Sematary. In the pet cemetery, there are tombstones that read Fish Police, Capitol Critters and Family Dog, each a short-lived animated series intended to capitalize on The Simpsons' success. As Zombie William Shakespeare is dying he says “Is this the end of Zombie William Shakespeare?”, which is a reference to the line from Little Caesar (film) “Mother of mercy, is this the end of Rico?” When raising the dead from their graves, Bart wears Michael Jackson's record album cover Thriller on his head. This is a reference to Jackson's famous music video, in which he dances with zombies. ## Reception In its original broadcast, "Treehouse of Horror III" finished 20th in ratings for the week of October 26 – November 1, 1992, with a Nielsen rating of 14.7, equivalent to approximately 13.7 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating In Living Color. Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, thoroughly enjoyed the episode. They described the episode as "Another seasonal treat. Dial Z for Zombies is particularly impressive ('Die, you freak!' 'Dad, you killed the zombie Flanders!' 'He was a zombie?')." In 2006, IGN voted "Dial Z For Zombies" as the second best segment of the Treehouse of Horror episodes. "Clown Without Pity" was also rated sixth. In the film 28 Days Later (2002), there is a scene where Sgt. Ferrell mentions that his favorite joke from The Simpsons was the line "Women and seamen (semen) don't mix", said by Smithers during the "King Homer" segment. The episode's reference to Night of the Living Dead was named the 16th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film's Nathan Ditum.	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Cultural references", "## Reception" ]	1,650	1,148
40,182,090	2013 Rosario gas explosion	1,169,105,623	Disaster in building in Argentina	[ "2013 disasters in Argentina", "August 2013 events in South America", "Explosions in 2013", "Explosions in Argentina", "Gas explosions", "History of Santa Fe Province", "Rosario, Santa Fe" ]	A gas explosion caused by a large gas leak occurred in a residential area of Rosario, the third-largest city in Argentina, on August 6, 2013. A nearby building collapsed, and others were at high risk of structural failure. Twenty-two people died, and sixty were injured. Several organizations helped secure the area, search for survivors and aid people who lost their homes. Shortly after the explosion, the time needed for reconstruction was estimated at six months. The provincial judiciary launched an investigation into the cause of the explosion. Primary suspects were Litoral Gas (the natural-gas provider for Rosario) and an employee who carried out maintenance work at the building that day. Several public figures sent condolences, and most of the candidates for the 2013 primary elections suspended their political campaigns. ## Explosion The explosion occurred at 9:30 a.m. near the intersection of Oroño and Salta Streets in central Rosario. Initial reports confirmed eight people dead, sixty injured and fifteen missing; eight more deaths were later confirmed. Searches the following day revealed twelve fatalities, ten of whom were identified. Of the people who were missing, some were found dead among the debris, while others were rescued. The search for survivors ended on August 13, with twenty-two people confirmed dead. A 65-year-old woman who had been injured died on October 8. The explosion was caused by a gas leak in a 30-year-old building. It severely damaged a nearby nine-story apartment building, causing it to collapse. Mónica Fein, mayor of Rosario, asked residents to avoid the area because of the risk that more buildings might collapse, and to ease the work of disaster management personnel. The streets were covered with broken glass from damaged buildings. Gas and electricity were immediately disconnected, and the national government sent an Argentine Federal Police task force to the scene. The natural gas supplier, Litoral Gas, immediately began sealing the distribution pipe to the area. The Center for Ambulatory Medical Specialties of Rosario (Spanish: Centro de Especialidades Médicas Ambulatorias de Rosario) managed the information about the dead and injured, and tents were prepared for those left homeless. Firefighters and other workers found people trapped on the upper floors of buildings and evacuated them over adjacent roofs. Although the building was not destroyed by the explosion, a high risk of structural failure remained. ## Investigation Neighbors reported to the press that they had smelled a gas leak several hours before the explosion and had called Litoral Gas. Company director José María González said that the company had received no such calls, and thought that callers might have dialed the 911 emergency number instead. Prosecutor Camporini reported at the trial that the building had experienced several gas leaks before the explosion. The provincial judiciary launched an investigation into the circumstances surrounding the explosion. The prosecution conducted a search and seizure at the offices of Litoral Gas to confirm the absence of customer complaints about the gas leak. Judge Juan Carlos Curto ordered the arrest of Carlos Osvaldo García, an employee of the department responsible for gas service to the area. He was captured during the night, and his assistant Pablo Miño surrendered to police the following day. According to witnesses, one employee fled in a van before the explosion, when he realized the severity of the gas leak, while another remained to try to evacuate people from the endangered area. The van belonged to García, who experienced an acute stress reaction during the trial. Curto checked the remnants of the gas employee's workshop to verify García's testimony. Prosecutor Graciela Argüelles said that, according to the investigation, Litoral Gas ignored calls for help from García, who was not properly trained to manage such a situation. The judge suggested that documents seized from Litoral Gas might prove the existence of customer reports of a gas leak. Curto thought that the employees might not bear sole responsibility, and that the liability of Litoral Gas had to be investigated as well. Pablo Miño was released from prison, but Curto refused to release García, saying that Miño had extenuating circumstances which García did not. Miño's job was to give García the required tools, not to do the maintenance. He was in the street, watching over the van, which was not properly parked and locked, and did not see García's work before the explosion. Curto stopped short of pronouncing Miño innocent at that early stage. As the case expanded beyond his jurisdiction, Curto recused himself from the trial and was replaced by Javier Beltramone, who released García from prison. Litoral Gas demanded Beltramone's recusal for expressing an opinion about the case to the press. The appeal court agreed in a 2–1 vote to remove Beltramone, and the case was transferred to Patricia Bilotta. García had claimed that he was following instructions received in the days before the explosion, so Bilotta summoned the technical officers of Litoral Gas to clarify that point. Litoral Gas said that García had not received any instructions prior to the explosion. Litoral Gas proposed an out-of-court settlement to the relatives of the victims, offering about 1200 US dollars per square meter of collapsed building, in addition to compensation for loss of life. Vice Governor Jorge Henn [es] rejected it as immoral, and most of the families also initially rejected the proposal. By May 2014, however, almost half of the families had accepted the settlement. ## Reaction The explosion occurred shortly before the primary 2013 Argentine legislative elections on August 11. The governor of Santa Fe province, Antonio Bonfatti, asked the political parties to end their campaigns to allow mourning for the victims of the explosion. The Front for Victory and Progressive, Civic and Social Front candidates suspended their campaigns, and the national government declared two days of mourning. The period of mourning was observed by all candidates in Buenos Aires and most other provinces, who ended their political campaigns. President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who had recently returned from a diplomatic visit to the United Nations, visited the site of the explosion on August 7. She was berated by local residents; some were angry because her surprise visit halted work at the site, and others thought her presence was politically motivated. The president stayed briefly, visited the CEMAR and met Bonfatti. Kirchner's entourage was surrounded by members of La Cámpora, who tried to prevent demonstrations against her and keep journalists and residents at bay. Weeks before the explosion, several social networking sites had scheduled a country-wide cacerolazo (a pot-banging protest demonstration), known as 8A, against Kirchner for August 8. The websites had already conducted successful cacerolazos (8N and 18A). Despite the national mourning, the 8A protest went ahead as planned, with the added slogan "No more pointless deaths". Candidate Ricardo Gil Lavedra thought the cacerolazo should have been canceled, as the campaigning was, but fellow candidate Rodolfo Terragno supported it. It was attended by fewer people than previous ones in Buenos Aires and the rest of the country. The demonstration in Rosario was not a cacerolazo, but a silent candlelight vigil attended by nearly a hundred people. There was a second demonstration in Rosario on August 22, proceeding from the National Flag Memorial to the headquarters of Litoral Gas. Pope Francis sent a letter of condolence to Archbishop José Luis Mollaghan of Rosario, and it was read during a mass and procession for Saint Cajetan at Plaza 25 de Mayo. Newell's Old Boys and Rosario Central, two local soccer teams and rivals in the Rosario derby, organized a charity match for the victims at the Gabino Sosa Stadium, and Rosario-born Lionel Messi provided support through the "Leo Messi" charity. The charity match collected 120,000 pesos. Musicians Fito Páez, Vicentico, Babasónicos, Las Pelotas, Chaqueño Palavecino, Ciro Pertusi, Lisandro Aristimuño, Pablo Dacal and Coki Debernardi [es] performed concerts in several Argentine cities to raise money for the victims. ## Reconstruction Bonfatti announced that Santa Fe province would provide financial help to the victims of the explosion. Since most houses in the vicinity were damaged, affected families would receive a subsidy of \$20,000 to rent homes during reconstruction. They would receive \$50,000 in credit to buy furniture and appliances, payable in 60 months with five percent interest. Rosario's real estate firms prepared a list of houses for rent without charging victims their regular fee. Some of the affected buildings may have had cheap insurances which would not cover the risk of an explosion. Some cars trapped in an underground parking lot could not be retrieved. When the search for survivors ended, authorities closed Salta Street. Engineers began checking the buildings at ground zero, trying to restore the original layout of the street and demolishing unstable structures. Secretary of Public Works Omar Saab said that the two remaining buildings were beyond repair and had to be demolished. As a sign of respect, the demolition would not be carried out with explosives. Secretary of Housing Gustavo Leone estimated that the work would take nearly six months. People were allowed to enter their destroyed houses in small groups at a time, starting on August 9. Nearby streets began to be reopened on August 13. The CGT union signed a deal with the association of factories of Rosario and the government of Rosario to make sure that all the victims of the explosions would keep their jobs.	[ "## Explosion", "## Investigation", "## Reaction", "## Reconstruction" ]	1,969	39,120
2,976,218	Don't Bother	1,148,134,876	2005 song by Shakira	[ "2005 singles", "2005 songs", "Shakira songs", "Song recordings produced by Lester Mendez", "Songs with feminist themes", "Songs written by Graham Edwards (musician)", "Songs written by Lauren Christy", "Songs written by Scott Spock", "Songs written by Shakira" ]	"Don't Bother" is a song performed by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira, taken from her seventh studio album and second English-language album, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2. The song was released on 11 October 2005, by Epic Records as the lead single from the album. The song was written by Shakira, along with The Matrix and Heather Reid and Leisha Hailey of The Murmurs. It was produced by Shakira with additional co-production by Lester Mendez and Gustavo Cerati. "Don't Bother" is a rock-influenced song in which Shakira assures her former lover that she does not need his sympathy and can move on without him. Upon its release, "Don't Bother" received generally mixed reviews from music critics, who praised Shakira's vocals but felt that the lyrics of the song were strange. Commercially, the track fared well on record charts, entering the top ten in twelve countries worldwide. In the United States, the song peaked at number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and at number 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. "Don't Bother" was later certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for digital downloads of 500,000 units. An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Jaume de Laiguana, and features Shakira tormenting her former lover by crushing his car in a wrecking yard. For additional promotion, Shakira performed the song on a number of award and reality shows. It was also included in the setlist of her Oral Fixation Tour. ## Music and lyrics "Don't Bother" was co-written by Shakira, Leisha Hailey, Heather Reid, and American pop music production trio The Matrix. Shakira also produced the song. Additional co-production was provided by Lester Mendez and Argentinian singer-songwriter Gustavo Cerati. Similar to her seventh studio album Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, (2005), "Don't Bother" musically shifts to a more rock-styled composition as compared to Shakira's previous English releases. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song is published in the key of E minor (the relative key G major is in the chorus) and has a moderate rock tempo of 130 beats per minute. Shakira's vocal range on the song spans from the note of E<sub>3</sub> to E<sub>5</sub>. Through the lyrics of the song, Shakira urges her former lover not to "bother" feeling sorry for her after he chose another woman over her. She assures him that he "won’t ever see me [Shakira] cry" and that she will move on in her life without him. The song contains a spoken bridge in which Shakira lists a number of things she could do to make him stay with her, such as "move(ing) to a communist country", but admits that they would not have an effect on him. Pam Avoledo from Blogcritics found the theme of the song similar to the one in Shakira's 2002 single "Objection (Tango)". Shakira described the song as a feminist anthem, saying: > "I think 'Don't Bother' has a lot of pain in it as a song, but also a lot of humour and sarcasm. Yes, it is a way of exorcising all of these feelings, a form of catharsis, getting rid of all of those emotions that torture us women at some point in our lives" ## Release "Don't Bother" was issued by Epic Records as the lead single from Oral Fixation, Vol 2 and premiered on 9 October 2005 in the United States by AOL Music's First Listen initiative. The single saw its European physical release on 4 November 2005, having been made available for digital download on the iTunes Store on 18 October. In the United Kingdom, "Don't Bother" was issued as a CD single on 27 February 2006. ## Critical reception The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics. Matt Cibula from PopMatters praised its theme and Shakira's "furious and sexual and self-mocking" vocal delivery, but found the song "strange" and "internally inconsistent". Alexis Petridis from The Guardian complimented the unpredictable nature of the song, although he also noted that the lyrics at times suggested a "faltering grasp of English". Edward Oculicz from Stylus Magazine gave it a positive review, calling the song's chorus "bruised" and "anthemic" and the lyrics "impossible for native speakers to emulate". Pam Avoledo from Blogcritics was also positive towards the song, noting improvement in Shakira's vocal delivery and calling them "brassy yet sensitive". Spencer D. from IGN Music felt the highlight to the song was Shakira's spoken bridge, saying that it lets the "light tinges of her accent roll of her tongue and present her as herself rather than the obvious result of previous pop matrons". Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight from the album. ## Chart performance In Austria, the song entered the singles chart at number 17 and peaked at number six, spending a total of 24 weeks on the chart. In Finland, the song entered and peaked at number four on the chart, becoming Shakira's highest-peaking single in the region since "Whenever, Wherever", (2001). Its stay in the chart, however, was very short and lasted for only a week. "Don't Bother" reached number five on the singles chart in Hungary, and also peaked at number six on the airplay chart. In Italy, the song performed moderately well, entering the chart at number 12 and peaking at number eight; it spent a total of 11 weeks on the chart. In Norway, the song narrowly missed the top five by peaking at number six. In Switzerland, the song entered the chart at number 10 and peaked at number eight; it stayed on the chart for a long period of 31 weeks. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted and peaked at number nine on the singles chart, spending a total of five weeks on the chart. It was Shakira's first single since "Objection (Tango)" (2002), to chart in the country. In the United States, "Don't Bother" narrowly missed charting inside the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart by peaking at number 42. It spent a total of nine weeks on the chart. On the Mainstream Top 40 chart, it peaked at number 25 and spent a total of 10 weeks on the chart. In the US, the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 500,000 units. ## Music video The accompanying music video for "Don't Bother" was directed by Jaume de Laiguana, who had previously collaborated with Shakira on the video for "No", and was released on 15 November 2005. The video begins with a man parking his sports car in front of a house and proceeding to enter it. Shakira is seen lying on a bed in the house and the man comes up and lies beside her, indicating that they are a couple. As soon as the man falls asleep, Shakira wakes up and lies atop the man and begins to caress him and bite and whisper in his ear a few times, although he does not wake up. Shakira takes the keys of the man's car and drives it to a wrecking yard. The video then interludes to scenes of Shakira sexually romancing the man in a shower. The scene then changes back to the wrecking yard, where Shakira begins playing a pink guitar. After the spoken bridge of the song, Shakira places her partner's car in a car crusher, which soon commences demolishing it. The man reacts in a similar manner to the car being crushed and begins experiencing continuous body jerks and spasms, indicating a connection between his car and his body. After the car is fully destroyed, Shakira leaves the man unconscious on the bed, exits the house, and begins walking on the street triumphantly. Shakira explained the usage of the car symbolism in the video, saying that "A man's car is like an extension of their ego and their manhood. I thought this would be a video that would make women say, 'Yeah, yeah!' and it would make men feel". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine positively reacted to the video and found it "rich with symbolism". Shakira revealed that a nun from a Catholic high school she had attended was angered by the video by saying that "One of the nuns is looking for me after seeing the "Don't Bother" video". ### Resurgence in 2019 After 14 years of release, in the second week of September 2019, the official music video witnessed an unexpected surge in views on YouTube, racking up over 15 million views in 4 days. ## Live performances Shakira performed "Don't Bother" live for the first time at the 2005 Nordic Music Awards, held on 29 October 2005. She next went on to perform the song at the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony held on 3 November 2005, where she also won the award for "Best Female Artist". In November, the singer gave a surprise concert at Times Square and performed "Don't Bother" along with "La Tortura" and "Hey You". "Don't Bother" was also performed on television show Jensen! along with "La Tortura". It was followed by performances on Good Morning America on 2 December, and The Ellen DeGeneres Show three days later. On 10 December 2005, she performed the song along with "La Tortura" on Saturday Night Live. Five days later, Shakira performed the song during an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman. It was also included the song to her set on Z100's Jingle Ball at Madison Square Garden in New York which happened the day after. The singer also performed "Don't Bother" live on MTV's New Year of Music at Times Square, on 31 December 2005. She returned to Europe to another promotional tour for the song, starting on 21 January 2006 at the NRJ Music Awards in France. Shakira later went to the United Kingdom to perform "Don't Bother" on Top of the Pops on 29 January, and CD:UK on 4 February. On 2 March, she appeared on GMTV to promote the song, also appearing on Sanremo Music Festival 2006 the same day, and Popworld two days later. She then traveled to Germany to perform the song on 12 March 2006 at the Echo Awards. Shortly before the start of her tour, Shakira performed the song during the Rock in Rio festival in Lisbon, Portugal, on 26 May 2006. "Don't Bother" was included in the concert setlist of her Oral Fixation Tour, which was launched in 2006 to promote the albums Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation, Vol. 2. While headlining at the 2007 Live Earth concert held in Hamburg on 7 July 2007, Germany, Shakira performed "Don't Bother" along with three other songs. She also included the song on the set list for her concert at Rock in Rio held at Madrid, Spain, on 4 July 2008. ## Track listings - CD single 1. "Don't Bother" – 4:17 2. "No" ft. Gustavo Cerati (Album Version) – 4:45 3. "Don't Bother" (Jrsnchz Main Mix) – 5:34 4. "No" ft. Gustavo Cerati (Music video) - Digital download 1. "Don't Bother" – 4:17 ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Certifications ## Release history	[ "## Music and lyrics", "## Release", "## Critical reception", "## Chart performance", "## Music video", "### Resurgence in 2019", "## Live performances", "## Track listings", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Certifications", "## Release history" ]	2,547	17,535
35,763,994	Girl with Ball	1,163,253,007	Painting by Roy Lichtenstein	[ "1961 paintings", "Bathing in art", "Paintings by Roy Lichtenstein", "Paintings in the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)" ]	Girl with Ball is a 1961 painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It is an oil on canvas Pop art work that is now in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, after being owned for several decades by Philip Johnson. It is one of Lichtenstein's earliest Pop art works and is known for its source, which is a newspaper ad that ran for several decades and which was among Lichtenstein's earliest works sourced from pop culture. Girl with Ball was exhibited at Lichtenstein's first solo exhibition and was displayed in Newsweek's review of the show. This work significantly alters the original source and is considered exemplary of Lichtenstein's works that exaggerate the mechanically produced appearance although the result of his painterly work. It is an enduring depiction of the contemporary beauty figure. ## Background Girl with Ball was inspired by a 1961 advertisement for the Mount Airy Lodge in the Pocono Mountains. The ad, which started running in 1955, was widely published in the New York metropolitan area and elsewhere, including several prominent newspapers such as The New York Times and the Daily News. The advertisement was still running in newspapers more than twenty years after Lichtenstein produced the work. According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website, in autumn 1961, a fellow teacher at Rutgers University named Allan Kaprow made introductions between Lichtenstein and Leo Castelli Gallery director Ivan Karp. Lichtenstein showed Karp several paintings including Girl with Ball, which was the one that intrigued Karp. Karp agreed to represent Lichtenstein weeks later. After showing the painting to Andy Warhol, he sold it to architect Philip Johnson that November. The painting appeared in Newsweek's 1962 review of Lichtenstein's Castelli Gallery show. The work appeared in the April 3, 1963 "Pop! Goes the Easel" show at the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston along with his Brattata (1962) and Head-Red and Yellow (1962). ## Description Girl with Ball depicts a woman wearing a bathing suit holding a beach ball with red stripes in the same color as her lips and tongue. Lichtenstein used a painter's version of comic strip artist techniques to create his own rendition of the subject of a nostalgic photograph, resulting in a simplified work of art with its own appeal. He produced the work using Ben-Day dots of primary colors. The process is described as exaggerating the "limitations of mechanical reproduction" to strip the photograph of its polish in a startling and intense form. In 1961, this painting was groundbreaking. Facial features such as nose and mouth are depicted using "commercial shorthand". His process of reworking original artwork is described as "abstraction by subtraction", in which all features of the original are reduced to simple graphic elements. Lichtenstein alters the planar position of the subject of the picture to position her "nearer to the picture plane". He drew the picture more distorted than might be expected of a cartoonist by augmenting and focusing on her two-dimensionality. ## Reception The image and technique were regarded as unartistic. However, the painting presented an allusion to printing technology, with its Ben-Day dots, and to art history, with its "Art Nouveau forms". Though "crude and simplistic" the work demonstrates artistic intellect. Girl with Ball is described by Diane Waldman as "striking" in the simple and bold way it presents a vacation atmosphere. She notes it is "reminiscent of Picasso's frolicking bather in one of his paintings on the subject, Bather with Beach Ball (fig. 48), 1932," especially in the way Lichtenstein has scaled down the representation and the way he depicts movement. The newspaper ad source provided Lichtenstein with "one of the most common tropes of the day for the image of a woman." The updated Betty Grable-type subject, was a fashionable glamor figure that Lichtenstein used for a symbolic value that ranks her with "iconoclastic female figures, including Manet's Olympia, 1863, Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 and de Kooning's three series of Women". ## See also - 1961 in art	[ "## Background", "## Description", "## Reception", "## See also" ]	868	13,940
54,050,459	Typhoon Vera (1986)	1,171,924,531	Pacific typhoon in 1986	[ "1986 Pacific typhoon season", "1986 disasters in Asia", "1986 in China", "1986 in Japan", "1986 in South Korea", "Tropical cyclones in 1986", "Typhoons", "Typhoons in China", "Typhoons in Japan", "Typhoons in South Korea" ]	Typhoon Vera, known as Typhoon Loleng in the Philippines, affected Okinawa, China, and South Korea during August 1986. A tropical depression formed on August 13 and attained tropical storm intensity later that day. Initially, Vera meandered in the monsoon trough. On August 17, however, the system abruptly re-formed to east-northeast, and subsequently began to move east and then north. Vera became a typhoon on August 20, and peaked in intensity two days later. Typhoon Vera then turned west-northwest and slowly weakened as it approached Okinawa. After passing near the island, Vera turned north as it tracked east of China. The typhoon made landfall on South Korea on August 28 as a tropical storm, and the next day, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The typhoon was responsible for minor damage to Okinawa, where 20,000 houses lost power and one fatality was reported. Although the core remained offshore China, over 500 homes were destroyed, 7 people died, and 28 people were hurt in Shanghai. Nationwide, 1,400 power lines were cut and eight fatalities were reported. Across South Korea, a total of 1,852 structures were damaged and 384 others were destroyed, which left 6,623 people without shelter. The storm also wrecked 929 boats and damaged 37 ports. A total of 9,145 hectares (22,600 acres) of farmland were flooded. Damage totaled \$22 million (1986 USD). Nationwide, 26 people were killed and 81 others were injured. In addition to the aforementioned casualties, 25 individuals were feared dead after the ship New Genshine went missing. ## Meteorological history Typhoon Vera formed from the most intense monsoon trough, which extended from the International Date Line to the Philippines, observed in the basin since 1974. Despite outflow from Tropical Storm Georgette, an area of low pressure embedded in the monsoon was first identified near Yap on August 12. Because the disturbance was one of many disturbances within the monsoon trough being tracked by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), a defined low-level circulation was difficult to spot on weather satellite imagery. At 00:00 UTC on August 13, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) declared the system a tropical depression, after its center had become better defined. The persistence of deep convection prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert during the early morning hours of August 14. Over the next 24 hours, the disturbance became better organized, and midday on August 15, the JTWC upgraded it into a tropical depression. Six hours later, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm. At 00:00 UTC on August 16, the JTWC upgraded the depression into a tropical storm, based on reports of 65 km/h (40 mph) winds from a Hurricane Hunter aircraft. Tropical Storm Vera was initially expected to move west-northwest due to a strengthening subtropical ridge to the north; however, the storm continued to meander in the monsoon trough instead. A Hurricane Hunter aircraft on the afternoon of August 16 failed to identify a low-level circulation. Satellite imagery on August 17 suggested that the storm's center became elongated. By 12:00 UTC on August 17, however, a new circulation had become evident around 670 km (415 mi) to the east-northeast and quickly became Vera's dominant circulation. Post-season analysis from the JTWC indicated that the development of a separate circulation represented a new tropical cyclone; however, the JMA considers the two circulations of Vera to be one continuous cyclone. Initially, the re-developed system continued to meander, while maintaining minimal tropical storm strength. Vera then began to drift eastward under the influence of a trough located to the east of the monsoonal flow. Early on August 20, both the JTWC and the JMA classified Vera as a typhoon. On August 21, a ridge began to build towards the storm's east, forcing Vera to turn north. On August 22, the JTWC estimated that Vera attained its peak intensity of 200 km/h (125 mph) while the JMA estimated a peak of 170 km/h (105 mph). Around this time, the typhoon passed about 540 km (335 mi) southwest of Iwo Jima. Not long after attaining peak intensity, Typhoon Vera turned westward in the general direction of Okinawa. The storm weakened as it approached land, and late on August 25, Vera tracked directly over the island, with both the JTWC and JMA estimating winds of 160 km/h (100 mph). Vera's motion began to slow as the storm rounded a subtropical ridge to its north, and after reaching the western periphery of the ridge at 06:00 UTC on August 26, Vera turned to the northwest, and later to the north. Meanwhile, Vera began to lose tropical characteristics and transition into an extratropical cyclone. After passing almost 300 km (185 mi) east of Shanghai, Vera continued to weaken due to decreased outflow that was previously aided by the storm's connection to the monsoon trough. Midday on August 28, Vera made landfall near the Kunsan Air Base in South Korea as a tropical storm. At 18:00 UTC, Vera cleared the Korean Peninsula. After accelerating towards the northeast, the JTWC estimated that Vera completed its transition on the morning of August 29, although the JMA continued to watch its remnants until September 2. ## Preparations and impact ### Japan The JTWC accurately predicted that the typhoon would strike Okinawa 66 hours in advance. As a result of the long lead times, authorities in the island were able to take precautions well in advance. All scheduled flights between Okinawa and the Japanese main islands were cancelled and inter-island ferry service was suspended. Due to the advance warning, damage on Okinawa was slight, although 30,000 customers lost power. The typhoon dropped heavy rains, peaking at Yabitsudake, where 674 mm (26.5 in) of rain fell. Within a 24-hour time span, Mount Yonaha received the greatest amount of rainfall, with a total of 330 mm (13 in). Hongawa received 61 mm (2.4 in) of rain in an hour, the highest hourly rainfall total measured during the storm. On Kadena Air Base, a wind gust of 156 km/h (97 mph) was measured. Forty people were evacuated due to high waves in Kunigami. Offshore, high seas disrupted several ships, including the 464 short tons (420 t) Tatong, which sent a signal of distress. A 30-year-old man was killed after being struck by a heavy rope while preparing for the storm. Throughout Okinawa, five houses were flooded and two walls beside a road collapsed. ### China Due to the impending threat of Vera to Shanghai, more than 3,000 ships were piloted into port and 120 pumping stations were readied to avert potential flooding. Furthermore, 20,000 cruise passengers were evacuated to shelter. Despite tracking east of Shanghai, seven people were killed and twenty-eight others were injured in the city. The New China News Agency reported that over 500 homes were destroyed. There were also a total of 25 accidents and the storm disrupted power supplies in 1,000 different locations across the city. A total of 3,000 emergency workers were recalled to restore electrical supplies across Shanghai. In nearby Shengshi Qunado, one person was killed, and 70 fishing boats sunk. Nationwide, 500 homes were destroyed, eight others were damaged, 1,400 power lines were cut, and eight people were killed. ### South Korea Prior to striking South Korea, a storm alert was declared for the entire country. Medical teams acquired tents, blankets, and other emergency supplies ready to hurry to stricken areas. Greater than 2,400 schools across South Korea closed, and thousands of fishing boats took shelter in ports. All domestic airline flights and ferry services were halted, stranding more than 2,000 tourists on Cheju Island alone. However, international flights out of Seoul, except those to Japan, were unaffected by Vera. For two days, the typhoon drenched South Korea, with much of the country receiving 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 in) of precipitation. The highest rainfall total recorded in the country occurred in Cheju Island, where 340 mm (13.4 in) was recorded and hundreds were left homeless. At the Taegu Air Base, more than 75 trees fell, which damaged roofs of many homes and power lines. Over 100 industrial plants along the nation's southern coast were forced to stop operation for two hours after 13 transmission towers collapsed. Access to water supplies in the nearby cities of Pusan and Yosu was temporarily revoked, stranding hundreds of tourists. Six boats sunk, including three offshore Pusan. A 2,908 short tons (2,638 t) ship, the New Genshine, went missing due to the typhoon; the vessel's 25 member crew was later presumed dead. Nationwide, a total of 1,852 structures were damaged, and 384 others were demolished, which resulted in 6,623 homeless. The storm also wrecked 929 fishing boats and damaged 37 ports. A total of 9,145 ha (22,600 acres) of farmland were flooded. Eight people were confirmed to have been killed while eighteen others were reported missing and feared dead and 81 individuals were injured. Damage amounted to \$22 million, including \$4.3 million in property damage. Almost immediately following the storm, the Government of South Korea ordered the military to provide assistance to help in the cleanup as early as possible. In the Soviet Far East, 40,000 ha (98,840 acres) of farmland was flooded, primarily near Vladivostok. ## See also - Typhoon Gerald - Typhoon Thelma (1987) - Typhoon Hal (1985)	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Preparations and impact", "### Japan", "### China", "### South Korea", "## See also" ]	2,122	16,151
41,536,557	Ontario Highway 45	1,130,612,680	Former Ontario provincial highway	[ "Former Ontario provincial highways" ]	King's Highway 45, commonly referred to as Highway 45, was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The 54.1-kilometre-long (33.6 mi) route connected Highway 2 in downtown Cobourg with Highway 7 in Norwood. In addition to the towns at either end, it bisected the communities of Baltimore, Fenella, Alderville, Roseneath and Hastings. Established in 1937 along existing county roads, the highway generally maintained the same route throughout its existence, aside from minor realignments. In 1997, it was downloaded and transferred to the counties of Northumberland and Peterborough, both of which designated it as County Road 45. ## Route description Highway 45 was a 54.1 km (33.6 mi) route that connected Highway 2 in Cobourg with Highway 7 in Norwood. In addition to several towns along the route, it provided access to the southeast side of Rice Lake. While the majority was within Northumberland County, the portion north of Hastings to Norwood was in Peterborough County. Highway 45 began in downtown Cobourg at former Highway 2 (King Street) and proceeded north along Division Street. Division Street serves as the meridian for Cobourg and, as its name implies, divides perpendicular crossroads into eastern and western halves. In addition to Cobourg VIA, the Northam Industrial Park and retailers line the former highway. South of an interchange with Highway 401 (Exit 474), the former highway curves northeast and becomes Baltimore Road. After crossing Highway 401, the route becomes a two-lane rural road. It is surrounded by consistent residential properties between Cobourg and Baltimore, after which it becomes immersed in forests. Meandering north-northeast, the former highway intersects Northumberland County Road 29 and becomes surrounded by farmland as it approaches the village of Fenella. There it resumes a north-easterly course towards Roseneath, passing through the Alderville First Nation along the way. Between Roseneath and Hastings, the route travels several kilometres inland from the southern shore of Rice Lake. South of Hastings, former Highway 45 encounters Northumberland County Road 25 (Langford Drive) and turns north. Within the town of Hastings it crosses the Trent River, through which the Trent–Severn Waterway travels between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron via Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. North of Hastings, the former highway generally travels north in a straight line through farmland until entering the town of Norwood, where it crosses the Ouse River before ending at Highway 7 25 km (16 mi) east of Peterborough. North of Cobourg, the portion of former Highway 45 between Highway 401 and north of Baltimore is within Hamilton Township. It then passes through the municipality of Alnwick/Haldimand until midway between Roseneath and Hastings, with the exception of the Alderville First Nation. From there to the northern limits of Hastings it lies within the municipality of Trent Hills. All of these are within Northumberland County. The remainder of the former route north of Hastings is within the municipality of Asphodel–Norwood within Peterborough County. ## History Highway 45 was assumed by the Department of Highways (DHO), predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportation (MTO), on September 1, 1937, following the gravel-surfaced Cobourg–Norwood Road. The DHO immediately began work to improve the route by straightening and paving portions as well as bypassing steep hills; the highway was paved in 1938 through Roseneath and between Cobourg and Baltimore. Work began in 1947 to improve the route between Baltimore and Fenella, and was completed in 1951. Paving was completed on the highway between Fenella and Roseneath in 1954, and between Roseneath and south of Hastings in 1958. The remainder of the gravel portion of the highway from south of Hastings to Norwood was paved in 1962. Highway 45 remained more or less unchanged between 1963 and 1998. As part of a series of budget cuts initiated by premier Mike Harris under his Common Sense Revolution platform in 1995, numerous highways deemed to no longer be of significance to the provincial network were decommissioned and responsibility for the routes transferred to a lower level of government, a process referred to as downloading. On January 1, 1998, the entire route of Highway 45 was downloaded and transferred to Northumberland County and Peterborough County. It has since been redesignated as County Road 45 by both. ## Major intersections	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections" ]	958	24,627
4,187,823	X (The X-Files)	1,163,832,459	Fictional character in The X-Files	[ "Fictional African-American people", "Fictional Federal Bureau of Investigation personnel", "Fictional murdered people", "Fictional murderers", "Television characters introduced in 1994", "The X-Files characters" ]	X, sometimes referred to as Mr. X, is a fictional character on the American science fiction television series The X-Files. He serves as an informant, leaking information to FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully to aid their investigation of paranormal cases, dubbed X-Files. The character serves as a replacement for Deep Throat, who had been killed off in the first season finale, "The Erlenmeyer Flask". X himself would be killed off after appearing in several seasons, eventually being replaced by Marita Covarrubias. X is portrayed in the series by Steven Williams, and made his debut in the second season episode "The Host", although the character would not appear on-screen until "Sleepless", two episodes later. The role had originally been conceived as female, with Natalija Nogulich cast in the role; however, her initial scenes were deemed unsatisfactory by the producers, leading to her replacement. Williams' portrayal of X was intended to introduce a personality completely different from the character's predecessor, Deep Throat, and was positively received by critics and fans. ## Conceptual history The character of X was originally intended to be a woman, and Natalija Nogulich had been cast in the role. However, Nogulich was replaced by Steven Williams after shooting her first scene, as the writing staff felt Nogulich was not able to create the "right chemistry" with her co-stars. Williams had previous experience with writers Glen Morgan and James Wong, although it was series creator Chris Carter who suggested him for the part. Williams' portrayal of the role was intended to act as a counterpoint to Jerry Hardin's portrayal of X's predecessor, Deep Throat. Whereas Deep Throat had been a selfless character, X was written and performed as a scared, selfish character. Prior to the episode "One Breath", Glen Morgan had felt that the character of X was not "going over too well" with fans of the series, as he seemed to simply be a copy of Deep Throat. Believing Williams to be an actor worth having as a series regular, he included in the episode a scene in which X murders witnesses who have seen him speaking to Fox Mulder. Morgan felt that such a scene reflected X's paranoia and the difference between him and his predecessor, noting that "Deep Throat was a guy willing to lose his life for letting out the secret, whereas X is a guy who's still scared". Williams has stated that he has never attempted to rationalize the character's motives or imagine a backstory for him, preferring to play the role with as little background as possible; he once stated "the less I know about him, the more interesting he becomes." Williams' background in fight choreography, stemming from his role in Missing in Action 2: The Beginning (1985), allowed him to prepare for, and to help create, the character's action scenes, including choreographing the character's brawl with Mitch Pileggi's character Walter Skinner in the episode "End Game". Williams has also stated that his portrayal of the role is based in part on Avery Brooks' character Hawk on the series Spenser: For Hire. ## Character arc X was introduced on the series via a phone call made to Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) in the second season episode "The Host", telling Mulder that he had "a friend in the FBI". However, the character did not appear on-screen until "Sleepless", two episodes later, aiding Mulder in an investigation by leaking information on a secret military project from the Vietnam War. While X's loyalties and his own agenda were often unclear, he proved more than once that he at least does not want Mulder dead. In the episode "End Game", he is approached by Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who pleads that she needs to know where Mulder is, believing his life to be in danger. Initially X refuses, and is subsequently confronted by Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), who seemed to recognize X. He relinquishes Mulder's location, though not until after a brief but intense scuffle with Skinner. In the episode "731", X's loyalty to Mulder is further confirmed. Trapped on a train car equipped with a time bomb, Mulder, about to escape, is attacked brutally by the Red Haired Man, a Men in Black assassin. X fatally shoots the Red Haired Man as he is about to step off the car, then boards the car with only enough time left to save either Mulder or the alien-human hybrid the car was transporting. He opts to save Mulder, and carries him off to safety just as the car explodes. In the season 4 opener "Herrenvolk", X's position as an informant is discovered by the Syndicate. When suspicion arises after the finding of photographs that were taken of The Smoking Man (William B. Davis) by X, false information is planted at the First Elder's behest, in order to root out the leak. Attempting to relay the information to Mulder, X goes to his apartment and is surprised by fellow Men in Black operative, the Gray Haired Man, who fatally shoots him. With his last strength, X crawls to Mulder's doorstep and writes in his own blood "SRSG", meaning "Special Representative to the Secretary General" of the United Nations, and thus, this clue leads Mulder to Marita Covarrubias (Laurie Holden). After his death, X appears two more times—in The Lone Gunmen origin story "Unusual Suspects," set before his death, and as a ghost in the season 9 finale, "The Truth". ## Reception The character of X has been well-received by critics. Entertainment Weekly included the character in the list of the top 20 Black Sci-Fi Icons in 2009, at number 17. Emily VanDerWerff, writing for The A.V. Club, has praised the "gravitas" of Williams' acting, adding that she wished that the writers "had figured out a way to have him around more often than they did". VanDerWerff's fellow writer Zack Handlen felt that the character's assassination in "Herrenvolk" was "appropriately shocking", calling the scene "one of the most memorable death's [sic] in the series"; although he felt that the immediate introduction of the character's successor, Marita Covarrubias, "deflates the importance of X's loss" in the episode. Handlen has also called X "the best of Mulder's informants", explaining that this is "because he's always pissed off, he's always reluctant to provide information, and you can't ever be sure what play he's really running". Series writer Frank Spotnitz has called X "the meanest, nastiest, most lethal killer on the planet". Steven Williams has noted that he feels the episodes "Nisei" and "731" were chiefly responsible for the character's popularity with fans. In 1997, Williams was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for his work as X, alongside Gillian Anderson, William B. Davis, David Duchovny and Mitch Pileggi.	[ "## Conceptual history", "## Character arc", "## Reception" ]	1,492	1,435
67,499,930	The Bomber Mafia	1,134,344,848	2021 book by Malcolm Gladwell	[ "2021 non-fiction books", "English-language books", "Little, Brown and Company books", "Works by Malcolm Gladwell" ]	The Bomber Mafia: A Dream, a Temptation, and the Longest Night of the Second World War is a 2021 book by Malcolm Gladwell that examines the US Bomber Mafia of World War II, which advocated precision aerial bombing as a means to win a war. Gladwell stated the audiobook for The Bomber Mafia came about as an expansion of material from his podcast Revisionist History, and that the print book originated from the audiobook. The book follows the Bomber Mafia, especially Major General Haywood S. Hansell, and the development of a high-altitude precision aerial bombardment strategy in World War II as a means to limit casualties. After difficulties in applying the Bomber Mafia's theoretical strategy, Major General Hansell was replaced by Major General Curtis LeMay, who utilized tactical changes such as attacking Japanese population centers with napalm to ensure a Japanese surrender. Upon release, The Bomber Mafia was met with mixed reviews, with reviewers praising its audiobook version but criticizing the book for a lack of accuracy and for being light on details. ## Author The author of the book is Malcolm Gladwell, an English-born Canadian journalist, author, and public speaker. In 2016, Gladwell started Revisionist History, a history-focused podcast that "re-examines something from the past – an event, a person, an idea, even a song – and asks whether we got it right the first time". He devoted four episodes of the fifth season of Revisionist History to air power in World War II, and stated the audiobook served as an expansion of material from the podcast. The Bomber Mafia began as an audiobook, and later transitioned into a print book. ## Content The book follows the story of the Bomber Mafia, a group of American military officers, especially Major General Haywood S. Hansell, as they developed a military doctrine of daylight strategic bombing as a means to defeat an enemy with precision high-altitude aerial bombardment. This could lead to a minimum of war-time casualties with new technology such as the Norden bombsight. In that regard, this was at odds with Britain's Royal Air Force' doctrine of area bombing under the command of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Arthur Harris. When the United States entered World War II, the Bomber Mafia's doctrine proved of little military use and costly in implementation with the realities of current technology under real-world combat conditions. This especially applied with the aerial bombardment of Japan where previously unaccounted atmospheric conditions such as the jet stream seriously interfered with operations under Hansell's command. The book examines Hansell's replacement by Major General Curtis LeMay, who implemented a series of tactical changes such as ordering bombing at a dramatically lower altitude to avoid the jet stream, removal of most of the bombers' defensive weaponry to increase bomb payload and wholesale nighttime fire bombing with incendiaries like napalm to devastate many of the population centers of Japan. The result furthered the Allies' military objectives leading to Japan's surrender, such as with the Bombing of Tokyo on March 10, 1945 with Operation Meetinghouse. After the 1991 Gulf War, David L. Goldfein states that by then bombs could hit, with precision, a specific wing of a building. At the time the book was released, a modern B-2 Stealth Bomber could approach a target without being detected on radar from 40,000 feet in altitude. The book concludes that "LeMay won the battle. [...] Hansell won the war". ## Reception The book was met with mixed reviews upon release, with four mixed reviews, one positive review, three pan reviews, and two rave reviews as of November 14, 2021 according to review aggregator Book Marks. In The Wall Street Journal, Yale professor Paul Kennedy praised the audiobook version of The Bomber Mafia as "remarkable" and a "work of art"; similarly, in The Times, reviewer Gerard DeGroot said "The Bomber Mafia remind[ed] [him] of a really good podcast – a fascinating story is appealingly delivered", and historian Diana Preston of The Washington Post called the audiobook "innovative" for its inclusion of archival clips, music, and sound effects. James McConnachie of The Times stated "for a book that is not a war story, this one is brilliantly, brilliantly told". In The New York Times Book Review, Thomas E. Ricks called the book "a conversational work" which he enjoyed, but noted that "when Gladwell leaps to provide superlative assessments, or draws broad lessons of history from isolated incidents, he makes me wary". Writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books, professors David Fedman and Cary Karacas state "[a]s a piece of writing, The Bomber Mafia is engaging. As a work of history, it borders on reckless". Several reviewers criticized the book for its accuracy, and for being light on details. Kennedy stated there were "gaps in [Gladwell's] account", and cites the RAF Bomber Command's attempt at careful bombing as an example. In The Daily Telegraph, military historian Saul David called the book "error prone" and "bedevilled by the same oversimplification of the world into a single Big Idea that is characteristic of his other work", and gave the book two out of five stars. DeGroot said "the subject demands more depth than this volume provides", and stated Gladwell boiled down the bombing strategy's evolution to personality clashes between Hansell and LeMay while ignoring other major factors, such as how the morality and acceptance of bombing evolved. Publishers Weekly stated "this history feels more tossed off than fully fledged", though Gladwell "provide[d] plenty of colorful details and pose[d] intriguing questions about the morality of warfare". Professors Fedman and Karacas stated that errors "pile up to the point where it becomes clear that a book that has received so much attention ought to have received more fact-checking". Writing for The Baffler, Noah Kulwin criticized the book as "an attempt to retcon the history of American aerial warfare by arguing that developing the capacity to explode anything, anywhere in the world has made America and, indeed, the rest of the globe, unequivocally safer" and stated "by taking up military history, Gladwell's half-witted didacticism threatens to convince millions of people that the only solution to American butchery is to continue shelling out for sharper and larger knives." Fedman and Karacas state "[w]ittingly or not, [Gladwell] omits or downplays evidence that undermines the very premise of the book. Hansell was not the moral opposite of LeMay. To frame the book in this simplistic binary is to misconstrue the doctrines of both precision and area bombing". A reviewer in Kirkus Reviews stated Gladwell "[delivered] a fairly flattering portrait of LeMay". Ricks calls LeMay an "unexpected hero" of the story, while McConnachie cites Hansell as Gladwell's hero. The book debuted and peaked at number two on The New York Times Best Seller list for hardcover nonfiction on May 16, 2021.	[ "## Author", "## Content", "## Reception" ]	1,469	2,981
63,982,793	Shounen Princess: Putri Harimau Naoko	1,133,838,830	Romance manga series by Seishiro Matsuri	[ "Akita Shoten manga", "Arranged marriage in fiction", "Cross-dressing in anime and manga", "Fiction about assassinations", "Fiction about reincarnation", "LGBT in anime and manga", "Romance anime and manga", "Shōnen manga", "Southeast Asia in fiction" ]	Shounen Princess: Putri Harimau Naoko (Japanese: 少年☆プリンセス Putri Harimau Naoko, "Boy Princess: Putri Harimau Naoko") is an otokonoko romance manga series by Seishiro Matsuri [ja]. It was originally serialized by Akita Shoten in their monthly magazine Champion Red from January 19 to May 19, 2014, and later collected in a single tankōbon volume, for which the subtitle was changed to Putri Harimau Nao. The decision to end the series was Akita Shoten's; Matsuri said in 2019 that he would like to continue it if a publisher were to finance further production. The story follows a young man who is mistaken for a woman by the prince of Urunei, who wants to marry him; his father, a bureaucrat in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is eager to please Urunei and advance his career, and sends him against his will to Urunei as his daughter Nao. As the future crown princess, Nao has to get used to pretending to be a woman and dressing like one, while being targeted by assassins. Critics enjoyed the series, finding the protagonist and his gradual turn to femininity appealing, as well as how the story goes beyond just a "reversed gender" scenario, but criticized the ending as feeling rushed. According to Matsuri, sales of the series were positively affected by the premiere of the anime series Himegoto, which also features a cross-dressing male character. ## Plot Shounen Princess: Putri Harimau Naoko is an otokonoko romance story and follows Naotora Kusunoki, the son of a bureaucrat in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The prince of Urunei, a wealthy Southeast Asian country and an ally to Japan, has seen a picture of Naotora, and, mistaking him for a woman, requests to marry him. Despite Naotora's protests, his father obliges, eager to please Urunei and advance his career; renaming him Nao, he sends him to Urunei as his daughter, cross-dressing in a revealing Uruneian outfit. Arriving in Urunei, Nao worries about passing as female, but the press, there to photograph the future princess, calls him a beautiful woman. At his hotel, an assassin from a purist faction opposing commoners marrying into the royal family attacks Nao, but his bodyguard Ahmad saves him. Visiting a market with Ahmad, Nao overhears a rumor that he is Putri Harimau reborn – the legendary Eastern tigress spirit who founded Urunei together with the royal family's dragon-god ancestor. Nao slips and is caught in Ahmad's arms, and realizes he can find men attractive. They are interrupted by another assassination attempt, which is stopped by the revelation that Ahmad is prince Ahmad bin Shaya Rahman in disguise. Nao later learns that Ahmad is a woman disguised as a man when accidentally seeing her bathing with her confidant Major Malika. In the women-only inner palace, Nao risks revealing that he has a penis, and is bullied by noblewomen and the king's mother for being a foreign commoner, but Ahmad defends him. Nao worries about how femininity feels natural, and is confronted by Jemal Wahid, a masked man who offers to return him to Japan if he cooperates with a plot to drug Ahmad and reveal her gender by leaving her naked in public. Nao prevents the plot and saves Ahmad, and Jemal chases them to a cliff; the two fall into the ocean and are swept away to an island. After waking up, they make out while Nao contemplates how their relationship may require him to keep cross-dressing. Ahmad tells Nao that Jemal is a descendant of the royal family and the only person who could challenge her claim to the throne. Jemal steals Putri Harimau's sword, used in Urunei's enthronement ceremonies; confronting him, Nao learns that the queen and prince died in an accident fifteen years prior, and that Ahmad, the prince's twin sister, has taken his place. Unable to take back the sword with force, Nao does so through seduction. Jemal does not believe Nao can use it as no one has ever managed to unsheathe it, and legend says that only Putri Harimau can, but Nao succeeds, confirming him as her reincarnation. Jemal forcibly kisses Nao and proclaims that he has everything as the true king – the sword, bloodline, and Putri Harimau – as Ahmad arrives to place flowers at her family's death site. She confronts Jemal, but Malika shoots her and swears fealty to Jemal. Locked in his room, Nao learns that Jemal plans to kill Ahmad at sea. Nao contacts the purist faction, allying on the condition that he cannot marry Ahmad. Boarding the boat, they learn that Ahmad is in safety, with a decoy doll in her place; Malika had only pretended to support Jemal, and had faked her attack on Ahmad. Malika shoots Jemal, and he falls overboard, pulling Nao with him in hopes of drowning him. Underwater, Nao surprises Jemal by revealing that he has a penis, making Jemal lose his grip and sink as Nao returns to the boat. Nao thinks he will never see Ahmad again due to his promise, but having witnessed his actions, the purist faction pledges loyalty to him. Nao and Ahmad kiss and return to land to plan their wedding, as Nao realizes that as princess he will continue wearing women's clothes forever. In an epilogue, the sword is discovered to contain a map. ## Production and release Shounen Princess was written and illustrated by Seishiro Matsuri [ja] and was serialized by Akita Shoten in Japanese in their monthly magazine Champion Red, from the March 2014 issue, which was published on January 19, 2014, until the July issue, published on May 19, 2014. Akita Shoten later collected the series as a single, 200-page tankōbon volume under its Champion Red Comics imprint and released it together with an epilogue on June 20, 2014; for this collected edition, the subtitle was changed to Putri Harimau Nao. Art prints with illustrations of Nao were made available to readers buying the Champion Red debut issue of Shounen Princess and the tankōbon volume. One of the series' themes was the concept that boys who "become girls" end up taking on a type of heroism, an idea that Matsuri said he felt vindicated in believing in after reading Mayao Masayoshi's manga Shishunki Bitter Change. The ending to the series indicates that a continuation was planned, with a "to be continued?"; in 2019, Matsuri said that it had been Akita Shoten's decision to end the production and that he would like to continue the series but would need a publisher to finance the production costs. ### Collected edition ## Reception The series was well received by critics and was included in the Japanese publication Kono Manga ga Sugoi!'s monthly recommended manga feature. The publication liked how the series depicted the psychology of Nao as he gradually becomes more accustomed to femininity and dressing like a woman. Describing him as the main attraction of the story, they called him more attractive than the heroine and sexy in a way that could only happen in an otokonoko scenario. They also appreciated how the plot goes beyond just being a "reversed gender" scenario, instead being a more complex story about an average person growing and becoming a hero, but criticized the ending as feeling rushed and not resolving how Nao and Ahmad are hiding their genders, wishing for a continuation. Writer Naoki Miyamoto recommended the series, finding the scenario of Nao trying to learn how to behave femininely cute, and liked the series' twist on typical marriage scenarios. The pop culture news site Akiba Blog reported that readers considered the story clever and cute and liked its use of romance and eroticism, and how it features both comedic and more serious sequences. They also liked its empathetic portrayal of its characters and its use of trans-esque themes in a story about marriage and national interests. According to Matsuri, sales of Shounen Princess were positively affected by the Niconico premiere of the anime adaptation of Norio Tsukudani's Himegoto, which also follows a male character dressing like a woman.	[ "## Plot", "## Production and release", "### Collected edition", "## Reception" ]	1,800	9,413
1,283,203	Daedalus (Star Trek: Enterprise)	1,171,757,698	null	[ "2005 American television episodes", "Star Trek: Enterprise (season 4) episodes", "Television episodes directed by David Straiton" ]	"Daedalus" is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise. Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise, registration NX-01. In this episode, as the crew of Enterprise help Doctor Emory Erickson (Bill Cobbs) conduct experimental transporter tests, a dangerous anomaly is detected on board. It was the second script written by Alan Brennert and Ken LaZebnik, and was directed by David Straiton - his second of the season. "Daedalus" was a bottle episode which used only the standing sets. Show runner Manny Coto had sought to create an origin story for the transporter with "Daedalus", but was not pleased with either the script or the completed episode. The episode originally aired on January 14, 2005, on UPN. It received a Nielsen rating of 1.9/3 percent. Critical reception was mixed, but the relationship between Doctor Erickson, his daughter Danica (Leslie Silva) and Captain Archer (Scott Bakula) was received positively due to the character development. ## Plot Old family friends of Captain Archer, Doctor Emory Erickson and his daughter Danica, beam aboard Enterprise to test new sub-quantum transporter technology Erickson has developed. Catching up, Danica confides in Archer that her father has not been himself since the loss of her brother, Quinn, some 15 years ago in an early transporter experiment. After they arrive in "the Barrens" — a sub-space node void of starlight for a hundred light years — in order to test Erickson's new work, a strange anomaly is detected on the ship. Crewman Burrows is sent to investigate but is found dead, having been exposed to high levels of delta radiation. In the meantime, Commander T'Pol takes time to rediscover herself in the light of recent events: the teachings of Surak held in the Kir'Shara; the death of her mother; the annulment of her marriage; her cure from Pa'nar Syndrome; and her relationship with Commander Tucker. Tucker assists Erickson with the test, but is brushed aside when he seeks to learn more about the technology. Following a successful trial-run, which sets a new record for the longest transport ever conducted, Tucker confides in Archer that many of the upgrades and modifications to the ship's power systems were not necessary for the test. The "photonic ghost" reappears, and T'Pol manages to visually scan it, revealing that it is Erickson's long-lost son. Archer now realizes that his old family friends have misled him, and are simply using the ship to somehow rescue Quinn from the node. Erickson freely admits the deception, and asks Archer to trust and help him. Despite the deception, he agrees, aggressively ordering a reluctant T'Pol and a dissenting Tucker to comply. Finally, Tucker and Erickson manage to recover Quinn, but he suffers severe cellular degeneration in the process and dies soon after. Erickson, aware of the consequences he may now face, is happy to finally bring him home and put him to rest. ## Production The title of the episode was a direct reference to the namesake in Greek mythology, with Erickson taking the role of Daedalus, while his son relates to Icarus. Of the guest stars, Bill Cobbs had previously appeared in other science fiction genre films and television shows such as Demolition Man and The Outer Limits, while Leslie Silva had appeared as Sarah Forbes in Odyssey 5 — a television series created and produced by the Enterprise season four show runner Manny Coto. Coto explained that he wanted to create an origin episode for the transporter — taking elements of classic Star Trek such as Zefram Cochrane and "The Ultimate Computer" as inspiration. He was not happy with the either the script or the final episode, describing it as "flawed". He felt that the series worked better as multi-episode arcs rather than as stand alone episodes, and with the exception of "Daedalus" he was proud of Season 4. "Daedalus" was a bottle show, which used only existing standing sets and a reduced number of special effect shots compared to those earlier in the season. The production suffered a power failure on the final day of filming, which caused a two-hour delay to the filming of interviews for features for the DVD release. The episode was directed by David Straiton; "Daedalus" was his second episode of the season following the second-part of "Storm Front". It was also the second credits for two new writers on the show, Ken LaZebnik and Alan Brennert — the former wrote "Borderland" and Brennert was credited as Michael Bryant for the episode "Cold Station 12". ## Reception "Daedalus" was first broadcast on January 14, 2005, on UPN within the United States. The broadcast received Nielsen ratings share of 1.9/3 percent. This means it was seen by 1.9 percent of all households, and three percent of all those watching television at the time of broadcast. It had an average of three million viewers. The episode received lower ratings than The WB, which aired episodes of What I Like About You and Grounded for Life, and UPN came last of all the major networks. Michelle Erica Green while writing for TrekNation, felt that "Daedalus" was a remix of a variety of prior Star Trek episodes across a number of series, including "The Ultimate Computer", "Silicon Avatar" and "Jetrel", amongst others. She felt that the relationship between Archer and Danica worked, as did the subplot with Tucker and T'Pol. Jamahl Epsicokhan of the website Jammer's Reviews described the episode as "an overall failed episode", and compared it to the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Visitor" - an episode he described as "infinitely better" than "Daedalus". He felt that the final arc of the episode was obvious from the start, but liked how the relationship worked between Archer, Erickson and Danica because of the character development. He gave the episode two out of four stars. IGN gave the episode four out of five, and said it was an example of "how Star Trek can still break new ground after six series and over three decades." ## Home media release The first home media release of "Daedalus" was as part of the season four DVD box set of Enterprise, originally released in the United States on November 1, 2005. The Blu-ray release of the fourth season of Enterprise was on April 1, 2014.	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Reception", "## Home media release" ]	1,384	22,438
4,421,285	Hans Freeman	1,170,320,168	Australian chemist (1929–2008)	[ "1929 births", "2008 deaths", "20th-century chemists", "Academic staff of the University of Sydney", "Australian chemists", "Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science", "Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Australia", "Members of the Order of Australia", "People educated at Sydney Boys High School", "University of Sydney alumni" ]	Hans Charles Freeman AM, FAA (26 May 1929 – 9 November 2008) was a German-born Australian bioinorganic chemist, protein crystallographer, and professor of inorganic chemistry who spent most of his academic career at the University of Sydney. His best known contributions to chemistry were his work explaining the unusual structural, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties of blue copper proteins, particularly plastocyanin. He also introduced protein crystallography to Australia and was a strong advocate for courses to ensure Australian scientists have good access to "big science" facilities. Freeman has received numerous honours, including being elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) and appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) by the Australian Government. He was a charismatic lecturer who voluntarily continued teaching well into his formal retirement and imbued his students with a love of science. ## Biography ### Early years and education Hans Charles Freeman was the first and only son of Karl and Lotte Freeman and was born in Breslau in Germany in 1929 (now Wrocław, Poland). In 1938, following a tip-off from a Nazi party member, Karl decided to relocate his Jewish family to Australia. Karl brought his knowledge of detergents (a novelty in Australia at the time) to his new homeland, applying it to the problem of cleaning blood-stained blankets that would otherwise be wasted. After the war, he founded K. H. Freeman Pty Ltd, a detergent and soap manufacturing company; Hans spent many weekends working in the factory, gaining a practical insight into chemistry. Hans adapted well to his new environment, quickly mastering his new language and demonstrating his outstanding scholastic ability. He was dux of his primary school, dux of Sydney Boys High in 1945, and took his bachelor's degree with the university medal in chemistry in 1949. He was one of the ten chemistry students in his class at Sydney Boys High to go on to become Professors of Chemistry. After receiving his MSc in 1952 under the supervision of Raymond Le Fèvre FRS, Freeman attended Caltech on a Rotary Foundation Fellowship where, at the urging of Linus Pauling, he learned the fundamentals of crystallography. He received a PhD in 1957 for his work on the structure of biuret hydrate, where he completed most of the calculations for the crystal structure by hand. ### Personal life Freeman came to Australia with his parents and his sister, Eva. Following the death of his father in 1958, he became a Director of K. H. Freeman Pty Ltd, which continues to operate today. He met Edith Siou in 1964 and they married in 1966. They have two children, Maeva and Philip. ### Career Freeman was appointed to the faculty of the University of Sydney in 1954 as a Lecturer, working his way up until he was made the inaugural Professor of Inorganic Chemistry in 1971. Freeman pioneered the use of computers in crystallography in Australia, working on SILLIAC (the Australian cousin of the University of Illinois' ILLIAC machine and Australia's second computer) after its installation in 1956. His research group extended its interests beyond purely organic compounds and on to metal complexes (such as copper biuret, one of the first bioinorganic substances to be structurally determined) and went on to determine the structures of numerous metal complexes of amino acids and peptides. In 1970, the focus of Freeman's research became protein crystallography and he turned his attention to the blue copper proteins (cupredoxins) and particularly the electron transport protein plastocyanin. The intensely blue colour of plastocyanin and its unusual redox properties had frustrated all attempts to synthesise a small molecule mimic. It was not until 1977 that his group finally determined the structure of plastocyanin crystallised from the poplar tree (see diagram at right); this was the first protein crystal structure determined in the southern hemisphere. Together with subsequent work in collaboration with Ed Solomon, this work led to understanding of the unusual geometry of the copper metal site (see diagram at left) as well as the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties characteristic of blue copper proteins. Later in his career, Freeman developed an interest in the applications of EXAFS spectroscopy to metalloprotein structure, collaborating with both James Penner-Hahn and Keith Hodgson. Working together, the Freeman and Hodgson groups were, in 1988, the first to determine a new crystal structure of a protein using the multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) method. Throughout his career, Freeman was concerned about the influence of the tyranny of distance on the development of Australian science. For this reason, in 1972 Freeman and Alexander Boden AO, FAA, founded the Foundation for Inorganic Chemistry at the university to bring international scholars to the department to deliver a course for graduate students and give seminars for faculty. The inaugural Foundation scholar was nobel laureate Linus Pauling and the Foundation has brought many other eminent research chemists to Australia. The Foundation has thus functioned to increase Australian awareness of state of the art international research, increased international recognition of Australian research, and allowed graduate students to interact with leading chemists based in institutions far from Australia. Many of the students have gone on to post-graduate or post-doctoral positions with a Foundation scholar. Freeman also provided advice to the Australian Government on the problem of access to "big science" facilities. This included making major contributions to the report Small Country - Big Science in his work for the Australian Science and Technology Council. The report emphasised the need for Australian researchers to have access to facilities such as synchrotron X-ray and high intensity neutron sources, and led directly to the formation of the Australian Synchrotron Research Programme (ASRP) to fund access to such facilities. Freeman served as a board member of the ASRP until its functions were subsumed under the newly commissioned Australian Synchrotron in 2008. The Australian expertise developed as a consequence of ASRP-supported research led to the Australian Synchrotron being built a decade sooner than would have otherwise been the case. Freeman retired from his Chair in 1997, and was succeeded by Len Lindoy FAA. Nevertheless, he continued working in research and became Emeritus Professor of Chemistry and Emeritus Professor of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences. He also voluntarily continued teaching at first-year level. His lecturing was described as "charismatic" and "teaching was a love and a privilege and never an obligation" for him. ## Legacy Freeman was principally responsible for the establishment of structural biology as a discipline in Australia. He founded the first protein crystallography laboratory in Australia; by the time of his death, there were at least 15 active research groups carrying out protein crystallography in Australia and New Zealand. Many former members of the Freeman research group have moved on to join one of these other groups. The groups interact through the Society of Crystallographers of Australia and New Zealand (SCANZ); Freeman was instrumental in forming the organisation (then called the Society of Crystallographers of Australia) in 1976, and was its Foundation President. Working as a crystallographer, Freeman's major legacies are the understanding of plastocyanin and other blue copper proteins, and development of the MAD method as an extension of EXAFS spectroscopy. Freeman's work in ensuring Australian scientists have access to "big science" facilities will continue to assist researchers into the future. His teaching also leaves a legacy of "generations of students imbued with a love of science". ## Honours and awards Freeman was recognised for his professional achievements with Fellowships in the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) in 1968, the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1984, and the Australian Academy of Science in 1984. Freeman's contributions were also recognised by the Australian Government with a Centenary Medal in 2001 for "service to Australian society and science in chemistry" and with his appointment as a Member of the Order of Australia in June 2005 for "service to science and scientific research in the field of bio-inorganic chemistry, particularly through the establishment and development of the discipline of crystallography in Australia". Freeman received numerous awards over his long career. In 1980, Freeman received the Burrows Award, the premier award of the Inorganic Chemistry Division of the RACI. He was also awarded the 1999 Leighton Memorial Medal which is "the RACI's most prestigious medal and is awarded in recognition of eminent services to chemistry in Australia in the broadest sense." In 2007, he received both the Australian Academy of Science's Craig Medal and an RACI Distinguished Fellowship. ## Most cited publications The number of citations indicated for each of the following papers are from Web of Science data as at 22 June 2013: - X-Ray crystal-structure analysis of plastocyanin at 2.7 Å resolution --- 707 citations - --- 642 citations - --- 388 citations - --- 257 citations - --- 209 citations	[ "## Biography", "### Early years and education", "### Personal life", "### Career", "## Legacy", "## Honours and awards", "## Most cited publications" ]	1,909	33,743
102,595	Alan Bean	1,144,608,702	American astronaut and lunar explorer (1932–2018)	[ "1932 births", "1969 in spaceflight", "1973 in spaceflight", "2018 deaths", "20th-century American painters", "21st-century American painters", "21st-century male artists", "Alan Bean", "American aerospace engineers", "American male painters", "American people of Scottish descent", "American test pilots", "Apollo 12", "Apollo program astronauts", "Artists from Texas", "Aviators from Texas", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Cockrell School of Engineering alumni", "Collier Trophy recipients", "Military personnel from Texas", "National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees", "People from Fort Worth, Texas", "People from Minden, Louisiana", "People from Wheeler County, Texas", "People who have walked on the Moon", "Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal", "Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal", "Skylab program astronauts", "Space artists", "Spacewalkers", "United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees", "United States Naval Aviators", "United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni", "United States Navy astronauts", "United States Navy captains", "Writers from Texas" ]	Alan LaVern Bean (March 15, 1932 – May 26, 2018) was an American naval officer and aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, NASA astronaut and painter. He was selected to become an astronaut by NASA in 1963 as part of Astronaut Group 3, and was the fourth person to walk on the Moon. Before becoming an astronaut, Bean graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from University of Texas at Austin in 1955 and re-joined the U.S. Navy—he served as an enlisted member for a year after his high school graduation. He received his naval aviator wings in 1956 and served as a fighter pilot. In 1960, he graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School, flew as a test pilot and was The New Nine selection finalist in 1962. He made his first flight into space aboard Apollo 12, the second crewed mission to land on the Moon, at age 37 in November 1969. He made his second and final flight into space on the Skylab 3 mission in 1973, the second crewed mission to the Skylab space station. After retiring from the United States Navy in 1975 and NASA in 1981, he pursued his interest in painting, depicting various space-related scenes and documenting his own experiences in space as well as those of his fellow Apollo program astronauts. He was the last living crew member of Apollo 12. ## Biography ### Early life and education Bean was born March 15, 1932, in Wheeler, the seat of Wheeler County in the northeastern Texas Panhandle, to parents Arnold Horace Bean and Frances Caroline Bean (née Murphy), who lived from 1908 to 1983, and 1906 to 1981, respectively. He considered Fort Worth his hometown. He was of Scottish descent. As a boy, he lived in Minden, the seat of Webster Parish in northwestern Louisiana, where his father worked for the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Bean was a Boy Scout and he earned the rank of First Class. He graduated from R. L. Paschal High School in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1949. Following his high school graduation in 1949, Bean enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Bean received a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1955, where he attended on a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) scholarship. While at the university, he also joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. ### Military service He was an Electronics Technician Striker at the NAS Dallas, Texas, until September 1950, when he was honorably discharged. In January 1955, Bean was commissioned a U.S. Navy ensign through the NROTC at the University of Texas at Austin, and attended flight training. After completing flight training in June 1956, he was assigned to Attack Squadron 44 (VA-44) at NAS Jacksonville, Florida, from 1956 to 1960, flying the F9F Cougar and A4D Skyhawk. After a four-year tour of duty, he attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School (USNTPS) at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, where his instructor was his future Apollo 12 Commander, Pete Conrad, graduating in November 1960. Bean took art classes at St. Mary's College of Maryland during this tour, and flew as a test pilot on several types of naval aircraft. Following his assignment at USNTPS and aviation safety training with the University of Southern California (USC), he went through additional instruction with his old Attack Squadron 44, and was assigned to Navy Attack Squadron VA-172 at NAS Cecil Field, Florida, flying the A-4 Skyhawks, during which time he was selected as a NASA astronaut. Bean logged more than 7,145 hours of flying time, including 4,890 hours in jet aircraft. ### NASA career Bean was selected by NASA as part of Astronaut Group 3 in 1963 (after not being selected for Astronaut Group 2 the previous year). He was selected to be the backup command pilot for Gemini 10, but was unsuccessful in securing an early Apollo flight assignment. He was placed in the Apollo Applications Program in the interim. In that capacity, he was the first astronaut to dive in the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator and a champion of the process for astronaut training. When fellow astronaut Clifton Williams was killed in an air crash, a space was opened for Bean on the backup crew for Apollo 9. Apollo 12 Commander Conrad, who had instructed Bean at the Naval Test Pilot School years before, personally requested Bean to replace Williams. #### Apollo program Bean was the Apollo Lunar Module pilot on Apollo 12, the second lunar landing. In November 1969, Bean and Pete Conrad landed on the Moon's Ocean of Storms—after a flight of 250,000 miles and a launch that included a harrowing lightning strike. He was the astronaut who executed John Aaron's "Flight, try SCE to 'Aux'" instruction to restore telemetry after the spacecraft was struck by lightning 36 seconds after launch, thus salvaging the mission. They explored the lunar surface, deployed several lunar surface experiments, and installed the first nuclear power generator station on the Moon to provide the power source. Dick Gordon remained in lunar orbit, photographing landing sites for future missions. Bean had planned on using a self-timer for his Hasselblad camera to take a photograph of both Pete Conrad and himself while on the lunar surface near the Surveyor III spacecraft. He was hoping to record a good photo, and also to confuse the mission scientists as to how the photo could have been taken. However, neither he nor Conrad could locate the timer in the tool carrier tote bag while at the Surveyor III site, thus lost the opportunity. After finding the self-timer unit at the end of the EVA, when it was too late to use, he threw it as far as he could. His paintings of what this photo would have looked like (titled The Fabulous Photo We Never Took) and one of his fruitless search for the timer (Our Little Secret) are included in his collection of Apollo paintings. Bean's suit is on display in the National Air and Space Museum. #### Skylab Bean was the spacecraft commander of Skylab 3, the second crewed mission to Skylab, from July 29 to September 25, 1973. With him on the mission were scientist-astronaut Owen Garriott and Marine Corps Colonel Jack R. Lousma. Bean and his crew were on Skylab for 59 days, during which time they covered a world-record-setting 24.4 million miles. During the mission, Bean tested a prototype of the Manned Maneuvering Unit and performed one spacewalk outside the Skylab. The crew of Skylab 3 accomplished 150% of its mission goals. ### Post-NASA career On his next assignment, Bean was the backup spacecraft commander of the United States flight crew for the joint American-Russian Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Bean retired from the Navy in October 1975 as a captain, and continued as head of the Astronaut Candidate Operations and Training Group within the Astronaut Office in a civilian capacity. Bean logged 1,671 hours and 45 minutes in space while at NASA, of which 10 hours and 26 minutes were spent in EVAs on the Moon and in Earth orbit. ## Painting Bean resigned from NASA in June 1981 to devote his time to painting. He said his decision was based on that, in his 18 years as an astronaut, he was fortunate enough to visit worlds and see sights no artist's eye, past or present, has ever viewed firsthand and he hoped to express these experiences through his art. As a painter, Bean wanted to add color to the Moon. "I had to figure out a way to add color to the Moon without ruining it," he remarked. In his paintings, the lunar landscape is not a monotonous gray, but shades of various colors. "If I were a scientist painting the Moon, I would paint it gray. I'm an artist, so I can add colors to the Moon", said Bean. Bean's paintings include Lunar Grand Prix and Rock and Roll on the Ocean of Storms, and he used real Moon dust in his paintings. When he began painting, he realized that keepsake patches from his space suit were dirty with Moon dust. He added tiny pieces of the patches to his paintings, which made them unique. He also used a hammer, used to pound the flagpole into the lunar surface, and a bronzed Moon boot to texture his paintings. In July 2009, for the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing, Bean exhibited his lunar paintings at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington. > But I'm the only one who can paint the Moon, because I'm the only one who knows whether that's right or not. ## Personal life and death Bean took a piece of Clan MacBean tartan to the Moon. In recognition of his Scottish ancestry, Bean stated: > As I remember it, I took Clan McBean tartan to the Moon and returned it to Earth. [...] I did, in fact, give a piece of the tartan to the Clan McBean and also to the St Bean Chapel in Scotland. And I've still got some of it in my possession. I did not, however leave any of it on the Moon. He married Sue Ragsdale, a fellow graduate of the University of Texas on April 19, 1955, shortly before her graduation. With Ragsdale, Bean had a son, Clay, and a daughter, Amy Sue. Bean died on May 26, 2018, in Houston, Texas, at the age of 86. His death followed the sudden onset of illness two weeks before while he was in Fort Wayne, Indiana. At the time of his death, Bean was married to his second wife, Leslie, and was also survived by his sister, Paula Scott. Bean was interred in Arlington National Cemetery on November 8, 2018. ## Legacy He was awarded with several awards and decorations during his career. He received the Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress, the Godfrey L. Cabot Award for 1970, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Trustees Award, the V. M. Komarov Diploma for 1973 and the AAS Flight Achievement Award for 1974. Bean received the Navy Astronaut Wings, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal (twice), the NASA Distinguished Service Medal (twice), and the National Defense Service Medal with bronze star. Bean was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983, the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997, the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 2010, and the National Aviation Hall of Fame for 2010. He was also a fellow of the American Astronautical Society and a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Bean received the University of Texas Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1970 and the Distinguished Engineering Graduate Award. Bean, the first Texan to walk on the Moon, was awarded the Texas Press Associations Texan of the Year Award for 1969. The 1973 Robert J. Collier Trophy was awarded to NASA and the Skylab crew. Bean was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Texas Wesleyan College in 1972, and was presented an Honorary Doctorate of Engineering Science degree from the University of Akron (Ohio) in 1974. The city of Chicago held a parade and presented gold medals to the Skylab astronauts in 1974. Bean was the recipient of Fédération Aéronautique Internationale's prestigious Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal for 1973 in Sydney, Australia. In 1975, President Ford presented Skylab commander Gerald Carr with the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy at a White House ceremony, on behalf of all Skylab astronauts (including Bean). Bean was a co-recipient of AIAA's Octave Chanute Award for 1975, along with fellow Skylab 3 astronauts Jack Lousma and Owen Garriott. In 2019, Northrop Grumman named the spacecraft for the NG-12 mission the S.S. Alan Bean. ## In media In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Bean was portrayed by Dave Foley. Swedish indie pop artist Stina Nordenstam has a song called "The Return of Alan Bean" on her 1991 debut album Memories of a Color. British indie rock band Hefner released a single called "Alan Bean" in 2001, writing from the perspective of Bean during Apollo 12. For her 2019 novel, America Was Hard to Find, American writer Kathleen Alcott based her description of the Apollo landing on interviews she conducted with Bean. ## Books - My Life As An Astronaut (1989) - Apollo: An Eyewitness Account (with Andrew Chaikin) (1998) - Into the Sunlit Splendor: The Aviation Art of William S. Phillips (with Ann Cooper, Charles S. Cooper and Wilson Hurley) (2005) - Mission Control, This is Apollo: The Story of the First Voyages to the Moon (with Andrew Chaikin) (2009) - Painting Apollo: First Artist on Another World (2009) Bean's in-flight Skylab diary is featured in Homesteading Space: the Skylab Story, a history of the Skylab program co-authored by fellow astronauts Dr. Joseph Kerwin and Dr. Owen Garriott and writer David Hitt, published in 2008. ## See also - List of spaceflight records - The Astronaut Monument	[ "## Biography", "### Early life and education", "### Military service", "### NASA career", "#### Apollo program", "#### Skylab", "### Post-NASA career", "## Painting", "## Personal life and death", "## Legacy", "## In media", "## Books", "## See also" ]	2,895	34,182
28,357,691	Hot Tottie	1,130,610,319	null	[ "2010 singles", "Jay-Z songs", "Song recordings produced by Polow da Don", "Songs written by Ester Dean", "Songs written by Jay-Z", "Songs written by Polow da Don", "Songs written by Usher (musician)", "Usher (musician) songs" ]	"Hot Tottie" is a song by recording artist Usher. It was written by Usher, Ester Dean, Jay-Z and Polow da Don, with the latter producing it. The song features guest vocals from rapper Jay-Z and background vocals by Ester Dean. It is the second single in the United States and Canada from his EP, Versus EP, which is an extension of his sixth studio album, Raymond v. Raymond. The song was sent to rhythmic and urban airplay on August 9, 2010. "Hot Tottie" samples Big Tymers's "Big Ballin'" off their 1998 album How You Luv That Vol. 2. "Hot Tottie" is an R&B song with hip hop tones, accompanied by strobing, electronic beats. It peaked at number twenty-one on the US Billboard Hot 100, and was a top ten hit on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Usher performed the song on The Early Show and on his OMG Tour. ## Background and composition The song was leaked onto the internet during late July 2010 along with the track "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love". It was originally reported to feature R&B singer Ciara. However, when the official mix of the song appeared online, Ester Dean, who sung vocals on the demo of the track, was singing the female vocal interludes. The song was released from Versus as the EP's urban single, whereas the latter track was released as the mainstream single. "Hot Tottie" is an R&B song that includes hip hop, which is over "strobing, electronic beats" with Usher's vocals Auto-Tuned in parts. In an interview with MTV News at his World Leadership Awards in Atlanta, Usher called the song, which was already receiving rotation on radio due to a leak, "incredible", and confirmed that the song would be on his upcoming release of Versus. On August 31, 2010 a remix of the song, which features Lil' Kim, was released online. Usher performed the song on an untelevised portion of his appearance on The Early Show on September 3, 2010, and is performing it on his OMG Tour. The original version of "Hot Tottie" with Ciara was leaked on July 15, 2011, with Jay-Z's verse omitted. ## Critical reception Coining the track as "sleazed-up," Andy Kellman of AllMusic noted the track as a standout from Versus. Sarah Rodman of the Boston Globe called "Hot Tottie" the essential track on the EP, and said that Jay-Z "bumps up the fun factor" on the "burbling" track. Mark Edward Nero of About.com gave the song a positive review, saying that it was "a rock-solid tour de force featuring Usher vocalizing how smooth he is." Nero also commended Jay-Z's verse but said the only negative to the song was Ester Dean's vocals which were similar to those of Rihanna. Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly stated that the song is "nasty in all the right ways", Jeff Weiss of the Los Angeles Times says that Usher remains on the "R&B's A-list" with tracks like the song, calling it "as intoxicating as its namesake". ## Chart performance Based on airplay only, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 100. In its second week it rose to number eighty-eight. In its third week, due to the release of Versus, the song's sales elevated to number twenty-five after selling 52,000 digital downloads, and collected greatest gainer recognitions. It later peaked at number twenty-one on the chart, while reaching number seventeen on the Hot 100 Airplay and twenty-one on the Hot Digital Songs chart. The song reached number nine on the US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number twenty-seven on the US Pop Songs chart. Internationally, "Hot Tottie" peaked at number sixty-two on the Canadian Hot 100. Although it was not released officially as a single in the UK, the song reached number 104 on the UK Singles Chart and number twenty-seven on the UK R&B Chart due to sales after the release of Versus only. ## Credits and personnel Recording locations - Vocal recording – Studio at the Palms, Paradise, Nevada - Mixing – No Excuses Studio, Santa Monica, California Personnel - Songwriting – Usher Raymond IV, Ester Dean, Shawn Corey Carter, Polow da Don - Production – Polow da Don - Recording – Jeremy "Jay" Stevenson - Mixing – Jeremy "Jay" Stevenson Credits adapted from the liner notes of Versus. ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Release history	[ "## Background and composition", "## Critical reception", "## Chart performance", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Release history" ]	999	7,766
57,578,644	Mississippi Highway 388	1,054,759,791	Highway in Mississippi	[ "State highways in Mississippi", "Transportation in Noxubee County, Mississippi" ]	Mississippi Highway 388 (MS 388) is a state highway in eastern Mississippi. The route starts at the intersection of U.S. Route 45 Alternate (US 45 Alt.) and MS 852 in Brooksville, and it travels east to US 45 soon after. The route intersects MS 792 near Cliftonville, and it ends at Alabama State Route 86 (SR 86) at the Alabama–Mississippi state line. MS 388 was designated around 1957, from US 45 to a point west of the state line. The route was extended to Bigbee Valley and to the state line by 1974 and 1990, respectively. ## Route description All of MS 388 is located eastern in Noxubee County. The route is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65-3-3, and all of it is maintained by the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT), as part of the Mississippi State Highway System. The route starts at the intersection of US 45 Alt. and MS 852 in Brooksville, and it travels east to US 45. The road leaves the city limits of Brooksville east of the intersection, and it travels south-southeast to Pilgrims Rest Road, where it turns east towards Deerbrook. The road crosses over Bogue Chitto and passes through Deerbrook. West of Cliftonville, MS 388 intersects the southern terminus of MS 792. Continuing through rural Noxubee County, the route turns northeast at Stevenson Road. At Togo Road, MS 388 turns eastward. After turning northeast at Fox Chase Road west of Bigbee Valley, the road enters into a forest and turns southeast at Clayton Road. At the Alabama–Mississippi state line, MS 388 ends and SR 86 continues east to Pickensville. ## History By 1957, MS 388 was designated along an asphalt road from US 45 east of Brooksville to a gravel road leading to the Alabama–Mississippi state line. The western terminus was moved to the northeast of Brooksville one year later. By 1963, the gravel road east of the eastern terminus in Cliftonville was transferred from state maintenance to county maintenance. MS 388 was extended eastwards to Bigbee Valley by 1974. The route was widened and built up from Brooksville to Bigbee Valley in 1986, to improve access to a Weyerhaeuser paper mill. Improvements to the route east of Bigbee Valley were not completed, as it was owned by Noxubee County, and MDOT could not take ownership until the road was upgraded. This led to truck drivers taking longer routes to the mill, as their loads were above the legal limit for the route. In March 1988, a Weyerhaeuser pulp mill was approved for construction, and Noxubee County received federal funding to rebuild the route. MS 388 was extended to the state line by 1990, with all sections paved in asphalt. ## Major intersections	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections" ]	624	7,113
69,203,588	Hans (comic book)	1,140,303,661	Franco-Beglian comic book series	[ "1980 comics debuts", "2000 comics endings", "Bandes dessinées", "Fiction about time travel", "Polish comics", "Post-apocalyptic comics", "Science fiction comics", "Works originally published in Tintin (magazine)" ]	Hans (Polish: Yans) is a science fiction Franco-Belgian comic with the story written by the Belgian writer André-Paul Duchâteau and drawn by Polish artists Grzegorz Rosiński and later by Zbigniew Kasprzak [pl] (Kas). It was published from 1980 to 2000 and has been collected in twelve volumes published in France by Le Lombard. It has also been translated into Polish, German, Italian, and Greek (the first six issues). The primary motif of the series is the desire for freedom. The first books have an oppressive post-apocalyptic setting, while the later books move into a space opera setting; the shift in the tone is relevant to the end of the Cold War. ## Plot summary The series tells the story of special agent Hans, caught up in a struggle for power in a totalitarian city, the only one left on Earth after a nuclear war. During his adventures, which include both space and time travel, Hans falls in love with Orchid, one of the outlaws who live in the ravaged areas around his home city. Eventually, Orchid gives birth to their daughter, Mahonia. With time, Hans becomes the ruler of the city and has to face numerous threats both within the city and outside it. ## Development In 1976 young Polish comic book artist Grzegorz Rosiński met Belgian comic book writers Jean Van Hamme and André-Paul Duchâtea during an exhibition in Germany. The Belgians were impressed by Rosiński's art style and decided to work with him on some unspecified future project, tentatively "about Vikings", since Rosiński, because of the ongoing Cold War, did not want to work on any story set in the modern world. The Viking project would eventually materialize in the form of the Thorgal series, which debuted in 1977. In 1978, Duchâteau drafted a new, science-fiction themed story, and again asked Rosiński to work in it. The series debuted with La Tour du désespoir, a short story, in early August 1980 in the Franco-Belgian magazine Tintin. At first, Duchâteau was unsure if he wanted to develop Hans into a full-fledged series, and so in the internal chronology of the series, that first story is set an unspecified time after the events of Volume 1 (La Dernière Île, 1983); it is also often omitted from smaller reprint runs. Hans also appeared in few other short stories. In 1986 a one page short story featuring Hans was published in French magazine Circus [fr] and another, two page short story was part of Tintin's 40th anniversary special edition (featuring Hans saving Tintin from a meteor strike). The series was at first published in comic book magazines (in Tintin until 1989, then in La Suisse [fr] and Hello Bédé [fr]), before being collected in larger volumes, of which twelve were eventually published. From Volume 7 (Les Enfants de l'infini, 1994) onward, the stories were not published elsewhere before appearing in book form. Work on Volume 13, tentatively called Les Amazones, was eventually cancelled due to publishers preferring other projects (although Duchâteau finished the work on the script for Volume 13), with Volume 12 (Le Pays des abysses), published in 2000, marking the final volume of the series. The series has been republished in France by Le Lombard in twelve volumes. In the late 1980s, Rosiński became increasingly busy working on the popular Thorgal series, and started looking for someone to take over Hans, eventually deciding on another Polish artist Zbigniew Kasprzak [pl] (pen name Kas), whose style, Rosiński felt, would be most true to his own. Kasprzak started working with Rosiński during Volume 5 (La Loi d'Ardélia), with Kasprzak focused on drawing the characters, and Rosiński on the backgrounds. Kasprzak took over from Volume 6 (La Planète aux sortilèges) onward, although some early editions incorrectly listed Rosiński as contributing to volumes 6, 7 and 8. From early 1990s, Kasprzak's wife Grażyna (pen name Graza [pl]) took over coloring of the series. ## Volumes The series is composed of 12 volumes (not counting the first, the short story La Tour du désespoir). - 0, La Tour du désespoir, August 1980. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Grzegorz Rosiński - 1, La Dernière Île, (), June 1983. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Grzegorz Rosiński - 2, Le Prisonnier de l'éternité, (), July 1985. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Grzegorz Rosiński - 3, Les Mutants de Xanaïa, (), September 1986. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Grzegorz Rosiński - 4, Les Gladiateurs, (), October 1988. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Grzegorz Rosiński - 5, La Loi d'Ardélia, (), April 1990. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Grzegorz Rosiński, Kas - 6, La Planète aux sortilèges, (), September 1993. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Kas - 7, Les Enfants de l'infini, (), April 1994. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Kas Colors: Graza - 8, Le Visage du monstre, (), February 1996. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Kas Colors: Graza - 9, La Princesse d'Ultis, (), December 1997. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Kas Colors: Graza - 10, Le Péril arc-en-ciel, (), October 1998. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Kas Colors: Graza - 11, Le Secret du temps, (), November 1999. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Kas Colors: Graza - 12, Le Pays des abysses, (), December 2000. Story: André-Paul Duchâteau Art: Kas Colors: Graza The series has been translated to several languages, including Polish Italian and German. A number of collected editions have also been released; for example the Egmont Polska volumes compile the series in three books, each composed of four volumes. ## Reception The series has received a number of reprints and translations. In 2001, Ksenia Chamerska, reviewing the series for the Polish magazine Świat Komiksu [pl], praised Duchâteau for the novel ideas and surprising plot twists. Daniel Koziarski, reviewing the series in 2015 for the Polish portal Rebelya, commented that the quality of the series, impressive at first, declined near the end. ## Analysis Duchâteau listed Brave New World and Alice in the Wonderland as inspirations, and described the motifs of the series as primarily praise of escaping to freedom and democracy, and secondarily a critique of tyranny. Adventure and love were also important aspects. He also considered that his troubled childhood, and the oppressive figure of his father, might be represented in some of the antagonists found in the series. Duchâteau also noted that Hans was inspired by Rosiński himself, and the dystopian theme of the struggle against the brutal, totalitarian ruler of the city was a nod towards the reality of the Cold War (Rosiński and Kasprzak lived in the communist People's Republic of Poland). The end of the communist regime in Poland in 1989 is represented by the shift in the tone of the series. The first books have an oppressive post-apocalyptic setting, while the latter move into a space opera setting; they also become less focused on Hans and more on other members of his growing family. Duchâteau also noted that the series allowed him to be more creative than the realistic Ric Hochet series he worked on concurrently. Duchâteau chose the German name Hans for the character, as he wanted a simple, recognizable name, and decided to settle on the one known through the Hansel and Gretel fairy tale. When the series was published in Poland in the 1980s, the publisher decided to change the protagonist's name and the title to Yans, as the German name was unpopular in Poland, due to the long history of troubled Polish-German relations, and particularly the recent memory of World War II. Early Polish editions used the Polish version of Hans (Jan) instead of Yans before settling on the latter.	[ "## Plot summary", "## Development", "## Volumes", "## Reception", "## Analysis" ]	1,927	4,965
64,283,583	Equestrian statue of John Brown Gordon	1,052,190,653	Equestrian statue in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.	[ "1907 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)", "1907 sculptures", "Bronze sculptures in Georgia (U.S. state)", "Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Georgia", "Equestrian statues in Georgia (U.S. state)", "Outdoor sculptures in Georgia (U.S. state)", "Statues in Atlanta", "Vandalized works of art in Georgia (U.S. state)" ]	The equestrian statue of John Brown Gordon is a monument on the grounds of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The monument, an equestrian statue, honors John Brown Gordon, a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War who later become a politician in post-Reconstruction era Georgia. Designed by Solon Borglum, the statue was dedicated in 1907 to large fanfare. The statue has recently become a figure of controversy over Gordon's racist views and associations with the Confederacy, with some calling for its removal. ## History ### Background and creation John Brown Gordon was a noted Confederate general during the American Civil War who served multiple terms as a Senator from Georgia and as Governor of Georgia in the post-Reconstruction era. He was also generally recognized as the leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia and supported both the institution of slavery as well as the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Following his death on January 9, 1904, multiple civic leaders in Atlanta began to plan a monument in his honor. On January 19, 1904 (Robert E. Lee Day), a meeting at the Georgia State Capitol of groups including the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the United Confederate Veterans was held where Clement A. Evans proposed creating a statue to honor Gordon. The John B. Gordon Monument Association was formed for this purpose, led by William Lowndes Calhoun as its president. While the association was successful in fundraising, a total of \$25,000 had to be secured from the state government in order to complete the project. Solon Borglum (whose brother Gutzon Borglum was the first sculptor to work on the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial) was commissioned to design an equestrian statue of Gordon, which would rest on a pedestal designed by Alexander Campbell Bruce and supplied by the McNeel Marble Works. The statue, Atlanta's only equestrian statue, was dedicated on the grounds of the Georgia State Capitol on May 25, 1907. Evans served as the main orator for the unveiling, while two daughters of Gordon's did the unveiling. During the dedication, Governor Joseph M. Terrell and another speaker called for the erection of additional monuments on the Capitol grounds for Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, and the "common soldier", but budgetary issues prevented these plans from coming to fruition. The statue's unveiling attracted many onlookers, and contemporary accounts mention a choir singing "Dixie" to loud cheers during the ceremony. The event took place less than a year after the Atlanta Massacre of 1906. In April 1908, a plaster model of the statue was displayed at an art exhibition held by the National Sculpture Society in Baltimore. ### Calls for removal Recently, the statue has come under criticism due to Gordon's stance on race. Following the Charleston church shooting in 2015, a state senator proposed a law forbidding the official recognition of Confederate symbols, including icons such as the Gordon statue. Around the same time, American historian Kenneth W. Noe, speaking with The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, spoke directly about the Gordon statue and others on the Capitol grounds as symbols of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. In 2019, the government of Georgia passed a law barring the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. In 2020, during the George Floyd protests in Atlanta, many protesters called for the removal of the statue, prompting a trending hashtag on Twitter, \#TEARDOWNGORDON. On June 8, Bob Trammell, the minority leader in the Georgia House of Representatives, sent a letter to Georgia Governor Brian Kemp asking him to remove the statue of Gordon, saying, "the statue's nexus to hate in our state is overwhelming" and "its presence is both divisive and offensive." Protests regarding the statue and others prompted a barricade to be erected around the Capitol grounds. On June 11, a protester was arrested for vandalizing the statue, writing "tear down" with chalk on the monument. Following these events, 44 descendants of Gordon sent an open letter to Governor Kemp calling for the removal of the statue from the Capitol grounds, stating that "the primary purpose of the statue was to celebrate and mythologize the white supremacists of the Confederacy". ## Design The monument consists of a bronze equestrian statue of Gordon resting on a granite pedestal inscribed with his last name on its front. The horse is modeled after Marye, Gordon's warhorse during the Civil War. Gordon is dressed in his Confederate uniform, but is depicted as an elderly man. Attached to both sides of the pedestal are plaques depicting Gordon. One shows Gordon on horseback during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, while the other plaque is a standing portrait of Gordon inscribed with the words "GOVERNOR PATRIOT SENATOR" beneath him. A plaque affixed to the rear of the pedestal is inscribed with a history of Gordon's life, from his birth through his military and political career to his death in 1904. The base of the monument measures approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) long, 4 feet (1.2 m) wide, and 12 feet (3.7 m) tall, while the statue measures approximately 10 feet (3.0 m) long, 3 feet (0.91 m) wide, and 11 feet (3.4 m) tall. ## See also - 1907 in art - List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Georgia - List of equestrian statues in the United States	[ "## History", "### Background and creation", "### Calls for removal", "## Design", "## See also" ]	1,156	30,912
3,375,357	Jim Pappin	1,158,444,675	Canadian ice hockey player (1939–2022)	[ "1939 births", "2022 deaths", "Anaheim Ducks scouts", "California Golden Seals players", "Canadian ice hockey coaches", "Canadian ice hockey forwards", "Chicago Blackhawks coaches", "Chicago Blackhawks players", "Chicago Blackhawks scouts", "Cleveland Barons (NHL) players", "Ice hockey people from Greater Sudbury", "Rochester Americans players", "St. Louis Blues scouts", "Stanley Cup champions", "Sudbury Wolves (EPHL) players", "Toronto Maple Leafs players", "Toronto Marlboros players" ]	James Joseph Pappin (September 10, 1939 – June 29, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks, California Golden Seals, and Cleveland Barons from 1963 to 1977. After retiring he worked as a scout for the Black Hawks, St. Louis Blues, and Anaheim Ducks, and briefly served as head coach of the Milwaukee Admirals. Pappin was signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1960 and played for its Rochester Americans affiliate throughout his eight seasons with the franchise. He was part of Rochester's Calder Cup-winning sides in 1965, 1966, and 1968, and won the Stanley Cup with the Leafs in 1964 and 1967, scoring the Cup-winning goal in the latter championship series. After being traded to the Black Hawks, he had the best statistical season of his career in 1972–73 and reached two more Stanley Cup Finals in 1971 and 1973. He later played for the Golden Seals and Barons before retiring in 1976. ## Early life Pappin was born in Copper Cliff in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, on September 10, 1939. His father, Joseph Gerard Pappin, was employed as a machinist for a mining company; his mother was Geraldine Fitzgerald. Pappin began his junior career by playing two seasons for the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) from 1958 to 1960. He then joined the Sudbury Wolves in the middle of the 1959–60 season. ## Career ### Rochester Americans (1960–1968) Pappin began his professional hockey career in 1960 with the Rochester Americans in the American Hockey League (AHL). He played on its Calder Cup-winning teams in 1965, 1966, and 1968. He scored the most goals during the 1965 and 1966 playoffs, including the game-winning goals in the both Cup-clinching games. He went on to score 134 goals in 275 regular-season games for the Americans and was later inducted into the team's hall of fame in 1996. ### Toronto Maple Leafs (1963–1968) Pappin was added to the Toronto Maple Leafs roster during the 1963–64 season. He made his NHL debut for the franchise on November 23, 1963, against the Boston Bruins at Maple Leaf Gardens. He continued to go back and forth between the Leafs and its Rochester affiliate throughout his tenure with the franchise. He won his first Stanley Cup in 1964, and played in his first NHL All-Star Game later that year. During the 1966–67 season, Pappin led the league in game-winning goals (7) and finished eighth in shooting percentage (15.3) and power-play goals (6). However, he had a poor relationship with general manager and coach Punch Imlach, who sent Pappin down to Rochester in February 1967 after he scored only six goals. He was recalled to Toronto after six games, around the time when Imlach temporarily stepped aside due to illness and King Clancy became interim coach. Pappin thrived with Clancy at the helm, scoring 15 goals in the last 22 games of the regular season. He went on to win his second Stanley Cup championship that same season, scoring the series-winning goal in Game 6. At the time of his death in 2022, it was the Leafs' most recent championship-clinching goal. Although his shot was deflected in off the skate of teammate Pete Stemkowski and credit was given to the latter at first, they privately agreed to give Pappin the goal as he was in the running for a contract bonus should he score the most goals in that year's Stanley Cup playoffs. He ultimately scored the most goals (7) and points (15), and recorded the highest shooting percentage (15.9) of any player in that series. Pappin reportedly accorded Stemkowski unlimited access to the backyard pool that he constructed with the bonus payment. Pappin was also in line for a C\$1,000 bonus after scoring a combined 25 goals in the NHL and AHL, but Imlach refused to honour the agreement. In the offseason, Imlach raised Pappin's salary to \$22,000, which was \$3,000 less than what the latter had requested. He appeared in his second All-Star Game in 1968, but was also sent down to the Americans again by Imlach. He was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks on May 23 that same year in exchange for Pierre Pilote. The move – which was instigated by Imlach – aggrieved Pappin and spurred him to give his 1967 championship ring to his father-in-law. ### Chicago Black Hawks (1968–1975) Pappin made a strong start with the Black Hawks, scoring six goals in his first three games and accumulating 19 goals by Christmas. He also recorded his first hat-trick in the NHL, achieving this on October 16, 1968, against the Minnesota North Stars. During his first season with the franchise, he finished fourth in the NHL in game-winning goals (7) and fifth in shooting percentage (17.7). He scored ten goals during the 1971 playoffs, helping the team advance to the Stanley Cup Finals which they lost to the Montreal Canadiens in seven games. Pappin later set a franchise record by scoring two goals within six seconds against the Philadelphia Flyers on February 16, 1972. In the 1972–73 season – arguably Pappin's best season as a professional – he recorded career-highs in goals (41), assists (51), and points (92). He finished third in the league in shooting percentage (22.5), sixth in goals, seventh in goals per game (0.54), eighth in points per game (1.21), and tenth in points. He was also named to his third All-Star Game that year. The Black Hawks reached the 1973 Stanley Cup Finals on the back of Pappin's eight goals and seven assists during the playoffs, but lost to the Canadiens again. Pappin proceeded to lead the NHL in games played with 78 the following season, and was again selected to the All-Star Game that year. He played in his fifth and final All-Star Game in 1975 and posted the second-best shooting percentage (23.1) in the league that year after Peter McNab. ### Later years Pappin was traded to the California Golden Seals on June 1, 1975, in exchange for Joey Johnston. He played his final two seasons for the franchise, which relocated to Cleveland to become the Cleveland Barons in 1976. He played his final NHL game on December 11, 1976, at the age of 37. Three days later, he notified general manager Bill McCreary Sr. of his retirement. ## Post-playing career After retiring from professional hockey, Pappin worked as a scout for the Black Hawks. He continued in that capacity until the middle of the 1984–85 season, when he was hired as a replacement head coach for the Milwaukee Admirals of the International Hockey League . During his tenure, the team posted a record of 12 wins and 14 losses. He subsequently returned to the Black Hawks as its director of U.S. scouting. He later scouted for the St. Louis Blues and Anaheim Ducks. Aside from hockey, Pappin had a keen interest in harness racing and owned several standardbred horses. He also ran a tennis facility in his hometown of Sudbury. His 1967 Stanley Cup ring – which his father-in-law lost at a beach during the 1970s – was found in 2007 by treasure hunter Mark DesErmia in the Gulf of Mexico. Pappin eventually struck a deal with the treasure hunter and the ring was returned for a reward. ## Personal life During the NHL offseason, Pappin operated a hockey school that also functioned as a horse-riding camp. His first marriage was to Karen Kyrzakos. Together, they had three children: Arne, Merrill, and Mary. They eventually divorced in 1982. He married Peggy two years later. He developed Bell's palsy during his time with the Black Hawks and Golden Seals. Pappin died on June 29, 2022, at his home in Palm Desert, California. He was 82, and was diagnosed with cancer shortly before his death. ## Career statistics ### Regular season and playoffs	[ "## Early life", "## Career", "### Rochester Americans (1960–1968)", "### Toronto Maple Leafs (1963–1968)", "### Chicago Black Hawks (1968–1975)", "### Later years", "## Post-playing career", "## Personal life", "## Career statistics", "### Regular season and playoffs" ]	1,818	34,748
9,018,937	I Got That	1,172,426,888	2000 single by Amil featuring Beyoncé	[ "2000 debut singles", "2000 songs", "Amil songs", "Beyoncé songs", "Music videos directed by Darren Grant", "Roc-A-Fella Records singles", "Song recordings produced by Trackmasters", "Songs with feminist themes", "Songs written by Amil", "Songs written by Jay-Z", "Songs written by Jean-Claude Olivier", "Songs written by Samuel Barnes (songwriter)" ]	"I Got That" is a song by American rapper Amil, featuring collaborative vocals by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on July 5, 2000 as Amil's debut solo single, from her debut album, All Money Is Legal (2000). The song was produced by L.E.S. and Poke & Tone, and was written by Amil, Shawn Carter, Tamy Lestor Smith, Samuel J. Barnes, Leshan Lewis, Makeda Davis, and Jean-Claude Olivier. It marked one of the first songs released by Beyoncé outside of Destiny's Child. The lyrics revolve around female empowerment and independence. "I Got That" received primarily positive reviews from music critics. It peaked at number one on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Billboard chart. The song was promoted through a music video directed by Jay-Z and Darren Grant, and featured on the list of the most-played clips on BET and played on The Box. It was also included on the compilation albums R&B Masters (2001) and Urban Sounds: Hip-Hop & Reggae 1996–2000 (2003). ## Recording and release "I Got That" was written by Amil Whitehead, Shawn Carter (Jay-Z), Tamy Lestor Smith, Samuel J. Barnes, Leshan Lewis, Makeda Davis, and Jean-Claude Olivier. The production was provided by L.E.S. and Poke & Tone. It was recorded in The Hit Factory and Platinum Post Studios in New York City. The track was mixed by Rich Travali and recorded by Mark Mason and Steve Sauder. The single includes collaborative vocals by singer Beyoncé. It was the first collaboration between Beyoncé and rapper Jay-Z. "I Got That" was released on July 5, 2000, as the lead single from Amil's debut album All Money Is Legal (2000). The song was made available as a 12-inch single through Sony. It was also included on a double A-side with the album's second single "4 da Fam". "I Got That" was included on the compilation albums R&B Masters (2001), and Urban Sounds: Hip-Hop & Reggae 1996–2000 (2003). ## Composition and lyrics The lyrics in "I Got That" encourage women to become more independent. A contributor for Spin wrote that the song focused on "statement[s] of simple financial and romantic independence", and Sowmya Krishnamurthy of ABC News described it as "girl power-infused". Music critics compared the song's sound and lyrics to music released by the group Destiny's Child. The composition includes a sample from Gwen Guthrie's 1986 single "Seventh Heaven". A writer for the Chicago Sun-Times described the single's instrumental as "danceable", and a contributor for Knight Ridder interpreted Amil's verses as "girlish". ## Music video A music video directed by Jay-Z and Darren Grant was released to promote the single, and included scenes with Beyoncé. It was featured on the list of the most-played clips on BET and played on The Box for the weeks of August 1 and August 8, 2000. The video was uploaded to Amil's Vevo channel on October 7, 2009. ## Reception "I Got That" received primarily positive reviews from music critics. In a 2015 article, a reviewer from Spin magazine praised Beyoncé's vocals on the chorus, and described the song as "squelching [and] slithering". A contributor for Billboard described the single as "a catchy enough radio-ready tune", and Kathy Iandoli of Dazed felt that it showcased Amil's potential as a rapper. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly cited "I Got That" as an example of how Amil's "sultry, sing songy rapping locks into the beats". In a negative review, a writer for Vibe criticized Amil's collaboration with Beyoncé on its list of "Matches Made in Error". On a Billboard poll asking fans to choose Beyoncé's best feature, "I Got That" received the fewest votes. "I Got That" peaked at number one on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Billboard chart on September 16, 2000, and remained on the chart for 12 weeks. ## Track listings ## Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of All Money Is Legal: - Written-By – Amil Whitehead, Shawn Carter, Tamy Lestor Smith, Samuel J. Barnes, Leshan Lewis, Makeda Davis, and Jean-Claude Olivier - Produced-By – L.E.S. and Poke & Tone - Recorded By – Mark Mason, Steve Sauder - Featuring – Beyoncé - Mixed By – Rich Travali ## Charts ## Release history	[ "## Recording and release", "## Composition and lyrics", "## Music video", "## Reception", "## Track listings", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "## Release history" ]	1,010	35,604
9,920,938	B'Day Anthology Video Album	1,155,709,920	null	[ "2007 video albums", "Beyoncé video albums", "Columbia Records video albums", "Music video compilation albums" ]	B'Day Anthology Video Album is the third DVD by American singer Beyoncé. It was released through Columbia Records, Sony Music and Music World Entertainment exclusively through Walmart stores on April 3, 2007 alongside the deluxe edition, but was later serviced to other retailers. The DVD features thirteen music videos for songs from her second studio album, B'Day (2006) and its deluxe edition (2007). Beyoncé shot nine videos for the album, and four pre-filmed videos were also included. B'Day Anthology Video Album has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Outside North America, the album was featured as a bonus disc to the deluxe edition of B'Day. The "Still in Love (Kissing You)" video was the subject of a copyright infringement lawsuit, therefore only initial pressings of the album contain its video. ## Background Beyoncé said that she filmed B'Day Anthology Video Album because she "always wanted to do a video album" so that her fans wouldn't have to log onto YouTube to watch her music videos, but could instead play them via DVD. Beyoncé knew what the videos' choreography would be before the filming began. She also planned her hairstyles, outfits and make-up. Beyoncé wanted each video to look different, and therefore she used different film techniques, fashion and styling. B'Day Anthology Video Album contains thirteen music videos and behind the scenes footage. The videos for "Déjà Vu", "Ring the Alarm", "Irreplaceable" and "Listen" had been shot prior to the album's filming. The other nine videos were filmed in a two-week period. B'Day Anthology Video Album contains music videos for all of the songs from the standard edition of B'Day except for "Resentment". It also includes videos for "Beautiful Liar", "Flaws and All" and "Still in Love (Kissing You)", which were featured only on the deluxe edition. According to Vibe, the thirteen videos on B'Day Anthology Video Album gave Beyoncé the record of the most music videos released in a twelve-month period. ## Release and promotion B'Day Anthology Video Album was released through Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment exclusively through Walmart on April 3, 2007, the same day that the deluxe edition of B'Day was released. The video album was made available to other retailers on June 19, 2007. Outside North America, the video album was featured as the second disc on the deluxe edition of B'Day albeit without "Anthology Behind the Scenes". Irreemplazable, an extended play (EP) featuring Spanish-language recordings, was included as the bonus disc in North America. Prior to its release, copies of the videos were ripped from an advance album and leaked onto the internet in MP4 form. Beyoncé promoted the album by appearing on television shows Today and The Early Show, while television channel VH1 Soul aired several of its videos. ## Critical reception Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine criticized the music videos for the songs on B'Day Anthology Video Album, writing that "none of them are anything special, though most will please narrow-minded fans". To celebrate the album's tenth anniversary, Billboard published "Beyoncé's Best Fashion Moments from Her Decade-Old 'B'Day Anthology Video Album'", the list in which Billboard editor Da'Shan Smith commented on ten best outfits Beyoncé wore in the music videos, on April 3, 2017, and stated: "The project has delivered audiences some of the singer's most iconic looks. In every frame she appears in, Beyoncé oozes a radiant confidence, wearing stunning outfits and costumes to match. Here is the project's ten best looks – from House of Deréon signatures to impromptu costume designs and haute couture get ups." The same day, Vibe published a list in which Smith ranked all thirteen music videos from the worst to the best; he stated: "B'Day Video Anthology Album must be heralded as an important pop culture artifact. As expressed before, it's the birther of Beyoncé's passion for providing fans visual sequences they need to tell an album’s story. Imagine a B'Day without its Anthology—although the go-go and funk infused tracks already made an impression upon audio listens only, the visuals made the record pop to life." ## Commercial performance B'Day Anthology Video Album debuted at number twenty-four on the US Top Music Videos chart dated April 28, 2007. It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on October 3, 2007, denoting the shipments of 200,000 copies. ## Controversy Beyoncé covered Des'ree's song "Kissing You" for the deluxe edition of B'Day and retitled it "Still in Love (Kissing You)". She filmed a video of the song for B'Day Anthology Video Album; however one of the conditions set out by Des'ree's publishers, the Royalty Network, was that Beyoncé didn't release the song in video form. The Royalty Network filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against the involved parties seeking US\$150,000 in damages. Infringing copies of B'Day Anthology Video Album were recalled in April 2007, and in October 2007 the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice. Later copies of the album did not contain "Still in Love (Kissing You)". ## Track listing Notes - The length of each of the music videos includes a five-second bumble bee introduction, except for "Green Light", which is listed as a continuation of "Kitty Kat" and therefore has no introduction. The credits and "Anthology Behind the Scenes" also don't include introductions. ## Personnel Credits adapted from the video "Credits". - Richard J. Alcock – DVD production - Nate Adams – assistant choreography - Raymon Baynes – co-choreography - Kim Bradshaw – video production - Ben Cooper – production - Fusako Chubachi – art direction, design - Cindy Denkhaus – video coordination - Frank Gatson – lead choreography - Erwin Gorostiza – art direction - Jil Haden – production - Danielle Hobbs – assistant choreography - Ty Hunter – styling - Dan Ichimoto – design - ilovedust – logo - Quincy S. Jackson – marketing - Grant Jue – production - Shelli Jury – production - Ray Kay – direction - Kimberly Kimble – hair - Beyoncé Knowles – direction, executive production, co-choreography - Mathew Knowles – executive production - Tina Knowles – styling - Anthony Mandler – direction - Diane Martel – direction - Clifford McGhee – co-choreography - Melina – direction - Jonte' Moaning – co-choreography - Galo Morales – animation - Sophie Muller – direction - Jake Nava – direction - Danielle Polanco – co-choreography - Rhapsody – co-choreography - Todd Sams – co-choreography - Tanisha Scott – co-choreography - Shakira – co-choreography - Bethany Strong – assistant choreography - Fransesca Tolot – make-up - Cliff Watts – direction - John Winter – production - Max Vadukul – photography - Camille Yorrick – production ## Charts ## Certifications	[ "## Background", "## Release and promotion", "## Critical reception", "## Commercial performance", "## Controversy", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts", "## Certifications" ]	1,567	32,726
4,957,655	1974 World Snooker Championship	1,156,759,230	null	[ "1974 in English sport", "1974 in snooker", "April 1974 sports events in the United Kingdom", "Sports competitions in Manchester", "World Snooker Championships" ]	The 1974 World Snooker Championship (also known as 1974 Park Drive World Snooker Championship for sponsorship reasons) was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 16 to 25 April 1974 at the Belle Vue in Manchester, England. It was the 1973 edition of the World Snooker Championship, established in 1927. The 1974 tournament was promoted by Snooker Promotions, and sponsored by tobacco brand Park Drive. The event attracted 31 entrants and carried a prize fund of £10,000. Seven qualifying matches were held; the seven winners of these joined the other 17 players in the main tournament. Ray Reardon won the title by defeating Graham Miles 22–12 in the final. It was Reardon's third World Championship win, after his first in 1970; he was the defending champion from 1973 World Snooker Championship. He went on to win a further three titles, the last of them in 1978. There were five century breaks during the competition, the highest of which was 131 by Miles. A plate competition was held, for losers in the first and second rounds of the main tournament. John Spencer defeated John Pulman 15–5 in the plate competition final, and recorded six century breaks during his four matches. ## Background The World Snooker Championship is a professional tournament and the official world championship of the game of snooker. The sport was developed in the late 19th century by British Army soldiers stationed in India. Professional English billiards player and billiard hall manager Joe Davis noticed the increasing popularity of snooker compared to billiards in the 1920s, and with Birmingham-based billiards equipment manager Bill Camkin, persuaded the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC) to recognise an official professional snooker championship in the 1926–27 season. In 1927, the final of the first professional snooker championship was held at Camkin's Hall; Davis won the tournament. The annual competition was not titled the World Championship until 1935, but the 1927 tournament is now referred to as the first World Snooker Championship. In 1952, the, following a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the BACC about the distribution of income from the world championship, the PBPA members established an alternative competition known as the World Professional Match-play Championship, the editions of which are now recognised as world championships, whilst only two players entered for the BACC's 1952 World Snooker Championship. The World Professional Match-play Championship continued until 1957, after which there were no world championship matches until professional Rex Williams gained agreement from the BACC that the world championship would be staged on a challenge basis, with defending champion Pulman featuring in the first match. Pulman retained the title in several challenges from 1964 to 1968. The 1969 championship, when the tournament reverted to a knockout format, is regarded as the first of the modern snooker era, and was won by John Spencer. From 1972, the championship was organised by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), which was the renamed PBPA. The defending champion was Ray Reardon, who defeated Eddie Charlton 38–32 in the 1973 final. ### Format The 1974 competition was promoted by Snooker Promotions, a company established by Peter West and Patrick Nally. The tournament was sponsored by tobacco brand Park Drive, with £10,000 prize money. This was the last time that Park Drive sponsored the event and there was no sponsor the following year. The venue was Belle Vue, Manchester. There were 31 entrants. A qualifying round was held on 11 April, and the main tournament was held from 16 to 25 April 1974, initially with concurrent play across eight different snooker tables, and two per day. The seven qualifiers and nine other players contested the first round matches, with winners from those matches each then meeting one of the eight players who had been exempted to the second round. ### Prize fund The winner of the event received £2,000 from a total prize fund of £10,000. The breakdown of prize money for the event is shown below. - Winner: £2,000 - Runner-up: £1,200 - Third: £800 - Fourth: £750 - Quarter-finalists: unknown - Second round losers: unknown - First round losers: £150 ## Tournament summary ### Qualifying A qualifying round was held on 11 April, with seven matches played as the best-of-15 frames; a seven-frame session followed by an eight-frame session. Former champion John Pulman whitewashed Jack Karnehm 8–0. Dennis Taylor won the first frame against Marcus Owen on a , but this was the only frame he won in the first session of seven frames. David Taylor, recovering from tonsilitis, won in the against Ron Gross. Warren Simpson, feeling ill from the effects of his diabetes, won seven consecutive frames from 1–3 against Jack Rea to progress. A report in Snooker Scene magazine described the general standard of play in the qualifying round as "disappointing". ### First round The first round matches were played as the best-of-15 frames on 16 April across two sessions - seven frames in the afternoon session and eight frames in the evening. Simpson discharged himself from hospital, where he had spent several days due to influenza, one hour before his match against Bernard Bennett, and lost 2–8. Cliff Thorburn led 3–1 against Paddy Morgan, but lost 4–8. Tournament debutant Bill Werbeniuk took five successive frames from 2–2 against Geoff Thompson, and won 8–3. Pulman followed his whitewash of Karnehm in qualifying with another win without losing a frame, against Sidney Lee. In the round's other matches, Marcus Owen eliminated Maurice Parkin 8–5; Ian Anderson won only the second frame against Perrie Mans; Kingsley Kennerley lost 5–8 to Jim Meadowcroft; and John Dunning defeated David Taylor 8–6. ### Second round On 17 and 18 April the best-of-29 frames second round matches were held. The matches were scheduled across three seven-frame sessions and a concluding eight-frame session. Reardon constructed a 6–1 lead against Meadowcroft, and took six of the following seven frames too. After completing a 15–3 victory, Reardon questioned – in a tone that the ‘’Daily Telegraph’’ reported as "asking blandly" – "Who can beat me?" Marcus Owen led his older brother Gary Owen 9–5, after finishing the first session 4–3 ahead, and won 15–8. Alex Higgins made breaks of 69, 67, 64 and 63 while taking a 6–0 lead against Bennett, eventually eliminating him 15–4. Werbeniuk lost the first seven frames against Fred Davis, and was 4–10 behind after two sessions. Davis won the match 15–5. Charlton established a 5–2 lead against Dunning, but during the second session Dunning won six consecutive frames and was 8–6 up at the end of the session, despite Charlton making the tournament's first century break, 100. Dunning increased his lead to four frames at 13–9. Charlton took the next four frames to draw level, but Dunning won the next two and progressed to the quarter-finals. Spencer, affected by influenza, was two frames behind Mans, 6–8, after two sessions. The quality of Mans's potting compensated for his inaccurate positional play as he ran out a 15–13 winner. Miles defeated Morgan 15–7, and Williams defeated Pulman 15–12. ### Quarter-finals The quarter-finals were staged on 19 and 20 April, as the best-of-29 frames: three seven-frame sessions followed by one of eight frames. Owen made a 102 break to equalise at 3–3 with Reardon, and won the following frame when Reardon went the final . Owen took the first two frames of the third session to draw level at 8–8, but toward the end of the match Reardon took four of the last five frames to win 15–11. Miles constructed a 4–0 lead against Dunning, and made a 110 break in the third frame of the third session, to put him 11–6 up. Dunning then won five frames in succession to equalise, and, with both players making a number of errors, Miles went on to take the match 15–13. According to Snooker Scene, Higgins and Davis both looked "ill at ease" during their match. Higgins led 9–5 after the first day, and had an increased advantage at 11–6. . Davis narrowed his deficit to a single frame at 12–13. Higgins won the 26th frame with a break of 54, leaving him two ahead with three to play. With a break of 91 in the next frame, and a 45 in the following one, Davis forced a deciding frame, which he won. In this match against Williams, Mans won only three frames from the first 14, and lost 4–15. Williams made breaks of 30 or more in 15 of the 19 frames played. ### Semi-finals The semi-finals, as the best-of-29 frames, were played on 21 and 22 April. The matches were scheduled over four sessions; the first three sessions had seven frames, and the fourth session was eight frames. Reardon took an 11–3 lead against Davis, which included winning the last six frames of the first day. Reardon won the first four frames of the third session to secure a place in the final. Miles compiled a break of 131 to draw level at 3–3 with Williams, but was 3–4 behind at the conclusion of the first session. Williams, despite avoiding attacking play, made a series of errors, and Miles won 15–7. ### Final Reardon and Miles faced each other in the final, which took place from 23 to 25 April, as a best-of-43 frames contest across six sessions. The first two days both featured two seven-frame sessions. The sixth session was not required as the match was completed during the fifth session. Miles made his third century break of the championship, 101, in the fifth frame. Reardon led 4–3 after the first session and 9–5 after the second. During the third session, Reardon compiled his best break of tournament so far, 97, having made a 76 in the preceding frame. Former champion Joe Davis commented that Reardon was "a credit to the game. I’ve yet to see him become ruffled." Reardon lost three of four frames in the fourth session, leaving him 17–11 ahead. Reardon secured victory at 22–12. Reardon said "I don't feel that I played any better than mediocre in the final, but this is because Graham never put me under pressure. I don't feel the elation that I felt at winning last year." It was Reardon's third world snooker championship win, after his first in 1970. He went on to win a further three titles, the last of them in 1978. ## Main draw Results for the tournament are shown below. Winning players are denoted in bold. ## Qualifying The results from the qualifying competition were as follows. Winning players are denoted in bold. ## Century breaks There were five century breaks during the tournament: - 131, 110, 101 – Graham Miles - 102– Marcus Owen - 102– John Dunning ## Plate competition A plate competition was held, for losers in the first and second rounds of the main tournament. Spencer won the plate by defeating Pulman 15–5 in the final, and recorded six century breaks during his four matches. He received £300 prize money for winning the plate.	[ "## Background", "### Format", "### Prize fund", "## Tournament summary", "### Qualifying", "### First round", "### Second round", "### Quarter-finals", "### Semi-finals", "### Final", "## Main draw", "## Qualifying", "## Century breaks", "## Plate competition" ]	2,546	29,237
31,165,659	McCook Gazette	1,149,089,930	Newspaper published in McCook, US	[ "Newspapers established in 1911", "Newspapers published in Nebraska", "Red Willow County, Nebraska", "Rust Communications publications" ]	The McCook Daily Gazette is a newspaper published in the city of McCook, in the southwestern part of the state of Nebraska, in the Great Plains region of the United States. It serves southwestern Nebraska and northwestern Kansas. The newspaper is issued five days a week, Monday through Friday afternoons. As of 2011, it had a circulation of 4,564. The paper was founded in 1911 by Harry D. Strunk and Burris H. Stewart as the Red Willow Gazette. Thirteen years later, under Strunk's editorship, it became a daily and changed its name to the McCook Daily Gazette. In 1929, the newspaper became one of the first in the world to be delivered regularly by air: for several months its airplane, the Newsboy, flew a daily route, dropping bundles of newspapers to carriers in outlying towns. An image of the Newsboy still decorates the paper's nameplate. Strunk published the Gazette until his death in 1960, when he was succeeded by his son Allen Strunk. In 1986, the paper was acquired by Gozia-Driver Media, which was later re-incorporated as US Media Group. In 1997, the Gazette was sold to Rust Communications. ## History The paper's founder, Harry D. Strunk, was born in 1892 in Pawnee City, Nebraska. In 1906, at the age of 14, he was forced by family circumstances to quit school and go to work as a printer's devil (an apprentice) for the Pawnee City Republican. A year later, he moved to Fairbury, Nebraska, but at the age of 16, when the editor of the Republican fell ill, he returned to Pawnee City and published the newspaper for three months until the editor's recovery. Strunk continued to move from newspaper to newspaper; in 1909, at the age of 17, he was shop foreman of the Norton, Kansas Daily Telegram, overseeing ten typesetters. Later in 1909, Strunk set off for the West Coast. En route, he saw and responded to an advertisement seeking a printer for the weekly McCook Tribune. Nine months later, he and fellow Tribune employee Burris H. Stewart started their own job-printing shop, "with so few assets that they were forced to borrow money to buy ink". Six months later, in 1911, the two launched their own newspaper: the semi-weekly Red Willow Gazette, again with no assets and with heavy debts. Distressed by their financial situation, Stewart committed suicide on the day of the paper's second issue. Strunk persevered, and the paper proved successful. In 1914, it acquired a Linotype, the first between Hastings, Nebraska and Denver, Colorado; McCook became the smallest city in Nebraska to possess one. In 1924, the paper changed its name to the present McCook Daily Gazette and began daily publication; again, McCook became the smallest city in Nebraska with a daily newspaper. In 1926, the operation moved to a new building on Main Street, its facade inscribed with the paper's motto: "Service is the rent we pay for the space we occupy in this world." ## The Newsboy In the 1920s, the spread of the automobile and the improvement of roads in the United States made it easier for rural residents to do their shopping in larger towns farther from their homes. This gave merchants an incentive to advertise in newspapers that reached such residents. However, delivering the papers in a timely fashion became a problem for the publishers. The U.S. Mail was expensive, since postage rates for newspapers had been raised drastically by the War Revenue Act of 1917; it also took several days for the papers to reach some customers. In more developed parts of the country, publishers delivered papers by truck to local carriers in outlying towns. However, the improvement of roads in the McCook area was slower than in more densely populated areas. By 1929, U.S. Highway 38 (now U.S. Highway 6) had not yet been fully gravelled in southwestern Nebraska, and most roads off the main highways were impassable in bad weather. Strunk's solution was to go by air. In 1929, he paid \$8,000 for a Curtiss Robin C1 two-seater monoplane, christened the Newsboy. On September 13, 1929, air delivery began. The Newsboy flew a nonstop three-hour route covering 389 miles (626 km), passing over more than 40 communities in southwestern Nebraska and northwestern Kansas. At each town, a bundle of papers was dropped from a height of 500 feet (150 m) onto a prearranged field, where it was picked up by local carriers. Papers were delivered as far west as Benkelman, Nebraska, 54 miles (87 km) from McCook; east to Orleans, Nebraska, 73 miles (117 km) away; and south to Atwood, Kansas, 50 miles (80 km) distant. Beside delivering papers to far-flung communities, the Newsboy served to promote the Gazette. Interest in aviation was still strong after Charles Lindbergh's celebrated 1927 solo flight from New York to Paris. The newspaper offered a ride in the airplane to every two-year subscriber. It also opened a flying school: the pilot of the Newsboy would give flying lessons in the morning, then deliver the day's papers in the afternoon. To emphasize the newspaper's connection with aviation, a new nameplate was introduced, with wings behind the name and airplanes on either side. Whether or not because of the airplane, the circulation of the Gazette increased from 2800 in 1928 to 4500 in 1930. Delivery by air lasted for less than a year. In May 1930, the Newsboy was damaged by high winds while parked at the McCook airport. Strunk opted not to repair it and return it to service, citing "week after week of inclement weather, during which time we have found it impossible to fly our route on schedule". The airplane was not yet built, he wrote, that could "fly successfully in rain, wind, sleet, snow and fog." A few major metropolitan newspapers had made short-term experiments with air delivery in 1928 and 1929. However, the months-long effort by the Gazette made it the first newspaper to conduct regular deliveries by air. After the Newsboy was taken out of service, it was sold and restored several times. In 1972, it was placed on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle. ## 1930–1960 The end of the aviation experiment forced the Gazette to return to ground-based delivery. Newspapers for outlying communities were transported there on commercial buses running through McCook; local carriers picked them up at their towns' bus stops. Same-day delivery was no longer possible for subscribers in communities off the main highways; they had to settle for next-day delivery. In 1934, the Gazette absorbed the South Side Sentinel of Marion, Nebraska. In 1936, it acquired the triweekly McCook Tribune, at which Strunk had worked on his arrival in McCook. Later, in 1957, it absorbed the Red Willow County Reporter. On the eve of World War II, the Gazette acquired one of the last teletypesetters manufactured. With this machine, the paper could be produced with only two printers; this allowed it to remain in production at a time when Linotype operators were in short supply because of the war. The Gazette made a second attempt at air delivery in 1950. For four years, a Cessna 120 was used to deliver papers to outlying communities. The high cost of operating the airplane, and the increasing availability of good roads for ground delivery, ended the venture. The plane was replaced by a fleet of small trucks and automobiles, all of which continued to bear the name Newsboy. After the Republican River flood of 1935, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted a study of the river's watershed. Released in 1940, it concluded that there were no good dam sites upstream from Republican City, Nebraska, where the Harlan County Dam is now located. Since 112 deaths and the bulk of the property damage caused by the flood had occurred in the upper Republican valley, which includes McCook, the report led to dissatisfaction among residents of the area. Strunk and three others formed the Republican Valley Conservation Association, which lobbied aggressively for the development of a flood-control program for the entire basin; the Gazette provided office space to the organization. The RVCA's efforts led to the construction of a number of dams in the area: one on the Republican at Trenton, Nebraska, and several on tributaries of the river in Nebraska and Kansas. One of the latter was built on Medicine Creek in Frontier County, Nebraska; the 1,850-acre (750 ha) reservoir behind it has been named Harry Strunk Lake. ## After 1960 Harry Strunk published the Gazette until his death in 1960, after which his son Allen Strunk succeeded him. Under Allen Strunk, the newspaper made the conversion from letterpress to offset printing. At the end of 1986, the Strunk family sold the newspaper to Gozia-Driver Media, which was later re-incorporated as US Media Group. Allen Strunk was succeeded as publisher by Dick Gozia and John Burgess, who occupied the position from 1987 to 1990, followed by Gene Morris, who became publisher in 1990. In 1997, the Gazette was acquired by Rust Communications. In 2002, it launched a weekly shopper, the "Big Nickel", inserted in the Friday newspaper and distributed free from racks throughout the newspaper's circulation area. Upon Gene Morris's retirement in 2007, general manager Shary Skiles was named publisher. In 2009, the newspaper ended Saturday publication, moving to a schedule of five issues a week, released on Monday through Friday afternoons. The circulation of the Gazette has declined in the 21st century. In 2001, the Nebraska Press Association listed it as 6,709. In 2005, a report by the Knight Foundation gave it as "approximately 5,903". In 2011, the Nebraska Press Association's website listed the number as 4,564.	[ "## History", "## The Newsboy", "## 1930–1960", "## After 1960" ]	2,149	36,687
4,688,133	New York State Route 177	1,079,181,453	Highway in New York	[ "State highways in New York (state)", "Transportation in Jefferson County, New York", "Transportation in Lewis County, New York" ]	New York State Route 177 (NY 177) is an east–west state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States. It extends from Interstate 81 (I-81) exit 42 in the Jefferson County town of Adams to NY 12 west of the Lewis County village of Lowville. NY 177 intersects U.S. Route 11 (US 11) in Adams Center and meets Lewis County's County Route 21 (CR 21), formerly part of NY 194, at Barnes Corners. NY 177 originally began at US 11 when it was assigned in 1930. It was extended west to its present terminus in the 1950s following the construction of I-81. ## Route description NY 177 begins at interchange 42 on I-81 in the town of Adams. The route progresses away from the interstate to the southeast, passing the former railroad station in Adams Center before intersecting with US 11 in the center of the hamlet. At this intersection, NY 177 turns eastward, leaving the populated hamlet for a rural backdrop and into the hamlet of Honeyville. Honeyville consists of little more than a few houses centered on the intersection of NY 177 and Fuller Road. After leaving Honeyville, NY 177 intersects with CR 155, where it turns to the southeast into the town of Rodman. After crossing a creek, the route enters the hamlet of Rodman as a two-lane road through the southern end of the hamlet. During the stretch around Rodman, NY 177 intersects with CR 85 (Creek Road) and CR 97 (Washington Park Road / School Street) before leaving the hamlet. NY 177 continues winding itself to the southeast through the town of Rodman, as a rural two-lane highway. After Williams Road, the route makes several bends in to the south and east, straightening out eastward at an intersection with the northern terminus of CR 95. This eastward progression remains stagnant as NY 177 continues eastward past CR 189. After a short, empty stretch of roadway, NY 177 crosses the county line into Lewis County, where it enters the town of Pinckney. Through Pinckney, the route turns to the northeast, crossing Old State Road before bending and turning southeastward into the hamlet of Barnes Corners. In Barnes Corners, the dense forest retreats for a rural community, where NY 177 intersects with CR 21 and CR 2 (Seven-by-Nine Road). CR 21 is the former southern terminus of NY 194, a designation eliminated in 1980. After leaving Barnes Corners, NY 177 returns to being the two-lane rural roadway, progressing southeastward through the town of Pinckney. Despite the rural scenery, the route does enter the hamlet of New Boston and the junction with CR 23 (Liberty Road). Passing a few farms, the route turns to the northeast near Mile Square Road, and enters the hamlet of Bellwood, within the town of Harrisburg. Bellwood consists of a few houses and an intersection with CR 27 and CR 28 (Sears Pond Road). Leaving Bellwood, NY 177 continues eastward into the hamlet of Windecker, which consists only of a few houses. Leaving Windecker, NY 177 bends to the southeast and enters the town of Lowville, passing a few farms and wind turbines before bending into the hamlet of West Lowville. In West Lowville, NY 177 intersects with NY 12, which continues eastward to the village of Lowville. NY 177 terminates at this intersection. ## History NY 177 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. It originally extended from US 11 in Adams Center to NY 12 west of the village of Lowville. When the portion of I-81 near Adams Center was completed in the late 1950s, NY 177 was extended westward over a county-maintained highway to meet the new expressway at exit 42. On August 1, 1979, ownership and maintenance of NY 177 between I-81 and US 11 was transferred from Jefferson County to the state of New York as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government. ## Major intersections ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	904	24,621
3,699,130	Tropical Storm Leslie (2000)	1,171,888,950	Atlantic tropical storm in 2000	[ "2000 Atlantic hurricane season", "2000 natural disasters in the United States", "Atlantic tropical storms", "Tropical cyclones in 2000" ]	Tropical Storm Leslie was a weak, short-lived tropical cyclone that was never well-organized; however, its precursor was costlier than any other tropical cyclone in the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season. The twelfth named storm of the season, Leslie formed on October 4 over eastern Florida as a subtropical cyclone, out of a trough of low pressure. Strengthening over open waters, it attained enough tropical characteristics to be reclassified as Tropical Storm Leslie on October 5. The storm reached peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) before wind shear weakened it, and on October 7 transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the open Atlantic Ocean. Leslie lasted three more days before losing its identity. The precursor to Leslie produced torrential rainfall across Florida, peaking at 17.5 in (440 mm). The flooding damaged thousands of houses and caused three indirect deaths. Damage in southern Florida totaled \$950 million (2000 USD), around half of which was from agricultural damage. After the flooding, portions of south Florida were declared a disaster area. Because of the limited impact as a tropical cyclone, the name Leslie was not retired in the Spring of 2001. ## Meteorological history On September 27, a tropical wave entered the eastern Caribbean Sea, believed to be the same that spawned Hurricane Isaac. It moved generally westward, and remained weak with sporadic thunderstorm activity. The wave traversed around the periphery of Hurricane Keith, and by October 2, the system produced a mid-level circulation just south of western Cuba. It continued to organize, prompting a reconnaissance aircraft to investigate the area. The system lacked a surface circulation center and remained an elongated trough of low pressure. The tropical wave interacted with an approaching frontal trough, while its mid-level center turned to the northeast and made landfall near Sarasota, Florida on October 4. While over land, a surface circulation developed near Orlando, and the National Hurricane Center designated the system as Subtropical Depression One. The subtropical designation was because the convection was far-removed from the center. Additionally, an upper-level trough provided outflow, instead of an anticyclone as found in tropical cyclones. The subtropical depression moved to the east-northeast, and steadily organized as deep convection developed closer to the center. Initially, the strongest winds were 175 mi (280 km) from the center, but by the morning of October 5, the distance decreased to 85 mi (135 km). Based on its organization and winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), the system was re-designated as Tropical Storm Leslie. The National Hurricane Center initially forecast further intensification to 60 mph (95 km/h), although the agency also noted that the circulation could dissipate, due its fast forward motion toward the east-northeast. Ultimately, wind shear prohibited significant strengthening, and Leslie attained peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h). The storm interacted with an approaching cold front and became extratropical on October 7, 375 mi (600 km) north of Bermuda. It accelerated to the northeast and passed over Newfoundland on October 8. The remnants of Leslie turned to the east, then southeast, strengthening to near-hurricane-force winds before losing its identity near Ireland on October 10. ## Preparations The National Hurricane Center predicted the trough of low pressure to drop very heavy rainfall across western Cuba and Florida. The National Weather Service in Miami issued a flood watch for southern Florida, stating that the system could produce flooding on roads and in low-lying areas. In general, however, there was little warning for the flooding in South Florida. While Leslie was moving east-northeastward, it posed a threat to Bermuda, prompting officials to issue a tropical storm watch at 0300 UTC on October 6. Six hours later, tropical storm watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. However, the storm passed well to the west, and the warnings were dropped by late on October 6. ## Impact The precursor disturbance of Leslie dropped heavy rainfall across central and western Cuba, peaking at 8.25 in (210 mm) in the province of Havana. Numerous other areas reported over four in (100 mm), as well. In southern Florida, the disturbance produced torrential rainfall, with a maximum of 17.5 in (440 mm) in South Miami. Two areas, one to the south of Lake Okeechobee and the other being the Miami area, received over 10 in (255 mm) of rain. The torrential rainfall was described as similar to Hurricane Irene one year prior. Since it was an unnamed tropical depression at the time, it was locally referred to as the "no-name storm of 2000". The system produced two weak F0 tornadoes in Miami-Dade County, one of which tore off a roof of a fire station in Hialeah. The torrential rainfall in Florida flooded about 93,000 homes, affecting 214,000 residents in Miami-Dade County. An incomplete damage survey of Miami-Dade County indicated the flooding destroyed 1,005 houses, severely damaged 1,358, and caused minor damage to 3,443. The flood waters, which were four ft (1.2 m) deep in places, stranded many in their houses, forcing them to use canoes or inflatable rafts to move to higher grounds. All schools in the Miami area were closed, and all non-essential Miami-Dade County employees were asked to stay home. Numerous flights in Miami International Airport were canceled or delayed, although the airport remained opened. The flooding, which was greatest in Sweetwater, West Miami, Hialeah, Opa-locka, and Pembroke Park, lasted up to a week in areas. The extreme flooding damaged electrical stations, leaving more than 27,000 without power. The flooding indirectly killed three people, two from drowning as a result of driving vehicles into deep water, and one when a man fell from a tall building while trying to unclog a roof drain. Property damage totaled \$450 million. Flood waters in Miami-Dade County covered about 40,000 acres (160 km2) of farmland. The damage was worsened since the flooding occurred at the beginning of the planting period for the winter season. Flooded nurseries and fields resulted in about \$500 million in agricultural damage, including \$60 million in tropical fruit and \$397 million in ornamental crops. The U.S. Department of Agriculture declared 16 Florida counties, including Miami-Dade, Collier, and Palm Beach, as primary disaster areas due to flooding, making farmers and their families there eligible for USDA emergency farm loans. The same agency made 22 other counties, including Broward, eligible for loans due to their proximity to the disaster areas. As an extratropical storm, Leslie produced winds of around 40 mph (65 km/h) while making landfall in Newfoundland. It also caused waves of up to 16 ft (five m) in height, and brought up to one in (30 mm) of rain. The overall impact in this region was minor. ## Aftermath In the immediate aftermath, cleanup workers could not work until the flood waters receded. In addition, abandoned cars blocked the path of utility workers. Following the storm, President Bill Clinton declared Broward, Collier, Miami-Dade, and Monroe Counties as disaster areas, allowing for the use of federal funds for the disaster victims. In addition, Miami-Dade and Broward Counties were declared eligible for Federal Infrastructure Assistance, which provided for 75% of the debris removal cost and the repairing or replacement of public roads, buildings, parks, and treatment plants. By ten days after the storm, government agencies distributed 105,000 meals, 141,000 US gal (530,000 L) of water, and 357,000 lb (162,000 kg) of ice. Thousands visited the five Disaster Recovery Centers, where information on disaster-related issues was given. By around two months after the flooding, over 51,000 people applied for federal aid, with assistance totaling to more than \$170 million. ## See also - Other tropical cyclones named Leslie - List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present) - Timeline of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Preparations", "## Impact", "## Aftermath", "## See also" ]	1,705	15,932
6,197,698	1933 Outer Banks hurricane	1,170,502,681	Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1933	[ "1933 Atlantic hurricane season", "1933 natural disasters in the United States", "Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes", "Hurricanes in North Carolina" ]	The 1933 Outer Banks hurricane lashed portions of the North Carolina and Virginia coasts less than a month after another hurricane hit the general area. The twelfth tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season, it formed by September 8 to the east of the Lesser Antilles. It moved generally to the north-northwest and strengthened quickly to peak winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) on September 12. This made it a major hurricane and a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The hurricane remained at or near that intensity for several days while tracking to the northwest. It weakened approaching the southeastern United States, and on September 16 passed just east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina with winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h). Turning to the northeast, the hurricane became extratropical on September 18 before moving across Atlantic Canada, eventually dissipating four days later. The threat of the hurricane prompted widespread tropical cyclone warnings and watches along the eastern United States and prompted some people to evacuate. Damage was heaviest in southeastern North Carolina near New Bern, where the combination of high tides and swollen rivers flooded much of the town. Across North Carolina, the hurricane caused power outages, washed out roads, and damaged crops. Several houses were damaged, leaving about 1,000 people homeless. Damage was estimated at \$4.5 million, and there were 21 deaths in the state, mostly from drowning. Hurricane-force winds extended into southeastern Virginia, where there were two deaths. High tides isolated a lighthouse near Norfolk and covered several roads. Farther north, two people on a small boat were left missing in Maine, and another person was presumed killed when his boat sank in Nova Scotia. ## Meteorological history Beginning on September 7, there was an area of disturbed weather near and east of the Lesser Antilles, by which time there was a nearly closed circulation. At 0800 UTC the next day, a ship reported winds of about 35 mph (56 km/h); on that basis, it is estimated a tropical depression developed eight hours earlier and into a tropical storm by the time of the report. The storm tracked generally to the north-northwest, passing about 300 mi (480 km) northeast of Saint Martin. Based on continuity and subsequent reports, it is estimated the storm intensified into a hurricane on September 10. Early on September 12, a ship reported a barometric pressure of 947 mbar (28.0 inHg) in the periphery of the storm while reporting winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). This suggested winds of 140 mph (230 km/h), making it the equivalent of a modern Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. For over two days, the hurricane remained near peak intensity while tracking to the northwest, and during that time several ships reported low pressure and strong winds. The hurricane weakened as it turned to the north-northwest toward the eastern United States. At around 1100 UTC on September 16, the eye of the hurricane passed over Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, around which time a pressure of 957 mbar (28.3 inHg) was recorded. The eye also passed over Diamond Shoals, where a pressure of 952 mbar (28.1 inHg) was recorded. Based on the reading, it was estimated the hurricane remained about 15 mi (24 km) east of the Outer Banks, with winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h) occurring along the coast. By that time, the size of the storm had greatly increased, and hurricane-force winds also extended into southeastern Virginia. The hurricane turned to the northeast, ahead of an approaching cold front, producing tropical storm force winds along the eastern United States through New England. After passing southeast of Cape Cod, the storm increasingly lost its tropical characteristics, and was an extratropical cyclone by 1100 UTC on September 18 when it made landfall on eastern Nova Scotia. Continuing to the northeast, the former hurricane crossed the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and subsequently near Newfoundland, eventually dissipating on September 22 between southern Greenland and Iceland. ## Preparations and impact While the hurricane was approaching the Carolinas, the Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Jacksonville, Florida to Beaufort, North Carolina at 2100 UTC on September 14. Six hours later, these were extended northward to Virginia Capes. By 1530 UTC on September 15, forecasters predicted that the hurricane would hit North Carolina in 12 hours and ordered hurricane warnings from Wilmington, North Carolina to Cape Hatteras. At the same time, the storm warning was expanded northward to Boston, Massachusetts, and later to Eastport, Maine. The early warnings gave ample time for preparation for the storm in Norfolk, reducing damages considerably. Residents in Virginia evacuated farther inland to escape the storm. The outer rainbands of the hurricane dropped moderate to heavy rainfall, peaking at 12.6 in (320 mm) in Cape Hatteras. Due to the storm remaining offshore, damage was much less than another hurricane less than a month prior. Damage from this hurricane was heaviest near New Bern, North Carolina, where the storm surge reached 3 to 4 ft (0.91 to 1.22 m), which was 2 ft (0.61 m) higher than the record set in 1913. Much of the town was flooded due to the high tide and swollen nearby rivers. Strong winds in the city uprooted several trees and damaged roofs. Morehead City suffered similar but slightly lesser damage, including hundreds of downed trees, and Beaufort experienced one of its worst storms in the memory of its residents. Across the region, the storm downed telephone and telegraph lines. Several roads were washed out, and there was moderate agriculture damage, including hundreds of drowned livestock and flooded cotton crop. There were 21 deaths, mostly related to drownings, and damage was estimated at \$4.5 million. About 1,000 people were left homeless. After the storm, relief agencies provided food and medical crews for the storm victims. In southeastern Virginia, winds reached 79 mph (127 km/h). At Sewell's Point in Norfolk, the storm produced 8.3 ft (2.5 m) high tides, which turned the peninsula containing New Point Comfort Light into an island. Several roads were flooded, which disrupted traffic and forced residents to travel by rowboat. About 2,000 people lost power, and due to well-executed preparations, there were two deaths in the state. Damage was estimated at \$250,000. Outside of Virginia, damage was minimal north of Cape Henry. Wind peaks included 48 mph (77 km/h) in Atlantic City, New Jersey and 52 mph (84 km/h) on Block Island. A boat required rescue in the Delaware Bay. Precipitation fell on the western periphery of the hurricane, associated with an approaching cold front. In Provincetown, Massachusetts, the storm dropped 12.3 in (310 mm) of rainfall it passed the region. In New England, high waves damaged waterfront properties. On Block Island, two boats were damaged, and another sank. In Maine, the rainfall flooded cellars and damaged roads. Two people were reported missing in Boothbay Harbor after venturing into the storm in a small boat. Still maintaining strong winds by the time it struck Canada, the former hurricane washed one boat ashore, left three missing, and capsized one. One person was presumed killed when his boat sunk in Lockeport, Nova Scotia. The storm dropped heavy rainfall across the region, including 1.1 in (28 mm) in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and about 3 in (76 mm) in 15 hours in Gagetown, New Brunswick; there, the rains flooded roads and damaged crops. At Harvey Station in the same province, high rainfall washed out a 75 ft (23 m) portion of a rail line. ## See also - List of North Carolina hurricanes (1900–49) - Hurricane Helene (1958)	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Preparations and impact", "## See also" ]	1,679	7,435
20,213,640	Roger Mowry Tavern	1,110,504,273	American historic building	[ "1653 establishments in Rhode Island", "Buildings and structures demolished in 1900", "Buildings and structures in Providence, Rhode Island", "Demolished buildings and structures in Rhode Island", "Houses completed in 1653", "Houses in Newport County, Rhode Island", "Taverns in Rhode Island" ]	The Roger Mowry Tavern, also known variously as the Roger Mowry House, Olney House and Abbott House, was a historic stone ender house, built around 1653, in Providence, Rhode Island. Roger Mowry was a constable and operated the only tavern in the town. The tavern also served as a government meeting place, church, and jail. It was originally constructed as a 1+1⁄2-story single room house with a chamber upstairs. By 1711 the house was expanded with a two-story lean-to by 1711. At unknown later date, the top of the roof of the original house was raised up further. The original portion of the house was restored by Norman Isham by 1895. The Roger Mowry Tavern was the oldest house in Providence until it was demolished in 1900. ## Roger Mowry The first American records of Roger Mowry appear in Boston, Massachusetts. On May 18, 1631, a document stated Mowry's desire to be a freeman. Mowry would move to Plymouth and later Salem before arriving in Providence, Rhode Island. Mowry lived in Salem between 1636 and 1649, with his wife Mary, the eldest daughter of John Johnson of Roxbury. In 1637, Mowry acquired 50 acres (0.20 km<sup>2</sup>) of land some two miles from the Salem settlement and built his house on the lot which was to be the corner of Essex and Flint Street. About 1653, Mowry constructed a house which would come to be known as the Roger Mowry Tavern. In 1655, Mowry became a freeman in Providence and resided there until his death on January 5, 1666. Records show that Roger Mowry was the tavernkeeper and constable. A family monument lists Mowry as having twelve children, with one child, Benjamin, reportedly having been found and baptized by Mowry. ## Design The original architect of the Roger Mowry Tavern is not known for certain. Robert A. Geake's book Historic Taverns of Rhode Island suggests it may have been the work of William Carpenter and the mason John Smith. The original house began as a 1+1⁄2-story stone ender with a single 16 feet (4.9 m) by roughly 17 feet (5.2 m) fire room. Running lengthwise across the middle of the room is a large summer beam. On the right side of the fireplace was the stairs or ladder that lead to the upstairs chamber. At an unknown date, the roof of the original house was extended higher, as evidenced by the original beams ending about 3 feet (0.91 m) above the floor. By 1711, the house had a two-story lean-to. By the late 19th century the house had been greatly altered, but the original structure was restored by Robert Isham. Isham found and restored the house, which still featured the original posts and beams. The large fireplace remained intact, but was concealed behind a fireboard and closet, that was itself behind a stove. The result was that stone fireplace was completely concealed prior to restoration. Less than a decade later after Isham restored the original part of the house, the whole structure was demolished. ## History Roger Mowry was licensed to operate a "house of entertainment" in May 1655. The tavern may have been a contributing reason for the passage of a law that mandated no alcoholic drinks be served after 9 p.m. under penalty of a fine, unless a satisfactory reason was given to the constable or magistrate. Roger Mowry's Tavern was reportedly the site of civil rally to free a man taken prisoner by a Massachusetts constable. The constable, whose intention was to extradite his prisoner back to Massachusetts for prosecution was staying at the nearby Roger Pray's tavern when concerned citizens gathered at Mowry's tavern. The citizens summoned the town council, and a messenger was sent to the Massachusetts constable to demand by what authority he held his prisoner. The result was the release of the prisoner. Another story surrounding the tavern was the murder of John Clawson, a Dutch carpenter, who was found dying one December morning in 1661. A native Indian, Waumanitt, was charged with the crime and held at Mowry's tavern until the matter could be resolved, but it is unknown what fate befell Waumanitt. According to locals, Clawson was roused and accused his neighbor, Hearndon, for his murder. Clawson then cursed the family before dying. The house was also reported to have been used by the Town Council for meetings, with a record of payment in 1657 from the Town Treasurer. Upon Mowry's death, his wife retained the house until selling it to Stephen Paine on September 5, 1671. Paine conveyed it to Samuel Whipple who resided in the house until his death in 1711. Upon his death the house was recorded as having a two-story lean-to. Whipple transferred the property to his wife and upon her death, which passed to their daughters Abigail and Hope Whipple. Hope Whipple would marry Robert Currie and upon her death, Robert Currie would marry her sister Abigail Whipple, and upon her death fell to Robert Currie's ownership. In 1737, Currie sold the house to William Smith, Job Whipple and John Whipple. It remained in the Whipple family until 1761 when it was sold to Captain Joseph Owen. The house would take its final name, the Abbott House, from Thomas Abbott who married Joseph Owen's daughter and resided in the house until his death in 1826. The Mowry Tavern was allegedly one of only five buildings not burned by the Indians during King Philip's War. It is believed that it was spared because Roger Williams, a friend of the Indians, held Christian worship services in the building. The house was located on Abbott Street adjacent to the North Burial Ground. The entire structure was demolished in 1900 to construct a triple decker tenement house. At the time of its demolition, it was the oldest house in Providence. ## Gallery ## See also - List of the oldest buildings in Rhode Island	[ "## Roger Mowry", "## Design", "## History", "## Gallery", "## See also" ]	1,310	27,019
19,287,225	Hey Mama (Kanye West song)	1,168,833,373	null	[ "2000s ballads", "2005 songs", "Kanye West songs", "Song recordings produced by Jon Brion", "Song recordings produced by Kanye West", "Songs about mothers", "Songs written by Kanye West" ]	"Hey Mama" is a song by American rapper Kanye West from his second studio album, Late Registration (2005). The song includes additional vocals from John Legend. West composed the song in 2000, specifically intending for it to be included on the album. The song was produced by West and Jon Brion. A ballad, it contains a sample of Donal Leace's "Today Won't Come Again". In the lyrics of the song, Kanye pays tribute to his mother, Donda West. "Hey Mama" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who mostly praised its musical style. A few commended the sample of "Today Won't Come Again", though critical commentary towards the concept was somewhat mixed. The song reached numbers 9 and 64 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and Hot Canadian Digital Singles charts in 2007 and 2008, respectively. It has since been certified gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Kanye West performed the song in memory of Donda throughout his Glow in the Dark Tour (2008), while he also sang it as a tribute to her at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards that year. ## Background The song's production was handled by West, alongside record producer and composer Jon Brion. Brion had achieved fame from his distinctive production work for artists and film scores for auteurs, though was lacking experience in hip hop. West became a fan of singer-songwriter Fiona Apple whom Brion had produced for; while watching 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, he appreciated Brion's score. The pair became connected via their mutual friend Rick Rubin; West quickly phoned Brion and they instantly formed chemistry with each other. West enlisted him to work on Late Registration, marking Brion's first involvement in a hip hop project, with the decision creating confused reactions across his fanbase. Brion imagined people commenting that West has "gone off his rocker" and envisioning him making "an art record with some crazy, left-field music guy", clarifying this not to be "the case whatsoever". The producer recalled West taking charge of production with his strong vision and mentioned the rapper's "quick, intuitive decisions". Kanye's mother Donda West helped support his dreams of creating music, following on from him dropping out of college completely. Donda had been aware of Kanye's musical interest for a long time, having accepted his offer for an hour of studio time when he was 13 years old. She worked with the mother of record producer No I.D., who became Kanye's mentor after they met through her. Speaking of Donda's involvement in his career, Kanye said she "always kept me around music" and "was also my first manager". Kanye has often paid tribute to Donda in his music, especially on "Hey Mama". According to Kanye West, she cried upon her first listen to the song. In June 2003, prior to the release of West's debut studio album The College Dropout (2004), he revealed that he had recorded the song in 2000 and was already saving it for Late Registration. ## Composition and lyrics Musically, "Hey Mama" is a ballad. The song is based around a sample of the 1972 track "Today Won't Come Again", as written and performed by American musician Donal Leace. Alongside the sample, handclaps are featured throughout. The song also includes a moaning vocoder, Tin Pan Alley-styled drums, and a xylophone solo, all of which were contributed by Brion. On the hook, Leace's "la-la-la" vocals from "Today Won't Come Again" are looped, accompanied by harmonies. The song closes with synthesizers, contributed by Brion. Additional vocals are provided on the song by singer John Legend. Lyrically, the song serves as a tribute to Donda from Kanye. Kanye details how Donda supported him despite him doing the opposite of what she wanted, alongside depicting how he desired nothing due to her hard work as a single parent. He makes a promise to Donda of going back to school, as well as pleading to cry. Kanye West also mentions that she had to work at night to keep the lights on. ## Release and reception On August 30, 2005, "Hey Mama" was released as the sixteenth track on West's second studio album Late Registration. The song was met with generally positive reviews from music critics, often being praised for its musical style. Sean Fennessey of Pitchfork saw the song as "traditionally purty" due to the prominence of handclaps and "a flittering sample" of "Today Won't Come Again", labeling it a typical West production and also appreciating "the Brion redux". Reviewing the album for The Observer, Steve Yates selected the song as a highlight and lauded it as "classic Kanye", alongside stating the "folk-rock vocal" has potential to "net butterflies". The Guardian journalist Alexis Petridis pointed out that the song features "an irresistible hook", viewing the lively harmonies as evoking Simon & Garfunkel. Rolling Stone editor Rob Sheffield put forward the song as being "an emotional stunner" akin to West's single "Jesus Walks" (2004) due to him "honor[ing] his mother", applauding how "a simple la-la-la vocal hook" is looped "into a soul-sonic force" that he compared to side two of Prince's Sign o' the Times (1987). Sheffield further honored the song as the best "family-affair tearjerker" since fellow rapper Ghostface Killah's "All That I Got Is You" (1996) because of West's rapping, though questioned the legitimacy of his promise of going back to school. Azeem Ahmad from musicOMH called the song "chilled", finding it funny how an ode to Donda West features Legend's "unmistakable soulful voice" offering a "low key but perfectly suitable performance". Writing for Entertainment Weekly, David Browne observed that the song conveys the "warmth and soul" of an old single by the Chi-Lites. Some reviewers were less impressed with "Hey Mama". Matthew Gasteier of Prefix Mag was unsure about the lyrical content, seeing it as being largely surpassed by the inventive production. At The Observer, Kitty Empire saw the song as the only real threat "to derail [Kanye] West's terrific strike rate" on the album, saying it is "a good tune" despite the bad contrast of "gushing mother-love" with the other lyrical themes. Similarly, veteran critic Robert Christgau wrote in The Village Voice that the song may be one-dimensional, yet West still offers "an oxymoronic" line prior to "milking [his] oft dissed flow" for rhymes. Hattie Collins provided a negative review for NME, dismissing the song as a "saccharine slowie" and Late Registration's "only misfire", opening up that rapper Tupac took on its concept in the early 1990s "with far more panache". ### Commercial performance In the United States, the song entered the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart at number nine for the issue date of November 24, 2007. It lasted for one week on the chart. "Hey Mama" was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for amassing 500,000 certified units in the US on September 23, 2020. The song also charted in Canada, reaching number 64 on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles chart for the issue dated March 1, 2008. ## Live performances West first performed "Hey Mama" at a homecoming show with Dilated Peoples at the House of Blues in Chicago on May 5, 2004, prior to its release. On September 9, 2005, West performed the song on The Oprah Winfrey Show, where the rapper said that it is tattooed on an arm of his and stands among his favorite songs. Kanye West also admitted saving the opportunity to perform the song on the show for Donda, who sat in the front row and described West dedicating it to her as "unbelievable". On October 13, 2005, West delivered a performance of "Hey Mama" during a stop at O'Connell Center in Gainesville, Florida, on his Touch the Sky tour. West later performed the song for the tour's concert at the theater of Madison Square Garden in New York City on November 3, while wearing a designer off-white blazer. On November 17, 2007, around a week after Donda's death, Kanye failed to begin a performance of the song at Le Zenith in Paris, attempting an introduction when saying, "This song is for my mother ..." After stopping during the intro, Kanye was comforted by a backup singer, the show's DJ, and a guitar player. Kanye stood and cried, though the band continued to play the song. The rapper later restarted his performance, which he did not manage to finish. On November 24, 2007, Kanye performed the song to a projection of Donda at Brighton Centre in Brighton, England. For his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour, Kanye performed "Hey Mama" in dedication to Donda and segued from it into a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin' (1981). When appearing at the 2008 Grammy Awards, Kanye West paid tribute to Donda by singing a version of the song with altered lyrics for the ceremony. West had "MAMA" cut into his hair for the performance and during it, he stepped forward as paintings of angels flashed above. Shortly after his performance, West went to the studio and recorded the Grammy version of the song. For the closer of his headlining set at the 2011 Coachella Festival, West performed a rendition of the song. During the opening show of The Yeezus Tour at the KeyArena in Seattle, West performed the song partially as he wore a sparkling black mask, but failed as fans saw West kneeling down while holding the microphone in an attempt to stand up and keep the performance up. On May 12, 2019, Kanye performed the song in tribute to Donda on Mother's Day at a concert of his group the Sunday Service Choir. Kanye opened the concert by walking out to fellow rapper 2Pac's single "Dear Mama", before delivering a gospel rendition of "Hey Mama". The performance was livestreamed through the same fisheye perspective as the rapper's April 2019 appearance at Coachella, while he closed his eyes as he performed. ## Appearances in media On April 7, 2015, The Fader obtained footage of Kanye and Donda singing "Hey Mama" together, which concluded with the rapper wrapping an arm around her as they both grinned. On November 10, 2017, the release of West's rival Taylor Swift's album Reputation coincided with the 10th anniversary of Donda's death, leading to West fans organizing Hey Mama Day. The event was organized to protest the album's release and block Swift from topping the charts by playing "Hey Mama", with the song gathering around 700,000 Spotify streams in 24 hours. However, it did not enter any Spotify charts due to the service realizing that the numbers stemmed from repeated listens. On July 12, 2020, Kanye shared a snippet of his 2021 track "Donda" that is named after his mother via Twitter, alongside a video. The video features archival footage that shows the Wests rapping "Hey Mama" together. Simultaneously, Kanye's wife Kim Kardashian shared the footage of the Wests rapping. ## Credits and personnel Information taken from Late Registration liner notes. Recording - Recorded at The Record Plant (Hollywood, CA), Sony Music Studios (NYC) and Grandmaster Recording Studios (Hollywood, CA) - Mixed at Chalice Recording Studios (Hollywood, CA) Personnel - Kanye West – songwriter, producer - Donal Leace – songwriter - Jon Brion – producer - Andrew Dawson – recorder, mix engineer - Anthony Kilhoffer – recorder - Tom Biller – recorder - Richard Reitz – assistant engineer - Matt Green – assistant engineer - Taylor Dow – assistant engineer - John Legend – additional vocals ## Charts ## Certifications	[ "## Background", "## Composition and lyrics", "## Release and reception", "### Commercial performance", "## Live performances", "## Appearances in media", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "## Certifications" ]	2,608	27,591
890,798	Ned Williamson	1,169,544,248	American baseball player (1857–1894)	[ "1857 births", "1894 deaths", "19th-century baseball players", "19th-century deaths from tuberculosis", "Baseball players from Philadelphia", "Burials at Rosehill Cemetery", "Chicago Pirates players", "Chicago White Stockings players", "Deaths from edema", "Indianapolis Blues players", "Major League Baseball third basemen", "National League home run champions", "Pittsburgh Allegheny players", "San Francisco (minor league baseball) players", "Tuberculosis deaths in Arkansas" ]	Edward Nagle Williamson (October 24, 1857 – March 3, 1894) was a professional baseball infielder in Major League Baseball. He played for three teams: the Indianapolis Blues of the National League (NL) for one season, the Chicago White Stockings (NL) for 11 seasons, and the Chicago Pirates of the Players' League for one season. From 1883 and 1887, Williamson held the single-season record for both doubles and home runs. Although his record for doubles was surpassed in 1887, he held the home run record until 1919, when it was topped by Babe Ruth of the Boston Red Sox. Statistically, he was one of the best fielders of his era. During the first eight years of his career, he led the league at his position in both fielding percentage and double plays five times, and he also led his position in assists six times. Later, when he moved to shortstop, he again led the league in both assists and double plays. His career was shortened by a knee injury that he suffered in Paris during a world-tour organized by Albert Spalding. After he left organized baseball, his health declined rapidly. He contracted tuberculosis and ultimately died at the age of 36 of dropsy. ## Career Born in Philadelphia, Williamson began his major league career on May 1, 1878 for the Indianapolis Blues of the National League. That season he played in all 63 of the team's games as the starting third baseman, leading the league in that category. He umpired his only game on August 12, calling a game between the Chicago White Stockings and the Providence Grays. His season-ending statistics included a .232 batting average, one home run, and 31 runs scored. The Blues were only a major league team for the 1878 season, resulting in Williamson joining the Chicago White Stockings for the 1879 season. He was their regular third baseman, leading the league in multiple fielding categories for his position, including fielding percentage, assists, putouts, and double plays. As a hitter, his numbers improved. He finished second in the league with 13 triples, and eighth in doubles with 20, while also raising his batting average to .294. During the next three seasons, his batting statistics fluctuated from year to year. His batting average rose from .251 in 1880 to .282 in 1882; likewise, his 20 doubles in 1880 were good for seventh in the league, but dropped to 12 in 1881. He followed that season with 27 in 1882, which was fourth in the league. During this time period, when his level of hitting had dropped, his play in the field did not. He led the league in fielding percentage from 1880 to 1882, and in assists in 1881 and 1882. In 1883, Williamson set the major league record for doubles in a single season by hitting 49, surpassing King Kelly's 37 set the previous year. Williamson's record for doubles stood until Tip O'Neill of the St. Louis Browns hit 52 in 1887. Williamson's doubles achievement was attributed to the short dimensions of Chicago's Lakeshore Park; the distances were 186 feet (57 m) in left field, 300 feet (91 m) in center field, and 190 feet (58 m) in right field. Balls that were hit over the fence were counted as doubles until 1884, when they became home runs. On September 6, Chicago scored a record 18 runs in one inning during a 26–6 victory over the Detroit Wolverines. Williamson contributed three hits, and scored three runs in that inning, setting individual records in both categories. Other than runs scored, the other team records set that day included the most hits and total bases in one inning. During this time period, the establishment of the ground rules of each park rested with the home team. In 1884, team captain and on-field manager Cap Anson decided that balls hit over the fence were to be home runs. Williamson used these short dimensions and new ground rules to set the single-season home run record by hitting 27 in a 112-game season, surpassing the record of 14 set by Harry Stovey the previous year. Of the 27 home runs he hit that year, 25 of them were hit at home. This record stood for 35 years until it was broken in 1919 by Babe Ruth, who hit 29 for the Boston Red Sox in a 140-game schedule. The first three of Williamson's 27 home runs came on May 30, in the second game of a doubleheader against the Detroit Wolverines. Williamson became the first major league baseball player to hit three home runs in one game. During these two record-breaking seasons, his fielding prowess did not recede. He did not lead the league in fielding percentage in either 1883 or 1884, but did lead in assists, capping off a streak of five consecutive years in which he did so, while also leading the league in double plays for the second and third consecutive years. After the 1884 season, the White Stockings moved to West Side Park, and Williamson's power numbers dropped. Without the short fences, his home run total dropped to three, his doubles went down to 16, and his batting average dropped to .238, his lowest average since he became a White Stocking. Despite his low hitting numbers, he did lead the league in games played with 116, bases on balls with 75, and yet again, led his position in assists, double plays, and for the fifth and last time, fielding percentage. Chicago won the National League championship that season, and agreed to play the American Association champions, the St. Louis Browns in a seven-game "World Series". Before game one began, the players of both teams held a field day which included contests of skill, and Williamson won the long throw with a toss that traveled 400 feet, four inches. The 1885 series ended in a tie when each team won three games, and one game ended in a tie. Williamson collected two base hits in 23 at bats, for a .087 batting average, and scored one run. Beginning in 1886, Williamson switched his fielding position to shortstop, while the Chicago White Stockings again won the National League championship, their fifth in seven years. The team's success did not coincide with Williamson's slide in seasonal numbers. His batting average dropped to his career low of .216, and his strikeouts jumped up to a career high of 71, in 430 at bats, although he did finish third in bases on balls. The White Stockings met the St. Louis Browns following the season and agreed to play a best of seven "World Series" for the second consecutive year. The Browns won the series, four games to two, and Williamson's statistics for the series did not improve. In fact, they were worse than in 1885. He gathered one base hit in 18 at bats, for a .056 batting average, and scored two runs. 1887 was Williamson's second season at shortstop, his last full season in the majors, and his numbers began to climb back to what they were during the early part of his career. His batting average jumped back up to .267, hit 20 doubles, 14 triples, 73 base on balls, and nine home runs. In 1888, his batting average dipped again, this time to .250, but he did finish fourth in the league in both RBIs with 73, and base on balls with 65. In the field, he led the league in assists and double plays. ## Spalding's world tour At the completion of the 1888 baseball season, Albert Spalding organized an around-the-world tour to promote the game of baseball. The two teams Spalding selected were the White Stockings and a collection of players from other National League teams. The tour departed on October 20, 1888 to play exhibition games throughout the western United States for a month, before departing to Hawaii. The tour visited several foreign countries, such as Australia, Egypt, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), France, Italy, and England. It was during a game played on at the Parc Aristotique in Paris, France on March 8, 1889, when Williamson suffered a torn knee cap which forced him to be bedridden in England on doctor's orders, missing the tour through Britain. Though players in the 19th century were responsible for their own medical care, Williamson asked Spalding to help him financially with the mounting medical costs. Spalding refused, citing that he was not obligated to assist, and Williamson never forgave him for this. Williamson, among his baseball contemporaries, wrote the most colorful articles to newspapers as the tour was unfolding. Williamson, an 1880s teammate of Anson in Chicago, had a knack for roasting—poking fun at—his teammates while always coming across as good-natured. A testament to the letters' significance is that they are a dominant source of one recent book's World Tour presentation. Williamson is portrayed by Charlie Crabtree in the 2015 movie "Deadball" which depicts his life and journaling of the world tour. ## Late career and death The injury to Williamson's knee caused his career to suffer, as he played in 47 games during the 1889 season. He batted .237, and of his 41 hits that season, only five of them were extra base hits. He joined the Chicago Pirates of the Players' League for the 1890 season, his final major league season, and played in 73 games, hitting .195. In the spring of 1894, Williamson traveled to Hot Springs, Arkansas, in hopes that he could recover from a liver ailment and lose some weight as well, but the treatments did not work. Williamson died on March 3 of that year, at the age of 36 in Willow Springs, Arkansas, of dropsy (edema) complicated by consumption (tuberculosis). He was interred in an unmarked grave at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago, until November 6, 2021, when the grave received a dedication thanks to the efforts of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR); the grave notes his single-season record of home runs set in 1884. ## See also - List of Major League Baseball home run records - List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders - List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders - List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders	[ "## Career", "## Spalding's world tour", "## Late career and death", "## See also" ]	2,214	31,186
522,788	USS Bismarck Sea	1,139,152,511	Casablanca-class escort carrier of the US Navy	[ "1944 ships", "Aircraft carriers sunk by aircraft", "Casablanca-class escort carriers", "Maritime incidents in February 1945", "Naval magazine explosions", "S4-S2-BB3 ships", "Ships sunk by kamikaze attack", "World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States", "World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean" ]	USS Bismarck Sea (CVE-95) was the fortieth of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers built to serve the United States Navy during World War II; she was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. Completed in May 1944, she served in support of the Philippines campaign, and the landings on Iwo Jima. On 21 February 1945, she sank off of Iwo Jima due to two Japanese kamikaze attacks, killing 318 crewmen. Notably, she was the last aircraft carrier in U.S. service to sink due to enemy action. ## Design and description Bismarck Sea was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was 512 ft 3 in (156.13 m) long overall, had a beam of 65 ft 2 in (19.86 m), and a draft of 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m). She displaced 8,188 long tons (8,319 t) standard, 10,902 long tons (11,077 t) with a full load. She had a 257 ft (78 m) long hangar deck, a 477 ft (145 m) long flight deck. She was powered with two Uniflow reciprocating steam engines, which provided a force of 9,000 horsepower (6,700 kW), driving two shafts, enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of 10,240 nautical miles (18,960 km; 11,780 mi), assuming that she traveled at a constant speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). Her compact size necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow end, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one on the fore, another on the aft. One 5 in (127 mm) /38 caliber dual purpose gun was mounted on the stern, and she was equipped with 16 Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, which were used in an anti-aircraft capability. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry 30 20 mm cannons, as a response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Anti-aircraft guns were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but she sometimes went over or under this number. For example, during the Philippines campaign, she carried 16 Wildcat FM-2 fighters and 12 Avenger TBM-3 torpedo bombers, for a total of 28 aircraft. During the Iwo Jima campaign, she carried 19 FM-2 fighters, and 12 TBM-3 torpedo bombers, for a total of 31 aircraft. She was designed to accommodate 764 crew, but in wartime, her complement inevitably crept over that number. A reasonable estimate puts the number of crew typically on board a Casablanca-class escort carrier at around 910 to 916 men. ## Construction and service history Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942, under the name Alikula Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was laid down on 31 January 1944, and was assigned the designation MC hull 1132. She was launched on 17 April 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Mabel C. Wallgren, wife of Senator Monrad Wallgren, under the name Alikula Bay. She was renamed Bismarck Sea on 16 May 1944, as part of a new naval policy which named subsequent Casablanca-class carriers after naval or land engagements, and she was transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 20 May, with Captain John L. Pratt in command. After being commissioned, Bismarck Sea engaged in training exercises off the West Coast throughout June. On 1 July, she left San Pedro ferrying aircraft and pilots to Pearl Harbor. After unloading her aircraft, she loaded more aircraft and ferried them to the Marshall Islands, arriving at Majuro Atoll on 16 July. She then proceeded back to Pearl Harbor, carrying damaged aircraft, arriving on 29 July, along with her sister ship Saginaw Bay. Throughout August, she was stationed at San Diego for a four-week overhaul, where she received her combat air contingent, Composite Squadron (VC) 86. Between 7 September, and 16 October, she engaged in additional training exercises. She then steamed to Ulithi, Caroline Islands, to join Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid's 7th Fleet on 1 November. Between 14 and 23 November, she operated off Leyte and Mindanao in support of operations onboard Leyte. On 21 November, a Japanese aircraft made a strafing run along the carrier, but without inflicting any damage, and escaped to the northwest before it could be engaged. On 27 November, she arrived at Seeadler Harbor, New Guinea, to join Task Group 77.4, commanded by Rear Admiral Calvin T. Durgin. Throughout December, she conducted additional flight training and gunnery exercises. On 27 December, she left for Palau, to support the invasion of Luzon. On 5 January 1945, her task group sighted the Japanese destroyers Hinoki and Momi. Bennion engaged in a brief and inconclusive firefight with the destroyers, before disengaging to provide a screen. Twenty-four fighters and sixteen torpedo bombers were sent against the destroyers, which Bismarck Sea supplemented the strike group with four Avengers and the same amount of Wildcats. The aerial strike force inflicted serious damage on both of the destroyers, sinking Momi. Hinoki, albeit damaged, was able to escape into Manila harbor, but she was subsequently sunk on 7 January by aircraft from Task Force 78. However, that same day, the escort carrier Ommaney Bay was sunk by a kamikaze aircraft. The task group then participated in the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf and supported air operations over Luzon until 17 January, when the task group proceeded towards Ulithi in preparation for the invasion of Iwo Jima. She departed Ulithi on 10 February, reorganized into Task Unit 52.2, still under the command of Durgin, and consisting of ten escort carriers and their destroyer screens, along with two escort carriers loosely tied into the task group on anti-submarine duties. On 16 February, she arrived off Iwo Jima to support the landings. The task group's aircraft conducted anti-submarine patrols, anti-aircraft patrols, and supported the first wave of troops on 19 February. Close air support, almost all of it derived from carriers, played a major role throughout the invasion. ### Sinking On 16 February, Vice-Admiral Kimpei Teroaka authorized the formation of a kamikaze special attack unit to counter the imminent landings on Iwo Jima. The kamikaze force consisted of thirty-two aircraft in total, and on the early morning of 21 February, they departed from Katori Naval Air Base, in Asahi, Chiba. They refueled at Hachijō-jima, and proceeded towards the U.S. naval contingent surrounding Iwo Jima, arriving near sunset. When the kamikazes arrived, Bismarck Sea was performing routine close air support with the rest of Task Group 52.2. At the time, the escort carrier task group, having split in two, consisted of Bismarck Sea, her sister ships Makin Island, Lunga Point, Saginaw Bay, Rudyerd Bay, and Anzio, along with a destroyer contingent. The task group was steaming approximately twenty-one miles (34 km) east of Iwo Jima. At 17:30, the aircraft on Bismarck Sea were scrambled to deal with incoming planes, which turned out to be friendly. After recovering her planes, she found it necessary to take on three planes from other carriers and, due to the lack of deck space, to shelter four of her fighters below-decks without emptying their fuel tanks, a decision which would later prove disastrous. This brought the number of aircraft aboard the carrier to thirty-seven aircraft: 19 FM-2 fighters, 15 TBM-3 torpedo bombers, 2 OY-1 reconnaissance aircraft, and a F6F Hellcat fighter. At 18:45, the task group spotted the Japanese planes headed for them, when a Mitsubishi G4M made a dive towards Lunga Point. Gunners from Bismarck Sea shot it down. At 18:46, five Nakajima B6Ns dove towards Lunga Point. All four of the kamikazes missed with their torpedoes, and none of them made successful contact with Lunga Point, albeit the third kamikaze's wreckage skidded across the carrier's deck, sparking a brief gasoline fire. Damage to Lunga Point was minimal, and eleven of her crew were wounded. There were no fatalities, and she was able to continue operating in support of troops on Iwo Jima. The fifth plane, however, switched targets, and proceeded towards Bismarck Sea. At one thousand yards (910 m), it was spotted by, and engaged by gunners aboard Bismarck Sea. However, despite the heavy gunfire, which damaged the plane, it quickly approached Bismarck Sea from the starboard side at a low angle, which the anti-aircraft guns could not depress sufficiently to fire at. The plane plowed in under the first 40 mm gun (aft), crashing through the hangar deck and striking the ship's magazines. At the time of the crash, the aircraft elevator was in operation, and nearly up to the flight deck, when its cables were cut by the kamikaze, causing the platform to drop onto the hangar deck with a tremendous amount of force. The force of the explosion distributed munitions, including torpedoes, across the deck, and started a fire. The ship's steering was also rendered dysfunctional by the blast. The sprinkler system and the water curtains were inoperative, but the fire was nearly under control when about two minutes later, a second plane, likely attracted by the ship's glow against the darkness, approaching from the port side, struck the aft elevator shaft, exploding on impact, killing the majority of the fire-fighting party and destroying the fire fighting salt-water distribution system, thus preventing any further damage control. The second plane detonated amongst the four fighters which were sheltered belowdecks, and the fighters, with full gasoline tanks, quickly turned the fire into a conflagration, enveloping the entire aft side of the ship. When munitions on board the ship began to detonate, and with no firefighting equipment operational, the situation quickly deteriorated. At 19:00, the crew assembled at their "abandon ship" locations, and the engines were cut. Captain John L. Pratt issued the order to abandon ship at 19:05. As the crew abandoned ship, a large explosion, likely from the detonation of the torpedoes within the hangar deck, rocked the ship. This explosion tore much of the aft-end of the ship to shreds, and she quickly acquired a list to the starboard. Twenty Wildcats and eleven Avengers went down with Bismarck Sea. The majority of the crew made it off the ship in the next 30 minutes. At 20:07, the ship's island detached from the hull and slid into the water. Two hours after the dual kamikaze attacks, at 21:15, Bismarck Sea sank with the loss of 318 men, and was the last US Navy aircraft carrier to be lost during World War II. Many casualties were inflicted once the crew abandoned ship, through hypothermia, choppy seas, and Japanese aircraft strafing the survivors. Three destroyers and three destroyer escorts rescued survivors over the next 12 hours, between them saving a total of 605 officers and men from her crew of 923. The destroyer escort Edmonds directed the rescue operations of the remaining hands, in spite of darkness, heavy seas and continuing air attacks, rescuing a majority of the surviving crew. Thirty of Edmonds' own crew went over the side to bring the wounded and exhausted carrier men to safety. Edmonds hauled up 378 men, the destroyer escort Lawrence C. Taylor retrieved 136 men, and the destroyer Helm recovered 39 survivors. Survivors were then transferred to the attack transports Dickens and Highlands. The special attack unit which struck on 21 February, in addition to sinking Bismarck Sea, also heavily damaged Saratoga, Keokuk, and slightly damaged Lunga Point, LST-477, and LST-809. Bismarck Sea was the only ship to sink as a result of the attacks and was struck from the Navy List on 30 March; to date, she is the last US aircraft carrier lost due to enemy action. The kamikaze attacks killed 43 Japanese in total. ## See also - List of U.S. Navy ship losses in World War II	[ "## Design and description", "## Construction and service history", "### Sinking", "## See also" ]	2,840	34,169
1,364,521	Mount Waesche	1,169,943,738	Volcano in Antarctica	[ "Executive Committee Range", "Inactive volcanoes", "Polygenetic shield volcanoes", "Shield volcanoes of Antarctica", "Volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land" ]	Mount Waesche is a mountain of volcanic origin at the southern end of the Executive Committee Range in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. It is 3,292 metres (10,801 ft) high, and stands 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Mount Sidley, the highest volcano in Antarctica. The mountain lies southwest of the Chang Peak caldera and is largely covered with snow and glaciers, but there are rock exposures on the southern and southwestern slopes. The volcano may have been active as late as the Holocene, with tephra layers recovered from ice cores possibly originating from Mount Waesche. Seismic activity has been recorded both from the volcano and from an area south of it and might reflect ongoing volcanic activity. ## Name and research history It was discovered by the United States Antarctic Service expedition on a flight on December 15, 1940, and named for Vice Admiral Russell R. Waesche, United States Coast Guard, member of the Antarctic Service Executive Committee. Field studies took place in 1999-2000 and 2018-2019. ## Geography and geomorphology Mount Waesche lies in Marie Byrd Land, one of the most inaccessible areas of Antarctica. It is one of 18 volcanoes in that region, which were active from the Oligocene to recent times. The origin of volcanic activity there has been correlated to the activity of a mantle plume underneath the crust. The region also includes the highest volcano in Antarctica, Mount Sidley, which reaches 4,191 metres (13,750 ft) height. There may be as many as 138 volcanoes buried underneath the ice. The volcano is 3,292 metres (10,801 ft) high. It is a double volcano, with the north-northeasterly Chang Peak caldera and the south-southwesterly Mount Waesche proper. The Chang Peak caldera is 10 by 6 kilometres (6.2 mi × 3.7 mi) wide and the largest in Marie Byrd Land; Mount Waesche rises almost 500 metres (1,600 ft) over and lies on the rim of the caldera. Mount Waesche is the more conspicuous peak and lava flows crop out on its southern and southwestern flank, while a 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) wide caldera lies at its summit. On the northern side of Chang Peak caldera lies a 2,920 metres (9,580 ft) high outcrop, and it and another outcrop consist of pumice and vitrophyre. Both volcanoes appear to be mainly formed by lava. At least five parasitic vents lie on the volcano, with several aligned on radial fissure vents; they are cinder cones and scoria cones and have erupted cinder, lava and volcanic bombs. A 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) long large radial dyke projects from Mount Waesche and is the only part of the edifice where hyaloclastic tuff crops out. The Bennet Saddle separates Mount Waesche from Mount Sidley 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the northeast. Mount Waesche is largely covered with snow and features several alpine glaciers as well as a blue-ice area within the West Antarctic Ice Sheet; this blue-ice area has an extent of 8 by 10 kilometres (5.0 mi × 6.2 mi) and a number of tephra layers crop out from the ice. Most of these tephra layers come from Mount Waesche, but some originate at Mount Takahe and Mount Berlin and their age ranges from 118,000 years to Holocene. Two particularly conspicuous tephra layers from Mount Waesche are known as the "Great Wall" and "Yellow Wall". The volcano emerges through and is surrounded by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ice sheet reaches an elevation of about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level at Mount Waesche and flows southward towards the Ross Ice Shelf. Blue ice is found in some areas. Glacial activity has altered the volcano, generating glacial striae and roches moutonnees on the older volcanic rocks and frost shattering landforms and solifluction ridges. Glacial drift lies on the ice-free southwestern flank. In turn, glacial moraines have been overrun by lava flows. Two sets of moraines formed by volcanic debris – one containing ice, the other without – lie on the southern and southwestern flank, reaching heights of 120 metres (390 ft) and lengths of about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi). Surface exposure dating has indicated that they belong to an ice highstand that occurred about 10,000 years ago and that the volcanic rocks were probably extracted from underneath the ice. However, large parts of the volcano are exposed on its southwestern flank and apart from glacial erosion aeolian erosion has taken place on the volcano. ## Geology Mount Waesche is part of the Executive Committee Range, which from north to south includes Mount Hampton, Mount Cumming with the parasitic vent Annexstad Peak, Mount Hartigan, Mount Sidley with Doumani Peak and Chang Peak-Mount Waesche. These mountains are all volcanic and feature ice-filled calderas, and many are paired volcanoes. Volcanic activity appears to be moving southward at a rate of 0.7 centimetres per year (0.28 in/year). Seismic activity recorded in 2010 and 2011 south of Mount Waesche may indicate ongoing magmatic activity south of the youngest volcano. Chang Peak and Mount Waesche appear to be located outside of the Executive Committee Range volcanic lineament. The volcano erupted comendite, hawaiite and mugearite, with the former found at Chang Peak and the latter two at Mount Waesche proper; the parasitic cones have erupted a mugearite-benmoreite succession. The occurrence of rhyolite has also been reported. There appear to be two groups of volcanic rocks at Mount Waesche. Phenocrysts at Chang Peak include aenigmatite, alkali feldspar, ilmenite and quartz and at Mount Waesche olivine, plagioclase and titanaugite. Granulite and pyroxenite xenoliths have also been found. Despite their proximity, Mount Sidley and Mount Waesche have erupted distinctly different rocks. Unusually for volcanoes in Marie Byrd Land, the chemistry of volcanic rocks at Mount Waesche appears to have changed over time. The total volume of rocks is about 160 cubic kilometres (38 cu mi). ## Eruption history The development of Mount Waesche began in the Pliocene, and Plio-Pleistocene tephra layers found in the Southern Pacific Ocean may originate at Mount Waesche. It appears that volcanism in the Executive Committee Range moved southwards over time, beginning at Mount Hampton and eventually arriving at Mount Waesche which is the young volcanic centre of the range. Chang Peak grew first, 1.6 million years ago or between 2.0–1.1 million years ago, while Mount Waesche formed within or about 1 million years ago; the youngest rocks at Waesche are less than 100,000 years old whereas there is no evidence of recent activity at Chang Peak. Argon-argon dating on rocks that today form moraines has yielded ages of about 200,000 years to over 500,000 years. One flank vent has been dated to be 170,000 years old and some rocks are too young to be dated by potassium-argon dating. A major pulse of lava flow emissions appears to have occurred 200,000-100,000 years ago and an older episode 500,000-300,000 years ago. The volcano was active during the Holocene and may be a source of tephra found in ice cores. A layer of volcanic ash was identified in the region through radar data and is about 8,000 years old; it probably originated at Mount Waesche. The volcano today is considered to be "probably active" or "possibly active". A magmatic system may exist 55 kilometres (34 mi) south of Mount Waesche at 25–40 kilometres (16–25 mi) depth below the ice. Present-day seismic activity has been recorded at Mount Waesche, but it might be either volcanic/tectonic or caused by ice movement. Future eruptions are unlikely to have any impact beyond the surroundings of the volcano. ## See also - List of volcanoes in Antarctica	[ "## Name and research history", "## Geography and geomorphology", "## Geology", "## Eruption history", "## See also" ]	1,779	6,567
5,532,173	Uthman ibn Abi al-As	1,164,409,614	Companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad	[ "670s deaths", "Banu Thaqif", "People from Taif", "People of the Muslim conquest of Persia", "Rashidun governors of Bahrain", "Rashidun governors of Ta'if", "Sahabah hadith narrators" ]	Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi (Arabic: عثمان بن أبي العاص, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ; died 671 or 675) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the tribe of Banu Thaqif and the governor of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) and Oman (southeastern Arabia) in 636–650, during the reigns of caliphs Umar (r. 634–644) and Uthman (r. 644–656). During his governorship he led military campaigns against the Sasanian Persians in Fars. After his dismissal, he settled with his brothers in Basra where he was granted a large estate by the caliph. He transmitted numerous hadiths to the scholar al-Hasan al-Basri and died in the city. ## Early life and governorship of Ta'if Uthman was a son of Abu al-As ibn Bishr ibn Abd Duhman of the Banu Thaqif. The Thaqif were the dominant tribe of the town of Ta'if in the Hejaz (western Arabia). Uthman belonged to the prominent Banu Hutayt family of the Banu Jusham, which was one of two principal branches of the Thaqif. Uthman had five brothers, al-Hakam, al-Mughira, Abu Umayya, Abu Amr—all of whom were sons of Uthman's mother Fatima bint Abd Allah—and Hafs. According to a different account, Uthman's mother was Safiyya, a daughter of the founder of the Umayyad house, Umayya ibn Abd Shams. Uthman's wife, Rayhana, belonged to the same house, being the daughter of Umayya's son Abu al-As. Uthman was the youngest member of a six-man delegation of Thaqif representatives sent to establish peace with the Islamic prophet Muhammad on 9 December 630, shortly before the Muslim conquest of their city in 631. The delegation embraced Islam during this meeting, though the 9th-century historians al-Waqidi and Umar ibn Shabba hold Uthman had already converted to Islam during a previous visit to Muhammad in Medina, but had kept it secret from his tribe. Despite his youth, Muhammad declared Uthman governor of Ta'if. His appointment stemmed from his apparent zeal in studying Islam and the Quran, as testified to Muhammad by Abu Bakr, the future first caliph (leader of the Muslim community). Uthman's jurisdiction was over the settled inhabitants of Ta'if and its environs (the Hawazin nomads were governed by Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri) and he remained in the post at the time of Muhammad's death in 632. He was the first member of the Thaqif to achieve prominence under Islam. After the death of Muhammad, many Arab tribes rebelled against the nascent Muslim state. Uthman played a key role maintaining the loyalty of the Thaqif to Islam. During the Ridda wars launched by Abu Bakr against the rebel tribes, Uthman dispatched a force from Ta'if against rebel clans from the tribes of Azd, Bajila and Khath'am in Yemen (southwestern Arabia). He later raised an army from the city under the command of his brother to assist Medina's war efforts. Abu Bakr kept Uthman in his post as did his successor Caliph Umar. ## Governor of Bahrayn and Oman Uthman was appointed governor of Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) and Oman (southeastern Arabia) by Umar in 636, following the dismissal of al-Ala al-Hadhrami. The province of the Yamama (central Arabia) was administratively attached to Bahrayn at the time. Uthman was permitted by Umar to nominate his brother al-Hakam as his replacement in Ta'if. Uthman dispatched naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the Sasanian Empire and further east to the borders of India. The first Arab naval raids against the ports of the Indian subcontinent were carried out on the orders of Uthman. According to the history of al-Baladhuri, the raids targeted Thane (near modern Mumbai), Debal and Bharuch. The assault on Thane, the first Arab raid in India, was commanded by Uthman's brother al-Hakam and was a success, the Arabs returning to Oman without incurring any fatalities. The following raid on Debal was commanded by another brother, al-Mughira. Al-Hakam led the raid on Bharuch. The raids were launched in c. 636 according to al-Baladhuri. The modern historian Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch suspects that if the raids against the Indian coast were actually undertaken, they likely occurred in late 636. The naval operations were launched without Umar's sanction and he disapproved of them upon learning of the operations, citing his fear for the safety of Arab troops at sea. The contemporary Armenian historian Sebeos confirms these Arab raids against the Sasanian littoral. According to Baloch, the reasons for Uthman's initiative are not identified by the medieval sources and were possibly zeal-driven adventures for the cause of jihad (holy struggle). In 637 Uthman was recalled from Bahrayn by Umar and reappointed to Ta'if, likely as a consequence of his unilateral launch of naval raids against India. He was restored to Bahrayn in 638 in the aftermath of an abortive naval raid by al-Ala against the Sasanian province of Fars, which ended in heavy Arab losses. In 638–639 Uthman led in person a major assault along the coast of Fars. His brother al-Hakam accompanied him, while he left al-Mughira to oversee administrative affairs in Bahrayn as his deputy. In 639 or 640, Uthman and al-Hakam captured and garrisoned Arab troops in the Fars town of Tawwaj near the Persian Gulf coast, southwest of modern Shiraz. In 641 Uthman established his permanent headquarters at Tawwaj, which he fortified. From Tawwaj in the same year, he captured the city of Reishahr and killed the Sasanian governor of Fars, Shahruk. By 642 Uthman subjugated the cities of Jarreh, Kazerun and al-Nubindjan. About 643, Uthman's forces were joined by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, the Muslim governor of Basra, who had been fighting against the Sasanians on the Iraqi front. Uthman retained overall command and together, they conquered Arrajan and the area of Shiraz, while Uthman conquered the city of Darabjird further east without Abu Musa. These conquests occurred between 643 and 644. Umar died in the latter year and was succeeded by Uthman ibn Affan, who retained Uthman in his post for about six more years. Uthman was unable to capture the Sasanian strongholds of Istakhr and Jur (Firuzabad) in mountainous central Fars, which were conquered in 649 by the Muslim governor of Basra, Abd Allah ibn Amir. In that year, Ibn Amir was given supreme command over the armies of Uthman and Abu Musa in Iran. ## Later life, death and legacy Uthman was dismissed by the caliph and retired to Basra after 650. In February 650 he was granted by the caliph a large estate near the city, in al-Ubulla (Apologos) along the Euphrates river, from which he bestowed plots to each of his brothers to build on. The canal dug on the estate was called Shatt Uthman after him. Uthman died in Basra in 671, 672 or 675. The prominent Islamic theologian and scholar al-Hasan al-Basri transmitted hadiths (traditions of Muhammad) from Uthman during his time in Basra. From a total of twenty-nine hadiths reportedly transmitted by Uthman, three have been recorded in the Sahih Muslim and the remainder in various hadith volumes. A granddaughter of Uthman, Umm Muhammad bint Abd Allah ibn Uthman, was married to the general and governor of Khurasan, Salm ibn Ziyad. During Salm's expedition in 681, she became known as the first Arab woman to cross the Oxus river into Transoxiana.	[ "## Early life and governorship of Ta'if", "## Governor of Bahrayn and Oman", "## Later life, death and legacy" ]	1,843	21,026
2,930,147	(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour	1,172,426,321	2000 concert tour by Britney Spears	[ "2000 concert tours", "Britney Spears concert tours", "Concert tours of North America", "Concert tours of the United States" ]	The (You Drive Me) Crazy Tour (also known as Crazy 2k Tour) was the second concert tour by American entertainer Britney Spears, launched in support of her first and second studio albums, ...Baby One More Time (1999) and Oops!... I Did It Again (2000). The tour was designed as a continuation of the ...Baby One More Time Tour (1999) and a prelude to the Oops!... I Did It Again Tour (2000). It was sponsored by Got Milk? and Polaroid. The tour was divided into various segments, with each segment being followed by an interlude to the next segment, and it ended with an encore. The set list consisted of nine songs, seven from ...Baby One More Time and two from Oops!... I Did It Again, her then-upcoming album. During the tour, Spears was accused of lip synching, although she denied these claims. The show was recorded and broadcast on Fox, and a DVD entitled Britney Spears: Live and More! was released in November 2000. ## Background and development On December 17, 1999, during the premiere of the music video for "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" on Total Request Live, Spears called the show to announce March US tour dates. The tour was designed as a continuation of the ...Baby One More Time Tour and a prelude to her future world tour. The leg's main sponsor was Got Milk?. Media director Peter Gardiner explained, "Britney is magic with teen-age girls, and that's an absolutely crucial target for milk". Spears shot an advertising campaign to be shown before her performances began. The secondary sponsor was Polaroid and the corporation released the Polaroid I-Zone as the official camera of the tour. Spears also used the I-Zone onstage to take pictures of the audience and further promote the product. The stage of the (You Drive Me) Crazy Tour was similar to that of the ...Baby One More Time Tour, although much bigger. There were many special effects, including smoke machines and fireworks that erupted during the show. There was a giant projection screen that resembled the magical mirror from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Also present was a mechanical magic carpet in which Spears sat and flew over the first 100 feet above the crowd. Spears, who had five costumes changes during the show, was joined on stage by eight dancers. The setlist consisted of nine songs, seven from her debut album and two songs from her then-upcoming album, Oops!... I Did It Again (2000). ## Concert synopsis The show opened with a skit in which the dancers came out of lockers and stayed in the stage until a bell rang. They all sat until a female teacher voice started calling their names. After the teacher called Spears, she emerged at the top of the staircase in a cloud of smoke, wearing a top and white stretch pants, to perform a short dance mix of "...Baby One More Time". She then entered one of the lockers and appeared in another one on the opposite side of the stage to perform "(You Drive Me) Crazy". Spears briefly talked to the audience, the segment continued with performances of "Born to Make You Happy" and "I Will Be There". After a dance interlude, Spears appeared onstage sitting on the magic carpet and flew over the audience while singing "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know". When she returned to the stage, she performed another song from her upcoming album, "Oops!... I Did It Again". Spears addressed the audience again before the "Who is the Ultimate Heartbreaker?" interlude, in which her dancers picked a boy from the audience and invited him onstage. Spears took to the stage again wearing a jacket and dedicated the performance of "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" to the boy. She took off her jacket to reveal a pair of black pants that featured a sequined red heart in the back and performed "The Beat Goes On". After two interludes that presented her dancers and band, Spears appeared onstage to perform "Sometimes". The encore consisted of a dance-oriented performance of "...Baby One More Time". ## Critical response Jae-Ha Kim of the Chicago Sun-Times said that Spears "showed why she has got a leg up on blonder competitors such as Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson and Mandy Moore. Aguilera may have a better voice (and a Grammy to validate it), but Spears has that 'it' factor that worked for pinup queens of the past, such as Farrah Fawcett". Adam Graham of Central Michigan Life commented that "although the show was only about 10 songs long and the authenticity of her voice was in question throughout, it was really truly hard to walk away feeling anything but completely gratified". Dave Tianen of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel believed that the show "was energetic, good-humored, fast-paced and bright". During the tour, accusations of lip synching arose. Spears talked to Rolling Stone about the accusations, saying, > "There's a delay in the screen above me, so if you listen to the music and watch the screen, they don't sync up. I think that confuses people. But I'm singing every song. I'm singing my ass off. [...] There are times during the show, when I'm dancing so much, where I get out of breath, and we have a signal where I'm dying and they'll help me out. Believe me, I'd give anything to do a show where I just sit there and sing". ## Broadcasts and recordings On April 24, 2000, the concert at Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu, Hawaii was taped. On June 5, 2000, it was broadcast in a special in Fox. On November 21, 2000, Jive Records released the Britney Spears: Live and More! DVD, which included the Fox special. It was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of 300,000 copies in DVD units. ## Supporting acts - LFO (North America) (select venues) - Destiny's Child (Hawaii) ## Set list The following set list is from the show on March 14, 2000, in Auburn Hills, Michigan. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour. 1. "(You Drive Me) Crazy" 2. "Born to Make You Happy" 3. "I Will Be There" 4. "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know" 5. "Oops!... I Did It Again" 6. "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" 7. "The Beat Goes On" 8. "Sometimes" Encore 1. <li value=9> "...Baby One More Time" ## Tour dates ## Cancelled shows ## Box office score data	[ "## Background and development", "## Concert synopsis", "## Critical response", "## Broadcasts and recordings", "## Supporting acts", "## Set list", "## Tour dates", "## Cancelled shows", "## Box office score data" ]	1,416	12,730
42,451,872	Solar 2	1,169,505,127	2011 open world sandbox video game	[ "2011 video games", "Android (operating system) games", "IOS games", "Indie games", "Linux games", "MacOS games", "Microsoft XNA games", "Open-world video games", "Single-player video games", "Video game sequels", "Video games developed in Australia", "Windows games", "Xbox 360 Live Indie games" ]	Solar 2 is an open world sandbox video game developed by Australian developer Jay Watts' video game studio, Murudai. It was released on 17 June 2011 on Steam for Microsoft Windows and on 19 June 2011 on Xbox Live Indie Games for the Xbox 360. The game was developed with Microsoft's XNA tools, and its development was inspired by indie games such as flOw. The game follows the player in their mission to accumulate enough mass to become several astronomical objects, eventually becoming a Big Crunch, which then produces a Big Bang. The game is a sequel to Solar (2009), and features most of the same key gameplay elements of its predecessor, expanded and polished considerably. It was developed over ten months and includes a score composed by sound designer and musician JP Neufeld. Solar 2 received mainly positive reviews from video game journalists, scoring 72 out of 100 on aggregate website Metacritic. It was awarded the first prize at the 2011 Microsoft Dream Build Play competition, and was among the video games showcased at the 10th Penny Arcade Expo. ## Gameplay Solar 2 is an open world sandbox video game played from a two-dimensional perspective. The player is given an asteroid, and their main mission is to accumulate enough mass to become several astronomical objects. The game ends when and if the player manages to accumulate enough mass to become a Big Crunch, which then produces a Big Bang. However, the player is free to not finish the game, and is able to stay at the form of the object of their preference. Eight different objects are available in the game: asteroid, small planet, life planet, small star, medium star, large star, neutron star and black hole. The game takes place in a borderless and randomly generated universe, filled with asteroids, planets, stars and planetary systems. Life forms are also present in the game. They appear on planets sufficiently big to store life, and are represented by a variety of ships of different size and attack power. Spaceships are coloured green if they belong to the player's planet, or to a planet that belongs to the player's planetary system; red if they belong to an enemy planet or planetary system; and white if they don't belong to any planet or system. All the spaceships in the map are controlled by the game's artificial intelligence (AI), and they will constantly engage in combat against enemy ships, asteroids or planets to destroy them. At the beginning of the game, the player accumulates mass by colliding their asteroid against other asteroids until enough mass has been gathered to become a small planet. From there, the player has to absorb other asteroids to make their planet grow enough to become a life planet; crashing against other objects will decrease the player's mass. At this point, life forms will evolve in the planet, creating spaceships, planetary shields and cannons. If the player wishes, they can accumulate more mass until their planet becomes a star. Life forms will disappear, but the player is able to attract planets to form a planetary system, further grow the star by absorbing other planets, or a combination of both. The player can also create multi-star systems by selecting planets from their system and make them absorb asteroids until they become another star. Growing the star will increase its gravitational force, which increases the number of planets the planetary system can have. They are also able to attract planetary systems composed of stars with lower mass than that of the player, or being attracted to stars with bigger mass. If both stars collide, they will be reduced to a lesser size within the same type of object. For example, if the player controls a small star and collides against a medium star, the player will be disintegrated while the AI-controlled star will be reduced to a small star. Being reduced from a small star to a life planet is not possible, as well as being reduced from a small planet to an asteroid. In these cases, the player is respawned, with random mass, close to the place where they collided. Solar 2 also includes a variety of achievements and object-oriented missions that can be played at any time. Missions can be found following the directional arrows in the interface, and the AI keeps track of which missions the player has finished. The game also keeps record of several accomplishments the player has reached, such as the distance travelled, the number of objects and enemies destroyed by the player or the spaceships belonging to the player. Solar 2 allows the player to save progress at any point. A "save system" feature is also present; it allows the player to save specific configurations of stars and planets that the player has created. The player can respawn from them at any time. ## Development Solar 2 was developed by Jay Watts under his video game studio Murudai. Watts, who received a degree in biotechnology from an Australian college, had no previous knowledge of video game development prior to coding Solar 2's predecessor, Solar, for the Xbox 360. Development of Solar started in July 2008 as a Flash game. Many of the key gameplay elements featured in the sequel, such as the infinite sandbox, were envisioned during this timespan. In an interview with FleshEatingZipper, Watts revealed that Thatgamecompany's indie game flOw was an inspiration for him: "I loved the simplicity of the game and the ambiance." Solar, released in 2009, became a commercial success; it sold 30,000 copies and allowed Watts to work full-time on its sequel. Development of Solar 2 lasted for at least ten months. The game was developed using Microsoft XNA, a set of tools focused on video game development created by Microsoft. According to Watts, Solar 2 was "mainly expanding on [Solar's] original idea and polishing it to perfection." However, he commented that the concept of both games took several design iterations to reach its final version: "I played with many, many ideas before finally settling on what I have now." Sound designer and musician JP Neufeld composed the game's score. According to Watts, this was done because there was "no way I could do music as good as he can." Both the Windows and Xbox 360 versions of the game were developed simultaneously. About the Xbox 360 version, Watts commented that "the lack of keyboards and the aging Xbox 360 hardware were a bit tricky, and updating the Xbox version is a huge pain to do." ## Release Solar 2 was released on 17 June 2011 on Steam for Microsoft Windows and on 19 June 2011 on Xbox Live Indie Games for the Xbox 360. In July 2012, Watts announced that he was working on Mac OS X and Linux versions of the game. However, given that the original game was developed using the Windows-only XNA platform, he expected the ports to be ready sometime before the end of the year. In October 2012, the Mac port was announced and released on Steam. The iPad version of the game was released in March 2013. An Android version was also made available in March 2013. ## Reception Solar 2 received a positive response from video game journalists upon release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the game received an average score of 72 based on 8 reviews. Most critics praised the physics-based gameplay and soundtrack, but criticized the exceedingly difficult missions and somewhat repetitive gameplay. However, the game won the US\$20,000 first prize at the 2011 Microsoft Dream Build Play competition, and became a finalist at the 2011 IndieCade festival. Solar 2 was also among the ten indie video games showcased at the 10th Penny Arcade Expo, held in August 2011. IGN's Gord Goble criticized the difficulty of the missions but praised the game's soundtrack, which he called a combination of "new age-meets-Alan Parsons Project-meets-Pink Floyd-meets-2001: A Space Odyssey audioscape." He also highlighted several features he would have liked to see in the game, such as a more complex universe to explore and the ability to control the life forms in the planets controlled by the player. Graham Smith from PC Gamer was also critical of the missions' difficulty, although concluded that it was "a good price for a universe." GamePro's Nate Ralph mentioned the life forms as the only negative aspect of the game. The iPad and Android versions of Solar 2 were also well received. App Spy's Andrew Nesvadba, on his review of the iPad version of the game, highlighted the overall sense that "nothing about the game feels like a waste of time or effort," but criticized the lack of control over the life forms. Meanwhile, Andrew Martonik from Android Central acknowledged that Solar 2 had all the elements necessary for a great game.	[ "## Gameplay", "## Development", "## Release", "## Reception" ]	1,806	10,757
10,755,286	St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford	1,163,893,993	null	[ "12th-century church buildings in England", "Anglo-Catholic church buildings in Oxfordshire", "Anglo-Catholic churches in England receiving AEO", "Church of England church buildings in Oxford", "English churches dedicated to St Thomas Becket", "Grade II listed buildings in Oxford", "Grade II listed churches in Oxfordshire", "Thomas Becket" ]	St Thomas the Martyr Church is a Church of England parish church of the Anglo-Catholic tradition, in Oxford, England, near Oxford railway station in Osney. It is located between Becket Street to the west and Hollybush Row to the east, with St Thomas Street opposite. ## Overview The church was founded in the 12th century, dedicated to St Thomas Becket. The building still retains some of its original architecture, although substantial expansions and repairs have been made, particularly in the 17th century (under the curacy of Robert Burton) and in the 19th century. The church played a significant role in the early stages of the Oxford Movement, being the site of daily services as well as such ritualist practices as altar candles and the wearing of Eucharistic vestments. The leaders of the Movement preached at the church, and the early Tractarians were closely associated with St Thomas's. ## History ### To the Restoration It has traditionally been held in Osney that the church was founded in the reign of Stephen, but this is unlikely to be true, as Thomas Becket was not martyred until some fifteen years after Stephen's death. It is known that in the 1180s, the site was granted to the canons of the nearby Osney Abbey, and a chapel was erected on the site around 1190. From the mid-13th century the Osney area was referred to as the parish of St Thomas', but it remained nominally a chapel of the abbey until the dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII, when it was placed under Christ Church, Oxford. Christ Church treated it as a conventional parish church with a curate, and from the mid-19th century the incumbent was styled a vicar. After the curacy was placed under the patronage of Christ Church, the incumbents were mostly scholars or members of the college; from 1616 to 1640 the curacy was held by Robert Burton, author of The Anatomy of Melancholy, who enlarged the church. In the English Civil War the medieval stained glass in the church was destroyed, partly due to the vandalism of Parliamentarian troops captured at Cirencester in 1642 and imprisoned in the church. Following the Restoration the holders of the curacy changed rapidly, often remaining in the position for only a few years at a time. From at least 1713 Christ Church leased a house in High Street to parish trustees and the profits were used for repairing the church. This continued until 1923, when the house was sold. ### 19th and 20th centuries By the early 19th century, the church and its parish were showing signs of neglect. In 1802 only ten communicants are recorded, and in 1814 some 90% of the parish was thought to be non-churchgoing. The parish was further reduced by the creation of the parishes of St Paul's in 1837, St Barnabas' in 1869, and St Frideswide's in 1873. The curate from 1823 to 1842, one John Jones, brought a significant turnaround in attendance; perhaps the most unusual innovation was a houseboat – the "Boatmans' Floating Chapel" – acquired in 1839, for use as a chapel serving the families working on the river and the Oxford Canal. This boat was St Thomas' first chapel of ease; it was donated by H. Ward, a local coal merchant, and used until it sank in 1868. It was replaced by a chapel dedicated to St Nicholas that remained in use until 1892. A second chapel was built in 1860, dedicated to St Frideswide, later replaced by the new parish church of St Frideswide's, which took on the parish of New Osney in 1873. Major repairs were carried out beginning in 1825. The floor-level was raised above flood-level, a full three feet. The roof was rebuilt, the south wall was rebuilt using the original materials, and the main features of the 12th-century chancel arch were discarded. The vicar from 1842 to 1892 was Thomas Chamberlain (later founder of St Edward's School), a firm believer in the Tractarian movement, who introduced daily services as well as such ritualist practices as altar candles and the wearing of Eucharistic vestments – the latter causing him to be rebuked by Bishop Wilberforce in 1855. Many of the leaders of the Oxford Movement, including Edward Bouverie Pusey, Henry Parry Liddon, John Mason Neale, Charles Fuge Lowder and Edward King preached at the church. In the early days of the movement, Anglo-Catholicism was closely associated with St Thomas'. In 1847 Chamberlain founded the Community of St Thomas Martyr, which was devoted to the assistance of the poor of the parish, by now heavily slumland; this sisterhood remained active until 1958. The convent buildings for it were built in 1886, but have since been demolished. In 1846 the north aisle and vestry were demolished and a new aisle of five bays with a vestry at its west end was built in its place. The blocked tower arch and two blocked windows in the chancel were opened and a new chancel arch was built. The vicar from 1896 to 1908 was T.H. Birley, later Bishop of Zanzibar. In 1897 the building was again re-roofed and a vestry built against the north wall of the tower. St Thomas' was declared an ancient parish in 1948. ### Present day In September 2015 the parish was united with the neighbouring parish of St Barnabas, Oxford, to form the new parish of St Barnabas and St Paul, with St Thomas the Martyr, Oxford. St Barnabas is the parish church and St Thomas is the chapel of ease. The first vicar of the new parish was Fr Jonathan Beswick. In 2019, he was succeeded by Fr Christopher Woods. ## Architecture The church has a nave with a north aisle and vestry, a Perpendicular Gothic west tower, a chancel and a south porch. The nave was rebuilt in the late 15th or early 16th century to meet a tower of approximately the same age; it is often dated to 1521, but appears to be built on older foundations. The southern side of the nave contains what are probably thirteenth-century buttresses and a pair of Perpendicular Gothic windows. The north aisle was originally built in the 13th century, and rebuilt by H.J. Underwood in 1890; the vestry was built in the 17th century and rebuilt in 1846 to designs by Chamberlain, through the generosity of the curate, Alexander Penrose Forbes. The church has been reroofed at least twice, in 1825 and 1897. The chancel, which has a ceiling decorated by C. E. Kempe, has three windows in the style of the late 12th century, and a priest's door built into the south side circa 1250. A south porch was built in 1621 at the behest of Dr Robert Burton, whose arms are carved in the gable above the date. A candelabrum given by Ann Kendall in 1705 hangs in the chancel. The chancel ceiling was decorated with a pattern of gold stars on a blue background in 1914. Two years later, an altar was erected at the east end of the north aisle, and an aumbry placed in the north wall of the chancel. The royal arms of William IV are displayed in the tower. St Thomas' church has been a Grade II listed building since 1954. The churchyard contains Combe House, a 1702 building originally built as a school, as well as a vicarage designed in 1893 by C. C. Rolfe. The remains of an earlier Rolfe building, the 1886 Sisterhood of St Thomas, are also present; in 1974, these amounted to a single cottage and a sculptured brick gateway. The pulpit was carved by James Rogers (1849–1931) in memory of his father, Thomas Rogers (1804–55), one-time Keeper of the Oxford County Hall. James Rogers also carved many of the pew ends and, possibly, the misericords in the choir stalls.	[ "## Overview", "## History", "### To the Restoration", "### 19th and 20th centuries", "### Present day", "## Architecture" ]	1,762	17,732
19,571,698	Colin Windon	1,141,472,355	null	[ "1921 births", "2003 deaths", "Australia international rugby union players", "Australian military personnel of World War II", "Australian rugby union captains", "Australian rugby union players", "Australian soldiers", "People educated at Sydney Grammar School", "Rugby union flankers", "Rugby union players from Sydney" ]	Colin "Col" Windon, (8 November 1921 – 3 December 2003) was a rugby union player and soldier who captained Australia – the Wallabies – in two Test matches in 1951. By age 18 Windon was playing at flanker for his club Randwick in Sydney's Shute Shield. After serving with the Second Australian Imperial Force in the Pacific Theatre during the Second World War, Windon resumed his rugby career in 1946. He was first selected for Australia for their tour of New Zealand that year. Despite the Wallabies losing both their Tests on tour, Windon impressed with his play. In 1947 Windon was selected for Australia's tour of Europe and North America where he played 27 of his side's 36 matches. He played all five Tests on tour, against Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England and France. In the match against England, which Australia won 11–0 after a dominant display from Windon that included two tries. He was appointed vice-captain for the Wallabies 1949 tour of New Zealand, where Australia won both Test matches to win the Bledisloe Cup in New Zealand for the first time. He captained his country in two matches against the touring New Zealanders in 1951. Windon's career ended after an injury interrupted tour to South Africa in 1953. His eleven Test tries was the most by an Australian until the 1980s, and he was named in Australian rugby's team of the century in 1999. In 2005 he was honoured as one of the inaugural five inductees into the Australian Rugby Union Hall of Fame, and in 2013 was named as an inaugural inductee in Inside Rugby'''s Invincibles. ## Early life and sporting family Windon attended Randwick Public School before Sydney Grammar where he was a mediocre rugby player, and never progressed beyond the lower grades. He showed promise as a young cricketer and from Grammar was selected in a Combined Schoolboys representative cricket side. Colin's father Stan was a foundation member of the Coogee Surf Life Saving Club and played rugby with the Randwick club in Sydney. Both Colin and his brother Keith inherited their father's love of rugby; Keith played as a flanker for Australia between 1936 and 1946, with his career interrupted by the Second World War. According to author Max Howell, Keith was a "football genius", and was a star during the 1937 South African tour of Australia. It was after watching his brother play for Australia in 1937 that Colin decided he too wanted to play for Australia; at the time Colin was struggling in school rugby, and his father said to him "Son, I don't think you will ever play for Australia". Keith was on the ill-fated 1939 Wallaby tour to England; the team docked at Plymouth, but the next day war was declared and they returned to Australia without playing a game. Keith did manage to briefly resume his career after the war, touring to New Zealand with the 1946 Wallabies, but he was diagnosed with gout while on tour and was forced to retire. ## Club rugby and playing style Col Windon joined Randwick in 1938 at the age of 17, and started playing in the fourth grade. He had progressed to first grade when aged 18, and went on to play 98 first grade matches with the club. Windon played at flanker or "breakaway", and earned the knick-name "Breeze" because, according to former Wallaby Max Howell "he ran like the wind". In an obituary of Windon, he was described as "not only a rugged, hard-tackling breakaway, he was a speedy, elusive runner with a gift for scoring tries". According to Max Howell Windon claimed his best coach was his brother Keith. In order to analyse opponents, he would look up from the scrum before the ball was fed. ## War service Enlisting in the Second Australian Imperial Force on 18 December 1941 after basic training in Dubbo, Windon was posted to the 2/3 Infantry Battalion, 6th Division, He saw service in the Owen Stanley Ranges in Papua New Guinea where he contracted malaria, and after convalescence in the Atherton Tablelands he returned to New Guinea. He recovered to see action Aitape-Wewak campaign in 1945. Windon was a runner, and would weave and "zig-zag" to avoid enemy fire. He was discharged from the Army on 13 August 1946. ## Representative rugby career Col Windon made his debut for Australia on their 1946 tour of New Zealand. His brother Keith was in the side (the only player in the squad that had toured New Zealand previously) which was captained by Bill McLean. Col Windon played nine of Australia's twelve matches on tour, and played both test matches against New Zealand. The first test was played in Dunedin, where New Zealand won 31–8. Despite the loss, the New Zealand Rugby Almanack described Windon as "the outstanding forward on either side". The second test was a much tighter affair; played at Auckland, New Zealand scored only one try to win 14–10, but according to rugby writer Winston McCarthy, it was "only [New Zealand fullback] Bob Scott's boot that prevented them [Australia] from winning". The following year New Zealand reciprocated and toured Australia. Windon played twice for the New South Wales Waratahs against the touring All Blacks, and in one of the two test matches. The tour was treated as a trial for Australia's 1947–48 tour of Europe and North America that commenced later that year. Windon played 27 matches on the 36-match tour, and in all five test matches: against Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England and France. The Wallabies did not concede a try in any of their four Home Nations matches. Windon scored eight tries to be the fourth highest try scorer on tour behind three-quarters John MacBride, Charlie Eastes and Trevor Allan. He debuted as Australian captain in tour matches against Aberdeen and Leicester. In the Test against England at Twickenham he dominated the match – journalist Phil Tressider said: "I saw him [Windon] single-handedly destroy England". Windon scored two tries in the first half, with the second coming after England fly-half Tommy Kemp spilled the ball which Windon collected before running 45 metres (148 ft) to score. The try was converted to give Australia an unassailable lead., and they went on to win 11–0. In 1949 a New Zealand Māori side toured Australia where they played three Test matches. The tour was organised by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU) after Māori players were excluded from the All Blacks' 1949 tour to apartheid South Africa. Windon appeared in all three Tests, as well as playing for New South Wales against the tourists. He scored a try in all three Tests; the first was won by the Maori, the second a draw, and the third won by Australia. Later that year Windon he was selected as vice-captain to Trevor Allan for a tour of New Zealand. The 12-match tour included two Tests against the All Blacks. The series against New Zealand, for the Bledisloe Cup, was considered a consolation for the Maori players after the "guilt" of the NZRFU for not selecting them for the All Black tour of South Africa that was occurring at the same time. Windon played in ten tour matches, scored eight tries, and captained his side against Manawatu-Horowhenua. The Wallabies defeated the All Blacks in the two-Test series, winning the first 6–11 and the second 9–16. Windon scored in both matches, and despite the weakened opposition made history as part of the first Australian team to win the Bledisole Cup on New Zealand soil. Windon's next Test was against the All Blacks when they reciprocated with a tour of Australia in 1951. Keith Winning captained the Wallabies in the first Test of the series, but broke his jaw in an Australian XV match. He was replaced as captain by Windon for the second and third Tests – Windon's only Tests as captain. All three Tests were lost, and New Zealand went undefeated on tour. It was during this series that Windon got engaged, and celebrated by inviting the entire New Zealand side to his house. In 1952 he was selected for the domestic series against Fiji and later that year again toured New Zealand with the Wallabies. He played in nine of Australia's ten tour matches in New Zealand. The Wallabies lost only two of their matches, a game against Southland, and their second Test against the All Blacks. In the first Test Windon harassed the New Zealand fly-half with his aggressive defence, and pounced on a loose ball to score a try after the ball was dropped following a mistimed All Blacks' back-line move. The New Zealanders adjusted to Australia's tactics to win the second Test 15–8, but Windon did get the consolation of another try. Windon's last tour was to South Africa in 1953, but he never fully recovered from an injury suffered prior to the tour, and only made six appearances. He announced his retirement immediately following the tour. Early in his retirement he coached his club Randwick from 1954 to 1957. ## Records and accolades Following a tour of New Zealand, in 1946 he was selected by the New Zealand Rugby Almanac as one of its five players of the year. The magazine Sporting Life picked him in its All Australian team in five years 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951 and 1952. After being named in Australian rugby's team of the century in 1999, he was given a plaque on the Sydney Cricket Ground's Walk of Honour. In 2005 he was honoured as one of the inaugural five inductees into the Australian Rugby Union Hall of Fame, and in 2013 was named as an inaugural inductee in Inside Rugby'''s Invincibles. For over thirty years Windon was Australia's leading Test try-scorer with 11, until his record was overtaken by winger Brendan Moon in the 1980s. Upon his induction Australian Rugby Union President Paul McLean referred to Windon as "an electrifying talent and a try scoring machine". His 1947 Wallaby tour teammate Sir Nicholas Shehadie described him as follows: "As back-row forwards go, he was the very best. A try-scoring machine, a superb attacker and with the speed of a three-quarter, the man they nicknamed 'Breeze' was simply peerless in supporting play". ## Personal life Windon married Judy Macdonald in 1954, and the couple had three daughters Julie, Fiona and Kate. He lived nearly all his life near Randwick, and was eventually elected to the city council's Sporting Hall of Fame. He supported the sporting pursuits of his children and later his grandchildren. He died of cancer in 2003 just short of his 82nd birthday. ## See also - Australia rugby union captains	[ "## Early life and sporting family", "## Club rugby and playing style", "## War service", "## Representative rugby career", "## Records and accolades", "## Personal life", "## See also" ]	2,347	19,421
27,641,920	Persoonia levis	1,172,668,602	Shrub in the family Proteaceae native to New South Wales and Victoria in eastern Australia	[ "Flora of New South Wales", "Flora of Victoria (state)", "Persoonia", "Plants described in 1798", "Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles" ]	Persoonia levis, commonly known as the broad-leaved geebung, is a shrub native to New South Wales and Victoria in eastern Australia. It reaches 5 m (16 ft) in height and has dark grey papery bark and bright green asymmetrical sickle-shaped leaves up to 14 cm (5.5 in) long and 8 cm (3.2 in) wide. The small yellow flowers appear in summer and autumn (December to April), followed by small green fleshy fruit, which are classified as drupes. Within the genus Persoonia, it is a member of the Lanceolata group of 58 closely related species. P. levis interbreeds with several other species where they grow together. Found in dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone-based nutrient-deficient soils, P. levis is adapted to a fire-prone environment; the plants resprout epicormic buds from beneath their thick bark after bushfires, and can live for over 60 years. Regeneration also takes place after fire by a ground-stored seed bank. The longtongue bee Leioproctus carinatifrons is a pollinator of the flowers, and the fruit are consumed by vertebrates such as kangaroos, possums and currawongs. Despite its horticultural appeal, P. levis is rare in cultivation as it is very hard to propagate, either by seed or cuttings. ## Description Persoonia levis grows as a tall shrub to small tree, and can reach 5 m (16 ft) in height. The flaky soft bark is dark grey on the surface, while deeper layers are reddish in colour. Within the bark are epicormic buds, which sprout new growth after bushfire. The new growth is smooth to slightly hairy. The large green leaves measure 6 to 14 cm (2.2–5.5 in) in length, and 1.3 to 8 cm (0.5–3.2 in) in width, and are oblong or sickle-shaped (falcate). The asymmetrical shape helps distinguish the species from P. lanceolata. The bright green foliage, particularly of new growth, stands out against the more subdued tones of the surrounding vegetation and the stems, which are reddish in colour. The yellow flowers appear in summer and autumn (December to April), and peak over December to February. They are arranged on short axillary racemes along the branchlets. Each individual flower consists of a cylindrical perianth, consisting of tepals fused for most of their length, within which are both male and female parts. The central style is surrounded by the anther, which splits into four segments; these curl back and resemble a cross when viewed from above. They provide a landing area for insects attending to the stigma, which is located at the tip of the style. The smooth fleshy fruit, known as a drupe, is green and more or less round, measuring 1 cm (0.4 in) by 0.8 cm (0.3 in) in diameter. It contains two seeds, and has a spike at the end. The drupe is juicy but stringy when unripe, and the seeds and skin are inedible. ## Taxonomy and classification Persoonia levis was first collected at Botany Bay in April 1770, by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, naturalists on the British vessel HMS Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Solander coined the (unpublished) binomial name Loranthoides latifolius in Banks' Florilegium. It was formally described and given the name Linkia levis by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1798. His description was based on plant material collected by Luis Née in the vicinity of Port Jackson (Sydney) in April 1793 during the Malaspina Expedition. The species was placed in the genus Persoonia by Karel Domin in 1921. The genus names Linkia and Persoonia had been coined in 1798, but the latter was officially conserved. The species name is the Latin adjective levis, meaning "smooth", and refers to the hairless foliage. Christiaan Hendrik Persoon coined the name Persoonia salicina for it in his 1805 work Synopsis Plantarum, and queried whether Cavanilles' Linkia levis was in fact P. lanceolata. Robert Brown used Persoon's name in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, and echoed Persoon's thoughts on Cavanilles' original name and specimen. In the 1995 Flora of Australia revision of the genus, Peter Weston reviewed the mounted material of Linkia levis, and found that Cavanilles had mounted material from both P. levis and P. lanceolata. He set one specimen of the three, which was clearly P. levis, as the lectotype, which aligned the material with the description. Common names include broad-leaved geebung, willow geebung and smooth geebung. The term geebung is derived from the Dharug language word geebung. Like most other members of the genus, Persoonia levis has seven chromosomes that are large compared to those of other Proteaceae. In 1870, George Bentham published the first infrageneric arrangement of Persoonia in Volume 5 of his landmark Flora Australiensis. He divided the genus into three sections, placing P. levis (which he called P. salicina) in P. sect. Amblyanthera. The 1995 Flora of Australia revision of the genus saw it classified in the Lanceolata group, a group of 58 closely related species with similar flowers but very different foliage. These species will often interbreed with each other where two members of the group occur, and hybrids with P. acerosa, P. lanceolata, P. linearis, P. mollis subsp. ledifolia, P. myrtilloides subsp. myrtilloides (in the Upper Blue Mountains, these plants resemble P. lanceolata), P. oxycoccoides, and P. stradbrokensis have been recorded. Robert Brown initially described the hybrid with P. linearis as a species "Persoonia lucida", which is now known as Persoonia × lucida, and has been recorded from the southeast forests of the New South Wales south coast. ## Distribution and habitat Persoonia levis is found from the Macleay River catchment on the New South Wales mid north coast to the Cann River in far eastern Victoria. It is found in dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone-based nutrient-deficient soils, from sea level to an altitude of 1000 m (3500 ft). There it grows in sunny or lightly shaded areas in open woodland, associated with such trees as Eucalyptus piperita, E. sieberi, E. sclerophylla, E. radiata, E. smithii, Angophora costata and Corymbia gummifera, and shrubs such as Conospermum longifolium, Grevillea buxifolia, G. phylicoides, Hakea laevipes, Symphionema montanum and Telopea speciosissima, as well as Persoonia hirsuta and P. mollis. Coastal forms are smaller with broader leaves than inland forms. The annual rainfall of the area it occurs in the Sydney Basin is 900–1,400 mm (35–55 in). It is considered adequately protected in the Sydney region, and is found in Georges River, Cattai, Wollemi, Bouddi, Brisbane Water, Marramarra, Ku-ring-gai Chase, Garigal, Lane Cove, Sydney Harbour, Botany Bay and Budderoo National Parks. ## Ecology Persoonia levis is one of several species of Persoonia that regenerate by resprouting from the trunk after bushfire, an adaptation to the fire-prone habitat in which it grows. Its thick papery bark shields the underlying epicormic buds from the flames. Plants also regenerate by seedlings that arise from a seedbank in the soil after fire, although they may take up to 12 months to germinate. One study of sclerophyll forest unburnt for thirty years showed P. levis had declined over time. P. levis plants can live for over 60 years, and their leaves have a lifespan of up to 6 years. Vesicles indicating a mycorrhizal association have been found on the roots of Persoonia levis, the Proteaceae not previously noted for forming mycorrhizal associations. Infection by the fungal species Anthracostroma persooniae results in leaf spot disease. P. levis is the food plant of the larvae of the weevil species Eurhynchus laevior. Colletid bees of the genus Leioproctus subgenus Cladocerapis exclusively forage on and pollinate flowers of many species of Persoonia. Bees of subgenus Filiglossa in the same genus that also specialise in feeding on Persoonia flowers do not appear to be effective pollinators. Particular species recorded on P. levis include the longtongue bee Leioproctus carinatifrons. Weighing 1700 mg (0.60 oz), the fruit are adapted to be eaten by vertebrates, such as kangaroos and possums, as well as currawongs and other large birds. The flowers of P. levis are self-incompatible—that is, they are unable to fertilise themselves and require outcrossing to another plant. ## Cultivation Persoonia levis is rarely seen in cultivation, mainly because of difficulties in propagation; seed germination is unpredictable, and cuttings have been nearly impossible to strike. Nevertheless, its colourful bark and leaves are attractive horticultural features. Well-drained sandy soils in sun or part shade are needed for the plant in a garden situation. Once established, it tolerates moderate frosts and dry spells and grows fairly readily, albeit slowly, in suitable conditions. Plantsmen in England germinated seed as early as 1795.	[ "## Description", "## Taxonomy and classification", "## Distribution and habitat", "## Ecology", "## Cultivation" ]	2,179	40,228
26,197,699	Rhein-class monitor	1,108,856,213	Imperial German Navy's Rhein class of ironclad riverine monitors	[ "Ironclad warships of the Imperial German Navy", "Riverine warfare", "Ships built in Bremen (state)" ]	The Rhein class of ironclad riverine monitors (Flußkanonenboote) were a pair of ships built by the German Imperial Navy in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War. The class comprised two ships, Rhein and Mosel; both were built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen, in 1872–1874. They were armed with a pair of 12 cm (4.7 in) bronze cannon in a revolving gun turret. The ships were intended to protect the German border with France in the event of a conflict, but had short service lives, as war did not come. They served briefly in the defenses of Coblenz, starting in 1875, before being withdrawn from service. The two ships were sold for scrap, apparently in December 1884. ## Design In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the Imperial German Navy decided that it needed to build river gunboats for service on the Rhine and Moselle to defend the German border. This decision came despite the Navy having seen the French Navy's negative experiences with similar gunboats during the war. The German Navy decided that two armored gunboats were necessary, and awarded the contract to AG Weser to design and build the vessels. The design staff based their work on a pair of Austro-Hungarian monitors, Leitha and Maros, that had been recently built for service on the Danube. ### Characteristics Rhein and Mosel were 47.85 meters (157.0 ft) long at the waterline and 49.60 m (162.7 ft) long overall, and had a beam of 7.85 m (25.8 ft). At cruising load, the monitors had a forward draft of .70 m (2 ft 4 in), an aft draft of 1.07 m (3 ft 6 in), and a maximum draft of 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in). Freeboard was .60 m (2 ft 0 in) forward and .75 m (2 ft 6 in) aft. The ships were designed to partially flood for combat, which would submerge the hull so only the upper casemate and gun turret would be above water. This reduced the freeboard to .05 m (2.0 in) and .20 m (7.9 in), respectively. The ships had a designed displacement of 200 metric tons (200 long tons; 220 short tons), and at full load they displaced 283 t (279 long tons; 312 short tons). The hulls were constructed with transverse iron frames. The ships had a crew of one officer and twenty-two enlisted men, and both carried a single boat. The ships were powered by two horizontal 2-cylinder single-expansion steam engines; these drove a pair of 3-bladed screws .95 m (3 ft 1 in) on diameter. The engines were placed in a single engine room. Two locomotive boilers with two fireboxes apiece supplied steam to the engines; they were located in a separate boiler room. The engines were rated at 320 indicated horsepower (240 kW) and a top speed of 6.5 knots (12.0 km/h; 7.5 mph). In service, they were capable of 48 nominal horsepower and 8.25 kn (15.28 km/h; 9.49 mph). The ships maneuvered slowly and turned poorly, especially steaming downstream. They did not handle well upstream either, particularly in turning against the current. Handling while the ships were flooded for combat was especially dangerous. The ships were each armed with a pair of 12-centimeter (4.7 in) L/19 bronze cannon manufactured by Krupp; they were rifled, muzzle-loading guns, mounted in a single revolving gun turret placed on an armored casemate amidships. The guns fired a 36-pound shot, and were supplied with 300 rounds of ammunition. The ships were protected with a combination of wrought iron armor and teak. The turret sides were armored with 55 millimeters (2.2 in) of iron, backed with 150 to 200 mm (5.9 to 7.9 in) of teak; the roofs were 65 mm (2.6 in) thick. The conning tower had 40 mm (1.6 in) thick sides and a 16 mm (0.63 in) thick roof. The casemate was protected with 65 mm of armor plate on the sides. ## Service history The intention for Rhein and Mosel was to use them to defend the railway bridges on the Rhine in the event of a French war of revenge after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–1871. The ships were both built at the AG Weser dockyard in Bremen, under construction numbers 23 and 24, respectively. The Rhine Railway Company was compelled to contribute 300,000 Thalers to the construction of the ships, as they were intended to defend the railway bridges the company used at Rheinhausen. Both ships were laid down in 1872 and launched later that year; they were both commissioned into the Imperial Navy on 25 April 1874. They spent the first year of their career at Rheinhausen, and in April 1875 both vessels embarked on a test cruise to Strassburg. On 7 April, when they were transferred to the defenses of Coblenz. By the time the two monitors entered service, the prospect of a French attack had decreased, prompting the Navy to question the usefulness of retaining the vessels. As a result, they were quickly removed from service. The ultimate fate of the two ships is unclear; according to naval historian Erich Gröner, both ships were sold for 3,500 gold marks in December 1875. Robert Gardiner, however, states that the ships remained, out of service, until 1884, when they were sold for scrapping. The latter version would appear to be correct, as J.F. von Kronenfels published an elevation and deck plan of Rhein in 1881, with the inference that Rhein and Mosel were still extant at that time.	[ "## Design", "### Characteristics", "## Service history" ]	1,293	27,084
5,882,897	Manipuri Pony	1,171,160,209	Breed of horse	[ "Horse breeds", "Horse breeds originating in India", "Indian culture" ]	The Manipuri Pony (Meitei: Meitei Sagol; literally, "Meitei horse" or "Meitei pony") is a traditional Indian breed of small horse or pony from Assam and Manipur in north-eastern India. It appears both in the history and the mythology of Manipur, and was used for warfare and polo. It is believed to have been the polo pony in use in Assam in the mid-nineteenth century when British tea planters first saw polo being played, and the height limits set for polo ponies were based on ponies of this breed. It was very numerous in the early twentieth century, but numbers have since fallen. A breed society was established in 1977, and a breed standard was drawn up by the Indigenous Horse Society of India in 2009. ## History Small horses have been bred for centuries in the Manipuri area of north-eastern India. They were often used as warhorses, and were ridden by the Meitei warriors of Kangleipak (later called Manipur). Horses from Manipur were used by the cavalry of Ningthou Gharib Nawaz (Meitei: Pamheiba) in his wars against the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. When the game of polo was first observed by British tea planters in Assam, these are believed to have been the polo ponies that were being used. Some unsuccessful attempts were made to cross-breed the Manipuri polo ponies with Arab stock. The height of polo ponies was based on the average height of the Manipuri, and was at first restricted to 132 cm (13 hands), later relaxed to 136 cm (13 h); in 1916 the restriction was completely removed. At about this time the export of ponies from Manipur was banned in order to allow breed numbers to recover. Manipuri horses were used to transport British troops into Burma during the Second World War. In 1977 a breed society, the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association (MHRPA), was established. In recent years, breed numbers have decreased, and estimates place the breed at somewhere between 2300 and 1000 in population in the 21st century. Population numbers continue to dwindle in part due to high numbers of ponies being smuggled into Myanmar (Burma), where the breed is in demand, after either having been purchased or stolen from their Indian owners. In 2005, a heritage park was opened by the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association with the goal of preventing the extinction of the breed and promoting them to tourists. ## Characteristics The Manipuri Pony has a light head with a straight profile, set on a well-formed neck, somewhat pronounced withers, a deep chest and sloping shoulders. The croup is sloping, the legs sturdy and the hooves well-proportioned. The overall appearance is elegant. Manipuri ponies generally stand high. They are often bay in color, but can also be pinto, grey and chestnut. Because of the short height of the ponies, riders use shortened mallets while playing polo. The Manipuri pony resembles, and is distantly related to, the Burmese Pony and the Indonesian Batak and Sumba ponies. In 2007, a study was published that examined genetic variation among five Indian equine breeds—the Manipuri, Marwari, Spiti, Bhutia, and Zanskari. Based on analysis of microsatellite DNA, the Manipuri was found to have the greatest genetic distance from the Marwari, and a much closer genetic distance to the other three breeds. The distance from the Marwari was not only genetic, but seen in physical characteristics, particularly height and environmental adaptability. The physical differences were attributed to differing ancestries: the Marwari horse is closely associated with the Arabian, while the four other breeds are thought to have descended at least in part from the Tibetan pony. None of the breeds in the study were found to be closely genetically associated with the Thoroughbred. ## Uses Polo was introduced into the area of Manipur state as early as the seventh century, and Manipuri ponies were one of the first breeds used in the game. The British learned of polo during the nineteenth century while watching it played on Manipuri ponies in India. The breed is still used for polo today in India, but other breeds are more popular in Europe and America. Manipuri ponies are often also used to play sagol kangjei, a version of polo believed to be close to what was originally played when the sport was invented. Sagol kangjei is more demanding than modern polo, as ponies are used for the entire match instead of being changed between periods. Manipuri ponies are also used for racing. During their early history, they were in demand as cavalry horses, and men that rode these ponies were thought well-mounted. ## In popular culture - Daughters of the Polo God - Manipuri Pony (film) ## See also - Heingang Ching - Marjing - Marjing Polo Complex - Marjing Polo Statue	[ "## History", "## Characteristics", "## Uses", "## In popular culture", "## See also" ]	1,061	27,972
1,423,897	Independent Women's Forum	1,169,426,434	Conservative American non-profit organization focused on economic policy issues of concern to women	[ "1992 establishments in Washington, D.C.", "Conservative organizations in the United States", "Feminism and education", "Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.", "Political and economic think tanks in the United States", "Think tanks established in 1992", "Women's political advocacy groups in the United States" ]	The Independent Women's Forum (IWF) is an American conservative, non-profit organization focused on economic policy issues of concern to women. IWF was founded by activist Rosalie Silberman to promote a "conservative alternative to feminist tenets" following the controversial Supreme Court nomination of Clarence Thomas in 1992. IWF's sister organization is the Independent Women's Voice (IWV), a 501(c)(4) organization. The group advocates "equity feminism", a term first used by IWF author Christina Hoff Sommers to distinguish "traditional, classically liberal, humanistic feminism" from "gender feminism", as she discussed in Who Stole Feminism?, which she says opposes gender roles and patriarchy. According to Sommers, the gender feminist view is "the prevailing ideology among contemporary feminist philosophers and leaders", and "thrives on the myth that American women are the oppressed 'second sex.'" Sommers' equity feminism has been described as anti-feminist by critics. ## Origin and history Founded in 1992 by Rosalie Silberman, Anita K. Blair, and Barbara Olson, the IWF grew out of the ad hoc group "Women for Judge Thomas," created to reinforce Clarence Thomas against allegations of sexual harassment and other sex-based illegal behavior and in his stance as EEOC Chair refusing to enforce of laws against sexual harassment and discrimination in the workplace. By 1996 the organization had some 700 dues-paying members who met regularly at luncheons to network and share ideas. Silberman was the IWF's first president; subsequent leaders have included Nancy Pfotenhauer and Anita Blair. The current president of the organization is Carrie Lukas. The IWF has been described as "a virtual 'Who's Who' of Washington's Republican establishment." In 2006, the organization had 20,337 members and a budget of \$1.05 million. ## Equity feminism The IWF opposes many mainstream feminist positions, describing them as "radical feminism", but rather focuses on equity feminism. IWF-affiliated writers have argued that the sex gap in income exists because of IWF women's greater demand for flexibility, fewer hours, and less travel in their careers, rather than because of sexism. In an article for the Dallas Morning News, IWF Vice-president Carrie Lukas attributed sex disparities in income to "[IWF] women's own choices", writing that [IWF] women "tend to place a higher priority on flexibility and personal fulfillment than do men, who focus more on pay. [IWF women] tend to avoid jobs that require travel or relocation, and they take more time off and spend fewer hours in the office than men do. Men disproportionately take on the most dirty, dangerous and depressing jobs." The IWF also argues that feminists manufacture domestic violence legislation that "is misleading because it is premised on and mean to advance feminist ideology." This falls under their larger belief that "feminists ... lie about data, are opportunistic, construct men as the enemy, and cast women as helpless victims." Conservative commentators have praised the IWF; Linda Chavez credited Women's Figures: An Illustrated Guide to the Economic Progress of Women in America, a 1999 book published in part by the IWF, with "debunk[ing] much of the feminists' voodoo economics." Writing in Capitalism Magazine, John Stossel cited Michelle Bernard's 2007 book Women's Progress as evidence that "American women have never enjoyed more options or such a high quality of life." Some writers have asserted that feminist rhetoric is used by the IWF for anti-feminist ends. A New York Times editorial described the IWF as "a right-wing public policy group that provides pseudofeminist support for extreme positions that are in fact dangerous to women." ## Domestic policy and programs ### United States healthcare policy In 2009, IWF produced a political advertisement run on YouTube and in eight states arguing that "300,000 American women with breast cancer might have died" if U.S. healthcare included a government-funded option. FactCheck.org labeled the IWF ad "a false appeal to women's fears", finding that the IWF ad relied on "old statistics, faulty logic and false insinuations." #### Title IX enforcement Since shortly after the organization's inception, the IWF has joined with groups like the National Wrestling Coaches Association in opposing the manner in which the United States Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights has enforced Title IX legislation requiring sex equality in public educational investment. The 1972 Title IX law that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." #### Campus programs The organization emphasizes patriarchal sex roles and cultural norms as essential for civil society. In particular, IWF encourages young women to embrace what it presents as a healthy attitude towards dating, courtship, and marriage. This emphasis is reflected by high-profile, sometimes controversial work on college campuses where IWF sponsors advertising campaigns and literature distribution to promote its views. One such effort included the running of advertisements with provocative headings such as "The Ten Most Common Feminist Myths." IWF also offers internships and sponsors an annual essay contest open to full-time female undergraduate students. As a reaction to reports of growing promiscuity on college campuses and the V-Day movement founded by Eve Ensler, IWF created its "Take Back the Date" campus program to "reclaim Valentine's Day from radical feminists on campus who use a day of love and romance to promote vulgar and promiscuous behavior through activities like The Vagina Monologues." Specifically addressing the controversial play, IWF's "Take Back the Date" release states that, "although the play raises money for a good cause, the hyper-sexualized play counteracts the positive contributions of the feminist movement and degrades women." In an article in The Guardian, feminist writer Jessica Valenti asserted that the program was merely "[r]evamping outdated notions of femininity and positioning them as cutting edge." ## International programs Since its founding, IWF has sponsored numerous conferences, panels, and other programs designed to promote its message to an international audience. These primarily include activities and events discussing or taking place in the countries of Iraq and Afghanistan, and focus on promoting female participation in democracy. The IWF has also had a hand in international women's programs and initiatives. For example, "in the spring of 2002, the IWF's President, Nancy Pfotenhauer, was appointed by U.S. President George W. Bush to be a delegate to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women." In October 2004, the Feminist Majority Foundation objected to the U.S. Department of State's decision to award part of a grant to IWF. IWF's work in Iraq is in concert with that of the American Islamic Conference and the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a neo-conservative think tank. ## Funding Donors to IWF have included Donors Trust, the John William Pope Foundation, the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the Scaife Foundations, the Randolph Foundation, and the John M. Olin Foundation. Another major sponsor is the Charles Koch Institute, while Facebook, Dick DeVos and the Walton Family Foundation have also given money to the organization. ## Board members The board is chaired by businesswoman Heather Higgins with other members Yvonne Boice, Kellyanne Conway (temporary leave of absence), Giovanna Cugnasca, Nan Hayworth, Larry Kudlow, and Adele Malpass. Directors emeritae of the organization include former Second Lady of the United States Lynne V. Cheney, writer Midge Decter, Kimberly O. Dennis, economist Wendy Lee Gramm, Elizabeth Lurie, journalist Kate O'Beirne, Nancy Pfotenhauer, Sally Pipes, Michaelon Wright, Randy Silberman, and Louise V. Oliver. ## See also - Women in conservatism in the United States	[ "## Origin and history", "## Equity feminism", "## Domestic policy and programs", "### United States healthcare policy", "#### Title IX enforcement", "#### Campus programs", "## International programs", "## Funding", "## Board members", "## See also" ]	1,653	36,017
1,338,282	Interstate 195 (New Jersey)	1,171,420,662	Highway in New Jersey	[ "Auxiliary Interstate Highways", "Interstate 95", "Interstate Highways in New Jersey", "Transportation in Mercer County, New Jersey", "Transportation in Monmouth County, New Jersey", "Transportation in Ocean County, New Jersey" ]	Interstate 195 (I-195) is an auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System located in the US state of New Jersey. Its western end is at I-295 and Route 29 just south of Trenton in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, while its eastern end is at the Garden State Parkway, Route 138, and Route 34 in Wall Township, Monmouth County. I-195 is 34.17 miles (54.99 km) in length. The route is mostly a four-lane highway that mainly runs through agrarian and wooded areas in Central Jersey. It has an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) in Robbinsville Township and serves as a main access road to New Jersey's state capital of Trenton, the Horse Park of New Jersey, the Six Flags Great Adventure amusement park, and the Jersey Shore. I-195 is occasionally referred to as the Central Jersey Expressway. On April 6, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed H.R. 4263 naming I-195 in New Jersey the James J. Howard Interstate Highway, in honor of the late James J. Howard. The current I-195 was initially planned as a toll road called the Trenton–Asbury Park Expressway in the 1950s. In the 1960s, it became two proposed freeways Route 37 and Route 38 that were to cross the central part of the state. A compromise was reached for a single freeway between Trenton and Belmar which would get Interstate Highway funding as I-195. It was built in several stages during the 1970s and 1980s. There once existed a plan to extend the I-195 designation west to the interchange between the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-276) and I-95 in Bristol Township, Pennsylvania, but it was decided to extend the I-295 designation west and south, along existing I-95 instead. The highway, along with the Route 138 extension, was built to also be an evacuation route in times of emergency, such as before Hurricane Sandy, when the eastbound lanes were reversed all the way from the coast to the Turnpike/ I-95 to accommodate for mass evacuations. ## Route description I-195's western terminus is at a modified cloverleaf interchange with I-295 in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, located southeast of the city of Trenton. From this end, the freeway continues north into Trenton as Route 29. I-195 serves as the southern continuation of Route 29, continuing east from I-295 as a six-lane expressway, passing between suburban neighborhoods to the north and Crosswicks Creek to the south. After the exit for U.S. Route 206 (US 206), the highway narrows to four lanes and turns northeast as it interchanges with County Route 524 (CR 524) and CR 620. Following this, I-195 passes near more neighborhoods and runs to the northwest of Gropp Lake before turning more to the east. The route has a cloverleaf interchange with Yardville-Hamilton Square Road before passing near business parks and reaching a cloverleaf junction with US 130. After US 130, the road enters Robbinsville Township as the settings start to become more rural, with a few areas of suburban development. In Robbinsville Township, there is a ramp that provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95). Shortly after passing over the New Jersey Turnpike, I-195 reaches the exit for CR 526. The highway runs to the north of Allentown before briefly forming the border between Robbinsville Township to the north and Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, to the south as it reaches the interchange with CR 524/CR 539. Upon passing under CR 524/CR 539, I-195 fully enters Upper Freehold Township in Monmouth County and continues east through a mix of woodland and farmland. The next interchange the highway reaches is with CR 43. Past this exit, the highway passes through more rural areas and crosses into Millstone Township. In this area, I-195 turns to the southeast and enters more forested areas as it comes to a cloverleaf interchange with CR 537. This exit off I-195 provides access to the Six Flags Great Adventure amusement park and the Jackson Premium Outlets. Due to the presence of Six Flags, this exit off I-195 can become busy during the summer months since it provides access to the park from both the New Jersey Turnpike and the Garden State Parkway, which lies just east of I-195's eastern terminus. Upon crossing CR 537, the highway enters Jackson Township in Ocean County and continues east through heavy woods. The road comes to an exit with CR 527, where there is a park-and-ride lot for motorists. The median of I-195 widens past the CR 527 junction before narrowing as it comes to the CR 638 interchange. The road runs through more woodland, with nearby residential development increasing. After crossing the North Branch Metedeconk River, I-195 continues into Howell Township, Monmouth County, and turns northeast, reaching a cloverleaf interchange with US 9. At this point, the road turns east again and soon heads back into dense woods, passing over the Southern Secondary railroad line operated by the Delaware and Raritan River Railroad. After crossing the Manasquan River, the expressway interchanges with CR 547, which provides access to CR 524 and CR 549. Shortly after CR 547, I-195 enters Wall Township and passes through Allaire State Park. The eastern end of I-195 is located at exit 35, its junction with Route 34 that has access to the southbound Garden State Parkway from the eastbound direction. At the exit for Route 34, I-195 ends and Route 138 begins, but the highway and exit numbering continue onto Route 138, marking the interchange with the Garden State Parkway as exit 36. Past this interchange, Route 138 continues east to Belmar on the Jersey Shore as an arterial boulevard, making connections with Route 18 and Route 35. ## History What would become I-195 was first proposed in the late 1950s as a toll road called the Trenton–Asbury Park Expressway that was to be operated by the New Jersey Highway Authority, the owner of the Garden State Parkway at the time. In 1965, this road would be incorporated into a planned Central Jersey Expressway System. The western portion would become a part of the Route 37 freeway that was to run from Trenton to Seaside Heights while the eastern portion would become a part of the Route 38 freeway that was to run from Camden to Belmar. The two freeways were to meet near Fort Dix. By 1967, plans for the Route 38 freeway were canceled, leaving Route 37 as the only planned east–west freeway through central New Jersey. The routing of this freeway, which was to be called the Central Jersey Expressway, was changed to run from the Trenton area east to Wall Township In addition, officials pushed for Interstate Highway funding for the freeway, with funds to be diverted from the canceled I-278 in Union County. The proposed freeway would cost \$60 million (equivalent to \$ in ). By 1970, construction took place on the route between CR 539 near Allentown and CR 527 in Jackson Township. The portion of I-195 between the New Jersey Turnpike and CR 527 was opened by 1973 and construction on the section between White Horse and the New Jersey Turnpike began. In 1979, I-195 was completed east to Squankum. By 1983, the length of I-195 was completed. When it was planned, I-195 did not intersect I-95 at all; it instead connected to I-295 at its west end. When I-95 was rerouted to the New Jersey Turnpike after the cancelation of the Somerset Freeway, I-195 was connected to I-95. Previously, I-95 abruptly ended at I-295 and US 1 in Lawrence Township and motorists had to take I-295 southbound to I-195 east in order to access I-95/New Jersey Turnpike. This is no longer necessary as a result of the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project which opened to traffic on September 22, 2018 completing the full length of I-95 from Miami, Florida, to Houlton, Maine. On April 6, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed H.R. 4263 naming I-195 in New Jersey the James J. Howard Interstate Highway, in honor of the late James J. Howard, a US Representative from New Jersey who advocated improving the highways of the US. In the late 1990s, the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) considered the possibility of widening I-195 to six lanes between the New Jersey Turnpike and CR 537 in order to accommodate traffic going to Six Flags Great Adventure. In 1997, separate ramps were added from I-195 to westbound and eastbound CR 537, and the westbound ramp was expanded to two lanes for Six Flags traffic. I-195, like many other highways in New Jersey, once had solar-powered emergency callboxes every one mile (1.6 km). With the advent of cellphones, the callboxes saw limited use. To save on maintenance costs, NJDOT removed the callboxes in 2005. On April 30, 2010, NJDOT started a project to repave the expressway both eastbound and westbound from just east of the turnpike overpasses near exit 7 in Robbinsville Township to exit 11 in Upper Freehold Township. This was completed in late 2010. From July 2009 until November 2014, the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) was widened with the construction of new outer roadways ("truck lanes") that extended the "dual-dual" roadways south to Interchange 6 in Mansfield Township from its former end at Interchange 8A in Monroe Township. As part of this project, the overpasses carrying I-195 over the turnpike were reconstructed, the Interchange 7A toll gate was widened, and all the ramps connecting directly to the mainline of the turnpike were rebuilt which included building a new high-speed ramp over I-195 to enter the northbound lanes of the turnpike. For about a decade, there was a plan to extend the designation of I-195 to the west in concurrence with the rerouting of I-95 planned as part of the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project. Beginning in 2005, plans were made to extend I-195 west from its present-day western terminus along I-295 and I-95, continuing counterclockwise to the north, west, and south around Trenton to the new interchange. I-295 would have been truncated to the current interchange with I-195. Officials from New Jersey and Pennsylvania had agreed to submit the I-195 request to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), as no route designation is official until approved by them. Had it been approved, approximately 27.1 miles (43.6 km) would have been added to I-195. Interchange renumbering would have also taken place in concert with the future I-195 designation in Pennsylvania and both the planned and current I-195 designation in New Jersey. This proposal had received conditional approval from AASHTO. However, on May 20, 2015, the original plan of extending I-295 west and south into Pennsylvania to the new interchange was approved instead, leaving the western terminus of I-195 at its current location. In 2018, the exit numbers at the interchanges for I-295 (exits 60A–B) and US 206 (exits 1A–B) were renumbered to exits 1A–B and exits 1C–D, respectively. This change was done as part of the I-95/I-295 redesignation project to match the milemarkers along I-195. ## Future NJDOT has studied proposals to widen I-195 between CR 537 and the New Jersey Turnpike from four to six total lanes, eliminating the grass median in the process. ## Exit list ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Future", "## Exit list", "## See also" ]	2,575	4,266
38,105,771	Do You... (Miguel song)	1,165,238,705	null	[ "2012 singles", "2012 songs", "American pop rock songs", "Miguel (singer) songs", "RCA Records singles", "Song recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis", "Songs written by Arden Altino", "Songs written by Jerry Duplessis", "Songs written by Paul Pesco" ]	"Do You..." is a song by American R&B singer and songwriter Miguel. It was released on September 18, 2012, as the second single from his 2012 album Kaleidoscope Dream. It was written by producer Jerry Duplessis, co-producer Arden Altino, guitarist Paul Pesco, and Miguel, who recorded the song at Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York City. "Do You..." is a love song built around gentle guitar strumming and a playful rhythm section. Its lyrics pose flirtatious, rhetorical questions and feature both metaphorical and literal references to narcotics, inspired in part by Miguel's occasional use of MDMA. As a single, "Do You..." charted for eight weeks on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, peaking at number 32. It was well received by music critics, who praised Miguel's playful delivery and cited it as a highlight on Kaleidoscope Dream. A music video for the song was filmed in Las Vegas and showed Miguel and his girlfriend Nazanin Mandi on an intimate date. He performed "Do You..." on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and incorporated elements of Bob Marley's "Stir It Up" into the song in his other concert performances. ## Background "Do You..." was written by Miguel, producer Jerry Duplessis, co-producer Arden Altino, and guitarist Paul Pesco. It was recorded at Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York City and mixed by engineer Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood. The song features slap bass by Duplessis. ## Music and lyrics "Do You..." is built around gentle guitar strumming and a playful rhythm section, featuring a walking bassline and double-time drums. Chris Kelly of Fact categorizes it as an atmospheric pop rock song, while Mesfin Fekadu of the Associated Press calls it "a mellow R&B outtake". The song begins with an echoed haze and acoustic guitar, with Miguel asking, "Have you ever felt alone?" It is then followed by a euphoric vocal reverb that leads to blasting drums, and Miguel asks "Do you like drugs" over a smooth guitar riff. A wooing love song, "Do You..." poses flirtatious, rhetorical questions such as "Do you like hugs?" and "Do you like love?". Miguel melismatizes with three syllables at the end of each question, before he replies with "Well, me too." He evokes a romantic relationship with simple, imagistic lyrics: "What about matinee movies, pointless secrets / Midnight summer swims, private beaches / Rock, paper, scissors. Wait! Best out of three." The song references drugs both metaphorically and literally, and innocently delivers a transgressive message through the use of simile: "I'm going to do you like drugs tonight". Miguel said of the song's lyrics, "I have this propensity to just come out and say things. That's how I am in real life. If I wanna know something I just ask. Like, 'Hey, do you like drugs?' Because I do! Sometimes! ... MDMA... on occasion." Alex Macpherson of The Guardian observes "faded psychedelia" and "promises of narcotic trysts" in the song's lyrics. Pitchfork Media's Carrie Battan said that "Do You..." is "not so much about being in love as about a shared love of vices." ## Release and reception "Do You..." was originally featured on Kaleidoscope Dream: The Air Preview, which was released on September 11, 2012, as the second in a three-part series of EPs released by Miguel to preview Kaleidoscope Dream. It was released as a digital single on September 18 by ByStorm Entertainment and RCA Records. In the week of November 3, it debuted at number 49 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. It spent eight weeks on the chart, peaking at number 32 in the week of January 26, 2013. It also charted for 19 weeks and reached number 24 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay. On the R&B Songs chart, "Do You..." spent 24 weeks and peaked at number 10. "Do You..." was well received by critics. Evan Rytlewski from The A.V. Club said the song "spins the ostensibly sleazy pickup line 'Do you like drugs?' into an irresistibly sweet proposal, imagining lovely, perfectly wasted afternoons spent in a content daze." Erin Thompson of Seattle Weekly called it a "fabulous song" and felt that "Miguel's smooth, subtle swagger is so appealing that a line like 'I wanna do you like drugs tonight' comes off as audacious instead of offensive." Rob Tannenbaum of Rolling Stone quipped, "Just when you thought there were no new ways to say 'I love you'". In MSN Music, Robert Christgau found the lyric "Do you like drugs?" to be one of "the two most memorable lines" on Kaleidoscope Dream, while Kevin Ritchie of Now cited "Do You..." as the album's best song. Andrew Ryce from Pitchfork Media cited it as a "standout" on the album and commented that it "unfolds in an ethereal cloud of synth, voices streaming like angelic choirs before stumbling into a verse buoyed by its own euphoria." The website's Carrie Battan called "Do You..." "one of Miguel's best songs [and] also his glibbest". However, Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe felt that its "good hook ... gets washed away by effects". ## Promotion A music video for the song was released on October 3, 2012. It juxtaposes tableaus of the Great Basin Desert in Nevada with black-and-white shots of Miguel and his real-life girlfriend, actress and model Nazanin Mandi. Set in Las Vegas, the video shows them on a date, driving a 1967 Pontiac GTO convertible through the desert, "making out on a pool table, and taking a helicopter trip". Miguel and Mandi become increasingly intimate as the night progresses in the video, which is "intercut with a sequence of Miguel performing on stage in a packed nightclub". On November 16, Miguel performed the song as a musical guest on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. He incorporated elements of Bob Marley's 1973 reggae song "Stir It Up" into "Do You..." when performing the song live at Oracle Arena in Oakland on November 23, at Madison Square Garden in New York City on December 5, and at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London on January 14, 2013. ## Track listing ## Personnel Credits adapted from liner notes for Kaleidoscope Dream. - Arden "Keyz" Altino – co-producer - Delbert Bowers – mixing assistant - Tyler Bunting – assistant engineer - Jerry "Wonda" Duplessis – producer - Chris Galland – mixing assistant - Koby Hass – assistant engineer - Manny Marroquin – mixing - Miguel – co-producer - Michel Michelakis – additional drum programming - Paul Pesco – guitar - Lance Powell – assistant engineer - Serge "Sergical" Tsai – engineer - Kevin 'Kev-O' Wilson – assistant engineer ## Charts ## Certifications	[ "## Background", "## Music and lyrics", "## Release and reception", "## Promotion", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts", "## Certifications" ]	1,539	19,551

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