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706,884	Waterspout	1,162,580,659	Tornado occurring over a body of water	[ "Severe weather and convection", "Tornado", "Vortices", "Weather hazards" ]	A waterspout is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water. Some are connected to a cumulus congestus cloud, some to a cumuliform cloud and some to a cumulonimbus cloud. In the common form, a waterspout is a non-supercell tornado over water having a five-part life cycle: formation of a dark spot on the water surface; spiral pattern on the water surface; formation of a spray ring; development of a visible condensation funnel; and ultimately, decay. Most waterspouts do not suck up water; they are small, weak rotating columns of air over water. Although typically weaker than their land counterparts, stronger versions—spawned by mesocyclones—do occasionally occur. While waterspouts form mostly in tropical and subtropical areas, they are also reported in Europe, Western Asia (the Middle East), Australia, New Zealand, the Great Lakes, Antarctica, and on rare occasions, the Great Salt Lake. Some are also found on the East Coast of the United States, and the coast of California. Although rare, waterspouts have been observed in connection with lake-effect snow precipitation bands. ## Characteristics ### Climatology Though the majority of waterspouts occur in the tropics, they can seasonally appear in temperate areas throughout the world, and are common across the western coast of Europe as well as the British Isles and several areas of the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea. They are not restricted to saltwater; many have been reported on lakes and rivers including the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. They are fairly common on the Great Lakes during late summer and early fall, with a record 66+ waterspouts reported over just a seven-day period in 2003. Waterspouts are more frequent within 100 km (60 mi) from the coast than farther out at sea. They are common along the southeast U.S. coast, especially off southern Florida and the Keys, and can happen over seas, bays, and lakes worldwide. Approximately 160 waterspouts are currently reported per year across Europe, with the Netherlands reporting the most at 60, followed by Spain and Italy at 25, and the United Kingdom at 15. They are most common in late summer. In the Northern Hemisphere, September has been pinpointed as the prime month of formation. Waterspouts are also frequently observed off the east coast of Australia, with several being described by Joseph Banks during the voyage of the Endeavour in 1770. ### Formation Waterspouts exist on a microscale, where their environment is less than two kilometers in width. The cloud from which they develop can be as innocuous as a moderate cumulus, or as great as a supercell. While some waterspouts are strong and tornadic in nature, most are much weaker and caused by different atmospheric dynamics. They normally develop in moisture-laden environments as their parent clouds are in the process of development, and it is theorized they spin as they move up the surface boundary from the horizontal shear near the surface, and then stretch upwards to the cloud once the low-level shear vortex aligns with a developing cumulus cloud or thunderstorm. Some weak tornadoes, known as landspouts, have been shown to develop in a similar manner. More than one waterspout can occur simultaneously in the same vicinity. In 2012, as many as nine simultaneous waterspouts were reported on Lake Michigan in the United States. In May 2021, at least five simultaneous waterspouts were filmed near Taree, off the northern coast of New South Wales, Australia. ## Types ### Non-tornadic Waterspouts that are not associated with a rotating updraft of a supercell thunderstorm are known as "non-tornadic" or "fair-weather" waterspouts. By far the most common type of waterspout, these occur in coastal waters and are associated with dark, flat-bottomed, developing convective cumulus towers. Fair-weather waterspouts develop and dissipate rapidly, having life cycles shorter than 20 minutes. They usually rate no higher than EF0 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, generally exhibiting winds of less than 30 m/s (67 mph; 108 km/h). They are most frequently seen in tropical and sub-tropical climates, with upwards of 400 per year observed in the Florida Keys. They typically move slowly, if at all, since the cloud to which they are attached is horizontally static, being formed by vertical convective action rather than the subduction/adduction interaction between colliding fronts. Fair-weather waterspouts are very similar in both appearance and mechanics to landspouts, and largely behave as such if they move ashore. There are five stages to a fair-weather waterspout life cycle. Initially, a prominent circular, light-colored disk appears on the surface of the water, surrounded by a larger dark area of indeterminate shape. After the formation of these colored disks on the water, a pattern of light- and dark-colored spiral bands develops from the dark spot on the water surface. Then, a dense annulus of sea spray, called a "cascade", appears around the dark spot with what appears to be an eye. Eventually, the waterspout becomes a visible funnel from the water surface to the overhead cloud. The spray vortex can rise to a height of several hundred feet or more, and often creates a visible wake and an associated wave train as it moves. Finally, the funnel and spray vortex begin to dissipate as the inflow of warm air into the vortex weakens, ending the waterspout's life cycle. ### Tornadic "Tornadic waterspouts", also accurately referred to as "tornadoes over water", are formed from mesocyclones in a manner essentially identical to land-based tornadoes in connection with severe thunderstorms, but simply occurring over water. A tornado which travels from land to a body of water would also be considered a tornadic waterspout. Since the vast majority of mesocyclonic thunderstorms in the United States occur in land-locked areas, true tornadic waterspouts are correspondingly rarer than their fair-weather counterparts in that country. However, in some areas, such as the Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian seas, tornadic waterspouts can make up half of the total number. ### Snowspout A winter waterspout, also known as an icespout, an ice devil, or a snowspout, is a rare instance of a waterspout forming under the base of a snow squall. The term "winter waterspout" is used to differentiate between the common warm season waterspout and this rare winter season event. There are a couple of critical criteria for the formation of a winter waterspout. Very cold temperatures need to be present over a body of water, which is itself warm enough to produce fog resembling steam above the water's surface. Like the more efficient lake-effect snow events, winds focusing down the axis of long lakes enhance wind convergence and increase the likelihood of a winter waterspout developing. The terms "snow devil" and "snownado" describe a different phenomenon: a snow vortex close to the surface with no parent cloud, similar to a dust devil. ## Impacts ### Human Waterspouts have long been recognized as serious marine hazards. Stronger waterspouts pose a threat to watercraft, aircraft and people. It is recommended to keep a considerable distance from these phenomena, and to always be on alert through weather reports. The United States National Weather Service will often issue special marine warnings when waterspouts are likely or have been sighted over coastal waters, or tornado warnings when waterspouts are expected to move onshore. Incidents of waterspouts causing severe damage and casualties are rare; however, there have been several notable examples. The Malta tornado of 1551 was the earliest recorded occurrence of a deadly waterspout. It struck the Grand Harbour of Valletta, sinking four galleys and numerous boats, and claiming hundreds of lives. The 1851 Sicily tornadoes were twin waterspouts that made landfall in western Sicily, ravaging the coast and countryside before ultimately dissipating back again over the sea. ### Natural Depending on how fast the winds from a waterspout are whipping, anything that is within about 90 cm (1 yard) of the surface of the water, including fish of different sizes, frogs, and even turtles, can be lifted into the air. A waterspout can sometimes suck small animals such as fish out of the water and all the way up into the cloud. Even if the waterspout stops spinning, the fish in the cloud can be carried over land, buffeted up and down and around with the cloud's winds until its currents no longer keep the flying fish in the atmosphere. Depending on how far they travel and how high they are taken into the atmosphere, the fish are sometimes dead by the time they rain down. People as far as 160 km (100 miles) inland have experienced raining fish. Fish can also be sucked up from rivers, but raining fish is not a common weather phenomenon. ## Research and forecasting The Szilagyi Waterspout Index (SWI), developed by Canadian meteorologist Wade Szilagyi, is used to predict conditions favorable for waterspout development. The SWI ranges from −10 to +10, where values greater than or equal to zero represent conditions favorable for waterspout development. The International Centre for Waterspout Research (ICWR) is a non-governmental organization of individuals from around the world who are interested in the field of waterspouts from a research, operational and safety perspective. Originally a forum for researchers and meteorologists, the ICWR has expanded interest and contribution from storm chasers, the media, the marine and aviation communities and from private individuals. ## Myths There was a commonly held belief among sailors in the 18th and 19th centuries that shooting a broadside cannon volley dispersed waterspouts. Among others, Captain Vladimir Bronevskiy claims that it was a successful technique, having been an eyewitness to the dissipation of a phenomenon in the Adriatic while a midshipman aboard the frigate Venus during the 1806 campaign under Admiral Senyavin. A waterspout has been proposed as a reason for the abandonment of the Mary Celeste. ## See also - Funnel cloud - Steam devil - Fire whirl - Tornadogenesis	[ "## Characteristics", "### Climatology", "### Formation", "## Types", "### Non-tornadic", "### Tornadic", "### Snowspout", "## Impacts", "### Human", "### Natural", "## Research and forecasting", "## Myths", "## See also" ]	2,178	21,911
5,889,458	Japanese ironclad Ryūjō	1,171,974,080	British built Japanese ironclad	[ "1864 ships", "Ironclad warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy", "Ships built in Aberdeen" ]	Ryūjō (龍驤, Prancing Dragon), was a British-built ironclad corvette of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). She was purchased on behalf of a Japanese daimyo or clan lord in 1870 who donated the ship to the fledgling IJN shortly after receiving the ship. As the largest ship in the IJN Ryūjō was frequently visited by the Emperor Meiji and was used to escort a diplomatic mission to Imperial China. She played minor roles in suppressing several of the rebellions that plagued Japan in the 1870s. The ship ran aground in 1877 and was not refloated for almost six months. Ryūjō became a training ship after repairs were completed in 1880 and made several long training cruises throughout the Pacific Basin during the 1880s. Her second cruise in 1882–1883 was interrupted when nearly half the crew developed beriberi. A Japanese naval physician, Takaki Kanehiro, had developed a theory that the disease was caused by a dietary deficiency and was able to persuade the government to repeat the voyage with a different ship using a more nutritious diet. The only cases of beriberi that developed on that cruise were by sailors who did not eat the new diet, confirming the theory. Ryūjō was converted into a stationary training ship when her propulsion machinery was removed in 1887–1888 and was assigned to the naval gunnery school in 1890. She remained in that role through 1906 even after the ship was decommissioned in 1893. Ryūjō was sold for scrap in 1908. ## Background and description A wooden-hulled ironclad corvette was ordered by a British merchant for the private navy of the fief of Kumamoto. Known by the builder as Jho Sho Maru, she was 210 feet (64 m) long between perpendiculars with a beam of 38 feet (11.6 m) and a draught of 18 feet 6 inches (5.6 m) at deep load. Using the Moorsom System in use at the time of her construction for estimating cargo space, the ship had a gross register tonnage of 992 tons if the propulsion machinery spaces is excluded. The corvette displaced 2,530 long tons (2,570 t) and was fitted with a naval ram at her bow. Her crew numbered 275 in October 1873. Ryūjō was fitted with a pair of horizontal direct-acting steam engines that drove a single propeller shaft using steam that was provided by four rectangular boilers at a working pressure of 1.4 atm (142 kPa; 21 psi). The engines were rated at a total of 280 nominal horsepower (800 indicated horsepower (600 kW)) and gave the ship a speed of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph). She carried a maximum of 450 long tons (460 t) of coal, but her endurance is unknown. The corvette was ship rigged with three masts. Ryūjō was initially armed with a pair of 100-pounder (6.5-inch (165 mm)) guns on pivot mounts as chase guns and her broadside armament consisted of eight 64-pounder 5.5-inch (140 mm) guns, all of which were smoothbore muzzle-loading guns made by Josiah Vavasseur's London Ordnance Works. After her delivery to the Japanese in 1870, her armament was augmented with a pair of 6-pounder (2.2-inch (57 mm)) Armstrong guns and two Parrott rifled muzzle-loading guns of unknown size. By 1872 the Parrott rifles had been replaced by another pair of 64 pounders By 1887 her armament reportedly consisted of two 17 cm RK L/25 Krupp rifled breech-loading guns (actually 17.26-centimetre (6.8 in)) and six 70-pounder Vavasseur guns. When the ship was converted into a gunnery training ship in 1894, she was armed with one Krupp 17 cm gun and five 6.3-inch (160 mm) rifled muzzle-loaders. The ship's waterline was protected by an armoured belt that weighed 130 long tons (132 t). It consisted of two rows of wrought-iron plates with a total height of 5 feet (1.5 m) and was 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick. The guns may have been covered by 4 inches (102 mm) of armour. ## Construction and career Thomas Blake Glover, a British merchant with extensive commercial interests in Japan, ordered an armoured corvette from the Aberdeen, Scotland, shipyard of Alexander Hall for the price of £42,032. The ship was launched on 27 March 1869 and was completed on 24 July. She departed for Japan on 11 August and arrived at Nagasaki in January 1870 where Glover sold it to the Kumamoto Domain for the price of 270,000 gold Ryō on 12 April. They renamed it Ryōshō (龍驤, りょうしょう) (she was later renamed Ryūjō (龍驤, りゅうじょう) at an unknown date). The corvette was transferred to the new Imperial Japanese Navy on 6 June and was the flagship (and the most powerful ship) of the navy until the completion of the ironclad Fusō in 1878. Ryūjō sailed to Yokohama with a British captain shortly afterwards. Ryūjō was inspected by Emperor Meiji during a visit to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 21 November 1871 and he was hosted aboard the ship during a tour on 23 May 1872. The Emperor reviewed the fleet during its manoeuvres on 26 October. The ship participated in exercises off the island of Sarushima in Tokyo Bay on 19 January 1873 and escorted Foreign Minister Soejima Taneomi on his mission to Imperial China later in the year to demand recompense for the murders of Japanese sailors by Taiwanese aborigines in 1871. During the Saga Rebellion, the ship played a small role by ferrying the government's commander-in-chief and his staff to nearby Nagasaki in March 1874. Later that year she hosted the Home Minister Ōkubo Toshimichi. On 5 March 1875 the Emperor visited Ryūjō while in Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to attend the launching of the unprotected corvette Seiki. From 13 April 1876 to 27 July, the ship visited Vladivostok, Russia, and various ports in Korea. She was in Kobe when the Satsuma Rebellion began in February 1877 and Ryūjō played a minor role in putting down the rebellion. The ship ran aground on a rock in Kagoshima Bay during a storm on 26 October and was not refloated until 15 May 1878. Towed by the sloop-of-war Nisshin to Yokosuka on 24–29 July, repairs were not completed until 1880. On 30 October she became a training ship of the Imperial Naval Academy. Her first training cruise was a voyage to Australia in 1881 and she was transferred to the Tōkai Naval Station in Yokohama on 7 April 1882. The ship made a second long-distance navigational training voyage from 19 December to 15 October 1883 that visited Wellington, New Zealand, Valparaíso, Chile, Callao, Peru, and Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawai'i. The ship had to stop in Honolulu because 169 crewmen (of a crew of 376) had developed beriberi and were unfit to continue, of which 23 died. Takaki Kanehiro, a naval physician, had been investigating the possible causes of beriberi over the previous several years and had developed a theory that it was the result of some sort of dietary deficiency, possibly protein. Trained in epidemiological methods during his medical training in London, Takaki was able to persuade the navy to experiment with a new, higher-protein diet and send the training ship Tsukuba following an identical itinerary to minimise the variables. That ship departed Japan on 3 February 1884 and return on 16 November, with her crew only developing 14 cases of beriberi among the 333 crewmen. Further investigation revealed that the crew members who had not followed the new diet were the only ones who developed beriberi. The IJN adopted the new diet across the board and eliminated the disease in a few years. Ryūjō steamed from Shinagawa on 26 December 1884 for a cruise off the coast of Korea. From 1 February 1887 to 11 September, she made a third long-distance navigational training voyage to Australia and Hawaii. When the ship returned, her machinery was removed over the next year. On 23 December 1890 she was rerated as a 3rd type ship and became a training ship at the gunnery school; Ryūjō was further reduced to a 5th type ship (decommissioned) on 2 December 1893, and was no longer permanently manned. During the First Sino-Japanese War, she was used a floating battery at the entrance to Yokosuka Harbour with a crew of 137 men from 12 September 1894 to 17 February 1895 when she reverted to her earlier role. She continued to be used as a gunnery training ship until a new shore-based facility was completed in September 1906. On 31 July 1908 the government ordered that her bow ornamentation and name board should be sent to Kumamoto Castle for preservation before Ryūjō was sold for scrap later that year.	[ "## Background and description", "## Construction and career" ]	2,067	15,573
1,105,872	Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham	1,173,658,456	Army officer (born 1944)	[ "1944 births", "British Army personnel of the Gulf War", "British field marshals", "British military personnel of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)", "Chiefs of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)", "Chiefs of the General Staff (United Kingdom)", "Commanders of the Legion of Merit", "Commanders of the Order of the British Empire", "Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George", "Crossbench life peers", "Deputy Lieutenants of Greater London", "Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit", "Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst", "Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley", "Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath", "Life peers created by Elizabeth II", "Living people", "People educated at Woodhouse Grove School", "People from Harare", "Royal Anglian Regiment officers", "White Rhodesian people", "Zimbabwean emigrants to the United Kingdom", "Zimbabwean people of British descent" ]	Field Marshal Michael John Dawson Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham, GCB, CMG, CBE, DL (born 7 July 1944) is a retired British Army officer. Commissioned in 1966, he served in Cyprus, Northern Ireland, and in a variety of staff posts in the United Kingdom until 1984. After being given command of a battalion, he was mentioned in despatches for his service during a second tour of duty in Northern Ireland, this time in Derry, and subsequently served a tour on Gibraltar. He was promoted to brigadier, unusually having never held the rank of colonel, and took command of 20th Armoured Brigade in Germany before becoming I Corps chief of staff. As a major general, Walker was appointed General Officer Commanding, Eastern District, before becoming Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff at the Ministry of Defence. He took command of NATO's Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), which deployed to the Balkans in 1995, Walker becoming the first officer to command the land component of the NATO-led Implementation Force. For his service with the multi-national forces in the Balkans, he was awarded the American Legion of Merit. After relinquishing command of the ARRC, Walker spent three years as Commander in Chief, Land Command, before being appointed Chief of the General Staff—the professional head of the British Army—in 2000. In 2003, he was promoted to Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS)—the professional head of all the British Armed Forces. While CDS, Walker attracted controversy during the modernisation of the armed forces, over allegations of prisoner abuse during the Iraq War, and over comments that the media coverage of Iraq may have endangered British troops. Walker retired in 2006 and was subsequently appointed Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, a post he held until 2011. He is married and has three children. ## Early and personal life Born in Salisbury in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe) to William Hampden Dawson Walker, who was a Senior Assistant Commissioner in the British South Africa Police until 1958, and Dorothy Helena Walker (née Shiach), Walker was educated both in Southern Rhodesia and in Yorkshire, first at Milton School, Bulawayo, and then at Woodhouse Grove School, West Yorkshire. He spent 18 months teaching in a Preparatory School before joining the British Army. Walker married Victoria ("Tor", née Holme), in 1973 and the couple have three children—two sons and one daughter. He lists his interests as sailing, shooting, tennis, skiing and golf. ## Early military career After attending the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Walker was commissioned into the Royal Anglian Regiment as a second lieutenant on 29 July 1966. He served as a platoon commander with the 1st Battalion and was promoted to lieutenant on 29 January 1968. In 1969 he was posted to Cyprus for a two-year tour, and served in Northern Ireland during The Troubles, before attending the Staff College, Camberley. He was promoted to captain on 29 July 1972. After serving in a staff position at the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Walker was promoted to major at the end of 1976, and rejoined 1st Battalion, to become a company commander, based in Tidworth, Wiltshire. In 1979, he took up another staff post at the MoD, after which he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1982. Until 1985, he served as Military Assistant (MA) to the Chief of the General Staff. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the New Year Honours List in December 1984. In command of the 1st Battalion from 1985 to 1987, Walker served another tour in Northern Ireland, this time in Derry, and later a tour on Gibraltar. He was mentioned in despatches in 1987 "in recognition of gallant and distinguished service" in Northern Ireland. Unusually, Walker was promoted directly to brigadier at the end of 1987, without having held the rank of colonel. He took command of 20th Armoured Brigade, based in Germany, from 1987 to 1989, before holding the post of Chief of Staff, I Corps between 1989 and 1991. ## High command Walker attained general officer status with promotion to acting major general in 1991 and took command of North East District and 2nd Infantry Division. Having served in the Gulf War, he was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) later in 1991. He was granted the substantive rank of major general on 2 December 1991, with seniority from 14 February 1991, going on to serve as General Officer Commanding of the Eastern District and then as Assistant Chief of the General Staff from 11 December 1992 to 3 October 1994. On 8 December 1994, Walker was appointed commander of NATO's Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), which had its headquarters in Rheindahlen, Germany, and promoted to acting lieutenant general. He was granted the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 15 March 1995, and knighted in the 1995 Queen's Birthday Honours when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. Under Walker's command, the ARRC deployed to the Balkans in December 1995. There, he became the first commander of the land component of the NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR), until his return to the UK in November 1996. His IFOR command in Bosnia was indirectly criticised by Richard Holbrooke for his refusal to use his authority to also perform nonmilitary implementation tasks, including arresting indicted war criminals: > Based on Shalikashvili's statement at White House meetings, Christopher and I had assumed that the IFOR commander would use his authority to do substantially more than he was obligated to do. The meeting with [Admiral Leighton] Smith shattered that hope. Smith and his British deputy, General Michael Walker, made clear that they intended to take a minimalist approach to all aspects of implementation other than force protection. Smith signalled this in his first extensive public statement to the Bosnian people, during a live call-in program on Pale Television – an odd choice for his first local media appearance. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George at the end of 1996. Succeeded as COMARRC by Sir Mike Jackson, Walker was promoted to acting general and appointed Commander in Chief, Land Command on 27 January 1997. He was granted the substantive rank of general on 2 April 1997. In recognition of his service with IFOR between 1995 and 1996, Walker was awarded the American Legion of Merit (Degree of Commander), and granted unrestricted permission to wear the decoration, in May 1997. In September 1997, he was appointed Aide-de-Camp General (ADC Gen) to Queen Elizabeth II, succeeding General Sir Michael Rose, until he in turn was succeeded by General Sir Richard Dannatt. He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours List at the end of 1999. Having served just over three years as Commander-in-Chief, Walker was appointed Chief of the General Staff (CGS)—the professional head of the British Army—on 17 April 2000, taking over from General Sir Roger Wheeler. He remained CGS for three years, after which he was promoted to Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS)—the professional head of all the British Armed Forces—on 2 May 2003, succeeding Admiral Sir Michael Boyce (later Lord Boyce). As CDS, Walker criticised some of the media coverage of British deployments in Iraq. In particular, he claimed that attacks on the Black Watch were "enhanced" due to news reports on their location. He went on to say that "[as a result of the media coverage], there could well have been a response by those who wished us ill to go and meet us with something like a bomb". His comments were rejected by a spokesman for the National Union of Journalists, who retaliated "When generals turn around and start blaming reporters for their own mistakes, it is a sign they aren't doing their own jobs properly". However, the MoD explained that speculation in the press about the timing and movement of military units can put people in danger and editors were "urged to consider the difficulties reports could cause to troops on the ground." Also in 2004, Walker, along with General Sir Mike Jackson, then Chief of the General Staff, attracted controversy over reforms of the armed forces, which included the amalgamation of several army regiments to form larger regiments, leading to the loss of historic names. In an interview with the BBC in October 2005, Walker suggested that the army's recruitment had been adversely affected by the Iraq War. He also commented on the war in Afghanistan, on which he said "There's a lot of work to be done, of which the military is only a very small part. Ten years, 15 years, long-term. This is not going to be solved in a short term". In the same month, he gave an interview for The Sunday Times, in which he said that soldiers' morale had been damaged by the unpopularity of the war among the British public. Later in 2005, Walker was instrumental in drawing up new procedures for the treatment of British service personnel accused of abusing Iraqi prisoners, following claims that the army had abandoned those soldiers charged in connection with the prisoner abuses. In February 2006, Walker headed up a military delegation to Bulgaria to discuss military cooperation between the British and Bulgarian governments. Walker gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry on 1 February 2010, in which he spoke about funding for the invasion of Iraq and subsequent planning. ### Honorary roles Lord Walker has held a variety of honorary and ceremonial roles in different regiments. He was granted the honorary titles of Colonel Commandant and Deputy Colonel of Queen's Division (of which the Royal Anglian Regiment is part) in April 1992 and Honorary Colonel, 3rd Battalion Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) (Yorkshire Volunteers), in October 1993, which he relinquished on 30 June 1999. In 1994, he succeeded General Sir John Learmont as Colonel Commandant of the Army Air Corps and held the title until April 2004, when he was relieved by then Lieutenant General Sir Richard Dannatt (later General Lord Dannatt). In 1997, he was appointed honorary Colonel, The Royal Anglian Regiment, in succession to Major General Patrick Stone, and was himself succeeded as Deputy Colonel by Brigadier John Sutherell. Sutherell, then a major general, went on to succeed Walker as Honorary Colonel in February 2000. ## Retirement Walker relinquished his appointment as Chief of the Defence Staff in April 2006 and retired from the Army, succeeded as CDS by Air Chief Marshal Jock Stirrup. In September 2006, Walker was appointed Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, holding the post until February 2011 when he resigned suddenly. On 24 November 2006, it was announced that he would receive a life peerage, and, on 19 December, he was created Baron Walker of Aldringham, of Aldringham in the county of Suffolk, sitting in the House of Lords as a crossbencher. He was given the ceremonial appointment of Deputy Lieutenant of Greater London in 2007. Walker was appointed as an honorary field marshal in the Queen's 2014 Birthday Honours. He serves as the Patron of the British South Africa Police Trust. ## Arms	[ "## Early and personal life", "## Early military career", "## High command", "### Honorary roles", "## Retirement", "## Arms" ]	2,454	32,421
33,324,849	A Retrospective (Pink Martini album)	1,161,247,397	2011 compilation album by Pink Martini	[ "2011 compilation albums", "Compilation albums by American artists", "Easy listening compilation albums", "Heinz Records albums", "Pink Martini albums", "Pop rock compilation albums" ]	A Retrospective is the first compilation album by the American group Pink Martini, released in September 2011 in the United Kingdom and the following month in the United States, Australia and Canada. The album contains twenty-one tracks from six studio albums. Guest artists include Michael Feinstein ("How Long Will It Last?"), French singer and songwriter Georges Moustaki ("Ma Solitude") and director Gus Van Sant ("Moon River"); the compilation also features remixes by New York City disc jockey Johnny Dynell ("Una Notte a Napoli") and Hiroshi Wada ("Kikuchiyo to Mohshimasu"). Critical reception of the compilation album was positive overall; many reviewers appreciated the album in its entirety but criticized select tracks. A Retrospective reached a peak position of number seven on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart. ## Composition A Retrospective contains twenty-one tracks totaling more than seventy minutes in length, some of which were previously unreleased. Tracks originally appearing on the group's 1997 debut album Sympathique include Manuel Jiménez's "¿Donde Estas Yolanda?", "La Soledad", "Sympathique", "Que Sera Sera" by Ray Evans and Jay Livingston, and "Amado Mio". "Hang On Little Tomato", "Una Notte a Napoli", "Anna (El Negro Zumbón)", "Lilly" and "Aspettami" first appeared on Hang On Little Tomato (2004). The group's 2007 album Hey Eugene! included the song of the same name; similarly, "Splendor in the Grass" was the title track of the 2009 album of the same name. The samba-influenced version of "Auld Lang Syne" was the final track on Pink Martini's 2010 holiday album Joy to the World. 1969, the collaborative album with Saori Yuki first released in October 2011, included Jorge Ben Jor's "Mas que Nada". "Moon River", originally by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer, and "The Man with the Big Sombrero" were previously unreleased. "Moon River" featured guest vocals by director Gus Van Sant, marking his singing debut. French singer-songwriter Georges Moustaki provided vocals on "Ma Solitude", and pianist and singer Michael Feinstein contributed to Max Lief and Joseph Meyer's "How Long Will It Last?" The compilation also features two remixed recordings: "Una Notte a Napoli" by New York City disc jockey Johnny Dynell, and an instrumental version of "Kikuchiyo to Mohshimasu" by Hiroshi Wada. "Kikuchiyo to Mohshimasu" originally appeared on Hang On Little Tomato. Included with the album is a 48-page booklet of previously unseen Polaroid pictures taken by Thomas Lauderdale, along with postcards and posters from Pink Martini's history. A deluxe hardbound CD book version was also available for purchase. The group promoted the release of A Retrospective and 1969 by touring throughout the United States, including a holiday special in Portland, Oregon featuring Saori Yuki as part of their Holiday Tour. ## Reception Overall, critical reception of the album was positive, though some reviewers criticized select tracks. Michael Upchurch of The Seattle Times wrote that the "A" before "Retrospective" in the album's title was appropriate and that the compilation included highlights of the group's career. The New Zealand Herald's Lydia Jenkin thought the collection represented a standard Pink Martini concert set list by including a variety of sounds, languages and vocalists, each delivered with "class, passion and subtlety". Jenkin awarded the album 3.5 of 5 stars, complimenting the album overall but noting that some tracks featured less "elegant sophistication" or "imaginative" arrangements. Marion Pragt wrote a positive review for The Cambridge Student, believing the compilation incorporated various styles of music and reflected the group's "cosmopolitan nature". Pragt concluded by asserting that the album was "perfect for avid admirers and newcomers alike". Rave magazine's Chad Parkhill rated the album three of four stars. Parkhill described "Auld Lang Syne" as "weirdly off-kilter" and found Dynell's remix to be "profoundly derivative", but also called some of the previously unreleased material "wonderful". Tom D'Antoni of Oregon Music News called Van Sant's performance "truly awful in execution", but considered the album to be "simply sensational" overall. The Sydney Star Observer's Nick Bond complimented the album's artwork and packaging. ## Track listing Track listing adapted from Allmusic. ## Personnel - Patrick Abbey – composer - Keiko Araki – violin - Jennifer Arnold – viola - Eric Asakawa – choir, chorus - Kazunori Asano – acoustic guitar, ukulele - Phil Baker – double bass, sitar - Joël Belgique – viola - Jorge Ben Jor – composer - Lauren Berg – choir, chorus - Heather Blackburn – cello - Gianni Boncompagni – composer - Gavin Bondy – choir, chorus, trumpet, vocals - Phil Boutelje – composer - Edith Bradway – violin - Robert Burns – composer - Brandyn Callahan – choir, chorus - Luis Candido – cavaquinho - João Canziani – cover photo - Foster Carling – composer - Pansy Chang – cello - Joe Chiccarelli – mixing - Frédéric Chopin – composer - Alba Clemente – composer, narrator - Julie Coleman – violin - Tim Cooper – surdo - Noah Cotter – choir, chorus - Nicholas Crosa – soloist, violin - Drew Danin – tamborim - Brian Davis – choir, chorus, conga, cuica, direction, drums, maracas, percussion, repenique, shaker, surdo, vocals - Ami Davolt – violin - Daniel Dempsey – choir, chorus - Esteban Diaz – caixa - Johnny Dynell – composer, remixing - David Eby – cello - Stephen Echlemann – choir, chorus - Adam Esbensen – cello - Ray Evans – composer - Gregory Ewer – violin - Joy Fabos – violin - Dan Faehnle – electric guitar, guitar - Michael Feinstein – vocals - Doris Fisher – composer - China Forbes – composer, tambourine, vocals - Dave Friedlander – engineer, mixing - Jeramie Gajan – choir, chorus - Forrest Gamba – choir, chorus - David Gerhards – choir, chorus - Francesco Giordano – composer - Randall Givens – caixa - Jeremy Gordon – surdo - Paloma Griffin – violin - Luise Gruber – violin - Bernie Grundman – mastering - Kassandra Haddock – choir, chorus - Tracey Harris – soloist, backing vocals - Tadashi Hashimoto –assistant engineer - Elena Hess – choir, chorus - Mike Horsfall – vibraphone - Kathleen Hunt – caixa - Alex Hutchinson – design - Jun Iwasaki – violin - John Jenness – caixa - Tim Jensen – flute - Manuel Jiménez – composer - Adam Johnson – choir, chorus - Taylor Johnson –choir, chorus - Anthony Jones – drums - Justin Kagan – cello - Shauna Keyes – viola - Matthew Krane –choir, chorus - Thomas Lauderdale – arranger, choir, chorus, composer, fender rhodes, keyboards, photography, piano, vocals - Norman Leyden – clarinet - Max Lief – composer - Jay Livingston – composer - Maureen Love – harp - Henry Mancini – composer - Alex Marashian – composer - Johnny Mercer – composer - Aaron Meyer – violin - Joseph Meyer – composer - Georges Moustaki – composer, guitar, vocals - Jay Mower – tamborim - Calvin Multanen – choir, chorus - Luke Multanen – choir, chorus - Osao Murata – organ - Ara Nelson – tamborim - Timothy Nishimoto – backing vocals, choir, chorus, shaker, vocals - Charles Noble – viola - Audrey Overby – choir, chorus - Franco Pisano – composer - Chelsea Plaskitt – choir, chorus - Pete Plympton – engineer - Pepe Raphael – composer, vocals - Derek Rieth – bongos, choir, chorus, percussion, shaker, surdo, tambourine, timpani - Allan Roberts – composer - Richard Rothfus – bongos, drums, percussion, shaker, vocals - Mia Hall Savage – direction - Dr. Dirgham Sbait – adaptation, assistant, composer - Lauren Searls – choir, chorus - Peter Sellers – sitar - Pauline Serrano – chocalhos - Jacques Sevin – composer - Doris Smith – backing vocals - Doug Smith – choir, chorus, claves, cymbals, drums, guiro, percussion, shaker, timbales, vibraphone, vocals - Theresa Stahl – viola - Clark Stiles – engineer - Yoichi Suzuki – composer - Courtney Taylor-Taylor – electric guitar - Robert Taylor – choir, chorus, trombone, trumpet, vocals - Jayson Thoming-Gale – tamborim - Masumi Timson – koto - Yumi Torimaru – tamborim - Duncan Tuomi – choir, chorus - Devin Van Hine – choir, chorus - Gus Van Sant – vocals - Roman Vatro – composer - Inés Voglar – violin - Skip vonKuske – cello - Hiroshi Wada – slide guitar - John Wager – bass - Jessica Wasko – choir, chorus - Michio Yamagami – composer - Teruo Yamaguchi – engineer - Saori Yuki – vocals - Martín Zarzar – bongos, choir, chorus, cymbals, drums, percussion Credits adapted from Allmusic. ## Charts A Retrospective reached a peak positive of number seven on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart. In 2014 it was awarded a double silver certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 40,000 copies throughout Europe. ## Release history Release history adapted from Pink Martini's official website ## See also - Michael Feinstein discography	[ "## Composition", "## Reception", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts", "## Release history", "## See also" ]	2,255	31,508
65,625,778	Confederate Defenders of Charleston	1,128,546,453	Monument in Charleston, South Carolina	[ "1932 establishments in South Carolina", "1932 sculptures", "Bronze sculptures in South Carolina", "Buildings and structures in Charleston, South Carolina", "Charleston Renaissance", "Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in South Carolina", "Outdoor sculptures in South Carolina", "Sculptures of men in South Carolina", "Statues in South Carolina", "Tourist attractions in Charleston, South Carolina", "United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials", "Vandalized works of art in South Carolina" ]	Confederate Defenders of Charleston is a monument in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. The monument honors Confederate soldiers from Charleston, most notably those who served at Fort Sumter during the American Civil War. Built with funds provided by a local philanthropist, the monument was designed by Hermon Atkins MacNeil and was dedicated in White Point Garden in 1932. The monument, standing 17 feet (5.2 m) tall, features two bronze statues of a sword and shield-bearing defender standing in front of a symbolic representation of the city of Charleston. In recent years, the monument has been the subject of vandalism and calls for removal as part of a larger series of removal of Confederate monuments and memorials in the United States. ## History ### Background and dedication In April 1861, Fort Sumter, a sea fort held by the Union Army near Charleston, South Carolina, was besieged by Confederate forces, who would later take control of the fortification and hold it throughout the American Civil War until February 1865, the same year the war ended. The idea for a monument honoring the Confederate soldiers from Charleston, and in particular those at Fort Sumter, gained traction in the early 1900s. In 1928, Andrew Buist Murray, a notable philanthropist from Charleston, died and left \$100,000 in his will for the purposes of erecting a monument of this nature. The local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy was responsible for the monument's erection. Hermon Atkins MacNeil was chosen as the designer for the monument, and New York City-based Delano & Aldrich served as the architectural firm. Additionally, casting for some parts of the monument was performed by the Rudier Foundry in Paris. In designing the monument, MacNeil wished to portray the defenders of Charleston as "stalwart youth" defending both the fort and the city, where the defenders' wife and family, their "most prized possessions", lived. The total cost for the monument was between \$80,000 and \$90,000. Dedication for the monument, which was located in Charleston's White Point Garden, took place on October 20, 1932. Burnet R. Maybank, the Mayor of Charleston, declared the day a public holiday to allow municipal employees to attend the ceremony. The dedication ceremony, attracting approximately 8,000 attendees, was presided over by several notable individuals from the region. Bishop Albert Sidney Thomas of the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina gave the invocation, while Bishop Emmet M. Walsh of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston gave the benediction. The keynote speaker for the ceremony was Gerald W. Johnson, a writer for The Evening Sun newspaper in Baltimore. In his speech, Johnson argued that the men honored in the monument had not fought to preserve slavery in the United States, but instead had fought for "their right to live their lives as they chose to live them." Several Confederate veterans were present, while a group of four women who were all descendants of Confederate garrison members from Fort Sumter performed the official unveiling for the monument. Following the unveiling, a Confederate flag, said to be the last one to fly over Fort Sumter, was placed at the base of the monument along with two wreaths made of white and red carnations. The monument was dedicated during a period known as the Charleston Renaissance, a period of growth for the city that saw, among other things, a boom in the arts and in historic preservation efforts that promoted tourism in Charleston. Boosters promoted the city's history as rooted in Southern culture, and numerous monuments honoring Charleston's history, such as the Defenders monument, were erected during this time. According to historian Robert J. Cook, "The Lost Cause flourished amid these changes," and he points to Johnson's keynote speech during the monument's dedication as an example of this. A 2019 article in The Charleston Chronicle discussing monuments in the area describes the year of the monument's dedication as "the apex of the Ku Klux Klan". ### Recent controversy In recent years, the monument has come under increased criticism and has been the subject of vandalism and calls for removal. In 2004, the monument was vandalized when someone spray-painted "genocidal" and "Kill Whitey" across it. Shortly after the Charleston church shooting in 2015, the monument, along with the John C. Calhoun Monument in Charleston's Marion Square, was defaced. The Defenders monument was graffitied with the phrases "Black lives matter" and "This is the problem \#racist". In July of that year, in response to the shooting, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the grounds of the South Carolina State House in Columbia, South Carolina. Following this, the Defenders monument became the site of demonstrations by flaggers, which, as of 2020, have been held every Sunday since then. Following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, the NAACP and the National Action Network (NAN) called on the government of South Carolina to repeal a law that barred the removal of public monuments and memorials, including Confederate monuments. On August 13, a day after the Charlottesville car attack during the Unite the Right rally, NAN held a rally at the Defenders monument. On August 16, 2017, another rally in Charleston calling for the removal of the Calhoun and Defenders monuments was attended by about 100 people. The event was organized by the local chapter of the Democratic Socialists of America, who also called for a repeal of the act barring the monuments' removals. In response, Charleston Mayor John Tecklenburg announced plans to "add context" to several monuments in the city (including the Defenders monument) with the installation of plaques that provide additional information on the monuments and their backgrounds. In June 2019, the monument was vandalized again, with a "red paint like substance" splattered onto the monument. Two individuals were later arrested for the act. On May 30, 2020, as part of the George Floyd protests in the United States, the statue was again vandalized, with "traitors" and "BLM" spray-painted on the pedestal. The statue itself was later covered. For about a month following this, the Defenders monument became the primary site of protests against Confederate monuments and symbolism in the city. A protest on June 7 attracted approximately 150 protestors, while about 50 protestors attended one a week later that also recognized the five-year anniversary of the Charleston church shooting. Later that month, the Calhoun monument was removed by the city. Throughout July, the Defenders monument was the site of dueling protests between opponents of the monument, including Black Lives Matter activists, and flaggers. On July 9, two men were arrested during one such protest for assault and battery, while at another protest on July 12, members of the Light Foot Militia, a militia organization, organized in support of the flaggers. At a protest in September, a man was arrested for brandishing a rifle. ## Design The monument consists of a bronze statue of two figures atop a granite pedestal. The figure in front is a warrior, symbolizing the Confederate soldiers from Charleston, wearing only a fig leaf and sandals and holding both a sword and a shield bearing the Seal of South Carolina. Behind him stands a female figure symbolizing Charleston. Described as resembling an Amazon or an "Athena-like" figure, she holds a laurel wreath as a reward for the warrior. These statues stand 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) tall atop an octagonal pedestal that rises 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m). The monument lies at the center of a large circular plaza with a diameter of 56.5 feet (17.2 m). The monument features several inscriptions on the pedestal. On the front is inscribed: > TO THE > CONFEDERATE > DEFENDERS OF > CHARLESTON > FORT SUMTER > 1861–1865 Below this, the following inscription wraps around the pedestal: > COUNT THEM HAPPY WHO FOR THEIR FAITH AND THEIR COURAGE ENDURED A GREAT FIGHT. ## See also - 1932 in art - List of Confederate monuments and memorials in South Carolina	[ "## History", "### Background and dedication", "### Recent controversy", "## Design", "## See also" ]	1,721	35,461
30,611,167	The Plateau (Fringe)	1,161,305,750	null	[ "2010 American television episodes", "Fringe (season 3) episodes" ]	"The Plateau" is the third episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe, and the 46th episode overall. As one of the early Season 3 episodes that take place entirely in the parallel universe, the episode centers on Olivia, conditioned to believe she is a member of the alternate Fringe team, trying to track down a mentally unstable man that can predict the team's every move. "The Plateau" was co-written by Monica Owusu-Breen and Alison Schapker, and directed by Brad Anderson. It featured the only appearance of guest actor Michael Eklund, who played the episode's antagonist Milo Stanfield. It first aired on October 7, 2010 to an estimated 5.2 million viewers. Reviews of the episode were mostly positive, and many praised the storyline and Eklund's performance. ## Plot Olivia (Anna Torv), trapped in the parallel universe, has been conditioned with drugs to believe she is her doppelganger, "Fauxlivia", by Walternate (John Noble), and has been integrated into the alternate Fringe team, though she is haunted by images of Peter (Joshua Jackson) and Walter (Noble) from the prime universe. She, Charlie (Kirk Acevedo), and Lincoln (Seth Gabel) are called to the scene of an accident where a pedestrian has been run over by a bus, nearly duplicating events of a similar bus accident the day before, a statistical impossibility according to Astrid (Jasika Nicole). Olivia finds a ball-point pen at the scene, a rarity in the parallel universe because of the adoption of digital interfaces. Evidence suggests that the discovery of the pen by a bystander created a sequence of reactions that led to the victim's death. The next day, another pedestrian is wounded in a bus accident. As the Fringe team investigates the scene, finding another pen, a bystander is struck and killed by an ambulance. Olivia spots a suspicious man in the crowds, but he uses a seemingly random series of happenstance events to get away. Olivia discovers ties between the three victims and a medical center. At the center, Dr. Levin (Malcolm Stewart) explains they help mentally challenged patients with experimental processes to boost their intelligence; Olivia observes one set of patients uses pens as they are unable to cope with digital devices. When Olivia and Charlie discuss the victims with Dr. Levin, he is able to identify their culprit as Milo (Michael Eklund), a patient taking an experimental drug to boost his IQ exponentially. Though released to care of his sole remaining family member Madeline (Kacey Rohl), he was scheduled to return to reverse the process for his own health and safety. Dr. Levin identifies all three victims as those charged to return Milo to the center, the last victim only having been selected the day before. They visit Madeline, who worries for the safety of her brother. She explains that Milo is able to predict the outcome of numerous events to the smallest detail, and only by showing him a toy horse, a connection to their deceased parents, can she break Milo's concentration. She provides Olivia and Charlie the location of the hotel that Milo is staying at. As they return to the city, Olivia and Charlie discuss plans with Astrid on how to capture Milo, but realize that since he can predict their every move, any plan would be futile, and approach the hotel directly. Milo leads Olivia on a chase through a construction area including a marked zone where the air is too thin, expecting to crush her under a load of cement bricks. Olivia, unaware of the warning signs for the zone, races through it instead of stopping to put on a respirator, nearly asphyxiating herself, and dodges the bricks in time to capture Milo. At the center, Dr. Levin notes that Milo's condition is too far advanced to reverse, and only a computer is able to keep up with his thoughts. Madeline sadly leaves the toy horse at Milo's side. That evening, Olivia has a vision of Peter; the vision tries to break Olivia from the conditioning, explaining that her lack of knowledge of the parallel universe saved her life. ## Production In late March 2010, Brothers & Sisters showrunners Monica Owusu-Breen and Alison Schapker were hired as co-executive producers for Fringe. The two had previously worked with Fringe co-creators Roberto Orci, J. J. Abrams, and Alex Kurtzman on Alias, and again with Abrams on Lost. "The Plateau" marked the first Fringe episode they co-wrote. Editor Timothy A. Good also joined the series, making "The Plateau" his first Fringe episode. Good called the episode one of two parts– the second half was the season's eighteenth episode "Bloodline", which Breen and Schapker also co-wrote. The episode premise was inspired by executive producer J.H. Wyman's son, who came up with the idea that a man could be smart enough to predict events. "The Plateau" marked the first appearance of a fringe case in the parallel universe. The episode featured the return of guest stars Kirk Acevedo, Ryan McDonald, Seth Gabel, and Philip Winchester. New guest actors included Michael Eklund as the antagonist Milo Stanfield, Malcolm Stewart as Dr. Levin, and Kacey Rohl as Madeline. Eklund and other actors auditioned in Vancouver, and the producers reviewed tapes of their previous work. As executive producer Jeff Pinkner explains, "We got incredibly lucky casting Michael Eklund for this role... he really created this character." "The Plateau" was the first episode of the third season to feature "Alt-Astrid", the prime universe Astrid's doppelganger. Actress Jasika Nicole depicted her to have autistic characteristics, as Nicole has a sister with the disorder. The producers decided this would be the one doppelganger to have actual genetic differences with their counterpart, with Nicole believing her two characters possessed the greatest contrast among all of the doppelgangers. Former Fringe producer Brad Anderson served as the episodes director. The episode was shot in August 2010, partly on Hastings Street in Vancouver. Anderson filmed the opening sequence in one day, which Owusu-Bree praised as "unbelievable." The crew employed a stunt double for some of Eklund's more physical scenes, such as when he jumps onto a moving bus. Pinkner called the bus scene his favorite stunt on the series thus far. The hospital where Olivia and Charlie interview the drug trial doctor was filmed at the Toronto Public Library. There, the video the doctor showed them was added later by effects supervisor Jay Worth, forcing the actors to fake reactions to the images displayed. As with other Fringe episodes, Fox released a science lesson plan in collaboration with Science Olympiad for grade school children focusing on the science seen in "The Plateau", with the intention of having "students learn about chain reactions, where small changes result in additional changes, leading to a self-propagating chain of events." ## Reception ### Ratings On its first broadcast on October 7, 2010, "The Plateau" was watched by an estimated 5.2 million viewers, earning a 2.0/5 ratings share for adults between the ages 18 and 49. Time shifting viewing increased the episode's ratings by 39 percent, finishing with a 2.8 rating among adults. ### Reviews Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker called the episode "at once cool-looking, heart-tugging, and pretty simple", especially when compared to previous episodes like "White Tulip". Writing for The A.V. Club, Noel Murray graded the episode with an A, explaining "I can't really find anything to complain about here. The direction was effectively moody and snappy, the performances were sharp, and the case was cool." Murray praised the subtle characteristics of the parallel universe, the action scenes, and the use of split-screens to visually show Milo's predictions. MTV's Josh Wigler believed that the episode "demonstrated how the mystery-of-the-week format can still be compelling: by taking everything familiar and applying a stark new layer of paint." Andrew Hanson of the Los Angeles Times wrote "The third season of Fringe continues to get better with each episode. Most importantly, it has momentum. It's moving forward with a distinct destination, and even though I know Fringe is heading somewhere, I have no idea where that might be, or what's going to happen when we get there. Boy, if you're not watching Fringe, you're missing out." SFScope contributor Sarah Stegall thought the episode was similar to Flowers for Algernon, but was skeptical of the premise that Milo could predict every event before they happened. She criticized the decision to make Milo "coldly calculating", writing "This is but another version of the tired cliché of the stoic intellectual, the intelligent person who has no heart or emotions. Why are we so afraid of smart people?... It always annoys me when science fiction writers, of all people, diss their own audience with the idea that intellectuals are dangerous." Stegall was pleased to have the first "standalone" episode of the season, explaining that it was the first where she could "relax and enjoy... the tying together of a standalone with a mythology theme was absolutely brilliant." Fearnet contributor Alyse Wax enjoyed the episode, but also thought "the idea that [drugs] could turn someone into a cartoonish evil genius is pretty farfetched." Many critics praised Eklund and his character, with one calling Milo "spindly, intense, and nicely chilling". In a January 2011 article, The Futon Critic rated "The Plateau" the twenty-first best television episode of 2010 out of a list of fifty. The A.V. Club ranked Fringe the 15th best show of 2010, in particular citing "The Plateau" as a justification. Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly named "The Plateau" the thirteenth best episode of the series, explaining "The first half of Fringe's celebrated third season alternated between episodes set in the over here and over there worlds. In a tough call, we say the best of the over there stand-alones was this brainy thriller about a dude with a low I.Q. who got an intelligence boost via nootopic drugs, and found himself becoming smarter and smarter, and more and more humanly detached, and causing chaos and death by concocting intricate chain reaction events." In a similar list, Den of Geek named it the eighth best episode of the series, explaining that "The Plateau" stood out as "the best of a good crop of episodes" among the parallel universe storylines because of its villain and its use of Lincoln Lee, Charlie, and Olivia in action."	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Reception", "### Ratings", "### Reviews" ]	2,240	25,056
33,750,068	Yo-Yo (Nicola Roberts song)	1,138,079,687	null	[ "2011 songs", "2012 singles", "Nicola Roberts songs", "Polydor Records singles", "Songs written by Dimitri Tikovoi", "Songs written by Diplo", "Songs written by Nicola Roberts" ]	"Yo-Yo" is a song by British recording artist Nicola Roberts, released as the third and final single from Roberts' debut solo album Cinderella's Eyes on 6 January 2012. Originally, "Yo-Yo" was set to be Roberts' debut single, but "Beat of My Drum" was selected in its place. "Beat of My Drum" and "Lucky Day", Roberts' previous singles, garnered positive comments from critics, but failed to impact commercially. "Yo-Yo" was written by Roberts, Maya Von Doll and Dimitri Tikovoi while it was produced by latter, and was the first song to be composed by the group. Roberts also claimed the track had defined her musical style. "Yo-Yo" is a 1950s-themed electropop and synth-pop song in which Roberts sings about an undecided lover. The song received positive reviews from critics, who compared Roberts' vocals to those of singer Kate Bush. Commercially, it was a failure, charting at number 111 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video was released on 30 November 2011; the video sees Roberts repeatedly changing outfit for a party in which she finds her love interest cheating on her, ending with an aggressive confrontation. It garnered positive critical responses although the low-budget drew criticism. Roberts performed "Yo-Yo" on the Alan Titchmarsh Show, among other occasions. ## Background and writing Nicola Roberts, who began her musical career as one fifth of the band Girls Aloud, struggled with loneliness and increasing isolation during her time with the group. A busy schedule and constant media criticism found her describing the time as a "blur". Her exhaustion and troubles with negative media comments led to a state in which she had to harden herself, claiming that inside she was "dying". These events inspired her debut album Cinderella's Eyes. "Yo-Yo" was the first song she had written with Maya von Doll and Dimitri Tikovoi for the album. The recording was also one of the first songs Roberts wrote, and it helped define her musical style. Roberts blogged about the production of the track, writing that: > The production’s incredible. The beat is just so constant and powerful. That was the first song that I wrote with Dimitri and Maya. I felt like I’d found my sound. And I was kind of looking at it like an outfit. So it was, 'if this was an outfit, what would this song need now?’ So we had the pretty dress, which was the chorus. We had the lovely shoes, which was the verse. 'But what do we need to really set this song off? A big, fancy, bow in the hair would really set this song off.' So when I got to the middle eight I wanted to go really erratic, almost like taTu on All The Things She Said. I wanted it to be proper fucked up and crazy – hands in the air. ## Release Roberts' debut single, "Beat of My Drum", garnered acclaim from critics, but failed to impact commercially, charting at 27 in the United Kingdom. She released a follow-up single, "Lucky Day", which likewise garnered positive responses, but was even less successful commercially, charting at number 40 on both the Scottish and UK Singles charts. Writing as a guest blogger on the website Holy Moly in September 2011, Roberts announced that "Yo-Yo" would be released as the third single from Cinderella's Eyes, initially citing a November release date; the release was later delayed until January 2012. Roberts had originally intended for "Yo-Yo" to be the first single from the album, but "Beat of My Drum" was instead chosen at the "last minute". Roberts stated that "it felt right to go with" the latter song. "Yo-Yo" was released digitally on 2 January 2012, with Roberts announcing on her official website that the single would be released in CD format featuring a live performance of the song in addition to the demo version of her song "Sticks + Stones" seven days later. Additionally, two EPs were released on 6 January 2012. ## Composition and critical reception "Yo-Yo" features 808 drums with a "dramatic" 1950s-inspired pop "pastiche". However, the 1950s concept "goes completely out of the window" for an "unhinged" bridge, which features a club mix which speeds up the drums featured in the song. The lyrics of the track discuss an uncertain relationship, leading to vulnerability, with Roberts describing it as a "dark" song. The song references a yo-yo; this is a metaphor for Roberts herself, a spinning yo-yo "on the finger of a hot 'n' cold lover". Described as "confessional" by Robert Copsey of Digital Spy, the song has a "conversational" performance, and Roberts' vocals were compared to that of singer Kate Bush. The song received positive reviews from music critics. Emily Mackay, writing for NME, described the chorus as a "winning" one, and noted that "the impulse-speed space synths are broken-heartedly beguiling". In a separate review, Lisa Wright from NME found that while the song didn't match the success of "Beat of My Drum". Wright said that the song is "Not a cuss-ridden introduction to Nicola’s re-emergence as an English Syd Tha Kyd, but a questionable metaphor about being like a crap '90s toy." Robert Copsey of Digital Spy found Cinderella's Eyes to be "frustratingly under-appreciated" with "Yo-Yo" being a "shining example of [Roberts'] pop sensibilities" calling it "unashamedly radio friendly". ## Music video ### Synopsis The video begins with a man performing tricks with a yo-yo in a white room, accompanied by shots showing Roberts in a "fashionable looking house" wearing a black silk dress. Then rapid shots show her in various other outfits, including a purple velvet dress, all the time showing the man performing tricks with the yo-yo. As the chorus begins, Roberts is shown in the kitchen of the house, along with several women dancing with her. Another shot shows a man and a woman walking through a street embracing each other. This is later interspersed with shots of a fully clothed Roberts standing in a shower cubiclem getting increasingly wet. Roberts is shown leaving the house and seeing the man with whom she had danced with another woman. She returns to the house, and the man and Roberts are seen in the kitchen area with Roberts throwing a series of objects at him. ### Release and reception Prior to the release of the video, Roberts released still images to website 3am. These showed her in what was described as "some sort of untidy, yet fashionable looking house", while one showed her with her legs above her head wearing "Kandee's caramel kisses shoes" and a third and final seeing her "cosying up next to a handsome chap". The same day, Roberts gave two more exclusive stills to website Digital Spy; in one image, she was smelling roses, while, in the second, she was "playing with a pair of shoes". The video was released on 30 November 2011. Katherine St Asaph, of Pop Dust, found that the video's low budget had had a negative effect. She interpreted scenes with Roberts repeated changes clothing positively, noting "[i]t works because of the lyrics – what, besides other people, can mess with your feelings more than trying on clothes?" ## Live performances She pre-recorded a performance of "Yo-Yo" for UK television programme The Alan Titchmarsh Show during the same taping as a performance of "Lucky Day". The taping came after deciding "Yo-Yo" would be released as the third single from the album, with Roberts saying, "I absolutely love performing Yo-Yo, it's my favourite one to do [...] So I feel really close to Yo-Yo. I feel like I lose myself when I'm performing it". After the release of the single, Roberts performed on The Album Chart Show during a special dedicated to her, performing three tracks: "Yo-Yo", "Beat of My Drum" and "Sticks + Stones". Roberts also performed the song on British chat show Loose Women and on the Digital Music Awards. ## Charts "Yo-Yo" debuted at its peak of number 111 on the UK Singles Chart. ## Formats and track-listings \; CD single 1. "Yo-Yo" (Engine Room session) – 3:20 2. "Lucky Day" (Engine Room sessions) – 3:19 3. "I" (Engine Room sessions) – 3:42 4. "Sticks + Stones" (Engine Room sessions) – 4:15 5. "Sticks + Stones" (Demo) – 2:15 \; EP 1. "Yo-Yo" (Clean Radio mix) – 3:24 2. "Yo-Yo" (High Level radio edit) – 3:42 3. "Yo-Yo" (High Level club mix) – 6:37 4. "Yo-Yo" (JRMX radio edit) – 3:54 5. "Yo-Yo" (JRMX club mix) – 5:59 6. "Memory of You" (Solo version) (pre-order only) – 3:47 \*; Engine Rooms sessions EP 1. "Yo-Yo" (Engine Room sessions) – 3:31 2. "Lucky Day" (Engine Room sessions) – 3:19 3. "I" (Engine Room sessions) – 3:42 4. "Sticks + Stones" (Engine Room sessions) – 4:14 ## Release history	[ "## Background and writing", "## Release", "## Composition and critical reception", "## Music video", "### Synopsis", "### Release and reception", "## Live performances", "## Charts", "## Formats and track-listings", "## Release history" ]	2,075	21,110
15,081,984	Tropical Storm Arthur (2002)	1,171,670,543	Atlantic tropical storm in 2002	[ "2002 Atlantic hurricane season", "Atlantic tropical storms", "Hurricanes in Canada", "Hurricanes in Florida", "Hurricanes in North Carolina", "Tropical cyclones in 2002" ]	Tropical Storm Arthur was the first tropical cyclone of the relatively quiet 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. The origins of the storm are believed to have been from a decaying cold front in the Gulf of Mexico, which dropped light to moderate rainfall across the southeastern United States. Developing on July 14 near the coast of North Carolina, Arthur tracked quickly east-northward through much of its duration as a tropical cyclone. It reached peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) on July 16, though as it interacted with a mid-level cyclone and cooler waters it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants of Arthur passed over Newfoundland with gusty winds and rainfall, where one person drowned. Arthur was the first tropical storm to form in the month of July since Alex of 1998. ## Meteorological history The origins of Tropical Storm Arthur are believed to have been from a decaying cold front in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in July 2002. By July 9, a weak low-level circulation was first detected, in association with a broad low pressure area. Across the region, surface pressures were high, while upper level wind shear was marginally favorable for slow tropical development. The system tracked slowly north-northwestward, gradually becoming better defined, although thunderstorm activity remained limited and disorganized. By July 11, dry air and unfavorable wind shear prevented the convection from developing near the center. The low became elongated, though on July 12 the overall convection became more concentrated as it turned to a northeast drift. An approaching mid-level trough caused the system to accelerate northeastward across Florida Panhandle, though upon doing so the thunderstorm activity quickly diminished. On July 13, forecasters expected the system to be absorbed by the approaching trough. However, the low pressure area emerged into the western Atlantic Ocean near North Carolina early on July 14, and upon doing so its convection increased and became better organized. The circulation and convection became further defined, and the National Hurricane Center estimates the system developed into Tropical Depression One late on July 14 about 45 miles (72 km) west-southwest of Hatteras, North Carolina. Upon becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression was moving quickly to the east-northeast, due to a deepening mid-level low south of the Canadian Maritimes. It maintained good upper-level outflow, and its track over the gulf stream allowed for steady strengthening. Early on July 15, convection increased over the center and developed an organized rainband southwest of the center; as a result, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Arthur. After continuing to steadily intensify, Arthur attained peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) early on July 16 about 490 miles (790 km) south-southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Upon reaching peak intensity, the convection had become well-organized over the center despite westerly wind shear. Subsequently, the center became separated from the area of deepest convection, and Arthur maintained its peak intensity as it began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. The storm turned northward around the larger mid-level low, and by July 17 Arthur completed extratropical transition. Shortly thereafter, the extratropical remnants crossed eastern Newfoundland. On July 19, the remnants of Arthur turned to a southeast drift between Newfoundland and Greenland, and by late in the day its winds decreased to below gale force. ## Impact The precursor tropical disturbance dropped light to moderate precipitation in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, peaking at 4.49 inches (114 mm) in Weston, Florida. The system produced scattered precipitation across North Carolina, generally between 1–3 inches (25–76 millimetres). On July 16, Arthur passed north of Bermuda, where it brought gusty winds and 0.57 inches (14 mm) of rainfall. As an extratropical storm, Arthur produced gusty winds and dropped about 1 inch (25 mm) of rainfall in Newfoundland. Strong waves capsized a boat in the Conne River, killing one person. Five ships recorded tropical storm force winds in association with Arthur, of which two were when the storm was extratropical. Early on July 16, a vessel with the call sign Weston reported sustained winds of 51 mph (82 km/h) from the south-southwest, which was the strongest ship reported wind speed. As the storm approached Canada as an extratropical storm, a buoy reported an 8-minute average wind speed of 45 mph (72 km/h), along with a wind gust of 60 mph (97 km/h). ## See also - List of North Carolina hurricanes (2000-present) - List of Florida hurricanes (2000-present) - Other tropical cyclones named Arthur	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Impact", "## See also" ]	987	9,757
372,576	Blackfriars station	1,171,863,046	London Underground and railway station	[ "Blackfriars, London", "Circle line (London Underground) stations", "District line stations", "Former London, Chatham and Dover Railway stations", "Former Metropolitan District Railway stations", "London station group", "Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1870", "Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1886", "Railway stations in the City of London", "Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway", "Railway stations served by Southeastern", "Railway termini in London", "Richard Seifert buildings", "Train driver depots in England", "Tube stations in the City of London" ]	Blackfriars, also known as London Blackfriars, is a central London railway station and connected London Underground station in the City of London. It provides Thameslink services: local (from North to South London), and regional (Bedford and Cambridge to Brighton) and limited Southeastern commuter services to South East London and Kent. Its platforms span the River Thames, the only one in London to do so, along the length of Blackfriars Railway Bridge, a short distance downstream from Blackfriars Bridge. There are two station entrances either side of the Thames, along with a connection to the London Underground District and Circle lines. The main line station was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway with the name St. Paul's in 1886, as a replacement for the earlier Blackfriars Bridge station (now the present station's southern entrance) and the earlier Blackfriars railway bridge. This increased capacity of rail traffic through the Snow Hill tunnel to the rest of the rail network. The Underground station opened in 1870 with the arrival of the Metropolitan District Railway. The station was renamed Blackfriars in 1937 to avoid confusion with St Paul's tube station. It was rebuilt in the 1970s, which included the addition of office space above the station and the closure of the original railway bridge, which was demolished in 1985. In 2009, the station underwent major refurbishments to improve capacity, which included the extension of the platforms across the railway bridge and a new station entrance on the South Bank. The underground station was rebuilt at the same time, and work was completed in 2012. ## Location Blackfriars station serves Thameslink rail services that connect suburbs with central London. It straddles the River Thames, running across the length of Blackfriars Railway Bridge parallel to the A201 Blackfriars Bridge. For this reason, it is partly in the City of London and partly in the London Borough of Southwark. The north bank entrance is on the south side of Queen Victoria Street and the south bank entrance, opened in 2011, is adjacent to Blackfriars Road. The station falls within fare zone 1. The station is run by Thameslink, with Transport for London handling the underground platforms. A Thameslink driver depot is in the station building. The adjacent Blackfriars Millennium Pier provides river services to Putney and Canary Wharf. London Buses routes 4, 40, 63 and night routes N63 and N89 serve the station. ## History ### London, Chatham and Dover Railway The station was proposed by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR), who had been given parliamentary power to build a line into the City of London. The company wanted to compete with rivals, the South Eastern Railway, and provide the best service into Central London. The line was complete as far as the Thames by 1864; the LC&DR opened Blackfriars Bridge station on 1 June, which sat on the south bank adjacent to Blackfriars Road. The station was constructed on two levels, with a goods depot at street level and passenger facilities level with the bridge. An underground station at Blackfriars north of the river was opened by the Metropolitan District Railway in 1870, before any mainline stations. The railway bridge across the Thames was delayed because the City's controlling government, the Corporation of London, were unsure as to what it should look like and how many arches there should be. The station was designed by Joseph Cubitt and had a long roof with walls that stretched up to the riverbank. Cubitt subsequently designed the original bridge, which carried four tracks on a 933 feet (284 m) lattice girder bridge, supported by sets of stone piers supporting iron columns. Services began across the bridge on 21 December 1864. Upon completion, trains ended at a temporary terminal, replaced by Ludgate Hill on 1 June 1865. A further station, Holborn Viaduct, opened on 2 March 1874 and the LC&DR line ran via the Snow Hill tunnel to a connection to the Metropolitan Railway near Farringdon, then on to King's Cross and St Pancras stations. The mainline Blackfriars station was opened by the LC&DR as St. Paul's railway station on 10 May 1886 when the company opened the St. Paul's Railway Bridge across the Thames. The bridge was constructed parallel to the 1864 Blackfriars Railway Bridge, carrying seven tracks across five arched spans between 175 feet (53 m) and 185 feet (56 m) high. It widened past the bridge to the terminus on the south side of Queen Victoria Street. The original station was a small and cheaply designed pink-red brick building, as the LC&DR had financial difficulties throughout its lifetime attempting to drive a railway through Central London. The station's frontage backed onto the District Railway, making a cab access and forecourt impossible owing to lack of space. It did, however, allow St Paul's a direct interchange with the rest of the underground, unlike all the other LC&DR stations. On 13 November 1886, a direct connection was made between the mainline and underground stations. After the opening of St. Paul's station, the earlier Blackfriars Bridge station was closed to passengers but remained as a goods station until 1965. Most mainline trains called at St Paul's, including those stopping at Holborn Viaduct. Local commuters continued to use Ludgate Hill where possible, as it was closer to where they were going, but it did not have sufficient capacity. ### Southern Railway and Southern Region St. Paul's station was renamed by the Southern Railway as Blackfriars on 1 February 1937. This was partly done to avoid confusion after the London Passenger Transport Board renamed Post Office tube station on the Central line to St Paul's, and partly so that the mainline and underground stations would have the same name. It suffered significant bomb damage during World War II. Overnight on 16–17 April 1941, the signalbox on the south side of the bridge was destroyed, along with a bridge over Southwark Street. The signals were not fully restored until 11 August 1946, after the war. After the creation of British Railways in 1948, the station was managed by the Southern Region. Gradually, the structure of the original Blackfriars Railway Bridge deteriorated until it was unsound. In 1961, two tracks were removed from the bridge to ease its load. The station had little investment and still supported some of the original architecture and design up to the 1960s. By this time, services were reduced to a handful of commuter services. The original Blackfriars Bridge station, which had remained as a goods depot, was demolished in 1964. The bridge was closed to trains on 27 June 1971 and the deck was removed in 1985, and only the piers in the river and the orange bridge abutments remain. The station began to be rebuilt along with the Underground station in 1971, which included an additional 150,000 square feet (14,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of office space. Reconstruction was problematic, as the original station building had sat on top of a cold store, which had frozen the ground below it. The District line tunnel had to be removed and replaced with a new supporting structure that could accommodate the redesigned station building. The work was formally reopened on 30 November 1977 by the Lord Mayor of London, Peter Vanneck (though the station had never actually closed). A part of the stonework elevation from the 1886 LC&DR station has been preserved at platform level in the main line station indicating many destinations in the south-east of England and in Europe. ### Station rebuild Blackfriars station was significantly renovated between 2009 and 2012 in a £500 million redevelopment programme to modernise the station and increase capacity. The terminal platforms at the station were closed on 20 March 2009 in order for work to begin. The original concept for the project was designed by Pascall+Watson architects, with execution by Jacobs and Tony Gee and Partners; it was built by Balfour Beatty. The office building above the station was demolished and replaced as part of the Thameslink programme. The new station is the same height and has a combined National Rail and London Underground ticket hall and ventilation shaft together with escalators and lifts between a mezzanine level for main line railway services and the sub-surface level for London Underground services. The Underground station also received major enhancements, with a new roof of glazed north lights and partial-height glazed side panels installed along the entire length of the bridge. On the south bank of the river a new station entrance was built at Bankside, containing a second ticket hall. The through platforms were moved to the east side and extended along Blackfriars Railway Bridge to accommodate 12-carriage trains (in place of the previous eight). The layout has been altered by building new bay platforms on the west side, avoiding the need for through trains between City Thameslink and London Bridge crossing the paths of terminating ones. The works exploited the disused piers west of the existing railway bridge which once supported the former West Blackfriars and St. Paul's Railway Bridge. The easternmost row of disused piers was strengthened, tied into the existing bridge and clad in stone. The longer platforms allow longer trains on the Thameslink route to pass through London. Thameslink services began using the newly constructed platforms in early 2011. The station's new entrance and ticket hall on the south side of the river opened on 5 December. The tube station reopened on 20 February 2012. The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, visited the works on the same day, saying "the rebirth of this central London station will improve the journeys of thousands of passengers every single day". The reconstruction work provided jobs for around 13,000 people, with a peak of 2,000 per day at the busiest times. The Thameslink redevelopment work at Blackfriars has been well received. In January 2014 the Blackfriars Railway Bridge became the world's largest solar-powered bridge having been covered with 4,400 photovoltaic panels providing up to half of the energy for the station. In 2017, the station won a Major Station of the Year award at the National Rail Awards. The Waterloo & City line, a deep-level tube line which runs non-stop between Waterloo and Bank, runs almost directly under Blackfriars station and there have been suggestions to construct an interchange station for the line at Blackfriars. The Department for Transport considers this to have "no significant transport benefit". ## Accidents - On 19 May 1938, a SECR B1 class locomotive was derailed, causing several hours disruption at the station. - On 2 January 2014, a train's pantograph struck the roof of the station due to a technical fault. The accident involving a First Capital Connect service from to did not result in any injuries but caused delays of around 45 minutes. ## Services Blackfriars main-line station is served by through services on the Thameslink route operated by Thameslink and Southeastern. This includes trains from Bedford, St Albans City and Luton to the north, and Brighton, Sutton and Sevenoaks to the south. Southbound trains run via London Bridge or Elephant & Castle; northbound trains next call at City Thameslink. Before March 2009 some services from the south terminated at three bay platforms, which were then removed during renovation works. Two new bay platforms opened in May 2012 and are used during peak hours and at weekends. Southeastern provides direct services to Kent during peak hours Monday to Friday. The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is: - 4 tph to Brighton via Gatwick Airport - 2 tph to Horsham via Redhill and Gatwick Airport - 2 tph to Three Bridges via Redhill - 2 tph to Rainham via Greenwich, Woolwich Arsenal, Dartford and Gravesend - 2 tph to Sevenoaks via Catford and Swanley - 4 tph to Sutton (2 of these run via Hackbridge and 2 run via Wimbledon) - 4 tph to St Albans City (all stations) - 2 tph to Luton (all stations except Kentish Town, Cricklewood and Hendon) - 4 tph to Bedford (semi-fast) - 2 tph to Cambridge via Stevenage - 2 tph to Peterborough via Stevenage The station is also served by a small number of Southeastern services to Beckenham Junction and Dartford. Although many services are Thameslink through trains, Blackfriars is considered a central London terminus and tickets marked 'London Terminals' are valid to use when travelling to/from the south. Tickets marked 'London Thameslink' can be used in both directions. ## Blackfriars Underground station Blackfriars Underground station is served by the Circle and District lines and is between Temple and Mansion House stations. The underground station pre-dates the mainline one and was opened on 30 May 1870 by the Metropolitan District Railway (MDR) as the railway's new eastern terminus when the line was extended from Westminster. The MDR had been created as a new company to complete the Circle line, which would split the budget from the District and Metropolitan Railways. The construction of the new section of the MDR was planned in conjunction with the building of the Victoria Embankment and was achieved by the cut and cover method of roofing over a shallow trench. On 3 July 1871 the MDR was extended eastwards to a new terminus at Mansion House. The Circle line ran over the same route, but its completion was delayed following arguments between the District and Metropolitan Railways and did not open until 6 October 1884. The underground station was closed on 2 March 2009 for major renovation work and reopened on 20 February 2012. This involved demolishing the National Rail building and merging its ticket hall with the Underground's.	[ "## Location", "## History", "### London, Chatham and Dover Railway", "### Southern Railway and Southern Region", "### Station rebuild", "## Accidents", "## Services", "## Blackfriars Underground station" ]	2,960	16,247
40,718,316	Typhoon Nancy (1982)	1,170,284,505	Pacific typhoon in 1982	[ "1982 Pacific typhoon season", "Tropical cyclones in 1982", "Typhoons", "Typhoons in the Philippines" ]	Typhoon Nancy, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Weling, was a destructive typhoon that moved through Vietnam and the Philippines during October 1982. The typhoon originated from an area of convection and was first classified as a tropical cyclone on October 10. The system attained gale-force winds the next day, and slowly deepened thereafter. Although Nancy initially moved west, the system maintained a general westward course for much of its duration, striking Luzon on October 14 at peak intensity of 215 km/h (130 mph). It weakened to tropical storm strength overland, but re-intensified to typhoon intensity over the South China Sea. Nancy hit northern Vietnam on the October 18, and weakened almost immediately thereafter, before dissipating on October 20 inland over Vietnam. In the Philippines, damage was the worst in Cagayan and Isabela. In the former, 4,378 homes were destroyed while 2,250 houses were destroyed in the latter. Nationwide, 96 people were killed and 30 others were listed as missing. Additionally, 186 were injured. A total of 12,464 homes were destroyed while 34,111 others were damaged. Moreover, 301,431 persons were "affected" by the storm, or 51,532 families. Damage totaled to \$56 million (1982 USD), including \$18 million from infrastructure and \$26 million from agriculture. While striking Vietnam, the typhoon killed 30 people. Around 72,000 homes were destroyed, leaving 125,000 people homeless. Throughout the country, 450,000 acres (182,110 ha) of rice were destroyed. ## Meteorological history Typhoon Nancy originated from a large area of convection situated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, which, while drifting westward, began to consolidate on October 8 within a favorable environment aloft. The convection separated from an upper-level low embedded within a tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT). Later that day, the area of convection degenerated into a "random area of cloudiness." The TUTT drifted west while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported that a tropical depression formed within the area of convection that was now located south of the TUTT. Early on October 10, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started watching the system. At 07:30 UTC, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued by the JTWC while located 370 km (230 mi) north of Guam. Following an increase in reorganization, a Hurricane Hunter flight indicated winds of 50 km/h (30 mph) early on October 11. Later that morning, the JMA upgraded the cyclone into a tropical storm. Following Hurricane Hunter reports, which indicated winds of 65 km/h (40 mph) and a barometric pressure of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg). Based on this, the JTWC upgraded the depression into a tropical storm and named it Nancy. Initially, the JTWC expected the system to track northwards and eventually re-curve, but this did not occur. Nancy maintained its intensity for 24 hours while tracking westward before rapidly turning west due to a change in steering patterns. Meanwhile, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Weling. Midday on October 12, the JMA upgraded Nancy into a severe tropical storm. At 00:00 UTC on October 13, the same agency classified Nancy into a typhoon, and subsequently, the storm developed a well-defined eye. Later that day, the JTWC followed suit. By midday on October 14, the JTWC predicted Nancy to turn northwest into China due to the anticipation of a mid-latitude trough south of South Korea deepening. At 0600 UTC, the JMA reported that Nancy reached its peak intensity of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a minimum pressure of 935 mbar (27.6 inHg). Meanwhile, the JTWC reported peak intensity of 215 km/h (130 mph), a Category 4 hurricane equivalent on the United States-based Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS). Six hours later, Typhoon Nancy moved ashore in northern Luzon while still at peak intensity. The storm rapidly weakened over land, with satellite images showing that the eye had quickly disappeared. Although the JTWC downgraded Nancy to a tropical storm, the JMA kept the storm at typhoon intensity throughout landfall. After entering the South China Sea, the storm initially tracked west-northwest before slowing down and turning west. Meanwhile, JTWC upped Nancy to typhoon status as it entered an area with favorable mid- to upper-level winds. Continuing to gain strength, the JMA raised the intensity of Nancy to 130 km/h (80 mph) on October 16. Shortly thereafter, Nancy crossed Hainan Island. After weakening slightly overland, the storm resumed strengthening once offshore. According to the JMA, Nancy attained a secondary peak, with winds of 135 km/h (85 mph) at 06:00 UTC on October 17. The tropical cyclone moved on a slow northwesterly track along the southern periphery of the ridge. While passing slightly north of the Paracel Islands, the JTWC estimated winds of 145 km/h (90 mph), equivalent to a high-end Category 1 hurricane on the SSHWS. Late on October 18, Nancy made landfall along the coast of Vietnam, just north of Vinh. At the time of landfall, both agencies estimated that Nancy was a typhoon. Within hours, the convection ceased, though the JMA kept monitoring the system until October 20, when it finally dissipated. ## Impact Prior to Nancy's first landfall, typhoon warnings were issued for much of Luzon and many residents left for shelter. The typhoon passed through 10 provinces in the Philippines, resulting in widespread destruction. Damage was the worst in Cagayan and Isabela, where 56 people were hurt. In the former, 4,378 dwellings were destroyed. In Isabela, 2,250 houses were destroyed, displacing 35,744 residents. Along a river in Isabela, ten bodies were found. Elsewhere, 800 homes were destroyed in Tuguegarao, leaving 1,000 homeless and two injured. In Kalinga-Apayao, four fatalities occurred. Throughout the nation, many roads were closed due to mudslides. There was significant destruction across rice fields, as well as tobacco and cotton plantations. The typhoon caused \$56 million (1982 USD) in damage, which included \$18 million from infrastructure and \$26 million from agriculture. A total of 96 people died; 81 of the fatalities occurred in three provinces. Most of the deaths were by drowning. Thirty others were rendered as missing and 186 people were injured. A total of 12,464 dwellings were destroyed while 34,111 others were damaged. Furthermore, 301,431 people, or 51,532 families sought shelter due to the storm. While making landfall in central Vietnam, winds of 140 km/h (85 mph) were measured due to the typhoon. A total of 71 persons perished, 290 were injured. Around 72,000 homes were destroyed. Moreover, 194,000 people were left homeless, including 125,000 people in Vinh. In all, 450,000 acres (182,110 ha) of rice were destroyed; approximately 150,000 acres (60,705 ha) of rice were submerged in the Thanh Hóa province alone. In addition, many houses were submerged in Nghe Tinhe. Bình Trị Thiên was also affected by Nancy, but no casualties occurred there. Further north, the storm came close enough to Hong Kong to prompt a No 1. hurricane signal. All signals were dropped on October 16. A minimum pressure of 1009.4 mbar (29.81 inHg) was recorded at the Hong Kong Royal Observatory (HKO) on the October 15. Waglan Island recorded a peak wind speed of 48 km/h (30 mph). Meanwhile, Green Island observed a peak wind gust of 78 km/h (48 mph). Tate's Cairn observed a mere .2 mm (0.0079 in) of rain during the passage of the storm, and only cloudy skies with scattered showers were observed throughout the vicinity of Hong Kong. ## See also - Typhoon Nalgae (2011) - Typhoon Vera (1983) - Typhoon Koppu	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Impact", "## See also" ]	1,797	9,363
28,920,858	Italian cruiser San Giorgio	1,138,057,858	Italian lead ship of San Giorgio-class	[ "1908 ships", "Maritime incidents in January 1941", "San Giorgio-class cruisers", "Scuttled vessels", "Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia", "Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea", "World War I cruisers of Italy" ]	The Italian cruiser San Giorgio was the name ship of her class of two armored cruisers built for the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) in the first decade of the 20th century. Commissioned in 1910, the ship was badly damaged when she ran aground before the start of the Italo-Turkish War in 1911, although she was repaired before its end. During World War I, San Giorgio's activities were limited by the threat of Austro-Hungarian submarines, although the ship did participate in the bombardment of Durazzo, Albania, in late 1918. She acted as a royal yacht for Crown Prince Umberto's 1924 tour of South America and then deployed to the Indian Ocean to support operations in Italian Somaliland in 1925–1926. San Giorgio served as a training ship from 1930 to 1935 and was then rebuilt in 1937–1938 to better serve in that role. As part of her reconstruction, she received a modern anti-aircraft suite that was augmented before she was transferred to bolster the defences of Tobruk shortly before Italy declared war on the Allies in mid-1940. San Giorgio was forced to scuttle herself in early 1941 as the Allies moved in to occupy the port. Her wreck was used as an immobile repair ship by the British from 1943 through 1945. Salvaged in 1952, she sank while under tow to Italy to be broken up. ## Design and description The ships of the San Giorgio class were designed as improved versions of the Pisa-class design. San Giorgio had a length between perpendiculars of 131.04 metres (429 ft 11 in) and an overall length of 140.89 metres (462 ft 3 in). She had a beam of 21.03 metres (69 ft 0 in) and a draught of 7.35 metres (24 ft 1 in). The ship displaced 10,167 tonnes (10,006 long tons) at normal load, and 11,300 tonnes (11,100 long tons) at deep load. Her complement was 32 officers and 666 to 673 enlisted men. The ship was powered by a pair of vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam supplied by 14 mixed-firing Blechynden boilers. Designed for a maximum output of 23,000 shaft horsepower (17,000 kW) and a speed of 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph), San Giorgio handily exceeded this, reaching a speed of 23.2 knots (43.0 km/h; 26.7 mph) during her sea trials from 19,595 ihp (14,612 kW). The ship had a cruising range of 6,270 nautical miles (11,610 km; 7,220 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). The main armament of the San Giorgio-class ships consisted of four Cannone da 254/45 A Modello 1908 guns in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The ships mounted eight Cannone da 190/45 A Modello 1908 in four twin-gun turrets, two in each side amidships, as their secondary armament. For defense against torpedo boats, they carried 18 quick-firing (QF) 40-caliber 76 mm (3.0 in) guns. Eight of these were mounted in embrasures in the sides of the hull and the rest in the superstructure. The ships were also fitted with a pair of 40-caliber QF 47 mm (1.9 in) guns. The San Giorgios were also equipped with three submerged 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes. During World War I, eight of the 76 mm guns were replaced by six 76 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns and one torpedo tube was removed. The ships were protected by an armoured belt that was 200 mm (7.9 in) thick amidships and reduced to 80 mm (3.1 in) at the bow and stern. The armoured deck was 50 mm (2.0 in) thick and the conning tower armour was 254 mm thick. The 254 mm gun turrets were protected by 200 mm of armour while the 190 mm turrets had 160 mm (6.3 in). ## Construction and career San Giorgio, named after Saint George, the patron saint of Genoa, was ordered on 3 August 1904 and laid down on 2 January 1907 at the Regio Cantieri di Castellammare di Stabia in Castellammare di Stabia. The ship was launched on 27 July 1908 and completed on 1 July 1910. San Giorgio ran aground on a reef off Naples-Posillipo on 12 August 1910, and was badly damaged. An estimated 4,369 tonnes (4,300 long tons) of water flooded the boiler rooms, magazines and lower compartments. To refloat the ship, her guns and turrets, together with her conning tower and some of her armour had to be removed. San Giorgio was under repair at the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War in September and only rejoined the fleet in June 1912. In February 1913, the ship cruised the Aegean Sea and made a port visit to Salonica, Greece, the next month. The ship ran aground again in November in the Strait of Messina, but she was only lightly damaged. The captain was dismissed as a result of the incident. San Giorgio was based at Brindisi when Italy declared war on the Central Powers on 23 May 1915. That night, the Austro-Hungarian Navy bombarded the Italian coast in an attempt to disrupt the Italian mobilization. Of the many targets, Ancona was hardest hit, with disruptions to the town's gas, electric, and telephone service; the city's stockpiles of coal and oil were left in flames. All of the Austrian ships safely returned to port, putting pressure on the Regia Marina to stop the attacks. When the Austrians resumed bombardments on the Italian coast in mid-June, Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel responded by sending San Giorgio and the other armored cruisers at Brindisi—the navy's newest—to Venice to supplement the older ships already there. Shortly after their arrival at Venice, Amalfi was sunk by a submarine on 7 July and her loss severely restricted the activities of the other ships based at Venice. San Giorgio participated in the bombardment of Durazzo on 2 October 1918 which sank one Austro-Hungarian merchantman and damaged two others. San Giorgio was relieved by the scout cruiser Brindisi as flagship of the Eastern Squadron on 16 July 1921 at Istanbul, Turkey. She later served in the Far East and China. In 1924 she conducted Crown Prince Umberto on his tour of South America. The ship departed Naples on 1 July and the outbreak of the second Tenente revolt in Brazil the following day forced the ships to divert to Argentina, where they arrived at Buenos Aires on 6 August. Three days later the government hosted a military parade in his honor which included a detachment of sailors from San Giorgio. He visited Chile before departing Montevideo, Uruguay on 5 September, bound for Bahia, Brazil. The ship sailed for home on 18 September. After her return, she was assigned to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean Naval Division (Divisione Navale del Mar Rosso e dell'Oceano Indiano) in 1925–1926, supporting operations in Italian Somaliland. From 1930 to 1935, the ship was based in Pola as a training ship for naval cadets and was sent to Spain after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936 to protect Italian interests. In 1937–1938 she was reconstructed to serve as a dedicated training ship for naval cadets at the Arsenale di La Spezia: six boilers were removed and the remaining eight were converted to burn fuel oil which reduced her speed to 16–17 knots (30–31 km/h; 18–20 mph). Each pair of funnels was trunked together and her 76/40 guns were replaced by eight 100 mm (4 in) / 47 caliber guns in four twin turrets abreast the funnels. Her torpedo tubes were also removed while she received a light AA suite for the first time with the addition of six 54-caliber Breda 37 mm (1.5 in) guns in single mounts, a dozen 20 mm (0.79 in) Breda Model 35 autocannon in six twin mounts and four 13.2 mm (0.52 in) Breda Model 31 machine guns in two twin mounts. Prior to her being sent to reinforce the defences of Tobruk in early May 1940, a fifth 100/47 gun turret was added on the forecastle and five more twin 13.2 mm (0.52 in) machine gun mounts were added to better suit her new role as a floating battery. Two days after Italy declared war on Britain on 10 June, the British launched a co-ordinated sea and land attack against Tobruk. The British naval force, including the light cruisers Gloucester and Liverpool bombarded the port and engaged San Giorgio, which suffered no damage, while Royal Air Force Blenheim bombers from No. 45, No. 55, and No. 211 Squadrons also attacked Tobruk, striking San Giorgio with a bomb. On 19 June, the British submarine HMS Parthian fired two torpedoes at San Giorgio, but they detonated before hitting the ship. San Giorgio's main role was to supplement the anti-aircraft defences of Tobruk; between June 1940 and January 1941, she claimed 47 enemy aircraft shot down or damaged. When Commonwealth troops surrounded Tobruk and prepared to storm it during Operation Compass, in January 1941, the ship was kept in port as it was thought that her main guns could be useful for halting, at least temporarily, the British tanks. Therefore, San Giorgio remained in Tobruk and participated in the defense of the town with her armament. The ship was seaworthy (she had been stationary since June 1940, but she was not immobilized), and when the fall of Tobruk appeared imminent the local naval commander Admiral Massimiliano Vietina requested authorization from the naval high command in Rome (Supermarina) for her to leave, so as to avoid what was perceived as the preventable loss of a perfectly sound, if outdated, cruiser; however, the Italian commander-in-chief in Libya, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, opposed San Giorgio's leaving, "...so as not to deprive the fortress of the contribution of San Giorgio’s guns and especially for moral reasons, since the departure of the ship would be harmful for the land troops' [morale] [if it were to happen] right at the moment the enemy attack is underway". The Italian Supreme Command decided that the ship should stay. Therefore, San Giorgio remained in Tobruk and kept firing on the attacking land forces throughout the battle, until the town had fallen. In the early hours of January 22, after the last resistance in Tobruk had ceased, the crew was disembarked and a small scuttling party, headed by Captain Stefano Pugliese, blew up her magazines so that she would not fall intact into British hands. Most of the crew, including the badly wounded Pugliese (who had been injured by the premature explosion of one of the scuttling charges), were taken prisoner, although a small party managed to escape to Italy in a fishing boat, carrying with them San Giorgio's war flag. The ship was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Militare) for her actions in the defence of Tobruk. Inspection of San Giorgio's torpedo nets, after the fall of Tobruk, revealed that as many as 39 torpedoes, most of them launched by British aircraft, had become stuck in the nets in her seven months of wartime service. San Giorgio's hulk was commissioned by the British in March 1943 as HMS San Giorgio for use as a stationary repair ship and was used by them for the rest of the war. The wreck was refloated in 1952, but it sank en route to Italy.	[ "## Design and description", "## Construction and career" ]	2,673	16,929
60,726,685	Drag Is Magic	1,158,100,268	2019 children's EP by Nina West	[ "2019 EPs", "Children's music albums by American artists", "Drag (entertainment)-related mass media", "LGBT-related albums", "Nina West albums", "Producer Entertainment Group albums" ]	Drag Is Magic is a children's EP by American drag performer Nina West, released by Producer Entertainment Group on May 17, 2019 alongside her comedy and political EP John Goodman, following her departure from the eleventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race. Music videos were made for both the title track and "The Drag Alphabet", with the former serving as the EP's lead single. Nina West promoted the songs on her similarly titled 2019 World of Wonder series, Drag Is Magic with Nina West, and in 2020 during the Digital Drag Fest series. The EP peaked at number nine on Billboard's Kids Albums chart. ## Composition The EP has ten tracks, including five original songs "geared toward educating and entertaining children" and five interludes. Nina West hoped the songs would inspire young listeners to "dream big, be kind, and be their perfect selves". She said of the collection of songs: "I always wanted to do a kids' album and have been writing it for the last ten years. This was really in my wheelhouse and I felt very connected and wanted to be a voice for children and family. I wanted to show that content created by a drag queen can be for anyone and consumed by everyone." In "Drag Is Magic", Nina West explains drag, singing: "What is drag? Drag is dress-up for girls and boys, and it's pretty hard to mess up. All you got to do is imagine what you want to be!" Attitude described the title track as a "sing-a-long ditty designed to encourage youngsters to love drag, dress up, and be themselves". Nina West has said the song is "an opportunity for children to get creative and think outside the boxes us silly adults have crafted for them". In "The Drag Alphabet", Nina West introduces "some of her favorite slang in the business" using the alphabet, with lyrics like "A is for absolutely" and "Z is for Zsa Zsa". She said of the song: "I have wanted to build a really solid foundation of a relationship in children's spaces for drag, and for drag entertainment to enter those spaces. So what a better way to revisit this idea and this topic than to start with the alphabet?" Decider.com's Brett White called the song a "campy, fun, larger-than-life 'Drag Race' take on the ABCs". Other songs include "What Makes Us Shine", "The Reading Song", and "Go Big, Be Kind, Be You". "The Kitty Girl County Spelling Bee (Interlude)" features fellow RuPaul's Drag Race alumnae Manila Luzon and Vanessa Vanjie Mateo. ## Promotion Nina West released Drag Is Magic as well as the comedy and political EP John Goodman on May 17, 2019, following her departure from the eleventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race. Drag Queen Story Hour programs were a topic of debate in the United States around this time, and drag performers were considering new ways to engage with younger audiences. In June 2019, the production company World of Wonder announced that Drag Is Magic with Nina West, featuring songs from her EP and other comedic sketches based on 1990s youth programming, would premiere in September. The EP inspired the series, which was part of the "Sickening Summer Series" by streaming service WOW Presents Plus. In 2020, Nina West hosted Homeschool with Nina, a family-friendly half hour show featuring songs from the EP, as part of the Digital Drag Fest series. ### Music videos The music video for the lead single "Drag Is Magic" starts with Nina West dressed as a Mrs. Doubtfire-inspired nanny with a cardigan and glasses, reading to four children. She turns on the kids' "favorite" video, which features Nina West in a bright pink dress and a variety of other costumes, becoming a pirate, a princess, and a "trash-bag queen". By the end of the video, the children are wearing costumes as well, appearing as pirates, police officers, and princesses. Attitude and Pride.com's Rachel Kiley called the music video "almost too charming to bear" and "pretty damn adorable", respectively. Kiley wrote, "It's catchy and clean fun for the whole family, and even adult fans who don't have kids are appreciative of the effort Nina is putting into both making family friendly drag as well as reaching out to kids who may already know that they want to do some exploring outside of gender norms." Stefania Sarrubba of Gay Star News called the video "the cutest". Nina West released a music video for "The Drag Alphabet" in February 2020. It features her teaching a group of seven children about drag using the alphabet; the group forms a conga line at the end of the video. Two of the children are deaf and translate the song's lyrics into American Sign Language, as Nina West wanted to give representation to the deaf and hard-of-hearing community at a friend's request. The video was directed by Brad Hammer; Aurora Sexton served as art director and David Charpentier, Jacob Slane, Ryan Aceto, and Nina West (credited as Andrew Levitt) were executive producers. ## Reception HuffPost's Curtis M. Wong said the EP's songs have a "playfully educational approach", and Rachel Kiley of Pride.com called the collection of songs "perfect, family-friendly fun". Attitude described the title track as "adorably heartwarming", and LGBTQ Nation's Alex Bollinger called the song and music video "super catchy". Gay Star News' Stefania Sarrubba said that the song "Drag Is Magic" is "everything you wish you had listened to when you were a kid". Michael Cook of Instinct called "The Drag Alphabet" "immediately infectious" and wrote, "The track is instantly catchy, with plenty of Drag Race references that long-term fans will appreciate, along with some truly clever matches (I mean, in "The Drag Alphabet", what else would "D" stand for other than "Divine")?" Furthermore, he said that the team behind the song and its video created a "track that fits perfectly with the wonderfully inclusive brand that West has crafted". ## Track listing Track listing adapted from the iTunes Store with credits taken from Spotify. ## Charts	[ "## Composition", "## Promotion", "### Music videos", "## Reception", "## Track listing", "## Charts" ]	1,293	36,903
22,223,039	ReaLemon	1,170,015,377	Juice	[ "1934 introductions", "Borden (company)", "Keurig Dr Pepper brands", "Lemon juice brands" ]	ReaLemon is an American brand of lemon juice that debuted in 1934, and is manufactured and marketed as of 2016 by Mott's, part of Keurig Dr Pepper. ReaLime is a brand of lime juice that debuted in 1944, is produced in the same manner as ReaLemon, and is also produced and marketed by Mott's. Both ReaLemon and ReaLime are manufactured by reconstituting juice concentrate with filtered water to a natural strength. Irving Swartzburg invented the product and marketed it in 1934, and began to use the brand name "ReaLemon" in the early 1940s. In 1962, Borden purchased the rights to the ReaLemon brand in the United States from Swartzburg. Eagle Family Foods acquired the brand from Borden in 1998, and in 2001 Mott's acquired the brand. Both products are used as an ingredient in various dishes, and ReaLemon is also used as an ingredient in some beverages. Both products also have some non-culinary uses. ## History ReaLemon was created in 1934 by Irving Swartzburg, who started the business by selling bottles of lemon juice from squeezed lemons to hotels, bars and other commercial customers. The brand name "ReaLemon" began to be used in the early 1940s. ReaLime is a brand of lime juice that is reconstituted from concentrate, which was introduced a decade after ReaLemon in 1944. The U.S. company Borden acquired the rights to the ReaLemon and ReaLime brands in the United States in 1962 when it purchased the ReaLemon-Puritan Company for around \$12.4 million. At this time, the ReaLemon brand had around a 90 percent market share of reconstituted lemon juice in the United States. In early 1970, ReaLemon had a "92 percent share of the national processed lemon juice market" in the United States. However, this market share reduced to 88 percent in August 1970 because of competitors entering into the national marketplace, particularly Golden Crown. After ReaLemon met with success in European markets, Borden introduced it into the United Kingdom in 1975, as a 250 ml bottle of lemon juice. By 1980, ReaLemon comprised around 25% of the U.K. lemon juice market. In response to this competition, Reckitt & Coleman, the producers of Jif lemon juice began producing Jif in 150 ml- and 250 ml-sized bottles. Borden then began making plans to market ReaLemon in a lemon-shaped package that was similar to Jif's packaging. This resulted in a lawsuit initiated by Reckitt & Coleman against Borden, alleging that ReaLemon copied Jif's packaging to mislead consumers by confusing their product with Jif. The case became known as "The Jif Lemon case", and was settled in 1990 in the Court of Appeal. It was ruled that a sufficient public recognition of Jif's packaging was existent, which created an established reputation for the brand. The ruling also stated that consumers would be "likely to believe that the ReaLemon was a Jif Lemon when they saw it on a supermarket shelf." The ruling in Reckitt & Colman's favour occurred despite the fact that Reckitt & Colman did not register the plastic lemon packaging. Eagle Family Foods acquired the ReaLemon and ReaLime brands from Borden in 1998, and in 2001 Mott's, which at the time was a subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes of London, and is now a part of Keurig Dr Pepper, acquired the brands from Eagle Family Foods. The total cost of the acquisition was around \$128 million. In 2001, both ReaLemon and ReaLime had a 48 percent market share in the lemon and lime juice categories, making them a market leader at this time. ## Production ReaLemon is prepared from lemon juice concentrate that is formulated at a controlled consistent strength, and after the addition of water, the end-product is a 100% lemon juice product. When bottled, filtered water is used and the product is reconstituted to the strength of natural lemon juice. RealLemon and ReaLime are presently manufactured (as of 2016) and marketed by Mott's. Both brands are packaged and marketed in distinctive packaging. ReaLemon is packaged in plastic bottles that includes the shape and color of a lemon atop the bottle, and is packaged using a yellow-colored cap. ReaLime is packaged in the same bottle style that includes the shape and color of a lime atop the bottle, and is packaged with a green-colored cap. ReaLemon has also been packaged in the United States in smaller squeeze pack plastic containers that are shaped and colored as that of a whole lemon. ReaLemon is also packaged in single-serving packets. In July 2012, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a warning to the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group regarding HAACP (hazard analysis and critical control points) violations that were found at a processing plant in Irving, Texas. FDA found that lemon and lime juice was held in unsanitary conditions, which was a potential health threat to consumers. Company managers were advised by FDA that a reduction in microorganism levels was necessary to protect consumers. ## Uses ### Culinary uses Two to three tablespoons of ReaLemon lemon juice has the equivalent of the juice from one average-sized lemon. Both ReaLemon and ReaLime are used as ingredients in various recipes, such as in baking, grilling, and as an ingredient in marinades and salad dressings. ReaLemon can be used as an ingredient in hot tea, lemonade and hot lemonade, and in various cooked dishes and baked goods such as pies. ReaLemon and other lemon juices can be used to prevent browning discoloration from occurring in peeled or sliced potatoes. This is performed by soaking the sliced potatoes in a mixture of the lemon juice and water. Both ReaLemon and ReaLime must be refrigerated after the bottles are opened. ### Other uses ReaLemon and other lemon juices can be used as a household deodorizer and cleaner, which is effective per the highly acidic content of lemon juice. ReaLime can be used topically as a remedy to whiten yellowing fingernails by soaking one's fingernails in a mixture of ReaLime, salt and warm water for ten minutes. ## See also - Jif – a brand of lemon juice prepared using reconstituted lemon juice concentrate	[ "## History", "## Production", "## Uses", "### Culinary uses", "### Other uses", "## See also" ]	1,424	37,120
43,117,083	Eustace Balfour	1,168,318,850	Scottish architect and officer in the Volunteer Force	[ "1854 births", "1911 deaths", "Alcohol-related deaths in Scotland", "Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge", "Architects from London", "Balfour family of Whittingehame", "Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects", "London Scottish officers", "People educated at Harrow School", "People from Haddington, East Lothian", "People from Kensington", "Scottish military personnel", "Volunteer Force officers" ]	Colonel Eustace James Anthony Balfour (8 June 1854 – 14 February 1911) was a London-based Scottish architect. The brother of one British Prime Minister and nephew of another, his career was built on family connections. His mother was the daughter of a Marquess, and his wife Frances, a noted suffragist, was the daughter of a Duke. Frances's sister in-law was Princess Louise, daughter of the reigning Queen Victoria. Balfour's initial work was on English and Scottish country houses, but he won only one major commission in this field. However, his appointment as surveyor of the Grosvenor Estate in London gave him architectural control over much of Mayfair and Belgravia in the 1890s and 1900s, and the opportunity to design many buildings himself. Balfour was a senior officer of the Volunteer Force in London. His outspokenness on military matters was a factor in his appointment as an aide-de-camp to King Edward VII. A fastidious and somewhat withdrawn individual, Balfour succumbed to alcoholism in his fifties. This brought about his early death. ## Early life Balfour was born at Whittingehame House in East Lothian, the youngest of five sons of James Maitland Balfour and his wife Lady Blanche Mary Harriet Gascoyne-Cecil, daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury. His paternal grandfather James Balfour was a nabob who had made the family's fortune as a contractor supplying the Royal Navy in India and became a Tory Member of Parliament (MP), while his mother's father was a Conservative cabinet minister in the 1850s. Her brother, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Lord Salisbury, was three times Prime Minister before being succeeded in 1902 by Eustace's elder brother Arthur Balfour. Eustace Balfour was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1873. He then studied architecture under Basil Champneys, the designer of Newnham College, Cambridge, before setting up his own practice in 1879, with an office in Addison Road, North Kensington which was also his home until his death. On 12 May 1879 he wed Lady Frances Campbell, the fifth daughter and tenth of twelve children of George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll. The couple had met at a ball given in London by Lord and Lady Goschen, and married soon afterwards in St John's Presbyterian Church in London. Frances's father was shocked at their haste. Out of respect for Balfour's mother, who had died in 1878, the wedding was modest, with no formal meal and no honeymoon. ## Architecture Balfour's first years of architectural practice consisted of small projects for family and friends. These included the restoration of Inveraray Castle for his father-in-law the Duke of Argyll, an extension to his brother Arthur's hunting lodge Strathconan House in Ross-shire, and the church of St Mary Magdalene in the hamlet of Hatfield Hyde. The church, which is now in Welwyn Garden City, was originally known as Hyde Chapel. Built as a chapel of ease within the parish of Hatfield for Balfour's uncle the Marquis of Salisbury, it became the parish church of Hatfield Hyde in 1928. In 1885, Balfour began a professional partnership with Hugh Thackeray Turner, which lasted until Balfour's death. Balfour had been a member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings since his undergraduate days in Cambridge, and Turner was the Society's secretary. Together the two men were engaged to rebuild Ampton Hall in Suffolk, which had been destroyed by fire Their design, in a restrained Jacobean style, was Balfour's only major country house commission. Work was scarce after Ampton's completion in 1889, and in 1890 Balfour applied for the post of surveyor for the 1st Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor Estate, to succeed Thomas Cundy. He seemed unlikely to be selected, but Frances made a direct approach to the Duke (who was also her uncle), and he got the job. Balfour's social standing appears to have been a significant factor in his appointment. He was the son-in-law of a Duke, nephew of a Marquess, and his wife was the sister-in-law of Queen Victoria's 4th daughter Princess Louise (who had married her oldest brother John in 1871). Balfour had a strong sense of social class, and Frances Balfour later described the 1st Duke of Westminster as having run the estate "not as today on commercial lines, but more as a Principality". Even so, his brother Gerald's wife Lady Elizabeth Balfour noted that when the surveyor called on the Duke in his professional role he was "never offered a chair and never expected one". The post involved a lot of design work for Balfour, who seems to have been able to take whatever commissions he wanted, often delegating them to Turner. In the 1890s, Balfour and Turner appear to have been the most prolific designers of private houses on the estate, and in 1892 Balfour was made a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Their own work included most of the wholly redeveloped Balfour Place in Mayfair, formerly known as Portugal Street and renamed for the architect. Balfour also supervised projects which were contracted to other designers. The Duke favoured the domestic revival style of architecture, and particularly insisted on red brick for dwelling houses. Balfour, who deplored the previously fashionable Gothic revivalism, laid down strict architectural guidelines, sometimes even redesigning the work of others. Balfour and Turner also designed Aldford House on Park Lane, an "ornate but stunted" free-standing stone mansion for the diamond magnate Alfred Beit which was replaced in 1932 by a modernist apartment block designed by Val Myer. Their other most notable work was St Anselm's Church in Davies Street, believed to have been mostly Turner's work, which was regarded as eccentric. Using an arts and crafts-style blending of influences, it had a plain frontage with a basilican interior, and some gothic tracery. When its demolition was planned in 1938, it was dismissed by H. S. Goodhart-Rendel as "a purely personal record of Thackeray Turner's particular tastes". However, the building was not in fact demolished. Instead, it was dismantled and reconstructed in altered form at Uppingham Avenue in the north-west London suburb of Belmont as the church of St Anslelm Belmont. The parish describes it as "a genuinely recycled building". Balfour held the surveyor's post until 1910, when he was succeeded by Edmund Wimperis. His second decade in the role was less significant than the first, because the death in 1899 of the 1st Duke brought the estate a bill for £600,000 in death duties (equivalent to £ in 2023). The resulting financial pressure meant that little rebuilding occurred until 1906, and when it resumed Balfour's influence was diminished. He had little affinity with the hedonistic young Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke (grandson of the 1st), who Edwin Lutyens and others had persuaded to adopt a less rigid architectural policy. ## Volunteer In 1882, Balfour joined the Volunteer Force in 1882, becoming a Lieutenant in 1883, and Lieutenant-Colonel in command of the London Scottish Regiment of Volunteers from 1894 to 1902. He began to take a wider interest in defence issues, writing extensively on the subject, such as The Conditions and Requirements of the Volunteer Force (1886). In July 1899, as the Second Boer War loomed, Balfour offered to raise a thousand men to go and fight, but it was considered too early to begin that effort. His offer to the minister George Wyndham was ignored by the War Office, and Balfour reacted angrily, complaining that volunteers were "expected to be fit for service while we are vigorously debarred from seeing any". Eventually 20,000 volunteers were called up and fought in the war. However, Balfour's need to liaise with the 2nd Duke of Westminster, who had just inherited the Grosvenor Estate, prevented him from joining his force when they travelled to South Africa at the end of 1899. He remained in command of the London Scottish until late 1902, when he resigned in protest at financial controls that prevented payments to volunteers if there was an insufficient number of raised troops. On his resignation he was granted the honorary rank of colonel on 1 November 1902, with permission to wear the uniform of the corps in retirement. At the end of December 1902, Balfour was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration. Despite his differences with government, or possibly because of them, King Edward VII appointed Balfour in January 1903 as a military aide-de-camp for Volunteer Forces, with the substantive rank of colonel. ## Personal life and family Eustace and Frances Balfour had five children: - Blanche Elizabeth Campbell Dugdale (1880–1948), a biographer of her uncle the Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, and later a noted Zionist - Francis Cecil Campbell Balfour (1884–1965), who became a colonial Governor in Sudan in the 1920s - Oswald Herbert Campbell Balfour (1894–1953), Military Secretary to the Governor-General of Canada, 1921–23 - Joan Eleanor Campbell Balfour (died 1939) - Alison Catherine Campbell Balfour (died 3 September 1955) Accounts of their marriage diverge widely. Frances's congenital hip dislocation left her in constant pain, and often irritable. The couple's temperament and interests were opposites, Frances's enthusiasm for politics and intellectual company contrasting with her husband's lifelong passion for shooting and his later interest in the military. Hartley writes that theirs was "not a particularly happy marriage". Knox confirms this view, noting that neither Blanche Dugdale's memoirs nor Frances Balfour's autobiography write much about their relationship with Eustace, and that Frances wrote at length about his brother Arthur whom she "far preferred to Eustace". Author Joan B. Huffman is more cautious, noting that crucial sources are unavailable since Frances destroyed all Eustace's letters to her. However, Huffman records that she did support her husband when his sister Alice repeatedly challenged him over his drinking. ## Death Balfour's drinking problem became serious around 1906, and in 1909 his health began to deteriorate seriously. In December 1910 he returned to Whittingehame, where he died aged 56 at 6 am on 14 February 1911, surrounded by his family. Eustace was the third of the five Balfour brothers to die relatively young, Cecil and Francis having both been killed in accidents in the early 1880s. Balfour was buried at Whittingehame, with his parents and grandparents. Frances survived him by 20 years (until 1931), and was buried alongside him. Rudyard Kipling, a member like Balfour of the Savile Club in London, described him as "a large, loveable man, and one of the best of talkers".	[ "## Early life", "## Architecture", "## Volunteer", "## Personal life and family", "## Death" ]	2,422	3,003
17,432,798	1878 Wallingford tornado	1,172,201,487	Tornado in Connecticut	[ "1878 meteorology", "1878 natural disasters in the United States", "19th-century tornadoes", "August 1878 events", "F4 tornadoes by date", "Tornadoes in Connecticut" ]	The Wallingford Tornado was a violent tornado that struck the town of Wallingford, Connecticut, on Friday, August 9, 1878. The tornado, unofficially rated F4 by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis, destroyed most of the town, killing about 34 people—estimated totals varied—and injuring at least 70, many severely. This was the deadliest tornado ever to strike the state of Connecticut, and the second deadliest ever in New England, after the Worcester tornado of 1953. ## Before the storm The storm system that eventually spawned the Wallingford tornado produced damaging winds and at least one tornado far before it reached the town. The first tornado from this storm system touched down in South Kent, unroofing houses, blowing down barns, and uprooting and tossing trees into the air. It moved steadily southeast for 12 mi (19 km), moving just south of New Preston, and then through Washington, before turning north and dissipating. The next path of damage started further north along the Shepaug River. It is unknown whether this was a tornado or straight-line winds, but the damage path continued southeast for three miles before disappearing again. More damage was reported near Waterbury, where a house was unroofed two miles west of the town. In the town itself, branches and chimneys were damaged. As the storm approached Wallingford, observers described a black, rolling funnel, with clouds blowing in from all directions. This system passed directly over Cheshire, producing a strong wind at the surface which caused some minor damage. The storm then moved directly towards Wallingford. ## The Wallingford tornado In Wallingford, the day prior to the tornado was clear, and said to be "one of the loveliest [days] of the season". At around 5 p.m. the sky began to get dark, and by 5:30 p.m. the air was very black. At around 6 p.m., the air at the surface was calm, but lightning began to fill the sky, and the clouds began moving at a very rapid pace, frightening some residents into shelter. The tornado started at 6:15 p.m. local time as a waterspout over Community Lake, just west of town. It then moved through the center of town along Christian Street, damaging almost every structure as it went. The tornado tore houses from their foundations, throwing some more than 600 feet (180 meters). A receipt from the town was later found 65 miles (105 km) east in Peacedale, Rhode Island. Large trees were uprooted and snapped, and those that were still standing were stripped of small limbs and leaves. The Catholic Church was blown to bits, and heavy tombstones in the nearby cemetery were tossed around. The brand-new brick high school building was almost completely destroyed. The tornado's path through town was only two miles long, but the damage path was up to 600 feet (180 meters) wide. More tornadic damage was reported in southern Durham and Killingworth, with some homes severely damaged, but there were some minor injuries, one young woman in Killingworth was injured by shards of glass from a breaking window. Some sources insist that the Wallingford tornado dissipated a few miles west of the town, and this was an entirely separate tornado, but without a modern damage survey it is impossible to tell. The parent storm finally moved out over the ocean around 8 PM. ## Aftermath A district schoolhouse was converted into a temporary morgue immediately after the storm; 21 bodies were discovered and placed there that night. One person was found dead 3,300 feet (1.0 km) from where he had been standing. The tornado brought down telegraph lines and poles around the area, so assistance from physicians in nearby towns took more than an hour. More than 50 special police were sworn in to prevent looting, and to control the crowds of curious onlookers who had come by train from surrounding cities. Thirty five homes were completely destroyed, with many more being unroofed or receiving some sort of damage. Damage estimates were around \$150,000 from buildings alone; utilities and railway facilities received a lot of damage as well. Final estimates were around \$250,000 (\$5.3 million when adjusted for inflation). Tornadoes are not very uncommon in the state of Connecticut, but tornadoes of this power are rare. Though tornadoes have only been officially rated on the Fujita scale since 1950, this tornado has been estimated to be of F4-intensity on the scale. This would make it one of only three tornadoes of this intensity to ever affect the state, as of 2008. Thirty-four people were killed by the tornado—thirty-one more than the second-deadliest Connecticut tornado—and 70 others injured. The tornado also devastated a branch of the Oneida Community that had operated in Wallingford from 1851 through 1878. The subsidiary community closed down and the members consolidated with the main community. ## See also - List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks - List of Connecticut tornadoes	[ "## Before the storm", "## The Wallingford tornado", "## Aftermath", "## See also" ]	1,056	9,053
64,380,963	Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Regiment	1,161,176,290	Cavalry regiment of the Confederate States Army	[ "Military units and formations disestablished in 1865", "Military units and formations established in 1864", "Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Missouri" ]	Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Originally formed as Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, the unit consisted of men recruited in Missouri by Lieutenant Colonel Alonzo W. Slayback during Price's Raid in 1864. The battalion's first action was at the Battle of Pilot Knob on September 27; it later participated in actions at Sedalia, Lexington, and the Little Blue River. In October, the unit was used to find an alternate river crossing during the Battle of the Big Blue River. Later that month, Slayback's unit saw action at the battles of Westport, Marmiton River, and Second Newtonia. The battalion was briefly furloughed in Arkansas before rejoining Major General Sterling Price in Texas in December. Probably around February 1865, the battalion reached official regimental strength after more recruits joined. On June 2, 1865, the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered. The men of the regiment were located at different points in Louisiana and Arkansas when they were paroled twelve days later, leading the historian James McGhee to believe that the regiment had disbanded before the surrender. ## Background At the outset of the American Civil War in April 1861, Missouri was a slave state. Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson supported secession from the United States, and activated the pro-secession state militia. The militia were sent to the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri, where Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon dispersed the group using Union Army troops in the Camp Jackson affair on May 10. A pro-secession riot in St. Louis followed later that day, in which several military personnel and civilians were killed or wounded. Jackson formed a secessionist militia unit known as the Missouri State Guard; he placed Major General Sterling Price in command on May 12. In June, Lyon moved against the state capital of Jefferson City and evicted Jackson and the pro-secession group of state legislators. Jackson's party moved to Boonville, although Lyon captured that city after the Battle of Boonville on June 17. In July, anti-secession state legislators held a vote rejecting secession. Brigadier General Ben McCulloch of the Confederate States Army joined Price's militia forces; the combined group defeated Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek in southwestern Missouri on August 10. After Wilson's Creek, Price drove northwards, capturing the city of Lexington. The Missouri State Guard later retreated in the face of Union reinforcements, falling back to southwestern Missouri. In November, while at Neosho, Jackson and the pro-secession legislators voted to secede, and joined the Confederate States of America, functioning as a government-in-exile. In February 1862, Price abandoned Missouri for Arkansas in the face of Union pressure, joining forces commanded by Major General Earl Van Dorn. In March, Price officially joined the Confederate States Army, receiving a commission as a major general. That same month, Van Dorn was defeated at the Battle of Pea Ridge, giving the Union control of Missouri. By July 1862, most of the men of the Missouri State Guard had left to join Confederate States Army units. Missouri was then plagued by guerrilla warfare throughout 1862 and 1863. ## Organization Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Regiment originated when Lieutenant Colonel Alonzo W. Slayback, a veteran of the Missouri State Guard, was authorized by Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby to recruit a regiment for the Confederate States Army on August 14, 1864. In September, Slayback entered Missouri and began recruiting as part of Price's Raid. Accompanying the brigade of Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke, Slayback was able to recruit a small group of men, which became part of Marmaduke's forces on September 23, while the men were at Zalma, Missouri. John Newman Edwards, an adjutant serving with Shelby, stated that a stop in the town of Union gleaned many recruits for the unit. The unit grew in strength over the course of Price's Raid, reaching battalion strength in October 1864. It was expanded to full regimental strength around February 1865. By this point, Slayback was the regiment's colonel, Caleb W. Dorsey was lieutenant colonel, and John H. Guthrie was the regiment's major. At full strength, the regiment comprised ten companies, all Missouri-raised, designated with the letters A–I and K. ## Service history In the 1864 United States presidential election, President Lincoln supported continuing the war, while former Union general George B. McClellan promoted ending it. By the beginning of September 1864, events in the eastern United States, especially the Confederate defeat in the Atlanta campaign, gave Lincoln an edge in the election over McClellan. At this point, the Confederacy had very little chance of victory. Meanwhile, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, the Confederates had defeated Union attackers in the Red River campaign in Louisiana in March through May. As events east of the Mississippi River turned against the Confederates, General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, was ordered to transfer the infantry under his command to the fighting in the Eastern and Western Theaters. This proved to be impossible, as the Union Navy controlled the Mississippi River, preventing a large-scale crossing. Despite having limited resources for an offensive, Smith decided that an attack designed to divert Union troops from the principal theaters of combat would have the same effect as the proposed transfer of troops. Price and the new Confederate Governor of Missouri Thomas Caute Reynolds suggested that an invasion into Missouri would be an effective operation; Smith approved the plan and appointed Price to command it. Price expected that the offensive would create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri, divert Union troops away from principal theaters of combat (many of the Union troops defending Missouri had been transferred out of the state, leaving the Missouri State Militia as the state's primary defensive force), and aid McClellan's chance of defeating Lincoln; on September 19, Price's column entered the state. On September 27, 1864, Slayback's unit made a minor assault against the defenses of Fort Davidson during the Battle of Pilot Knob; it suffered light casualties. After the fighting ended for the day, Slayback sent a note to the Union garrison commander Brigadier General Thomas Ewing Jr. suggesting that African Americans within the fort would be massacred in events similar to the Fort Pillow Massacre if the fort fell, as Price might not be able to restrain his soldiers. Slayback's unit was then positioned north of the fort to detect any potential Union movement. That night, the Union garrison retreated without being detected by Slayback's force and blew up the fort's magazine. Other elements of Price's army had suffered bloody repulses at Pilot Knob; the defeat led Price to abandon a planned movement against St. Louis and instead aim for Jefferson City. On October 2, while stationed at Union, Slayback's unit, now known as Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, was assigned to Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson's brigade of Shelby's division. The Confederate column reached Jefferson City on October 7, but the sight of strong defenses and faulty intelligence that inflated the number of Union defenders in the city led Price to cancel his attempt on the city and head west. While the Confederates were moving through Missouri, a Union force was reported to have left Jefferson City; Slayback's battalion was detached on October 13 to scout for the approach of this force. By the next day, Slayback's battalion had reached Longwood, where it was joined by other Confederate units. Needing supplies, Price ordered two side raids, one of which targeted the town of Glasgow; the other was a thrust by Thompson towards Sedalia. On October 15, Slayback's battalion, along with Collins' Missouri Battery, the 5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment, and Elliott's Missouri Cavalry Regiment, attacked Sedalia. A Union garrison defended improvised fortifications, but a cavalry charge quickly overran the positions. After Collins' artillery opened fire, the remaining defenders were completely dispersed; the town was then looted. Slayback's unit performed guard duty after the fighting, as it was in a better state of organization than the other regiments that had participated in the skirmish. Meanwhile, the main Confederate body was moving steadily westwards towards Kansas City; Thompson's men rejoined Price's main column near Marshall. At the Second Battle of Lexington on October 19, in which the unit was engaged as Shelby's division brushed aside a small Union force. Two days later, the battalion was part of a Confederate force that forced a crossing of the Little Blue River. On October 22, during the Battle of the Big Blue River, Shelby ordered the 5th Missouri Cavalry and Slayback's battalion to search for a secondary crossing of the river, as Byram's Ford, the primary crossing, was strongly defended. Slayback's battalion quickly found an alternate ford, and crossed the river, attacking Colonel Charles R. Jennison's brigade in the flank. Jennison's brigade scattered, but the Union line was able to reform. Later that day, the Confederates again moved against the Union position, with Slayback himself in the lead. The Union forces withdrew before any action occurred. At the Battle of Westport on October 23, Slayback's battalion, which was part of Thompson's brigade, along with another battalion commanded by Major Rector Johnson, was initially aligned to the rear of the center of Shelby's line. After being pressed by a Union attack, Shelby then ordered Thompson to charge, and the cavalrymen, including Slayback's battalion, were soon engaged in a melee. The Confederate forces were forced to fall back in a state that Shelby described as "weak and staggering". Slayback's battalion retreated 2 miles (3.2 km) to a stone fence, where it rallied. The defense held, and Union forces fell back, allowing Shelby to retreat from the field. Price's entire army was decisively defeated at Westport, and began retreating through Kansas, hoping to escape. After a Confederate disaster at the Battle of Mine Creek on October 25, Shelby's division, including Slayback's battalion, were recalled from detached duty to serve as a rear guard for Price. Slayback's unit was initially posted on the Confederate left, with the intention of threatening the Union flank, but Price ordered the rear guard to fall back to behind the line of the Little Osage River. Shelby's division fought by forming a series of weak lines, each briefly holding up the Union pursuit, and then falling back some distance in turn; these tactics gave Price some space to continue his retreat. Slayback's battalion saw some action during the rear guard efforts. At the Battle of Marmiton River late on the 25th, the Confederate position at Marmiton River initially consisted of two ranks. The rear contained disorganized elements of the divisions of Marmaduke and Major General James F. Fagan and the brigade of Sidney D. Jackman, as well as Collins' Battery. The front rank, from right to left, was held by elements of Marmaduke's division, then Fagan's, then Thompson's brigade; Slayback's battalion was on the far left, with its flank anchored on a small stream. An initial Confederate stand was successful, but another Union charge was made. After 15 minutes of fighting, the Confederate line, including Slayback's unit, withdrew in a fashion Shelby described as "melting away". The fighting ended as Jackman's brigade, along with Slayback's rallied battalion and Elliott's regiment, counterattacked to repulse a charge by the 4th Iowa Cavalry Regiment. Despite repulsing the Iowans, the Confederate assailants came under Union artillery fire and broke off the attack, bringing the Battle of Marmiton River to an end. Shelby reported that fatigue was an element in the defeat. At the Second Battle of Newtonia on October 28, Slayback's battalion fought dismounted to the left of Thompson's brigade. Thompson then attacked and gained some ground, but was halted by fire from Union mountain howitzers. After a repositioning of the Union line, the Confederates pressed the attack farther, gaining more ground. Union reinforcements commanded by Brigadier General John B. Sanborn stabilized the line and then charged. Shelby withdrew due to the arrival of the fresh Union troops. After the defeat at Newtonia, Price's Army of Missouri retreated to Arkansas, where Slayback's unit was furloughed on October 30. The unit, by then 300 men strong, rejoined Price in Texas in December. Probably around February 1865, Slayback's command was combined with a group of recruits commanded by Dorsey, creating a full regiment of ten companies. The last battle of the war was fought in mid-May and, on June 2, Smith surrendered the Trans-Mississippi Department. On June 23, Confederate Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered, becoming the last Confederate general officer to surrender his command. When the men of the regiment were paroled on June 14, 1865, part of the unit was located at Shreveport, Louisiana, while another part was at Wittsburg, Arkansas. Historian James McGhee interpreted this arrangement as suggesting that the regiment was disbanded before the surrender. Specific casualties suffered by the unit are unknown, as Slayback did not issue casualty reports. Edwards later claimed that the regiment was issued flag-decorated lances instead of firearms, although McGhee considers that to be improbable. Historian Stephen Z. Starr repeats the lances claim as factual and attributes the idea for it to John B. Magruder.	[ "## Background", "## Organization", "## Service history" ]	2,878	39,830
13,056,993	Pennsylvania Route 664	1,141,912,972	State highway in Pennsylvania, US	[ "State highways in Pennsylvania", "Transportation in Clinton County, Pennsylvania", "Transportation in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania" ]	Pennsylvania Route 664 (PA 664, designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as SR 0664) is a 17.59-mile-long (28.31 km) state highway located in Clinton and Lycoming counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 120 in Lock Haven, while the northern terminus is at PA 44 on the Clinton-Lycoming county line in the community of Haneyville. The route passes through small communities, but does not intersect with any other legislated highways in the area. The route was assigned in 1930, two years after a majority of state routes were assigned, and was gradually paved from 1935 to 1966. There have been no changes in road alignment since its inception. ## Route description PA 664 begins at an intersection with PA 120 in the city of Lock Haven. The highway progresses northward, leaving the city limits of Lock Haven. After the intersection with East Water Street, PA 664 crosses the West Branch Susquehanna River. The bridge over the branch of river was constructed in 1986. At the intersection with Farrandsville Road, the highway turns eastward, paralleling the river. Nearing PA 150, the highway turns northward and into Dunnstown. While winding around a few curves, PA 664 intersects with Armory Drive, an access road to a local armory. The route's surroundings are highly developed in Dunnstown, with the highway passing along homes. At the intersection with Aikey Street, PA 664 leaves Dunnstown and proceeds northward. The highway passes some homes and forests north of Dunnstown, entering Woodward Township soon after. At the intersection with Township Road 406 (TR 406), PA 664 starts winding in several directions, but following a northward basis. This continues until the intersection with Arbutus Drive, where it heads straight to the northwest. At a clearing in a nearby forest, PA 664 enters the community of Swissdale. The stay in the community is short, with the highway leaving after a few blocks. Just north of Swissdale, PA 664 makes a long hairpin turn, curving from east to west before turning north once again. Just after the intersection with Honey Suckle Lane, PA 664 progresses towards Haneyville. The next stretch of PA 664 is full of bends, and the highway continuously turns at a constant rate. At an intersection with another Honey Suckle Lane, the highway starts its northwestern progression once again. This changes again when Tedrow Lane begins paralleling the highway. Now following a steady northeastern alignment, the highway continues through the large patches of trees south of Haneyville. At Little Plum Run Road, the highway turns onto a steady northward alignment. The highway continues through the trees for a while, continuing northward on its way to Gallagher Township. At a bend in the highway, there is a small patch of development, with a few houses near the highway. At the intersection with TR 529, PA 664 enters Gallagher Township. Eventually, the large patch of forests in the surroundings come towards a clearing, where the highway intersects with Old Dirt Road. After crossing a stream, PA 664 gains the moniker of the Coudersport Pike. The highway passes a small patch of development, reaching another clearing in the forest. After entering another forest, PA 664 ends at an intersection with PA 44 in the community of Haneyville. ## History PA 664 was assigned two years after the mass numbering of state routes in Pennsylvania in 1928. The highway itself took several years to transition from gravel to actual pavement. The first segment, which occurred in 1935, was from Little Plum Run Road and northward. The second segment was in 1936, when the Pennsylvania Department of Highways paved the piece of PA 664 from a point just south of Gallagher to the Gallagher Township line. In 1938, the third segment, from Swissdale to Gallagher Township was paved. In 1949, the Department of Highways paved the piece of PA 664 from Gallagher Township to the Lycoming County line. In 1951, the section between Swissdale and Little Plum Run Road was paved once again. Two years after that, the section from the Lycoming County line to PA 44 was improved in its condition. That lone section was improved in 1966. There have been no recorded changes in alignment since its 1930 assignment. ## Major intersections ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	921	18,131
13,274,437	Circuit split	1,158,984,657	Legal predicament	[ "Circuit courts in the United States" ]	In United States federal courts, a circuit split, also known as a split of authority or split in authority, occurs when two or more different circuit courts of appeals provide conflicting rulings on the same legal issue. The existence of a circuit split is one of the factors that the Supreme Court of the United States considers when deciding whether to grant review of a case. Some scholars suggest that the Supreme Court is more likely to grant review of a case to resolve a circuit split than for any other reason. Despite the desire of the Supreme Court to resolve conflicts between circuit courts, legal scholars disagree about whether circuit splits are ultimately detrimental or beneficial. Some argue that circuit splits are harmful because they create confusion and encourage forum shopping, while other scholars argue that variation among circuits allows local courts to experiment with new laws that reflect the values of the local residents. Scholars have also observed that regional variations in different areas of the United States have provided certain circuits with a particular specialization or expertise in some subjects of law. ## Origins Article III of the United States Constitution specifies that "[t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." In 1789, Congress created the first system of intermediate appellate courts, known as federal circuit courts, which had appellate jurisdiction over certain matters decided by district courts. These federal circuit courts consisted of two justices from the Supreme Court of the United States and one district court judge. In 1891, Congress created the existing system of United States courts of appeals, which hear appeals from United States district courts within limited geographic areas. For example, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit hears appeals originating from United States district courts in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Decisions in circuit courts are usually made by rotating three-judge panels chosen from judges sitting within that circuit, and circuit courts also occasionally decide cases en banc. Circuit courts do not collaborate or work with other circuits to resolve legal issues, and different circuit courts may reach conflicting conclusions about the same legal issue. Furthermore, cases decided in one circuit are not binding authority on other circuits. If the Supreme Court of the United States has not ruled on a legal issue, federal courts of appeals resolve these issues "as they see fit, subject only to a norm of intracircuit stare decisis." When a circuit split occurs, there is rarely an even numeric division among courts of appeals with regard to how the dispute should be resolved. In fact, one study found that courts of appeals split evenly in less than one third of all circuit splits. Occasionally, separate courts of appeals will reach three or more different conclusions with regard to the same legal issue. ## Significance Some scholars criticize the existence of circuit splits, while other scholars suggest that circuit splits may, in fact, be beneficial. Others simply argue that circuit splits may not be ideal, but problems associated with inter-circuit conflicts are overstated. For example, Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Harvie Wilkinson once stated the "world will not end because a few circuit splits are left unresolved." ### Criticisms of circuit splits Legal analysts have identified problems associated with circuit splits. Jesse M. Boodoo, for example, suggests that circuit splits create a state of confusion and uncertainty for citizens. Because different laws are applied and enforced in different jurisdictions, Daniel J. Meador has argued that Circuit splits may create a judicial "Tower of Babel." Additionally, Wayne A. Logan has argued that if courts speak with a unified voice, this will "secure popular respect for judicial authority." Likewise, Matthew Lund cautions that circuit splits will lead to forum shopping, where litigants flock to jurisdictions with more favorable laws. Judge Kimberly A. Moore also suggests that circuit splits and forum shopping lead to economic inefficiency because outcomes are unpredictable and litigants are less likely to settle. Scholars have also argued that inconsistent application of laws in different circuits is inherently unfair. Trevor W. Morrison, for example, claims that circuit splits create potential due process conflicts if criminal defendants are unaware that their behavior constitutes criminal activity in that circuit. An article in the New England Journal on Criminal & Civil Confinement also suggested that there is the potential for the unconstitutional ex post facto application of law after circuit splits are resolved. Additionally, Jesse M. Boodoo argues that federal agencies tasked with enforcing laws throughout the United States may face challenges implementing regulatory measures when federal legislation is interpreted differently in separate circuits. ### Arguments in favor of circuit splits Legal scholars have also identified benefits associated with circuit splits. For example, Justice Louis Brandeis praised the fact that splits of opinion among courts allow jurisdictions to experiment with new developments in law without risking harm to other jurisdictions. Judge Diane P. Wood has suggested that circuit splits and "disagreements with colleagues force judges to sharpen their writing, push them to defend their positions, and from time to time persuade them that someone else's perspective is preferable". Amanda Frost has argued that negative attitudes toward circuit splits may hinder progress and creative problem solving because "[c]ourts of appeals are generally hesitant to depart from precedent set in other jurisdictions, despite being under no obligation to adhere to decisions by sister circuits." Consequently, Frost suggests that uniformity among circuits may be "overvalued." Likewise, Wayne A. Logan suggests that circuit splits may also be beneficial by virtue of the fact that citizens in different parts of the country have different preferences for how to structure their laws. Additionally, Judge J. Clifford Wallace has argued that there is nothing inherently wrong with different laws existing in different circuits, and "if conflicts were by their very nature unacceptable, the traditional rule denying precedential status to out-of-circuit decisions probably would not have enjoyed its long history." ## Resolving circuit splits at the Supreme Court of the United States One of the primary functions of the Supreme Court of the United States is to ensure that laws are interpreted uniformly among intermediate courts of appeal. Unless the legislature takes action, the United States Supreme Court is the only source of resolution for conflicts among intermediate courts of appeal. Consequently, the existence of a circuit split may be a key factor when the Supreme Court decides whether to accept a case. Although the Court always maintains discretion over whether it should grant review of a case, the Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States specifically state that the existence of a circuit split is one of the factors the Court considers when deciding whether to grant review. Philip Allen Lacovara and H.W. Perry both claim that the existence of a circuit split is "the single most important generalizable factor" that determines whether the Supreme Court will grant review of a case. Indeed, justices sometimes cite the lack of a circuit split as a reason to deny review in a case. Although federal judges are prohibited from commenting publicly "on the merits of a matter pending or impending in any court", Judge Alfred T. Goodwin has stated that circuit court judges will occasionally create circuit splits to "hold the Supreme Court's toes to the fire" and force the Supreme Court to overrule precedent in other circuits. Goodwin also wrote that "some of our number actually found it intellectually stimulating to challenge the Supreme Court from time to time" but that those judges "usually were rewarded by a Nine Zip reversal". Likewise, Judge Charles R. Wilson noted that when he drafted dissenting opinions, he would consider whether the parties planned to appeal the case to the Supreme Court of the United States, and "[i]f I believe that the parties will [file an appeal], I write the dissent with the Supreme Court in mind". C. Steven Bradford has also argued that circuit courts will "disregard a Supreme Court precedent if convinced that the Supreme Court would not follow it". A study of Supreme Court cases during the first six terms of the Roberts Court (2005–2010) resolving circuit splits found that the Supreme Court upheld the view held by the majority of circuits in 51.5 percent of all cases. This same study found the greatest agreement when deciding legal issues between the Fifth and Tenth circuits (80.6 percent), the First and Second circuits (73.5 percent), and the Fifth and Fourth circuits (73.0 percent). The circuit courts that agreed the least frequently were the Ninth and Fourth circuits (39.0 percent) and the Ninth and Seventh circuits (39.2 percent). Additionally, a study analyzing cases from the 2010 term found that nearly two thirds of Supreme Court decisions resolving circuit splits were decided unanimously or by an 8-1 vote. ## Specialization among circuit courts of appeals The eleven numbered circuit courts of appeals and the District of Columbia Circuit have appellate jurisdiction over cases in almost every area of the law arising within the boundaries of that circuit. However, the subjects that appear more frequently in each circuit vary according to the kinds of cases that arise more often within the circuit's boundaries. For example, the District of Columbia Circuit, which contains the federal capital, hears a large number of administrative law cases. Likewise, the Second Circuit, which contains New York, hears nearly one third of all federal securities law appeals, while the Fifth Circuit, which covers more than half of the Mexico–United States border, hears approximately half of all federal immigration appeals. Eric Hansford argues that this has led to "specialized" courts with particular expertise with the subjects that appear before the court more frequently. Studies also suggest that the Supreme Court is more likely to affirm decisions of circuit courts when the circuit court has ruled on a case for which they possess special expertise. In some specialized areas of the law, cases are assigned to a court of appeals that possesses expertise in that area of the law. For example, Congress created the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit as an exclusive federal court of appeals for patent cases. Congress noted that consolidating cases in a single court of appeals would "strengthen the United States patent system in such a way as to foster technological growth and industrial innovation." Because of its role as a specialist court, circuit splits rarely exist between the Federal Circuit and other circuit courts of appeal. In his opinion in Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., Justice David Souter observed that avoiding conflicting rulings among circuit courts in patent law cases benefits the economy by providing legal certainty to businesses. ## Examples of existing circuit splits The following are examples of existing splits of authority between different circuit courts of appeals: - The Sixth Circuit and the Tenth Circuit disagree with regard to whether police may seize an individual, without a warrant, based solely on the officers' reasonable suspicion that the individual being seized committed a misdemeanor. - The Third Circuit, Fifth Circuit, and Ninth Circuit disagree with regard to whether the "special needs" exception permits warrantless strip searches of juveniles. - The Fifth Circuit and the Eleventh Circuit disagree with regard to whether prisoners have a reasonable expectation of privacy for correspondence with their attorney. - The First Circuit and the Fifth Circuit disagree with regard to the appellate standard of review for a trial court's determination of the scope of defendant's consent to search. ## See also - List of United States courts of appeals cases - State supreme court - Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts	[ "## Origins", "## Significance", "### Criticisms of circuit splits", "### Arguments in favor of circuit splits", "## Resolving circuit splits at the Supreme Court of the United States", "## Specialization among circuit courts of appeals", "## Examples of existing circuit splits", "## See also" ]	2,260	21,193
2,452,537	ISSF 10 meter air pistol	1,172,681,670	Olympic shooting event governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation	[ "Handgun shooting sports", "ISSF shooting events", "Pneumatic weapons" ]	The 10 meter air pistol is an Olympic shooting event governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF). It is similar to 10 meter air rifle in that it is shot with 4.5 mm (or .177) caliber air guns at a distance of 10 metres (11 yards), and that the match consists of a qualification round of 60 competition shots within 75 minutes. If an Electronic Scoring System (EST) is not available, 15 minutes are added to the time limit. Competitors are allowed to shoot an unlimited amount of shots during the 15 minutes preparation and sighting time. Along with the 50 meter pistol, it is considered a precision shooting event. Thus, numerous shooters compete in both events. There are some restrictions on the pistol regarding its dimensions, weight and trigger pull weight. It must be operated by one hand only from a standing, unsupported position. The shooter decides his or her own tempo as long as the maximum time is not exceeded. After the qualification round, the shooters with the top eight scores move on to a final round consisting of 24 competition shots. After the tenth shot, individual commands are given so that the audience may follow the progress of the standings. The major competitions are the Olympic Games every four years and the ISSF World Shooting Championships every four years. In addition, the event is included in ISSF World Cups and in continental championships, as well as in many other international and national competitions. It is an indoor sport and, at the highest level, electronic targets are used instead of the traditional paper targets. ## Range and target `The distance from floor level to the centre of the target is 1400mm +/- 50mm.` The air pistol range is the same as the air rifle range, giving each shooter a table, a 1 meter wide firing point, and a 10-meter distance between the firing line and the target line. The current rules require ranges to be built indoors, with specified minimum requirements for artificial lighting. Many of the top-level competitions are held at temporary ranges installed in versatile sporting facilities or convention centers. The target, 17 by 17 cm (6.7 by 6.7 in), is traditionally made of light-coloured cardboard upon which scoring lines, and a black aiming mark consisting of the score zones 7 through 10, are printed. There is also an inner ten ring, but the amount of inner tens is only used for tie-breaking. The changing of these traditional targets is handled by each shooter, by means of electronic – or more archaically, manually operated – carrier devices. In major competitions, only one shot may be fired on each target, a number that can increase to two, five or even ten with lowering level and importance of the competition. Used targets are collected by range officials to be scored in a separate office. During the last few decades, these paper targets have been gradually replaced by electronic target systems, immediately displaying the results on monitors. When using these systems, actual scoring lines are not printed, but the location of the impact hole (which can be determined acoustically) is automatically converted into corresponding scores by a computer. ISSF rules now require the use of these systems in top-level competitions. They are generally used in other international competitions as well, and in some countries they are even common in national competitions. ## Equipment To promote comfortable and accurate shooting from a standing position match air pistols must have fast lock times, shoot practically recoilless and vibration-free and exhibit minimal movement and balance shifts during discharge. The pistol must also be able to be tailored by adjustable user interfaces and various accessories to individual shooters personal preferences. Combined with appropriate match pellets the pistol has to produce a consistent 10 ring performance, so a non maximal result during the initial phase can be attributed to the participant. The pistols used are gas-driven with a caliber of 4.5 mm (.177 in). The minimum trigger pull weight is 500 gram (17.6 oz), half that of a sport pistol, and the grip restrictions are similar to sport pistols, but the box in which an air pistol must fit is larger: 42 by 20 by 5 cm (17 by 8 by 2 in). This allows for longer sight lines and also gives room for cocking arms, although with a few exceptions (such as the Baikal IZH-46M) modern match air pistols use pre-filled air, or less commonly carbon dioxide, containers. The maximum overall weight is 1.5 kg (3.31 lb). The pistol must be operated by only one hand from a standing position, and may only be loaded with one pellet at a time. For the 10 metre air pistol and air rifle disciplines match diabolo pellets are used. These pellets have wadcutter heads, meaning the front is (nearly) flat, that leave clean round holes in paper targets for easy scoring. Match pellets are offered in tins and more elaborate packagings that avoid deformation and other damage that could impair their uniformity. Air gunners are encouraged to perform shooting group tests with their gun clamped in a machine rest to establish which particular match pellet type performs best for their particular air gun. To facilitate maximum performance out of various air guns the leading match pellet manufacturers produce pellets with graduated "head sizes", which means the pellets are offered with front diameters from 4.48 mm up to 4.51 mm. As in other ISSF pistol events, clothing that restricts the movement of joints for support is not allowed. Optical aids such as iris diaphragms or prescription glasses are allowed as long as they are not mounted on the pistol, which may only have open sights. Though shooting glasses are extremely customizable, most pairs contain three basic elements: a lens, a mechanical iris, and a blinder. These components work together to help shooters focus on both the faraway target and their gun's sights at the same time. Ear protection is recommended by the ISSF as well as by coaches, who sometimes stress their usefulness in shutting out distracting noise rather than their necessity for safety reasons (paramount in other shooting disciplines). It is each shooter's responsibility to get the pistol and shoes validated in a specific area, the equipment control, prior to starting the competition. To discourage shooters from lowering the trigger pull weight after passing the equipment control, random controls are conducted after the match. Failure to pass such controls results in immediate disqualification. ### Match air pistols in production The following air pistols are in production : - Baikal IZH-46M \*available in the USA under Air Venturi Import, model AV-46M. - Benelli Kite and Benelli Kite Young - FAS 6004 - Feinwerkbau P8X and Feinwerkbau P11 - Hämmerli AP20 - Match Guns MGH1, MGH1- Light and Match Guns MGH1- Hybrid - Morini CM 162 EI, Morini CM 162 MI, Morin I 162 EI- Titanium, and Morini 200 EI - Pardini K10 & K12 and Pardini K10 & K12 Junior - Steyr Evo 10, Steyr Evo 10E, Steyr LP 2 and Steyr LP 50 - Tesro PA 10-2 - Walther LP500 - Walther LP400 - Precihole PX50 ## Course of fire Shooters are generally divided into four classes: men, junior men, women and junior women. The junior classes are included in most championships, with some notable exceptions (such as the Olympic Games and the ISSF World Cups). A shooter remains a junior up to and including the calendar year in which he or she becomes 21 years of age, although a junior may opt to participate in the main class instead. There are also ISSF Junior World Cups. In both the qualification stage and the final stage, all shooting is supervised by a Chief Range Officer, whose duties include responsibility for the correct behaviour of all personnel, dealing with technical irregularities, and cooperation with the jury. ### Qualification For the qualification stage, the shooters are divided as necessary into relays. Each relay starts with a 15-minute preparation time during which the shooter may fire an unlimited number of sighting shots. Afterwards, the Chief Range Officer gives the command "match firing, start", indicating the start of the competition time. 60 competition shots must be shot within a 75-minute period time (90 minutes if no electronic targets are available). The 60 shots are usually organized in 6 ten-shot series for display on scoreboards. ### Final The top eight shooters in the qualification round advance to the final. Often, many shooters have the same score. The higher number of inner tens is the first tiebreaker. If two or more shooters have the same amount of inner tens, the shooter with the highest score in the last ten-shot series is placed higher. During the final, the score zones are divided into tenths (by means of a special gauge, in the absence of automatic scoring devices), so that each hit can give up to 10.9 points instead of the maximum 10 during the qualification. Electronic targets are required by the ISSF for finals at the Olympic Games, ISSF World Cups and ISSF World Championships. After a five-minute sighting shot period and the presentation of the athletes to the audience, the athletes have 250 seconds to shoot five shots after the command "for the first competition series, load, start". The same command is given again for a second five shot series. After the tenth shot, separate commands are given for each competition shot with a time limit of 50 seconds per shot. After each two shots, the athlete with the lowest score is eliminated until two shooters are left to compete for the first place in the 23rd and 24th shot. Current rules were introduced in 2017 after the 2016 Summer Olympics. ## History The air pistol event was introduced on the World Championship level in 1970, and on the Olympic programme in 1988. Before 1985, when finals began to be used, championships were decided by the results of the 40 or 60 shot match (40 for women and 60 for men). Before 1982, the men's match also consisted of 40 shots. As in many other ISSF events, the target for air pistol was reduced in size in 1989, also lowering the scores (although not by much), and thereby resetting all records. The development after this shows a contrast to that of air rifle shooting: whereas in air rifle the winning score of the 1989 World Championships would not have reached the final 17 years later, the same result increase has not occurred in air pistol. Sergei Pyzhianov's world record of 593 points, set in the first World Cup Final with the new targets, remained unbeaten for almost 20 years until Jin Jong-oh set a new one with 594 points in at the ISSF World Cup Changwon 2009. Although competitions are no longer held outdoors, the most important competitions (Olympics, World Championships, World Cups) are still scheduled for the Northern Hemisphere summer season because they are combined with outdoor events such as 50m rifle and 25m pistol events. Many lesser international events, however, are held during the European indoor season between October and March, culminating in the European Championships each year. Most of these competitions are multi-day events held together with air rifle matches. ## World Championships, Men ## World Championships, Men Team ## World Championships, Women ## World Championships, Women Team ## World Championships, Mixed Team ## World Championships, total medals ## Current world records ## Olympic and World Champions The ISSF publishes lists of historical champions. ### Men A green background indicates the Olympic champion. ### Women A green background indicates the Olympic champion.	[ "## Range and target", "## Equipment", "### Match air pistols in production", "## Course of fire", "### Qualification", "### Final", "## History", "## World Championships, Men", "## World Championships, Men Team", "## World Championships, Women", "## World Championships, Women Team", "## World Championships, Mixed Team", "## World Championships, total medals", "## Current world records", "## Olympic and World Champions", "### Men", "### Women" ]	2,442	34,165
35,991,658	Badshahi Mosque	1,172,198,548	Iconic 17th-century Mughal-era mosque in Lahore, Pakistan	[ "1673 establishments in the Mughal Empire", "Grand mosques", "Mosque buildings with domes", "Mosques completed in 1673", "Mosques in Lahore", "Mughal mosques", "Walled City of Lahore" ]	The Badshahi Mosque (Punjabi, Urdu: ) is an iconic Mughal-era congregational mosque in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab. The mosque is located opposite of Lahore Fort in the outskirts of the Walled City of Lahore, and is widely considered to be one of Lahore's most iconic landmarks. The Badshahi Mosque was built between 1671 and 1673 and by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. The mosque is an important example of Mughal architecture, with an exterior that is decorated with carved red sandstone with marble inlay. It remains the largest mosque of the Mughal-era, and is the third-largest mosque in Pakistan. In 1799, during the rule of Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire, the mosque's courtyard was used as a stable and its hujras (cells) as soldiers quarters. When the British Empire took control of Lahore in 1846 it was used as a garrison until 1852. Subsequently, the Badshahi Mosque Authority was established to oversee its restoration as a place of worship. It is now one of Pakistan's most iconic sights. ## History The sixth Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, chose Lahore as the site for his new mosque. Aurangzeb, unlike the previous emperors, was not a major patron of art and architecture and instead focused, during much of his reign, on various military conquests which added to the Mughal realm. The mosque was built to commemorate Aurangzeb's military campaigns in southern India, in particular against the Maratha Emperor Shivaji. As a symbol of the mosque's importance, it was built directly across from the Lahore Fort and its Alamgiri Gate, which was concurrently built by Aurangzeb during construction of the mosque. The mosque was commissioned in 1671, with construction overseen by the Emperor's foster brother, and Governor of Lahore, Muzaffar Hussein - also known by the name Fidai Khan Koka. After only two years of construction, the mosque was opened in 1673. ### Sikh era On 7 July 1799, the Sikh army of Ranjit Singh took control of Lahore. After the capture of the city, Maharaja Ranjit Singh used its vast courtyard as a stable for his army horses, and its 80 Hujras (small study rooms surrounding the courtyard) as quarters for his soldiers and as magazines for military stores. In 1818, he built a marble edifice in the Hazuri Bagh facing the mosque, known as the Hazuri Bagh Baradari, which he used as his official royal court of audience. Marble slabs for the baradari may have been plundered by the Sikhs from other monuments in Lahore. In 1839, after his death, construction of a samadhi in his memory was begun by his son and successor, Kharak Singh, at a site adjacent to the mosque. During the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1841, Ranjit Singh's son, Sher Singh, used the mosque's large minarets for placement of zamburahs or light guns which were used to bombard the supporters of Chand Kaur, who had taken refuge in the besieged Lahore Fort. In one of these bombardments, the fort's Diwan-e-Aam (Hall of Public Audience) was destroyed, but was subsequently rebuilt in the British era. During this time, Henri de La Rouche, a French cavalry officer employed in the army of Sher Singh, also used a tunnel connecting the Badshahi mosque to the Lahore fort to temporarily store gunpowder. ### British Rule In 1849, the British seized control of Lahore from the Sikh Empire. During the British Raj, the mosque and the adjoining fort continued to be used as a military garrison. The 80 cells built into the walls surrounding its vast courtyard were demolished by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, so as to prevent them from being used for anti-British activities. The cells were replaced by open arcades known as dalans. Because of increasing Muslim resentment against the use of the mosque as a military garrison, the British set up the Badshahi Mosque Authority in 1852 to oversee the restoration and to re-establish it as a place of religious worship. From then onwards, piecemeal repairs were carried out under the supervision of the Badshahi Mosque Authority. The building was officially handed back to the Muslim community by John Lawrence, who was the Viceroy of India. The building was then re-established as a mosque. In April 1919, after the Amritsar Massacre, a mixed Sikh, Hindu and Muslim crowd of an estimated 25,000-35,000 gathered in the mosque's courtyard in protest. A speech by Gandhi was read at the event by Khalifa Shuja-ud-Din, who would later become Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab. Extensive repairs commenced from 1939 onwards, when Sikandar Hayat Khan began raising funds for this purpose. Renovation was supervised by the architect Nawab Alam Yar Jung Bahadur. As Khan was largely credited for extensive restorations to the mosque, he was buried adjacent to the mosque in the Hazuri Bagh. ### Post-independence Restoration works begun in 1939 continued after the Independence of Pakistan, and were completed in 1960 at a total cost of 4.8 million Rupees. On the occasion of the 2nd Islamic Summit held at Lahore on 22 February 1974, thirty-nine heads of Muslim states offered their Friday prayers in the Badshahi Mosque, including, among others, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan, Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Muammar Gaddafi, Yasser Arafat, and Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah of Kuwait. In 1993, the Badshahi Mosque was included in a tentative list as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2000, the marble inlay in the main prayer hall was repaired. In 2008, replacement work on the red sandstone tiles on the mosque's large courtyard was initiated, using red sandstone imported from the original Mughal source near Jaipur, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. ## Architecture As a gateway to the west, and Persia in particular, Lahore had a strong regional style which was heavily influenced by Persian architectural styles. Earlier mosques, such as the Wazir Khan Mosque, were adorned in intricate kashi kari, or Kashan style tile work, from which the Badshahi Mosque would depart. Aurangzeb chose an architectural plan similar to that of Shah Jahan's choice for the Jama Masjid in Delhi, though he built the Badshahi mosque on a much larger scale. Both mosques feature red sandstone with white marble inlay, which is a departure from typical mosque design in Lahore, in which decoration is done by means of intricate tile work. ### Entryway of the complex Entrance to the mosque complex is via a two-storey edifice built of red sandstone which is elaborately decorated with framed and carved paneling on ea of its facades. The edifice features a muqarna, an architectural feature from the Middle East that was first introduced into Mughal architecture with construction of the nearby and ornate Wazir Khan Mosque. The mosque's full name "Masjid Abul Zafar Muhy-ud-Din Mohammad Alamgir Badshah Ghazi" is written in inlaid marble above the vaulted entrance. The mosque's gateway faces east towards the Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort, which was also commissioned by Aurangzeb. The massive entrance and mosque are situated on a plinth, which is ascended by a flight of 22 steps at the mosque's main gate which. The gateway itself contains several chambers which are not accessible to the public. ### Courtyard After passing through the massive gate, an expansive sandstone paved courtyard spreads over an area of 276,000 square feet, and which can accommodate 100,000 worshipers when functioning as an Idgah. The courtyard is enclosed by single-aisled arcades. ### Prayer hall The main edifice at the site was also built from red sandstone, and is decorated with white marble inlay. The prayer chamber has a central arched niche with five niches flanking it which are about one third the size of the central niche. The mosque has three marble domes, the largest of which is located in the centre of the mosque, and which is flanked by two smaller domes. Both the interior and exterior of the mosque are decorated with elaborate white marble carved with a floral design common to Mughal art. The carvings at Badshahi mosque are considered to be uniquely fine and unsurpassed works of Mughal architecture. The chambers on each side of the main chamber contains rooms which were used for religious instruction. The mosque can accommodate 10,000 worshippers in the prayer hall. ### Minarets At each of the four corners of the mosque, there are octagonal, three-storey minarets made of red sandstone that are 196 ft (60 m) tall, with an outer circumference of 67 feet and the inner circumference is eight and half feet. Each minaret is topped by a marble canopy. The main building of the mosque also features an additional four smaller minarets at each corner of the building. ## Location The mosque is located adjacent to the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan. The entrance to the mosque lies on the western side of the rectangular Hazuri Bagh, and faces the famous Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort, which is located on the eastern side of the Hazuri Bagh. The mosque is also located next to the Roshnai Gate, one of the original thirteen gates of Lahore, which is located to the southern side of the Hazuri Bagh. Near the entrance of the mosque lies the Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal, a poet widely revered in Pakistan as the founder of the Pakistan Movement which led to the creation of Pakistan as a homeland for the Muslims of British India. Also located near the mosque's entrance is the tomb of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, who is credited for playing a major role in preservation and restoration of the mosque. ## See also - Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan - Architecture of Lahore - Wazir Khan Mosque - Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi, whose design was partly inspired by the Badshahi Mosque	[ "## History", "### Sikh era", "### British Rule", "### Post-independence", "## Architecture", "### Entryway of the complex", "### Courtyard", "### Prayer hall", "### Minarets", "## Location", "## See also" ]	2,191	31,679
35,628,644	El Ejemplo	1,165,829,121	null	[ "1995 albums", "Fonovisa Records albums", "Los Tigres del Norte albums", "Spanish-language albums" ]	El Ejemplo (The Example) is a studio album by Regional Mexican band Los Tigres del Norte. It was released by Fonovisa Records on May 2, 1995, and includes fourteen tracks written by Teodoro Bello and Enrique Valencia, which span song styles such as ballads, boleros, corridos, cumbias and rancheras. The album was a commercial success peaking at number eight in the Billboard Top Latin Albums in the United States, where it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. To promote the album, Los Tigres del Norte released four singles, "La Fama de la Pareja", the title track and "Golpes en el Corazón" that reached top ten in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs, while the single "No Puedo Más" peaked at number 15 in the same chart. "Golpes en el Corazón", was later included in the setlist of their live album MTV Unplugged: Los Tigres del Norte and Friends as a duet with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio. ## Release and reception Mexican band Los Tigres del Norte released their twenty-sixth studio album titled El Ejemplo on May 2, 1995. The album included twelve tracks written by Teodoro Bello and two songs written by Enrique Valencia. Four corridos ("El Tamal", "Tiempos de Mayo", "La Fama de la Pareja" and "Morir Matando"), seven rancheras ("El Ejemplo", "Devuélveme", "No Puedo Más", "Quién", "Como Aceite y Como el Agua", "Un Mar de Vino" and "Te He de Olvidar"), one cumbia ("Me Quedas a la Medida"), one ballad ("Golpes en el Corazón") and one bolero ("Nos Estorbó la Ropa") were recorded. The website AllMusic gave the album four stars out of five. Billboard magazine named the album a "likable batch of moving anecdotal corridos, spirited rancheras, and a pair of ballads that would be superb singles: 'Golpes en el Corazón' and 'Nos Estorbó la Ropa'." The first single "La Fama de la Pareja" also received praise, being referred to as a "highlight" of the album. ## Singles `The album lead single "La Fama de la Pareja" ("The Fame of the Couple"), a corrido about a husband and wife dedicated to contraband and drug trafficking, peaked at number five in the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart and at number four in the Regional Mexican Songs chart. The title track was selected as the second single, and is a ranchera track about a love relationship that ended and the impossibility of getting a divorce, staying married for the sake of their children. "El Ejemplo" ("The Example") reached number six at the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and three at the Regional Mexican Songs charts, respectively. "Golpes en el Corazón" ("Punches to the Heart") was released as third single and became the biggest hit of the album, peaking at number two in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for a month (blocked at the top by "Tú, sólo tú" by Selena and "Si nos dejan" by Luis Miguel for two weeks each). "Golpes en el Corazón", about a failed love relationship, spent eight non-consecutive weeks at the top of the Regional Mexican Songs chart and at the Broadcast Music, Inc. awards of 1997 won the Latin Song of the Year award. It was also nominated Regional Mexican Song of the Year at the 1996 Lo Nuestro Awards. The track regained interest when was included in the setlist for the MTV Unplugged: Los Tigres del Norte and Friends recorded by the band in 2011 with the participation of Mexican singer Paulina Rubio. This version was nominated for Record of the Year at the 12th Latin Grammy Awards ceremony. "No Puedo Más" ("I Can't Take it Anymore") was chosen as the fourth and last single, peaking at number 15 in the Billboard Top Latin Songs and at number nine in the Regional Mexican Songs charts, respectively.` ## Track listing Source: ## Chart performance El Ejemplo debuted and peaked at number eight in the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart in the week of May 13, 1995, being the second highest debut of the week after Cuando los Ángeles Lloran by Maná at number seven. The album reached a peak of number two in the Regional Mexican Albums chart in the week of September 16, 1995, being held at the top by Selena's Amor Prohibido. The band earned the Regional Mexican Album of the Year, Duo or Group Award at the Billboard Latin Music Awards of 1996. El Ejemplo was the 20th bestselling Latin album of 1995 in the United States and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, the first for the band. By 1999, the album had sold over 650,000 copies. ## Sales and certifications ## See also - 1995 in Latin music	[ "## Release and reception", "## Singles", "## Track listing", "## Chart performance", "## Sales and certifications", "## See also" ]	1,092	11,180
49,601,101	Music of the Parasite Eve series	1,095,044,016	Music of the Parasite Eve video game series	[ "Parasite Eve", "Video game music discographies", "Video game soundtracks" ]	The music of the 1998 role-playing video game Parasite Eve, based on the novel of the same name by Hideaki Sena, was composed by Yoko Shimomura, and was one of her early popular successes. The music for its 1999 sequel Parasite Eve II was composed by Naoshi Mizuta and arranged by Hiroshi Nakajima. The 2010 spin-off title The 3rd Birthday was composed for by Shimomura, Mitsuto Suzuki and Tsuyoshi Sekito. Shimomura's work was described by herself as experimental, and incorporated multiple musical genres including opera music. The score for Parasite Eve was recorded at the Andora Studios in Los Angeles. For Parasite Eve II, Mizuta spent a year and a half on the project, using the game's scenario and visuals as references and taking inspiration from multiple film genres. It was Mizuta's first project after transferring from Capcom to Square Enix (then Square). For The 3rd Birthday, Shimomura worked with Suzuki and Sekito to create a score reminiscent of Parasite Eve, while Japanese rock band Superfly provided the theme song "Eyes on Me". The original Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack album was released in May 1998 through DigiCube. Shimomura also produced an arrange album, Parasite Eve Remixes, which was released through DigiCube in July 1998. The soundtrack album for the second game, Parasite Eve II Original Soundtrack, was released through DigiCube in December 1999. It also released in North America through Tokyopop Soundtrax in September 2000. The third game's soundtrack album, The 3rd Birthday Original Soundtrack, released in December 2010 through Square Enix's music label. The first two game's original soundtracks were reissued through Square Enix in January 2010 due to popular demand, and a limited edition combined album titled Parasite Eve I & II Original Soundtrack Box was released alongside them. While some albums have received mixed responses from critics, the music of the Parasite Eve series has generally received positive reviews, with the score for the first game bringing Shimomura international acclaim. ## Series overview The Parasite Eve video game series is based on the 1995 science fiction novel of the same name by Japanese author Hideaki Sena. The role-playing video game Parasite Eve, was released in 1998 for the PlayStation. Billed as a "cinematic RPG", it was developed by a team of Japanese and North American staff with a western release in mind. Its 1999 sequel, the action role-playing game Parasite Eve II, was designed to be similar to games from the Resident Evil survival horror series. While Parasite Eve II did not leave potential for a sequel, the series was brought back in the form of The 3rd Birthday, a 2010 spin-off for the PlayStation Portable. Initially designed for mobile devices, it was shifted onto the PSP and designed as a disconnected game focusing on the series' main protagonist Aya Brea. All three games were primarily developed by Square Enix. ## Parasite Eve ### Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack The music for Parasite Eve was composed by Yoko Shimomura, who would later become a well-established video game composer through her work on the Kingdom Hearts series. Additional arrangements were done by Shigeo Tamaru. Despite her previous work as lead composer on Super Mario RPG, Parasite Eve became Shimomura's breakout project and garnered her international fame. During her work on Parasite Eve, Shimomura spent time in the United States, which was where much of the game's staff came from. Because of this, Shimomura remembered the game as her most challenging project. She wanted the music to be experimental, not falling into ambient or techno classifications. One of her main goals was to create something "inorganic" and recognizable as a product of Square Enix (then Square). Until Parasite Eve, Shimomura had written music in a straightforward manner that reflected her then-current state of mind, but this time she restrained herself and took a more "emotionless" approach. She felt that this would best represent the game's atmosphere and Aya's stoic attitude. Ultimately, she felt that Parasite Eve was an experimental work in many ways. Due to its prevalence in the story, Shimomura used opera music, but as typical opera music did not translate well into battle themes, Shimomura added different rhythms: these rhythms were inspired when some of the game's American staff took her to a nightclub and she heard the background music there. The music recording took place at the Andora Studios in Los Angeles. Parasite Eve was the first of her projects to include a vocal theme, the ending theme "Somnia Memorias". This was because the PlayStation system was the first to have sufficient processing power for this to be possible. For the vocalist, Shimomura avoided using someone well known. "Somnia Memorias" was sung by Shani Rigsbee, while the vocals for the orchestrated versions of "Influence of Deep" and "Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino" were provided by Judith Siirila. "Somnia Memorias" was translated and adapted from Japanese into Latin by Raul Ferrando, while "Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino" was translated by Daniella Spagnolo. The lyrics for all vocal pieces were written by Shimomura. The track "I Hear a Voice Asking Me to Awaken" was an arrangement of Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 by Johann Sebastian Bach. The two-disc album Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack was released through DigiCube on May 21, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10020. Due to popular demand from fans, a reprint was issued through the Square Enix label on January 26, 2011 under the catalog number SQEX-10222/3. The music received generally positive reviews from music critics, and helped establish Shimomura as a popular composer with western video game fans. ### Parasite Eve Remixes Parasite Eve Remixes is a ten-track album, featuring remixed versions of themes from Parasite Eve. The remixes were done by Shimomura, Tamaru, Hidenori Iwasaki and Keichi Takahashi. Multiple DJs also contributed, including Tomo, QUADRA, Dan K, Tribal Masters, Kay Nakayama, and Dummy Run. According to Shimomura, the album came about when someone suggested to her creating full remixes of themes rather than making simple rearrangements. Shimomura was in charge of extending and remixing "Aya's Theme", which was the main theme for Parasite Eve. The album was released through DigiCube on July 30, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10023. Reviews of the album were mixed, with critics saying that it would not appeal to many and finding some of the remixes odd, repetitive or overly chaotic. ## Other albums ### Parasite Eve II Original Soundtrack The music of Parasite Eve II was written, arranged and produced by Naoshi Mizuta. Parasite Eve II was Mizuta's first project as lead composer at Square after transferring from Capcom. He spent a year and a half working on the soundtrack, frequently referencing the game's scenario and visuals. He was also influenced by multiple unspecified films from multiple genres including action films. He matched his music to the scenario, characters and environments, since he desired to stir the players emotions without distracting from the game. Many of his tracks were created on request, but he otherwise had a high amount of creative freedom. Multiple tracks were remixes and rearrangements of Shimomura's original music for Parasite Eve: according to Mizuta, the arrangements were easy due to the original tracks' strength. In a later interview, Mizuta called his work on Parasite Eve II very different from his later work on Final Fantasy XI and The 4 Heroes of Light. Guitar elements for the tracks "Forbidden Power" and "Douglas' Blues" were performed by Tsuyoshi Sekito and Yuji Isogawa respectively. Arrangements for multiple tracks were done by Hiroshi Nakajima, who later felt that he intentionally "betrayed" Mizuta's work while creating the arrangements. Additional mixing was done by Hiroshi Nakajima and Kenji Nagashima. Sound samples used in some tracks were taken from the Q Ups Art Sonic Images Library CD release. Parasite Eve II Original Soundtrack was released through DigiCube on December 18, 1999 under the catalog number SSCX-10038. The soundtrack was released in North America through Tokyopop Soundtrax. This edition was released on September 12, 2000 under the catalog number TPCD-0200-2. Due to popular demand from fans, a reprint was issued through the Square Enix label on January 26, 2011 under the catalog number SQEX-10224/5. Reception of the music was far less positive than for Parasite Eve, with reviewers generally citing Mizuta's work as weaker than Shimomura's. ### The 3rd Birthday Original Soundtrack The music for The 3rd Birthday was composed by Mitsuto Suzuki and Tsuyoshi Sekito, with additional work by Yoko Shimomura. Shimomura was involved from an early stage, when The 3rd Birthday was still a mobile game. When she was originally asked to compose for the title, she was involved with a number of other projects which made handling the entire score difficult. When asked whether she wanted to work with anyone on the composition, she suggested Suzuki and Sekito. The general instruction was to follow the pattern used by the music for Parasite Eve, with Suzuki and Sekito handling the majority of tracks, going so far as referring to the songs from the original Parasite Eve when handling remixes of old themes. In keeping with the game's other development goals, Shimomura wanted to alter some of the established music, although she asked the team to include familiar themes from earlier games for fans. When she started out, she knew nothing about the game's story, but became familiar with it later in development and also found the project less challenging than she initially anticipated. Suzuki was responsible for a large amount of track mixing. Sekito was mostly involved with choosing and helping with instrumentation, in particular whether to include symphonic music. The composers had a relatively high degree of freedom, but they also had problems when composing some tracks that did not fit into selected scenes. Re-orchestrations of two pieces of classical music, "Sleepers Wake" by Johann Sebastian Bach and popular Christmas song "Joy to the World", were used by Suzuki and Shimomura respectively to represent key moments and motifs within the game. The order of songs in the game was created to reflect the situation in a level. These variations were emphasized during mixing, while they also needed to adjust the mixing and track length based on the game as a whole. For the game's theme song, Square Enix collaborated with Japanese rock band Superfly. The resultant theme song "Eyes on Me", described as a "standard love song", was specially composed by the band for the game. It was the band's first video game theme song. The 3rd Birthday Original Soundtrack was released on December 22, 2010 through Square Enix's music label, under the catalog number SQEX-10217\~19. "Eyes on Me" was released as a separate single alongside another of Superfly's songs. Upon release, it peaked at \#5 in the Oricon music charts, and remained in the charts for eleven weeks. The album received positive reviews from music journalists, with critics generally calling it a high quality album with strong music overall. Reviews of "Eyes on Me" were negative, with reviewers faulting both the quality of the song and its appropriateness within the game's context. ### Parasite Eve I & II Original Soundtrack Box Parasite Eve I & II Original Soundtrack Box is a combined album featuring the re-releases of the first two Parasite Eve soundtracks. It was released on January 26, 2011. Reviews of the boxset were mixed: while some considered both soundtracks to be good and contrast each other, others considered Parasite Eve II to be weaker and a detriment to the experience.	[ "## Series overview", "## Parasite Eve", "### Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack", "### Parasite Eve Remixes", "## Other albums", "### Parasite Eve II Original Soundtrack", "### The 3rd Birthday Original Soundtrack", "### Parasite Eve I & II Original Soundtrack Box" ]	2,583	5,687
6,426,156	Hexachlorophosphazene	1,159,535,517	null	[ "Chlorides", "Inorganic compounds", "Nitrides", "Nitrogen heterocycles", "Phosphazenes", "Phosphorus heterocycles", "Six-membered rings" ]	Hexachlorophosphazene is an inorganic compound with the formula (NPCl<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. The molecule has a cyclic, unsaturated backbone consisting of alternating phosphorus and nitrogen centers, and can be viewed as a trimer of the hypothetical compound N≡PCl<sub>2</sub>. Its classification as a phosphazene highlights its relationship to benzene. There is large academic interest in the compound relating to the phosphorus-nitrogen bonding and phosphorus reactivity. Occasionally, commercial or suggested practical applications have been reported, too, utilising hexachlorophosphazene as a precursor chemical. Derivatives of noted interest include the hexalkoxyphosphazene lubricants obtained from nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorophosphazene with alkoxides, or chemically resistant inorganic polymers with desirable thermal and mechanical properties known as polyphosphazenes produced from the polymerisation of hexachlorophosphazene. ## Structure and characterisation ### Bond lengths and conformation Hexachlorophosphazene has a P<sub>3</sub>N<sub>3</sub> core with six equivalent P–N bonds, for which the adjacent P–N distances are 157 pm. This is characteristically shorter than the ca. 177 pm P–N bonds in the valence saturated phosphazane analogues. The molecule possesses D<sub>3h</sub> symmetry, and each phosphorus center is tetrahedral with a Cl–P–Cl angle of 101°. The P<sub>3</sub>N<sub>3</sub> ring in hexachlorophosphazene deviates from planarity and is slightly ruffled (see chair conformation). By contrast, the P<sub>3</sub>N<sub>3</sub> ring in the related hexafluorophosphazene species is completely planar. ### Characterisation methods <sup>31</sup>P-NMR spectroscopy is the usual method for assaying hexachlorophosphazine and its reactions. Hexachlorophosphazine exhibits a single resonance at 20.6 ppm as all P environments are chemically equivalent. In it IR spectrum, the 1370 and 1218 cm<sup>−1</sup> vibrational bands are assigned to ν<sub>P–N</sub> stretches. Other bands are found at 860 and 500–600 cm<sup>−1</sup>, respectively assigned to ring and ν<sub>P–Cl</sub>. Hexachlorophosphazine and many of its derivatives have been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. ## Bonding ### Early analyses Cyclophosphazenes such as hexachlorophosphazene are distinguished by notable stability and equal P–N bond lengths which, in many such cyclic molecules, would imply delocalization or even aromaticity. To account for these features, early bonding models starting from the mid-1950s invoked a delocalised π system arising from the overlap of N 2p and P 3d orbitals. ### Modern bonding models Starting from the late 1980s, more modern calculations and the lack of spectroscopic evidence reveal that the P 3d contribution is negligible, invalidating the earlier hypothesis. Instead, a charge separated model is generally accepted. According to this description, the P–N bond is viewed as a very polarised one (between notional P<sup>+</sup> and N<sup>−</sup>), with sufficient ionic character to account for most of the bond strength. The rest (\~15%) of the bond strength may be attributed to a negative hyperconjugation interaction: the N lone pairs can donate some electron density into π-accepting σ\* molecular orbitals on the P. ## Synthesis The synthesis of hexachlorophosphazene was first reported by von Liebig in 1834. In that report he describes experiments conducted with Wöhler. They found that phosphorus pentachloride and ammonia react exothermically to yield a new substance that could be washed with cold water to remove the ammonium chloride coproduct. The new compound contained P, N, and Cl, on the basis of elemental analysis. It was sensitive toward hydrolysis by hot water. Modern syntheses are based on the developments by Schenk and Römer who used ammonium chloride in place of ammonia and inert chlorinated solvents. By replacing ammonia with ammonium chloride allows the reaction to proceed without a strong exotherm associated with the NH<sub>3</sub>/PCl<sub>5</sub> reaction. Typical chlorocarbon solvents are 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane or chlorobenzene, which tolerate the hydrogen chloride side product. Since ammonium chloride is insoluble in chlorinated solvents, workup is facilitated. For the reaction under such conditions, the following stoichiometry applies: n [NH<sub>4</sub>]Cl + n PCl<sub>5</sub> → (NPCl<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub> + n HCl where n can usually take values of 2 (the dimer tetrachlorodiphosphazene), 3 (the trimer hexachlorotriphosphazene), and 4 (the tetramer octachlorotetraphosphazene). Purification by sublimation gives mainly the trimer and tetramer. Slow vacuum sublimation at approximately 60 °C affords the pure trimer free of the tetramer. Reaction conditions such as temperature may also be tuned to maximise the yield of the trimer at the expense of the other possible products; nonetheless, commercial samples of hexachlorophosphazene usually contain appreciable amounts of octachlorotetraphosphazene, even up to 40%. ### Formation mechanism The mechanism of the above reaction has not been resolved, but it has been suggested that PCl<sub>5</sub> is found in its ionic form [PCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup>[PCl<sub>6</sub>]<sup>−</sup> and the reaction proceeds via nucleophilic attack of [PCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> by NH<sub>3</sub> (from [NH<sub>4</sub>]Cl dissociation). Elimination of HCl (the major side product) creates a reactive nucleophilic intermediate NH<sub>3</sub> + [PCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> → HN=PCl<sub>3</sub> + HCl + H<sup>+</sup> which through further attack of [PCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> and subsequent HCl elimination, creates a growing acyclic intermediate HN=PCl<sub>3</sub> + [PCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup> → [Cl<sub>3</sub>P−N=PCl<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> + HCl NH<sub>3</sub> + [Cl<sub>3</sub>P−N=PCl<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> → HN=PCl<sub>2</sub>−N=PCl<sub>3</sub> + HCl + H<sup>+</sup>, etc. until an eventual intramolecular attack leads to the formation of one of the cyclic oligomers. ## Reactions ### Substitution at P Hexachlorophosphazene reacts readily with alkali metal alkoxides and amides. The nucelophilic polysubstitution of chloride by alkoxide proceeds via displacement of chloride at separate phosphorus centers: (NPCl<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaOR → (NPCl(OR))<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaCl (NPCl(OR))<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaOR → (NP(OR)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaCl The observed regioselectivity is due to the combined steric effects and oxygen lone pair π-backdonation (which deactivates already substituted P atoms). ### Ring-opening polymerisation Heating hexachlorophosphazene to ca. 250 °C induces polymerisation. The tetramer also polymerises in this manner, although more slowly. The conversion is a type of ring-opening polymerisation (ROP). The ROP mechanism is found to be catalysed by Lewis acids, but is overall not very well understood. Prolonged heating of the polymer at higher temperatures (ca. 350 °C) will cause depolymerisation. The structure of the inorganic chloropolymer product (polydichlorophosphazene) comprises a linear –(N=P(−Cl)<sub>2</sub>−)<sub>n</sub> chain, where n \~ 15000. It was first observed in the late 19th century and its form after chain cross-linking has been called "inorganic rubber" due to its elastomeric behaviour. This polydichlorophosphazene product is the starting material for a wide class of polymeric compounds, collectively known as polyphosphazenes. Substitution of the chloride groups by other nucleophilic groups, especially alkoxides as laid out above, yields numerous characterised derivatives. ### Lewis basicity The nitrogen centres of hexachlorophosphazene are weakly basic, and this Lewis base behaviour has been suggested to play a role in the polymerisation mechanism. Specifically, hexachlorophosphazene has been reported to form adducts of various stoichiometries with Lewis acids AlCl<sub>3</sub>, AlBr<sub>3</sub>, GaCl<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>3</sub>, TaCl<sub>5</sub>, VOCl<sub>3</sub>, but no isolable product with BCl<sub>3</sub>. Among these, the best structurally characterised are the 1:1 adducts with aluminium trichloride or with gallium trichloride; they are found with the Al/Ga atom bound to a N and assume a more prominently distorted chair conformation compared to the free hexachlorophosphazene. The adducts also exhibit fluxional behaviour in solution for temperatures down to −60 °C, which can be monitored with <sup>15</sup>N and <sup>31</sup>P-NMR. ### Coupling reagent Hexachlorophosphazene has also found applications in research by enabling aromatic coupling reactions between pyridine and either N,N-dialkylanilines or indole, resulting in 4,4'-substituted phenylpyridine derivatives, postulated to go through a cyclophosphazene pyridinium salt intermediate. The compound may also be used as a peptide coupling reagent for the synthesis of oligopeptides in chloroform, though for this application the tetramer octachlorotetraphosphazene usually proves more effective. ### Photochemical degradation Both the trimer and tetramer in hydrocarbon solutions photochemically react forming clear liquids identified as alkyl-substituted derivatives (NPCl<sub>2−x</sub>R<sub>x</sub>)<sub>n</sub>, where n = 3, 4. Such reactions proceed under prolonged UVC (mercury arc) illumination without affecting the P<sub>n</sub>N<sub>n</sub> rings. Solid films of the trimer and tetramer will not undergo any chemical change under such irradiation conditions. ## Applications ### Hexalkoxyphosphazene derivatives The hexalkoxyphosphazenes (especially the aryloxy species), resulting from the nucleophilic hexasubstitution of the hexachlorophosphazene P atoms, are valued for their high thermal and chemical stability and their low glass transition temperature. Certain hexalkoxyphosphazenes (such as the hexa-phenoxy derivative) have been put to commercial use as fireproof materials and high temperature lubricants. ### Polyphosphazene derivatives Polyphosphazenes obtained from polymerised hexachlorophosphazene (polydichlorophosphazene) have gathered attention within the field of inorganic polymers and probed investigations on the properties of elastomeric and thermoplastic derivatives. Some of them appear promising for future applications as fibre- or membrane-forming high performance materials, since they combine transparency, backbone flexibility, tunable hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, and various other desirable properties. Current commercial applications for polyphosphazene rubber components are in O-rings, fuel lines and shock absorbers, where the polyphosphazenes confer fire resistance, imperviousness to oils and flexibility even at very low temperatures.	[ "## Structure and characterisation", "### Bond lengths and conformation", "### Characterisation methods", "## Bonding", "### Early analyses", "### Modern bonding models", "## Synthesis", "### Formation mechanism", "## Reactions", "### Substitution at P", "### Ring-opening polymerisation", "### Lewis basicity", "### Coupling reagent", "### Photochemical degradation", "## Applications", "### Hexalkoxyphosphazene derivatives", "### Polyphosphazene derivatives" ]	2,790	36,983
38,967,107	Cyclone Filao	1,170,556,286	South-West Indian cyclone in 1988	[ "1987–88 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season", "Cyclones in Mozambique", "South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclones", "Tropical cyclones in 1988" ]	Tropical Cyclone Filao was a moderately intense tropical cyclone that caused widespread flooding in Mozambique in 1988. First classified as a tropical depression north of Madagascar, the system moved southwest, crossing the northern part of the nation before entering the Mozambique Channel on 27 February, where it began to deepen. Later that day, the depression was upgraded into a moderate tropical storm. Two days later, Filao attained severe tropical storm intensity as it began to stall. On 1 March, the storm reached cyclone intensity just before turning west. Later that day, Filao attained peak intensity, with winds of 135 km/h (85 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 954 mbar (hPa); 28.17 inHg. Within 24 hours, however, the system moved ashore near Quelimane in Central Mozambique, and several hours later, Filao dissipated inland. Cyclone Filao killed 100 people in Mozambique, primarily in rural areas. Damage was heaviest in Quelimane, where wind gusts reached 105 km/h (65 mph) and rainfall totaled 104 mm (4.1 in). There, 57 people were killed and 7,375 were left homeless. Elsewhere, the Pungwe River and Limpopo River experienced severe flooding, with the former sustaining its worst flood of the decade. Power and telephone services were also knocked out while a road that connected Mozambique to Zimbabwe was destroyed. In all, 5,500 ha (14,000 acres) of crops were destroyed. Damage totaled to \$10 million, including \$1.5 million in property damage. ## Meteorological history On 23 February, Météo-France's office on the island of Réunion (MFR) started monitoring a tropical depression to the northeast of Madagascar. At this time, the depression developed a closed circulation, which received a rating of T1.5 on the Dvorak Scale, a tool used to estimate a system's intensity. Shortly thereafter, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) first classified the system, designating it as 14S. Following a slight increase in organization, the depression moved southwest and quickly crossed the tip of northern Madagascar. After weakening over land, the depression reentered the Mozambique channel near Analalava on 25 February. Based on a 3.0 Dvorak classification, MFR upgraded the storm into a moderate tropical storm on 27 February; the JTWC would follow suit later that day. After reaching the 40th meridian, Filao turned south, which weakened a ridge. The ridge near the system began to re-strengthen, causing Filao to move erratically, first west, and then northwest. The new position of the ridge provided highly favorable conditions aloft, resulting in a period of rapid deepening. By 29 February, MFR upgraded the storm into a severe tropical storm, while the JTWC estimated that Filao attained hurricane-force. Early on 1 March, data from MFR indicated that Filao reached its peak intensity of 85 mph (135 km/h) and its minimum pressure of 954 mbar (hPa); 28.17 inHg, in agreement with T4.5 and T5.0 from the Dvorak Technique. Subsequently, the JTWC reported that Cyclone Filao had attained winds equivalent to Category 2 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, with winds of 155 km/h (96 mph). Despite a decrease in satellite intensity estimates, Filao held on to this intensity until 1800 UTC, when the storm made landfall near Quelimane in Mozambique. Cyclone Filao quickly weakened over land; both agencies suggest that the storm dissipated on 2 March over the Zambeze Valley and embedded into the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). ## Preparations and impact Due to the weak nature of the storm while crossing Madagascar, damage was minor. After crossing Juan de Nova Island as a tropical depression on 27 February, winds of 54 km/h (34 mph) and gusts of 87 km/h (54 mph) were reported, along with a minimum barometric pressure of 1,002.3 mbar (29.60 inHg) at 0250 UTC. Although the cyclone affected a sparsely populated region of Mozambique, Filao brought heavy rains. Peak storm totals included 103.9 mm (4.09 in) in Quelimane and 51.5 mm (2.03 in) in Beira, both far greater than their March average. Winds of 47 mph (76 km/h) and gusts of 67 mph (108 km/h) were measured. Furthermore, a minimum pressure of 993.9 mbar (29.35 inHg) was reported in Quelimane at 23:00 UTC on 1 March. The Zambezia Province, where Quelimane is located, sustained the worst damage from the cyclone. Throughout Quelimane, 57 fatalities were reported and 800 homes were damaged. Eleven people were wounded, 7,375 persons were rendered homeless, 2,240 buildings were damaged, of which 359 were completely destroyed. Throughout the city, power was knocked out and telephone service was cut. In the Inhassunge Province, 400 ha (990 acres) of rice were lost and thousands of coconut trees were downed by the storm. Throughout the district, some schools were damaged while 800 homes were destroyed. Within the province of Sofala, 14,395 ha (35,570 acres) of harvest were destroyed, 28,174 people were rendered homeless, and 1,389 buildings were destroyed. Elsewhere, many rivers along the southern and central part of the nation were flooded; consequently; 5,500 ha (13,590 acres) of crops were destroyed. The Pungwe River experienced its worst flood of the 1980s, but the worst flooding took place along the Limpopo River. Near the Pungwe River, a road that connected Mozambique to Zimbabwe was destroyed. Many nearby homes and fields were destroyed, forcing numerous families to seek shelter. Throughout the nation of Mozambique, large portions of the maize, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumber, and pumpkin crops were washed away due to flooding. Overall, the storm brought considerable damage to the nation; it was also the first storm to affect the nation since Tropical Storm Domoina in 1984. Damage totaled to \$10 million (1988 USD). Property damage alone totaled to \$1.5 million, just under \$1 million of which came from buildings. Moreover, insured losses from the storm totaled \$1 million. Even though the death toll was initially believed to be 57; by 14 March, this number had increased to the final death toll of 100 after additional information was received from remote areas of the country. About 90,000 people were directly affected by the system. ## See also - South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season - Cyclone Nadia (1994) - Tropical Storm Lisette (1997) - Cyclone Japhet (2003)	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Preparations and impact", "## See also" ]	1,492	20,532
52,497	Nobel Prize in Physics	1,172,250,238	One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel	[ "Awards of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences", "Nobel Prize", "Nobel Prize in Physics", "Physics awards" ]	The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of X-rays. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. As of 2022 a total of 221 individuals have been awarded the prize. ## Background Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his wealth should be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor (\$2.9 million USD, or €2.7 million in 2023), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Owing to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament). The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The other prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation then established guidelines for awarding the prizes. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II. According to Nobel's will, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences would award the Prize in Physics. ## Nomination and selection A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics. Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics. The Nobel laureates are selected by the Nobel Committee for Physics, a Nobel Committee that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. During the first stage that begins in September, a group of about 3,000 selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry, and others are sent confidential nomination forms. The completed forms must arrive at the Nobel Committee by 31 January of the following year. The nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts and are narrowed to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the final candidates to the Academy, where, in the Physics Class, it is further discussed. The Academy then makes the final selection of the Laureates in Physics by a majority vote. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision of the committee (typically in October) and the ceremony in December. Prior to 1974, posthumous awards were permitted if the candidate had died after being nominated. The rules for the Nobel Prize in Physics require that the significance of achievements being recognized has been "tested by time". In practice, that means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this tested-by-time rule, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a prize, as the discoverers die by the time the impact of their work is appreciated. ## Prizes A Physics Nobel Prize laureate is awarded a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. ### Medals The medal for the Nobel Prize in Physics is identical in design to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry medal. The reverse of the physics and chemistry medals depict the Goddess of Nature in the form of Isis as she emerges from clouds holding a cornucopia. The Genius of Science holds the veil which covers Nature's 'cold and austere face'. It was designed by Erik Lindberg and is manufactured by Svenska Medalj in Eskilstuna. It is inscribed "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts") an adaptation of "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" from line 663 from book 6 of the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." denoting the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is inscribed on the reverse. ### Diplomas Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. The diploma contains a picture with the name of the laureate and a citation explaining their accomplishments. ### Award money At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the Nobel Foundation. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US\$1.4 million), but in 2012 following the Great Recession, the amount was 8 million Swedish Kronor, or US\$1.1 million. If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others. ### Ceremony The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates during the first week of October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually in Stockholm Concert Hall on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The laureates receive a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount. ## See also - List of Nobel laureates in Physics - Fundamental Physics Prize - List of physics awards - Sakurai Prize, presented by the American Physical Society - Wolf Prize in Physics	[ "## Background", "## Nomination and selection", "## Prizes", "### Medals", "### Diplomas", "### Award money", "### Ceremony", "## See also" ]	1,554	4,785
18,557,683	Mauritania at the 2008 Summer Olympics	1,137,377,668	null	[ "2008 in Mauritanian sport", "Mauritania at the Summer Olympics by year", "Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics" ]	Mauritania competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics which was held in Beijing, China. The country's participation at Beijing marked its seventh appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes, Souleymane Ould Chebal and Bounkou Camara, who were both selected by wildcards after both failed to meet either the "A" or "B" qualifying standards. Chebal was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Neither of the Mauritanians progressed beyond the heats. ## Background Mauritania participated in seven Summer Olympic games between its debut in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Two athletes from Mauritania were selected to compete in the Beijing games; Souleymane Ould Chebal in the track and field 800 meters and Bounkou Camara in the track and field 100 meters. Both were selected by wildcard places as neither achieved the "A" or "B" qualifying standards for their respective events. Chebal was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. ## Athletics Souleymane Ould Chebal competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 800 meters. He was notable for carrying the Mauritania flag at the opening ceremony. Making his debut at the Summer Olympics, he qualified via a wildcard place as his best time, 1:56.45 in the 2007 World Championships in Athletics 800 meters, was 9.45 seconds slower than the "B" qualifying standard required. He competed on 20 August against seven other athletes in heat five, finishing last out of the seven that finished with a time of 1 minute 57.43 seconds. He was 11.25 seconds slower than the winner of his heat Manuel Olmedo. Overall he finished 61st out of 65 athletes, and was 10.91 seconds behind the slowest athlete that progressed to the next round and, therefore, that was the end of his competition. Competing at her first Olympics, Bounkou Camara qualified for the Summer Olympics via a wildcard place as her best time, 13.93 seconds in the 2007 World Championships in Athletics Women's 100 meters, was 2.51 seconds slower than the "B" qualifying standard required. She competed on August 16 in the third heat against eight other athletes, finishing last with a time of 13.69 seconds. She was 2.36 seconds slower than the winner of her heat Muna Lee. Overall Camara finished 79th out of 85 athletes and was 2.08 seconds behind the slowest athlete that progressed to the quarter-finals. Therefore, she did not advance. Men Women	[ "## Background", "## Athletics" ]	576	10,237
2,809,893	Mitsubishi i	1,155,052,870	null	[ "All-wheel-drive vehicles", "Cars introduced in 2006", "Hatchbacks", "Kei cars", "Mitsubishi Motors vehicles", "Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles" ]	The Mitsubishi i (三菱・i, Mitsubishi i) is a kei car from automaker Mitsubishi Motors, first released in January 2006, twenty eight months after its debut at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. It is the first four-door automobile since the 1960s to employ a "rear midship" setup with the engine behind the passengers, in an attempt to improve safety and interior space without enlarging the overall exterior. The innovative layout and styling of the i proved an immediate critical and commercial success, exceeding Mitsubishi's initial sales targets by 20 percent and winning thirteen awards in its first year. Although designed with the Japanese keijidōsha light automobile class in mind, the attention it generated led to its subsequent introduction in right hand drive markets in Asia, Oceania and Europe. It is also used as a basis of the 2009 i-MiEV battery electric vehicle. ## Concepts: i, Se-Ro Two prototypes were exhibited during the car's development. The first was the "i" Concept, which debuted at the 60th Frankfurt Motor Show in 2003, and previewed the car's striking exterior. Motoring journalists were quick to seize on the distinctive silhouette, calling it "a very good egg", and a "crystal ball" with which to see the future of Mitsubishi. One reviewer even speculated it to be an allusion by the vehicle's French-born designer Olivier Boulay to the Renault 4CV, France's popular post-war "people's car" with which the i shared its four-seat, rear-engined layout. Its styling was formally lauded when the i won the Grand Prize at the 50th anniversary Good Design Awards from the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in October 2006, the first kei car to win the award. Explaining the choice of name, the company claimed that "i" could represent the owner (I, the nominative personal pronoun) as an encouragement to personal expression, or innovation, intelligence and imagination, keywords in the car's development. It was also a play on the Japanese word for love, 愛 (). The "i" Concept was powered by a 999 cc powerplant with the company's Mitsubishi Smart Idling (MSI) system, which turns off the engine automatically when the vehicle is stationary, and can restart it within 0.2 seconds. So equipped, Mitsubishi claimed the car was capable of fuel consumption of no more than 3.8 litres per 100 kilometres (74.3 mpg<sub>‐imp</sub>; 61.9 mpg<sub>‐US</sub>). The second prototype, called the Se-Ro and exhibited at the 2003 Tokyo Motor Show, previewed the production model's more conventional mechanical underpinnings, despite having a more radical appearance which bore little resemblance to the final design. Instead, its polished aluminium body was styled to resemble a zeppelin or airship, which Se-Ro design head Shuji Yamada described as a realization of his fantasies of the future from childhood. The aviation theme continued with the name; Se-Ro, short for "secret room", was a veiled reference to the Mitsubishi Zero fighter aircraft of World War II. ## Technical details ### Body and dimensions A lightweight steel (not aluminium) structure and a rear-engined layout allowed Mitsubishi to incorporate a larger front crumple zone, in order to meet current safety legislation requirements without compromising interior space. With no powertrain in front of the driver, the designers were able to shorten the front overhang and lengthen the wheelbase to 2,550 mm (100.4 in), giving greater legroom for passengers than many comparable kei cars whose wheelbase is typically 130–190 mm (5.1–7.5 in) less. The downside of this design was a reduction in cargo-carrying capacity, which was necessarily compromised by the engine's location in the rear. ### Drivetrain The i has a "rear-midship" engine mounted just ahead of the rear axle, a highly unusual configuration in a small car where front-engine design has dominated since the 1970s. The 3B20 three-cylinder powerplant has an aluminium cylinder block, a displacement of 659 cubic centimetres, and incorporates double overhead camshafts with MIVEC variable valve timing in the cylinder head. Initially only an intercooled and turbocharged engine was offered, until a naturally aspirated version was introduced for 2007. A four-speed automatic gearbox transmits power to the rear or all four wheels, depending on specification. ### Suspension, brakes and tires MacPherson struts are used in the front suspension, and an unusual three-link De Dion tube/Watt's linkage is used in the rear. Front discs with anti-lock braking (ABS) and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) are standard across the range. In common with many other mid- or rear-engined vehicles its fifteen-inch wheels have uneven-sized tires, 145/65 on the fronts and wider 175/55 on the rears, in an effort to minimise the chances of oversteer caused by the rear-biased weight distribution. ### Specifications Three individual models, or grades, were available on the car's release in 2006; S, M, and G, in ascending order of price. They all shared the same five-door hatchback body style and turbocharged engine, but offered differing levels of options and standard equipment. In 2007 the base S model was given the new naturally aspirated powerplant, and was positioned below the two new grades, L and LX, whose engine it shared. ## Domestic and international markets Mass production began at the company's Mizushima plant in Kurashiki, Okayama, in December 2005, before it was released for sale on January 24, 2006. Priced from ¥1,281,000 to ¥1,617,000, Mitsubishi initially aimed for 5,000 cars per month within the domestic market, and managed to exceed its target in its first month by over 1,000. By the end of 2006, approximately 37,000 had been sold. The company has already exported the i to Singapore, Brunei, Hong Kong, and New Zealand, where like Japan they drive on the left, and introduced it to the United Kingdom on July 1, 2007, with a price of GBP£9,000 and a target of 300 sales per year. ### Annual production and sales ## Special editions From July 25 to 31, 2006 the company displayed a unique Mitsubishi i Hello Kitty edition at the Mitsukoshi department store in Tokyo's Nihonbashi district. Based on the two-wheel drive G model, it had a pink paint scheme with co-ordinated interior, "Princess Kitty" decals on the doors and windows, a ribbon decal on the roof, and themed headrests with small, feline ears. The car, which was described as "the most quintessentially Japanese car...ever" for fusing two of the country's cultural icons—Hello Kitty and keijidōsha—was eventually sold in a charity auction on behalf of UNICEF. Other limited production models include the i Play edition, a run of 3,000 cars only available in white or black, and featuring a dashboard-mounted slot for an iPod nano, Also 100 of the i Kurashiki edition with faux denim upholstery, to be sold at a single Mitsubishi dealership in Kurashiki, Okayama, the prefecture where the bulk of Japan's domestic blue jeans manufacturers are located. 1st Anniversary special editions based on the L and M grades were also introduced in early 2007 to commemorate the car's first year on sale. ## Electric car version Mitsubishi has given the i a prominent role in the company's alternative propulsion research projects, developing a version using their MiEV (Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle) technology in 2006 and exhibited at the 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exposition in Yokohama. MMC provided three power companies with vehicles in 2006 and 2007 in order to evaluate how a "fast-charge" infrastructure might be developed for electric vehicles. Fleet testing by five power companies was conducted later in 2007, with a view to future public sales between 2008 and 2010. The Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009 and for the general public in April 2010. Sales to the public in Hong Kong began in May 2010, and a trial began in Australia in September 2010. Sales in several European countries began in late 2010 and between December 2011 and March 2012 for the United States west and east coasts, respectively. ## Awards The i won the 2007 Car of the Year award from the Japanese Automotive Researchers and Journalists Conference (RJC), and two other "Car of the Year" awards, from the Carview Corporation website and the Consumer's Choice. It also won the "Most Advanced Technology" Special Achievement Award at the 2006–07 Japan Car of the Year awards, where it was nominated unsuccessfully in the overall Car of the Year category, and ranked first in the Japan Mini-Car APEAL Study published by J.D. Power Asia Pacific in October 2006, with a higher score than any previous winner. Aside from the 2006 Good Design Grand Prix, its style won Design Awards from the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame (JAHFA), and the magazines Popeye and Car Styling. ## See also - Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car	[ "## Concepts: i, Se-Ro", "## Technical details", "### Body and dimensions", "### Drivetrain", "### Suspension, brakes and tires", "### Specifications", "## Domestic and international markets", "### Annual production and sales", "## Special editions", "## Electric car version", "## Awards", "## See also" ]	2,012	11,225
44,251,047	Statue of Vera Katz	1,170,616,993	Statue in Portland, Oregon, U.S.	[ "2006 establishments in Oregon", "2006 sculptures", "Bronze sculptures in Oregon", "Buckman, Portland, Oregon", "Monuments and memorials in Portland, Oregon", "Monuments and memorials to women", "Outdoor sculptures in Portland, Oregon", "Sculptures of women in Oregon", "Statues in Portland, Oregon", "Vandalized works of art in Oregon" ]	Vera Katz, also known as Mayor, Vera Katz, is an outdoor bronze sculpture depicting Vera Katz created by American artist Bill Bane. Unveiled in 2006, it is located along the Eastbank Esplanade in Portland, Oregon. Katz, a former mayor of the city between 1993 and 2005, supported arts and culture during her tenure and established Oregon's Percent for Art program. She was also instrumental in developing the Eastbank Esplanade, which is named after her. The sculpture has received a mostly positive reception and has inspired people to adorn it with clothing, flowers and makeup. ## Description The statue measures 53 inches (130 cm) x 18 inches (46 cm) x 18 inches (46 cm) and rests on an orange triangular base. Katz is depicted wearing a Portland rose on her lapel. Portland State University's Daily Vanguard described Katz as: "leaning close to a small body with legs crossed and hands in, squeezed together in her lap as if she's cold, too. The teeth are also bared and unusually straight, creating the impression that Katz might snap at passers-by. But overall, the face is open and the hair is particularly lifelike." According to The Oregonian, the sculpture provides a lap on which children can pose and sometimes frightens passersby at night. It is part of the collection of the Regional Arts & Culture Council (RACC). The organization has said: "it seems fitting that [Katz's] political leadership and love for the arts should come together in a public tribute to her". Bane's study for the sculpture, called Vera, is a bronze bust measuring 18 inches (46 cm) x 11 inches (28 cm). The bust is part of a private collection. ## History The statue was financed by a "group of generous Portlanders", and its commission was managed by RACC with assistance from members of Katz's former staff. It was unveiled on June 2, 2006, on the plaza at the south end of the Esplanade, just north of the Hawthorne Bridge and Main Street marker. Katz attended the statue's surprise unveiling during an event organized by RACC and funded by friends. Also in attendance were Mayor Tom Potter, three city commissioners, Bill Bane, friends, and former staff members. Wearing a lei brought by her son, Katz said the statue looked "far more beautiful than [her]" and encouraged city officials to continue expanding the Eastbank Esplanade south. The statue went missing temporarily in October 2013, leading to a promise to investigate on Twitter by then-Mayor Sam Adams. In reality it had been temporarily removed for repairs by RACC and Portland Parks. On September 21, 2016, the statue was vandalized. The graffiti included a swastika on the chest of the statue, and writing on the wall next to the Katz statue which read "Vera wants affordable housing". It is unclear whether the vandalism on the wall and statue were both done by the same person. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a face mask was affixed to the statue as well as other local artworks. ## Reception In 2006, Willamette Week included the sculpture in its annual "Best of Portland" list, under the category "Best Mayoral Monument". According to the paper: > ... Bane managed to capture much of the ex-mayor's character: Her eyes are friendly and her hair as wild as ever. But Katz's signature grin is a little stiff, a little too aggressive. Leaning forward, she looks as if she might take a bite out of the next passerby. Which by the way, seems appropriate when you look back on her days behind the mayoral desk. Maybe monochromatic bronze just isn't the right medium for a woman as colorful as ol' Vera. Where's the red blazer? Our suggestion: Get this lady some accessories! The right hat or scarf could make that brown pantsuit really work. Daily Vanguard's Celina Monte called the sculpture "fabulously strange" and said it illustrated the "straightforward, tactile and symmetrical properties" of some of Bane's other work. The work has been included in at least one published walking tour of Portland, which noted its function as a meeting location for bicyclists and pedestrians. In 2013, RACC's public art collections manager said the work has received mostly "positive attention" and has been outfitted with hats, flowers and "yarn-bombed" sweaters. It has also attracted books, hats, lipstick, paint and even a "mohawk of cake frosting". ## See also - 2006 in art - Alluvial Wall, Echo Gate, Ghost Ship and Stack Stalk, 2001 sculptures along the Eastbank Esplanade	[ "## Description", "## History", "## Reception", "## See also" ]	996	8,927
24,534,480	David Molk	1,166,053,556	American football player (born 1988)	[ "1988 births", "All-American college football players", "American football centers", "Living people", "Michigan Wolverines football players", "People from Palos Hills, Illinois", "Philadelphia Eagles players", "Players of American football from Cook County, Illinois", "San Diego Chargers players" ]	David Michael Molk (born December 15, 1988) is a former American football center. Molk previously played college football at the same position for University of Michigan, where he was a consensus All-American and won the 2011 Rimington Trophy as the best center in college football. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles, and the San Diego Chargers. Molk grew up in the Chicago area and played high school football at Lemont Township High School. He was named an All-State player by the Chicago Tribune and was selected to play in the first East-West All-America Football Game in January 2007. Molk enrolled at the University of Michigan in 2007. He missed portions of the 2008 and 2009 seasons with injury. As a redshirt junior in 2010, Molk was the cornerstone in an offensive line that helped Denard Robinson break the Big Ten Conference single-season record with 4,189 yards of total offense. Molk was recognized as a first-team All-Big Ten Conference player at the end of the 2010 season. As a redshirt senior in 2011, Molk anchored a line that led the way for Denard Robinson and Fitzgerald Toussaint to become Michigan's first duo of 1,000-yard rushers since 1975. At the end of the 2011 season, he won the Rimington Trophy and was a consensus first-team All-American. Molk was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He appeared in 12 games, none as a starter, for the Chargers during the 2012 NFL season. ## High school Molk was once a 5-foot-6-inch (1.68 m) 175-pound (79 kg) Lemont Township High School freshman who could only bench press 110 pounds (50 kg) and squat 250 pounds (110 kg). By the end of his junior year, he was one of the most highly recruited high school football players in the Chicago metropolitan area. By his senior season, he was a 6-foot-2-inch (1.88 m) 270-pound (120 kg) center who could bench press 370 pounds (170 kg), squat 550 pounds (250 kg) and power clean 320 pounds (150 kg). His high school gym closed at 5:00 PM and he had to go into town for extra workout time. He chose to be a center because, although he is too short to be a major Division I college football offensive guard or offensive tackle, he had the potential to be a successful center. He was actually discovered when a scout came to his school to watch a teammate. During the summer prior to his senior season, he made a verbal commitment to the University of Michigan, in part due to its business school, the Ross School of Business. At the end of his junior year he had received scholarship offers from ten schools, including six Big Ten Conference football programs. As a senior, Molk was selected to numerous All-area football teams by various organizations including The Star, Daily Southtown, and Prep Football Report selected by Tom Lemming. In addition, he was selected to the Chicago Tribune All-State team, and he was selected to play in the first East-West All-America Football Game sponsored by ESPN and MLS Sports in Orlando, Florida suburb Lake Buena Vista on January 6, 2007. Molk was also an honors student in his senior year of high school. ## College Molk attended the University of Michigan, where he played for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 2007 to 2011. Entering the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season, Molk was a serious contender to start in the season opener due to injuries for the 2007 Michigan Wolverines football team. Upon the arrival of new head coach Rich Rodriguez in the spring prior to the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season, Molk was expected to be a starter for the 2008 Michigan Wolverines football team after redshirtting the prior year. He spent the summer after his redshirt season perfecting the shotgun formation snap. However, he endured a serious undisclosed illness that caused him to lose 15 pounds (6.8 kg) and found himself in a battle with redshirt junior David Moosman to be the starting center. As his struggles continued, it was revealed that he had mononucleosis. Despite his struggles, he was awarded the Iron Wolverine Award at the spring football awards in recognition of his superior conditioning based on a series of physical tests. As a result of injuries, both Moosman and Molk were in the starting lineup for the 2008 opener. Offensive line injuries continued to affect the lineup through the early part of the season with Molk (center), Moosman (right offensive guard) and Stephen Schilling (right offensive tackle) being the only players to start each of the first four games. Molk injured his toe at the end of the November 8, 2008 Battle for the Little Brown Jug against Minnesota, but he was fine the following week. As the young offense finished the season with a 3–9 record, it expected its entire starting offensive line to return the following season. In fact, considering injuries, the team returned a total of seven offensive linemen who started games. In Molk's second year of spring football he earned the sophomore award for toughness and work ethic during the Michigan spring football awards. By the end of the spring he was among the 44 centers on the 2009 Rimington Trophy spring watch list for the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. He was also included on the watch list for the 2009 Lombardi Award. Molk suffered a broken foot in the third game of the season as the 2009 Wolverines pushed their record to 3–0 and had surgery two days later. He was expected to miss 4–6 weeks. After missing four games, he returned to practice. However, during the subsequent game against Penn State on October 24, he tore knee ligaments and was lost for the season as well as spring football. As a redshirt junior, he was selected to the 2010 preseason Rimington Trophy watchlist for the 2010 Michigan Wolverines football team and later a finalist after the regular season had concluded. That season Denard Robinson established numerous quarterback rushing records lining up behind and often running behind Molk. He broke Drew Brees' Big Ten single-season total offense record of 4,189 yards. Robinson fell 116 yards short of Tim Biakabutuka's Michigan school record of 1,818 rushing yards. However, he led the conference in both total offense and rushing yards per game. Following the Big Ten conference regular season, Molk was a first-team All-conference selection by the coaches and second-team member as selected by the media. He was also recognized by Sports Illustrated as an honorable mention All-American. As a fifth-year senior, he was selected to three preseason watchlists: the Outland Trophy list, which goes to the nation's top interior lineman; the Lombardi Award watch list, which is awarded to the nation's top lineman; and the Rimington Trophy watch list, which is awarded to the nation's top center. During the season, Michigan had two 1000-yard rushers (Robinson and Fitzgerald Toussaint) for the first time since the 1975 team. He earned the 2011 Big Ten Conference Rimington-Pace Offensive Lineman of the Year Award (the first year it was thus named) and was a repeat first-team All-Big Ten Conference selection by the coaches and a second-team selection by the media. The following week, he was named a finalist for the Rimington Trophy. A few days later, he was declared the Rimington Trophy winner. He was also first-team All-American selection by AP, Football Writers Association of America, Scout.com, Sporting News and the Walter Camp Football Foundation, which resulted in him becoming a consensus All-American. He was a third-team All-American selection by Yahoo! Sports and an honorable mention All-American selectee by Sports Illustrated and the Pro Football Weekly. Molk was invited to participate in the January 28, 2012 Senior Bowl, and he was an early invite to the February 22–28, 2012 NFL Scouting Combine. ## Professional career Molk was one of 54 offensive linemen, and the fourth-ranked center—behind Peter Konz, Garth Gerhart, and Ben Jones—, that participated in the 2012 NFL Scouting Combine. However, he tore the peroneal longus tendon in his foot at the 2012 Sugar Bowl, and he had surgery on January 13. As a result, he was only able to participate in one Combine event. His 41 reps in the bench press ranked first among offensive linemen and second at the entire combine, behind only nose tackle Dontari Poe. Molk's total was most by a center and ranks fourth among offensive lineman since 2000, behind only Russell Bodine, Mitch Petrus and Scott Young, who were centers and offensive guards. ### San Diego Chargers He was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round of the 2012 NFL Draft with the 226th selection overall. He was one of three Michigan Wolverines and 41 Big Ten players drafted. On May 8, 2012, he signed a four-year contract. He played 12 games for the 2012 San Diego Chargers, mostly on special teams and as an extra lineman in short yardage situations, before being placed on injured reserve on December 4, 2012. Molk was one of 11 players released by the Chargers on August 31, 2013, during the last round of preseason roster cuts. ### Philadelphia Eagles On January 9, 2014, he signed a futures contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was placed on injured reserve with a torn bicep after the second game of the 2015 NFL season by the Eagles on September 14, 2015. Molk announced his retirement from the NFL on March 4, 2016. ## Personal life David Molk lives outside Chicago in Lemont, Illinois with his widowed father, his mother having passed away from breast cancer when he was 12. After the controversial semi-autobiographical book NFL Confidential: True Confessions from the Gutter of Football was released in 2016, multiple Redditors guessed the unknown author, nicknamed "Johnny Anonymous" in the book, was actually Molk due to the similarities between the narrator's experiences and the 2014 Philadelphia Eagles season, when Molk had been a backup center with the team. Additionally, other online sleuths noted in media interviews his name had accidentally been given as "David Anonymous". As of 2021, Molk is the co-owner and VP of Thomas Sales and Marketing in Chicago alongside his father, Thomas Molk. Their company website contains a note that he did indeed author NFL Confidential.	[ "## High school", "## College", "## Professional career", "### San Diego Chargers", "### Philadelphia Eagles", "## Personal life" ]	2,284	12,696
11,207,587	Amor Gitano	1,171,741,195	2007 single by Beyoncé and Alejandro Fernández	[ "2000s ballads", "2007 singles", "2007 songs", "Alejandro Fernández songs", "Beyoncé songs", "Columbia Records singles", "Male–female vocal duets", "Number-one singles in Spain", "Pop ballads", "Song recordings produced by Beyoncé", "Song recordings produced by Rudy Pérez", "Songs written by Beyoncé", "Songs written by Reyli", "Songs written by Rudy Pérez", "Spanish-language songs", "Telenovela theme songs" ]	"Amor Gitano" (English: "Gypsy Love") is a Latin pop duet by Mexican recording artist Alejandro Fernández and American recording artist Beyoncé. The song contains a mixture of cultures, mostly influenced by the language of Fernández, that is Spanish, and Beyoncé's pop and R&B influences. Along with Jaime Flores and Reyli Barba, Beyoncé wrote the song, while Rudy Pérez and Beyoncé herself produced the song. "Amor Gitano" serves as the theme song of the telenovela El Zorro and it was released on February 12, 2007, during the premiere of the episode of the telenovela. "Amor Gitano" generally received positive reception from music critics. While some of them complimented the vocal exchanges between both artists and the flamenco pop genre of the song, others criticized the song for being somehow offensive due to the stereotypical lyrics. Although it failed to make any impact on the main US Billboard Hot 100 chart, it charted on a few Billboard component charts, peaking at number twenty-three on the US Latin Pop Songs chart. Achieving multi-platinum certifications for ringtones and digital downloads in Spain, the song remained at the top of the Spanish Singles charts for thirteen weeks, becoming Beyoncé's second Spanish chart-topping single, the first being "Beautiful Liar" (2007). As of 2019, "Amor Gitano" is the second best-selling single of all time in Spain. ## Background and recording "Amor Gitano" originated from the collaboration of Sony BMG's biggest talents and greatest assets. Kevin Lawrie, President of Sony BMG Latin America, contacted the Sony Entertainment Television Latin America as well as the producers of El Zorro to come up with a theme song for the telenovela. At the same time, Beyoncé and Fernandez were in the process of selecting material for their respective upcoming projects. Paul Forat, the Vice President of the Artists and repertoire division of Sony Entertainment Television Latin America, first heard the song from Reyli Barba and felt it could be perfect for Fernandez. Lawrie later contacted Mathew Knowles, President and CEO Music World Entertainment, about Beyoncé's Spanish material, and the duet song was recorded partly at The Beach House Recording Studios in Miami Beach, Florida and at the Rock the Mic Studios in New York in mid January 2007, with Rudy Perez. In an interview with Billboard magazine, Beyoncé discussed how excited she was about the collaboration stating, "I loved working with Alejandro on 'Amor Gitano.' When I was asked to record with him, I immediately said 'yes.' He is extremely talented." Alejandro Fernández stated that as the production and recording of his album was nearly over, he was told that Beyoncé wanted to record a duet with a Latino male for her next album. He stated: "So when they suggested it, I liked the idea. I thought it was spectacular. So we went, I gave her the song and she liked it [...] We recorded it in one day. She seemed like a fine lady to me, very humble, with a great voice." According to Beyoncé's publicity material, she grew up in a Texas area where Spanish was a popular language and heard it all the time. She studied the language as a child but forgot it as she grew up and rose to fame. Beyoncé was planning to take Spanish lessons because she had learned the language again and then the song by imitating the sounds. She stated: "I had the best coach; I did it phonetically, every sentence I recorded maybe four times." A "Making of ..." video was created while Beyoncé was recording the song with Fernández. While creating the song, Beyoncé had producer Rudy Perez coach her in her Spanish, as she did not want to misrepresent the language. ## Music and theme The song was written by Reyli Barba, formerly of the band Elefante, who has worked with Fernández on multiple occasions. Additional writing was done by Jaime Flores and Beyoncé. "Amor Gitano" was produced by Beyoncé as well as Rudy Perez. Labeled as inappropriate for those under the age of 14 by Common Sense Media, the song features negative stereotyping of Romani or Gypsy people. The entire song is sung in Spanish; the English translation of the title is "Gypsy Love". The song contains hints of flamenco pop and strong lyrics dominate the entire track. After opening with "traditional flamenco sounds and generic Gypsy Kings-style guitarra riffs", "Amor Gitano" adds hints of pop music. As the song progresses, it transcends into a ballad, demonstrating romance, excitement and extreme emotions. "Amor Gitano" is completely dominated by flamenco guitars which is interlaced with alternating vocals. With what has been described as a "thrilling blend of the stars" by James P. Steyer of Common Sense Media, both Beyoncé and Fernández exchange "heated declaration of love and passion." Lyrically the song contains a broader, melodramatic concept of love with Beyoncé and Fernández exchanging words between verses, for instance in one part, Fernández sings "I'm your gypsy, your pilgrimage" and Beyoncé replies "I'm your thief, I'm going to love you even if they tear my heart out." ## Release and reception "Amor Gitano" debuted on February 12, 2007, on the premiere episode of Telemundo's El Zorro novella. The song was the first included on Beyonce's second studio album B'Day, where it was included on the second disc of the albums deluxe edition which included an additional six Spanish-language tracks. The song was released as a bonus track on all European releases of the original B'Day albums. "Amor Gitano" also serves as the opening track of Beyoncé's EP Irreemplazable. "Amor Gitano" was also included on Fernández's twelfth studio album Viento a favor (2007). The promo shoots of the album Viento a favor highlighted the collaboration between Fernández and Beyoncé. ### Critical reception The song garnered generally mixed to positive reception from music critics, most of whom noted that the song may be taken offensively because of its stereotypical lyrics. The song has been described as a "plaintive ballad" by Joseph Woodard of Entertainment Weekly. San Francisco-based non-profit organization, Common Sense Media gave the song a mixed review, stating that it should remain an album track rather than a single. They stated, "With Beyoncé doing a pretty good job of phonetically singing in Spanish (the occasional verb phrase doesn't blend), this is more about novelty than about being a great single." Agustin Gurza of the Los Angeles Times gave the song a positive review, naming it a stand-out track off of Alejandro's Viento a favor. Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic complimented the writing as well as the production on the song and called it "over-bearing in a positive way." As a positive spoof of the song's premiere on Zorro: La Espada y la Rosa, Billboard created a wanted poster for Fernández, which stated he was wanted "for stealing the hearts of millions" with his performance in the song. ### Chart performance "Amor Gitano" mainly sold in markets with a Latin demographic. It failed to make any impact on the main US Billboard Hot 100. However, the single charted on the US Latin Pop Songs chart, and peaked at number twenty-three. "Amor Gitano" was more successful on Spanish charts. The song peaked at number one on both the Spanish Singles and Download charts. It remained at the summit of the singles chart for thirteen weeks from May 28, 2007, to August 27, 2007, until later replaced by "Lamento Boliviano" by Dani Mata. "Amor Gitano" is also Beyoncé's second number-one hit on the Spanish Download Chart (the first was "Beautiful Liar") as well as her first Spanish-language number-one hit. The song was certified eight-times platinum (160,000 copies) for downloads and sixteen-times platinum (320,000 copies) for ringtone sales by the Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE). It is ranked at number one on the list of best-selling singles in Spain. ## Credits and personnel Adapted from the B'Day's liner notes. - Aureo Baqueiro – vocal direction - Andrés Bermúdez – recording - Reyli Barba – writing - Jasmin Cruz – backing vocals - Paco "El Sevillano" – gypsy chant - Alejandro Fernández – vocals - Jaime Flores – writing - Paul Forat – artists and repertoire - Max Gousse – artists and repertoire - Beyoncé Knowles – writing, production, vocals - Mathew Knowles – artists and repertoire - David Lopez – assistant recording, assistant mixing - Vlado Meller – mastering - Rudy Pérez – production, arrangement, keyboards, programming, Spanish guitars, backing vocals, vocal direction - Clay Perry – keyboards, programming, Pro Tools editing, recording - Rene Lus Toledo – Spanish guitars - Bruce Weeden – mixing - Shane Woodley – assistant recording ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ### All-time charts ## Certifications \\|- \\|- ## See also - List of best-selling singles in Spain	[ "## Background and recording", "## Music and theme", "## Release and reception", "### Critical reception", "### Chart performance", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "### All-time charts", "## Certifications", "## See also" ]	1,970	20,482
49,977,445	Elizabeth Randles	1,169,708,010	Welsh musician (1800–1829)	[ "1800 births", "1829 deaths", "Child classical musicians", "People from Wrexham", "Welsh harpists" ]	Elizabeth Randles (1 August 1800 – 6 May 1829), also known as "Little Cambrian Prodigy", was a Welsh harpist and pianist. A child prodigy, she started playing the piano at the age of sixteen months, and performed in public for the first time before she was two years old. Randles was taught by her blind father who was organist at the Holywell parish church. She performed for local aristocracy, leading to a performance for King George III and his royal family when she was three and a half. Caroline, Princess of Wales, hoped to adopt her but her father did not allow it. She did, however, spend a few days at the Princess of Wales' summer home, often playing with Princess Charlotte of Wales. Randles went on to tour the country as a child, performing with John Parry. In 1808, she returned home and learned the harp. She went on to take lessons from Friedrich Kalkbrenner before moving to Liverpool and becoming a teacher. ## Biography Elizabeth Randles, also known as Bessy, was born on 1 August 1800 in Wrexham, north Wales. Her father, Edward Randles, the organist at the Holywell parish church of St. James, lost his sight at the age of three as a result of small pox. Perhaps due to his lack of sight, his parents placed him to be trained under the blind harpist John Parry, whom he excelled under. Randles was the youngest of Randles' several children including her brother Edward, who would become a subsequent organist at the parish church. At the age of sixteen months, Randles enjoyed pressing keys on the piano and attempting to "pick out a melody". One day, while Randles was ill, he noticed someone attempting to play Blue Bells of Scotland on the nearby piano. Assuming it was one of his older children, he requested they stopped and was surprised to find it was Randles who was playing. Due to her age, she needed to hit each key with the side of the hand. He discovered that she could play the basic melody for both the Blue Bells of Scotland and Charley over the water. Her father decided to start teaching her some other simple tunes and the musical notes. Before she could talk, she had the ability to recognise notes and press the piano keys which related to them. Her father went on to teach Randles the melody to the Welsh folk song, Ar hyd y nos. Randles also attempted to play the chords so her father ended up teaching her the full piece. During the summer of 1802, Wrexham was visited by a troupe of travelling comedians. One of the leaders, who had heard Randles play, requested that she performed with them. Before the age of two, she joined the troupe at Wrexham theatre to play Ar hyd y nos and The Downfall of Paris. There, she played her pieces with an apple and slice of cake on either side of the piano, receiving both when she finished for playing well. Over the next nine months, Randles played at the houses of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, Lady Dungannon and Lady Cunliffe. Williams-Wynn proposed that Randles play in a Wrexham concert during the spring of 1803, under the direction of the Welsh harpist John Parry. The concert was postponed a number of times due to the illness of Randles' mother, who insisted they carry on without her. On the night of the concert, Randles' mother died, after hearing that it was a success. By the time Randles was three and a half, she was invited to play for King George III, Queen Charlotte, and other members of the Royal Family. The recital was a success and the king presented Randles with 100 guineas (worth approximately £96,000 in 2014). She created such a sensation that Caroline, Princess of Wales, wished to adopt her though her father would not allow it. The publicity of the royal concert led to a subsequent breakfast concert for the public, with tickets costing 1 guinea each (approximately £960 in 2014). The concert was held at Cumberland Gardens, with approximately 500 people "of first rank" attending. All profits of the breakfast, as well as donations by the attendees, were given to Randles in the form of various trusts. Randles spent a few days under the care of the Princess of Wales, at her summer home, the Pagoda in Blackheath. There, she spent time playing with a young Princess Charlotte of Wales, To ensure that she had sufficient funds for her education, Randles, her father, and Parry toured the rest of the United Kingdom between 1805 until 1808. In June 1808, she returned to London to perform at the Hanover Square Rooms, sponsored by the Prince of Wales and the Marchioness of Downshire. Parry remained in London, whilst Randles and her father returned home. There she learned to play the harp and by the age of fourteen she was proficient in both instruments, as well as the organ. She returned to London in 1818 to take harp lessons from François-Joseph Dizi and piano lessons from Friedrich Kalkbrenner. Randles moved to Liverpool, teaching harp, piano and singing regularly at a school in Ellesmere, and returning each weekend to attend to her father until his death in 1823. Randles' health was described as "delicate" and she died of "decline" on 6 May 1829 in Liverpool. Her musical skill at such a young age left her known as the "Little Cambrian Prodigy".	[ "## Biography" ]	1,189	36,263
63,704,540	Godscall Paleologue	1,166,927,651	Last known member of the Paleologus family	[ "1694 births", "18th-century English people", "18th-century English women", "English people of Greek descent", "Palaiologos dynasty", "People from Stepney", "Year of death missing" ]	Godscall Paleologue or Paleologus (12 January 1694 – ?) was the last recorded living member of the Paleologus family, and through them possibly the last surviving member of the Palaiologos dynasty, rulers of the Byzantine Empire from 1259 to its fall in 1453. The posthumous daughter of privateer Theodore Paleologus, the only surviving source on Godscall is her baptismal records. Nothing is known of her life. The meaning of her name is unknown. It might be an English equivalent of the Greek name Theocletiane (Θεοκλητιανή), a reference to the child possibly being sickly, a surname derived from one of her mother's ancestors, or might derive from one or both of her parents being Puritans (though there is no evidence that they were), who in the 17th century commonly gave Godly names to their children. ## Biography Godscall Paleologue was born on 12 January 1694, the daughter of the privateer Theodore Paleologus, who had died the year before, and his wife Martha Bradbury. She was baptised twelve days later, on 24 January, with the registers of St Dunstan's Church in the East London district of Stepney reading "January 24 Godscall daughter of Theodore Paleologus of upp. Wapping Gent: and of Martha uxor. 12 days old".' She was the last recorded member of the Paleologus family, which claimed to be a branch of the ancient Palaiologos dynasty, rulers of the Byzantine Empire from 1259 to the fall of Constantinople in 1453.' The Paleologus family claimed descent from Thomas Palaiologos, a brother of Constantine XI Palaiologos (the last emperor), through a son called John, whose existence can not be confirmed through contemporary sources. All other purported ancestors (descendants of this John) of the later Paleologus family can be verified through contemporary records, making their descent from the emperors plausible, but somewhat uncertain.' In The Traveller's Tree: A Journey Through the Caribbean Islands (1950), English historian Patrick Leigh Fermor wrote (on Godscall) that "this oddly-named little girl remains the last authentic descendant of the Paleologi"' and in Byzantium: The Decline and Fall (1995), English popular historian John Julius Norwich identified Godscall as "the last known descendant of the Emperors of Byzantium".' If her lineage is true, she could be considered the last true heir to the Roman imperial office. Nothing is known of Godscall's life after her baptism, the last contemporary accounts being of her as a little girl in East London in 1694.' It is not known whether she survived infancy, as no other records of her have been discovered.' John Hall, author of a 2015 biography on Godscall's great-grandfather Theodore Paleologus, believes Godscall died soon after her baptism, perhaps within hours or days, but does not offer any evidence to support this theory beyond the fact that there are no known sources on her life beyond her baptism.' Other authors, such as Fermor and Norwich, simply maintained that details on Godscall's further life were unknown.' ## Name Godscall's unusual name has been the subject of much speculation,' with it typically being identified as "strange" or "eccentric".' One possibility is that "Godscall" was a surname, perhaps derived from one of her mother's ancestors. Another explanation is that one or both of her parents were Puritans (though there is no evidence that they were), who in the 17th century often gave eccentric godly names to their children, such as Sorry for Sin or Fear the Lord. Hall suggests that the girl may have been sickly and that her mother feared for her imminent death, accepting that "God was calling her" and thus giving the child the name "Godscall".' Writing in 1977, the Greek historian Georgios Zoras believed that the name Godscall was an English equivalent of the Greek name Theocletiane (Θεοκλητιανή), which essentially means "God's call". More common female variants of this Greek name are Theoclete (Θεοκλήτη) and Theocleto (Θεοκλητώ) (the male variant is Theocletos [Θεόκλητος]).' ## Legacy With the only known surviving record of Godscall being her entry in the baptismal registers, her existence remained unknown for centuries. The record, and by extension Godscall herself, was not discovered until 1946 when researcher Cregoe Nicholson examined St Dunstan's registers in Stepney.' Tradition has it that during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), over a century after the Paleologus family disappeared from history, a delegation was sent by the Greek provisional government in Athens to find living descendants of the old imperial family. The delegation reportedly searched in vain for a descendants in Cornwall and Barbados (where ancestors of Godscall were known to have lived).' The delegation would have been unaware of any Paleologi in London due to Godscall's entry in the baptismal registers not yet having been discovered.' The Paleologus family have sometimes been featured in popular culture. Most of these appearances have to do with Theodore Paleologus of Cornwall (Godscall's great-grandfather by the same name as her father), and fictional descendants of him, though some tackle the family as a whole. Notably, the novel The Course of the Heart (1992) by science fiction and fantasy author M. John Harrison accords magic to the Paleologus family as imperial descendants. In the novel, Godscall is born in 1666 to a Constantine Paleologus of Barbados (not in 1694 to Theodore) and Harrison writes that this Godscall "carried in her bones the cup, the map, the mirror – the real heritage of the Empress and the real Clue to the Heart". In the novel, Godscall becomes an almost otherworldly "deathless empress" and a modern epileptic woman with visions is revealed to be either her descendant or her reincarnation.' In Jane Stevenson's novel Empress of the Last Days (2003), the hero of the book falls in love with a young black-skinned Barbadian girl by the name Melita Paleologue and they trace her lineage to the marriage between a daughter of King James VI & I, Elizabeth Stuart (called "the Winter Queen"), and a dark-skinned physician (Elizabeth Stuart was actually married to Frederick V of the Palatinate). In the book, Godscall's father dies a hero in battle at A Coruña, rather than as a privateer (as he did in real life), and his daughter Godscall marries a son of the Winter Queen. The historical delegation sent to Cornwall during the Greek War of Independence in search for descendants of the old imperial dynasty also appears in the novel, but is portrayed as discounting the proof presented by Godscall's descendants on account of their skin color.' In reference to her depictions in popular culture, Hall referred to Godscall as rising "phoenix-like from the grave" and to her being "a deathless empress in another dimension".''''''	[ "## Biography", "## Name", "## Legacy" ]	1,552	30,717
4,656,636	New York State Route 292	1,136,600,365	Highway in New YorkState highway in New York, US	[ "State highways in New York (state)", "Transportation in Dutchess County, New York", "Transportation in Putnam County, New York" ]	New York State Route 292 (NY 292) is a short 7.58-mile-long (12.20 km) state highway in the Hudson Valley of New York in the United States, bridging Putnam and Dutchess counties. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 311 in the town of Patterson, and the northern terminus is at a junction with NY 55 in the town of Pawling. NY 292 traverses mostly rural areas as it heads northwestward through Patterson and Pawling. Along the way, NY 292 passes along the southern and western edges of Whaley Lake. The portion of NY 292 between West Patterson and Whaley Lake originated as a dirt road named the Patterson–Dutchess County Line Road. This road was reconstructed in 1919 and became part of NY 39, a highway extending from Poughkeepsie to Patterson by way of West Pawling, in the 1920s. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the segment of NY 39 from East Fishkill to West Patterson was incorporated into the new NY 52. By the end of the 1930s, the portion of NY 52 from Stormville to West Patterson was renumbered to NY 216. In 1970, NY 216 was truncated to its current length and NY 216's former alignment from West Pawling to Patterson was renumbered to NY 292. ## Route description NY 292 begins at NY 311 near the hamlet of Patterson. It heads west initially, paralleling the Putnam–Dutchess county line as it passes south of the Patterson Veteran Memorial Park and intersects County Route 63 (CR 63). It crosses a minor stream and briefly turns towards the southwest. After passing through the hamlet of West Patterson, NY 292 turns northwest, crosses the stream once again, and enters Dutchess County. Just north of the county line in the Pawling hamlet of Holmes the route intersects with CR 30. Near Holmes, the highway heads due north and passes between two small ponds. The route continues onward, traveling north through a rural, wooded area of Pawling with little development before curving west to pass along the southern edge of Whaley Lake. At the southwestern tip of the lake, NY 292 turns north, paralleling the western and northern shores of the lake as it heads toward the hamlet of West Pawling. North of the lake in West Pawling, NY 292 turns east onto a former routing of NY 55 for a short distance before ending at modern NY 55 in the northwest corner of Pawling. ## History Part of the highway was once part of the Patterson–Dutchess County Line Road, a 1.61-mile (2.59 km) dirt road that extended from Banks Corner to Whaley Lake. Plans were finalized in 1919 to rebuild the previously inadequate road; the project cost an estimated \$43,500 (\$517,298 2007 USD), including \$15,225 (\$181,054 2007 USD) of Putnam County's portion of the construction. In May 1919, the Danbury News reported, "On the road between Sodom and Pawling turn left and run through Patterson and continue to West Patterson. From West Patterson a new road about one and one-half miles in length is under construction which connects with a good macadam road passing Whaley Pond and running to Stonehouse, thence continuing ... to Newburgh." The new road was completed in November of that year. NY 292 was originally part of NY 39 in the 1920s, which ran from Patterson to Poughkeepsie via West Patterson and East Fishkill. In the 1930 renumbering, the portion of NY 39 between East Fishkill and the western fringe of Patterson was redesignated as part of the new NY 52. Between Patterson and NY 22, old NY 39 was renumbered to NY 311. NY 52 was realigned c. 1937 to follow its current alignment between Stormville and Lake Carmel. The former routing of NY 52 between Stormville and Patterson became part of NY 216. The route remained unchanged until January 1, 1970, when NY 216 was truncated to its current eastern terminus in Poughquag. As part of the truncation, its former alignment from West Pawling to Patterson was renumbered to NY 292. ## Major intersections ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	935	34,711
15,904,586	Fighting Tommy Riley	1,146,541,792	null	[ "2000s American films", "2000s English-language films", "2004 drama films", "2004 films", "American LGBT-related films", "American boxing films", "American independent films", "American sports drama films", "LGBT-related sports drama films" ]	Fighting Tommy Riley is a 2004 independent American sports drama film. It tells the story of Tommy Riley and Marty Goldberg, a boxer and his trainer, as they work to secure a title shot for Tommy. Their plans are complicated by the unrequited feelings Marty develops for Tommy. When a big-time promoter seeks to acquire Tommy's contract, Tommy endangers his future career because of his loyalty to Marty. Marty, seeing only one way to free Tommy to take his shot, takes his own life. Directed by Eddie O'Flaherty, the film was written by J. P. Davis, who sold the script only on the condition that he himself would play Tommy. It also stars Eddie Jones as Marty, Christina Chambers as Stephanie, Diane Tayler as Diane Stone, and Paul Raci as Bob Silver. Fighting Tommy Riley opened in limited release on May 6, 2005 to generally positive reviews, with Jones's performance as Marty frequently singled out for praise. ## Plot Tommy Riley (J. P. Davis) stands in boxing gear in a dingy dressing room. There is a knock at the door and a voice calls out, "Are you ready?" The film flashes back seven months. Tommy is a former boxer who almost made the 2000 U.S. Olympic boxing team as a middleweight. He works laying computer cable and earns money on the side as a sparring partner in a local gym. His lack of motivation has led his girlfriend Stephanie (Christina Chambers) to move out. Marty (Eddie Jones) is a former boxer, now a high school teacher and boxing trainer/manager who had previously coached a fighter to a title shot, only to have the fighter leave him just before the fight. Marty and his business partner Diane (Diane Tayler) arrive at the gym where Tommy spars to scout his sparring partner. The fighter's manager instructs Tommy to make his fighter look good, but after he suffers a low blow, Tommy knocks the fighter out with one punch. The manager and the gym's owner angrily order Tommy from the gym but Marty and Diane chase after him, inviting him to train with Marty. Tommy's reputation and news of his return to the ring spark interest from promoters. After training some time, Marty and Diane set up a fight so that promoters can see him in action. He wins the fight but the promoter at ringside shows no enthusiasm. Diane gives Marty a tape of Tommy's 1999 Olympic trial fight. Tommy was ahead after two rounds but quit before round three because of a hand injury. Marty realizes that Tommy faked his injury because of the poor coaching and abuse coming from his stepfather, who was serving as his cornerman. Marty and Tommy talk about Tommy's stepfather and Marty's former fighter. Marty tells Tommy that boxing is a team sport and that Tommy will never be alone in the ring. Tommy's renewed motivation as a fighter leads to a reconciliation with Stephanie. Leroy Kane (Don Wallace), the fighter who went to the Olympics instead of Tommy, wants a "tune-up" fight before his fight for the middleweight title. His scheduled opponent is injured and Diane sets Tommy up for the bout instead. The fight is in four weeks, so Tommy and Marty go to Marty's cabin in the woods to train without distractions. After several days, during a rubdown following a workout, Marty touches Tommy inappropriately. Tommy reacts strongly negatively and Marty apologizes. They agree to ignore the incident but return to the city ahead of schedule. On the night of Tommy's fight with Kane, Tommy and Marty plan to force Kane to exhaust himself pursuing Tommy until the seventh round and then put him away. The plan works and Tommy knocks out Kane in round seven. After the fight Marty plans to take everyone out for a celebratory dinner but Bob Silver (Paul Raci), a big-time promoter, has watched the fight and, impressed, invites them all out. Marty declines and goes home, but later that night is taken to the hospital. Tommy rushes to the hospital and finds Diane there. He asks if Marty is in the hospital because of what happened at the cabin. Diane tells him that when Marty was a fighter, people threatened to expose Marty's homosexuality, so he ended his career by putting his hand through a window and damaging it. He became a teacher and his influence led Diane to make herself a success. When Marty is released, Tommy moves in with him temporarily to help him recuperate. Bob summons Tommy, alone, for a meeting. Bob offers him a million dollar three-fight contract on the condition that he leave Marty. Marty, Bob says, has a "tainted rep" in the fight game and represents an "element" that boxing will never be ready for. Tommy refuses the deal if it means leaving Marty. Diane and Marty both advise Tommy to take the offer but he still refuses. Stephanie and Tommy argue about the offer and Tommy drives Stephanie away. Marty tries to alienate Tommy by ignoring him during training and becoming verbally abusive. After Marty slaps Tommy several times during a training session, Tommy attacks him, yelling that if Marty ever puts his "faggot-ass hands" on him again, he will kill him. Later that night Tommy goes to Marty's place to apologize and to tell him that Marty can't make him go away. Marty refuses to take him back. Tommy reduces himself to offering himself to Marty sexually. Marty explodes at him, furious that Tommy would think that of him after all they'd been through. The next morning, Tommy rushes back to Marty's house where he and a distraught Diane find Marty's body. He has committed suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills. Tommy calls Stephanie to apologize and to tell her of Marty's death. The film returns to the opening scene. Tommy breaks down in tears but stops crying when, upon catching sight of a mirror, he sees the image of Marty standing behind him. He finishes dressing for the fight and, as he walks to the ring, hears Stephanie calling to him. He turns to her; they smile. He resumes his walk to the ring and the camera pulls back to reveal that he is dressed in Marty's old ring robe in tribute. ## Cast - J. P. Davis as Tommy Riley - Eddie Jones as Marty Goldberg - Christina Chambers as Stephanie - Diane Tayler as Diane Stone - Paul Raci as Bob Silver - Don Wallace as Lenny Kane - Scot Belsky as Freddie Holt - Michael Bent as Mosley ## Production J. P. Davis was inspired to write the script after observing an older trainer working with a young boxer in a Brooklyn gym: "I watched the guy spar. You could tell he wasn't going anywhere, but you could never convince the trainer. He's almost a caretaker. He's watching out for you completely. You could see the devotion involved." Drawing upon material originally created for his critically acclaimed one-man off-Broadway show "Dreamer Awakens," Davis completed the script in 1999 and moved to Los Angeles. Unrepresented by management, Davis sent his script out unsolicited to agents and studios over the course of the next three years. Davis secured representation through his efforts and received a number of studio offers, but, in a story reminiscent of Sylvester Stallone's experience with Rocky, he refused to sell the script unless he was signed to play the title role. He also resisted demands that Marty be made heterosexual. While Davis and director O'Flaherty honed the script, Davis trained as a boxer to add to the film's authenticity. The film was shot in Los Angeles on high-definition digital video on a budget of \$200,000 and was O'Flaherty's feature debut. The part of Marty was originally to be played by Rod Steiger, but Steiger died in 2002, before filming could begin. ## Critical response Fighting Tommy Riley received generally positive reviews, with Eddie Jones frequently singled out for his performance. Variety gave the film an overall favorable review, citing Jones in particular for "personally push[ing] the movie to a higher emotional plane." Davis and Tayler are also praised, the former for "grow[ing] into [the] role" and the latter for her "pro job at playing counterpoint" to Jones. Collectively the cast, but especially Jones, is said to elevate the picture above being a "standard drama on the sweet science with the usual tropes." The San Francisco Chronicle largely agreed, calling Davis "a Van Damme who can act" and Jones "never less than convincing" as well as praising director O'Flaherty for "coach[ing] solid performances from his small cast and mak[ing] the most of the handful of up-close, well-choreographed fight montages." The Los Angeles Times was even more effusive, citing Jones as "unforgettable" and "in such command of his acting skills that Marty's every gesture, look and movement is expressive and revealing," Davis' script as "exceptional" and his performance "no less fully realized" and O'Flaherty's direction as "subtle...intense and convincing." Tayler and Chambers are also lauded, Tayler for creating a "well drawn" character and Chambers for delivering an "effective" performance. Sports Illustrated called the film "stylish and well-paced" despite its limited budget and echoes others' praise for Jones's "nuanced, intense performance," but (without mentioning the plot point of Marty's sexual advance) pinpoints the retreat to Marty's cabin as when the script "starts to look and sound like beginners' work." When asked to name that year's notable indie films and directors, famed film critic Roger Ebert stated "First-time director Eddie O’Flaherty was able to work outside the system to make Fighting Tommy Riley, a film that I think can play in any theater or any multiplex. And yet it’s a boxing picture that is quite different from any formula boxing picture you’ve ever seen. In the final analysis, it’s not even really about boxing." Strongly dissenting was the Village Voice, calling the film "[o]utrageously sentimental and retrograde" and in need of "serious vetting by [LGBT media watchdog organization] GLAAD." The Voice compared Marty's fate to that of other cinematic "self-loathing homosexuals" like Martha Dobie of The Children's Hour. However, writing for the LGBT-interest Advocate magazine, gay film researcher David Ehrenstein praised the film for "speak[ing] volumes about those whom the gay rights revolution never touched and about the lives of older gays and lesbians in general." Cinematographer Michael Fimognari won the Kodak Award for Cinematography at the 14th Annual Hamptons International Film Festival. Fighting Tommy Riley was an official selection of the 7th Annual San Francisco Independent Film Festival and of the 2004 Los Angeles Film Festival. ## See also - List of boxing films	[ "## Plot", "## Cast", "## Production", "## Critical response", "## See also" ]	2,251	14,472
3,644,499	Rockstar New England	1,170,049,300	American video game developer	[ "1999 establishments in Massachusetts", "2008 mergers and acquisitions", "American companies established in 1999", "Companies based in Essex County, Massachusetts", "Rockstar Games subsidiaries", "Software companies based in Massachusetts", "Take-Two Interactive divisions and subsidiaries", "Video game companies established in 1999", "Video game companies of the United States", "Video game development companies" ]	Rockstar New England, Inc. (formerly Mad Doc Software, LLC) is an American video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Andover, Massachusetts. Ian Lane Davis founded the company as Mad Doc Software in November 1999 after working as technical director for Activision. The studio worked with Activision on Star Trek: Armada before leading the development of its sequel, Star Trek: Armada II. From 2002 on, Mad Doc was the principal developer of the Empire Earth series, developing two games and two expansions. While the successful Empire Earth II landed the company publishing contracts with Rockstar Games and Bethesda Softworks, Empire Earth III was a critical and commercial failure and led to an end for the series. Mad Doc developed Star Trek: Legacy for Bethesda Softworks and Bully: Scholarship Edition for Rockstar Games. After the latter was released in March 2008, Rockstar Games' parent company, Take-Two Interactive, bought Mad Doc and made it part of Rockstar Games as Rockstar New England. Under Rockstar Games, the studio worked on a sequel to Bully until its developers were reallocated to projects like Max Payne 3. ## History ### Early years and Empire Earth (1999–2007) Rockstar New England was founded as Mad Doc Software by Ian Lane Davis. A native of Andover, Massachusetts, he first came into contact with video games while enrolled at Andover public schools in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He frequently visited arcades and, while at Doherty Junior High around 1982, Davis received his first computer, an Apple II Plus. Among his favorite games were Ultima, Wizardry, and One on One: Dr. J vs. Larry Bird. He later attended Phillips Academy until 1987, graduated from Dartmouth College with majors in mathematics, English, and computer science in 1991, and obtained a doctorate in artificial intelligence and robotics from Carnegie Mellon University in 1996. Davis landed his first job with the video game company Activision in Santa Monica, California, acting as technical director from 1996 to 1999. During this time, he worked on Dark Reign: The Future of War, Battlezone, Dark Reign: Rise of the Shadowhand, and Civilization: Call to Power. Davis left Activision to move back to Andover, where he founded Mad Doc in November 1999. With him as the only employee, the company took on contract work and consulting jobs to hire further staff. Despite being urged to do so by several people, Davis did not seek venture capital. Mad Doc's first projects were development support on Star Trek: Armada and additional programming and art for Call to Power II, both released by Activision. In 2000, the studio relocated to neighboring Lawrence, first occupying "cramped, temporary quarters" before it moved into 6,600 square feet (610 m<sup>2</sup>) of renovated office space on the fifth floor of the Everett Mills. Mad Doc was the first video game company in Lawrence, and Davis hoped its presence would attract more in the future, which ultimately did not happen. Nine months after its founding, Mad Doc had grown to employ ten people and began contacting publishers for development projects. It led the development of Star Trek: Armada II for Activision, initially with eight developers. When the game was announced in March 2001, Mad Doc mostly comprised former developers from Looking Glass Studios, a defunct studio previously based in nearby Cambridge. By July 2001, it had grown to twenty employees, with Davis believing that the staff would never exceed thirty. Star Trek: Armada II was released in November 2001. Mad Doc further inherited the development of Jane's Attack Squadron from Looking Glass Studios, which had been canceled with that studio's closure. The finished game was released in March 2002. In May 2002, Sierra Entertainment announced Mad Doc as the developer of Empire Earth: The Art of Conquest, an expansion pack for the 2001 game Empire Earth. While the expansion received mixed reviews when it was released in September 2002, Mad Doc remained the principal developer of the Empire Earth series. Around this time, Mad Doc collaborated with Splash Damage on Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory, developing its single-player component. Publisher Activision scrapped this portion in February 2003 because its development "did not progress as anticipated". With Gas Powered Games, Mad Doc worked on Dungeon Siege: Legends of Aranna, an expansion pack for 2002's Dungeon Siege. Legends of Aranna was released in November 2003, and Mad Doc published a free bonus pack in September 2004. By January 2004, Mad Doc had forty-eight employees and US\$3.5 million in annual revenue. The studio's Empire Earth II was released in April 2005, followed by the expansion Empire Earth II: The Art of Supremacy in February 2006. The success of the game and its expansion led Mad Doc to publishing contracts with Bethesda Softworks and Rockstar Games. With the former, the studio developed Star Trek: Legacy after Bethesda Softworks had acquired a license for the Star Trek franchise. The game was released in November 2006. Mad Doc then developed another Empire Earth installment, Empire Earth III. The production cost roughly \$10 million and the game came out in November 2007. Due to a multitude of issues, Empire Earth III became a critical and commercial failure and is considered to have ended the Empire Earth franchise. ### Acquisition and projects under Rockstar Games (2007–present) Under its contract with Rockstar Games, Mad Doc developed an enhanced version of Bully, which had been developed by Rockstar Games' Rockstar Vancouver studio and released to commercial success for the PlayStation 2 in 2006. Mad Doc remastered the game and added further missions, characters, and items. The version was announced as Bully: Scholarship Edition in July 2007 for the Wii and Xbox 360. By December 2007, Mad Doc and its roughly 100 employees had relocated to a 20,400 square feet (1,900 m<sup>2</sup>) office in Ballardvale, a village within Andover. Davis stated that the studio would remain in Andover because it was his "favorite place", where he lived with his wife Vicky and was planning to raise his children. Shaun McDermott, while chief financial officer of the studio, regarded the location as an asset because of the wide range of lifestyles that employees could live in nearby communities. In late 2007, Davis was named the Entrepreneur of the Year by the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce. Around this time, Mad Doc created maps for the multiplayer mode of Turok, developed by Propaganda Games and released in February 2008. Bully: Scholarship Edition was released in March 2008. Take-Two Interactive, Rockstar Games' parent company, acquired Mad Doc in the same month for \$6.068 million: \$3.740 million in cash, 53,033 shares of its unregistered common stock (valued at \$1.353 million), and \$975,000 in development advances. The acquisition was announced on April 4, 2008, and Mad Doc became part of Rockstar Games as Rockstar New England. Davis remained with the studio as studio director, alongside Ken Davis. Employees initially reacted positively to the acquisition due to the reputation and size of Rockstar Games. Over time, the former Mad Doc workplace culture faded while crunch increased. Some employees "felt they were expected by other people within the company to prove their dedication to Rockstar through long hours, and that they would be 'harassed' when trying to leave the studio". In June 2009, Rockstar New England laid off approximately 10% of its staff, including several artists and the entire quality assurance (QA) department. According to one insider speaking with Kotaku, Rockstar Games sought to have one dedicated QA studio instead of having QA departments at its other studios. Other employees reported at the time that the severance packages were "fairly generous" and that Rockstar Games was helping some of the affected employees get new jobs. However, one laid-off artist later claimed that he had not received such assistance. Under Rockstar Games, Rockstar New England commenced several projects. It created a Windows version of Bully: Scholarship Edition, which was released in October 2008, and assisted the development of Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned, Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony, and Red Dead Redemption. The studio also began developing a sequel to Bully while Rockstar Vancouver was allocated to Max Payne 3. Some employees believed the project to be a test for the newly acquired studio to prove it was worth the investment. Roughly 50–70 people, most of the studio, were involved with the game at some point. The team envisioned a small open world with high interactivity, such as actions towards non-player characters (NPCs) having long-term consequences and every building being enterable, including by force. For the latter, Rockstar New England developed a detailed glass fragmentation system. A vertical slice of Bully 2 was created and playable. However, in 2010, the studio began re-allocating the game's developers to other projects. It joined Rockstar Vancouver, Rockstar London, and Rockstar Toronto in the development of Max Payne 3, which was released in May 2012. The game re-used the glass fragmentation mechanic previously designed for Bully 2. In early 2013, Rockstar New England completed its three-month process of moving from Ballardvale to Andover's Dundee Park. The studio worked alongside all other Rockstar Games studios on Red Dead Redemption 2, which was released in October 2018. The mechanic of consequences from NPC interactions that the studio had created for Bully 2 was incorporated into this game. ## Games developed ### As Mad Doc Software ### As Rockstar New England ### Canceled - Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory (single-player) - Bully 2	[ "## History", "### Early years and Empire Earth (1999–2007)", "### Acquisition and projects under Rockstar Games (2007–present)", "## Games developed", "### As Mad Doc Software", "### As Rockstar New England", "### Canceled" ]	2,082	2,672
65,872,777	What's Your Country Song	1,159,137,897	2020 single by Thomas Rhett	[ "2019 songs", "2020 singles", "Big Machine Records singles", "Country rock songs", "Song recordings produced by Dann Huff", "Songs about country music", "Songs written by Ashley Gorley", "Songs written by Jesse Frasure", "Songs written by Rhett Akins", "Songs written by Thomas Rhett", "Thomas Rhett songs" ]	"What's Your Country Song" is a song recorded by American country pop singer Thomas Rhett for his fifth studio album, Country Again: Side A (2021). The song was written by Rhett, Ashley Gorley, Jesse Frasure, Parker Welling, and Rhett Akins, while produced by Frasure and Dann Huff. The song was inspired by Rhett's road travels across the United States. It was released by Valory on November 11, 2020, as the lead single from the album. The lyrics include a series of questions and directly reference the titles of 16 other country songs, including Akins' "That Ain't My Truck". The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, particularly for its nostalgic quality and referential lyrics. The song reached number one on the US Billboard Country Airplay, Billboard Hot Country Songs, and Canada Billboard Country charts, becoming Rhett's 16th number one single on the first chart. It also peaked in the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100. The music video for "What's Your Country Song", which was directed by TK McKamy, intersperses clips of Rhett singing and playing guitar, people living in the countryside, and a high school homecoming football game. Rhett performed the song on television for the first time at the 56th Academy of Country Music Awards in April 2021, and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show the following month. ## Background and production Rhett wrote "What's Your Country Song" in mid-2019 with his father Rhett Akins, along with Ashley Gorley, Jesse Frasure, and Parker Welling. The song was written in a hotel room during a stop of Rhett's Very Hot Summer Tour in Dallas, Texas, for promotion of his fourth studio album Center Point Road (2019). It was the first of several songs written on the trip. In an interview with Kelleigh Bannen, Rhett described the tracks from Country Again: Side A as venturing towards making the type of music that he wanted to, as part of a shift that had "been happening since the beginning of 2019". In a statement, he explained that the inspiration of the song came from his experiences of "traveling on the road and getting to meet people from the country, from California to New York". According to Rhett, the song was difficult to write because the chorus was written before the verses, a deviation from his typical songwriting process. It originated as a piano vocal, and production was later added to Rhett's satisfaction. Like the other tracks from Country Again: Side A, the song was produced by Frasure and Dann Huff. It was programmed by Frasure, David Huff, and Justin Niebank. ## Music and lyrics Musically, "What's Your Country Song" is a country and country rock track, and has a length of two minutes and 51 seconds. It features an electric guitar solo by Huff and additional instrumentals, including acoustic, steel, and bass guitars, Dobro, ganjo, piano, and drums. The lyrics include a series of questions about one's life and memories, culminating in the title question about one's favorite country song. Explaining the intent, Rhett stated that the song "really is just about, what is your country song?", and it was written to evoke a feeling of nostalgia in the listener. Rhett references the titles of many other country songs, including both classic hits and newer songs. The writers experimented with various combinations of song titles and produced multiple versions of "What's Your Country Song" before finalizing the list. The 16 country songs referenced in the released version are: - "Drive (For Daddy Gene)" by Alan Jackson - "Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound" by Hank Williams Jr. - "Mama Tried" by Merle Haggard - "Dixieland Delight" by Alabama - "Chattahoochee" by Alan Jackson - "Barefoot Blue Jean Night" by Jake Owen - "Turn Your Radio On" by Ray Stevens - "All My Ex's Live in Texas" by George Strait - "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" by Hank Williams - "Heartbroke" by Ricky Skaggs - "That Ain't My Truck" by Rhett Akins - "Friends in Low Places" by Garth Brooks - "Neon Moon" by Brooks & Dunn - "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" by Barbara Mandrell - "Strawberry Wine" by Deana Carter - "Family Tradition" by Hank Williams Jr. The song's lyrical style has been compared to "90's Country", a song by Walker Hayes with lyrics that reference the titles of 22 country songs from the 1990s. According to Rhett, each of the songs referenced in "What's Your Country Song" was influential to his artistic development. ## Release and promotion Rhett posted a slow-tempo acoustic clip of "What's Your Country Song" on his Instagram account in April 2020, shortly after he began quarantining at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The video received favorable comments from fellow country singers, including Jake Owen and Jimmie Allen, and was viewed over one million times. Rhett teased the song's cover art via his Twitter account on November 6, 2020. The song was released as the lead single from Country Again: Side A on November 11, 2020, the same day as the 54th Annual Country Music Association Awards, where Rhett received two nominations. In April 2021, Rhett performed "Country Again" and "What's Your Country Song" at the 56th Academy of Country Music Awards, where he won Male Artist of the Year. After a seated acoustic performance of one verse and the chorus of "Country Again", he rose from his chair and transitioned into "What's Your Country Song", accompanied by a backing band. This marked the first performance of either song and was praised by Andrew Unterberger of Billboard, who called it a "rocking performance". He performed the song as a musical guest for The Ellen DeGeneres Show on May 5, 2021. ## Critical reception James Daykin of Lyric Magazine named "What's Your Country Song" as the best song on Country Again: Side A, calling it a "glorious, slick, smooth nod to the great country songs of the past" and favorably making a comparison to Old Dominion's "Song for Another Time", which similarly references the titles of classic songs. Madeline Christy, writing for Off the Record, praised the song's "nostalgic lyrics", and Madeline Crone of American Songwriter described it as a celebration of the country music community following a divisive year. Providing a mixed review for MusicRow, Robert K. Oermann characterized the song as an "anthem with an uplifting mood", but criticized the production and audio quality. In a less favorable review, a reviewer for the Shenzhen Daily called the song "nothing brand-new or earth shattering" compared to Rhett's previous work, but conceded that it is "simple, relatable, and enjoyable". The song reached number one on the US Billboard Country Airplay and Hot Country Songs charts dated March 27, 2021, becoming Rhett's 16th number one single on the Country Airplay chart. The song was his second number one on the Hot Country Songs chart, following "Die a Happy Man" in 2015. It also peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100, Rhett's highest position on the chart since "Die a Happy Man" reached number 21 in 2016. In April 2021, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the song gold for track-equivalent sales of 500,000 units in the United States. In Canada, "What's Your Country Song" reached number one on the Billboard Country chart dated March 6, 2021, and peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100. It was certified gold in the country by Music Canada (MC). In Australia, the song charted at number three on the Australian Country Hot 50, published by The Music Network. ## Music video Rhett posted a brief clip of the music video for "What's Your Country Song" via social media on November 11, 2020, the day of the song's release. The full music video was released on Rhett's YouTube channel two days later. It was directed by TK McKamy, who directed many of Rhett's previous music videos, including "Crash and Burn", "Die a Happy Man", and "Marry Me". Rhett said that he wanted the music video to remind viewers of a familiar moment in their life and capture the feeling of listening to a nostalgic song. The music video is composed of interspersed clips of a family living in the countryside, performing various activities including chasing chickens on a farm, attending a bonfire, and singing with friends. Part of the video was filmed during the homecoming football game at Blackman High School in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, featuring the school's football team and cheerleaders. The clips are intercut with shots of Rhett walking through a cornfield and playing guitar. The music video was produced with film grain quality video and an autumn color palette. The visual was nominated for Male Video of the Year at the 2021 CMT Music Awards. ## Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Country Again: Side A. - Tyler Chiarelli – Dobro - Paul Franklin – steel guitar - Jesse Frasure – acoustic guitar, programming, synth bass - Dann Huff – electric guitar, electric guitar solo, ganjo - David Huff – programming - Charlie Judge – keyboards, piano - Chris Kimmerer – drums - Justin Niebank – programming - Josh Reedy – background vocals - Thomas Rhett – lead vocals, background vocals - Jimmie Lee Sloas – bass guitar - Ilya Toshinsky – acoustic guitar - Derek Wells – electric guitar ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Certifications	[ "## Background and production", "## Music and lyrics", "## Release and promotion", "## Critical reception", "## Music video", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Certifications" ]	2,140	10,694
26,823,955	Psalm 84	1,173,531,467	null	[ "Psalms" ]	Psalm 84 is the 84th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in the English of the King James Version: "How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts!".The Book of Psalms forms part of the Ketuvim section of the Hebrew Bible and part of the Christian Old Testament. In the slightly different numbering system of the Greek Septuagint version of the bible, and in its Latin translations, the Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 83. In Latin, the psalm is known as "Quam dilecta tabernacula tua Domine virtutum". The psalm is a hymn psalm, more specifically a pilgrimage psalm, attributed to the sons of Korah. The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, notably in Schein's motet Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen and by Johannes Brahms who included it in his Ein deutsches Requiem. The psalm was paraphrased in hymns. Dealing with the place where God lives, its beginning has been used as an inscription on synagogues and churches, and the psalm is sung for dedication ceremonies of buildings and their anniversaries. ## Context Psalm 84 begins a group of psalms at the end of Book III within the 150 psalms, from this psalm to Psalm 89. These psalms attempt to provide hope to the exilic Israelite community, but despite their celebration of the historic traditions of the Jewish people, remind the reader that these elements no longer provide the hope they once did. Within this group, "Psalm 84 ties the presence of the divine to the temple." Four psalms of this group, 84, 85, 87 and 88, are attributed to the Korahites, who are described as the doorkeepers of the tabernacle in the Book of Chronicles. ## Background and themes The psalm could have been written before or after the exile in Babylon (6th century BCE). It is attributed to the sons of Korah, and was compiled by David into the Book of Psalms. The psalm begins with a praise of the place where God lives, and where the singer longs to be. The psalm begins and ends addressing God as the Lord of Hosts, a divine epithet. The longing goes further than the place where God lives, yearning for the presence of the "living God". God is also identified with the sun, as "giver of life", and with a protective shield. God is called "my King and my God", the power behind life. Originally, the desired place of God meant the Temple in Jerusalem. Some scholars believe that the psalm is written from the viewpoint of pilgrims on their way towards the temple, while others think that it dates from the time of the exile, longing to restore the destroyed temple. In Christian thinking, the place where God lives is often identified with Eternal life. Augustine of Hippo wrote a detailed commentary. He explained, for example, that "For one day in Your courts is better than a thousand" meant one peaceful everlasting day near God is preferable to many days in the human condition. James Luther Mays comments in the book Psalms that Psalm 84 is especially beloved of all the psalms that contemplate God's dwelling, and notices that it contains three beatitudes. The Hebrew (Hebrew: עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא) (verse 6) has been translated as vale of tears or weeping and as valley of Baca. ## Text ### Hebrew Bible version The text in the original Hebrew begins with a verse treated as a subtitle in the King James Version. It is a musical direction for the conductor of the Levite musicians in the Temple in Jerusalem. ### King James Version 1. How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts! 2. My soul longeth, yea, even fainteth for the courts of the Lord: my heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God. 3. Yea, the sparrow hath found a house, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may lay her young, even thine altars, O Lord of hosts, my King, and my God. 4. Blessed are they that dwell in thy house: they will be still praising thee. Selah. 5. Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are the ways of them. 6. Who passing through the valley of Baca make it a well; the rain also filleth the pools. 7. They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before God. 8. O Lord God of hosts, hear my prayer: give ear, O God of Jacob. Selah. 9. Behold, O God our shield, and look upon the face of thine anointed. 10. For a day in thy courts is better than a thousand. I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness. 11. For the Lord God is a sun and shield: the Lord will give grace and glory: no good thing will he withhold from them that walk uprightly. 12. O Lord of hosts, blessed is the man that trusteth in thee. ## Uses ### Judaism Verse 5 of the psalm, "Fortunate are those who stay in Your house; they will continually praise You forever", is the first of two introductory verses appended to the prayer commonly known as Ashrei (Psalm 145), which is recited twice during Shacharit (morning prayer service) and once during Mincha (afternoon prayer service). The first word of this verse, Ashrei ("Fortunate"), gives its name to the whole prayer. Verse 13, "O Lord of Hosts, fortunate is the man who trusts in You", is the second of a triad of verses recited in the Vehu Rachum prayer in Pesukei dezimra, in Uva letzion, and at the beginning of Maariv (evening prayer service). According to tradition, the first verse in this group (Psalms 46:8) was recited by Abraham, this verse was recited by Isaac, and the third verse, Psalms 20:10, was recited by Jacob–the three Jewish Patriarchs. Verse 13 is also one of the verses of salvation and hope recited at the beginning of the Havdalah ceremony. ### Catholicism The psalm is part of the Catholic rite of dedication of churches and altars. ### Protestantism Just like in Catholicism, Psalm 84 was recommended for ceremonies to dedicate churches. The psalm has also been used for anniversaries of the dedication of churches, such as the 50th Kirchweihfest of the rebuilt Luisenkirche in Berlin-Charlottenburg, and the commemoration of 500 years Reformation in Munich. It is often the subject of sermons at such occasions, as by Jürgen Seidl in a service on 7 May 2006, celebrating 125 years of the Dreikönigskirche in Frankfurt, with the performance of Bach's cantata Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild, BWV 79, which quotes from it. ### Book of Common Prayer In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the evening of the sixteenth day of the month. ### Historical usage Thomas More wrote annotations in his Psalter for Psalm 84 while awaiting execution in the Tower of London, expressing his desire to be able to take part in Christian worship again. During the Putten raid in October 1944, the Nazi occupiers of the Netherlands attacked the village of Putten and took nearly all of its male population to concentration camps, from which only a few returned alive. When deported, the village men sang Psalm 84. In an annual commemoration at the location every October since the war, a choir sings verses of the psalm. On April 30, 1956, Senator Alben W. Barkley - who had been Vice President of the United States between 1949 and 1953 and who returned to the Senate after failing to gain the Presidency - gave the keynote address at the Washington and Lee Mock Convention. Barkley spoke of his willingness, when returning to the Senate, to sit with the other freshman senators , though in his earlier Congressional career he had been a senior Senator and Majority Leader for many years. He ended with an allusion to Psalm 84:10, saying "I'm glad to sit on the back row, for I would rather be a servant in the House of the Lord than to sit in the seats of the mighty." He then collapsed onstage and died of a heart attack. ## Musical settings Johann Hermann Schein composed a motet, using the beginning verses of Psalm 84 in the German translation by Martin Luther , Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen, in 1628. Heinrich Schütz set the psalm in German as part of his Op. 2, Psalmen Davids sampt etlichen Moteten und Concerten (Psalms of David with several motets and concertos). Henry Dumont, one setting in 1652, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, 2 settings, Quam dilecta: Psalmus David octogésimus tertius, H.167, for soloists, double chorus, flutes, strings and continuo (1675) and H.186, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and continuo (1680). Johann Sebastian Bach set verse 11 as the opening movement of his cantata Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild, BWV 79, written for Reformation Day 1725. Johann Justus Kahle set the psalm as one of four Psalm Cantatas for soprano, two oboes, two violins and continuo, for the dedication of the church in Ostrau. Johannes Brahms included verses 1, 2 and 4 in German, "Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen" (How lovely are thy dwellings), as the fourth and central movement of his German Requiem, Ein deutsches Requiem, Op. 45. \* Friedrich Kiel set the first 2 verses as No. 3 of his Six Motets, Op. 82, published in 1883. Alexis de Castillon set a Paraphrase du Psaume 84 (Paraphrase of Psalm 84) by Louis Gallet for soloists, choir and orchestra as his Op. 17. In 1913, Wilhelm Kempff composed a setting for choir a cappella for the cathedral choir in Berlin as his Op. 1. Katherine Kennicott Davis, the composer of the Christmas carol "The Little Drummer Boy", set verses 1–3 (How Lovely Are Thy Dwellings) for voice and piano or organ in 1952. Several songs and hymns are based on Psalm 84 or contain part of it, for example the Dutch "Wat hou ik van uw huis" from Psalmen voor Nu. Matthias Jorissen [de] wrote in 1798 a versed paraphrase for the Genfer Psalter, "Wie lieblich schön, Herr Zebaoth, ist deine Wohnung, o mein Gott", which appears in the Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch as EG 282. In 1834, Henry Francis Lyte wrote a hymn "Pleasant are thy courts above", a paraphrase of the psalm in four stanzas. Popular at the beginning of the 20th century, it is not very frequent in modern population. John Milton, the author of Paradise Lost, wrote a hymn in condensed form of four short stanzas, "How lovely are Thy dwellings fair!". Another hymn by Isaac Watts, first published in 1719, paraphrases the Psalm, beginning with "Lord of the worlds above". It was later re-published in collections such as Hymns Ancient and Modern. Modern settings include "and the swallow" by Caroline Shaw, and "Better is One Day" by Matt Redman, which is based on verse 10. Philip Moore's anthem Lo! God is here! combines verses from Psalm 84 with John Wesley's translation of a hymn by Gerhard Tersteegen. ## Cited sources	[ "## Context", "## Background and themes", "## Text", "### Hebrew Bible version", "### King James Version", "## Uses", "### Judaism", "### Catholicism", "### Protestantism", "### Book of Common Prayer", "### Historical usage", "## Musical settings", "## Cited sources" ]	2,648	11,162
1,832,623	I Don't Wanna Cry	1,172,804,349	1991 single by Mariah Carey	[ "1990 songs", "1990s ballads", "1991 singles", "Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles", "Cashbox number-one singles", "Columbia Records singles", "Mariah Carey songs", "Pop ballads", "Song recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden", "Songs written by Mariah Carey", "Songs written by Narada Michael Walden", "Sony Music singles", "Torch songs" ]	"I Don't Wanna Cry" is a song recorded by American singer Mariah Carey for her eponymous debut studio album Mariah Carey (1990). Written by Carey and producer Narada Michael Walden, Columbia Records released it as the album's fourth single in March 1991. A Latin soul-influenced pop ballad, the torch song describes the end of romance. It features drums, guitars, digital synthesizers, and a prototypical song structure with highly delineated section roles. Modulations occur between these segments that emphasize the singer's emotions. Varying from whispering to belting, Carey's vocal range spans more than two octaves. Critics viewed "I Don't Wanna Cry" as a standout track from Mariah Carey and complimented the dynamic between Carey's vocals and Walden's production. The song received high airplay across American adult contemporary, urban contemporary, and contemporary hit radio stations. It became Carey's fourth consecutive number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart, making her the second act to have their first four entries reach number one. The Recording Industry Association of America certified it Gold. Internationally, "I Don't Wanna Cry" reached the top ten on sales and airplay charts in Canada and the top twenty in New Zealand. Larry Jordan directed the accompanying music video, which shows Carey and a male model brooding over their tainted relationship. His director's cut version includes scenes that Columbia thought projected a sexualized image of Carey. She performed "I Don't Wanna Cry" during the 1993 Music Box Tour, the 1996 Daydream World Tour, and the 2015 concert residency \#1 to Infinity. Carey's former husband and head of Columbia at the time of the song's production, Tommy Mottola, considers her lack of creative control during the process a factor in the demise of their relationship. ## Background Then-backup singer Mariah Carey accompanied Brenda K. Starr to a record industry party in late 1988. Tommy Mottola, president of CBS Records Group, obtained Carey's demo tape at the gala and was immediately impressed by her voice. He signed Carey within a month to establish her as Columbia Records's answer to Whitney Houston of Arista Records. Mottola persuaded Arista promoter Don Ienner—who had been part of the marketing strategy that made Houston a household name—to join Columbia. Although Carey requested to work on her debut album Mariah Carey (1990) with longtime co-writer Ben Margulies rather than well-known producers, Mottola felt it required further influences. To broaden the album's music, Ienner suggested they hire Houston producer Narada Michael Walden. This aligned with their view of Carey as "a franchise" with marketability to multiple demographics as Walden's work appealed to both pop and R&B audiences. ## Recording Mottola phoned Walden personally to request that he write a successful song with Carey in New York. She was apprehensive and feared that her music would become "too schmaltzy" like his work with Houston. After meeting each other, the pair held a writing session at the city's Hit Factory studio where Walden heard Carey's voice for the first time. While working on some uptempo songs, he believed she needed one that was slower and melodramatic. Influenced by recordings such as Chuck Jackson's "I Don't Want to Cry", Walden began singing a concept to Carey. They composed the melody and wrote the chorus to "I Don't Wanna Cry", after which Carey completed the remaining lyrics. "I Don't Wanna Cry" was recorded at Tarpan Studios and The Plant Studios in California. Carey sought to redo licks multiple times during the process, and Walden agreed. After she recorded more vocals, Walden refused to incorporate them because he felt the song was complete. Mottola encouraged Carey to follow his advice but acknowledged her discontent. She never collaborated with Walden after Mariah Carey, stating, "The label was very excited for me to work with him because of his collaborations with hugely successful vocalists ... it was very important for me to keep my identity as a songwriter." Carey married Mottola in 1993 and they later divorced due to his controlling nature. Retrospectively, he considers Carey's experiences with Walden how "her whole issue of feeling controlled" came into being. ## Composition and lyrics "I Don't Wanna Cry" is a torch song in the form of a Latin soul-influenced pop ballad. Like many recordings, it references the act of crying. The lyrics are simple and concern the demise of a romance: "Though I've given you my heart and soul / I must find a way of letting go / 'Cause baby, I don't wanna cry." According to David T. Farr of the Sturgis Journal, they introduce an element of vulnerability to Carey's image. Scholar Dorothy Marcic views them as an example of the progression of women's societal role as they showcase a sense of inner strength rather than victimhood like songs from previous decades. With an introduction, verse, pre-chorus, chorus, post-chorus, bridge, and outro, "I Don't Wanna Cry" features a prototypical song structure. It is organized in compound AABA form. Set in common time, the music is played "tenderly" at a tempo of 66 beats per minute according to sheet music published by Hal Leonard. It is written in the key of F-sharp minor until the first chorus when modulation to the relative key of A major occurs. The key reverts to F-sharp minor for the next verse. Upon the climax at the final chorus, a key change to B-flat major takes place. The song concludes in the relative key of G minor. This alternation constructs prosody; lyrics about breaking up ("Only emptiness inside us") are in minor key while those about moving on ("I must find a way of letting go") are in major key. Carey engages in riffing during the song's introduction. She uses a low register during verses and an upper register for the chorus. Her vocal range spans two octaves and six semitones from the low note of C3 to the high note of G5. Carey's timbre varies between whispering, cooing, belting with bravura, and "raspy grit". Aside from producing, Walden plays the drums heard in "I Don't Wanna Cry". The song features an electric guitar and an acoustic guitar played by Chris Camozzi. They evoke the sound of a Spanish guitar, which was a vogue production choice at the time. The guitars are soft-sounding and play the melody while programmed keyboards are heard in the background. Walter Afanasieff worked with the keys and synth bass electronically; Ren Klyce used the Fairlight CMI digital synthesizer for rhythm programming. As with most Mariah Carey tracks, Bob Ludwig conducted mastering at Masterdisk in New York. The album edition of "I Don't Wanna Cry" is four minutes and forty-seven seconds long and an edited version lasts four minutes and twenty-five seconds. ## Release "I Don't Wanna Cry" is the third track on Mariah Carey, which Columbia released on June 12, 1990. It forms the record's mass market appeal along with other ballads such as "Vision of Love" and "Love Takes Time". By early 1991, the first three singles had reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart and the album was in the midst of an 11-week run at number one on the Billboard 200 following Carey's Best New Artist win at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards. Columbia issued "I Don't Wanna Cry" as the fourth single from Mariah Carey. The label distributed cassettes and 7-inch vinyls to retail in March 1991 with the album track "You Need Me" as a B-side. The latter song has a similar relationship separation theme, this time incorporating funk and rock music. A promotional CD includes a radio edit version. In Japan, Sony Music released "I Don't Wanna Cry" as a mini CD on May 2, 1991. It is featured on Carey's compilation albums \#1's (1998), Greatest Hits (2001), and \#1 to Infinity (2015). ## Critical reception Critics judged "I Don't Wanna Cry" to be one of the best songs from Mariah Carey. Aside from Carey's work, it received comparisons to other ballads about relationships such as George Michael's "Careless Whisper" and Chris Isaak's "Wicked Game". Commentators considered "I Don't Wanna Cry" conventional and thought that Carey's vocal performance elevates the song's orthodoxy. Glenn Gamboa of Newsday regarded it as perhaps "the surest sign from her debut that [Carey]'s powerful voice could turn an average song into a hit" and Cleveland.com's Troy L. Smith reckoned although it might have generic production, that "doesn't stop Carey from rescuing the song with an amazing vocal". Critics felt that Carey's vocals and the composition complement each other and resonate emotion. According to Billboard, "Walden's grand production suits her acrobatic vocal style". Rob Tannenbaum of Rolling Stone thought that Carey's "downcast whispers animated the song's luxurious sorrow" and Vibe's Julianne Shepherd said "she strikes a perfect balance between vocal ability and emotional rawness." Reviewing retrospectively, Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly graded "I Don't Wanna Cry" a B+ and Stereogum's Tom Breihan scored it a 5 out of 10. ## Commercial performance In the United States, "I Don't Wanna Cry" debuted at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart dated April 6, 1991, as Carey's "Someday" departed the top 10. It rose from number eight to number one in the May 25, 1991, issue and replaced "I Like the Way (The Kissing Game)" by Hi-Five. The song's jump to number one was the biggest since Meco's "Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band" did the same in 1977, a feat British publication Music Week deemed "unprecedented". "I Don't Wanna Cry" became Carey's fourth consecutive number one on the Hot 100. This made her the second act after the Jackson 5 in 1970 to have their first four singles reach number one and the second female artist after Paula Abdul to have four number-one songs from a debut album. "I Don't Wanna Cry" spent two weeks at number one and nineteen total on the chart. As of 2018, it is Carey's 11th-best performing song on the Hot 100 and Walden's final number one as a producer. "I Don't Wanna Cry" experienced success across multiple radio formats in the United States. The song topped at least one of the adult contemporary, urban contemporary, and contemporary hit radio charts published by Billboard, Gavin Report, or Radio & Records magazines. It received citations from performance rights organizations ASCAP and BMI for being one of the most-played songs on American radio and television stations in 1991. The Recording Industry Association of America certified it Gold in 2022, which denotes 500,000 units based on digital downloads and on-demand streams. Outside of the United States, the song performed well in Canada. It reached the top 10 on the sales-based singles chart published by The Record (No. 7) and the airplay-based chart produced by RPM (No. 2). Elsewhere, "I Don't Wanna Cry" peaked at number 13 on the New Zealand singles chart and number 49 on the Australian singles chart. ## Music video and performances Carey's video album The First Vision (1991) presents a preview of the song's music video. The clip captures her singing amid red-orange lighting on an empty stage. Larry Jordan directed the official video for "I Don't Wanna Cry", which Columbia released in April 1991. He had previously done so for "Someday". The sepia-toned video features Carey and a male model in a dark Midwestern United States home surrounded by candles and empty picture frames. After brooding over their tainted relationship, she enters a wheat field and cries. The video received critical commentary. According to KQED's Emmanuel Hapsis, Carey's performance foreshadows her strong acting ability in Precious (2009). People writer Drew Mackie thought her walking barefoot appears seductive. Carey disavowed the video later in her career. As Columbia reshot scenes due to the appearance of her dress and the male model, she prefers the director's cut. This version premiered on MTV in November 1998 and is included on her 1999 video compilation \#1's. "I Don't Wanna Cry" is not one of Carey's fondest compositions; she has seldom performed it live. The song is noticeably absent from her 1993 high-profile Here Is Mariah Carey concert. Carey sang "I Don't Wanna Cry" during the 1993 Music Box Tour and the 1996 Daydream World Tour. Her performance of the song at the Tokyo Dome during the latter is included on her compilation album The Rarities. In 2015, Carey resumed singing "I Don't Wanna Cry" for her Las Vegas concert residency \#1 to Infinity. ## Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Mariah Carey. ### A-side: "I Don't Wanna Cry" Locations Personnel Publishing ### B-side: "You Need Me" Locations Personnel Publishing ## Charts and certifications ## See also - Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1991 - List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1991 - List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1991 - List of Hot Adult Contemporary number ones of 1991	[ "## Background", "## Recording", "## Composition and lyrics", "## Release", "## Critical reception", "## Commercial performance", "## Music video and performances", "## Credits and personnel", "### A-side: \"I Don't Wanna Cry\"", "### B-side: \"You Need Me\"", "## Charts and certifications", "## See also" ]	2,888	40,795
2,585,809	Ebbor Gorge	1,092,812,344	Limestone gorge in Somerset, England	[ "Canyons and gorges of England", "Mendip Hills", "National Trust properties in Somerset", "National nature reserves in Somerset", "Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset", "Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1952" ]	Ebbor Gorge is a limestone gorge in Somerset, England, designated and notified in 1952 as a 63.5-hectare (157-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Mendip Hills. It was donated to the National Trust in 1967 and is now managed by Natural England as a national nature reserve. The gorge was cut mostly into the Clifton Down Limestone, part of the Lower Carboniferous Pembroke Group, by water. The site was occupied by humans in the Neolithic Era and their tools and flint arrow heads have been discovered, along with pottery from the Bronze Age. There are also fossils of small mammals from the Late Devensian. The nature reserve provides a habitat for a variety of flora and fauna, including flowers, butterflies and bats. ## Geology Ebbor Gorge lies on the southwest-facing slope of the Mendip Hills and consists of a steep-sided ravine cut into 350-million-year-old Carboniferous Limestone of the Dinantian. The gorge was cut into Clifton Down Limestone by meltwater in the Pleistocene Epoch. The lowest part of the gorge is formed in the Namurian Quartzitic Sandstone Group and the South Wales Lower Coal Measures, over which younger limestones have been thrust to the north-east, as demonstrated by the BGS maps (1:50,000 sheet 280, Wells). An example of the rare mineral mendipite was found at the head of the gorge. A stream issuing to the west of the site runs down the tributary valley of Hope Wood before joining the main gorge. The original watercourse which may have cut the gorge into the limestone became diverted underground and now emerges at Wookey Hole Caves to form the River Axe. ## History Various caves within the gorge were inhabited by neolithic people from which flint tools are held in the Wells and Mendip Museum. One particularly fine flint flake can be seen in the museum at King John's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge. Human and animal bones from the Neolithic were recovered from Outlook Cave in 1907. Bones from the Palaeolithic have been found at Savory's Hole. Several caves occur within the Gorge, of which Bridged Pot and Gully Cave provide some of the best Late Devensian small-mammal assemblages known from Britain. Most of the deposits remain in situ and include steppe pika, Arctic lemming, Norway lemming, various voles, red deer and reindeer. Bronze Age finds include pottery from the Beaker culture, a stone axe and flint knife. ## Current use A 40-hectare (99-acre) area of the gorge is owned by the National Trust, and managed by Natural England as a national nature reserve. The land was donated to the National Trust by Mrs G.W. Hodgkinson, in 1967, in memory of Winston Churchill. The site was purchased in 1931 by Wookey Hole Caves Ltd. The site is close to Wookey Hole village and caves and offers views across the Somerset Levels to Glastonbury Tor and beyond. There are three marked trails of varying lengths around the steeply wooded gorge, the longest being 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long, the shortest of which is suitable for wheelchair users. ## Biology and ecology Because of the ecology of the area 63.5 hectares (157 acres) was designated as a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1952. The ground flora is indicative of the calcareous nature of the site, with dog's mercury (Mercurialis perennis) being locally dominant. Many of the associated species are characteristic of ancient woodland. Wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa) and common bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) are both locally abundant. The valley of the main gorge is humid and provides ideal conditions for fungi and ferns. It contains a substantial assemblage of bryophytes with over 120 species recorded including the nationally rare Bryum canariense and the very rare Amblystegiella confervoides. The varied age and canopy structure of woodland encourages a high diversity of butterflies, nationally scarce species including the white-letter hairstreak (Strymonidia walbum) and high brown fritillary (Fabriciana adippe), while species such as the chalkhill blue (Lysandra coridon) and brown argus (Aricia agestis) occur on the limestone grassland. Greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and lesser horseshoes (Rhinolophus hipposideros) regularly use sites in the Gorge as hibernacular roosts. The site also supports birds of prey and a few red deer.	[ "## Geology", "## History", "## Current use", "## Biology and ecology" ]	988	12,315
19,429,723	SS Empire Simba	1,161,508,017	British steam-powered cargo ship	[ "1918 ships", "Design 1013 ships", "Design 1013 ships of the United States Navy", "Maritime incidents in 1925", "Maritime incidents in March 1941", "Maritime incidents in September 1945", "Scuttled vessels of the United Kingdom", "Ships built by Skinner & Eddy", "Ships sunk in collisions", "Shipwrecks of Ireland", "World War I cargo ships of the United States", "World War I merchant ships of the United States", "World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom", "World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean" ]	SS Empire Simba was a British steam-powered cargo ship. She was originally an American ship, launched in 1918 as SS West Cohas. During a stint in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919, she was called USS West Cohas (ID-3253). West Cohas was built in 1918 for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) as part of the West boats, a series of steel-hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort. She was the 24th ship built by Skinner & Eddy of Seattle, Washington, and was completed in 88 calendar days. She was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS) of the United States Navy as USS West Cohas (ID-3253) in June 1918. After several overseas trips for the Navy, she was decommissioned in May 1919 and returned to the USSB. West Cohas ran aground off Sable Island in 1925 while trying to assist a vessel in distress, but otherwise had a relatively uneventful merchant career for the USSB. In 1933, she was sold to the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company. In 1939, she collided with the Irish passenger ship Munster, which damaged both vessels. In June 1940, West Cobalt was sold to British interests and renamed Empire Simba. During convoy service in World War II, Empire Simba initially sailed between the United Kingdom and North America carrying cargos of scrap iron from the United States. She was bombed by a German aircraft on 1 March and abandoned. She was towed to port for repairs but was struck by a German land mine dropped in a bombing raid. After six months of repairs, she began sailing roundtrips to Freetown, Sierra Leone. On one return voyage to the UK in July 1944, she collided with another ship in the convoy. After splitting the rest of the war between voyages to North America and Africa, Empire Simba was loaded with chemical weapons in August 1945 and scuttled west of Ireland. ## Design and construction The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the USSB for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word West, like West Cohas, one of some 24 West ships built by Skinner & Eddy of Seattle, Washington. West Cohas (Skinner & Eddy No. 24, USSB No. 1177) was launched on 4 May 1918 and delivered to the United States Navy upon completion later in the month. West Cohas was built in a total of 73 working days, 88 calendar days, and was listed in seventh place on a list of the ten fastest-built ocean-going vessels compiled in 1920. Skinner & Eddy received a \$64,000 bonus for completing the ship early. The ship was 409.6 ft (124.8 m) long between perpendiculars and 423 ft 9 in (129.16 m) overall, and had a beam of 54.2 ft (16.5 m). Her draught was 24 feet 2 inches (7.37 m) (mean) or 27.1 ft (8.3 m) and her depth of hold was 29 ft 9 in (9.07 m). Her tonnages were 5,647 GRT, 5,173 tons under deck; 12,225 displacement. The ship had a double reduction-geared steam turbine that drove her single screw propeller, giving her a speed of 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h). By 1930 her equipment included submarine signalling and radio. ## Military career USS West Cohas (ID-3253) was commissioned into the NOTS on 4 June. After successfully completing sea trials, West Cohas sailed for Arica, Chile, to carry a cargo of nitrates to the United States. Sailing from Arica on 29 July, West Cohas transited the Panama Canal and arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, where she unloaded the cargo. She sailed up the East Coast to Norfolk, Virginia, where she arrived on 25 September. After taking on a full load of matériel for the American Expeditionary Force in France, she sailed on 9 October for Brest, France, where she arrived on 28 October. While in port discharging her cargo, the Armistice was signed on 11 November, ending the fighting. She sailed for the United States ten days later. After her return, West Cohas made two post-war more voyages to La Pallice, France. She was employed as a transport during her return trips to the United States. Though specific information about the number of troops West Cohas carried (or was capable of carrying) is unknown, SS West Arrow, a Skinner & Eddy-constructed sister ship, carried 23 men on at least one voyage. She returned to Norfolk on 5 May at the conclusion of her second voyage where she was decommissioned 4 days later and returned to the USSB. ## Civilian career After her return to the USSB, West Cohas sailed on a France – Southampton – New York route through 1920. In September 1919, West Grama carried 56 passengers from Bassens to New York. Little is known about West Cohas's subsequent civilian career until 1925. On 20 July, The Washington Post carried a news report that West Cohas had run aground on shoals off Sable Island. The French fishing trawler Labrador had run aground on the shoals on the morning of 19 July and had issued a distress call. The nearby West Cohas steamed to her aid, but became stranded on the rocks nearby and issued her own distress call. Lifesaving crews had been dispatched but could reach neither ship because of fog and waves. At press time the Canadian government buoy tender and several tugs were reported on their way to aid both ships. There were no follow up reports to indicate how much damage West Cohas sustained, but she escaped the fate of the 399 GRT Labrador, which was a total loss. West Cohas had been repaired and was back in service by November 1926, when The Wall Street Journal reported that she was to begin service carrying grain from Galveston, Texas, to London. In 1933, West Cohas was sold to the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company, which assigned her to its Ripley Steamship Company subsidiary. During the 1930s, Lykes Brothers primarily operated cargo ships between Gulf Coast and Caribbean ports, and, though there is little specific information available regarding West Cohas's movements, it is likely that she called at Gulf coast and Caribbean ports for portions of her Lykes Brothers career. In July 1938, she was sailing from New Orleans to Liverpool when she rammed the Irish motor vessel Munster 15 nautical miles (28 km) north of Dublin. Munster, with 200 passengers aboard, was damaged on her starboard side, while West Cohas's bow was twisted from the impact. Both vessels made it to Liverpool without loss of life. ## World War II On 21 June 1940, Lykes Brothers sold West Cohas to British interests for transfer to British registry. The crew for the newly British ship was shipped from Liverpool on the Cunard Line ocean liner to New York via Halifax and bussed to Galveston, Texas, to take possession of the ship. Sailing from that port, they took on a load of scrap iron and headed for Bermuda. At Bermuda, West Cohas joined a convoy to Halifax and then on to Liverpool. At about 1030 hrs on 19 August West Cohas lost track of the convoy but continued on independently, arriving at Liverpool on 23 August. West Cohas sailed for Methil five days later and arrived on 1 September. The ship was transferred to the Ministry of War Transport, which renamed her Empire Simba and assigned Andrew Weir & Co. of London to manage her. After spending six weeks at Methil, where she had an advanced ship degaussing system installed among other repairs, Empire Simba proceeded to Oban via Lyness in mid November. She set out for North America in Convoy OB-253 on 2 December. Four days out, heavy weather dispersed the convoy, and Empire Simba proceeded independently. The ship continued to take a beating from heavy seas which opened the number one cargo hold to the ocean. Because the water was coming in faster than the bilge pumps in the hold number one could pump, the crew cut through the bulkheads into cargo hold number two to double the pumping capacity and were able to keep the ship under control long enough to arrive in Bermuda on 26 December. After temporary repairs were made there, Empire Simba sailed on 6 January 1942 first to Halifax and then to Baltimore for more permanent repairs. After two weeks in Baltimore, Empire Simba headed to Hampton Roads, Virginia, to take on another load of scrap iron for the UK. After making her way to Halifax by early February, she sailed on 9 February as a part of Convoy HX-108, but dropped out and joined up with Convoy SC-22, a slower convoy that had left Halifax a day earlier. Off the Northern Ireland coast, the convoy escorts broke off and Empire Simba and three other ships sailed into the Irish Sea. Headed to her destination of Port Talbot, Empire Simba was at the back of the line of the four ships. At 1300 hrs on 1 March, a Heinkel He 111 bomber of Kampfgeschwader 27, Luftwaffe attacked the column, and had a near miss on Empire Simba. The force of the explosion shattered the main water injection pipe in the engine room, flooding her engine room and leaving the ship dead in the water. The German bomber, with smoke trailing from it after being hit by bullets from one of Empire Simba's two Hotchkiss Mark I machine guns, headed off for Ireland. There were no towing vessels immediately available for Empire Simba, so as darkness approached, Empire Simba's crew abandoned the ship for the escorting trawler. Taking the ship's two machine guns, the chronometer, and some personal belongings, the crew were landed at Milford Haven. Empire Simba was saved and towed into Birkenhead, where the officers rejoined with their erstwhile ship. During an overnight bombing raid on the night of 12/13 March, German bombers parachuted land mines on Birkenhead. One landed on Empire Simba and exploded, causing significant damage to the ship. By mid-August 1941, Empire Simba, with a completely new crew, had been repaired enough to set out in a Liverpool – Freetown convoy, but evidently returned to Liverpool the same day. After making her way to Oban on 9 September, she began the first of seven roundtrips to Freetown over the next 18 months, including convoy SL 125. Twice, when setting out with convoys, Empire Simba had to return to port with unspecified problems. In a third convoy sailing, a problem with her steering gear caused her to collide with another convoy ship, Empire Scott, and on 1 August Empire Simba straggled and dropped out of the convoy. In February and March 1944, Empire Simba made an extended round trip from the United Kingdom to Gibraltar. During this time, she called in neutral Spain at Valencia on 15 March and Burriana on 18 March. Between April 1944 and June 1945 she made four transatlantic crossings, interrupted by another trip to Freetown in December 1944. ### Scuttling By August 1945, Empire Simba was at anchor in the harbour of Cairn Ryan in the west of Scotland. There she was loaded with 8,000 tons of chemical weapons that had been stockpiled for use if the Germans had used chemical weapons first. On 11 September Empire Simba was scuttled in the North Atlantic beyond the continental shelf, 120 nautical miles (140 mi; 220 km) northwest of Ireland. Her wreck is at in 8,200 feet (2,500 m) of water. Empire Simba was one of four redundant cargo ships that the Admiralty used to dispose of chemical ammunition at the same site in the North Atlantic in 1945. The others were SS Empire Cormorant on 1 October, SS Wairuna on 30 October, and SS Lambridge on 30 December.	[ "## Design and construction", "## Military career", "## Civilian career", "## World War II", "### Scuttling" ]	2,643	11,600
20,599,055	Gimli (Middle-earth)	1,172,465,370	Fictional Dwarf in The Lord of the Rings	[ "Fictional axefighters", "Literary characters introduced in 1954", "Male characters in film", "Male characters in literature", "Middle-earth Dwarves", "The Lord of the Rings characters" ]	Gimli is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, appearing in The Lord of the Rings. A dwarf warrior, he is the son of Glóin, a member of Thorin's company in Tolkien's earlier book The Hobbit. He represents the race of Dwarves as a member of the Fellowship of the Ring. As such, he is one of the primary characters in the story. In the course of the adventure, Gimli aids the Ring-bearer Frodo Baggins, participates in the War of the Ring, and becomes close friends with Legolas, overcoming an ancient enmity of Dwarves and Elves. Scholars have commented that Gimli is unlike other dwarves in being free from their characteristic greed for gold. They note, too, that he is unique in being granted the gift of Galadriel's hair, something that she had refused to Fëanor. The events recall the Norse legend Njáls saga, where a gift of hair is refused, with fateful consequences. Gimli was voiced by David Buck in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings. Gimli does not appear in Rankin/Bass's 1980 animated version of The Return of the King. In Peter Jackson's film trilogy, Gimli is played by the Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies. ## Fictional biography Gimli was born in the Ered Luin in the Third Age, son of Glóin. Gimli had wanted to accompany his father on the quest to reclaim Erebor, but at age 62 he was deemed too young. He was a remote descendant of Durin the Deathless, chief of the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves and ancestor of the Longbeards. Gimli was of the royal line, but not close to the succession; he was the third cousin once removed of Dáin II Ironfoot. Gimli is first seen with Glóin at the Council of Elrond; they tell the Council that the Dark Lord Sauron is searching for Bilbo, and ask Elrond's advice. They learn that Frodo Baggins is now the bearer of the One Ring. The Council decides to destroy it by casting it into Mount Doom. Frodo volunteers for the task; Gimli is among those chosen to help him. There is friction between Gimli and the elf Legolas: their races bore an old grudge against each other. When the company is forced to enter the ancient underground Dwarf-realm, the Mines of Moria, Gimli is at first enthusiastic, hoping to find Balin there. However, Moria is still inhabited by Orcs, Cave Trolls, and a Balrog: Balin and his folk have all been killed. The Fellowship finds his tomb in the Chamber of Mazarbul; Orcs attack, and they have to fight their way out. Aragorn leads the company to Lothlórien, populated by Elves hostile to Dwarves. Gimli refuses to be blindfolded, risking a conflict, so Aragorn has the entire Fellowship blindfolded. Gimli's opinion of Elves changes when he meets Galadriel, co-ruler of Lothlórien: her beauty, kindness, and understanding impress him so much that, when given the opportunity to ask for whatever he wishes, he responds that being able to see her and hear her gentle words is gift enough. When pressed, he admits that he desires a single strand of her golden hair, to be an heirloom of his house, but that he could not ask for such a gift. Galadriel is so moved by his bold yet courteous request that she gives him not one, but three of her hairs. Gimli and Legolas became firm friends. At Amon Hen, the company is divided, and Gimli joins Legolas and Aragorn in pursuing Merry and Pippin who have been captured by Orcs. After running many miles in a few days to the land of Rohan, they meet Éomer, nephew of Rohan's King Théoden, with a troop of cavalry, which has killed all the Orcs. When Éomer speaks badly of the name Galadriel, Gimli responds harshly, but Aragorn prevents a fight. Gandalf leads them to Rohan's capital, Edoras, where he rouses Théoden to war against Saruman. Gimli proves his valour in combat in the Battle of Helm's Deep. He and Legolas engage in an Orc-slaying contest (Gimli wins by one; he kills 42 to Legolas's 41). Gimli saves Éomer's life by killing two orcs and driving off two others. Later, Gimli's vivid description of the Glittering Caves of Aglarond moves Legolas to promise to visit the caves when the War was over; and eventually they make the visit together. After the battle, Gimli witnesses Gandalf casting Saruman out of the Order of Wizards; he sees through Saruman's lies with the words "This wizard's words stand on their heads". Gimli accompanies Aragorn on the Paths of the Dead, and the battles at Pelargir and the Pelennor Fields. He takes part in the final battle against Sauron, the Battle of the Morannon in front of the Black Gate. There he recognizes Pippin Took's feet underneath a fallen troll, saving his life. After the destruction of the Ring, Gimli leads many Dwarves south to Aglarond, becoming the first Lord of the Glittering Caves. They build "great works" in Rohan and Gondor, and replace the ruined gate of Minas Tirith with one made of mithril and steel. After Aragorn's death, Gimli (then 262 years old) sails with Legolas into the West, becoming the first Dwarf in the Undying Lands. ## Family tree ## Concept and creation The name Gimli first appeared in Tolkien's works in "The Tale of Tinúviel", the earliest version of the story of Beren and Lúthien Tinúviel, found in the second volume of The Book of Lost Tales. Here, the name belongs to an aged elf, a prisoner along with Beren in the kitchens of Tevildo, Prince of Cats (forerunner of Sauron). During the writing of The Lord of the Rings, as told in The Return of the Shadow, Gimli's character was first named Frar, then Burin, and he was the son of Balin. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that Tolkien has Gimli "swap grim proverbs" with Elrond. Shippey comments that dwarvish heroism is expressed in their veiled speech, as seen also with King Dáin's stubborn replies to the messenger of Mordor. He sees these examples as unified by "delight in the contrast between passionate interior and polite or rational expression; the weakness of the latter is an index of the strength of the former". Writing in Mallorn, the journal of the Tolkien Society, Lilian Darvell states that Gimli's request for a gift of Galadriel's hair is to be contrasted with Fëanor's earlier request of the same gift, described in "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", in Unfinished Tales. Galadriel rejected Fëanor's request, though he made it three times. Darvell comments that given Galadriel's ability to see into people's hearts, and the darkness she saw in Fëanor, she must have seen something better in Gimli than in "one of the greatest of the Noldor". Darvell notes that the gift of hair has echoes in both English literature, as in Bernice and the Lock and The Rape of the Lock, and in Norse legend. In Njáls saga, Gunnarr's bowstring breaks in a desperate battle; he asks his wife Hallgerðr for two hairs to use as a replacement, but she refuses because he had once struck her, and he is killed. Darvell comments that Galadriel's refusal does not kill Fëanor, but it does result in a distancing, which might have led him to refuse to send ships to rescue her from Númenor. The scholars of international relations Abigail Ruane and Patrick James view Gimli as an exemplar of "neoliberal institutionalists", since his "people avidly pursue gold and treasure". In their view, he and his Dwarves also illustrate the interdependence of nations through their networks of trade and allies; the varied "relationships among Dwarves, Elves, and Men provide a foundation upon which to build and [to] ally against Sauron and illustrate how complex interdependence can reduce perceptions of insecurity and create opportunities for cooperation rather than conflict." The Tolkien scholar John Miller writes that like the Elves, the Dwarves have withdrawn from history and become subject to "an increased aesthetic sensibility", exemplified by Gimli's lyrical description of the Glittering Caves of Aglarond. Miller argues that as well as praising the beauty of the caves, Gimli's account "emphasizes their stillness, their abstraction from the history marching along outside". He suggests that the dwarvish love of hand-crafted workmanship could be a pre-modern aesthetic, an immature or adolescent appreciation compared to that of Elves or Men. The philologist Susan Robbins writes in Žmogus ir žodis that with the words "I say to you, Gimli son of Glóin, that your hands shall flow with gold, yet over you gold shall have no dominion", Galadriel gives Gimli, alone of all the Dwarves, immunity to the dragon-sickness. Robbins defines this as "bewilderment or confusion that makes one so greedy for ... gold that one would rather starve to death rather than give any of it up", the fate that overwhelmed the Dwarf Thorin Oakenshield and the human Master of Laketown in The Hobbit. She notes that Tolkien stated that the dragon-sickness, the effect of the magic spells placed on Smaug's golden hoard, had been derived from line 3052 of the Old English poem Beowulf: iúmonna gold galdre bewunden, "the gold of men of long ago enmeshed in enchantment". ## Adaptations Gimli was voiced by David Buck in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings. Here he is drawn as being almost as tall as the rest of the non-hobbit members of the Fellowship. Gimli does not appear in Rankin/Bass's 1980 animated version of The Return of the King. In Peter Jackson's film trilogy, Gimli is played by John Rhys-Davies, using his native Welsh accent. Gimli's more prosaic and blunt style, in contrast with the more refined Aragorn and Legolas, provides defusing comic relief, with much of the humour based on his height, along with his competitive, if friendly, feud with Legolas, where Gimli consistently finds himself out-achieved. Gimli was portrayed by Ross Williams in the 3-hour Toronto stage production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006. In The Lord of the Rings: The Musical, he was played by Sévan Stephan throughout its London run. The classical composer Craig H. Russell's 1995 Middle Earth has as its second movement "Gimli, the Dwarf"; Russell describes it as sounding "like a rugged Irish tune". The piece was originally written for string ensemble, and re-orchestrated for symphonic orchestra.	[ "## Fictional biography", "## Family tree", "## Concept and creation", "## Adaptations" ]	2,440	5,924
284,343	2000 Taiwanese presidential election	1,170,083,205	null	[ "2000 elections in Asia", "2000 elections in Taiwan", "Presidential elections in Taiwan" ]	Presidential elections were held in Taiwan on 18 March 2000 to elect the president and vice president. With a voter turnout of 83%, Chen Shui-bian and Annette Lu of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) were elected president and vice president respectively with a slight plurality. This election ended more than half a century of Kuomintang (KMT) rule on the island, during which it had governed as a one-party state since the retreat of the government from the Chinese mainland during the closing stages of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. This was also the first time in Chinese history that a ruling political party peacefully transferred power to an opposition party under a democratic system. The nominees included the then-current vice president Lien Chan for the KMT, former provincial governor James Soong as an independent candidate (upon his loss of the KMT nomination), and former Taipei mayor Chen Shui-bian for the DPP. Controversy arose throughout the course of the election; in particular, the candidacy of James Soong was beset by accusations of splitting the Kuomintang vote and involvement in corruption during the presidency of Lee Teng-hui, culminating in protests and the expulsion of the latter from the Kuomintang, while Chen's campaign attracted criticism from neighboring China due to his party's traditionally pro-independence stance. The issues of corruption and cross-strait relations were dominant during this election. Chen's victory was initially seen as unlikely, but several compounded effects like the splitting of the Kuomintang vote and the aforementioned controversies are seen as having led to his victory. Chen performed most strongly in the southern part of Taiwan, while Soong tended to win in northern areas. ## Candidates and platforms ### Kuomintang The ruling Kuomintang (KMT) ran vice president Lien Chan for president and Premier Vincent Siew for vice president. Both were career civil servants and Lien, originating from the Taiwanese aristocracy, was seen as aloof and unable to empathize with the common people. Though more popular and consistently ranked higher in the polls, the outspoken former Taiwan governor James Soong failed to gain the Kuomintang's nomination. As a result, he announced his candidacy as an independent candidate. The Kuomintang responded by expelling Soong in November 1999. It is a very common belief among KMT supporters that president Lee Teng-hui was secretly supporting Chen Shui-bian, and purposely supported the less popular Lien in order to split the Kuomintang, and this belief was given a great deal of credibility after the 2000 election with Lee's defection to the Pan-Green coalition, though Lee's defection came only after his expulsion by the KMT. Soong, a mainlander, tried to appeal to the native Taiwanese by nominating surgeon Chang Chao-hsiung, who is a native Taiwanese, as his running-mate. This, combined with the fact that Chang had connections to both the Democratic Progressive Party and the KMT reinforced Soong's campaign message of bridging political and cultural divide. In December 1999, the KMT began to attack Soong's integrity. They sued Soong for theft, alleging that as party secretary-general, he stole millions of Taiwan dollars in cash intended for the family of the late president Chiang Ching-kuo and hid the money in the Chunghsing Bills Finance Co. Soong defended himself by saying he was acting under Lee's direction, though Lee denied this and many found the explanation unconvincing. Initially holding a commanding lead in the polls, Soong ended up losing by just over 300,000 votes. Both candidates had some obstacles presenting themselves as reform candidates with regard to corruption, given their high rank in the Kuomintang government. Soong's strategy was to openly admit his past wrongdoing and present his insider status as an advantage: i.e. that he could most easily tackle the corruption because of his experience with it; however, many saw his credibility as a reformer as broken by his financial scandal. Lien advocated for reform, but had some difficulty in direct criticism as such attacks may have offended the ruling government; this is thought to have contributed to his defeat. ### Democratic Progressive Party The DPP ran former Taipei mayor Chen Shui-bian and Taoyuan County magistrate Annette Lu for vice president. Having run for the 1996 election on a radical independence platform and lost by a landslide, the DPP in May 1999 moderated its stance by issuing the "Resolution on the Future of Taiwan". The resolution accepted the status quo and promoted the moderate view that Taiwan was already independent, so any formal declaration would not be urgently necessary, if at all, and Chen presented a more conciliatory stance regarding the mainland. Also included was the pledge that any change in Taiwan's international status will have to be done through a referendum, thus alleviating the fear that, if elected, a DPP government would unilaterally declare independence without popular approval. The Chen-Lu ticket also promised to be more aggressive in fighting black gold, a system of connections and corruption which had become intertwined with the KMT. The last minute public endorsement of Chen Shui-bian by President of the Academia Sinica and Nobel laureate Yuan T. Lee is also thought to have played a role in his election, with Yuan T. Lee offering to negotiate with the PRC on Taiwan's behalf. ### Other candidates All independent presidential tickets were required to turn in a petition of 224,000 names to the Central Election Commission to confirm their candidacy and appear on the ballot. Former DPP Chairman Hsu Hsin-liang, who had quit the party after failing to prevent Chen from running, ran as an independent with New Party (NP) legislator Josephine Chu as his running mate. As DPP Chairman, Hsu had moderated the platform of the party, promoting reconciliation with the People's Republic of China and the opening of direct links, a move not then supported by the KMT. During the 2000 campaign, the Hsu-Chu ticket promoted unification under something similar to, but not the same as, 'one country, two systems', claiming that that exact system would be "bound to bring immediate loss to Taiwan". The New Party nominated independent social commentator Li Ao—an acclaimed author, historian, and former political prisoner—for president and legislator Elmer Fung for vice president. Li, who supported "one country, two systems", said he took the election as an opportunity to educate the people in Taiwan on his ideas, and show them the nation's "dark side". Despite his nomination Li refused to join the NP. Both he and the NP publicly encouraged people to vote for James Soong to the point of stating during the televised presidential debates that he was not planning to vote for himself and that people should vote for Soong so that the pro-unification vote would not be split. A white paper issued by the People's Republic of China (PRC) prior to the election had mentioned that they would "not permit the 'Taiwan question' to drag on", which generated condemnation from American leaders, including John Kerry and Stanley Roth; along with a downturn in the stock market, but little in terms of a Taiwanese reaction. Then, shortly before the election, Zhu Rongji, the premier of the People's Republic of China attempted to influence the outcome, warning that voters should "not just act on impulse at this juncture, which will decide the future course that China and Taiwan will follow" and should "shun a pro-independence candidate", further stating that "[n]o matter who comes into power in Taiwan, Taiwan will never be allowed to be independent. This is our bottom line and the will of 1.25 billion Chinese people." According to Christopher R. Hughes, emeritus professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics, a conclusion was made that the statements of Chinese government had actually been counterproductive and helped Chen to win; consequently, China avoided making such an open attempt to influence the 2004 elections, adopting a "wait and see" attitude with Chen. ## Results Voting was held on 18 March 2000. The Soong-Chang ticket appeared first on the ballot, followed by the Kuomintang's Lien and Siew, then two independent tickets, Li-Fung and Hsu-Chu. The eventual winning DPP ticket of Chen and Lu were listed fifth. Chen's ticket won by a margin of about 2.46%, ahead of Soong in second place and Chan in third. Generally, the Soong ticket led in the northern half of Taiwan, while the Chen ticket led in the south; however, there were exceptions, including Yilan County in the north, whose vote Chen won, and Taitung County in the south, whose vote Soong won. ### By county and city ### Maps ## Aftermath Chen's victory was seen as unlikely before Soong's financial scandal broke out. Under the first-past-the-post voting system, the split of the KMT vote between James Soong and Lien Chan, who together polled nearly 60% of the vote (compared to Chen's 39%), played a large role in the Taiwan independence-leaning candidate Chen's victory. Soong Chu-yu's financial scandals, Nobel laureate Lee Yuan-tseh's endorsement, and arguably the last minute saber-rattling by the PRC tipped the balance to Chen's favor. Chen's victory marked the first time since the retreat from the mainland that a party other than the KMT won the presidency, ending 50 years of rule by the latter, which was partly under a one-party state. This also marked the first peaceful transition of power under a democratic regime in Chinese history. As the results were announced, several thousand protesters, mostly KMT loyalists who believed Lee Teng-hui had intentionally tried to sabotage the pro-unification vote, gathered outside the KMT headquarters in Taipei and demanded Lee resign as Chairman. Lee promised to resign at the party congress in September 2000. Though the protest was without permit, the government did not order an end to it, though Taipei mayor Ma Ying-jeou attempted to dispel the crowd on the first night. The protesters blocked the entrances to the building and kept Lee holed in his office for hours until riot police with water cannon were able to open a path for the motorcade. Protesters also dragged presidential advisor Hsu Li-teh out of his car and beat him. The protests ended in success on March 24 when Lee resigned as KMT Chairman and was replaced by Lien. Ma Ying-jeou also resigned from the Central Standing Committee of the KMT as a result of his dissatisfaction with the leadership at the time, calling for reform. On the day of the election, Soong announced the formation of the People First Party before a crowd of his supporters, though he urged calm and the avoidance of "bloodshed". In the following party congress, Lien Chan was able to achieve Lee's expulsion and began to move the party back towards a unificationist platform. Lee and his supporters later formed the radical pro-independence Taiwan Solidarity Union. Lee was expelled from KMT on 21 September 2001, the first party chairman thus far to have membership revoked. To avoid a repeat of the 2000 split, Lien and Soong agreed to run on a single ticket as president and vice president, respectively, in the 2004 election. They made the announcement on 14 February 2003, more than a year before the next presidential election. Nevertheless, they were still defeated by Chen Shui-bian in the next election. Some authors, including John Fuh-hsieng Hsieh and Shelley Rigger, surmised that Chen Shui-bian's ascent to the presidency was not as groundbreaking as might be thought: the presidency's supposed power was largely drawn from the power a KMT leader would have when both the legislature and the presidency were controlled by the party, but the government of Taiwan was largely dominated by the legislative branch, which remained under the control of the KMT. As such, Chen ascended into a relatively weak presidency. Consequently, Chen's first cabinet consisted of some KMT members along with DPP members. However, after the legislative elections in 2001, Chen was expected to be able to exert more influence, due to the KMT's loss of a majority. Chen's more pro-independence stance initially caused concerns on behalf of the United States to raise such that they sent senior officials to the PRC to ease tensions. Tensions later relaxed, though a somewhat rocky relationship remained.	[ "## Candidates and platforms", "### Kuomintang", "### Democratic Progressive Party", "### Other candidates", "## Results", "### By county and city", "### Maps", "## Aftermath" ]	2,604	1,781
9,705,929	William Hoskins (inventor)	1,134,373,703	American inventor, chemist, electrical engineer, and entrepreneur	[ "1862 births", "1934 deaths", "19th-century American inventors", "20th-century American inventors", "American carom billiards players", "American chemists" ]	William Hoskins (1862–1934) was an American inventor, chemist, electrical engineer, and entrepreneur in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most active in Chicago, Illinois. He became the co-inventor in 1897 of modern with professional carom billiards player William A. Spinks. He is, however, best known for the invention of the electric heating coil (the basis for numerous ubiquitous household and industrial appliances, including electric stoves, space heaters, and toasters) and the invention of the first electric toaster. ## Career ### Early life William Hoskins was born in 1862 to parents John and Mary Ann Hoskins, in Chicago. Hoskins would complete just two of three years of Chicago High School. Despite having an interest in chemistry, he would gain no formal education in chemistry throughout his early years. Hoskins, however, received "private instruction" in the field, before joining (at age thirteen), the Illinois State Microscopical Society. Four years later, at 17, the society elected him secretary. After leaving high school in 1880 at age 17, Hoskins prepared chemical analysis samples for Chicago-based consulting and analytical chemist George A. Mariner in the latter's commercial laboratory, starting in February. Beginning in 1880, Mariner was one of only three completely commercial chemists in Chicago. Five years after joining the laboratory, Hoskins became Mariner's partner; the firm was renamed Mariner and Hoskins. Shortly before becoming the partner, Hoskins married Mariner's daughter, Ada Mae, on December 18, 1883. In 1890, Hoskins became sole proprietor of the laboratory. The couple subsequently had four children: Minna, Edward, William, and Florence. ### Later career In 1897, Hoskins began working with William A. Spinks before becoming a partner in William A. Spinks & Co. In the early 1900s, Hoskins would also become the director of Hoskins Manufacturing Co., based in Detroit, creating electric heating appliances and pyrometers. He was made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and was also a charter member of the Chicago section of the American Chemical Society (ACS), of which he was the chairman in 1897, later becoming the national ACS's vice-president,. Hoskins Manufacturing eventually become Hoskins Process Development Co., of which he was the president. Hoskins became a recognized scientific expert witness in lawsuits, took out 37 US patents, and in Hoskins's lab, Albert L. Marsh developed nichrome under supervision of Hoskins. Hoskins's own innovations include superior chalk for billiards, several materials used in construction of race tracks, paper used for bank checks, a method for destroying weeds, and a gasoline blowtorch. ## Inventions ### Electric heating coil William Hoskins is credited with invention of the electric heating coil. In the early 1900s, having worked on a form of nichrome known as chromel, working with Marsh over the alloy, he deduced that it could be used as a heating element. The heating coil was created using nichrome, and was later used in early versions of the toaster and the electric kettle. The heating coil was one of the first projects for Hoskins Manufacturing Co.; Hoskins had considered manufacturing toasters, but later abandoned those plans, and focused on the coil itself. ### Billiard chalk In the late 19th century, actual chalk (generally calcium carbonate, also known as calcite or carbonate of lime) was often used in cue sports on the leather tips of cue sticks to better grip the cue ball, but players experimented with other powdery, abrasive substances, since chalk itself was too abrasive, and over time damaged the game equipment. In 1892, the aforementioned straight rail billiards pro William Spinks was particularly impressed by a piece of natural chalk-like substance obtained in France, and presented it to Hoskins for analysis. Hoskins, having encountered such material before, was able to determine that it was volcanic ash (pumice), probably from Mount Etna, Sicily. The two of them experimented with different formulations to achieve the cue ball "" that Spinks sought. They settled on a mixture of Illinois-sourced silica with small amounts of corundum or aloxite (aluminum oxide, AL<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), founding the William A. Spinks Company in Chicago after securing a patent on March 9, 1897. Spinks later left the company, but it retained his name and was subsequently run by Hoskins, and later by Hoskins's cousin Edmund F. Hoskin, after Hoskins moved on to other projects. The William A. Spinks Company product (still emulated by modern manufacturers with slightly different, proprietary silicate compounds) effectively revolutionized billiards, by providing a cue tip friction enhancer that allowed the tip to grip the cue ball briefly and impart a previously unattainable amount of "" (spin), which consequently allowed more precise and more extreme , made less likely, made and [] Error: : no text (help) (curve, or even reversing) shots plausible, and eventually spawned the cue sport of artistic billiards almost a century later. Even the basic and shots of modern billiards games depend heavily on the effects and properties of modern billiard "chalk".	[ "## Career", "### Early life", "### Later career", "## Inventions", "### Electric heating coil", "### Billiard chalk" ]	1,119	35,130
39,699,152	St Michael's Church, Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog	1,053,443,548	null	[ "15th-century church buildings in Wales", "Church in Wales church buildings", "Church ruins in Wales", "Former churches in Anglesey", "Grade II listed churches in Anglesey", "Grade II listed ruins in Wales", "Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog", "Scheduled monuments in Anglesey" ]	St Michael's Church, Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog, is a former parish church in Anglesey, Wales, which is now closed and in ruins. The structure dates from the 15th century and a chapel was added to the north side in the 17th century. A replacement church (St Michael's, Gaerwen) was built elsewhere in the parish in 1847, and the old church was closed, partly demolished and abandoned. Some restoration work has taken place in the 21st century and some occasional services have been held. It is a Grade II listed building, a national designation given to "buildings of special interest, which warrant every effort being made to preserve them", in particular because it is "an important survival, retaining unrestored original late medieval features." ## History and location St Michael's Church is set in a churchyard in the countryside of Anglesey, north Wales, about 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) from the village of Gaerwen. A footpath leads to the church from the nearest road, 200 metres (660 ft) away. The area Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog takes its name, in part, from the church: the Welsh word llan originally meant "enclosure" and then "church", and "-fihangel" is a modified form of Michael (Welsh: Mihangel), the saint to whom the church is dedicated. The present structure dates from the 15th century and was extended in 1638 when a local family added a chapel on the north side. A decision was taken in the 1840s to build a new church on a different site within the parish; the centre of population for the area had shifted because of coal mining in Pentre Berw and the construction of the A5 road across Anglesey as part of Thomas Telford's road from London to Holyhead. St Michael's, Gaerwen, opened in 1847. The old church then closed. By 1865, when the Welsh politician and church historian Sir Stephen Glynne visited, only the chancel and north chapel remained, and a new wall had been built at the west end of the chancel where it once joined the nave. Some restoration work has taken place in the 21st century, assisted by funding from the Welsh Government and Cadw (the statutory body responsible for the built heritage of Wales), and services have occasionally been held. By 1535, the positions of rector of St Michael's and vicar of St Ffinan's Church were combined and held by the Dean of Bangor to increase the dean's income. Other people associated with the church include Nicholas Owen (appointed perpetual curate in 1790), the priest and antiquarian John Jones (better known as "Llef o'r Nant"; curate 1809–15), and Evan Lewis (curate 1845–46, and later Dean of Bangor). ## Architecture and fittings All that remains of the church is the chancel, which is 18 feet 6 inches by 14 feet 6 inches (5.6 by 4.4 m), and the north chapel which is 15 feet 6 inches by 13 feet (4.7 by 4.0 m); the nave, south chapel and the roof have been demolished or removed. The walls are built from rubble masonry dressed with sandstone. The church is now entered through a doorway at the west end of the chancel; the doorway reuses a 15th-century pointed arch. The south wall still shows where there was formerly a chapel on that side. On the opposite wall, there is a window from the late 16th century with three lights (sections of window separated by stonework); the entrance to the north chapel has been reduced in width. The three-light east window also dates from the late 16th century. An inscribed stone above the window records the date 1598. The north chapel has windows in the north and east wall in similar style to those in the chancel. There is an inscription above the north window recording the construction of the chapel in 1638. The west wall of the chapel has a blocked round-headed window, and there is a blocked-up pointed-arch doorway in the north wall. The priest and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones visited St Michael's in 1845. At that time, the church was 68 by 16 feet (20.7 by 4.9 m) internally; he recorded the north chapel as measuring 12 feet 8 inches by 17 feet (3.9 by 5.2 m) and the south chapel, which was separated from the main body of the church by five rotting wooden columns, as 40 by 15 feet (12.2 by 4.6 m). The main entrance was through a porch on the south side of the nave, and there was another door on the north side. A bench under the windows on the north side of the nave was inscribed "T. M. 1684". The southern chapel, he said, had similar windows to those in the north chapel. On the external wall above the east window, he noted a shield topped by a coronet, apparently that of a viscount, and the date 1638. On a step by the altar he noted two gravestones that appeared to be those of priests, given that they had each been inscribed with a cross, and a third gravestone, similarly marked, was in use as the lintel above one of the doorways. A survey in 1937 by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire dated one of the gravestones by the altar to the 11th or 12th century. The churchyard contains some chest tombs from the 18th and 19th centuries, made of slate. The Royal Commission's survey also noted a fragment of a gravestone from between the 9th and 11th centuries that had been built into the bellcote, and two 18th-century memorials within the church. The bell, church plate, and two benches bearing the inscription "T. M. 1684" were moved to the new church. South east of the church is a Commonwealth war grave of a Marine from World War II. ## Assessment The church has national recognition and statutory protection from unauthorised alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing, designating "buildings of special interest, which warrant every effort being made to preserve them". It was given this status on 30 January 1968, and has been listed because it consists of "the substantial remains of a 15th-century church with 17th-century additions." Cadw, which is responsible for the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists, also notes that because many old churches on Anglesey were rebuilt in the 19th century but this one was not, "these remains constitute an important survival, retaining unrestored original late medieval features." Writing in 1833, before the church was closed, the antiquarian Angharad Llwyd described St Michael's as "a spacious and ancient structure." She also noted the "ancient stained glass" in the east window, "of brilliant colours". Visiting twelve years later, Harry Longueville Jones said that St Michael's was "greatly dilapidated" but had been "one of the most interesting in the island". He described the north doorway of the nave as having "singularly elegant though mutilated details" and the bellcote as being "of good design". The state of the church, he wrote, was such that it was "almost unfit for the purposes of public worship." Sir Stephen Glynne noted on his visit in 1865 that the church was now abandoned and presenting "a wretched scene of decay" internally. He commented upon the "good mouldings and spandrels" of the doorway at the west end of the chancel, and also referred to the "debased character" of the north chapel. A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey describes it as being in "a lonely spot" and says that it is "well worth a visit."	[ "## History and location", "## Architecture and fittings", "## Assessment" ]	1,716	17
40,463,975	By the Grace of God (song)	1,169,838,488	2013 song by Katy Perry	[ "2010s ballads", "2012 songs", "2013 songs", "Contemporary Christian songs", "Katy Perry songs", "Pop ballads", "Song recordings produced by Greg Wells", "Songs about suicide", "Songs written by Greg Wells", "Songs written by Katy Perry" ]	"By the Grace of God" is a song by American singer Katy Perry from her fourth studio album, Prism (2013), included as the standard edition's final track. The song was written and produced by Perry and Canadian record producer Greg Wells. It was conceived following Perry's divorce from English actor and comedian Russell Brand. This initially made Perry consider making a "darker" album, but instead was channeled into the song. Throughout its autobiographical lyrics, Perry is depicted finding her strength and standing up for herself. The track was first unveiled at Perry's headlining set at the 2013 Apple Music Festival. Upon the release of Prism, "By the Grace of God" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who appreciated its vulnerability and picked it as one of the musical highlights from the album. Following the album's release, it has entered various musical charts due to strong digital downloads. ## Background and production After English actor and comedian Russell Brand divorced Perry in late December 2011, she was so distraught over the event that she considered committing suicide. Greg Wells, who assisted Perry with the composition of "By the Grace of God", commented on the situation: "I think she felt so kicked in the head and so publicly embarrassed at being divorced by a text message". After overcoming her suicidal thoughts and initial shock, she felt prompted to create a "darker" project as compared to her previous albums. Instead, she channelled the entire divorce event into "By the Grace of God", in which its lyrics depict Perry battling against her suicidal thoughts while lying on her bathroom floor. During an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Perry spoke on how she felt during the breakup: "Imagine what you go through. Imagine what happens when you go through a break up. We all go through break ups and we all get very depressed and desperate." "By the Grace of God" was unveiled to industry insiders during a listening party for Prism held in Manhattan, while its inclusion on the album track list was confirmed on October 1, 2013. Perry confirmed that the song was the only one included in Prism about her divorce from Brand. However, the song "Ghost", also present on Prism, includes references to the divorce, particularly the lyric "You sent a text, it was like the wind changed your mind", although Perry stated that the track was not about the split. She further stated: "That's the funny thing – it's not about that chapter in my life, people think that certain songs are about certain people and there is only one song about that time in my life and that song is 'By the Grace of God'". Unlike many of the album's songs which were written by a multitude of collaborators, "By the Grace of God" was composed solely by Perry and Greg Wells. Wells also co-wrote "Choose Your Battles", the third bonus track from the album's deluxe edition. For this track, he contributed with playing drums, piano, and the synthesizer. The song was engineered by Ian McGregor at Rocket Carousel Studio in Los Angeles, and mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios, Virginia Beach. ## Composition At a length of four minutes and twenty-seven seconds, "By the Grace of God" is a pop piano-driven power ballad. With a stripped-down production, its instrumental is essentially composed of the sounds of various musical instruments, such as drums, piano and synthesizers along with military drums. Throughout the song, drums, piano, and synthesizers are used in its instrumental. According to the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc. on Musicnotes.com, it is composed in the key of G minor and set in a time signature at a tempo of 82 beats per minute. The melody spans the tonal range of B<sub>3</sub> to D<sub>5</sub>, while the music follows the chord progression of Gm—Esus2—B—Gm—Esus2—Fsus4. Lyrically, Perry is depicted as having suicidal thoughts and lying on the floor of a bathroom. The song opens with only piano and Perry's vocals, while she sings "Was twenty-seven, surviving my return from Saturn", and as the song carries on, she finds her strength, singing "By the grace of God / I picked myself back up / I put one foot in front of the other and I / Looked in the mirror and decided to stay / Wasn't gonna let love take me out that way". Perry commented on the lyrics: "[They] are very exact and autobiographical. That's how I write. But the one thing about those lyrics is you can hear me finding my strength throughout the song. It starts off really low and then I kind of stand up for myself and say, 'No!'." The song also sees Perry rejecting the idea that the relationship ended because of her. Kitty Empire from The Guardian observed that the song served as a "vulnerable yin" to Perry's hit single "Roar"'s "righteous yang". Josh Duboff from Vanity Fair highlighted the titles of "By the Grace of God" and deluxe edition song "Spiritual", concluding that the religious undertones were "more prominent" in Prism. Helen Brown from The Daily Telegraph deemed the song "tender", and Jason Lipshutz from Billboard said it "is the most revealing song Perry will likely ever pen". ## Critical reception Upon its release, "By the Grace of God" received generally positive reviews. Jason Lipshutz from Billboard thought the song was "obviously not the radio fare fans are used to from the pop star (Perry)", but that it was "crucial for anyone trying to understand Perry's Prism mind set". Philip Matusavage from musicOMH considered that "the fact that ["By the Grace of God"] is the album highlight and is the only song written by less than three people" is an indicator of what Perry should do next. Greg Kot from the Chicago Tribune appreciated "Ghost" and "By the Grace of God" for allowing Perry's vulnerability "to seep through". In his review of Prism, Sam Lansky from Idolator showed himself divided relatively to the song: he classified it as the "most sonically conventional thing [in the album]" although he immediately stated it was "also the most emotionally gripping" in it. Randall Roberts from the Los Angeles Times affirmed that the song was "cosmic" and that it had a "humming, dark tension in which Perry and melody float like red balloons". Helen Brown from The Daily Telegraph declared that, in the song, Perry "sounds like a woman, and an artist, who's finally found herself". Allison Stewart from The Washington Post said that "By the Grace of God" ranked "among Perry's strongest (tracks)", and that it was "her most strangely sensible and affecting song ever, one that distances her from her suddenly-more-callow-seeming peers and also from Brand". John Walker from MTV highlighted the fact that the song is "light on figures of speech and all-too accessible platitudes", as compared to the metaphors present on the lyrics of "Wide Awake". In contrast, Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described it as "a sappy Paula Cole-style statement of self-actualization". Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone criticized its lyrics and negatively likened them to those of Alanis Morissette. Kitty Empire from The Guardian found the song to be "ridden with cliché". Mesfin Fekadu from ABC News thought both tracks were "good", but stated that they "could be great if Perry didn't hold back and explored more lyrically and sonically". Chris Bosman from Consequence of Sound criticized its placement on the album track listing and thought that they "would stand out more if they ('By The Grace of God', and closing track 'Double Rainbow') hadn't been forced to rub elbows, thus stealing momentum and impact from each other". Carl Williott from Idolator praised the track as a "nice counterpart to "Roar." ## Commercial performance Following the album's release, "By the Grace of God" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 179 on the week of November 2, 2013, and peaked on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 10, which represents the 25 songs which failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. It also appeared on the US Hot Digital Songs chart at number 71, where it stayed for only one week. It also entered the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 77 with sales of 2,104. ## Live performances "By the Grace of God" was debuted during Perry's headlining set at the Roundhouse in London, England for her Apple Music Festival, held on September 30, 2013. Once she finished singing, Perry thanked her fans for "letting [her] stay". On October 22, 2013, Perry held a release party for Prism where she performed "By the Grace of God" along with the other songs from Prism. Tiffany Lee from Yahoo! Music wrote that Perry's renditions of "Unconditionally" and "By the Grace of God" "shone like lights through a prism in their acoustic setting". The song was included as part of the setlist on the Prismatic World Tour. Perry performed the song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards which were held on February 8, 2015. The performance was in support of domestic violence and sexual assault victims. Before she appeared on stage, a prerecorded video message from U.S. President Barack Obama was screened, which featured him encouraging musicians to support the "#ItsOnUs" sexual assault campaign. Then, domestic violence victim Brooke Axtell delivered a brief speech about her story. During the performance, Perry was clothed in a white dress, while shadows danced behind her. MTV's John Walker labelled it as her most "powerful performance yet", while Arienne Thompson of USA Today wrote that it was "powerful and subdued" compared to the "flamboyant and playful" sets Perry is known for. Perry performed the song on June 22, 2018, at her Witness: The Tour show at Manchester Arena in Manchester, England in tribute to the victims who died in the Manchester Arena bombing. Perry performed the song as medley with “Still Need You” on May 21, 2023, at season finale of American Idol with contestant Haven Madison. ## Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Prism, Capitol Records. Recording locations - Recorded at Rocket Carousel Studios in Los Angeles, California. - Mixed at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Personnel - Katy Perry – backing vocals, lead vocals, songwriting, production, vocal production - Greg Wells – songwriting, production, drums, piano, synths, and programming - Serban Ghenea – mixing - John Hanes – mixing engineer ## Charts	[ "## Background and production", "## Composition", "## Critical reception", "## Commercial performance", "## Live performances", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts" ]	2,254	13,898
41,200,702	Kissena Creek	1,053,085,178	Buried stream in Queens, New York	[ "East River", "Flushing, Queens", "History of Queens, New York", "Rivers of New York (state)", "Rivers of Queens, New York", "Subterranean rivers of the United States" ]	Kissena Creek (also Mill Creek or Ireland Mill Creek) is a buried stream located in the neighborhoods of Flushing, Fresh Meadows, Hillcrest, and Kew Gardens Hills in the New York City borough of Queens. Kissena Creek originates in a now-filled swamp within Kew Gardens Hills and Pomonok in central Queens, flowing east to Hillcrest. The creek then travels mostly north and west, largely flowing beneath Kissena Park Golf Course, Kissena Park, Kissena Corridor Park, and Queens Botanical Garden, before merging with the Flushing River in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. The name "Kissena" comes from the Chippewa language term for "it is cold", "cold place", or "cool water". Much of the creek was covered or diverted into sewers in the 20th century, and the only extant above-ground portion of the creek is Kissena Lake in Kissena Park. ## Headwaters The creek, also known historically as Mill Creek or Ireland Mill Creek, begins at what was formerly a swamp in the modern Kew Gardens Hills and Pomonok areas. The swamp was variously known as "Peat Bog Swamp", "Old Crow Swamp", "Doughty's Swamp", and "Gutman's Swamp". The 140-acre (57 ha) swamp was bound by Vleigh Place near Main Street to its west, and Kissena Boulevard and Parsons Boulevard to the east. When Parsons and Kissena Boulevards were laid out as the combined "Jamaica and Flushing Road", the route curved around the north edge of the swamp. The curve later became known as "Dead Man's Bend", due to the frequent accidents that would appear there, until a bypass was made by extending Kissena Boulevard southeast to Parsons Boulevard. The original alignment between Kissena and Parsons Boulevards remains as the two-block Aguilar Avenue. In the late 19th century, the swamp served as a source for peat, a fossil fuel related to coal that forms from decayed plant matter. As Kew Gardens Hills gradually developed, the swamp shrunk in size with the street grid resting on top of it. The swamp was completely drained by 1918, except for a small section under a barn, whose owner had bought the barn from the city government and moved it to the swamp's "easement area". The last remaining section of the swamp, covering 23 acres (9.3 ha), remained undeveloped through the end of the 20th century. Lander College for Men was built on the site in 2000, while Opal Apartments was developed in 2004. ## Fresh Meadows Past the swamp, the creek travels east parallel to 72nd Avenue. It turns north in modern Fresh Meadows, at the site of Francis Lewis High School, then travels parallel to today's Utopia Parkway to the modern Kissena Park Golf Course, just south of Flushing Cemetery. The creek runs under Fresh Meadow Lane, which forms the Kissena Park Golf Course's eastern border, and then turns westward underneath the golf course's northern border. A tributary flowed northward from a kettle pond in present-day Utopia Playground and merged with the main creek at Utopia Parkway. The pond was located at the junction of Fresh Meadow Lane and 73rd Avenue, which was known as Black Stump Road. This road took its name from a local landmark along current Fresh Meadows Lane: the remnants of a large tree that had burned after being struck by lightning, and that was known as the "Black Stump". The kettle pond was infilled in 1941. ## Kissena Park The creek then turns west and flows into Kissena Lake. Located at the northwestern corner of Kissena Park, Kissena Lake is fed by the creek and was also fed by a smaller stream from the north that has since been buried with a playground built on top. In its center is a bird sanctuary isle constructed following the lake's most recent restoration in 2003. The name of the lake, park, and creek comes from the Chippewa language meaning "it is cold", "cold place", or "cool water". The site of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, slightly west of Kissena Park, was originally part of the ancestral path of the Hudson River, and the present-day Kissena Lake was located on the eastern shore of the river. A glacier covered much of Long Island, where Queens is located, and formed a terminal moraine through the center of the island. When the glacier receded, it created several recesses in the land; some of these recesses, such as Kissena Lake, were filled with water. The lake was used as an ice skating and ice harvesting site for much of the 19th century. Its use as a recreational site led the city to purchase land around it for a park in 1906. The glaciation also created a natural source of well water for the area. Originally, the western end of Kissena Lake drained into the creek and was traversed by a bridge, similar to Central Park's Gapstow Bridge. Kissena Lake was dredged in 1942 as part of a Works Progress Administration initiative. This transformed Kissena Lake into a "bathtub lake" with a concrete shoreline. Prior to the renovation, Kissena Lake was part of a wetland, which was believed to be a worthless type of land during the 20th century. Lacking natural aeration and warmed by its shallower depth and concrete shoreline, the lake suffered a buildup of algae. This necessitated another restoration project, which was undertaken in 1983. In 2003, a \$2.3 million restoration drained the lake in stages, resulting in its current appearance. The city water was replaced with well water, an aeration system was installed, the concrete bulkheads were replaced with natural-looking materials such as rocks and plants, and a small island for birds and turtles was built within the lake. ## Kissena Corridor Park Located underneath Kissena Park and the western portion of Kissena Corridor Park is the Kissena Corridor Sewer. The combined sewer receives water from as far east as Little Neck, near New York City's border with Nassau County. It was adapted from the path of Kissena Creek, which had been gradually diverted into the sewer during the mid-20th century. In 1934, the creek was placed in a culvert at its crossing with Main Street (then called Jagger Avenue), as part of a widening project for the street. The Kissena Corridor project was initiated in the 1930s as a greenbelt to link several parks in eastern Queens. It included the construction of a major storm sewer through the corridor, which the Parks Department said was necessitated as a result of "the great extent of this natural drainage basin." In 1942, the federal War Production Board barred the construction of the Corridor Sewer, due to steel requirements for the World War II effort. Groundbreaking ceremonies for the sewer project were held on April 1, 1947, at the intersection of Lawrence Street and Fowler and Blossom Avenues, near the modern-day Queens Botanical Garden west of Kissena Park. On February 19, 1948, the final contract for the project, including the trunk line from 188th Street to Francis Lewis Boulevard, was authorized from the Board of Estimate. Eight days later, the Queens borough sewer engineer announced that the cost of the sewer project would run to over \$10,000,000, \$2.25 million higher than the previous figure. The main trunk of the Corridor Sewer was completed by September 1948, although many of the feeder lines had yet to be constructed. The western stretch of Kissena Corridor Park was landfilled in the 1950s from dirt excavated for the construction of the Long Island Expressway. Prior to the filling operations, the creek was still visible within the western portion of the park, and occasionally caused flooding in the surrounding neighborhoods. By 1960, about 550,000 cubic yards (420,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of dirt were deposited on the park from the Long Island Expressway. Additionally, in 1959, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses had announced that more fill would come from the Clearview Expressway, which would raise the grade of the park and end garbage landfilling. ## Queens Botanical Garden The sewers from Kissena Corridor Park flow west through the Queens Botanical Garden. From there, the sewers cross College Point Boulevard and enter the Flushing Bay Combined Sewer Outfall (CSO) Retention Facility, located in Flushing Meadows underneath the Al Oerter Recreation Center. The facility can hold up to 43.4 million US gallons (164 Ml) of water from overflows during storms, before pumping the water to the Tallman Island Waste Water Treatment Plant in College Point. Otherwise, the water empties into the Flushing River (also known as Flushing Creek). The Flushing River flows north into Flushing Bay, part of the East River, which in turn is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. Formerly, Kissena Creek flowed from the Botanical Garden site directly into Flushing Meadows, merging with the Flushing River near the site of the present-day Fountain of the Planets. Prior to the 1964−1965 New York World's Fair, the western portion of Kissena Corridor Park between Lawrence Street/College Point Boulevard and Main Street adjacent to Flushing Meadows Park was leased to the World's Fair Corporation, along with most of Flushing Meadows. In 1961, as part of \$3 million in development for the World's Fair, the Queens Botanical Garden was planned to be relocated from the fair grounds in Flushing Meadows to the west end of Kissena Corridor Park adjacent to the World's Fair Grounds. This site was originally planned to be used as parking space for the fair. Instead, the Queens Botanical Garden was built, and it was dedicated on October 19, 1963. The QBG's 2001 Master Plan included the construction of a self-sustaining ecosystem. The plan consisted of a stream forming from rainwater collected atop the roof of its administration building, flowing through pools towards a wetland at the garden's western edge. Runoff collected in the garden's parking lot and other locations would also contribute to the stream. Part of the stream follows the path of Kissena Creek.	[ "## Headwaters", "## Fresh Meadows", "## Kissena Park", "## Kissena Corridor Park", "## Queens Botanical Garden" ]	2,163	34,065
31,561,076	German destroyer Z18 Hans Lüdemann	1,122,266,282	Type 1936-class destroyer	[ "1937 ships", "Maritime incidents in April 1940", "Ships built in Bremen (state)", "Type 1936 destroyers", "World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea" ]	Z18 Hans Lüdemann was one of six Type 1936 destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) in the late 1930s. Completed in 1938, the ship spent most of her time training. At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, she was initially deployed to lay minefields off the German coast, but was soon transferred to the Skagerrak where she inspected neutral shipping for contraband goods. In late 1939, Z18 Hans Lüdemann helped to lay two offensive minefields off the English coast that claimed one destroyer and twenty merchant ships. During the German invasion of Norway in April 1940, Z17 Diether von Roeder was tasked to attack Narvik and participated in both the First and Second Naval Battles of Narvik. She was damaged by British destroyers during the first battle and was one of the last surviving German destroyers during the second battle. After the British knocked out all of her guns, the ship was run ashore to allow the crew to abandon ship. They attempted to scuttle Z18 Hans Lüdemann with explosives to prevent her capture, but something went wrong and the British were able to board her. A British destroyer torpedoed her wreck to prevent any repairs. ## Design and description Z18 Hans Lüdemann had an overall length of 123.4 meters (404 ft 10 in) and was 120 meters (393 ft 8 in) long at the waterline. The ship had a beam of 11.8 meters (38 ft 9 in), and a maximum draft of 4.5 meters (14 ft 9 in). She displaced 2,411 long tons (2,450 t) at standard load and 3,415 long tons (3,470 t) at deep load. The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft, were designed to produce 70,000 PS (51,000 kW; 69,000 shp) using steam provided by six Wagner water-tube boilers for a designed speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). During Z18 Hans Lüdemann's sea trials on 9 January 1940, she reached 39.8 knots (73.7 km/h; 45.8 mph) from 74,500 PS (54,800 kW; 73,500 shp). The ship carried a maximum of 739 metric tons (727 long tons) of fuel oil which gave a range of 2,050 nautical miles (3,800 km; 2,360 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Her crew consisted of 10 officers and 313 sailors. The ship carried five 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on top of the rear deckhouse. The guns were numbered from 1 to 5 from front to rear. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four 3.7-centimeter (1.5 in) SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six 2-centimeter (0.8 in) C/30 guns in single mounts. The ship carried eight above-water 53.3-centimeter (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. Two reloads were provided for each mount. She had four depth charge launchers and mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. 'GHG' (Gruppenhorchgerät) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines and an active sonar system was installed by the end of 1939. ## Service history Z18 Hans Lüdemann was named after Engineer-Midshipman Hans Lüdemann who saved the lives of the remaining men in the engine room in the torpedo boat S-13 after the high-pressure cylinder exploded on 14 May 1913. The ship was ordered from AG Weser (Deschimag) on 6 January 1936. She was laid down at Deschimag's Bremen shipyard as yard number W920 on 9 September, launched on 1 December 1937, and commissioned on 8 October 1938. In July 1939, Z18 Hans Lüdemann joined her sisters Z17 Diether von Roeder and Z19 Hermann Künne making port visits in Norway. When World War II began in September, she was initially deployed in the German Bight where she laid defensive minefields. The ship then patrolled the Skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods. On the night of 17/18 October, Rear Admiral (Konteradmiral) Günther Lütjens, aboard his flagship Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp, led Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt, Z17 Diether von Roeder, Z18 Hans Lüdemann, Z19 Hermann Künne, and Z20 Karl Galster as they laid a minefield off the mouth of the River Humber. The British were unaware of the minefield's existence and lost seven ships totaling 25,825 gross register tons (GRT). On the night of 12/13 November Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp, now the flagship of the Commander of Destroyers (Führer der Zerstörer), Kapitän zur See (Captain) Friedrich Bonte, escorted Z18 Hans Lüdemann, Z19 Hermann Künne, and Z20 Karl Galster as they laid 288 magnetic mines in the Thames estuary. Once again unaware of the minefield's existence, the British lost the destroyer Blanche and thirteen merchant ships displacing 48,728 GRT. On 1 December she began a refit at Stettin that lasted for three months. ### Norwegian Campaign Z18 Hans Lüdemann was allocated to Group 1 for the Norwegian portion of Operation Weserübung in April 1940. The group's task was to transport the 139th Mountain Infantry Regiment (139. Gebirgsjäger Regiment) and the headquarters of the 3rd Mountain Division (3. Gebirgs-Division) to seize Narvik. The ships began loading troops on 6 April and set sail the next day. When they arrived off the Ofotfjord on the morning of 9 April, Z18 Hans Lüdemann and Z22 Anton Schmitt landed their troops at the Ramnes narrows to search for the coastal artillery positions that the Germans mistakenly believed to command the mouth of the fjord. Z17 Diether von Roeder remained offshore to provide support if necessary and to serve as a picket ship in case the British intended to interfere with the operation. About 11:00 the troops were ordered to reboard their destroyers which proceeded to Narvik. Shortly after midnight, Z18 Hans Lüdemann was ordered to start fuelling from the whale factory ship SS Jan Wellem. Shortly after dawn on 10 April, the ship was still tied up to Jan Wellem when the five destroyers of the British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, Hardy, Havock, Hunter, Hotspur, and Hero appeared. As soon as the German destroyer maneuvered clear of the tanker, she fired at Havock, without scoring any hits in the dark and snow. The British ship returned fire, disabling one of Z18 Hans Lüdemann's forward guns, severing the rudder controls, and started a fire that caused one of the magazines to be flooded. At 05:15 the ship radioed to the other destroyers anchored in the Herjangsfjord and near Ballangen. Fifteen minutes later, the British decided to attack Narvik again and her crew had managed to make some repairs in the meantime. The ship fired four torpedoes at the attacking British ship, but missed with all of them, possibly because their depth controls were set too deep. She hit Hostile once with a 12.7 cm shell during the second attack, but inflicted only minor damage. Z18 Hans Lüdemann completed temporary repairs and was operational by 11 April. On the night of 12/13 April, Commander (Fregattenkapitän) Erich Bey, the senior surviving German officer, received word to expect an attack the following day by British capital ships escorted by a large number of destroyers and supported by carrier aircraft. The battleship Warspite and nine destroyers duly appeared on 13 April, although earlier than Bey had expected, and caught the Germans out of position. Z19 Hermann Künne, leading Z13 Erich Koellner westwards to take up her position flanking the entrance to the fjord, was the first ship to spot the approaching British ships and alerted Bey. The five operable destroyers, including Z18 Hans Lüdemann, charged out of Narvik harbor and engaged the British ships at long range from behind a smoke screen. Although no hits were scored, they did inflict splinter damage on several of the destroyers. Lack of ammunition forced the German ships to retreat to the Rombaksfjorden (the easternmost branch of the Ofotfjord), east of Narvik, where they might attempt to ambush any pursuing British destroyers. Z18 Hans Lüdemann still had some ammunition and torpedoes left and took up position at the Straumen narrows with Z2 Georg Thiele to give the two remaining destroyers time to scuttle themselves at the head of the fjord. The pursuing British destroyers initially engaged Z18 Hans Lüdemann, which had opened fire at a range of about 3 miles (4,800 m) to little effect. Her four remaining torpedoes were fired blindly, one of which was observed to pass under Forester, and all missed. Shortly afterwards Eskimo hit the German destroyer twice, destroying No. 4 and No. 5 guns and damaging No. 3 gun, the only ones that could bear on the British ships. Lieutenant Commander (Korvettenkapitän) Herbert Friedrichs, captain of the ship, decided to withdraw as she could no longer fight the British ships and beached the ship at the head of the fjord. He ordered her rigged for demolition and abandoned ship while Z2 Georg Thiele continued to fight. Several hours later, after the latter ship was destroyed, the destroyers Hero and Icarus approached and found Z18 Hans Lüdemann still intact, the demolition charges having failed. The former sent a boarding party aboard, but they found nothing but souvenirs and Hero, following her orders to destroy all of the German destroyers, torpedoed her wreck.	[ "## Design and description", "## Service history", "### Norwegian Campaign" ]	2,257	16,159
10,571,884	Max-Hellmuth Ostermann	1,152,936,363	German World War II flying ace	[ "1917 births", "1942 deaths", "Aviators killed by being shot down", "German World War II flying aces", "Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II", "Luftwaffe pilots", "Military personnel from Hamburg", "Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords" ]	Max-Hellmuth Ostermann (11 December 1917 – 9 August 1942) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. He is credited with 102 enemy aircraft shot down claimed in over 300 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front with eight claims over the Western Front and one over Belgrade. Ostermann was of such short height that wooden blocks had to be attached to his rudder pedals for him to engage in tight turning aerial combat. Born in Hamburg, Ostermann joined the military service of the Luftwaffe in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. After a brief period with Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1), a heavy fighter unit, he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54). He participated in the Battle of France and Britain before transferring east. He became the sixth fighter pilot in aviation history to achieve 100 aerial victories on the Eastern Front for which he was awarded Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. He was killed in aerial combat with Soviet fighters southeast of Lake Ilmen on 9 August 1942. ## Early life and career Max-Hellmuth Ostermann was born on 11 December 1917 in Hamburg. His father was a civil servant in the justice department. Ostermann joined the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (Officer Cadet) in March 1937 after he had received his Abitur (diploma)—the final exams that pupils take at the end of their secondary education. His first assignment was with I. Gruppe (1st group) Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1) flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and participated in the Invasion of Poland in 1939. In January 1940 Hauptmann (Captain) Wolfgang Falck took command of I./ZG 1. Falck came to the opinion that the Bf 110 was just a little too big for Ostermann and had him transferred to the Messerschmitt Bf 109 equipped I./Jagdgeschwader 21 (JG 21) on 7 April 1940. JG 21 at the time was based at Mönchengladbach and was subordinated to Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Max Ibel, the Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of Jagdgeschwader 27. He claimed his first of two aerial victories in the Battle of France on 20 May 1940. Ostermann was appointed the commander of a Rotte, an element of two aircraft, with Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer) Fritz Marcks as his wingman. The Schwarm (flight) led by Oberleutnant (Senior Lieutenant or First Lieutenant) Günther Scholz engaged eight French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406's fighters near Amiens with Ostermann, Marcks and Scholz claiming one each. His second aerial victory was achieved over a Curtiss Hawk-75 on 26 May 1940. In a head on firing pass two 20mm shells tore off large parts of the aircraft's tail fin, which then collided with Osterrmann's starboard wing. The French pilot was observed to bail out with Ostermann managing to make a safe landing. By the time I./JG 21 was ordered to the coastal area of the English Channel the Gruppe was redesignated III./Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54). Ostermann's third aerial victory on 12 August 1940 may have been over Flight Lieutenant E.B.B. Smith of No. 610 Squadron RAF, who bailed out of his Supermarine Spitfire I K9818. Smith was rescued from the Channel and hospitalized. On 8 October 1940 Ostermann claimed his 7th aerial victory of the war and 5th of the Battle of Britain. His opponent may have been the Czech Sergeant Josef František who was killed flying Hurricane Mk. I R4175 from No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron near Sutton, west of Croydon, in the southern outskirts of London that day. The reason for his fatal crash remains unclear. Apart from Ostermann's claim, Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) Max Clerico and Feldwebel (Sergeant) Fritz Oeltjens also claimed one aircraft each at the same time and in the same vicinity. On 5 September 1940, III./JG 54's Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) failed to return from a mission and Geschwaderkommodore Hannes Trautloft temporarily appointed Oberleutnant Günther Scholz to lead the Gruppe. The leadership of 7. Staffel (7th squadron) was filled by Oberleutnant Hans-Ekkehard Bob, who became one of Ostermann's mentors. During an escort mission on 30 September 1940, Bob and Ostermann claimed one Spitfire shot down each. In return Ostermann's wingman was shot down and made a forced landing at Bexhill. He radioed his fellow pilots: "Spinat vier meldet sich ab nach Kanada—Spinach 4 reports off for Canada". His aerial victory on 20 October 1940 over a No. 74 Squadron RAF Spitfire was his sixth—his eight overall—victory over Royal Air Force (RAF) fighters and his last during the Battle of Britain. The following day III./JG 54 was instructed to relocate. Five month later following a long combat pause, JG 54 was moved to the south-east to counter the pro-British coup d'état in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He claimed his ninth victory over a Yugoslav Royal Air Force Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3, piloted by Karlo Štrebenk who was killed, on 6 April 1941 over Belgrade during the Balkans Campaign. ## Eastern Front On 23 June 1941, during the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Ostermann, in a free-hunting mission in the Lithuanian airspace north of Kaunas, intercepted a formation of nine Tupolev SB's and claimed two shot down in flames. Ostermann survived a belly landing following combat with more SBs in south-eastern Latvia on 26 June. On 5 July he claimed three SB-3 Soviet bombers in combat over the Velikaya River at Ostrov. He claimed his 19th and 20th aerial victory on 6 July in the same combat area. On the Eastern Front he claimed JG 54's 1,000th victory of the war on 1 August 1941. He became the eighth member of JG 54 to receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 4 September 1941 after 29 aerial victories. The award was presented on 10 September 1941 in Dno by Generaloberst (Colonel General) Alfred Keller. From 5 November to 5 December 1941, Ostermann temporarily led 3./JG 54 (3rd squadron), substituting for Oberleutnant Hans Schmoller-Haldy. He claimed his 50th aerial victory on 9 January 1942, the 60th on 28 January 1942 and the 70th on 19 February 1942. After this series of aerial victories Ostermann was sent on home leave. The reason for his leave was that he wanted to get married. Back home, on his way to his wedding ceremony, Ostermann was arrested and put in jail. A German police officer had assumed that Ostermann, with his childlike features, was actually a schoolboy who was playing a prank and illegally wearing a Luftwaffe uniform and military decorations. The consequences endured by the police officer for his bad judgement remain unknown. After he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) for 62 aerial victories on 12 March 1942 he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 8./JG 54 (8th squadron). His 80th and 81st aerial victory were claimed on 19 March 1942 followed by victories number 89 and 90 on 27 April 1942. Ostermann claimed his 100th aerial victory on 12 May 1942, the second JG 54 pilot—Hans Philipp was the first—and sixth overall to achieve the century, though in the same engagement his Bf 109F-4 was hit and damaged. Ostermann himself was hit in the right arm and upper thigh. Although severely wounded, he managed to return to his home airfield. Five days later, while in the hospital, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). The award was presented at the Führerhauptquartier, the "Wolf's Lair" (Wolfsschanze) at Rastenburg, on 28 and 29 June 1942. Ostermann was killed in action on 9 August 1942 far behind Soviet lines east of Lake Ilmen. He and his wingman Unteroffizier Heinrich Bosin were flying at an altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) when they spotted a formation of nine Curtiss P-40's. Ostermann shot down the rear P-40. The two were reforming to make a second attack when they themselves were attacked from behind by a group of Soviet fighters emerging from the broken cloud cover. Ostermann's Bf 109G-2 (Werknummer 10438—factory number) was hit in the cockpit by 41 IAP's (41st Fighter Aviation Regiment) Starshiy Leytenant (First Lieutenant) Arkady Ivanovich Sukov flying a LaGG-3. The aircraft rolled over and crashed into the edge of a small wood. After Werner Mölders and Leopold Steinbatz, Ostermann was the third of 45 recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords to die in World War II. This made him the first Swords recipient to be lost in air combat, as Mölders death was accidental and Steinbatz had only received the Oak Leaves before he died. ## Summary of career ### Aerial victory claims According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Ostermann was credited with 102 aerial victories. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 102 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This number includes eight claims on the Western Front, one in Yugoslavia, and 93 Soviet Air Forces piloted aircraft on the Eastern Front. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 10481". The Luftwaffe grid map covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km<sup>2</sup>). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size. ### Awards - Wound Badge in Black - Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "300" - Combined Pilots-Observation Badge - Iron Cross (1939) - 2nd Class (31 May 1940) - 1st Class (1940) - Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knight's Cross on 4 September 1941 as Leutnant and pilot in the 7./Jagdgeschwader 54 - 81st Oak Leaves on 12 March 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 7./Jagdgeschwader 54 - 10th Swords on 17 May 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 7./Jagdgeschwader 54	[ "## Early life and career", "## Eastern Front", "## Summary of career", "### Aerial victory claims", "### Awards" ]	2,675	9,639
26,904,078	André Laguerre	1,147,933,667	Journalist and magazine editor	[ "1915 births", "1979 deaths", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "American magazine editors", "American sportswriters", "British emigrants to the United States", "French Army personnel of World War II", "French Army soldiers", "Managing editors", "People from Ottery St Mary", "People with acquired American citizenship", "Sports Illustrated" ]	Marc André Laguerre (February 21, 1915 – January 18, 1979) was a journalist and magazine editor, best known as the managing editor of Sports Illustrated from 1960 to 1974, during which time he oversaw the growth in the magazine from a niche publication to become the industry leader in weekly sports magazines. It was under his leadership that the annual Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue was first published. When he retired in 1974, he had been managing editor of the magazine for 704 issues, then a record among magazines published by Time, Inc., SI's parent company. ## Early life and family André Laguerre was born June 7, 1915, in England to Frenchman Léon James Laguerre and his English wife, Dorothy. He was the oldest of three children; he had a younger brother, Leon and a younger sister, Odette. His father was in the French diplomatic corps, and the family moved frequently during his early years. Before the age of ten, Andre had lived in England, France and Syria. In the summer of 1927, his father took a post at the French Consulate General in San Francisco. The family lived in the upper-class neighborhood of Sea Cliff, and Andre attended a number of private schools, including the Santa Monica School and St. Ignatius College Preparatory. While in San Francisco, he became a fan of American sports, especially baseball, and also had his first job in journalism, as a copyboy for the San Francisco Chronicle. In 1929, he was sent back to England for school. He graduated in 1931, having earned an Oxford Certificate, but he declined to matriculate at Oxford University, instead preferring to pursue a career as a journalist. He enrolled in a correspondence course, and took a job at a book store to support himself. ## Early career and military service He worked hard for many years as a freelance journalist, and began to be noticed for his writing. He wrote for both English language and French language publications. In 1938, he covered the Munich Agreement for the French daily Paris-Soir. When World War II broke out, he enlisted in the French Army as a corporal. His first assignment was on patrol on the Maginot Line. He later served as a liaison to the British forces at Arras, and remained with them until the Battle of Arras forced their retreat. He stayed with the British forces until the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940, where he was one of the last to be evacuated. His evacuation ship was sunk by a mine, and he was rescued by a British destroyer, bleeding heavily from a neck wound. Laguerre credited his rescue to his ease with the English language (his rescuers took him for British). He criticised his rescuers in later years for refusing to help Frenchmen who were around him; many of them drowned. After his rescue and recovery from his injuries, days after Charles de Gaulle's famous June 18th Speech, he was given the option of being discharged from his duties, or to join the Free French forces. He chose the latter. He was assigned as a sentry guarding Charles de Gaulle's headquarters. While at that post, he wrote a letter to de Gaulle suggesting techniques to improve the morale of Free French troops. De Gaulle took immediate notice, making him assistant to the chief press attachè. Within a few months, de Gaulle moved Laguerre into the chief position himself, making him his primary press liaison. He followed de Gaulle on his travels to North Africa in 1943 to inspect Free French forces there, and to Washington, D.C., to visit with American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1944. He stayed on de Gaulle's staff for a while after the war, but after interviewing with Henry Luce, the head of Time, Inc., he left de Gaulle's service to accept a job writing for Time magazine. ## Time Laguerre began his Time career in 1946 as one of the magazine's European correspondents. Working mainly out of the Time Paris bureau, he hobnobbed with Paris's top citizens; he was a frequent dinner guest of Albert Camus. He also maintained his connection to sports, first acquired in his youth in San Francisco, by moonlighting as a sports reporter for the Paris-based English-language International Herald Tribune, writing a horse racing column under the pseudonym "Eddie Snow". Meanwhile, Laguerre was attracting the attention of Time, Inc.'s top brass. In 1948, he was promoted to Paris bureau chief and, in December 1950, he was brought to New York City by Time founder Henry Luce for a special one-year assignment to work out of the main Time offices. He returned to Europe in 1951 to serve as London bureau chief. In 1955, after the sudden death of the Paris bureau chief, he was given that position back, and for a time he held both posts simultaneously. While Time bureau chief of London and Paris, he also spent some time writing about his favorite subject, sports, for the magazine, for which he covered the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. In early 1956, he accepted a temporary assignment to head a contingent of writers to cover the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for Time, Inc.'s fledgling Sports Illustrated, started two years earlier by Luce. His first article for the magazine was a piece on the dominance of the Soviet Union in their first Winter Olympics. Three months later, Luce installed him as assistant managing editor of Sports Illustrated. On June 7, 1955, Laguerre married Princess Nathalie Alexandria Kotchoubey de Beauharnais, a Russian princess and descendant of both Catherine the Great and Joséphine de Beauharnais. The couple had met in 1943 while André was working for General de Gaulle, and Nathalie was a reporter for Time. They had two daughters, Michèle Anne Laguerre and Claudine Hélène Laguerre. ## Sports Illustrated As assistant managing editor, his first major assignment was to head the team of reporters and photographers covering the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Among those traveling with Laguerre were Roger Bannister, the former British track and field star and first man in history to run a competition mile in under four minutes, and Roy Terrell, who would eventually succeed Laguerre as managing editor of Sports Illustrated. ### Managing editor Laguerre was promoted to managing editor of Sports Illustrated in May 1960, after four years as assistant managing editor. His time at the magazine was instrumental in saving what was, when he took over, a financially insolvent publication. He would serve as managing editor for fourteen years, leading the magazine for a total of 704 issues, then a record among Time, Inc. managing editors. During his tenure, the circulation grew from 900,000 to 2,250,000 issues, and the advertising budget grew from \$11.9 million to \$72.2 million. He altered the look and feel of the magazine, changing its focus from a lifestyle magazine that focused on leisure sports, to one that covered the major American team sports, at a time when television vastly altered the way in which such sports were covered. As such, he kept Sports Illustrated at the head of the growth of interest in these sports. He also placed a heavy emphasis on the use of color photography and late deadline, to keep the magazine up to date and visually appealing. He hired and encouraged writers who were masters at prose, emphasizing writing over sportswriting, and the crop of writers he brought to the magazine, including Frank Deford, Dan Jenkins, Budd Schulberg, and Gil Rogin, helped change the way people wrote about sports. Laguerre had been very guarded about his personal life among his coworkers. Deford, who worked closely with him for many years, and who looked up to him as a mentor, said of him, "Laguerre was a fascinating paradox: He was almost constitutionally withdrawn, but among the friends he chose, he was magnetic." One publisher called him "A powerful personality" while another called him "A close-mouthed, self-contained man who seemed forbidding to some ... despite his reserve, [his] personality was pervading, dominating; he exuded strength and leadership." Among his more curious and enduring innovations was the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. The winter months, between the college bowl season and the start of Major League Baseball's spring training, was a slow time for sports journalism. At the time, winter team sports like basketball and ice hockey were regional niche sports, and there was little to write about. Laguerre had instituted an annual February issue titled "Fun in the Sun", where he sent his staff to an exotic locale to write about and photograph it for his readers. In 1964, he asked Jule Campbell, then a fashion reporter for Sports Illustrated, to "go to some beautiful place and put a pretty girl on the cover" of that year's "Fun in the Sun" issue. That year's issue featured only five pages of girls in swimsuits, and still predominantly featured travel writing, including articles about snorkeling and fish-watching. With the help of that year's "Fun in the Sun" issue, 1964 became the first year that Sports Illustrated would turn a profit. Though originally only planned as a one-off event, Laguerre was convinced by Sports Illustrated art director Dick Gangel to bring back the swimsuits in 1965, only "a lot sexier". Laguerre once again assigned Jule Campbell to scout models and locations. The 1965 issue contained an article entitled "The Nudity Cult" and de-emphasized the travelogue-like writing of previous "Fun in the Sun" issues from which it evolved. Since then, the Swimsuit Issue has become the biggest selling issue of the magazine, and a major cross-over publication for the fashion and modeling worlds as well. Laguerre's tenure as managing editor had a profound effect on the other 51 issues of the year as well. During the magazine's first several years, prior to Laguerre's arrival, the magazine did not place major American team sports at the forefront. As an example, during 1955 and 1956, the magazine's first two years, it featured as many articles on fishing as on professional football, 23 articles. By 1965–1966, five years into Laguerre's term, the magazine published only eight articles on fishing, while it published over 60 articles on pro football. Besides changing the types of sports being covered, the manner in which they were covered changed as well. Under earlier managing editors, the magazine's writing and editorial staff was organized by department. Thus, there was a fashion department, a travel department, and a sports department, which covered all sports. Laguerre reorganized the magazine, giving each sport its own separate department, so there would be a dedicated staff of writers in the baseball department, and a different boxing department, and another for pro football, and so on. Laguerre also encouraged serious investigative journalism, and did not shy away from controversial issues. In 1961, writer Ray Cave broke a story on point shaving in college basketball. In 1968, under Laguerre's direction, and under secrecy from his superiors, the magazine ran a five-part series on the experience of black athletes in America. Laguerre's later years showed less success as the magazine became an industry leader. In 1968, its coverage of the Mexico City Olympics was heavily criticized, having been "scooped" on most stories by both Time and Life magazines. A 1969 book by Jack Olsen, titled The Girls in the Office, embarrassed Time Inc. over its treatment of its female employees, including those at Sports Illustrated. In 1970, 23 women on staff at Sports Illustrated signed a petition demanding equal treatment. Laguerre relented, promoting Pat Ryan to senior editor, and paying her the same as the men in her same position. By 1973, Laguerre's leadership was under a direct challenge from within his staff and from his superiors. A January 1973 story in New York Magazine was highly critical of the degrading quality of the writing and of the stagnating corporate culture at Sports Illustrated. By September of that year, Laguerre was asked to step down as managing editor. He was offered an executive position in corporate offices which he refused and his resignation was complete by February 1, 1974. ## Later career and death After retiring as managing editor, he remained with Sports Illustrated in order to head a group looking into publishing international editions of the magazine. He was offered the job as managing editor of Playboy, and, insulted by the low \$45,000 salary Hugh Hefner offered him, he turned the job down. In 1975, he founded a bi-monthly horse-racing magazine, Classic, which he headed until shortly before his death of a heart attack in New York on January 18, 1979, at the age of sixty-three.	[ "## Early life and family", "## Early career and military service", "## Time", "## Sports Illustrated", "### Managing editor", "## Later career and death" ]	2,756	204
3,071,409	Harder to Breathe	1,170,046,406	2002 single by Maroon 5	[ "2002 debut singles", "2002 songs", "A&M Octone Records singles", "Maroon 5 songs", "Music videos directed by Marc Webb", "Songs written by Adam Levine", "Songs written by Jesse Carmichael", "Torch songs" ]	"Harder to Breathe" is the debut single of American band Maroon 5, released in July 2002 as the lead single from the band's debut album, Songs About Jane (2002). Co-written by frontman Adam Levine and Jesse Carmichael, the song expresses tension, having been written quickly under trying circumstances, and tells the story about a former relationship Levine was involved in. It was positively received by music critics, who praised the track's sound. The song peaked at number six on Airplay Monitor. In spite of Maroon 5's later mainstream success, it also appeared on the Alternative Songs chart at number 31 and the Billboard Hot 100 at number 18. Internationally, the single charted at number 13 in the United Kingdom and peaked within the top 40 on the Irish, Italian, Australian, and New Zealand charts, respectively, while also charting in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. "Harder to Breathe" was included from Maroon 5's 2004 EP 1.22.03.Acoustic in an acoustic version and the live album Live – Friday the 13th (2005). ## Background In an interview with MTV News in August 2002, Maroon 5 vocalist Adam Levine, when asked behind the development of "Harder to Breathe", admitted that the song describes the band's frustration with their label, Octone Records, during the making of their debut album, Songs About Jane. The band thought they had enough material for a release, but when the label told them to keep writing, Levine wrote this song to express his frustration at the pressure. "That song comes sheerly from wanting to throw something. It was the 11th hour, and the label wanted more songs. It was the last crack. I was just pissed. I wanted to make a record and the label was applying a lot of pressure, but I'm glad they did." "Harder to Breathe" tells the story of a relationship Levine had with a woman named Jane, who, according to Levine was the "muse" in the band's album. MacKenzie Wilson of AllMusic described the song as a "soulful disposition". Meghan Bard of The Daily Campus described the single featuring "a great up-tempo number with gritty guitar riffs and powerful vocals" from Levine. Bard noted that the theme in the song was about "recovering from heartbreak". Angus Batey of The Times compared "Harder to Breathe" sounding as "Zeppelin-esque". ## Critical reception The song received positive reviews from critics. In the Rolling Stone review of the album, critic Christian Hoard called "Harder to Breathe" "a strong single". C. Spencer Beggs of The Observer wrote: "The two singles ['Harder to Breathe' and 'This Love'] are the most popular songs on the album, showing off Maroon 5's characteristic clean, crisp and upbeat sound." Sam Beresky of the Daily Lobo, who was less enthusiastic about the album, complimented Maroon 5 on "Harder to Breathe", in which he said, "The song is enjoyable. There are some aspects of mellow, soulful rockers like Train, John Mayer—maybe even a little Stevie Wonder or Jamiroquai. The track has a good rock meets R&B sound and is predictable enough to get radio play." In October 2003, Levine told USA Today, regarding the success of the song, "I didn't love or hate the song, and I didn't care if it got on the album. We have a lot of pop songs on our record, and the idea was to start out with something different. Why come out of the gate with another pop song by another pop band?" The following year, the band released an EP titled 1.22.03.Acoustic (2004), which features "Harder to Breathe" in an acoustic version. In 2005, Maroon 5 released a live album, Live – Friday the 13th, which features the song performed live. ## Commercial performance "Harder to Breathe" charted on Airplay Monitor in the number six position and later peaked at number 18 on Billboard's Hot 100. The song also appeared on Billboard's Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart in the number 31 position in 2002 when it was an independent single before it hit commercial radio stations in 2003–04, it is the band's only song played on alternative rock stations along with "This Love", while the rest of the band's other singles were only played on pop and adult contemporary radio outlets considering Maroon 5 as a pop rock band and not an alternative band. Internationally, "Harder to Breathe" appeared in the UK Singles Chart on January 31, 2004, at its peak of number 13 and spent seven weeks on the chart. The single also appeared in the top 40 on the Irish, Italian, Australian, and New Zealand charts, and peaked in the lower end of the Dutch, German, and Swedish charts. ## Music video The music video for "Harder to Breathe" was directed by Marc Webb, who later worked with the band for their 2008 video "Goodnight Goodnight". The video was released on August 19, 2002 and made an airplay on 120 Minutes. The video is centered on Maroon 5 playing in a dimly-lit house/factory. Throughout the course of the video, items such as darts on a dart board, candles, pictures, and even members of the band with their instruments are shown fading in and out. Towards the end of the video, Adam Levine is seen walking through a narrow corridor dragging a guitar with pictures on both sides of the wall fading in and out. When he reaches the end of the corridor, he is face to face with a wall with a small light coming out of it and then flings his guitar backwards and then pounds on the wall. The camera then quickly moves to a scene of the band playing and the lights suddenly flickering on. ## Appearances in other media "Harder to Breathe" was featured in the television shows One Tree Hill, ER, Third Watch, Birds of Prey, Miss Match, So You Think You Can Dance and Laguna Beach. The song appears in the 2004 crime thriller film Mindhunters and has also appeared on the video games Rocksmith, Band Hero and BandFuse: Rock Legends. ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Certifications ## Release history	[ "## Background", "## Critical reception", "## Commercial performance", "## Music video", "## Appearances in other media", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Certifications", "## Release history" ]	1,379	11,196
25,680,700	Action of 20 October 1793	1,138,441,782	Minor naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars	[ "Conflicts in 1793", "Naval battles involving France", "Naval battles involving Great Britain", "Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars" ]	The action of 20 October 1793 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars fought off Cape Barfleur on the French coast of the English Channel. The early months of the war, which had begun in February, had seen a number of French frigates raiding British merchant shipping in the Channel, and HMS Crescent under Captain James Saumarez was deployed to watch the port of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin with the aim of disrupting the operations of the French frigates Réunion and Sémillante that were based in the harbour. On 20 October, Saumarez was waiting off Cape Barfleur for French movement when his lookout sighted Réunion and the cutter Espérance approaching from open water. Saumarez immediately moved to engage the French ship and managed to isolate the frigate and subject it to a fierce barrage of fire for more than two hours. Captain François A. Dénian on Réunion responded, but aside from inflicting minor damage to Saumarez's rigging achieved little while his own vessel was heavily battered, suffering severe damage to rigging masts and hull and more than 80 and possibly as many as 120 casualties. British losses were confined to a single man wounded by an accident aboard Crescent. Eventually Dénian could not hold out any longer and was forced to surrender on the arrival of the 28-gun British frigate HMS Circe. Réunion was later repaired and commissioned into the Royal Navy, while Saumarez was knighted for his success. ## Background At the outbreak of war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the French Republic in the early spring of 1793, the French Revolutionary Wars were already a year old. The French Navy was already suffering from the upheavals of the French Revolution and the consequent dissolution of the professional officer class, while the Royal Navy had been at a state of readiness since the summer of 1792. During the early months of the war the French Navy focused heavily on raiding and disrupting British commerce and deployed frigates on raiding operations against British commercial shipping. In the English Channel, two of the most successful raiders were the frigates Réunion and Sémillante, based in Cherbourg on the Cotentin Peninsula. These frigates would make short cruises, leaving Cherbourg in the early evening and returning in the morning with any prizes they had encountered during the night. To counter the depredations from Cherbourg, the Admiralty despatched a number of warships to blockade the French coast, including the 36-gun frigate HMS Crescent under Captain James Saumarez, which was sent from Portsmouth to the Channel Islands before operating off the Cotentin. On 19 October, Saumarez learned of the French routine and took up a station close inshore near Cape Barfleur, a rocky headland on the eastern extremity of the Cotentin Peninsula which the Cherbourg raiders passed whenever leaving or entering port. At dawn on 20 October lookouts on Crescent reported two sails approaching the land from the Channel, one significantly larger than the other. Saumarez immediately ordered his ship to edge into the wind towards the strange vessels and rapidly came up on the port side of the new arrivals, with the wind behind him allowing freedom of movement. ## Battle `The two ships encountered by Crescent were the 38-gun frigate Réunion and a 14-gun cutter named Espérance, returning from a raiding cruise in the Channel under the command of Captain François A. Dénian (in some sources Déniau). Réunion was a substantially larger ship than Crescent, weighing 951 long tons (966 t) to the British ship's 888 long tons (902 t) and carrying 300 men to Crescent's 257. However, these advantages were countered by the slight advantage Saumarez held in weight of shot, which measured 315 pounds (143 kg) to 310 pounds (141 kg) in favour of the British vessel. Crescent was also faster than Réunion, having only recently completed a dockyard refit.` Firing broke out between the frigates at 10:30, while the cutter steered away from the battle towards Cherbourg. One other ship was visible throughout the engagement, the 28-gun British frigate HMS Circe under Captain Joseph Sydney Yorke, which lay stranded approximately 9 nautical miles (17 km) distant, unable to approach the battling ships due to calm winds separating Circe from the engagement. In the opening exchanges, both frigates suffered damage to their rigging and sails, Crescent losing the fore topmast and Réunion the fore yard and mizzen topmast. In an effort to break the deadlock, Saumarez suddenly swung his ship onto the opposite tack and, taking advantage of the damage to Dénian's vessel that left it unable to effectively manoeuvre, managed to fire several raking broadsides into Réunion's stern. The raking fire inflicted massive damage and casualties on the French ship, and although Dénian continued to resist for some time, his ship was no longer effectively able to respond once Saumarez had crossed his bow. Eventually, with Circe now rapidly approaching with a strengthening of the wind, Dénian accepted that he had no choice but to surrender his vessel after an engagement lasting two hours and ten minutes. The cutter, which had been ignored during the battle, successfully escaped to Cherbourg while the captain of Sémillante, anchored in the harbour, made a fruitless effort to reach the engagement, delayed by contrary wind and tides that prevented the frigate from sailing. ## Aftermath Both ships were damaged in the engagement, although Saumarez's damage was almost entirely confined to his rigging: very few shots had actually struck his hull during the battle, and the only one that provoked notice passed across the deck without causing injury and struck a cannon on the opposite site, setting it off in the direction of a number of small gunboats that were approaching from the shore. Casualties on Crescent were equally light, with just one man injured; he had been standing too close to his own cannon during the opening broadside and had been struck by the recoiling gun, suffering a broken leg. Damage and losses on the French ship were very severe, with the rigging in tatters, the hull and lower masts repeatedly struck and casualties that Saumarez initially estimated at more than 120 men killed or wounded, although French accounts give the lower figure of 33 killed and 48 wounded. Saumarez was widely praised for his conduct in only the second successful frigate action of the war after Edward Pellew's capture of Cléopâtre four months earlier at the action of 18 June 1793. In reward, Saumarez was knighted by King George III and given a presentation plate by the City of London, although Saumarez later received a bill for £103 6s and 8d (the equivalent of £ as of 2023), from a Mr. Cooke for "the honour of a knighthood". Saumarez refused to pay, telling Cooke to charge whoever had paid for Edward Pellew's knighthood after his successful action. Saumarez later wrote to his brother that "I think it hard to pay so much for an honour which my services have been thought to deserve". In recognition of his success, Saumarez was subsequently given command of a frigate squadron operating against the Normandy coast from the Channel Islands. In addition, the first lieutenant, George Parker, was promoted to commander and the two other lieutenants were also praised. Réunion was purchased for service with the Royal Navy after repairs had been completed, and became HMS Reunion, rated as a 36-gun frigate carrying 12-pounder cannon. Authorisation for the payment of prize money was published in the London Gazette on 4 February 1794, amounting to £5,239 (the equivalent of £ as of 2023) divided between the men of Crescent and Circe. More than five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal, awarded upon application to all British participants from Crescent still living in 1847.	[ "## Background", "## Battle", "## Aftermath" ]	1,694	19,044
17,844,175	Siege of Mantua (1799)	1,168,748,199	Part of the War of the Second Coalition	[ "1799 in France", "1799 in Italy", "Battles involving Austria", "Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars", "Conflicts in 1799", "History of Mantua", "Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)" ]	The siege of Mantua (1799) was a four-month effort by the Austrian army to regain a presence in northern Italy after being excluded from that region by Napoleon Bonaparte through the successful French siege of Mantua in 1797. In April 1799, the Austrians placed a military blockade around Mantua as part of the War of the Second Coalition with the intent of withering the French by attrition. While the diminishing food supplies and losses weakened the French army, the Austrians received reinforcements and attacked on 4 July 1799. By the end of the month, the French agreed to surrender. ## Background The War of the Second Coalition that begun around late 1798 or early 1799 (depending on periodization) was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies. Austria, still weakened and in deep financial debt from the War of the First Coalition, sought primarily to recover its position and come out of the war stronger than when it had entered. It aimed to regain a presence in northern Italy after being excluded from that region by Napoleon Bonaparte through the successful French siege of Mantua that ended in French Victory in 1797 during the War of the First Coalition. ## Prelude By 1799, the fortress of Mantua on the river Mincio in northern Italy was in poor shape. It was commanded by viscount lieutenant general François Philippe de Latour-Foissac [fr] and garrisoned by a diverse force of 10,000, including French, Polish (Polish Legionnaires under general Józef Wielhorski), Italian (Republic of Alba and Cisalpine Republic), Swiss and German units. From the beginning of his assignment, Foissac-Latour, an engineer, was convinced that the fortress would be indefensible in any serious siege. ## Siege In April, Austrian forces approached Mantua and started their siege. At first, the Austrians were content to simply blockade the fortress, but with the artillery duels and occasional skirmishes, attrition began taking its toll on the defenders. The defenders were also weakened by diminishing food supplies, and their morale was undermined by lack of payment. On 18 June, the French suffered a defeat at the Battle of Trebbia, and consequently the Austrians were able to move more decisively against Mantua. On 4 July the siege entered a new stage, with Austrian reinforcements arriving, and the besieging force growing from 8,000 to 40,000. The Austrians were commanded by Hungarian general Baron Pal von Kray, an artillery expert. Artillery bombardment was constant. On 24–25 July the assault begun; and the Austrians slowly advanced over the next few days. On 27 July Foissac-Latour began negotiating surrender terms. ## Capitulation The Austrians agreed to release most of the French garrison, keeping the officers for three months, and with soldiers pledging not to take arms until the prisoners were exchanged by the fighting sides. In a secret protocol, however, the Austrians demanded full sovereignty over "deserters from the Austrian army". After protests from the Polish officers — who were afraid that due to recent partitions of Poland in which Austria gained control over parts of Poland that the Austrians may want to take custody of the Polish legionnaires — the Austrian negotiator clarified officially that they meant any deserters from the current Austrian army or former Austrian soldiers serving in the Cisalpine Republic Army. On 30 July the French and allied troops left the fortress. The garrison troops were split into French and non-French units (of whom Poles still constituted 1,800); the Austrian soldiers observing the marching non-French garrison troops were given permission to physically assault those "recognized" as deserters and most of them were eventually arrested. Polish officers — particularly those from the Austrian partition — were forced to enlist in the Austrian army or deported to partitioned Poland, and a similar fate befell Polish NCOs and regular soldiers, many of whom were also forced to suffer physical punishment by being beaten with rods. This marked the end of the Second Legion of the Polish Legions. Foissac-Latour was later criticized by the Poles for what they considered "betrayal", but also by the French: for his surrender, Napoleon himself ordered Foissac-Latour stricken from the list of generals and forbade him to wear a military uniform.	[ "## Background", "## Prelude", "## Siege", "## Capitulation" ]	917	30,703
29,696,302	HIP 13044	1,158,112,232	Star in the constellation Fornax	[ "Durchmusterung objects", "F-type giants", "Fornax", "Hipparcos objects", "Horizontal-branch stars", "Hypothetical planetary systems" ]	HIP 13044 is a red horizontal-branch star about 2,300 light years (700 pc) from Earth in the constellation Fornax. The star is part of the Helmi stream, a former dwarf galaxy that merged with the Milky Way between six and nine billion years ago. As a result, HIP 13044 circles the Galactic Center at a highly irregular orbit with respect to the galactic plane. HIP 13044 is slightly less massive than the Sun, but is approximately seven times its size. The star, which is estimated to be at least nine billion years old, has passed the red-giant phase. The relatively fast rotation of the star may be due to having engulfed one or more planets during the red-giant phase. ## Observational history A science team from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy first observed HIP 13044 using Fiber-fed Extended Range Optical Spectrograph (FEROS) at the European Southern Observatory's La Silla Observatory in Chile. The first follow-up led to the collection of 36 radial velocity measurements taken between September 2009 and July 2010. The team also used photometric data that had been passively collected by and publicly released into the archive of the SuperWASP collaboration, which had been observing the region where the star was located. In this data, HIP 13044 was found to oscillate; the signal was blocked roughly every sixteen days. Analysis of the SuperWASP and FEROS data led to the supposed discovery of the planet HIP 13044 b, although this claim was later refuted. ## Characteristics HIP 13044 is an F-type star located approximately 701 parsecs (2,286 light years) from Earth in the Helmi stream—a group of low-metallicity stars moving with large velocities relative to the Sun. The star follows an eccentric galactic orbit, with a distance from the galactic center ranging from 7 to 16 kiloparsecs. The orbit does not lie in the galactic plane, and can reach distances as high as 13 kpc above it. This indicates that it once was part of a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way that was disrupted 6–9 billion years ago. The star itself is estimated to be at least nine billion years old. HIP 13044 is fairly evolved star fusing helium in its core, and has therefore already passed the red-giant phase of its evolution. It lies near the blue end of the red horizontal branch bordering the instability strip. Its surface temperature is about 6025 K and its radius is approximately 6.7 solar radii. HIP 13044's mass is estimated to be 0.8 solar masses. Having a rotation period of 5–6 days, HIP 13044 is a fast-rotating star for its type. It is possible that this is because it has swallowed planets during its red-giant phase. HIP 13044 has an apparent magnitude of 9.94 and cannot be seen with the unaided eye. ## Claims of a planetary system In 2010, it was announced that a giant planet in a 16.2-day orbit had been discovered by the radial velocity measurements. This would have had implications for planet formation in metal-poor systems and survival of planets being engulfed by expanded giant stars. Subsequent analysis of the data revealed problems with the detection: for example an erroneous barycentric correction had been applied (the same error had also led to claims of planets around HIP 11952 that were subsequently refuted). After applying the corrections, there is no evidence for a planet orbiting the star.	[ "## Observational history", "## Characteristics", "## Claims of a planetary system" ]	740	31,214
496,682	Palisades Interstate Parkway	1,173,142,458	null	[ "Historic districts in Orange County, New York", "Historic districts in Rockland County, New York", "Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey", "Limited-access roads in New Jersey", "National Register of Historic Places in Bergen County, New Jersey", "Palisades Interstate Park system", "Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey", "Parkways in New York (state)", "Parkways in the United States", "Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey", "Robert Moses projects", "State highways in New Jersey", "Transportation in Bergen County, New Jersey", "Transportation in Orange County, New York", "Transportation in Rockland County, New York", "U.S. Route 6" ]	The Palisades Interstate Parkway (PIP) is a 38.25-mile-long (61.56 km) controlled-access parkway in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York. The parkway is a major commuter route into New York City from Rockland and Orange counties in New York and Bergen County in New Jersey. The southern terminus of the route is at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where it connects to Interstate 95 (I-95), New Jersey Route 4, U.S. 1, U.S. 9, and US 46. Its northern terminus is at a traffic circle in Fort Montgomery, New York, where the PIP meets US 9W and US 202 at the Bear Mountain Bridge. At exit 18, the PIP forms a concurrency with US 6 for the remaining duration of its run. The route is named for the Hudson River Palisades, a line of cliffs rising along the western side of the Hudson River. The PIP is designated, but not signed as Route 445 in New Jersey and New York State Route 987C (NY 987C), an unsigned reference route, in New York. As with most parkways in the New York metropolitan area, commercial traffic is prohibited from using the PIP. The Palisades Interstate Parkway was built from 1947 to 1958, and fully opened to traffic on August 28, 1958. ## Route description The mainline of the parkway is designated as Route 445 in New Jersey and NY 987C in New York. The latter is one of New York's reference routes. A 0.42-mile (0.68 km) spur connecting the parkway to US 9W in Fort Lee, New Jersey, is designated Route 445S. All three designations are unsigned and used only for inventory purposes. The parkway is owned and maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission but occasional maintenance is performed by the New Jersey and New York state departments of transportation. Commercial vehicles are prohibited on the entire length of the Palisades Interstate Parkway. The speed limit on the highway used to be 50 mph (80 km/h) south of the New York State Thruway and 55 mph (89 km/h) north of it. As of October 2018, it is 55 mph for the entire length. ### New Jersey The Palisades Interstate Parkway begins at the George Washington Bridge (GWB) in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Passengers from the upper level of the GWB can directly access the PIP northbound, while passengers from the lower level of the bridge must travel through GWB Plaza on US 9W before getting on the parkway. Passengers traveling northbound on the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) must be in local lanes to directly get on the PIP. Once the PIP leaves the GWB, it proceeds north along the New Jersey Palisades, past the Englewood Cliffs Service Area. Unlike service areas further north along the parkway, there are two in Englewood, one for northbound drivers and one for southbound drivers. The others are in the center median shared by drivers going in both directions. There are also three different scenic lookout points over the Palisades near the northern tip of the island of Manhattan at the Harlem River. After this, the PIP parallels US 9W and the Hudson River for its entire run in New Jersey. The PIP leaves New Jersey into New York in the borough of Rockleigh. The entire New Jersey portion of the Palisades Interstate Parkway is within Bergen County. It is designated as a state scenic byway known as the Palisades Scenic Byway. The PIP, the New Jersey Turnpike, Interstate 278, and Interstate 676 are the only highways that use sequential exit numbering in New Jersey; all others in the state are based on mileage, except for the Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector in Atlantic City, which uses lettered exits (no numerals). ### New York The parkway enters Rockland County in the hamlet of Palisades. At about the border the PIP changes direction from due north along the Hudson River to a north-west direction. Shortly after the Kings Ferry Service Area in the center median, the first two exits in New York are key exits for two colleges in Rockland County. Exit 5 provides a link to St. Thomas Aquinas College, and exit 6 provides a link to Dominican College. In West Nyack, the PIP has a key interchange with the New York State Thruway (I-87 and I-287). This intersection is about seven miles (11 km) west of the Tappan Zee Bridge. After the PIP's interchange with the NY Thruway, the PIP turns slightly north-east. At exit 13, the PIP intersects US 202 as the route crosses south of Harriman State Park in Mount Ivy. This is the first of two meetings between the PIP and US 202. At exit 15, the PIP has its last busy intersection in Rockland County with County Route 106 (CR 106, formerly part of NY 210) in Stony Point. From here, the PIP enters Harriman State Park, and at exit 16, the PIP intersects Lake Welch Parkway, which is one of several parkways commissioned within the park. The parkway enters Orange County north of Lake Welch Parkway at exit 16 and south of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission Visitor Center, located in the center median in what was originally a parkway service area. The first interchange in Orange County is exit 17 at Anthony Wayne Recreation Area. At exit 18, the PIP intersects US 6 and Seven Lakes Drive. US 6 west heads toward the Thruway and NY 17 five miles (8 km) west in Harriman. US 6 east forms the PIP's only concurrency for the last two miles (3 km) of the PIP's run. Seven Lakes Drive joins the two routes for one mile (1.6 km) before departing at exit 19. The two routes then enter Bear Mountain State Park in an eastern direction. Finally, the Palisades Interstate Parkway meets its end at US 9W and US 202 at a traffic circle near the Hudson River and the Bear Mountain Bridge. US 6 and US 202 head east over the bridge, while US 9W heads north toward the United States Military Academy in West Point. (Southbound US 9W, breaking off to the right, is the same road as westbound US 202.) ## History In 1933–34, the first thoughts of a Palisades Interstate Parkway were developed by engineer and environmentalist William A. Welch, who was general manager and chief engineer of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. The plan was to build a parkway to connect the New Jersey Palisades with the state parks along the Hudson River in Rockland and Orange counties. Welch would soon garner the support of John D. Rockefeller, who donated 700 acres (2.8 km<sup>2</sup>) of land along the New Jersey Palisades overlooking the Hudson River in 1933. With this favorable momentum for the new route, the proposed route was accepted as a Civil Works Administration project under Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition. However, the New Jersey Highway Commission did not support construction, so the idea of a parkway was put on hold. Instead, they built an 8 mile (13 km) road along the western bank of the Hudson River called the Henry Hudson Drive, a small scenic road that is a precursor to the Parkway and is still open today. During the 1940s, Rockefeller renewed the push for a parkway along the New Jersey Palisades, and teamed with ultimate PIP planner, Robert Moses, to establish and design the parkway. The plan originally was to have the PIP stretch from the Garden State Parkway, along the Hudson River, to the George Washington Bridge, and then north along its present-day route ending at the Bear Mountain Bridge. This southern extension was never built, but construction began on the current PIP in New York on April 1, 1947. Construction on the New Jersey portion began about one year later, paralleling the nearby Henry Hudson Drive. Construction was delayed twice due to material shortages, but that did not stop the PIP from being opened in stages during the 1940s and 1950s. The route was completed in New Jersey in 1957, and on August 28, 1958, the final piece of the PIP was completed between exits 5 and 9 in southern Rockland County. The PIP is known for its stone arch overpasses throughout its route and its several scenic overlooks in New Jersey. All sorts of unique trees and flowers can be seen along the route as well. In 1998, because of all the natural and constructed beauty, the PIP was designated as a national landmark by the National Park Service. The Parkway suffered from severe flooding and a minor structural collapse on July 9, 2023 near the Bear Mountain Bridge as a result of severe storms. ## Exit list While most highways in the U.S. reset their mile markers and exit numbers when crossing a state line, the Palisades Parkway does not reset either. ## Rest areas There are some rest areas on the Palisades Interstate Parkway. - Sparkill (located just south of Exit 5, fuel and convenience store. Open 24 Hours. Park and Ride also available. Accessible both sides.) (New York) - Englewood Cliffs (located past exit 1 just before the George Washington Bridge, fuel and convenience store. There are two separate rest areas on both sides. Phone service is also available.) (New Jersey) - Alpine Lookout (Alpine): (North side only. Located near exit 2. Parking/scenic view area only. No fuel.) (New Jersey) - Rockefeller Lookout (Englewood Cliffs): (North side only. Parking/scenic view area only. No fuel.) (New Jersey) - Bear Mountain/Tomkins Cove (located between exits 16 and 17. Information and book store. No fuel. Accessible both sides.) (New York) - State Line Lookout (Visitor center and lookout. No fuel). (New Jersey) ## Palisades Interstate Parkway Police The Palisades Interstate Parkway Police is a highway law enforcement agency for protecting the Palisades Interstate Parkway and to enforce state and city laws in the New Jersey section of highway. Headquartered in Alpine, New Jersey on Alpine Approach Road. The department consists of one chief, two lieutenants, five sergeants, and seventeen patrol officers. There are also security guards available who were trained and hired for by the police academy. Other than patrol cars, the Palisades Interstate Parkway Police also uses police boats for marine patrols and a bicycle unit. ## See also	[ "## Route description", "### New Jersey", "### New York", "## History", "## Exit list", "## Rest areas", "## Palisades Interstate Parkway Police", "## See also" ]	2,279	31,062
6,000,732	Crook Peak to Shute Shelve Hill	1,057,330,055	Geological and biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset, England	[ "Hills of Somerset", "Mendip Hills", "National Trust properties in Somerset", "Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset", "Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1952" ]	Crook Peak to Shute Shelve Hill is a 332.2 hectare (820.9 acre) geological and biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the western end of the Mendip Hills, Somerset. The line of hills runs for approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from west to east and includes: Crook Peak, Compton Hill, Wavering Down, Cross Plain and Shute Shelve Hill. Most of the site is owned by the National Trust, which bought 725 acres (293 ha) in 1985, and much of it has been designated as common land. It was notified as an SSSI by Natural England in 1952. The ecology of the area includes ancient woodland and calcareous grassland which supports nationally rare species including the Cheddar pink. The underlying rocks are Carboniferous Limestone containing phreatic caves at Shute Shelve Cavern and Picken's Hole from which fossils dating from the Middle Devensian have been recovered. ## Description The site extends for some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from west to east. Near its eastern end it is divided by a gap used by the A38 road and the disused Cheddar Valley railway line. At the western end of the hills, closest to the M5 motorway, is Crook Peak which reaches 191 metres (627 ft), and forms a prominent feature from the surrounding landscape. Evidence of early human occupation of Crook Peak includes a polished flint axe. It was used as the site of a beacon at the time of the Spanish Armada. A ridge to the south east of Crook Peak, known as 'The Razor', is used by the West Mendip Soaring Association to fly model aircraft when the wind is a south-westerly, southerly or north-easterly direction. Compton Hill is above the village of Compton Bishop. Also within the parish of Compton Bishop is Wavering Down which reaches a height of 210 metres (690 ft), and is marked with a triangulation station. Around the small village of Cross is Wavering Down House which was, for the last 20 years of his life, the home of the British comedian Frankie Howerd. The house is now a tourist attraction, and in the summer hosts concerts and opens regularly as a museum of Howerd's collection of memorabilia to raise fund for charities. Above the village itself is Cross Plain where there are earthworks remaining from enclosures. Further east is Shute Shelve Hill, east of the A38 road, reaching a height of 233 metres (764 ft), above the town of Axbridge and adjoining Axbridge Hill and Fry's Hill. A long-distance footpath, the Mendip Way, follows much of the northern boundary of the site. There is also a 165 metres (541 ft) long tunnel which was part of the Cheddar Valley Line but is now used by pedestrians and cyclists. Within the tunnel the central surface has been paved with tarmac, but it is unlit except for a central guide line of small guide lamps. The north half of the tunnel is brick lined, but about midway it reverts to unlined rock for the southern half, marking a change in the underlying geology from sandstone to limestone. ## Etymology Crook Peak has been important as a landmark and boundary from very early times, and the origins of the name are unclear. The local parish council state that 'Crook' comes from the Old English 'Cruc' meaning 'peak' or 'pointed hill'. 'Shute' is a contraction of schute which meant slope in the Middle Ages. ## Biological The ecology of the site is varied. There are ancient and secondary semi-natural broadleaved woodland; however, the majority is unimproved calcareous grassland with calcareous grassland and acidic dry dwarf-shrub heath. Four of the calcareous grassland communities and two of the woodland types have a restricted distribution in Britain, as does the calcareous grassland/acidic dry dwarf-shrub heath. These support species, four of which are considered nationally rare, while seven of the plant species present are considered notable. Plants of interest include the nationally rare Cheddar pink (Dianthus gratianopolitanus), bedstraw (Galium fleurotii), dwarf sedge (Carex humilis) and dwarf mouse-ear (Cerastium pumilum). Rose Wood and King's Wood are ancient woodland sites. King's Wood has coppiced hazel and nationally important small leaved lime. The nationally rare purple gromwell (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum) occurs at Rose Wood. ## Geological Shute Shelve Hill, is largely formed by more resistant Carboniferous Limestone laid down in the Dinantian period about 350 million years ago. The hill rises to 233 metres (764 ft) above sea levels and represents a ridge formed by the southern Limb of a highly eroded anticline with younger limestones on the lower slopes. Black Rock Limestone is exposed at several sites but is commonly covered by Burrington Oolite. Picken's Hole at the southern end of Crook Peak is considered to be of importance because of its clear, well-stratified sequence of deposits and faunas, all dating from within the Devensian. The cave is 8 metres (26 ft) below the plateau and 27 metres (89 ft) above the valley floor. It is named after M.J. Picken who found teeth in earth thrown out of their sets in the area by badgers. A large number of Middle Palaeolithic artefacts, and two Neanderthal teeth dated to about 55,000 years BP, have been recovered from the cave. Faunal deposits of spotted hyena, lion, Arctic fox, mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, suslik and northern vole (Microtus oeconomus) from approximately 35,000 BP have also been recovered. Shute Shelve Cavern is located on Shute Shelve Hill. It is a natural cave system which was mined for its yellow ochre, until the 1920s. The phreatic cave contains fossils of speleothems over 350,000 years old. ## Barton Camp Barton Camp, which is on the northern slopes of Crook Peak, is run by the Bristol Children's Help Society, which was founded in 1884 to help needy children. The centre provided residential activity courses. The facilities include classrooms, a sports hall, outdoor pool, playing field and bunkhouse accommodation.	[ "## Description", "## Etymology", "## Biological", "## Geological", "## Barton Camp" ]	1,374	15,214
5,920,756	Bic Cristal	1,171,500,970	Disposable ballpoint pen	[ "French inventions", "Pens", "Products introduced in 1950", "Writing implements" ]	The BIC Cristal (stylised as BiC Cristal and also known as the Bic pen) is an inexpensive, disposable ballpoint pen mass-produced and sold by Société Bic of Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France. It was introduced in and is the best-selling pen in the world, with the 100 billionth sold in September 2006. It has become the archetypal ballpoint pen and is considered ubiquitous, to the extent that the Museum of Modern Art has made it a permanent part of its collection. Its hexagonal form and design mimics a standard pencil and it is sold in six types of point and 18 colours around the world. ## History In 1944, near the end of the Second World War, entrepreneur Marcel Bich bought a factory in Clichy, a suburb north of Paris, and with business partner Edouard Buffard founded Société PPA (later Société Bic) in 1945. "PPA" stood for Porte-plume, Porte-mines et Accessoires – pens, mechanical pencils and accessories. During the war Bich had seen a ballpoint pen manufactured in Argentina by László Bíró. Between 1949 and 1950 the Bic Cristal was designed by the Décolletage Plastique design team at Société PPA. Bich invested in Swiss technology capable of shaping metal down to 0.01 millimetres (0.00039 in), which could produce a stainless steel one-millimetre (0.039 in) sphere which allowed ink to flow freely. Bich developed a viscosity of ink which neither leaked nor clogged and, under a ballpoint pen patent licensed from Bíró, launched the Cristal in December 1950. Bich invested heavily in advertising, hiring poster designer Raymond Savignac in 1952. That year Bic won the French Oscar de la publicité award for advertising. In 1953 advertising executive Pierre Guichenné advised Bich to shorten his family name to Bic as an easy-to-remember, globally adaptable trade name for the pen, which fit in with product branding trends of the post-war era. Early Bic advertisements in France referred to the Cristal as the "Atomic pen". Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Bic Cristal's writing tip and ergonomic design helped shift the worldwide market for pens from fountain pens to ballpoints. In 1959 Bich brought the pen to the American market: the Bic pen was soon selling at 29 cents () with the slogan "writes first time, every time." In 1965 the French ministry of education approved the Bic Cristal for use in classrooms. In 1961 Bic Orange pen was introduced, featuring a fine 0.8 mm (0.031 in) point and an orange barrel instead of translucent. Bic makes this pen at its own plants in Europe. In September 2006, the Bic Cristal was declared the best selling pen in the world after the 100 billionth was sold. ## Design The Museum of Modern Art in New York City recognised the Bic Cristal's industrial design by introducing it into the museum's permanent collection. Its hexagonal shape resembles the typical wooden pencil and grants strength and three grip points giving high writing stability. The pen's transparent polystyrene barrel and polypropylene tube show the ink-level. The only exception is the BIC Cristal UP, a pen marketed by Bic that supposedly creates more vivid lines when used. These pens have a white barrel and, depending on what color the ink reservoir contains, a small area of the pen barrel and cap with the corresponding ink color. A tiny hole in the barrel's body maintains the same air pressure inside and outside the pen. The pens' ink color has many different varieties, ranging from the 'classic' colors (blue, black, red, and green), to pink and purple. The thick ink flows down due to capillary action from the tube inside the barrel, to feed the ball bearing, which spins freely within a brass tip. In 1961, the stainless steel ball was replaced with much harder tungsten carbide. This ballpoint is first vitrified by heat, then ground down and milled to an accuracy of 0.1 μm (3.9×10<sup>−6</sup> in) between spinning plates coated with industrial diamond abrasives. Since 1991 the pen's streamlined polypropylene cap has had a small hole to reduce the risk of suffocation if the cap is inhaled. Polypropylene is used instead of polystyrene because it absorbs impact better, reducing the chance of the pen cracking or splitting if it is dropped onto the cap. The pen's dimensions are 5+7⁄8 by 1⁄2 inch (14.9 cm × 1.3 cm) with the cap, or 14.5 cm × 0.7 cm (5+11⁄16 in × 1⁄4 in) without the cap. The Cristal's design has become a target for counterfeiters, especially from the Far East and in particular from China. Their pens are manufactured at a cheaper price and made to appear similar to the original. One Kenyan pen manufacturer reportedly lost KSh.100,000,000 (approx. \$1.3 million USD at 2009 exchange rate) to fake copies, forcing them to negotiate cheaper licensing from Bic. ## Spin-offs ### Bic Cristal for Her In 2012, Bic marketed a spin-off product named the "Bic Cristal for Her". The pen, similar to the original, was supposedly designed specifically for women, and was sold in pink and purple colors. The product provoked outrage and ridicule, with television show host Ellen DeGeneres saying "Can you believe this? We've been using man pens all these years," and comedian Bridget Christie titling her 2013 Edinburgh festival show A Bic For Her. The product also received many sarcastic Amazon reviews. In 2017 it was inducted into the collection of the Museum of Failure. ### Cristal Stylus In 2014 Bic released a new writing instrument based on the Cristal, a modified pen with a rubber tip opposite the ballpoint. This model, called the "Cristal Stylus", is for use on touchpads. Bic funded a website to promote the stylus that crowdsourced a new typeface, named the Universal Typeface Experiment. ## See also - List of pen types, brands and companies	[ "## History", "## Design", "## Spin-offs", "### Bic Cristal for Her", "### Cristal Stylus", "## See also" ]	1,376	26,508
23,754,831	Isabelle Westbury	1,166,497,880	English cricketer and journalist	[ "1990 births", "Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford", "Cricketers from Greater London", "Dutch women cricketers", "Living people", "Middlesex women cricketers", "Netherlands women One Day International cricketers", "People educated at Millfield", "Presidents of the Oxford Union", "Somerset women cricketers", "Western Storm cricketers" ]	Isabelle Mary Geraldine Westbury (born 8 March 1990) is a sports writer, broadcaster, lawyer and former cricketer. As a cricketer, she played as a right-arm off break bowler, playing for Somerset and Middlesex, as well as being part of the Western Storm squad in 2016. She captained Middlesex for two seasons, in 2015 and 2016. She also appeared in one One Day International for the Netherlands in 2005, whilst attending school in the country. She was President of the Oxford Union in 2011–12. She finished playing cricket in 2017, and has since worked as a print and broadcast journalist, specialising in cricket, law and politics, writing for The Daily Telegraph and broadcasting for the BBC. She is also a financial crime lawyer. ## Early life Born in Hammersmith, London, Westbury experienced a nomadic childhood, living in Mongolia, Malaysia, Easter Island and Syria before arriving in the Netherlands. She attended The British School in the Netherlands from 2001 to 2006. It was in the Netherlands that she first started playing cricket, after being prevented from playing club football alongside boys beyond the age of 13, at the "very traditional club" near her house. Westbury studied for an undergraduate degree in Physiology at Hertford College, Oxford, graduating in 2013. In addition to her cricket career, she also played hockey for Oxford, achieving her Blue by playing in the Varsity Hockey Match against Cambridge in March 2010. In 2011, she was elected as President of the Oxford Union, having earlier served as the society's secretary, and has been described as "the most engaging president that the Oxford Union has had in years". ## Cricket career ### The Netherlands At the age of thirteen, Westbury began to play boys cricket for The Hague Cricket Club, and at the age of fourteen she was picked for the national side, making her first appearance at the 2004 European Under-21 Championships. In 2005, aged 15, Westbury represented the senior Netherlands side for the first time during the 2005 European Championship in Wales. ### England Westbury started at Millfield School in Street, Somerset in 2006 on a sports scholarship. She joined Somerset for the 2007 County Championship. Remaining with Somerset in 2008, she claimed her first wicket for the county during their first match of the season, having Surrey opener Ebony-Jewel Rainford-Brent caught. She appeared in the Super Fours—a competition in which the England selectors place the 48 leading players into four teams—for the first time in 2008, representing the Diamonds in both the 50-over and 20-over forms of the game. In January 2010, Westbury was named as part of the England Academy squad for the High Performance Camp in Bangalore, India. Westbury joined Middlesex in 2013, and was made captain the following year. In 2016, she signed for the Western Storm in the inaugural Kia Super League, but did not play a game. Westbury retired from playing cricket the following season. ## Legal career Westbury was admitted as a solicitor on 17 September 2018, and was then working for the Royal Air Force. She has a specialism in criminal law.	[ "## Early life", "## Cricket career", "### The Netherlands", "### England", "## Legal career" ]	690	24,342
3,913,322	Greenville Bridge	1,172,880,260	Bridge in United States of America	[ "2010 establishments in Arkansas", "2010 establishments in Mississippi", "Bridges completed in 2010", "Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System", "Bridges over the Mississippi River", "Buildings and structures in Chicot County, Arkansas", "Buildings and structures in Washington County, Mississippi", "Cable-stayed bridges in the United States", "Concrete bridges in the United States", "Great River Road", "Interstate vehicle bridges in the United States", "Road bridges in Arkansas", "Road bridges in Mississippi", "Steel bridges in the United States", "Towers in Arkansas", "Towers in Mississippi", "Transportation in Chicot County, Arkansas", "Transportation in Washington County, Mississippi", "U.S. Route 278", "U.S. Route 82" ]	The Greenville Bridge, or the Jesse Brent Memorial Bridge, is a cable-stayed bridge over the Mississippi River, in the United States, carrying US 82 and US 278 between Refuge, Mississippi, and Shives, Arkansas. When it opened in 2010, it was the fourth-longest cable-stayed bridge in North America. The Benjamin G. Humphreys Bridge, the first bridge to connect the two towns, had become functionally obsolete. Its narrow road had only two lanes with no shoulders. Because of its location near a sharp bend in the Mississippi River, the bridge had become a hazard to river traffic; barges and towboats frequently collided with it. In 1994, a study concluded that a new bridge was needed and the old one should be torn down. Construction was begun in 2001 and the new bridge opened in 2010. In 2011, the process of removing the old bridge began. ## Description Opened in 2010, the Greenville Bridge carries US 82/278 over the Mississippi River between Refuge, Mississippi and Shives, Arkansas. It is located 0.5 miles (0.80 km) down river from the original bridge, built in 1940. Designed by HNTB, it is a four-lane cable-stayed bridge with more than 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of bridge deck straddled by two concrete towers 425 feet (130 m) feet high and anchored by concrete piers planted 120 feet (37 m) below the riverbed. It has four fans of strand steel cable connected to the top of the towers which support the deck. Each of the bridge's four lanes is 12 feet (4 m) wide. The outside shoulders are 12 feet (4 m) wide and the inside shoulder width is 8 feet (2 m). The bridge has a main span of 1,378 feet (420 m). At the time of its opening, it was the fourth-longest cable-stayed bridge in North America. Both the old and new bridges are geographically mostly in Arkansas, as the state lines were determined prior to the shift west of the Mississippi River. ## History The first Greenville Bridge, Benjamin G. Humphreys Bridge, was built by the company now known as HNTB and opened to much fanfare in 1940 as the "pathway to progress" for the Mississippi Delta. It was a through-truss design and had a span of 840 feet (260 m). Until 1943, this was the longest bridge for vehicles on the Mississippi River. Over time, the bridge supported increasing volumes of highway traffic and vehicles hitting the bridge. In the 1950s, an Air Force plane crashed into the bridge. Though the bridge remained structurally sound, it was becoming functionally obsolete. It had only two narrow highway lanes and no shoulders. An accident or the crossing of very large vehicles such as a large combine could force the bridge to close. With river traffic increasing, damage from barge collisions increased. By 1972, the Greenville Bridge was hit more times by barges than any other bridge on the Mississippi. The bridge was located close to a sharp bend in the Mississippi; towboats and barges had difficulty making the sharp turn and regaining their course in time to avoid a collision with the bridge. Over the years, many have not been able to make the turn quickly and have hit it. The bridge had become a danger to river traffic. A 1994 engineering study by the Mississippi Department of Transportation explored alternatives to upgrading the crossing of US 82 and issued a report that explored a four-lane crossing at Greenville. It concluded the best of several alternatives it identified was to build a new bridge 0.5 miles (0.80 km) downriver from the old one and to remove the old bridge. Additional studies evaluated the type of bridge to build, and by 1995 the cable-stayed bridge was chosen as the best design to fit the river and soil conditions, as well as providing sufficient clearance for river navigation. Engineering plans were completed in 1999. US 278 is panned to be relocated to the proposed Charles W. Dean Bridge when if and when built and completed. ## Construction HNTB, of Kansas City, Missouri, was the designer and consulting engineer for both the new bridge as well as the original Benjamin G. Humphreys Bridge. The federal government provided \$110 million to begin building the main part of the bridge consisting long spans supported by cables. The main superstructure construction began in December 2001. Massman Construction Company in a joint venture with Traylor Brothers, Inc. received the contract to construct two large piers in the river; these were built using both floating caissons and open caisson construction. The construction on the last main span section of the bridge was finished in April 2006. Building the approaches, including shorter spans of approach bridge work and structural support systems for the bridge, was the responsibility of each state. For both states, the approach bridges are constructed of a series of three span units, each unit 120 feet (37 m) long. Construction of Arkansas' 2.5 miles (4 km) approach of highway and bridge, costing \$66 million, began in March 2006; Mississippi began its 1.8 miles (2.9 km) approach in April 2006, costing almost \$86 million. Hill Brothers Construction and Jensen Construction, in a joint venture with the Rasmussen Group, were awarded the contract for the eastern approach of US 82 in Greenville to the Mississippi River crossing. Hills Brothers Construction was awarded an \$85.9 million contract to work on the road deck of the Mississippi approach to the bridge, the concrete footings, and the substructure and superstructure of that portion. Austin Bridge and Road was awarded a \$65 million contract to build Arkansas's 4,657 feet (1,419 m) of approach bridge and 3,225 feet (983 m) of connecting roadway which was completed in August 2009. The remaining contract, to apply a latex surface to the bridge, add stripes, tie US 82 into the approaches and dismantle the Humphreys Bridge, was awarded in January 2010. It took sixteen years from the initial developing stage begun in 1994, until the Greenville Bridge opened to traffic on August 4, 2010. The entire cost of the bridge totaled \$336 million. In 2011, the massive process of removing the old bridge by cutting it into small sections to be recycled was begun and was expected to be completed by September 2012. At times, the river has been closed to traffic to aid the demolition. The job was dangerous and at least two workers died during the demolition. ## See also - List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River - Charles W. Dean Bridge	[ "## Description", "## History", "## Construction", "## See also" ]	1,410	1,683
12,733,653	Kissing You (Des'ree song)	1,167,452,739	null	[ "1990s ballads", "1997 singles", "Beyoncé songs", "Contemporary R&B ballads", "Des'ree songs", "Pop ballads", "Song recordings produced by Beyoncé", "Song recordings produced by Nellee Hooper", "Songs about kissing", "Songs written for films" ]	"Kissing You" (or "I'm Kissing You") is a song by British singer Des'ree. It was written by the singer with Timothy Atack for Baz Luhrmann's 1996 film Romeo + Juliet. The song was included on the film's soundtrack album and Des'ree's third studio album, Supernatural (1998). A pop ballad set in the key of A minor, the record uses a simple instrumentation consisting only of piano and string instruments. "Kissing You" featured in Romeo + Juliet when the title characters meet at a ball. The song was well received by critics for its emotional melody and toned-down production. First released as a single in Australia on 24 February 1997, it appeared on the ARIA Singles Chart and the UK Singles Chart. A music video accompanied the single, which included scenes from Romeo + Juliet. "Kissing You" was covered by Beyoncé in 2007, and an accompanying music video was filmed, titled "Still in Love (Kissing You)". The change of title and music video went against copyright terms, and Des'ree's publishers filed a lawsuit against Beyoncé and her representatives. Infringing albums were recalled, and both sides agreed that the case be settled out of court. ## Background and composition "Kissing You" was written by Des'ree and Timothy Atack, and was produced by Nellee Hooper. The string instruments were arranged by Craig Armstrong, while Andy Todd and Jim Abbiss engineered the record. The pop ballad uses only piano and string instrumentation. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by T C F Music Publishing, Inc., "Kissing You" is set in 12/8 time with a moderately slow tempo of 112 beats per minute. Written in the key of A minor, it has a sequence of Dm<sub>7</sub>–Am<sub>7</sub>–G/B–C–G/B–Am<sub>7</sub>–C/G as its chord progression. Des'ree's voice spans from the low note of A<sub>3</sub> to the high note of D<sub>5</sub>. "Kissing You" is featured during Romeo + Juliet, directed by Baz Luhrmann, when Romeo (Leonardo DiCaprio) and Juliet (Claire Danes) first meet at a ball at the Capulets' mansion; Des'ree also appears in the scene performing the song. The song was featured on the film's soundtrack album, and was included on Des'ree's third studio album, Supernatural (1998). Sony Music released the single via compact disc on 18 June 1997. "Kissing You" was also sold as the B-side to "Life" (1998) in the UK. The musical interlude in the middle of "Kissing You" was used to promote the UEFA Euro 2004. ## Reception New Statesman's Lisa Jardine noted "Kissing You" as "a high point" of the film. J. D. Considine wrote for The Baltimore Sun that "the tremulous intensity of Des'ree's 'Kissing You' has more emotional impact than many films". In a review of Supernatural for Entertainment Weekly, Considine later commended the "throaty emotionalism" with which Des'ree sang "Kissing You". Jim Farber from the Daily News noted the song as the standout track from Supernatural and claimed that it "stands as the only track to deepen the mood, bringing out the indigo pleasures of her voice." The Richmond Times-Dispatch's Kate Lipper called the record "an excellent slow song that you can play nonstop". However, Ann Powers from The New York Times wrote that Des'ree is too melodramatic on "Kissing You". In an interview with The Sunday Telegraph, Charlotte Church described the song as one of her favourites: "This is one of the most beautiful songs I've ever heard. It's an original sound and they sing it so well. There's no beat, it's just a lovely, lulling song." "Kissing You" debuted on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart at number 42 on the week ending 9 March 1997. It rose to its peak position of number 17 on 20 April 1997, and spent a total of 13 weeks on the chart. In December 2010, "Kissing You" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 137. In 2013 Abbey Clancy waltzed to "Kissing You" on the 11th series of Strictly Come Dancing, and the song reentered the UK Singles Chart at number 91. In 2016, "Kissing You" appeared on the French Singles Chart at number 90. ## Music video The music video for "Kissing You" features scenes of Romeo + Juliet, mainly those when Romeo and Juliet first meet at the Capulets' ball. Interspersed are clips of Des'ree singing the song in an empty building, with water on the floor. Towards the end of the video, some of the final scenes of the film are displayed, and the building that Des'ree is in is illuminated through the windows. The video was included on the film's special edition DVD, released in 2002. ## Beyoncé cover and lawsuit "Kissing You" was covered by American R&B singer Beyoncé, included on the 2007 deluxe edition of her second studio album, B'Day. Beyoncé contributed to the writing and production. She called the song "a beautiful ballad". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that the song "sound[s] downright subtle". A music video for the song was shot and directed by Cliff Watts, who had also shot Beyoncé's Sports Illustrated cover. Filmed on Super 8 in Miami, the video was included on the B'Day Anthology Video Album. Des'ree's publishers, the Royalty Network, filed a lawsuit against Sony BMG, Sony BMG Sales Enterprise, Beyoncé, B-Day Publishing and EMI April Music, claiming that Beyoncé's cover of the song infringed copyright conditions. On 13 February 2007, Beyoncé's representatives had sought permission to use interpolations of "Kissing You". The Royalty Network offered Beyoncé the use of the song under certain terms. Two of the conditions of the proposal were that the song's title remain the same, and that the song was not published in video form. Beyoncé made no further contact with the Royalty Network, and planned to release "Still in Love (Kissing You)" and its video, regardless of the two requested conditions, which the Royalty Network called "completely unacceptable". The publishing company requested that Sony Music Entertainment (SME)—the parent company of Columbia Records—halt distribution of B'Day with the retitled song. Nevertheless, the album was released on 3 April 2007; the Royalty Network considered the action "willful disregard", and retracted their permission to use the song. The lawsuit, filed on 16 April 2007 in the District Court for the Southern District of New York, sought US\$150,000 in damages and a recall of the infringing material. The same day, SME ceased distribution of both the deluxe edition of B'Day and the anthology video album, although the editions had sold over 214,000 copies before the recall. Later reissues of the albums did not include "Still in Love (Kissing You)" and its video, with "If" replacing the track on the B'Day deluxe edition. An injunction hearing was scheduled for 4 May, and later postponed until 14 May 2007. On 12 October 2007, the case was dismissed with prejudice, by agreement of all parties. Beyoncé's father and manager, Mathew Knowles, stated that his daughter did not know about the copyright issues prior to the legal action, and that recording artists rarely involve themselves with such matters. ## Track listing - CD single 1. "Kissing You" – 4:56 2. "You Gotta Be" – 4:06 3. "Warm Hands, Cold Heart" – 4:35 4. "Sword of Love" – 4:03 5. "Livin' in the City" (Meme's Extended Club Mix) – 7:46 ## Certifications	[ "## Background and composition", "## Reception", "## Music video", "## Beyoncé cover and lawsuit", "## Track listing", "## Certifications" ]	1,754	7,236
52,805,150	Agnes Fay Morgan	1,157,647,562	American chemist	[ "1884 births", "1968 deaths", "20th-century American chemists", "American food chemists", "People from Peoria, Illinois", "University of California, Berkeley faculty", "University of Chicago alumni", "University of Montana faculty", "University of Washington faculty", "Vassar College alumni" ]	Agnes Fay Morgan (May 4, 1884 – July 20, 1968) was an American chemist and academic. She was the longtime chair of the home economics program at the University of California. Her program was strongly grounded in science, and students admitted into the program were required to have a level of science education that was not typical of home economics programs at the time. Morgan was one of the earliest married female college professors in the United States. A graduate of the University of Chicago, Morgan held brief teaching appointments at smaller schools before earning a doctorate and taking the position at Berkeley. Morgan's lab conducted significant research into the nutritional composition of foods and the biochemistry of vitamins, especially pantothenic acid (vitamin B<sub>5</sub>). Her work correlated decreasing bone density with increasing age and connected serum cholesterol levels with dietary fat intake. Morgan remained associated with Berkeley for more than 50 years, and though she retired in 1954, she was active in her field until just before her death. She received the Garvan Medal from the American Chemical Society and the Borden Research Award from the Borden Company Foundation. At Berkeley, the campus nutrition laboratory is named in her honor. Iota Sigma Pi, an American chemistry honor society, presents the Agnes Fay Morgan Research Award to outstanding women in the field. ## Early life Agnes Fay was born in 1884 in Peoria, Illinois. Her parents were Patrick Fay and his second wife, the former Mary Dooley. Patrick and Mary Fay had come from Galway, Ireland. He was a manual laborer and then a builder. Agnes Fay was the third of the family's four children. A graduate of Peoria High School, Fay received a full college scholarship from a local donor. She went to Vassar College for a short time before transferring to the University of Chicago. Fay enrolled at the University of Chicago as a physics major, but she changed her major to chemistry after taking a course in that subject from Julius Stieglitz. He was an influential chemist who became a member of the National Academy of Sciences and president of the American Chemical Society. Fay completed a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in chemistry in 1904 and 1905, respectively. For about a year, Fay was a college chemistry instructor, though there are conflicting sources as to the name of the college. While teaching at the University of Montana in 1907–08, Fay married Arthur I. Morgan, who was a senior football player at the university. Though Fay had been Morgan's chemistry teacher, Morgan was four years older than Fay, having enrolled at Montana after military service in the Spanish–American War. Arthur Morgan became the headmaster of a boys' school and later worked for the Sperry Flour Company, becoming its vice president. After teaching at the University of Washington from 1910 to 1912, Morgan completed a Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of Chicago in 1914. Stieglitz supervised her dissertation. She may have been the only married woman to have received a Ph.D. in chemistry in the first few years of the 20th century. Married women were not generally welcome on university faculties (female professors were usually expected to resign when they married), but Stieglitz agreed to write a recommendation letter for Morgan for a position at the University of Illinois. Stieglitz noted in his letter that the university should overlook Morgan's marital status because her husband was ill at the time. ## Career at Berkeley ### Early years It is not known whether the University of Illinois extended an offer to Morgan, but in any case, she interviewed for a faculty position at Berkeley in the Department of Home Economics. She had an interview scheduled with the college's dean, but he sent his wife and his teenage daughter to conduct it. She accepted the position, which paid \$1,800; male faculty members at the university were paid \$2,400 with a doctorate and \$1,800 without one. When Morgan arrived at Berkeley, she found that she had to teach courses in nutrition and dietetics. Despite her chemistry background, she characterized dietetics as "a subject I knew nothing about and nobody else knew much about at that time." She said that she had to research the curriculum "mostly out of German medical journals." One of Morgan's stated interests was to lead a program of research into household practices; she did not want to teach traditional home economics principles if they could not be supported by science. This meant that her students were required to possess a science background that was more stringent than other U.S. home economics programs, and also that her graduates found themselves prepared for roles that had not usually been open to traditional home economics graduates, such as hospital nutrition management and teaching in the basic sciences. Even among women in academia, Morgan was unusual in that she came from an immigrant family of modest means. In many ways, Morgan was also atypical as a home economist. She disliked cooking and housekeeping, and her style of dress was generally described as "dowdy" for the first two decades of her time at Berkeley. Since women could not access most parts of the existing Berkeley Faculty Club, Morgan helped to establish the Women's Faculty Club on campus. It was used as a meeting place for lunches and dinners as well as a residence for female faculty members and campus visitors. Morgan's department always faced financial struggles in an era before much federal research funding was available. To raise funds, Morgan provided food service educational courses to teachers, nurses and other participants, but these classes ultimately weakened the department's standing within the school, as university officials viewed the training as vocational and considered it to be beneath the standards of the university. Because of this, Morgan was prohibited from accepting industry funding for research and the university provided her with very little space to conduct her research work. Adding to the difficulty of the situation was the fact that university officials had previously criticized Morgan for maintaining academic standards that were too high for a home economics program. The issue of offering vocational training was part of a larger challenge for Morgan in her first few years at the university. Because of the school's status as a land-grant university, the program was required to follow California State Department of Education directives to produce graduates trained as teachers, agricultural extension specialists and dietitians. However, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, president of the university in the early 20th century, saw those fields as vocations, and he encouraged Morgan to continue her focus on science. ### Department leadership, motherhood and later career From 1916 through her retirement in 1954, Morgan was a department chair or co-chair. Initially, the leadership of the Department of Home Economics was split between Morgan (as the head of the household science division) and Mary Patterson (as the head of the household arts division). Morgan was not fond of sharing a department with Patterson, who had a background in decorative arts and no inclination toward science. By 1920, Berkeley president David Prescott Barrows agreed to Morgan's request to separate the two divisions into distinct departments since they had different curricula, philosophies and faculty, and Morgan became the sole chair of the Department of Household Science. Morgan waited until her academic rank was secure before becoming pregnant. She had a son in 1923, the same year that she became a full professor. Colleagues were surprised when she had the baby, as she had not mentioned being pregnant and she hid the physical evidence of her pregnancy with her long laboratory jacket. Morgan remembered the reaction of one male colleague when she told him the news; he said if she had five children as he did, she would have hardly noticed the new baby. Morgan's mother moved in with her and cared for the baby so that Morgan could work uninterrupted. In the mid-1920s, Morgan foresaw the eventual need for graduate education in nutrition. She said that dietitians would not be fully appreciated within the medical field without a strong grounding in science and an ability to implement the research findings of laboratory scientists. Wanting to establish dietetics as a profession rather than a service industry, Morgan emphasized the "cleavage of the dietitian to the physician's end of the hospital table, and away from the nurse's." This statement itself had little effect at the time, however, as dietetics remained primarily concerned with the practical aspects of feeding people in the hospital. As a department chair, Morgan was known as a stern leader. Though she attracted top faculty members, Morgan was looked upon fearfully by many in home economics. Some faculty members felt that Morgan always thought she was right. Ruth Okey, one of Morgan's colleagues, said, > "Some of her staff learned to suggest a change indirectly in such a way that Dr. Morgan was convinced that the idea was her own, otherwise her response was likely to be, 'Nonsense!' This characteristic was responsible for the brief stays of several very able staff appointees." ### Research and writing Some of the most significant scientific research to emerge from Morgan's laboratory concerned the biochemistry of vitamins and the nutritional value of foods. She became best known for her work examining the effects of pantothenic acid (vitamin B<sub>5</sub>) on adrenal gland function. In her early research work, Morgan analyzed processed foods and characterized their vitamin composition. She was the first to establish that a preservative, sulfur dioxide, protected vitamin C but damaged thiamine. In 1938, the Department of Home Economics was moved under the College of Agriculture, and all of the faculty members became affiliated with the California Agricultural Experiment Station. Late in her career, she was involved in an Agricultural Experiment Station project that examined nutrition among older people in San Mateo County. That work yielded two important conclusions: that bone density began to decline in women between the ages of 50 and 65, and that dietary fat intake led to increases in serum cholesterol. In another of her studies, Morgan worked with a fox breeder to study the effects of diets that contained low and normal amounts of B vitamins. The treatment group (the vitamin-restricted foxes) developed a fine, sparse gray coat that resembled the fashionable fur of the silver fox. Morgan found that the foxes with normal intake of B vitamins had shiny black fur. After the experiments, a fur stole was made out of fur from both the treatment and control groups. Morgan wore the stole on at least two important occasions – her presentation of the study data in 1939 and her Garvan Medal award ceremony ten years later. Morgan was sometimes sought to investigate public problems on behalf of federal or state governments. She examined the food quality at San Quentin Prison in 1939, and in the 1940s she was the founding chair of the California Nutrition War Committee and served on the Office of Scientific Research and Development. In 1960, Morgan was a member of a committee that looked at the toxicity of pesticides used in agriculture. She co-authored a textbook, Experimental Food Study, with Irene Sanborn Hall, and she wrote detailed histories of the Alpha Nu and Iota Sigma Pi honor societies. ## Later life and legacy In addition to winning the Garvan Medal in 1949, which is bestowed upon outstanding women in chemistry by the American Chemical Society, Garvan became the first female professor named Faculty Research Lecturer at Berkeley in 1951; Morgan was selected for the honor by her Berkeley faculty colleagues. In 1954, Morgan and Wayne State University researcher Arthur H. Smith were the co-winners of the Borden Research Award from the Borden Company Foundation. Though she officially retired in 1954, Morgan continued to come to the office for nearly the rest of her life. Just after Morgan's retirement, the University of California System decided to offer home economics only at the Davis and Santa Barbara campuses, and the nutrition program was continued at Berkeley. Forty of her papers were published after her retirement date. Following a heart attack in early July 1968, Morgan died on July 20. At the time of her death, she still headed the selection committee for new fellows of the American Institute of Nutrition. In the 1960s, the nutrition laboratory at Berkeley was renamed Agnes Fay Morgan Hall. The Iota Sigma Pi chemistry honor society issues the Agnes Fay Morgan Research Award to recognize women who make outstanding contributions to the field. Morgan had been a founding member of the group and she had served the national organization as its permanent historian for many years. ## Explanatory footnotes ## Citation footnotes	[ "## Early life", "## Career at Berkeley", "### Early years", "### Department leadership, motherhood and later career", "### Research and writing", "## Later life and legacy", "## Explanatory footnotes", "## Citation footnotes" ]	2,553	24,679
18,585,882	Batman: The Dark Knight (video game)	1,171,041,927	Cancelled video game	[ "Cancelled PlayStation 3 games", "Cancelled Xbox 360 games", "Electronic Arts games", "Open-world video games", "Stealth video games", "The Dark Knight Trilogy", "Video game sequels", "Video games based on Batman films", "Video games based on adaptations", "Video games based on films", "Video games based on works by Christopher Nolan", "Video games developed in Australia" ]	Batman: The Dark Knight was a cancelled action-stealth game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 developed by Pandemic Studios from September 2006 until its cancellation in October 2008. It would have been the first open world video game to feature the DC Comics superhero Batman and was based on Christopher Nolan's film The Dark Knight. In Batman: The Dark Knight, the player controlled Batman, who could freely explore Gotham City, drive vehicles, and perform missions. Pandemic was given access to the film's script and other materials, and the film's cast would have reprised their roles for the game. Pandemic began working on the game before the film's principal photography commenced. Batman: The Dark Knight was initially developed in the same linear style as the 2005 Batman Begins tie-in game, but was retooled when the studio decided an open world approach would better suit Nolan's interpretation of Batman. Development was stalled when Pandemic's staff discovered the underlying technology desired to create the game was incompatible with most assets. Publisher Electronic Arts (EA) chose to cancel the game when it could not reach its intended December 2008 deadline. EA reportedly missed 100 million in potential revenue for not releasing a Dark Knight video game. The publisher did not renew its license for the Batman intellectual property afterwards. The rights reverted to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, which went on to release the critically acclaimed Batman: Arkham series. Batman: The Dark Knight was kept a secret during its development cycle; Gary Oldman made the only public mention of it during production. Since the game's cancellation, numerous video game journalists have retrospectively considered its potential. ## Premise Batman: The Dark Knight was an action-stealth game in which the player controlled the DC Comics superhero Batman. Based on Christopher Nolan's 2008 film The Dark Knight, it would have been a sequel to the 2005 game Batman Begins. The story closely followed that of the film's and the cast was signed on to voice their respective characters for the game. The film's distributor, Warner Bros., provided developer Pandemic Studios with the script, concept art, and other materials to assist. The game's earliest prototypes closely followed Batman Begins's gameplay approach as a linear action game. However, later versions placed Batman in an open world version of Gotham City which he could freely explore. Batman could traverse on foot, drive the Batmobile or Batpod, or glide through the air. The player could also perform missions. Batman: The Dark Knight would have been the first open world Batman game, preceding Batman: Arkham City (2011). ## Development Elevation Partners acquired the license for a video game based on The Dark Knight shortly after it was green-lit by Warner Bros. It outsourced development to Pandemic Studios, known for Star Wars: Battlefront, Destroy All Humans!, and Mercenaries; Pandemic's management assigned production to its Brisbane branch. Electronic Arts (EA), which had previously published the Batman Begins tie-in game, was to publish Batman: The Dark Knight. Planning for Batman: The Dark Knight began in September 2006, before principal photography for the film. After the completion of Destroy All Humans! 2, Pandemic was split into two groups, with team "Alpha" working on a racing video game for the Wii and team "Bravo" working on Batman: The Dark Knight, which was intended to release on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. EA's license to Batman video games was valid for 18 months and would expire in December 2008. Pandemic began to produce the game before they had been given any material about the film. The first prototypes for the game were created on the PlayStation 2 because the studio had not yet decided which game engine The Dark Knight would use. The first work done for the game was the creation of Gotham City and the physics for Batman's gliding ability. The initial gameplay was linear, similar to the Batman Begins game. Most of their effort went into designing the graphical style and environments that would mimic the look and feel of Batman Begins. One of Elevation Partners' cofounders — singer and Batman fan Bono, who was on tour with U2 — visited Brisbane during this stage of development. Though he was shown an early and basic build, Bono was very impressed and enthusiastic about the amount of effort that had gone into the game. As the Brisbane branch of Pandemic worked on Batman: The Dark Knight, Pandemic's office in Los Angeles had been working on a new game engine, Odin. It was created during the development of The Saboteur (2009) and designed for detailed open world games. Pandemic decided an open world approach would suit Nolan's interpretation of Batman's world better than a linear one. By the end of 2007, Batman: The Dark Knight's assets were being transferred into Odin. This caused unforeseen technical problems and devastated development. Troubles began when Batman's model was imported; attempts to control him caused the frame rate to drop to five frames per second (FPS). Importing more characters caused the performance to get worse and caused many development kits to crash. These problems were unexpected and it was not possible for the staff to have the game ready for release alongside the film as had been intended. Several team members quit as a result. Shortly after this, EA acquired Elevation Partners and delayed Batman: The Dark Knight's release to December to coincide with the film's release on home media. Pandemic used the extra time to make the game playable, but missions suffered from software bugs and the slowdown was unresolved. Most of the frame rate problems came from the game's lighting system, which had to be manually altered after a change was made to the environment. Other problems arose from the level design tools not being available for six months and management making decisions that had to be reversed. EA and Pandemic attempted to keep Batman: The Dark Knight a secret, but Gary Oldman, who played Jim Gordon in the film, revealed the game was in development during an interview with G4. At one point in development, Oldman visited Brisbane to view the progress and was shown a build of Batman gliding over a city and Gordon using the Bat-Signal. When asked about a potential Dark Knight game in an interview, Oldman explained what he had been shown, unaware it was supposed to be a secret. The resulting news coverage by video game journalists put a considerable amount of pressure on Pandemic to finish the game, and EA expanded the development team to over 100 members. This was not enough to save the game, and EA canceled it in October 2008. ## Aftermath With the absence of a Dark Knight game, EA reportedly missed 100 million in potential revenue. The Brisbane branch of Pandemic was shut down shortly after the Batman: The Dark Knight debacle in February 2009; some staff moved to Los Angeles to finish The Saboteur. The studio was closed entirely in November the same year. EA did not renew its license, so the video game rights to the Batman intellectual property reverted to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment afterwards. Warner Bros. eventually released the critically acclaimed Batman: Arkham series, which featured an open world gameplay style. Although a Dark Knight video game was never released, an expansion pack for Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham (2014) contains levels based on the film, and Batman's suit from the film is available as downloadable content for Batman: Arkham Knight (2015). Batman: The Dark Knight was never formally announced. Rumors of its existence surfaced in May 2007, but before Oldman stated it was in development, video game journalists speculated why no video game adaptation of The Dark Knight had been announced. Inverse wrote the absence of an adaptation was unusual: "In the late-aughts, it was pretty much guaranteed any superhero or animated family movie would have a video game tie-in that would capitalize on release... anyone would have snatched up a licensed videogame [sic] of The Dark Knight, one of the rare cultural events that actually surpassed the critical mass hype". In January 2009, Kotaku published a series of articles about the game's development cycle based on information from a Pandemic insider. Further information was revealed in February 2016, when Did You Know Gaming? dedicated an episode of its series Unseen64 to Batman: The Dark Knight, showcasing gameplay footage from prototypes and concept artwork. These revelations have elicited commentary on the game's potential. The Escapist wrote the game showed a lot of promise for a licensed property, considering Pandemic had built a reputation for making quality games. Reacting to the Unseen64 episode, GamesRadar+ thought it was interesting to see what a Dark Knight game could have been like, and GameSpot called its cancellation unfortunate.	[ "## Premise", "## Development", "## Aftermath" ]	1,791	9,932
25,693,804	Richard Basset	1,078,873,653	12th-century Anglo-Norman nobleman and sheriff	[ "12th-century deaths", "Anglo-Normans", "High Sheriffs of Bedfordshire", "High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire", "High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire", "High Sheriffs of Essex", "High Sheriffs of Hertfordshire", "High Sheriffs of Leicestershire", "High Sheriffs of Norfolk", "High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire", "High Sheriffs of Suffolk", "High Sheriffs of Surrey", "Year of birth unknown" ]	Richard Basset (died between 1135 and 1144) was a royal judge and sheriff during the reign of King Henry I of England. His father was also a royal justice. In about 1122 Basset married the eventual heiress of another justice; the marriage settlement has survived. In 1129–30 Basset was co-sheriff of eleven counties. Basset and his wife founded a monastic house in 1125 from their lands, which before the donation were equivalent to 15 knight's fees. ## Early life Basset was the son of Ralph Basset, who was a royal justice under Henry I. While it is not known whether Richard was Ralph's eldest son, Richard inherited Ralph's estates in Normandy, which were near Montreuil-au-Houlme. He also inherited his father's English estates at Colston Basset, Kingston Winslow, and Peatling Parva. The bulk of Ralph's English lands did not go to Richard, however. Basset's brother Nicholas signed over his own inheritance to Richard. Ralph Basset was considered one of the "new men" of Henry I. William Basset, the abbot of the Benedictine monastery of the abbey of St Benet of Hulme, may have been a relative, as he granted lands to Richard Basset in return for a £10 annual rent. Another relative may have been the Robert Basset who witnessed nine charters of Ranulf de Gernon, Earl of Chester. ## Royal service In 1125, the king appointed Basset to oversee the lands of Peterborough Abbey after the death of the abbot. The revenues of a vacant abbey went to the king, and Basset's job was to secure Peterborough's income for King Henry. In 1129–30, Basset served as sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, and Surrey together with Aubrey de Vere II. The number of shrievalties was unusual, and is known from the Pipe Roll of 1130. According to the entries in the Pipe Roll, de Vere and Basset did not function as traditional sheriffs, farming the revenues, but were instead responsible for the entire royal revenue in those counties. As well as his service as a sheriff, Basset also served as a royal justice, hearing pleas in Leicestershire in 1129 and 1130. Between 1131 and 1133, Basset appears to have been a frequent attendee at the royal court, as he witnessed a number of documents. He was present at the councils held at Northampton in 1131 and at Westminster in 1132. Basset witnessed no royal documents after 1133, when King Henry left England for Normandy for the final time. After King Henry's death in 1135, Basset was not employed as a royal official, either as a justice or as a sheriff. He appears once as a witness to a charter of King Stephen's in 1136, but the authenticity of this document has been questioned. He had built a castle in Normandy at Montreuil-au-Houlme, but Basset did not have possession of it in 1136, when it was held against Stephen's opponents by William de Montpincon. ## Lands Basset's lands did not form a compact estate, as they were spread over 11 counties. In 1135, Basset's lands totalled 184.25 carucates of land, and were later considered 15 knight's fees. In Leicestershire, Basset held most of the lands held by Robert de Buci at the time of the Domesday Survey of 1086. The lands were held by Basset of the king by right of his wife, but how the lands had passed into her family is unclear. In addition, Basset held land in Leicestershire from both King David I of Scotland and from Robert de Beaumont, the Earl of Leicester. In 1125, Basset and his wife founded an Augustinian Order priory at Launde in Leicestershire, This priory, Launde Priory, was endowed with the village of Loddington in Leicestershire and a number of churches in that county and others. ## Family and death Basset married Matilda, the daughter and eventual heiress of Geoffrey Ridel (d. 1120), some time between 1120 and 1123. Matilda had a brother Robert, who was mentioned in her marriage settlement. By the terms of the settlement, Robert Ridel was placed under the guardianship of Richard Basset until he was knighted and married to Basset's niece. The marriage settlement describes Matilda's dowry as being worth four knight's fees. Basset also received the right to arrange marriages for Matilda's sisters. Robert's lands were to come to Basset if Robert had no children. Not long after the settlement was written, Basset was in possession of the lands that should have been Robert's. Basset witnessed a royal charter in 1135 but was dead by 1144, when his lands were granted by the Empress Matilda and her son Henry to Richard's son Geoffrey Ridel. His other sons were Ralph Basset, who held lands near Drayton, and William Basset, who held lands near Sapcote. William became a royal justice and sheriff like his father. Richard also had two daughters: Sibil, who married Robert de Cauz, and Matilda, who married John de Stuteville. Ralph inherited the ancestral lands in Normandy. The Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote that Basset built a tower on his ancestral lands of Montreuil in Normandy purely to demonstrate his status and wealth.	[ "## Early life", "## Royal service", "## Lands", "## Family and death" ]	1,216	23,556
64,276	Maggie Simpson	1,169,721,702	Fictional character from The Simpsons franchise	[ "Animated human characters", "Characters created by Matt Groening", "Child characters in animated films", "Child characters in television", "Comedy film characters", "Female characters in animated series", "Female characters in film", "Fictional infants", "Television characters introduced in 1987", "The Simpsons characters" ]	Margaret Evelyn Lenny "Maggie" Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons and the youngest member of the Simpson family. She first appeared on television in the Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987. Maggie was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. She received her first name from Groening's youngest sister. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family was given their own series on the Fox Broadcasting Company which debuted December 17, 1989. Maggie is the youngest child of Homer and Marge, and the younger sister to Bart and Lisa. She is often seen sucking on her orange pacifier and, when she walks, she trips over her clothing and falls on her face (this running gag is used much more in earlier seasons). Being an infant, she has not yet learned how to talk. However, she did appear to talk in the first Tracey Ullman Show short. Though she rarely talks, she frequently makes a characteristic sucking noise with her pacifier, which has become synonymous with the character. Her pacifier sucking noises are provided by the show's creator, Matt Groening, and early producer Gábor Csupó. Maggie's occasional speaking parts and other vocalizations are currently provided by Nancy Cartwright, but she has also been voiced by guest stars Carol Kane, James Earl Jones, Elizabeth Taylor and Jodie Foster, and by series regulars Yeardley Smith and Harry Shearer. Maggie has appeared in various media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials and comic books – and has inspired an entire line of merchandise. ## Role in The Simpsons The Simpsons uses a floating timeline in which the characters do not physically age, and as such the show is assumed to be set in the current year. In several episodes, events have been linked to specific times, though sometimes this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes. Maggie is the youngest child of Marge and Homer, and sister to Bart and Lisa. When Marge became pregnant with Bart, she and Homer got married at a chapel in Las Vegas. To support his impending family, Homer all but demanded a job at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, impressing its owner, Mr. Burns with his aggressive submissiveness. When Marge became pregnant with Lisa, two years later, she and Homer bought their first house. Another six years later, Homer felt financially secure enough to finally quit his job at the Power Plant and take his dream job at Barney's Bowlarama. However, Marge became pregnant with Maggie, so Homer, once again unable to support his family, was forced to reapply for his old job. By the time Maggie was born, Homer had shown great signs of distress, but he managed to find motivation in the form of his newborn baby girl. During the earlier seasons of the show, Maggie's equivalent of a hallmark was to trip over her clothing and fall on her face while trying to walk, causing a loud thud on the floor, but this was toned down in the later seasons. She has a penchant for her pacifier, on which she is always seen sucking. Maggie has performed a number of feats that for her age suggest she is highly intelligent, akin to her sister, and possibly a genius. She has spelled out E=MC2 with her baby blocks, driven Homer's car, escaped from the Springfield daycare center, written her name on an Etch A Sketch, played Internet poker, spelled words with her baby blocks, shot Mr. Burns, played Lisa's saxophone, and treated her pacifier like a cigarette. However, the rest of the Simpsons family are unaware of Maggie's maturity and Marge carries Maggie wherever they go rather than letting her walk by herself. Maggie is keenly aware of her surroundings, and can usually be seen imitating the flow of action around her. She shows a high degree of dexterity, and she once hit Homer on the head with a mallet and shot a dart at a photograph of him in imitation of Itchy and Scratchy. Despite her age, Maggie is a formidable marksman, as seen in "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" where she shoots Mr. Burns with a handgun that falls into her hands, though whether or not it was intentional is not clear, and in a deliberate manner during "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge" where she is able to non-fatally shoot a group of mobsters in rapid succession with a rifle that she apparently hides in her crib. Maggie is usually frightened and exasperated by Homer's attempts to bond with her, but has on several occasions stepped in to save Homer's life: once from drowning, once from being shot by mobsters, once from being kidnapped by a tow truck driver, and once from being shot by Russ Cargill, head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. ## History ### Character #### Creation Matt Groening first conceived Maggie and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show, and had intended to present an adaptation of his Life in Hell comic strip. When he realized that animating Life in Hell would require him to rescind publication rights for his life's work, Groening decided to go in another direction, and hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family. The baby of the family was named Maggie after Groening's youngest sister. Maggie then made her debut with the rest of the Simpsons family on April 19, 1987, in the short "Good Night". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series that would air on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Maggie and the rest of the family remained the main characters on this new show. The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings. Maggie's physical features are generally not used in other characters; for example, in the later seasons, no character other than Lisa shares her hairline. While designing Maggie and Lisa, Groening "couldn't be bothered to even think about girls' hair styles". At the time, Groening was primarily drawing in black and white and when designing Lisa and Maggie, he "just gave them this kind of spiky starfish hair style, not thinking that they would eventually be drawn in color". Groening thought that it would be funny to have a baby character that did not talk and never grew up, but was scripted to show any emotions that the scene required. Maggie's comedic hallmarks include her tendency to stumble and land on her face while attempting to walk, and a penchant for sucking on her pacifier, the sound of which has become the equivalent of her catchphrase and was originally created by Groening during the Tracey Ullman period. In the early seasons of the show, Maggie would suck her pacifier over other characters' dialogue, but this was discontinued because the producers found it too distracting. #### Voice With few exceptions, Maggie never speaks but participates in the events around her, emoting with subtle gestures and facial expressions. Maggie's first lines were spoken in "Good Night", the first short to air on The Tracey Ullman Show, after the family falls asleep. On this occasion, Liz Georges provided the voice of Maggie. Rather than talking, Maggie is well known for producing a characteristic "sucking" sound from her pacifier. This sound effect was originally provided by the show's creator Matt Groening, for early episodes of The Tracey Ullman Show, and also by Gabor Csupo (who was also the animation executive producer, for the first 60 episodes). The sucking noise is heard in all of Maggie's appearances to date, and is usually archive audio from either of Groening or Csupo's initial recordings (from the show's early episodes). Other than her sucking noise, Maggie has been known to make other noises, such as occasional squeals and babbling. In most instances, these vocalisations are provided by either Nancy Cartwright or Yeardley Smith. Although she had previously spoken in fantasies and dream sequences, such as in "Bart vs. Thanksgiving", in which she was voiced by an uncredited Carol Kane, Maggie's first word spoken in the normal continuity of the series occurred in "Lisa's First Word", when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor. Although it was only one word ("Daddy"), Taylor had to record the part numerous times before the producers were satisfied. James Earl Jones voiced Maggie in "Treehouse of Horror V". Maggie would later have brief dialogue in "Treehouse of Horror IX", voiced by Harry Shearer, who used his Kang voice. In earlier episodes, Yeardley Smith did many of Maggie's squeaks, cries, laughs and occasional speaking parts, although in the later seasons her parts are done by Nancy Cartwright (including a single word spoken during the end credits of The Simpsons Movie). Jodie Foster voiced a Howard Roark-inspired Maggie in the season 20 episode "Four Great Women and a Manicure". ## Reception Maggie has received both popular and critical acclaim. Nancy Basile at About.com said her favorite Maggie scenes on The Simpsons are the ones that show her acting more like an adult than a one-year-old. Some of her favorite Maggie scenes include scenes from "Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song" and "Lady Bouvier's Lover" where Maggie meets her unibrowed archenemy, Baby Gerald, and the one scene from "Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie" in which Bart is supposed to babysit Maggie, but she escapes and takes Homer's car for a ride. Basile also added that "whether watching 'The Happy Elves' or falling down, Maggie is the cutest baby in the Simpson family". Comedian Ricky Gervais named "And Maggie Makes Three" his second favorite episode of the show and said that the scene in the end where Homer puts up pictures of Maggie over his desk gave him "a lump in the throat thinking about it". Todd Everett at Variety called the scene in "Lisa's First Word" where Maggie speaks her first word "quite a heart-melter". In 2006, Elizabeth Taylor was named thirteenth on IGN's "Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances" list for her performance as Maggie in "Lisa's First Word". James Earl Jones, voice of Maggie in "Treehouse of Horror V", was named the seventh greatest guest star on the show in the same list. In 2000, Maggie and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard. ## Merchandising Four children's books, written by Maggie Groening (after whom Maggie was named) and illustrated by Matt Groening, entitled Maggie Simpson's Book of Animals, Maggie Simpson's Counting Book, Maggie Simpson's Book of Colors and Shapes and Maggie Simpson's Alphabet Book were released on September 12, 1991. Other merchandise includes dolls, posters, figurines, jigsaw puzzles, and T-shirts. Maggie was made into an action figure as part of the World of Springfield toy line, and was released in the wave one playset "Living Room", featuring her and Marge in the living room of the Simpsons house. Maggie has appeared in commercials for Burger King, Butterfinger, C.C. Lemon, Domino's Pizza, Ramada Inn and Subway. Maggie has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons. She is a character in every one of The Simpsons video games, including the most recent, The Simpsons Game. Alongside the television series, Maggie regularly appeared in issues of Simpsons comics, which were published from 1993 until 2018. Maggie also plays a role in The Simpsons Ride, launched in 2008 at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood. On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Maggie and the four other members of the Simpson family. They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production. The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009. In a USPS poll, Maggie's stamp was voted the most popular of the five. ## Maggie Simpson in... Maggie Simpson in... is a series of animated short-films. It currently consists of four films. The movies put Maggie at the center of the story, unlike most episodes of the show itself. All the films retain the theme of the first film – Maggie's journey to day care (or in the case of Playdate with Destiny, the playground). Maggie starred in the 3D short-film The Longest Daycare, which was shown in theaters before Ice Age: Continental Drift in 2012. Maggie also starred in the 3D short-film Playdate with Destiny, which was shown in theaters before Onward in 2020. In 2021, a movie called The Force Awakens from Its Nap was released to celebrate Star Wars Day. Two years later (in 2023), another film celebrating Star Wars was released, titled Rogue Not Quite One.	[ "## Role in The Simpsons", "## History", "### Character", "#### Creation", "#### Voice", "## Reception", "## Merchandising", "## Maggie Simpson in..." ]	2,800	16,559
1,780,029	Planet of Giants	1,173,708,531	null	[ "1964 British television episodes", "Doctor Who serials novelised by Terrance Dicks", "Doctor Who stories set on Earth", "Fiction about size change", "First Doctor serials" ]	Planet of Giants is the first serial of the second season in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Written by Louis Marks and directed by Mervyn Pinfield and Douglas Camfield, the serial was first broadcast on BBC1 in three weekly parts from 31 October to 14 November 1964. In the serial, the First Doctor (William Hartnell), his granddaughter Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford), and her teachers Ian Chesterton (William Russell) and Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) are shrunk to the size of an inch after the Doctor's time machine the TARDIS arrives in contemporary England. The story's concept was first proposed as the first serial of the show's first season, but was rejected due to its technical complexity and lack of character development. When Marks was commissioned to write the script, he was inspired by Rachel Carson's 1962 environmental science book Silent Spring, the first major documentation on human impact on the environment. The story was originally written and filmed as a four-part serial, but later reduced to three parts; the third and fourth episodes were cut down to form a faster-paced climax. The serial premiered with 8.4 million viewers, maintaining audience figures throughout the three weeks. Retrospective response for the serial was mixed, with criticism directed at its story and characterisation despite praise for its ambition. It later received several print adaptations and home media releases. ## Plot Despite indications of a malfunction in the TARDIS, its fault locator shows nothing is wrong and that it is safe to go outside. The First Doctor (William Hartnell), Ian Chesterton (William Russell), Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill), and Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) consequently explore the vicinity, finding the remains of giant earthworm and ant, which appear to have died instantaneously. The travellers realise they have returned to Earth but have shrunk to the height of an inch. Ian investigates the interior of a discarded matchbox when it is picked up by a government scientist called Farrow (Frank Crawshaw), who is visiting a callous industrialist named Forester (Alan Tilvern) to tell him that his application for a new insecticide called DN6 has been rejected as it is far too deadly to all forms of insect life. News of this appraisal prompts Forester to fatally shoot Farrow. The Doctor, Barbara, and Susan hear the gunshot and head for the house to find Ian unhurt near Farrow's corpse. Forester's aide, Smithers (Reginald Barratt), arrives but does not report the murder for fear of undermining the DN6 project to which he has dedicated his life. Ian and Barbara hide inside Farrow's briefcase to avoid being stepped on by Forester and Smithers, and get separated from the Doctor and Susan after the briefcase is brought inside the house. The Doctor and Susan climb up a drain pipe to find them. Forester alters Farrow's report to give support to the DN6 licence application and, disguising his voice as Farrow’s, makes a supportive phone call to the ministry to the same effect. This is overheard by the local telephone operator Hilda Rowse (Rosemary Johnson) and her policeman husband Bert (Fred Ferris), who suspect something is wrong. Within the house, Ian and Barbara encounter a giant fly, which is killed instantly when it contacts sample seeds that had been sprayed with DN6. Barbara had handled one of these seeds and begins to feel unwell. The Doctor, realising the toxic nature of DN6 and the probable contamination of Barbara, proposes they alert someone by hoisting up the giant telephone receiver, but they cannot make themselves heard. At the telephone exchange, the engaged signal makes Hilda and Bert increasingly concerned. Bert heads off to the house to investigate. The Doctor and his companions decide to attract attention by starting a fire, succeeding in manoeuvring an aerosol can into the flames of the Bunsen burner gas outlet. This coincides with Smithers discovering the true virulence of DN6 and demanding Forester cease his licence application. In the lab, the makeshift bomb explodes in Forester’s face as PC Rowse arrives. Back in the TARDIS, the Doctor succeeds in returning the craft and crew to normal size, a process which cures Barbara of her infection by DN6. ## Production ### Conception and writing The concept of the Doctor and his companions shrinking in size was initially proposed as the first story of the show's first season, written by C. E. Webber and entitled The Giants. After some rewrites, the serial was rejected by show creator Sydney Newman in June 1963 due to its technical complexity and lack of character development. The concept of The Giants was given to writer Robert Gould in mid-1963 to develop as the four-part fourth serial of the first season, but it was dropped by January 1964 due to scripting difficulties. By February 1964, the serial was assigned to writer Louis Marks. The main narrative was inspired by Rachel Carson's 1962 environmental science book Silent Spring, the first major documentation on human impact on the environment. The fictional insecticide featured in the story, DN6, was inspired by incidents described by Carson regarding the impact of DDT on insects. Writer Mark Wilson wrote in 2017 that the story aired during a time where environmental awareness was beginning to develop among the British public. Whitaker commissioned Marks for the serial in May 1964, then titled The Planet of Giants. Mervyn Pinfield was assigned to direct the serial. ### Filming The special effect inserts of a cat were filmed on 30 July 1964 using silent 35mm film, with sound added later during a studio recording. The show's regular cast—Hartnell, Russell, Hill, and Ford—filmed the sequences in which they appeared alongside giant props; the effect was achieved by recording the actors through glass and reflecting the object onto a half-silvered mirror. The footage was later deemed unsatisfactory, and the scenes were re-shot on 13 August. Rehearsals for the first episode took place on 17 August at the London Transport Assembly Rooms, across the road from the BBC Television Centre. Weekly recording for the serial began on 21 August at the Television Centre, Studio 4. Due to Pinfield's other commitments, the fourth and final episode was directed by Douglas Camfield, who had worked as a production assistant to Waris Hussein during the show's first season. The final episode was recorded on 11 September. ### Post-production Planet of Giants is the first Doctor Who serial to feature the work of incidental music composer Dudley Simpson, who first recorded on 14 August 1964. On 19 October 1964, head of serials Donald Wilson decided to reduce the four-part serial to three episodes, as it was felt to be an unsatisfactory opening to the show's second season; he preferred to open the season with the following serial, The Dalek Invasion of Earth, but narrative events prevented the change. The two 24-minute episodes were edited together into a single 25-minute episode from 29 October–2 November to form a faster-paced climax featuring the main characters. Camfield was credited for the final episode. ## Reception ### Broadcast and ratings Planet of Giants was considered a strong debut to the second season, receiving 8.4 million viewers for the first two episodes and 8.9 million for the third. An Audience Research Report on the first episode indicated that the show had gained 17% of the viewing audience. The Appreciation Index increased slightly over the three episodes, from 57 to 59. The BBC Film and Videotape Library did not select the serial for preservation, and the original tapes were wiped in the late 1960s. In 1977, 16mm film prints of the serial were discovered at BBC Enterprises. ### Critical response At the BBC Programme Review Board after the broadcast of the first episode in November 1964, the director-general Hugh Greene was unimpressed by the story's concept; following the second episode's broadcast, he noted his disappointment at the serial and eagerness for the Daleks' return. An Audience Research Report on the first episode noted that the response had been positive, with praise directed at the props and special effects. Retrospective reviews of the serial were mixed. In The Discontinuity Guide (1995), Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping described the serial as "a strange mix of ecological [science fiction] and 'cops and gangsters'", finding it "good fun, if a little unrepresentative of the series". In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker found difficulty in understanding why the serial was considered so important by the production team, and found the plot to be "one of the weakest" in the series so far; they praised Hill's performance, and enjoyed Hartnell and Russell, though noted that Ford was "rather less impressive". In 2008, Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times wrote that the story had ambition and impressive set design, but felt that "the drama itself is less than enthralling"; Mulkern noted that Barbara "[came] across as uncharacteristically wet" and described Simpson's score as "annoyingly childish". In 2012, DVD Talk's John Sinnott felt that the serial was a "solid installment", but considered it strange that the main characters do not interact with the criminals. Dave Golder of SFX described the serial as "undeniably slow, talky and lacking in excitement", particularly criticising Barbara's characterisation. Christopher Bahn of The A.V. Club appreciated the ambition of the serial but felt that it "never quite gels together" and the condensed final episodes hindered the overall story. ## Commercial releases A novelisation of Planet of Giants, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in January 1990. It was the final First Doctor serial to be novelised. Dicks used the original rehearsal script for the first episode and a camera script for the scrapped final episode to restore the missing sequences. The serial was released on VHS by BBC Video in January 2002; it was the first commercially released story to receive the VidFIRE process. 2 Entertain released the serial on DVD in August 2012; the release featured several special features, including audio commentaries, documentaries, and a recreation of the original third and fourth episodes using newly recorded dialogue and animation based on the original scripts. The serial was released on Blu-ray on 5 December 2022, alongside the rest of the show's second season as part of The Collection.	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "### Conception and writing", "### Filming", "### Post-production", "## Reception", "### Broadcast and ratings", "### Critical response", "## Commercial releases" ]	2,194	23,710
1,790,277	Kill the Alligator and Run	1,154,048,092	null	[ "2000 American television episodes", "Cultural depictions of Robert Evans", "Television episodes about death", "Television episodes about sleep disorders", "Television episodes about vacationing", "Television episodes set in Florida", "Television shows written by John Swartzwelder", "The Simpsons (season 11) episodes" ]	"Kill the Alligator and Run" is the nineteenth episode of the eleventh season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 30, 2000. In the episode, Homer has a nervous breakdown after taking a quiz that suggests he only has three years left to live. To calm himself down, he and the rest of the Simpson family go to Florida for vacation. There, they end up in the middle of a raucous spring break. Homer joins in on the party and ends up getting himself and his family in trouble for killing the state's beloved mascot, an alligator named Captain Jack. The Simpsons run from the law and take jobs at a small restaurant while hiding from the police. "Kill the Alligator and Run" was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Jen Kamerman. Diedrich Bader guest starred in the episode as a sheriff that tries to arrest the Simpson family, while Robert Evans and Charlie Rose guest starred in a scene in which Homer watches the two in an interview on television. Kid Rock and Joe C. also made guest appearances as themselves in the episode, performing at a concert in Florida that Homer attends. The reception of "Kill the Alligator and Run" by critics was mixed. Fan reception was more negative; former showrunner Mike Scully later noted that the episode is considered by many fans to be one of the worst Simpsons episodes due to its outlandish and erratic plotline. Around 7.46 million American homes tuned in to watch the episode during its original airing. In 2008, it was released on DVD along with the rest of the episodes of the eleventh season. ## Plot Homer receives a magazine full of personality tests, from which he takes one which concludes he has only three years left to live. Terrified of his supposedly impending death, he develops insomnia and has a mental breakdown. On advice of the power plant's psychiatrist, the family head for a restful vacation in Florida. Upon arriving they are greeted by wild college students in the middle of a raucous spring break. Wanting Homer to get the rest and recuperation he needs, Marge tries to confine him to his hotel room, but he escapes to party and attends a concert featuring Joe C. and Kid Rock. The debauchery makes Homer feel better, but he is disappointed to learn spring break is over and the students are returning to their studies. Still wanting to party, Homer rents an airboat and makes his family join him on a joyride through the local swamp. There he accidentally kills the town's most famous resident and reptile – an alligator named Captain Jack. The local sheriff, lenient during spring break and cruel the rest of the year, subsequently arrests the entire family. The family flees in their car but the sheriff gives chase until the family are pushed down the rails by an oncoming train. Lost in the wilderness and on the run, the family come across a diner, where they are given employment. They are eventually tracked down by the sheriff, who kidnaps them while they are asleep. For their crimes (and Homer's foolish attempt at defending himself in court - calling the jury "drunken hicks"), the family is put into forced labor. While assigned to work at a party held by a judge in front of the capitol, the family once again try and fail to escape. When it is then revealed that Captain Jack was never dead, simply knocked out, the family are released but are banned from the state of Florida - leaving them only able to travel to Arizona or North Dakota. (Though Homer rejects the former state because he dislikes its odor.) ## Production "Kill the Alligator and Run" was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Jen Kamerman as part of the eleventh season of The Simpsons (1999–2000). When the animation department finished its work on the episode, it had ended up being about four minutes too long and the staff of the show was forced to make some difficult cuts. One scene that was cut saw Captain Jack lying in state at the capitol in Florida, with Kid Rock being one of the people present to pay their respects to the alligator. The Simpsons showrunner Mike Scully has expressed regret for cutting this scene because it "hurts the logic" later in the episode when Captain Jack crawls out of the capitol and reveals himself to everyone, thus creating a plot hole due to a lack of any explanation as to how he got there. Actor Diedrich Bader guest starred in the episode as the sheriff. The Simpsons producer Ian Maxtone-Graham directed Bader during his recording session, telling the guest star to do a Southern accent. The episode also features guest appearances from talk show host Charlie Rose and film producer Robert Evans as themselves. Evans and Rose appear in a scene at the beginning of the episode, when Homer stays up late and watches Rose interview Evans on the television, hallucinating them threatening to kill him. Their conversation mentions Evans's films Love Story and The Two Jakes, as well as Vincent Canby. Rappers Kid Rock and Joe C. also guest star in the episode as themselves, performing at the annual spring break concert that Homer sneaks out to attend. Kid Rock's song "Bawitdaba" features as part of his appearance. Scully said in an interview with the Detroit Free Press that the staff of the show chose Kid Rock and Joe C. for the episode because the two "have a lot of stage presence" and visually are "a funny combination," and because the staff thought "they would be funny playing off Homer." According to Scully, the two musicians "had a great sense of humor [...] about themselves," with Kid Rock asking if "he could add a couple of his own lines. He wanted to introduce himself as 'the pimp of the nation.' We kept that in the show. It's quite a title." Kid Rock recorded some of his dialog over the phone, but also paid a 45-minute visit to the Simpsons studio in Los Angeles to record lines. Scully thought it looked like the singer enjoyed the experience and was surprised to see that he arrived on time. "My first reaction to that was, 'What kind of rock star is this?'," Scully jokingly told the Detroit Free Press. All of Joe C.'s lines were recorded over the phone. ## Release and reception The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30, 2000. It was viewed in approximately 7.46 million households that night. With a Nielsen rating of 7.4, the episode finished 46th in the ratings for the week of April 24–30, 2000. It was the third highest-rated broadcast on Fox that week, following an episode of Malcolm in the Middle (which received an 8.2 rating) and an episode of The X-Files (which received a 7.7 rating). On October 7, 2008, "Kill the Alligator and Run" was released on DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Eleventh Season. Staff members Mike Scully, Ian Maxtone-Graham, George Meyer, Matt Selman, Julie Thacker, and Steven Dean Moore, as well as cast member Dan Castellaneta and guest star Diedrich Bader, participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode. Deleted scenes from the episode were also included in the box set. According to Scully, "Kill the Alligator and Run" is often cited by fans of The Simpsons as one of the worst episodes ever because of its structure and outlandish nature. Scully has said that the episode is "kind of three stories in one." Meyer, a writer and producer on the show, said in the DVD audio commentary that the fans thought it was "kind of a frenetic and crazy, chaotic episode," adding: "I can't disagree. But we had a lot of fun writing it, and we stand by it." While reviewing the eleventh season of The Simpsons, DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented on the episode, writing: "Wow – this may be the most jumbled Simpsons to date! The episode seems to suffer from ADD as it can’t focus on any topic for very long. It flits from one gag to another with abandon and rarely makes much sense – or produces many laughs. Yeah, it has a few amusing moments, but it’s too scattershot to succeed." Annie Alleman of The Herald News, on the other hand, named "Kill the Alligator and Run" her eighth favorite Simpsons episode. Nancy Basile of About.com thought the best scene of the episode is the one where the Simpsons have become hillbillies and are sitting on their porch, and Bart says "I'm getting used to this country life. Teacher says I'm whittling at a tenth-grade level." Corey Deiterman of the Houston Press listed Kid Rock at number one in his list of the top five worst musical guests in Simpsons history.	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Release and reception" ]	1,853	16,706
48,727,428	Bismarck (video game)	1,152,942,063	null	[ "1987 video games", "Amiga games", "Apple II games", "Atari 8-bit family games", "Atari ST games", "Commodore 64 games", "Datasoft games", "German battleship Bismarck", "Mirrorsoft games", "Naval video games", "Personal Software Services games", "Single-player video games", "Turn-based strategy video games", "Video games developed in the United Kingdom", "World War II video games", "ZX Spectrum games" ]	Bismarck is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Personal Software Services and published by Mirrorsoft. It was first released for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1987 for the United Kingdom. It was ported to Amiga, Apple II, Atari ST and Atari 8-bit home computers in both the United Kingdom and the United States the following year. The game is the tenth instalment in the Strategic Wargames series. In the game, the player can choose to control either the German battleship Bismarck or command the pursuing fleet of Royal Navy ships. The game is set during the Last battle of the battleship Bismarck of World War II and revolves around the Bismarck attempting to escape a pursuing fleet of Royal Navy ships, who desire to avenge the deaths of 1,412 men in the sinking of the flagship and "pride of the Royal Navy", HMS Hood. The game received positive reviews upon release; critics praised the graphics and presentation, though one reviewer found difficulty with the controls. ## Gameplay The game is a turn-based strategy and takes place during the Last battle of the battleship Bismarck on 27 May 1941. The battle is a sequel to the Battle of the Denmark Strait, in which the Kriegsmarine ships Bismarck and Prinz Eugen sank the Royal Navy flagship, HMS Hood, resulting in the deaths of 1,412 men. Incensed by the loss of the "pride of the Royal Navy", a large British force was dispatched in order to pursue and destroy the Bismarck and its support ship, the Prinz Eugen. The player has the option to choose which side they wish to command at the beginning of the game. If the German side is picked, the objective of the game is to evade the Royal Navy fleet by either sailing to Iceland or heading to the safety of Nazi occupied France. The player will only have the ability to control the Bismarck itself, and must defend themselves against Royal Navy and Royal Air Force attacks if compromised. If the British side is chosen, then the player must command the hunting Royal Navy fleet in order to search and destroy the Bismarck. To achieve both these ends, the player will be able to access an in-game command centre, which will give out alerts depending on the side chosen. If controlling the Bismarck, the player will be reported of hostile British U-boat sightings. If controlling the Royal Navy fleet, they will be told of radio intercepts, which will pinpoint the Bismarck's approximate location. If the Bismarck has been intercepted or compromised by Royal Navy ships, the game will automatically shift to an arcade sequence which will give the player an opportunity to defend the ship against a British attack, or alternatively, if playing as the British, the sequence is utilised in order to destroy the Bismarck. The feature can be displayed at any time, though it is automatically enabled if either side comes into conflict. The interface of the feature is split into three sections; the upper part of the screen shows a view of the ocean in front of the ship and any hostile ship in the vicinity. The middle section contains buttons and icons which are used to control ship movement and to fire weapons. The lower part of the screen displays a diagrammatic representation of the ship from the side chosen (Bismarck or Royal Navy ships); the diagram will change colours once the ship receives damage from shelling. Once a hostile ship is in range, the player will have the choice to either open fire or outmanoeuvre the enemy. The Bismarck is able to withstand 99 points of damage; internal fires may break out during battle and will risk destroying the ship if the fires are not contained quickly enough or if they reach fuel tanks. If fires occur, the player is given the option to order fire-fighting crews to contain the blaze, although it will cause the ship to disengage from combat. The game proceeds in real time, and has the option to change speed from slow to fast at any time. ## Reception The game received positive reviews upon release. Peter Berlin of Your Sinclair praised the presentation of the game, stating that it was "good to look at" and well organised. Philippa Irving of Crash asserted that the graphics and interface were "rather bland" but "pretty". Despite stating that the map of the game was "unexciting", Irving noted that it was offset by "pretty touches" and new graphical additions. A reviewer of Computer and Video Games stated that the game was "historically good". Their only criticism was the unsuitability of using a joystick for the game, which they deemed "virtually unusable". David Buckingham of Computer Gamer considered Bismarck the best game Personal Software Studios had released at the time, and added that the two genres of strategy and action work "very well". Gary Rook of Sinclair User heralded the gameplay as an "exciting" blend of strategy and arcade simulation. Berlin suggested that Bismarck was a good introduction for players who were "bored" with the arcade genre and preferred "something a little bit tougher". Irving praised the gameplay as smoothly-presented and "undemanding", stating that the type of game Personal Software Studios were creating was "successful". She also considered the rules of the game to be detailed in all important respects, well-presented and "helpful", albeit "not voluminous". Regarding the arcade aspect of the game, Rook noted that the level of action in it was sufficient, but was sceptical that it was a "true" wargame. ## Reviews - Jeux & Stratégie \#52	[ "## Gameplay", "## Reception", "## Reviews" ]	1,170	13,265
16,941,141	K-244 (Kansas highway)	1,161,672,418	Road in northern Kansas	[ "State highways in Kansas", "Transportation in Geary County, Kansas" ]	K-244 is a 3.940-mile-long (6.341 km) east–west state highway in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. K-244's western terminus is at Milford Lake Road northwest of Junction City. Milford Lake Road travels south to K-18, then further south to I-70 and US-40 at exit 290. K-244's eastern terminus is at US-77 north of Junction City. The highway serves West Rolling Hills Park and Milford State Park, which are both adjacent to Milford Lake. K-244 was approved to be constructed on June 12, 1964, by the Kansas State Highway Commission, now known as the Kansas Department of Transportation. The new K-244 was opened in 1967. In a resolution passed on May 10, 1967, it was approved to extend K-57 northward over the Milford Dam and back to US-77. At this time, K-244 Spur was approved to be built. ## Route description K-244's western terminus is at Milford Lake Road northwest of Junction City. West of Milford Lake Road, the highway continues as 3200 Avenue. Milford Lake Road travels south to K-18, then further south to I-70 and US-40 at exit 290. K-244 heads east to a junction with West Rolling Hill, which travels north to West Rolling Hills Park. The highway proceeds east, passing by one of the southern legs of Milford Lake, before reaching the southern terminus of K-244 Spur. The spur route allows access from eastbound K-244 to northbound K-57, and from southbound K-57 to westbound K-244, which can't be achieved at the western end of the K-57 and K-244 overlap. K-244 curves northeast then reaches an at-grade intersection with K-57. K-244 begins to overlap K-57 in a southeast direction as a divided four-lane highway. The highway proceeds a short distance then reaches its eastern terminus at US-77 north of Junction City. Past US-77 the highway continues as K-57 southbound. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) tracks the traffic levels on its highways. On K-244 in 2020, they determined that on average the traffic varied from 525 vehicles per day near the western terminus to 615 vehicles per day slightly west of K-57. K-244 connects to the National Highway System at its eastern terminus with US-77. ## History K-244 was created by a resolution adopted by the State Highway Commission of Kansas, now known as KDOT, on June 12, 1964. It was created as the most direct route between the existing state highway system and Milford Lake. On January 20, 1966, the SHC opened bids for the construction of the new highway. On February 3, 1966, the SHC announced an approved bid of \$1,959,798 (equivalent to \$ in dollars) for grading the new K-244 as well as the relocation of US-77 and K-82. Also, a bid of \$19,984 (equivalent to \$ in dollars) was approved for a bridge on the new K-244. The new K-244 was opened in 1967. In a resolution passed on May 10, 1967, it was approved to extend K-57 northward over the Milford Dam and back to US-77. At this time, K-244 Spur was approved to be built. In May 1968, work began to build the extension of K-57 over the dam. The project was completed by 1969. In July 1970, the SHC announced that flashing warning beacons will be added at the junction of K-57, K-244 and US-77. This was due to numerous accidents at the site including six being killed in one month. In addition to the flashing lights, the speed limit was lowered on K-57 and US-77 leading up to the intersection. ## Major intersections ## Spur route K-244 Spur is a 4⁄5-mile-long (1.3 km), north–south marked spur that links K-244 to K-57 northwest of Junction City and slightly south of the Milford Lake dam. The highway allows access from eastbound K-244 to northbound K-57, and from southbound K-57 to westbound K-244. K-244 Spur begins at K-244 and meanders in northeast direction to K-57. On K-244 Spur in 2020, KDOT determined that on average the traffic was 115 vehicles per day. In a resolution passed on May 10, 1967, it was approved to extend K-57 northward over the Milford Dam and back to US-77. At this time, K-244 Spur was approved to be built. The project was completed by 1969. On July 21, 1993, floodwaters washed out a 175-foot-long (53 m) section of K-244 Spur down to the bedrock. The highway was reopened in mid-October 1993. Major intersections ## Gallery	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## Spur route", "## Gallery" ]	1,104	30,641
70,979,132	Delaware Straight-Out Truth Teller	1,116,318,876	American newspaper founded 1872	[ "1872 disestablishments in the United States", "1872 establishments in Delaware", "Newspapers published in Delaware", "Political newspapers", "Semi-monthly newspapers" ]	The Delaware Straight-Out Truth Teller was an American semi-monthly newspaper based in Wilmington, Delaware. It was founded in 1872 by William Dean and John A. Brown in response to political dissension in relation to the United States presidential election of that year. The paper supported the Straight-Out Democratic Party presidential candidate Charles O'Conor and was a strong opposer of Liberal Republican Party candidate Horace Greeley. Its motto was "O'Conor & Adams; Honesty, Patriotism and Statesmanship." The paper appears to have ceased publishing after the election ended. ## History The Delaware Straight-Out Truth Teller was founded in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1872, by William Dean and John A. Brown. It was formed due to a national political dissension related to the 1872 United States presidential election. At the 1872 National Convention, the Republican Party was divided because of a dispute relating to the running mate of incumbent president Ulysses S. Grant. A group of Republicans, "disturbed by accusations of corruption," left to create the Liberal Republican Party and endorsed Horace Greeley for president. At the Democratic National Convention, held in Baltimore, Maryland, the Democrats decided to endorse Greeley rather than nominate their own candidate. Democrats who opposed Greeley formed a separate party referred to as the Straight-Out Democratic Party and nominated Charles O'Conor for president with John Quincy Adams II as his running mate. William Dean and John A. Brown founded the Truth Teller to oppose Greeley and promote O'Conor and Adams. Editors of the paper argued that the Democrats who supported Greeley were leaving their traditional principles and expressed frustration with them, writing "How stands the Democratic party today? The rank and file completely bewildered and lost, at seeing so many of their former leaders joining hands with that hater and vilifier of everything Democratic—the negro-worshiping Horace Greeley." The newspaper suggested strongly against voting for Greeley, stating that voting for him was similar to voting for Grant, writing "Every Democratic vote for Greeley is a vote to wipe out the impress of Democratic principles from American politics, and to confirm every one of those dangerous and fatal doctrines which the Democratic party has steadily opposed for more than two thirds of a century." The first issue of the Truth Teller appeared on October 10, 1872, with 5,000 copies being printed and given free of charge on the following Saturday. The Wilmington Daily Commercial reported that its first issue "proves to be a vigorous and entertaining sheet." A second issue of the Truth Teller was published on October 30. The second issue of the paper demanded that "Greeley be thrown overboard and O'Conor substituted, at the head of the regular State and County tickets." The Delaware State Journal reported that the second issue of the Truth Teller was "very interesting, positive in its support for the Louisville candidates, and earnest in its advocacy of Democratic Country and State ticket." The paper appears to have ceased publishing after Grant won the presidential election in November; it was not listed in the 1873 publication of Rowell's newspaper directory. The paper's headquarters were located at 243 Tatnall Street in Wilmington. Its motto was "O'Conor & Adams; Honesty, Patriotism and Statesmanship." ## See also - List of newspapers in Delaware	[ "## History", "## See also" ]	686	28,268
9,950,268	K-140 (Kansas highway)	1,134,059,776	Highway in Kansas	[ "State highways in Kansas", "Transportation in Ellsworth County, Kansas", "Transportation in Saline County, Kansas", "U.S. Route 40" ]	K-140 is a 33.224-mile-long (53.469 km) state highway in Ellsworth and Saline Counties in the U.S. state of Kansas. The highway travels through mostly rural land between the cities of Ellsworth and Salina. In addition to connecting Ellsworth and Salina, K-140 travels through the communities of Carneiro, Brookville, and Bavaria. The highway has junctions with Kansas state highways K-14, K-156, K-111, and K-141, as well as Interstate 135 (I-135). The route was originally established as U.S. Route 40 (US-40) and was redesignated K-140 after US-40 was made concurrent with I-70. K-140 is not a part of the United States National Highway System, and the entire route is paved with composite pavement. The western part of the highway is less traveled than the eastern part, with annual average daily traffic between 590 and 940 west of Brookville and between 700 and 1,200 east of Brookville. ## Route description K-140 begins at a junction with K-14 and the northern terminus of K-14 Truck north of Ellsworth. K-140 and K-14 Truck head 0.495 miles (0.797 km) due east from here to meet K-156, where K-14 Truck leaves and follows K-156 westbound. It then travels a farther 3.519 miles (5.663 km) through mostly rural land to a junction with K-111 north of Kanopolis. After the junction with K-111, K-140 continues through rural areas before it goes through the small unincorporated community of Carneiro. Just after passing through Carneiro K-140 turns more northerly, again passing through mostly rural areas. It then serves as the northern terminus of K-141 before continuing eastward into Saline County. K-140 travels a total of 16.455 miles (26.482 km) in Ellsworth County. Entering Saline County K-140 travels in a general east-northeast direction through rural land for 3.246 miles (5.224 km) until entering Brookville. After traveling one mile (1.6 km) through the city of Brookville, K-140 travels east then northeast to the unincorporated community of Bavaria. From there, the highway continues northeast through rural lands to its eastern terminus at Interstate 135, with the road continuing east into the city of Salina as State Street. K-140 travels a total of 16.769 miles (26.987 km) in Saline County. The total route length for K-140 is 33.224 miles (53.469 km). The entire route is paved with composite pavement (concrete which has been overlaid with asphaltic pavement). K-140 is not a part of the United States National Highway System. The route connects to the National Highway System at its junctions with K-156 and Interstate 135. From the eastern city limits of Ellsworth to the end of the first 1 mile (1.6 km) of the route, K-140 has an annual average daily traffic of 781 vehicles per day. Between miles 1 and 5 (kilometers 1.6 and 8.0), the annual average daily traffic ranges from 730 to 745 vehicles per day. From mile 5 (kilometer 8.0) to mile 14 (kilometer 23) the annual average daily traffic drops to between 590 and 650 vehicles per day. The amount of traffic then starts to rise as the highway crosses into Saline County, with annual average daily traffic ranging between 815 and 940 vehicles per day from mile 14 (kilometer 23) to the western city limits of Brookville. From Brookville to mile 30.445 (kilometer 48.996) the annual average daily traffic is higher, with a range between 1131 and 1200 vehicles per day. From there to the eastern terminus at Interstate 135 traffic levels vary widely, with annual average daily traffic ranging from 700 to 1193 vehicles per day. ## History K-140's route was established in 1925 as US-40S. By 1936, the route had become the primary route of US-40, with the old US-40N becoming US-24. On October 13, 1967, US-40 was rerouted to overlap the newly constructed section of I-70 from Dorrance to Salina. At that time K-141 was extended from its northern terminus eastward along old US-40 to Salina. This extension was brief because on November 27, 1968, old US-40 from Ellsworth eastward to Salina was designated K-140 and K-141 was truncated to end at the new K-140, its original northern terminus. The routing of K-140 has remained unchanged since. The K-140 route has been a paved road since at least 1932. ## Major intersections	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections" ]	1,064	19,108
43,076,630	The Boat Race 1859	1,158,177,381	null	[ "1859 in English sport", "1859 in sports", "April 1859 events", "The Boat Race" ]	The 16th Boat Race took place on 15 April 1859. Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The race went ahead following Cambridge's request for a postponement due to extremely rough conditions being rejected. Oxford won the race after Cambridge sank. It was the first time in the history of the event that one of the crews did not finish the race. ## Background The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having defeated Oxford by 7+1⁄2 lengths in the previous year's race. They led overall with nine wins to Oxford's six. For the 1859 race, Oxford instigated a new method of crew selection: trial eights. Prior to this, the selection of crew was made on the recommendations of the college boat club captains. Oxford boat club president John Arkell remarked "it will not do to trust too much the judgment of the College captains." Following a race between the two trial eights, the final crew was selected eight weeks prior to the race. Cambridge would not introduce this selection method until the 1868 race. Oxford began training on 14 March with an outing almost every day between then and 13 April. Cambridge, on the other hand, arrived in London six days before the race and made just three outings on the Thames. The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 (in the March and December races) and the 1852 race. ## Crews Oxford saw the return of three former Blues in Lane, Risley and Arkell, all of whom rowed in the 1858 race. Cambridge welcomed back five former rowers, including Archibald Levin Smith who had rowed in both the 1857 and 1858 races. Oxford's crew weighed an average of 11 st 8.75 lb (73.6 kg), approximately 3.25 pounds (1.47 kg) per man more than their opponents. ## Race The weather was inclement, with the sky overcast by heavy clouds and gale-force winds; according to a report in The Times, "it would not have been easy to pitch on a more unfavourable day for an eight-oared race". Although Cambridge were pre-race favourites, they requested a postponement because of the conditions. Oxford refused the request; Cambridge lost the toss and were handed the Surrey station for the start. The Middlesex station provided Oxford considerable relief from the rough water and wind. Oxford's boat was heavily criticised: "it was everything but what was right", but it became quickly apparent that the Cambridge boat was too light for the conditions, and began taking on water from the moment it left the shore. Oxford made a good start and after the first mile, were two-to-three lengths ahead of Cambridge. Conditions soon worsened: some of the steamboats in the flotilla following the crews looked "bound to capsize". By Hammersmith Bridge the Cambridge boat was "ankle deep in water" and was sinking under the rough water. Oxford took the opportunity to extend their lead and pulled away from their opponents and the boats following. As Cambridge's vessel sank opposite The White Hart pub at Mortlake, some members of the crew were picked up by boats while others swam to the shore. Oxford recorded a winning time of 24 minutes and 4 seconds and took the overall record to 9–7 in favour of Cambridge. It was the first time in the event's history that a boat sank.	[ "## Background", "## Crews", "## Race" ]	818	26,852
3,231,599	HMS Black Prince (1904)	1,136,117,098	Duke of Edinburgh-class armoured cruiser	[ "1904 ships", "Duke of Edinburgh-class cruisers", "Edward the Black Prince", "Maritime incidents in 1916", "Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom", "Ships built in Leamouth", "Ships sunk at the Battle of Jutland", "Warships lost in combat with all hands", "World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom" ]	HMS Black Prince was a Duke of Edinburgh-class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the early 1900s. She was stationed in the Mediterranean when the First World War began and participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau. After the German ships reached Ottoman waters, the ship was sent to the Red Sea in mid-August to protect troop convoys arriving from India and to search for German merchant ships. After capturing two ships, Black Prince was transferred to the Grand Fleet in December 1914. She was sunk on 1 June 1916 during the Battle of Jutland with the loss of all hands. ## Design and description Two armoured cruisers of a new design, Duke of Edinburgh and Black Prince, the latter named for Edward, the Black Prince, were ordered for the Royal Navy as part of the 1902–03 Naval Estimates. They were the first ships to be designed for the Royal Navy under the supervision of the new Director of Naval Construction, Sir Philip Watts. The new design was significantly larger than the previous Monmouth and Devonshire-class cruisers, mounting a heavier main armament of six 9.2 in (234 mm) guns in single turrets. Black Prince displaced 12,590 long tons (12,790 t) as built and 13,965 long tons (14,189 t) fully loaded. The ship had an overall length of 505 feet 6 inches (154.1 m), a beam of 73 feet 6 inches (22.4 m) and a draught of 27 feet (8.2 m). She was powered by four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, driving two shafts, which produced a total of 23,000 indicated horsepower (17,000 kW) and gave a maximum speed of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph). The engines were powered by 20 Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers and six cylindrical boilers. The ship carried a maximum of 2,150 long tons (2,180 t) of coal and an additional 600 long tons (610 t) of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. At full capacity, she could steam for 8,130 nautical miles (15,060 km; 9,360 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). The ship's complement was 789 officers and ratings. Her main armament consisted of six BL 9.2-inch Mk X guns in single turrets, two on the centreline and two on each beam, giving a broadside of four 9.2 in guns. Her secondary armament of ten BL 6-inch Mark XI guns was arranged in single casemates. They were mounted amidships on the main deck and were only usable in calm weather. Twenty Vickers QF 3-pounders were fitted, six on turret roofs and fourteen in the superstructure. The ship also mounted three submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes. ## Construction and career Black Prince was laid down on 3 June 1903 at the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company's shipyard at Blackwall, London. She was launched on 8 November 1904 and completed on 17 March 1906. When completed, Black Prince served with the 2nd Squadron until 1907, the 1st Cruiser Squadron from 1907 to 1908, the 5th Cruiser Squadron (as part of the Atlantic Fleet) from 1908 to 1912 and the Third from 1912 to 1913. At the beginning of the First World War, Black Prince was one of the four armoured cruisers serving in the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet, commanded by Rear-Admiral Ernest Charles Thomas Troubridge. She participated in the pursuit of Goeben and Breslau. Following the escape of the two German ships to neutral Turkey, Black Prince and Duke of Edinburgh were sent into the Red Sea to search for German merchant ships, with Black Prince capturing the German ocean liners Südmark and Istria. On 6 November, she was ordered to Gibraltar to join a squadron of French and British ships to search for German warships still at sea off the African coast. This was cancelled on 19 November after the location of the German East Asia Squadron was revealed by survivors of the Battle of Coronel. Black Prince joined the Grand Fleet in December 1914 and was assigned to the 1st Cruiser Squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir Robert Keith Arbuthnot. Black Prince was modified in March 1916 as a result of lessons learned at the Battle of Coronel, with the 6-inch guns removed from their casemates and replaced by six 6-inch guns mounted individually behind shields between the beam 9.2-inch turrets. ### Loss The ship participated in the Battle of Jutland, where she was sunk with the loss of her entire crew. The circumstances under which she sank were mysterious for some years after. As the British had lost contact and did not see the ship destroyed, they were unsure as to whether a submarine or surface ship was responsible for sinking Black Prince. During the battle, the 1st Cruiser Squadron was deployed as part of a screening force several miles ahead of the main force of the Grand Fleet, but Black Prince lost contact with the rest of the Squadron as it came into contact with German forces, at about 17:42. Soon after, two other members of the 1st Cruiser Squadron, Defence and Warrior, were heavily engaged by German battleships and battlecruisers, with Defence blowing up and Warrior receiving heavy damage, which later caused her to sink. There were no positive sightings of Black Prince by the British fleet after that, although a wireless signal from her was received at 20:45, reporting a submarine sighting. During the night of 31 May–1 June, the British destroyer Spitfire, badly damaged after colliding with the German battleship Nassau, sighted what appeared to be a German battlecruiser, with two widely spaced funnels, described as being "...a mass of fire from foremast to mainmast, on deck and between decks. Flames were issuing out of her from every corner." The mystery ship exploded at about midnight. It was later thought that the burning ship may have been Black Prince, with the two midships funnels having collapsed or been shot away. Recent historians, however, hold to the German account of the ship's sinking. Black Prince briefly engaged the German battleship Rheinland at about 23:35 GMT, scoring two hits with 6-inch shells. Separated from the rest of the British fleet, Black Prince approached the German lines shortly after midnight. She turned away from the German battleships, but it was too late. The German battleship Thüringen fixed Black Prince in her searchlights and opened fire. Up to five other German ships, including the battleships Nassau, Ostfriesland, and Friedrich der Grosse, joined in the bombardment, with return fire from Black Prince being ineffective. Most of the German ships were between 750 and 1,500 yards (700 and 1,350 m) of Black Prince — effectively point-blank range for contemporary naval gunnery. The ship was hit by at least twelve heavy shells and several smaller ones, sinking within 15 minutes. There were no survivors from her crew of 857. The wrecksite is designated as a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. ## Popular culture In the first episode of Series 4 of the SBS-TV (Australia) series Who Do You Think You Are?, Australian writer-actor-comedian Shaun Micallef discovered that his great-grandfather Giovanni (John) Micallef, a steward on Black Prince, was among those killed.	[ "## Design and description", "## Construction and career", "### Loss", "## Popular culture" ]	1,632	6,852
35,483,635	Fundraiser (The Office)	1,130,155,418	null	[ "2012 American television episodes", "The Office (American season 8) episodes" ]	"Fundraiser" is the twenty-second episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's 174th episode overall. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 26, 2012. "Fundraiser" was written by Owen Ellickson and directed by David Rogers. The episode guest stars Andy Buckley and Jack Coleman. The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) crashes a fundraiser and ends up adopting twelve dogs. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) learns that an auction winner loses money. Nellie (Catherine Tate) learns how to eat a taco. "Fundraiser" received mixed reviews from critics. According to Nielsen Media Research, "Fundraiser" was viewed by an estimated 4.17 million viewers and received a 2.1 rating/6% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, making it the lowest-rated season eight episode of The Office to air. The episode ranked third in its timeslot and was also the highest-rated NBC series of the night. ## Synopsis Angela Lipton's (Angela Kinsey) husband Robert (Jack Coleman) throws a silent auction fundraiser for local animal rights activists and Robert California (James Spader) buys two tables to seat everyone in the office. Newly fired Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) arrives and tries to get into an argument with Robert, telling him about a rock opera he has written with the hero based on Andy and the villain being a heartless character who wants to destroy all music named Thomas Oregon (with the name being a thinly-veiled reference to Robert California), who is "humanized" when he pees himself at the end. Andy runs into David Wallace (Andy Buckley), former CFO of Dunder Mifflin, and begins plotting his return to Dunder Mifflin. Andy interrupts Robert's speech introducing the senator by volunteering to adopt the twelve dogs brought by the local animal society. Afterwards, members of the office ask if he is having a breakdown, and, at Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner)'s urging, Andy sadly agrees that he is. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) attends without understanding how silent auctions work: he believes that the purpose of the function is to guess correctly the market price of the objects. By the end of the night, Dwight has put exorbitant amounts on the items and ends up accidentally donating over \$34,000. He flees when he discovers his mistake, giving a bizarre speech on the value of animals before doing so. Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate) tries to talk with Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) by complaining about the food. She suggests they get a taco at her expense, offering thirty dollars to Darryl to go out and buy some. When she does, she shovels the ingredients in her mouth, not eating the shell. Darryl realizes she has no idea what a taco is, but appreciates that "she's trying" to socialize with her employees. Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) talks briefly to Senator Lipton about animal rights, and Lipton (who Oscar suspects is gay) gives Oscar his private cell phone number, asking Oscar to call him in the evening to discuss issues further. Oscar tells Pam (Jenna Fischer) and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) that the Senator was hitting on him. Jim says Lipton was likely just schmoozing a voter, talks to Lipton himself, and also gets his number. Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) later gets Lipton's number as well, resulting in Oscar thinking that the senator may not have been hitting on him. When Oscar is leaving, Lipton shakes his hand and caresses Oscar's arm for long enough that Oscar once again believes Lipton was pursuing him. ## Production "Fundraiser" was written by Owen Ellickson and directed by David Rogers. The episode features the return of the character David Wallace (Andy Buckley), former CFO of Dunder Mifflin. Wallace, who is also attending the fundraiser, reveals to Andy that after his firing, he sold his toy-vacuum invention "Suck It" to the military for \$20 million. ## Cultural references The cold opening references several notable bands and musicians: the scene consists of Ryan complaining because he recently heard—erroneously—that musician Smokey Robinson died. Initially, Ryan refers to him as only "Smokey", which causes Pam to believe he is talking about Smokey the Bear. However, Ryan, on the bequest of Pam, is only able to name one song that Robinson had sung, "The Tracks of My Tears". Pam, however, is later able to remember that he sang "Tears of a Clown", and Jim references "I Second That Emotion". After Jim proves that Robinson is both still alive and playing at a local venue, Ryan tells him that he will be unable to attend because the opening band is Paul Anka, and that is "not what Smokey would have... does want!" During his pontificating rant, Ryan mentions that popular music is not all about "Jason Mraz and The Beatles", which shocks Dwight. Dwight lists off "Eleanor Rigby" and "Paperback Writer" and asks Ryan if he truly does not like those songs. ## Reception ### Ratings "Fundraiser" originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 26, 2012. The episode was viewed by an estimated 4.17 million viewers and received a 2.1 rating/6% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 2.1% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode finished third in its time slot, being beaten by Grey's Anatomy which received a 3.2 rating/8% share and the CBS drama Person of Interest which received a 2.4 rating/6% share in the 18–49 demographic. The episode beat the Fox series Touch and The CW drama series The Secret Circle. Despite this, "Fundraiser" was the highest-rated NBC television episode of the night. The episode was the 25th most watched episode in the 18–49 demographic for the week ending April 29. ### Reviews The episode received mixed reviews from critics, with critiques ranging from largely positive to very negative. Myles McNutt from The A.V. Club gave the episode a slightly positive review and gave it a B− rating. He wrote, "The Office is far from a profound show when it just throws its characters in a room and observes their behavior, but there’s a certain charm to it." McNutt noted that, despite feeling that the episode's description of "Darryl teaches Nellie how to eat a taco" was a poor move on NBC's part, he thought they "could have spent more time with Nellie learning how to eat a taco." Craig McQuinn from The Faster Times wrote positively of the episode, noting, "For the first time in forever this is an episode of The Office that actually has a lot going on. Whether the stuff that’s happening is actually meaningful or significant in any way is up for debate, but I actually enjoyed most of this episode." Not all reviews were positive. Dan Forcella from TV Fanatics gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two-and-a-half stars out of five. Forcella noted "It has been four episodes now since the super team returned from Florida, and The Office still hasn't found its footing back in Scranton", and he called the outing "another lackluster effort". A review from CliqueClack was largely critical of the episode, calling it "worse than usual" and noting that the show had finally hit "rock bottom". WhatCulture! reviewer Joseph Kratzer felt that the episode's setting—outside of the office building—was detrimental to the episode. He wrote, "The thing is, I in no way felt like any of what occurred in 'Fundraiser' needed to take place outside the Scranton branch and that’s really why a sitcom should move locations for an episode – because the story couldn't function without it. But this time it just felt like a cheap way to liven up a clearly very boring, uninspired, weak episode of television." Screen Crave wrote, "Those viewers of The Office that have scolded the show throughout the season for its varying degrees of sucking, are not likely to be changing their thinking after watching the latest episode." However, many reviews were happy about the return of Andy Buckley, who portrayed David Wallace. A review from TV Equals noted that "I’m not totally convinced that David Wallace’s story is as simple as the one he tells, but maybe that’s just because I’d love any excuse for him to work his way back into the story lines for The Office." Michael Tedder from Vulture called Wallace's character "always-welcome".	[ "## Synopsis", "## Production", "## Cultural references", "## Reception", "### Ratings", "### Reviews" ]	1,933	3,518
32,952,302	Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 2)	1,173,273,429	Season of the 2010 television series	[ "2011 American television seasons", "2012 American television seasons", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) seasons" ]	The second season of the CBS police procedural drama series Hawaii Five-0 premiered on September 19, 2011 for the 2011–12 television season. CBS renewed the series for a 23 episode second season on May 15, 2011. Two fictional crossovers with NCIS: Los Angeles occurred during the season in episodes six and twenty-one. The season concluded on May 14, 2012. The series continues to center on the Five-0 Task Force, a specialized police state task force established by the Hawaiian Governor that investigates a wide series of crimes on the islands, including murder, terrorism, and human trafficking. The second season introduces a new governor, after the murder of his predecessor. However, unlike the previous governor, the new one orders changes to the task force. Taryn Manning did not return as a main cast member however, did make a guest appearance. In addition, the season includes two new main cast members, Masi Oka, who recurred in the first season, and Lauren German, who debuted in episode two and began receiving an "Also starring" credit in episode five. German departed after episode sixteen. Alex O'Loughlin missed some filming as he was seeking drug treatment for pain management medication during the production season. The second season ranked \#26 for the 2011-12 television season, had an average of 11.83 million viewers, and received mostly positive reviews. "Haʻiʻole", the season premiere, brought in the most viewers for the season with 12.19 million; meanwhile, the season finale, "Ua Hala" had the fourth highest amount with 11.42 million. The series was also renewed for a third season on March 14, 2012 which later premiered on September 24. ## Cast and characters ### Main cast - Alex O'Loughlin as Lieutenant Commander Steven "Steve" McGarrett, United States Navy Reserve - Scott Caan as Detective Sergeant Daniel "Danny" "Danno" Williams - Daniel Dae Kim as Detective Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly - Grace Park as Officer Kono Kalakaua - Masi Oka as Dr. Max Bergman, Chief Medical Examiner - Lauren German as Special Agent Lori Weston, Department of Homeland Security assigned to the Five-0 Task Force ### Recurring - Mark Dacascos as Wo Fat - Reiko Aylesworth as Dr. Malia Waincroft - William Baldwin as Frank Delano - Dennis Chun as HPD Sergeant Duke Lukela - Ian Anthony Dale as Adam Noshimuri - Teilor Grubbs as Grace Williams - Richard T. Jones as Governor Sam Denning - Terry O'Quinn as Lieutenant Commander Joe White - Larisa Oleynik as Jenna Kaye - Autumn Reeser as Dr. Gabrielle Asano - Tom Sizemore as Capt. Vincent Fryer - Taylor Wily as Kamekona Tupuola - Brian Yang as Che "Charlie" Fong ### Guest stars - Ed Asner as August March - Annie Wersching as Samantha Martel - Jimmy Buffett as Frank Bama - James Caan as Tony Archer - Patty Duke as Sylvia Spencer - Robert Englund as Samuel Lee - Dennis Miller as Bobby Raines - Michelle Borth as Lieutenant Catherine Rollins - William Sadler as John McGarrett - Taryn Manning as Mary Ann McGarrett - Claire van der Boom as Rachel Edwards - David Keith as Commanding Officer Wade Gutches - Will Yun Lee as Sang Min Sooh ### Crossover characters - Daniela Ruah as Kensi Blye - LL Cool J as Sam Hanna - Chris O'Donnell as G. Callen - Craig Robert Young as Dracul Comescu ## Episodes The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. The titles of each episode are in the Hawaiian language, though its English translations are directly underneath. "Production Code" refers to the order in which the episodes were produced. "U.S. viewers (millions)" refers to the number of viewers in the US in millions who watched the episode as it was aired. ### Crossovers The season featured two crossovers with NCIS: Los Angeles. The first crossover event took place in the sixth episode, entitled "Ka Hakaka Maikaʻi" (or "The Good Fight" in English), Daniela Ruah made a guest appearance as her NCIS: LA character Kensi Blye; the episode aired on October 24, 2011. The second event took place in the form of a two-part crossover. Chris O’Donnell and LL Cool J appeared as G. Callen and Sam Hanna in the twenty-first episode of the season titled "Pa Make Loa" ("Touch of Death") on April 30, 2012. In the second part, Scott Caan and Daniel Dae Kim appeared in the NCIS: Los Angeles third season episode "Touch of Death" which aired on May 1, 2012. ### International release Episode 14 "Puʻolo" "The Package" was removed from original rotation in the United Kingdom due to violating the strict product placement rules. OfCom later cleared the episode for broadcast only after the 71 seconds of product placement was removed from the episode. ## Production ### Development On May 15, 2011, CBS renewed Hawaii Five-0 for a second season which premiered on CBS on September 19, 2011. Filming for the season began on July 11, 2011 with a traditional Hawaiian blessing. As of March 2, 2012 the twentieth episode was being filmed and production was ahead of schedule. On March 14, 2012 the series was renewed for a third season. The season concluded airing on May 14, 2012. ### Casting Taryn Manning is the only main cast member to not return after departing the series in the middle first season; however, she did reprise her role as Mary Ann McGarrett as a guest star in the nineteenth episode of the season. On May 16, 2011 while the first season was still airing it was announced that Masi Oka, who recurred as medical examiner Max Bergman, would be promoted to a main cast member for the second season. It was reported on June 21, 2011 that Terry O'Quinn was cast as a Navy Seal Lt. Commander, meanwhile on June 27, 2011 it was announced that Tom Sizemore would recur in a multi-episode story arc throughout the season. On July 12, 2011 it was announced that Lauren German had been cast in a recurring role, beginning in the second episode, as Special Agent Lori Weston, a potential love interest for Alex O'Loughlin's character Steve McGarrett. She was later upgraded to a series regular beginning with the fifth episode. Larisa Oleynik who also recurred in the first season reprised her role as former CIA operative Jenna Kaye William Baldwin also guest starred in a multi-episode story arc. On August 18, 2011 it was reported that Daniela Ruah would guest star in a crossover episode as her NCIS: Los Angeles character Kensi Blye. In episode nineteen, Ed Asner reprised his role as August March from the original series episode "Wooden Model of a Rat:, footage from the episode was used for March's second appearance. During a second crossover event later in the season LL Cool J and Chris O'Donnell also appeared in an episode as their respective NCIS: Los Angeles characters Sam Hanna and G. Callen. On March 2, 2012, CBS announced that O'Loughlin would miss shooting some episodes of Hawaii Five-0 to seek drug treatment related to pain management medication prescribed after a shoulder injury. He makes a brief appearance in episode twenty and does not appear at all in episode twenty-one. German departed the series in the sixteenth episode and was subsequently cast in Chicago Fire. ## Release and marketing On July 12, 2011 it was announced that the season would have an advanced premiere screening on September 10. The annual event known as "Sunset on the Beach", featured a red carpet and interviews with the cast and crew at Waikiki beach in Honolulu, Hawaii. When CBS released their fall schedule on May 18, 2011 it was revealed that the series would keep its time slot from the first season and continue airing on Mondays at 10 p.m. Eastern Time. ## Reception ### Critical response Kevin Yeoman with Screen Rant stated about the series premiere "Hawaii Five-0 managed to do what it does best in the season 2 opener: move at such breakneck speed that the audience hardly has time to recognize the implausibility of it all" and that "The plot of ‘Ha'i'ole’ is paper-thin, as are the majority of the characters and their motivations". Jim Garner at TV Fanatic says "I have to hand it to Peter Lenkov, he certainly knows how to shake things up and give us a dramatic ending". ### Awards and nominations On May 18, 2012, it was announced that the series had been nominated for three Teen Choice Awards at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards ceremony. Hawaii Five-0 as a whole received its second nomination for Choice Action Series. Daniel Dae Kim and Grace Park both received their second nomination for Choice TV Actor Action and Choice TV Actress Action respectively. All three nominations were lost. As part of the Creative Arts Emmy Awards at the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, stunt coordinator Jeff Cadiente was nominated for an Emmy Award in "Outstanding Stunt Coordination" for the episode "Kameʻe". Composers Keith Power and Brian Tyler won the "BMI TV Music Award" at the 2012 BMI awards. ### Ratings ## Home video release	[ "## Cast and characters", "### Main cast", "### Recurring", "### Guest stars", "### Crossover characters", "## Episodes", "### Crossovers", "### International release", "## Production", "### Development", "### Casting", "## Release and marketing", "## Reception", "### Critical response", "### Awards and nominations", "### Ratings", "## Home video release" ]	2,113	31,245
60,802,537	Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 10)	1,173,273,408	Season of CBS television drama series	[ "2019 American television seasons", "2020 American television seasons", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) seasons" ]	The tenth and final season of the CBS police procedural drama series Hawaii Five-0 premiered on September 27, 2019, for the 2019–20 television season. CBS renewed the series for a tenth season in May 2019. The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on April 3, 2020. The series continues to center on the Five-0 Task Force, a specialized state police task force, established by the Hawaiian Governor that investigates major crimes in the state of Hawaii including murder, terrorism, and human trafficking. All ten main cast members returned from season 9, however Jorge Garcia only appeared in one episode this season. Katrina Law was added to the main cast as Quinn Liu. Former main cast members Masi Oka and Michelle Borth guest-starred as Dr. Max Bergman and Catherine Rollins, respectively. Four characters from Magnum P.I. guest starred in episode 12, which was a two-part crossover that concluded on Magnum P.I. As with season 9, several characters continued to make guest appearances on Magnum P.I. The most watched episode of the season, was the series finale, "Aloha", with 9.59 million viewers. The second-most-watched was the penultimate episode, "A ʻohe ia e loaʻa aku, he ulua kapapa no ka moana", with 8.44 million viewers. ## Cast and characters ### Main - Alex O'Loughlin as Lieutenant Commander Steven "Steve" McGarrett, United States Navy Reserve - Scott Caan as Detective Sergeant Daniel "Danny" "Danno" Williams - Ian Anthony Dale as Officer Adam Noshimuri - Meaghan Rath as Officer Tani Rey - Jorge Garcia as Special Consultant Jerry Ortega - Beulah Koale as Officer Junior Reigns - Katrina Law as Army CID Sergeant Quinn Liu, later Five-0 Task Force - Taylor Wily as Kamekona Tupuola - Dennis Chun as Sergeant Duke Lukela, Honolulu Police Department - Kimee Balmilero as Dr. Noelani Cunha, Medical Examiner - Chi McBride as Captain Lou Grover ### Recurring - Shawn Mokuahi Garnett as Flippa - Fernando Chien as Kenji Higashi ### Guest stars - Gabriel Ellis as Roger Maliah - Eugenia Yuan as Daiyu Mei - Sonny Saito as Hajime Masuda - Rob Morrow as Wes Cullen - Joey Lawrence as Aaron Wright - Masi Oka as Dr. Max Bergman - Christine Lahti as Doris McGarrett - Presilah Nunez as Dr. Emma Okino - Meta World Peace as himself - Cassandra Hepburn as Junior's mother - Michelle Hurd as Renee Grover, Lou's wife - Alon Aboutboul as Zev Shazam - Colby Ryan McLaughlin as Luke - Kate Siegel as Joanna Di Pietra - Sumalee Montano as Yang - Jack Cutmore-Scott as Gabe/Michael Blanton - Lance Gross as Lincoln Cole, a decorated former Marine Gunnery Sergeant with the Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team. - Suzanne Cryer as Suzanne Ridge - Jean Ota as Iolana Cunha - Roy M. Balmilero as Joseph Cunha - Enson Inoue as Etsuji - Rodney Rowland as Oz - Donavon Frankenreiter as himself - Zach Sulzbach as Charlie Williams - Brittany Ishibashi as Tamiko Masuda - Nia Holloway as Bonnie Siobhan; Grover's niece - Jimmy Buffett as Frank Bama - Willie Garson as Gerard Hirsch - Eva De Dominici as Maria - James Marsters as Victor Hesse - William Sadler as John McGarrett - Mark Dacascos as Wo Fat - Chuck Norris as Lee Phillips, a retired sergeant major who is helping his mentee; Lincoln Cole - Michelle Borth as Catherine Rollins ### Crossover characters - Jay Hernandez as Thomas Magnum, a former Navy SEAL who is currently a security consultant - Perdita Weeks as Juliet Higgins, a former MI6 agent who is currently a majordomo - Zachary Knighton as Orville "Rick" Wright, a Marine veteran and former door gunner, who runs his own tiki bar - Stephen Hill as Theodore "TC" Calvin, a Marine veteran and helicopter pilot who runs helicopter tours of Hawaii ## Episodes The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. The titles of each episode are in the Hawaiian language, though its English translations are directly underneath. "Prod. code" refers to the order in which the episodes were produced. "U.S. viewers (millions)" refers to the number of viewers in the U.S. in millions who watched the episode as it was aired. ## Production ### Development On May 9, 2019, CBS renewed the series for a tenth season. CBS announced its fall schedule on May 15, 2019, and it was revealed that the series would undergo a time slot change, with the series being replaced by Magnum P.I. at its previous time slot, and the series now airing an hour earlier, holding the time slot formerly held by MacGyver which moved to mid-season. When interviewed about possible story lines for the tenth season, executive producer Peter M. Lenkov stated, "We're playing it real, with the real things that happen in people's lives as time marches on." CBS revealed its fall premiere dates on June 12, 2019 and announced that the season would premiere on September 27, 2019. Series star Alex O'Loughlin wrote the first filmed episode of the season. On February 14, 2020, it was announced that the season would conclude with a two-part season finale on April 3. It was later revealed this would be the series finale. The decision was based on several factors, most notably O’Loughlin's recovery from on-set injuries and contracts that were set to end this season. CBS had hoped to continue the Danno character in a sequel or continuation, but the producers decided not to go with the idea. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic the NCAA announced that March Madness 2020 would be cancelled. Following this announcement, on March 13, 2020, CBS announced that with the timeslot being opened up the series finale would be split into two parts, the first part airing on March 27, with the second part airing on April 3, but keeping the series' regular timeslot. ### Filming Early filming for the season began on July 2, 2019 in Los Angeles, California. Filming officially began in Hawaii on July 18 with a traditional Hawaiian blessing. O'Loughlin also directed the first episode filmed. Primary filming for the series continued to take place in Honolulu, Hawaii, on the island of Oahu. The series had a sound stage at Hawaii Film Studio in Diamond Head where it filmed various indoor scenes. Exterior shots and outdoor scenes for McGarrett's house were filmed at the Bayer Estate in ʻĀina Haina. ### Casting On July 20, 2019, Christine Lahti announced that she would be returning as McGarrett's mom Doris McGarrett as a guest star in an episode. On August 14, 2019, it was announced that Katrina Law was joining the main cast as Quinn Liu, a former staff sergeant with Army CID recently demoted for insubordination. On September 27, 2019, Jorge Garcia, who had played Jerry Ortega since the fourth season, left the series following the season premiere to focus on other projects; in the show, after recovering from being shot in the ninth season finale, Jerry leaves the task force to focus on writing a book. Garcia and producer Peter Lenkov both confirmed the former's exit, but assured that the door would be open for Jerry to later return as a guest star. Garcia is set to cross-over onto one of Lenkov's other series MacGyver during its fifth season portraying Jerry Ortega as a guest star. MacGyver previously crossed-over with Hawaii Five-0 in their first and seventh seasons, respectively. On February 14, 2020, it was revealed that Lance Gross would have a major guest role for the two-part season finale with the possibility for Gross to become a series regular pending renewal of an eleventh season. However, on February 28, 2020, it was announced that the series would end after the tenth season. Chuck Norris made a cameo appearance in the season's penultimate episode as Lee Phillips, a retired sergeant major who is helping his mentee; Lincoln Cole. Former main cast member Michelle Borth returned in the final moments of the series finale as Catherine Rollins; however, her appearance was not mentioned in any press releases put out prior to the episodes airing. To avoid any spoiler she was also not included in the opening guest star credits. Instead, she appeared in the closing credits within her own caption. ## Viewing figures ## Home media	[ "## Cast and characters", "### Main", "### Recurring", "### Guest stars", "### Crossover characters", "## Episodes", "## Production", "### Development", "### Filming", "### Casting", "## Viewing figures", "## Home media" ]	1,947	26,411
584,419	Gentle on My Mind	1,168,186,994	1967 song written by John Hartford	[ "1967 singles", "1967 songs", "1968 singles", "1969 singles", "2014 singles", "Alison Krauss songs", "Andy Williams songs", "Aretha Franklin songs", "Burl Ives songs", "Capitol Records singles", "Comedy television theme songs", "Dean Martin songs", "Elvis Presley songs", "Glen Campbell songs", "Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording", "Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients", "John Hartford songs", "Music television series theme songs", "Patti Page songs", "Republic Records singles", "Roberto Carlos (singer) songs", "Song recordings produced by Al De Lory", "Song recordings produced by Dann Huff", "The Band Perry songs" ]	"Gentle on My Mind" is a song that was written and originally recorded by John Hartford, and released on his second studio album, Earthwords & Music (1967). Hartford composed the song after watching Doctor Zhivago in 1966, as he was inspired by the film and his own personal experiences. The lyrics describe the reminiscences of lost love of a man as he travels through the country. The following year, Hartford released the song as a single on RCA Records. It then caught the attention of Glen Campbell, who recorded his cover version with a group of session musicians known as the Wrecking Crew. Campbell's cover of "Gentle on My Mind" peaked in the top 30 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart. In 1968, between Campbell's and Hartford's recordings, the song earned four Grammy Awards. "Gentle on My Mind" was later covered by several artists, including Dean Martin, Aretha Franklin, Frank Sinatra, Andy Williams and Elvis Presley. It was also translated into other languages. In 2014, a recording of the song by the Band Perry earned a Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance. Taking into account all recorded versions of the song, it has become the second-most-played song on the radio in the United States according to BMI. ## Writing and original recording In 1966, John Hartford was living with his wife and son in a trailer in Nashville, Tennessee. One night, the couple saw the film Doctor Zhivago at a local theater. Inspired by the love story depicted in the film between Yuri Zhivago and Lara Antipova, Hartford returned home and composed "Gentle on my Mind" in between 20 and 30 minutes. The story of the song narrates the reminiscences of a drifter of his lost love, while moving through backroads and hobo encampments. Betty Hartford, who later divorced her husband, noted to him the similarity between herself and the song's female character. She questioned John Hartford about the man's negative feelings toward his marriage. Hartford said he likened her to Lara and attributed the man's feelings about being trapped in a relationship to his "artistic license". Hartford defined the finished song as a "word movie" and described his writing process as "thinking in pictures, like paintings using words and sound". In a 1980 interview, Hartford commented he was still unsure of the song's meaning and that its message will be interpreted differently by listeners. Twelve years later, Hartford again attributed his inspiration to start writing the song to Doctor Zhivago, and said the content was a result of his personal experience. Hartford said the song "just came real fast, a blaze, a blur". He described the composition as a banjo tune without a chorus, and with a variety of words he deemed "hard to sing" because it "violated the principles of songwriting". At the time, Hartford worked as a disc jockey on the radio station WSIX and for the publishing company Tompall & the Glaser Brothers. Hartford recorded a demo and delivered it to Chuck Glaser, who took the demo to Chet Atkins of RCA Records. According to Harford, after writing "Gentle on My Mind", he did not intend to record the song himself. Hartford sent the demos of "Gentle on My Mind" and a second song to sell them, but instead the label decided to offer Hartford a recording contract. Atkins then suggested to the songwriter to use "Hartford" instead of his surname "Harford" as an artist name. Hartford recorded "Gentle on my Mind" and its flipside "Washing Machine", both of which were produced by Felton Jarvis. The single was released in May 1967. RCA, however, decided not to promote Hartford's recording because they did not consider it to be a country song. Cashbox listed the single under their "Best Bets"; the magazine forecasted in a review that Hartford could get "heaps of spins" with his "poetic folk-country-flavored ballad". "Gentle on My Mind" peaked at number 60 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs. ## Glen Campbell's recording and success Hartford's recording of "Gentle on my Mind" attracted Glen Campbell's attention after he heard it on the radio and bought the single. He felt the song is "an essay on life" and was "knocked out" by the scenery it describes. At the time, Campbell worked as a studio musician with The Wrecking Crew; he rearranged the song and with the band, he recorded a demo at Capitol Studios. Campbell left the demo tape at the studio for producer Al De Lory, who made slight production arrangements that Capitol Records accepted as a master for the single. Campbell's cover of "Gentle on My Mind" was released with "Just Another Man" on the B-side in June 1967. Upon its release, Billboard predicted the single would reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It peaked at number 30 on the magazine's Hot Country Songs, and at number 62 on the Hot 100. The success of the song, which was originally intended for the country music market, helped Campbell cross over to the pop market. After Campbell's success with "By the Time I Get to Phoenix", "Gentle on My Mind" was re-released in 1968. The new release of the single sold more copies than the original release, peaking at number 44 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles, at number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100, and at number 8 on the Easy Listening chart. On the RPM charts in Canada, it peaked at number 20 on the country chart and at number 60 on the RPM 100. That year, "Gentle on My Mind" won the categories for Best Country & Western Song, Best Folk Performance for Hartford's recording; and Best Country & Western Solo Vocal Performance, Male as well as Best Country & Western Recording for Campbell's version at the 10th Annual Grammy Awards. By May 1968, an estimated 50 artists had recorded covers of "Gentle on my Mind", while Campbell's recording had sold 600,000 singles. The song was covered by acts including Frank Sinatra (1968), Patti Page (1968), Dean Martin (1969), Aretha Franklin, (1969) and Elvis Presley (1969). Page's version reached number 7 on Billboard's Easy Listening Chart and number 66 on the Hot 100. Franklin's version was released as the B-side to her single "I Can't See Myself Leaving You"; her version peaked at number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 50 on the Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. Dean Martin's version reached number 2 on the UK Singles chart, number 3 on the Irish Singles chart, and number 9 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Hartford's producer on the original recording of "Gentle on My Mind", Felton Jarvis, co-produced Presley's album From Elvis in Memphis (1969) with Chips Moman. The recording of Hartford's song was the last number of Presley's January 14, 1969, session. Following its second take, Presley experienced laryngitis and had to temporarily halt the recording. ### Personnel According to the AFM contract sheet. - Glen Campbell - lead vocals, guitar - James Burton - guitar - Douglas Dillard - banjo - Leon Russell - piano - Joe Osborn - bass guitar - Jim Gordon - drums, maracas ## Legacy Hartford said the success of "Gentle on My Mind" allowed him to become a full-time songwriter without working as a disc jockey. The song's success also caught the attention of Tom Smothers, who in 1968 invited Hartford to become a part of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on CBS. The same year, Campbell performed "Gentle on My Mind" as the theme song of his own CBS show The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour. In 1970, Claude François covered the song in French under the title "Si Douce A Mon Souvenir". Fourteen years later, Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos covered the song in Portuguese as "Caminhoneiro" ("Trucker"). In 1985, Puerto Rican salsa singer Frankie Ruiz released a Spanish-language version entitled "El Camionero". Hartford donated the manuscript of "Gentle on My Mind" to the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in 1982. By 1984, the song had played on radio over four million times in the United States, and became the best-selling song of Broadcast Music, Inc.'s (BMI) catalog. In 1987, the estimated number of plays grew to 4.4 million and 400 cover versions had been recorded. At the time, Hartford refused the use of the song for commercials and parodies. In 1990, BMI listed Campbell's version of "Gentle on My Mind" as the fourth-most-played song in the history of radio in the US. It appeared at number 71 on Country America magazine's 1992 list of the Top 100 Country Songs of All Time, while BMI placed the version at number 16 on its 1999 list of Top 100 Songs of the Century. By 2001, with six million plays, the song became the second-most-played on the radio in the US, behind the Beatles' "Yesterday". In 2008, the 1967 recording of "Gentle on My Mind" by Glen Campbell on Capitol Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2014, the Band Perry recorded a version of the song for the documentary Glen Campbell: I'll Be Me; the cover won the category for Best Country Duo/Group Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015, and peaked at number 29 on Billboard's Country Airplay and at number 35 on the Hot Country Songs. In August 2017, following Campbell's death, sales of his hit singles increased by 6,000%. The digital downloads figure for "Gentle on My Mind" registered 3,000 and increased the track's total sales at the time to 251,000. ## Accolades ## Charts ### John Hartford ### Glen Campbell ### Other artists	[ "## Writing and original recording", "## Glen Campbell's recording and success", "### Personnel", "## Legacy", "## Accolades", "## Charts", "### John Hartford", "### Glen Campbell", "### Other artists" ]	2,159	7,096
317,070	Sable (wrestler)	1,170,912,005	American professional wrestler and model	[ "1967 births", "20th-century female professional wrestlers", "American expatriate sportspeople in Canada", "American female professional wrestlers", "American film actresses", "American television actresses", "Living people", "People from Jacksonville, Florida", "Professional wrestlers from Florida", "Professional wrestling managers and valets", "Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida", "WWF/WWE Women's Champions" ]	Rena Marlette Lesnar (née Greek, formerly Mero; born August 8, 1967), better known as Sable, is an American former model, actress, and retired professional wrestler. She is primarily known for her time in the WWF. She began working for the WWF in 1996. As Sable, she gained immense popularity during the Attitude Era. After feuding with Luna Vachon, and Jacqueline, Sable became the second WWF Women's Champion after the title was reinstated into the company. After leaving the company in 1999, she filed a \$110 million lawsuit against the company, citing allegations of sexual harassment and unsafe working conditions. In 2003, she returned to WWE and was put into a feud with Torrie Wilson, and another storyline as Vince McMahon's mistress. In 2004, she left the company to spend more time with her family. Outside wrestling, she is considered to be a sex symbol and has been featured on the cover of Playboy three times. The April 1999 issue of the magazine with her on the cover was one of the highest selling issues in Playboy history. She has guest starred on several television series, including Pacific Blue, and appeared in the film Corky Romano. ## Early life Rena Greek was born in Jacksonville, Florida. She was active in her youth and was interested in activities such as gymnastics, horseback riding, and softball. After winning her first beauty pageant when she was twelve, she eventually became a model in 1990, working with companies such as L'Oréal, Pepsi, and Guess?. ## Professional wrestling career ### World Wrestling Federation #### Debut and feud with Marc Mero (1996–1998) She made her World Wrestling Federation debut as Sable at WrestleMania XII in March 1996, escorting Hunter Hearst Helmsley to the ring as he took on the returning Ultimate Warrior. Sable's first major angle involved her then real-life husband, who debuted at WrestleMania XII as "Wildman" Marc Mero. The storyline started when Marc Mero witnessed Sable being mistreated by Helmsley backstage, so Mero attacked Helmsley and took Sable as his manager, and taking on an appearance of a typical cocky biker thug. She remained Mero's manager until his injury in 1997. Between 1997 and the time he returned from his injury in 1998, Sable became popular on her own. In her next storyline, a returning Marc Mero (now known as "Marvelous" Marc Mero) became jealous, refused to let Sable get any of the spotlight, and mistreated her. The duo entered into a feud with Luna Vachon and The Artist Formerly Known as Goldust, which climaxed in a match at WrestleMania XIV in March 1998. Sable delivered a superkick to Goldust and executed a "Sable Bomb", a release powerbomb, on Luna. She also delivered a TKO and pinned Luna to finish the match, with the crowd chanting Sable's name in the background. At the following pay-per-view event, Unforgiven in April 1998, Sable lost to Luna in an Evening Gown match after being distracted by Marc Mero. After Marc's interference at Unforgiven, Sable came to the ring and challenged Marc to a match. Sable then kicked him in the groin and delivered a Sable Bomb to get revenge. Sable eventually broke away from "Marvelous" Marc Mero, who debuted Jacqueline as his new manager, resulting in a storyline feud between the two women. The two met in a bikini contest in July 1998 at Fully Loaded. Sable, only wearing impressions of hands painted on her exposed breasts, won the contest after receiving the most cheers from the audience. The next night on Raw however, Vince McMahon disqualified Sable from the previous night's contest since she did not actually wear a bikini, and the trophy was then awarded to Jacqueline. In response, Sable gave McMahon the double finger. At SummerSlam, Sable and her mystery partner, federation newcomer Edge, defeated Marc Mero and Jacqueline in a mixed tag team match. #### Women's Champion (1998–1999) Sable and Jacqueline faced off for the newly reinstated WWF Women's Title on the edition of September 21, 1998 of Raw. Jacqueline claimed the title after Marc Mero interfered. On November 15, 1998, at Survivor Series, she dropped the title to Sable, who won after powerbombing both Marc and Jacqueline during the match. During this time, Rena appeared on an episode of the USA Network show Pacific Blue. Sable then briefly entered a storyline where she was forced to play a subservient role to Vince and Shane McMahon, but the storyline was cut short. In December 1998, as part of a new storyline, Sable was attacked by a masked villainess named Spider Lady, who turned out to be Luna Vachon. Sable defeated Luna in a Strap match at the Royal Rumble after an assist from a planted female Sable fan, WWF newcomer Tori. Tori's debut signified a change in Sable's persona. After the Rumble, Sable was the cover girl for the April 1999 issue of Playboy, one of the highest selling issues of Playboy ever. Surrounding the release of the issue, the Sable character turned heel by "going Hollywood" and having an inflated ego. She debuted a new catchphrase: "This is for all the women who want to be me and all the men who come to see me" and a dance move called "the grind." Rarely defending her title, Sable continually berated her fan Tori, leading to a feud and a match at WrestleMania XV. During the contest, Nicole Bass debuted as Sable's bodyguard and helped her win the match. Sable also feuded with Luna Vachon, who had turned face. Sable went on with Bass making Bass do all of her dirty work. Sable continued to hold the championship for almost six months, but on May 10, 1999, Debra won the Women's Championship from Sable in an Evening Gown match. Normally in an Evening Gown match, the winner is the woman who forcibly removes her opponent's dress, which Sable did. As part of the storyline, WWF Commissioner Shawn Michaels, however, ruled that the woman who had lost her dress was the winner, making Debra the new Women's Champion. Off-screen, Sable was in a dispute with the WWF, which is why she was stripped of the title on-screen. Sable at this time was also very unpopular backstage, to the extent that Sean Waltman has since admitted to playing a nasty practical joke on her last day with the WWF. ### Post–WWF (1999–2002) In June 1999, Sable quit the WWF and filed a \$110 million lawsuit against the company, citing allegations of sexual harassment and unsafe working conditions. She claims to have filed the lawsuit after refusing to go topless. During the lawsuit, Vince McMahon counter-sued her over control of the stagename "Sable". Sable reduced the amount she was seeking in damages, and they eventually settled out of court in August 1999. Sable used her real name for her appearance in the September 1999 issue of Playboy. She was the first woman in history to be given two Playboy covers in the same year. After her WWF exit, she made an on-camera appearance as an audience member on World Championship Wrestling's Monday Nitro on June 14, 1999. During this time, she made appearances on The Howard Stern Show and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. She also made appearances on television shows such as Relic Hunter and First Wave and in the films Corky Romano as a female bouncer and Ariana's Quest. She released her autobiography, entitled Undefeated in August 2000. She also released a comic book entitled The 10th Muse starring herself as a superhero. In May 2001, she was given an advice column on CompuServe. On November 13 and 14, 2001, she appeared as the on-camera "CEO" of the newly formed Xcitement Wrestling Federation (XWF), but these were her only appearances with the company. ### Return to WWE #### Relationship with Vince McMahon (2003) Rena Mero returned to the WWF, which is now known as World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on April 3, 2003, episode of SmackDown!, reprising her role as Sable. Sable continued portraying a villainess and spent several months in a storyline with new Playboy cover girl Torrie Wilson. During their angle, the evil Sable followed Wilson down to her matches, talked with her backstage, and on one occasion, she left Wilson in a tag match alone to fend for herself. Sable eventually challenged Wilson to a showdown bikini contest at Judgment Day. After Sable got the bigger applause, Wilson removed her underwear to reveal an even smaller bikini underneath, and Special Guest Referee Tazz declared Wilson the winner. After the match, Wilson went up to Sable and kissed her before exiting the ring. Sable then had an altercation with the guest judge Tazz, dumping water on him on the following edition of SmackDown!, as a means of gaining revenge for declaring Wilson the winner. Sable then feuded with Stephanie McMahon in a storyline in which she was Vince McMahon's mistress. Vince appointed Sable as Stephanie's personal assistant against Stephanie's will, sparking the feud between the duo. During the feud, they competed in several catfights, a food fight, a parking lot brawl in which Sable's bra was ripped off, revealing both her breasts on live television, and a match in which Sable smacked a clipboard over Stephanie's head. At Vengeance, Sable defeated Stephanie after interference by her new ally, A-Train. At SummerSlam, Sable accompanied A-Train in his match against The Undertaker, which he lost. After the match, The Undertaker held Sable so that Stephanie could use a Spear attack on her. After SummerSlam, Vince and Sable focused on getting rid of Stephanie for good, so Vince made an "I Quit" match at No Mercy. During the match, Sable slapped Stephanie and was involved in a scuffle with Linda McMahon. #### Various storylines (2004) Sable briefly became a face again when she appeared on the cover of Playboy magazine (March 2004 issue) for the third time in her career. On the cover, she appeared with fellow diva Torrie Wilson, making them the first WWE Divas to pose in Playboy together. Surrounding the release of the cover, the duo feuded with Raw divas Stacy Keibler and Miss Jackie, even though all four women were faces at the time. The two teams squared off at WrestleMania XX in an Interpromotional Tag Team Evening Gown match, but the divas started the match in their underwear, making it more of a lingerie match. Sable and Wilson were victorious. The change was rumored to have occurred because Sable had suffered damage to her breast implants while weightlifting. Following WrestleMania XX, Sable quickly turned heel again and engaged in another short feud with Torrie Wilson. The feud culminated at The Great American Bash, where Sable defeated Wilson despite the referee not noticing that one of Wilson's shoulders were not down. On the edition of July 1 of SmackDown, Sable was defeated by Wilson in a rematch..In The July 22, 2004 episode Of SmackDown! she was originally competed in a Fatal-4-Way lingerie match, against Wilson, Dawn Marie and Miss Jackie but Kurt Angle appeared fired all four of them (Kayfabe), however all four where re-signed after Angle was fired as General Manager of SmackDown! by Vince McMahon, Sable's final appearance in WWE was on the August 5, 2004 episode of SmackDown! when she, Marie, and Wilson accompanied Eddie Guerrero to the ring in his lowrider and mocking Angle, turning face again. On August 10, 2004, WWE's official website announced that Sable and WWE had parted ways, this time on good terms. Lesnar claimed that she left the company to spend more time with her family. ### New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2006–2007) She made her debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling on January 4, 2006, at Toukon Shidou Chapter 1, along with Brock Lesnar as special guests, and continued to accompany Lesnar until late June 2007. Sable and Lesnar later departed from the company after Lesnar battled WWE in a lawsuit. ## Other media ### Playboy and video games Sable made her video game debut in the WWE game WWF Attitude, and appears in WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain and WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw. She also appeared in the April 1999, September 1999, and March 2004 issues of Playboy, the latter with Torrie Wilson. ### Filmography ## Personal life Rena married Wayne W. Richardson in 1987. They had a daughter named Mariah, and remained married until Richardson died in a drunk driving incident in 1991. She met her second husband, professional wrestler and former boxer Marc Mero, in 1993. After marrying Mero in 1994, she broke into the wrestling business through WWE. Before the couple divorced in 2004, Greek began dating professional wrestler Brock Lesnar, to whom she became engaged later that year. Their engagement was called off in early 2005, but they were engaged again in January 2006 and were married on May 6, 2006. They have two sons named Turk (born June 3, 2009) and Duke (born July 21, 2010). ## Championships and accomplishments - World Wrestling Federation - WWF Women's Championship (1 time) - Slammy Award (2 time) - Dressed to Kill (1997) - Miss Slammy (1997) - Milton Bradley Karate Fighters Holiday Tournament Champion (December 16, 1996)	[ "## Early life", "## Professional wrestling career", "### World Wrestling Federation", "#### Debut and feud with Marc Mero (1996–1998)", "#### Women's Champion (1998–1999)", "### Post–WWF (1999–2002)", "### Return to WWE", "#### Relationship with Vince McMahon (2003)", "#### Various storylines (2004)", "### New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2006–2007)", "## Other media", "### Playboy and video games", "### Filmography", "## Personal life", "## Championships and accomplishments" ]	2,992	6,019
27,424,180	Tropical Depression One (1979)	1,171,669,448	Atlantic tropical depression in 1979	[ "1979 Atlantic hurricane season", "1979 in Jamaica", "Atlantic tropical depressions", "Hurricanes in Jamaica" ]	Tropical Depression One brought severe flooding to Jamaica in June 1979. The second tropical cyclone of the Atlantic hurricane season, the depression developed from a tropical wave to the south of Grand Cayman on June 11. Tracking generally northward, the depression passed west of Jamaica. On June 12, the depression peaked with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h), never having reached tropical storm status. The following day, it made landfall in Cuba, where minimal impact was recorded. Early on June 14, the depression emerged into the western Atlantic Ocean and then moved parallel to the east coast of Florida for a few days. The depression made another landfall in South Carolina on June 16 and dissipated shortly thereafter. The slow movement of the depression to the west of Jamaica resulted in torrential rainfall, peaking at 32 in (810 mm) in Friendship, a city in Westmoreland Parish. Throughout western Jamaica, about 1,000 homes were destroyed or severely damaged, while up to 40,000 people were left homeless. The city of New Market was submerged for at least six months. Crops, electricity, telephones, buildings, and railways also suffered damage during the disaster. There were 40 deaths and approximately \$27 million (1979 USD) in damage. The depression also brought heavy precipitation to Cuba and the Bahamas, while farther north, light rainfall and rough seas plagued the East Coast of the United States. One individual in South Carolina went missing and was later presumed to have died after their boat was torn loose from its mooring. ## Meteorological history A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on May 30. Minimal development occurred as the wave tracked westward across much of the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. However, by June 11, the system began to interact with a stationary trough of low pressure in the western Caribbean Sea. Based on ship and land observations, a tropical depression developed at 12:00 UTC that day while located about 230 miles (370 km) south of Grand Cayman. Initially the depression was forecast to move northwestward at about 5 mph (8 km/h); instead, it drifted to the northeast. Minimal intensification occurred, as satellite imagery, weather stations, and a reconnaissance aircraft indicated the depression remained below tropical storm status. Around 18:00 UTC on June 12, the depression attained its maximum sustained wind speeds of 35 mph (55 km/h). Early on June 13, satellite and weather radar showed heavy rainbands moving across Jamaica and eastern Cuba. Due its interaction with the two islands, the depression weakened slightly. Later on June 13, the storm made landfall near Venezuela, Cuba with winds of 30 mph (45 km/h). Moving northward, it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Cayo Santa María early the next day. Around 12:00 UTC on June 14, the system re-strengthened and again attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 35 mph (55 km/h). Despite moving back over open waters, the depression failed to intensify further. Operationally, the system was thought to have made landfall in east-central Florida, but later analysis revealed that the center remained over water. The depression continued northward until striking near Charleston, South Carolina late on June 16, still with the same intensity. It degenerated into a remnant low pressure area about six hours later. Its remnants continued northeastward across the Southeastern United States, the Mid-Atlantic, and New England until dissipating fully on June 18. ## Impact The depression's slow movement resulted in torrential rainfall on the island of Jamaica. Precipitation peaked at 32 inches (810 mm) in Friendship, located in Westmoreland Parish. As the flooding began, several shelters were open in the parish. Residents in the Savanna-la-Mar area were forced to evacuate by boats or makeshift rafts. The flooding also ruined crops. Sugar cane, which was already 70–80 percent harvested, suffered about \$2.25 million (1979 USD) in damage. It was estimated that 4 million lb (1.8 million kg) of bananas were lost, worth nearly \$1 million. In total, agricultural interests incurred \$5.89 million in damage, chiefly f which was in Westmoreland Parish. The storm affected an estimated 300 mi (480 km) of roadways impacted, with about 2,000 ft (610 m) of highway completely washed out. Three bridges collapsed, while 10 others sustained damage. The increasing height and volume of the Bluefields River led to debris flow and created a colluvium – an unconsolidated deposit of sediments – near the mouth of the river. In the valley areas, temporary lakes were formed and small dams were overtopped. The cities of Chigwell, Enfield, Exeter, Leamington, and New Market were all submerged during the flooding. New Market was inundated with as much as 80 ft (24 m) of water during the disaster, which did not completely recede until more than six months later. This resulted in extreme damage to or complete loss of crops, livestock, and household possessions. Extensive impact to property was reported, including to electricity, telephones, buildings, and railways, with a "conservative" estimate of \$39.3 million in damage. At least 1,000 homes were severely damaged or destroyed. As many as 40,000 people were left homeless. Overall, there were 40 deaths and approximately \$27 million in damage. Following the storm, Hanover, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, and Westmoreland parishes were considered disaster areas. A task force was established by the Prime Minister Michael Manley for reconstruction efforts. About 7,758 families, a total of 36,391 people, required assistance with food supplies for over 13 weeks. The Housing Task Force called for the construction of 582 new houses, 300 of which for those left homeless. The houses constructed for the people rendered homeless were prefabricated by the Ministry of Housing and then erected by the local authorities, under the guidance of the Ministry of Local Government. In response to the disaster, the Government of Jamaica established the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management in July 1980. The depression and its remnants also brought rainfall and high tides to the eastern United States. In South Carolina, precipitation peaked at 6.89 in (175 mm) in Cheraw. Along the coast, waves reached 13 ft (4.0 m) in height, strong enough to tear a boat from its mooring at Surfside Beach. One person was listed as missing and later presumed to have died. ## See also - 1986 Jamaica floods - Tropical Depression Fourteen (1987) - Tropical Storm Chris (1988)	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Impact", "## See also" ]	1,405	2,412
27,949,118	Davara	1,070,259,537	British steam trawler	[ "1912 ships", "Maritime incidents in September 1939", "Naval trawlers of the United Kingdom", "Ships built in Selby", "Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II", "Ships sunk with no fatalities", "Steamships of the United Kingdom", "Trawlers", "World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean" ]	Davara was a British steam fishing trawler. Launched in 1912, it was requisitioned in 1914 by the Royal Navy for service in World War I and fitted out as a minesweeper. She was returned to her owners after the war and began service as a trawler once more. On 13 September 1939, twelve days after the outbreak of World War II, intercepted the Davara on a normal fishing trip. The submarine began to shell the trawler with its deck gun. The hands managed to escape the trawler in a lifeboat, and the Davara sank at 14:55 from the damage inflicted by U-27's deck gun. Her crew remained in the water "baling and rowing" for five hours before they were picked up by the steamer Willowpool and safely made landfall. Davara was the first British trawler to be sunk by enemy action in World War II. ## Construction and design Davara (Official Number 132409) was constructed in Selby by the shipbuilder Cochrane & Sons Ltd. On 6 January 1912, the trawler was launched from yard number 517. Christened the Davara by her owners, Mount Steam Fishing Co. Ltd, she was registered in the port of Fleetwood on 6 March 1912 and completed sometime later that same month. She had a net register tonnage of 116 and a gross register tonnage of 291. The trawler was 130 feet (40 m) from bow to stern, with a draught of 12.5 feet (3.8 m) and a breadth of 23.5 feet (7.2 m). Her engine consisted of a T.3-cylinder from C. D. Holmes & Co. Ltd. ## History ### Early service Following completion and registration, Davara began a fishing career off the coast of Ireland and Great Britain. Her service as a trawler continued for about two years uninterrupted. In November 1914, three months after the outbreak of World War I, the trawler was confiscated for war service by the Royal Navy and furnished for minesweeping. Davara survived the war and was returned to Mount Steam Fishing Co. Ltd in 1919, beginning fishing duties anew. On 7 August 1930, the trawler was grounded on "Tiger's Tail" during the approach to Wyre Dock in Fleetwood. She was soon re-floated and safely proceeded into the dock. ### Sinking On 12 September 1939, Davara left Fleetwood for a routine fishing trip off the west coast of Ireland under the command of her skipper, William Boyles. The next day, spotted the trawler about 21 nautical miles (39 km; 24 mi) northwest by north of Tory Island. U-27 then began shelling Davara with its 8.8 cm SK C/35 deck gun, firing a total of 35 rounds at the trawler. Boyles managed to get a lifeboat into the water and all of the crew abandoned ship. The shelling of the abandoned Davara continued a further thirty minutes, stopping at 14:55 with the trawler's sinking. The crew remained in the lifeboat for a further five hours. They were eventually picked up by the West Hartlepool steamer Willowpool and landed safely. Davara was the first British trawler, and the seventeenth ship, to be sunk by an enemy submarine in World War II.	[ "## Construction and design", "## History", "### Early service", "### Sinking" ]	739	31,522
43,174	Cloudinidae	1,170,994,954	Genus of aquatic animals	[ "Ediacaran life", "Monogeneric animal families", "Prehistoric marine animals" ]	The cloudinids, an early metazoan family containing the genera Acuticocloudina, Cloudina and Conotubus, lived in the late Ediacaran period about 550 million years ago. and became extinct at the base of the Cambrian. They formed millimetre-scale conical fossils consisting of calcareous cones nested within one another; the appearance of the organism itself remains unknown. The name Cloudina honors the 20th-century geologist and paleontologist Preston Cloud. Cloudinids comprise two genera: Cloudina itself is mineralized, whereas Conotubus is at best weakly mineralized, whilst sharing the same "funnel-in-funnel" construction. Cloudinids had a wide geographic range, reflected in the present distribution of localities in which their fossils are found, and are an abundant component of some deposits. They never appear in the same layers as soft-bodied Ediacaran biota, but the fact that some sequences contain cloudinids and Ediacaran biota in alternating layers suggests that these groups had different environmental preferences. It has been suggested that cloudinids lived embedded in microbial mats, growing new cones to avoid being buried by silt. However no specimens have been found embedded in mats, and their mode of life is still an unresolved question. The classification of the cloudinids has proved difficult: they were initially regarded as polychaete worms, and then as coral-like cnidarians on the basis of what look like buds on some specimens. Current scientific opinion is divided between classifying them as polychaetes and regarding it as unsafe to classify them as members of any broader grouping. In 2020, a new study of pyritized specimens from the Wood Canyon Formation in Nevada showed the presence of Nephrozoan type guts, the oldest on record, supporting the bilaterian interpretation. Cloudinids are important in the history of animal evolution for two reasons. They are among the earliest and most abundant of the small shelly fossils with mineralized skeletons, and therefore feature in the debate about why such skeletons first appeared in the Late Ediacaran. The most widely supported answer is that their shells are a defense against predators, as some Cloudina specimens from China bear the marks of multiple attacks, which suggests they survived at least a few of them. The holes made by predators are approximately proportional to the size of the Cloudina specimens, and Sinotubulites fossils, which are often found in the same beds, have so far shown no such holes. These two points suggest that predators attacked in a selective manner, and the evolutionary arms race which this indicates is commonly cited as a cause of the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity and complexity. ## Morphology Cloudina varies in size from a diameter of 0.3 to 6.5 mm, and 8 to 150 mm in length. Fossils consist of a series of stacked vase-like calcite tubes, whose original mineral composition is unknown, but inferred to be high-magnesium calcite. Each cone traps a significant pore space beneath it, and stacks eccentrically in the one below. This results in a ridged external appearance. The overall tube is curved or sinuous, and occasionally branches. The tube walls are 8 to 50 micrometers thick, usually lying in the range 10 to 25 μm. Although it used to be thought that the tubes had test-tube like bases, detailed three-dimensional reconstruction has shown that the tubes had an open base. There is evidence that the tube was flexible. ## Classification Cloudina was originally classified in 1972 as a member of the Cribricyathea, a class known from the Early Cambrian. Glaessner (1976) accepted this classification and also proposed that Cloudina was similar to the annelid worms, particularly serpulid polychaetes. However, Hahn & Pflug (1985) and Conway Morris et al.. (1990) doubted both Germs' and Glaessner's suggested relationships, and were unwilling to classify it to anything more than its own family, Cloudinidae. Some specimens of Cloudina hartmannae display budding, which implies asexual reproduction. On this basis Grant (1990) classified Cloudina as a coral-like cnidarian. Since the tubes had an open base, creating a single living space rather than a series of separate chambers, Cloudina is more likely to be a stem group polychaete worm, in other words an evolutionary "aunt" or "cousin" of more recent polychaetes. This interpretation is reinforced by the even distribution of bore-holes made by predators. However, as with so many Ediacaran life forms, there is great debate surrounding its position in the tree of life, and classification between the kingdom and family level may be unwise. ## Ecology Cloudina is usually found in association with microbial stromatolites, which are limited to shallow water; their isotopic composition suggests that water temperatures were relatively cool. They have also been found in normal sea-floor sediments, suggesting that they were not only restricted to dwelling on microbial mounds. On the other hand, Cloudina has never been found in the same layers as the soft-bodied Ediacara biota, but Cloudina and Ediacara biota have been found in alternating layers. This suggests that the two groups of organisms had different environmental preferences. In many Cloudina specimens the ridges formed by the cones are of varying width, which suggests the organisms grew at a variable rate. Adolf Seilacher suggests that they adhered to microbial mats, and that the growth phases represented the organism keeping pace with sedimentation—growing through new material deposited on it that would otherwise bury it. Kinks in the developing tube are easily explained by the mat falling slightly from the horizontal. Because of its small size, Cloudina would be expected to be found in situ in the microbial mat, especially if, as Seilacher suggests, sedimentation built up around it during its lifetime. But all the many specimens discovered to date have only been found having been washed out of their places of growth. A further argument against Seilacher's hypothesis is that the predatory borings found in many specimens are not concentrated at what would be the top end, as one would expect if the animal was mainly buried. An alternative is that the organism dwelt on seaweeds, but until a specimen unquestionably in situ is discovered, its mode of life remains open to debate. The tubes often appear to form colonies, although they are sometimes found in more isolated situations. The frequent appearance of large and sometimes single-species colonies has been attributed to the lack of significant predation. On the other hand, in some locations up to 20% of Cloudina fossils contain predatory borings ranging from 15 to 400 μm in diameter. The boreholes are rather evenly distributed along the tube length, and some tubes had been bored multiple times—hence the organism could survive attacks, since predators do not attack empty shells. This may indicate that the animal could vary its position in the tube in response to predation, or that it occupied the full length—but not the full width—of the tube. The even distribution is perhaps difficult to reconcile with an infaunal lifestyle, mainly buried in a microbial mat, and adds weight to Miller's suggestion that the animal lived on seaweeds or in a reef environment. If modern-day molluscs are a suitable analogy, the size distribution of the borings suggests that the predator was similar in size to Cloudina. Fossil findings in the Nama Group, Namibia, suggest that Cloudina was one of the first reef-building animals, but machine-learning facilitated 3D tomography indicates that the 'reef-forming' fossils are in fact simply aggregations of solitary individuals. ## Fossil locations Cloudina occurred in calcium carbonate rich areas of stromatolite reefs. It is found in association with Namacalathus, which like Cloudina was "weakly skeletal" and solitary, and Namapoikia, which was "robustly skeletal" and formed sheets on open surfaces. First found in the Nama Group in Namibia, Cloudina has also been reported in Oman, China's Dengying Formation, Canada, Uruguay, Argentina, Antarctica, Brazil, Nevada, central Spain, northwest Mexico and California, in west and south Siberia. The Cloudina fossils found in association with late Precambrian-Early Cambrian anabaritids SSF and tubular agglutinated skeletal fossils Platysolenites and Spirosolenites in Siberia. ## Paleontological importance Although not the first small shelly fossil to be found, Cloudina is one of the earliest and most abundant. The evolution of external shells in the Late Ediacaran is thought to be a defence against predators, marking the start of an evolutionary arms race. While predatory borings are common in Cloudina specimens, no such borings have been found in Sinotubulites, a similar shelly fossil sometimes found in the same beds. In addition, the diameters of borings in Cloudina are proportional to the sizes of specimens, which suggests that predators were selective about the size of their prey. These two indications that predators attacked selectively suggest the possibility of speciation in response to predation, which is often postulated as a potential cause of the rapid diversification of animals in the Early Cambrian. ## See also - Anabarites - Corumbella - Saarina - Sinotubulites - Somatohelix - List of Ediacaran genera	[ "## Morphology", "## Classification", "## Ecology", "## Fossil locations", "## Paleontological importance", "## See also" ]	1,985	8,718
601,041	Parallels (Star Trek: The Next Generation)	1,167,103,915	null	[ "1993 American television episodes", "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 7) episodes", "Television episodes written by Brannon Braga" ]	"Parallels" is the 11th episode of the seventh season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 163rd overall. It was originally released on November 29, 1993, in broadcast syndication. The episode was written by Brannon Braga, and directed by Robert Wiemer. Executive producer Jeri Taylor wrote its final scene, but was uncredited. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D). In this episode, Lt. Worf (Michael Dorn) returns from a bat'leth tournament and slowly discovers that he is being moved across parallel universes. The crew of an alternative Enterprise realises what is happening and seeks to return him to his own reality, but, after an attack by a Bajoran ship, a space-time fissure explodes, causing hundreds of thousands of alternative versions of the Enterprise to enter the same universe. Braga intended to focus the "Parallels" on Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart), but this was changed to Worf in order to make the differences more obvious across the timelines, as Braga worried that Picard's relationships could not significantly differ across near-universes. The producers were concerned with the confusing nature of the initial proposal, but felt that further changes greatly improved it. Wil Wheaton appeared as Wesley Crusher, replacing the initial plan to include Tasha Yar, after Braga was concerned about copying "Yesterday's Enterprise". "Parallels" received Nielsen ratings of 12.8 percent, one of the highest for the season, but some fans were upset at a Worf/Deanna Troi romance. Critics responded favorably, with praise for both Dorn and Marina Sirtis. ## Plot After competing in a bat'leth tournament on the planet Forcas III, Lieutenant Worf returns to the Enterprise and is treated to a surprise birthday party, much to his annoyance. As he attends the party, he starts to notice subtle changes, such as the flavor of the cake changing, and a painting given to him by Data appearing on a different wall. The changes start to become more pronounced; as a Cardassian vessel attacks the Enterprise, unfamiliar controls result in Worf failing to raise the shields, leading to the death of Geordi La Forge. Despite retaining his initial memories, Worf has no evidence that reality has changed, and his own personal logs support the stories given by the other crew members. Other major changes occur: Riker is captain of the Enterprise in a reality wherein Picard was killed by the Borg, the Bajorans became the oppressors of the Cardassians and enemies of the Federation, Wesley Crusher is a lieutenant on the Enterprise, Alyssa Ogawa is the chief medical officer, and Worf finds himself married to Deanna Troi. Upon investigation, the crew find that Worf's RNA has an unusual quantum signature and confirm that he is from a different universe. The crew theorizes that Worf, on his original return from the bat'leth tournament, passed through a time-space fissure, with the shuttlecraft's engines causing Worf to quantum flux between several parallel universes. Data determines that Worf's proximity to La Forge's VISOR caused Worf to shift between universes, and that each universe covers a different possibility. In effect, anything that could possibly happen has done so in a parallel universe, hence the believable changes in the reality that Worf is experiencing. The Enterprise returns to the location of the fissure, attempting to return Worf to his original universe. The Enterprise is then attacked by a Bajoran ship, which causes the fissure to destabilize and the various realities to merge. Over 285,000 hails are received as innumerable Enterprises begin appearing at an exponential rate which Data calculates shall fill the sector in three days. Data determines that the only way to restore the realities is to send Worf via shuttlecraft to the Enterprise of his universe, passing through the fissure and using the shuttlecraft's engines to reseal it. After locating the correct ship, Worf begins to travel back but is attacked by another Enterprise that has come from a Borg-overrun universe, its crew refusing to return. The Enterprise that he left fires upon the hostile ship, trying to disable it, and accidentally destroys it. Worf safely passes through the fissure, finding himself back in normality with a single Enterprise in front of him. After boarding, Worf finds that no time has passed since he initially entered the fissure. When he returns to his room expecting a surprise party, he finds only Troi waiting to give him a single present and, knowing that the two are married in many alternate universes, he invites her to share dinner with him. ## Production Writer Brannon Braga initially conceived of the episode as centered on Captain Picard, rather than Worf. It was only when planning out the story that he realised that there would not be a great deal of personal differences across realities with Picard. As such, he decided to include Worf as the main character, and chose to place him in a romance with Troi as he felt that most people would not have expected it. Braga considered writing Tasha Yar into the episode, but he felt that this would have copied "Yesterday's Enterprise", so he replaced her with Wesley Crusher, played by Wil Wheaton. Further changes were made to the script as Braga had intended for Worf to be sung "Happy Birthday to You" in the Klingon language, but the cost for the rights to the song would have been prohibitive and so the idea was dropped. Executive producer Jeri Taylor approved the initial outline but was concerned that it might be potentially confusing. She was happy with the outcome and described it as having "worked like gangbusters". She felt that the Worf/Troi romance had been subtly played by the writers on the show since the fifth season episode "Ethics" and had been an ambition on the show since "A Fistful of Datas" in the sixth season. After being included in "Parallels", the relationship was featured several times during the final season of The Next Generation. Michael Piller was not enthused with the initial idea, but Taylor felt that the means by which it evolved saved it. Braga thought in hindsight that Crusher's appearance could have been explained more but at the time he felt it was most intriguing if he was "just there". He also wanted to avoid suggesting that Worf was going insane, since that theme had been covered in the previous season in the episode "Frame of Mind". Director Robert Wiemer sought to have a conclusive ending to the episode to state Worf's future intentions. Worf's suggestion of champagne to Troi was written by Taylor to accommodate this. "Parallels" re-used a number of previously seen props and costumes, including Troi's entire uniform wardrobe with the exception of the first season outfits. Other elements such as the Argus Array (a space station model) had appeared in other episodes, and alternative comm badges used in the episode had been seen in "Future Imperfect". The space station Deep Space 5 was a re-dress of Regula One from Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. Modifications were made to the bridge set in one reality; these would later be re-used for the future Enterprise in the series finale "All Good Things...". The effect shot with multiple copies of the Enterprise was achieved by photographing the same model from multiple angles, resulting in more than 100 appearing on screen. The scene with multiple Worfs was produced through the use of split screens and stand-ins. This simultaneous portrayal of numerous different universes was cited by Roberto Orci, one of the screenwriters for the 2009 film Star Trek, as proof that, despite the movie's creation of a secondary timeline, the "regular" Trek universe was unaffected and everything from The Original Series onward still went on as it had before. He said that "Parallels" was using the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics in which a new timeline does not overwrite a previous one, unlike previous episodes in the franchise such as "The City on the Edge of Forever" and "Yesterday's Enterprise". ## Themes The multiverse idea featured in "Parallels" has been discussed by commentators. Theoretical physicist Lawrence M. Krauss praised the episode for the inclusion of the idea in his book The Physics of Star Trek, although added that it incorrectly explained measurement in quantum mechanics. This quantum mechanics theory explained during the episode was called "a little sketchy" by Michelle and Duncan Barrett in their book Star Trek: The Human Factor. They based this on mathematical physicist Roger Penrose's theory that there is no identified physics for bridging the gap between physics and quantum physics. The Barretts noted the use that the Star Trek franchise has made of the idea of the multiverse and different timelines. ## Reception The episode aired during the week commencing November 27, 1993, in broadcast syndication. According to Nielsen Media Research, it received ratings of 12.8 percent. This means that it was watched by 12.8 percent of all households watching television during its timeslot. This placed it as the second most watched syndicated show for that week, and it was the fourth most viewed episode of the season behind part two of "Descent", "Eye of the Beholder" and "All Good Things...". Some fans were upset at the introduction of a romance between Worf and Troi, as they felt that Riker and Troi was the correct pairing. Taylor said that some of the fans felt that the Riker/Troi relationship was so inevitable that the show simply should have "got it over with" and not introduced a new romance for Troi instead. Zack Handlen, in his review for The A.V. Club, gave the episode a grade of A−. He said that it was a "nicely balanced" episode, and that Sirtis and Dorn had good chemistry. Handlen further praised Dorn's comic timing. He enjoyed the image of the other versions of the Enterprise appearing in the same universe, but criticised the level of technobabble during the second half of the episode. IGN writer Scott Colura released a podcast asking whether "Parallels" was the most underrated episode of the series. In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter noted this episode's scene with a frightened Riker from the Borg universe wanting to stay, as one of the top ten "most stunning" moments of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In 2017, it was rated as the 9th best time travel episode in Star Trek. In May 2019, The Hollywood Reporter ranked "Parallels" among the top twenty-five episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Keith DeCandido gave the episode a rating of 10 out of 10 in his review for Tor.com. He expressed his love for the episode, praising the centering of "Parallels" on Worf "partly because no one does frustrated befuddlement better than Michael Dorn". He enjoyed the increasing changes to each universe, but his highlight of the episode was the Enterprise from the Borg invasion timeline which fired on the shuttle at the end. DeCandido said that this kept the episode memorable after 19 years, and "cemented this as one of TNG's top episodes". In a list of the top 100 episodes of the Star Trek franchise, "Parallels" was placed in 84th place by Charlie Jane Anders at io9. In 2017, Popular Mechanics said that "Parallels " was one of the top ten most fun episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. ## Home media release The first release on home media for "Parallels" within the United States was on VHS cassette as part of a single episode release, which took place on January 1, 2000. "Parallels" was released on DVD in 2002 as part of the season box set. It was later released as part of the season set on Blu-ray within the United States on December 2, 2014. This included an audio commentary from Braga. ## See also - "Mirror, Mirror" from the original Star Trek series, the first Mirror Universe episode in the Star Trek franchise - Alternate history - Many worlds	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Themes", "## Reception", "## Home media release", "## See also" ]	2,564	9,347
56,555,164	Thomas Ragon, Abbot of Vale Royal	1,082,095,541	Eighth Abbot of Vale Royal Abbey	[ "1350s in England", "1360s in England", "14th-century English people", "Abbots of Vale Royal Abbey", "History of Cheshire" ]	Thomas Ragon was the eighth Abbot of Vale Royal Abbey, Cheshire. His term of office lasted from 1351 to 1369. His abbacy was predominantly occupied with recommencing the building works at Vale Royal—which had been in abeyance for a decade—and the assertion of his abbey's rights over a satellite church in Llanbadarn Fawr, Ceredigion, which was also claimed by the Abbot of Gloucester. ## Background Vale Royal Abbey had been founded on its present site by King Edward I in 1277. Although intended to be the biggest and grandest Cistercian church in Christian Europe, building work was very much delayed (Edward had vowed to found the house in 1263, but recurring political crises, his own crusade, and the Second Barons' War prevented any work whatsoever taking place at least 1270). Work progressed until the 1280s when the abbey's construction was once again delayed by national events; this time, Edward's invasion of Wales. The King took not only the money that had been set aside for Vale Royal but also conscripted the masons and other labourers to build his Welsh fortifications. By the 1330s the monks had managed to complete the east end of the church. Thomas Ragon was elected abbot of Vale Royal in 1351, two years after the death of his predecessor, Robert de Cheyneston. ## Rebuilding the abbey In 1353, Edward the Black Prince wished to "continue and complete the work begun by his great-grandfather." For this purpose, Thomas was granted a tenth of Cheshire's 5,000 mark fine (which the county had previously agreed to pay in exchange for delaying the eyre), and he also provided another 500 marks when he visited Vale Royal in 1358. Thus, the Abbot was able to continue the building works on the Abbey as his predecessors had done; these works were expected to take six years. However, the following year, in October 1359, during a massive storm, much of the nave (including the new lead roof put in place by only the last abbot) was blown down and destroyed. The destruction was comprehensive, ranging "from the wall at the west end to the bell-tower before the gates of the choir," whilst the timber scaffolding collapsed "'like trees uprooted by the wind." Repairs slowly took place over the next thirteen years, and it was undoubtedly Abbot Thomas who was responsible for the "unique chevet of seven radiating chapels" that were installed, although the overall stature of the remodelled church was smaller than before. Abbot Thomas had personally contracted with the Master Masons completing the work: they would build the church while he would organise the construction of twelve chapels—and pay for them. However, Thomas does not appear to have adhered to the terms of the contract, as only three years later, the Prince of Wales had to order him to do so. ## Royal service Thomas performed royal service when required (for example, in 1364 he took the fealty of John de la Pole) and also held a number of offices outside his abbacy. He was keeper of Aberystwyth Castle's gate, farmer of that town's subsidy, and rector of Llanbadarn Fawr, Powys, from early 1361. Under Thomas, the Abbey also received the advowsons of Lampeter and Llanbadarn Fawr church from a close advisor to Edward, the Black Prince. In 1360 these had been granted by King Edward III to the Prince of wales, who in turn granted them to members of his household—Peter Lacy, Richard Wolveston, John Delves and William Spridlington—who in turn "appropriated" them to Abbot Thomas. This was with the Prince's blessing, as it was intended to be a royal donation towards restoring the church after its earlier partial destruction. Llanbadarn Fawr was a wealthy church, whose rector was no mere rector; the wealth of his church almost gave him abbatial status. Henceforth, Abbot Thomas and his successors were declared to be "henceforth the true abbot of the church." The abbey's own chronicle, The Vale Royal Ledger Book, states that "the abbot himself being present, all the men aforesaid and the other tenants did their fealty in full court and acknowledged the said abbot to be rector of Llabadarn Fawr and their lord." Abbot Thomas visited the church in 1361. ### Dispute with Gloucester Abbey The advowson of Llanbadarn Fawr church was to occupy much of Abbot Thomas' energies, as it became the locus of a dispute between Vale Royal and Gloucester Abbey, which later objected to the gift, as Llanbadarn Fawr had previously been a cell of Gloucester's. The church was wealthy enough to make it worth quarrelling over: it controlled no less than ten chapels, and brought in an annual income of at least £120 per annum. Even though Vale Royal had received permission from the Bishop, the King and the Pope, Gloucester Abbey still objected, and the case was to drag on many years after Thomas' death 9not being resolved until 1399). The case was to cause ill-feeling within Vale Royal Abbey itself, as well as into North Wales. Even into the fifteenth century, Abbots of Vale Royal were unable to travel to Llanbadarn Fawr without fear of assault on occasions. ## Death Abbot Thomas died in the summer of 1369, probably from pestilence, and in 1383 he was mentioned as being a "former" abbot around the time of the Black Prince. He was succeeded by Stephen, who, however, is not recorded in contemporary records as holding the office until 1374, so there may well have been another lengthy interregnum.	[ "## Background", "## Rebuilding the abbey", "## Royal service", "### Dispute with Gloucester Abbey", "## Death" ]	1,245	28,448
18,369,371	Thunder Force VI	1,147,569,294	2008 shoot 'em up game	[ "2008 video games", "Cancelled Dreamcast games", "Cancelled PlayStation Portable games", "Cancelled Xbox 360 games", "Japan-exclusive video games", "PlayStation 2 games", "PlayStation 2-only games", "Sega video games", "Single-player video games", "Thunder Force", "Video game sequels", "Video games developed in Japan", "Video games scored by Tamayo Kawamoto" ]	is a 2008 horizontal-scrolling shooter video game developed and published for the PlayStation 2 by Sega. The game places the player in the role of a starship that must eradicate the Orn Faust empire before they destroy all of Earth. The player must complete each stage by shooting down enemies and avoiding collisions with them and their projectiles, using an arsenal of powerful weapons to destroy them. It is the sixth and final entry in the long-running Thunder Force video game franchise, and the only one to not be developed by series creator Technosoft. Thunder Force VI was originally being designed for the Dreamcast by Technosoft in 2000; very little work was completed, and production was halted after Technosoft folded into Japanese pachinko manufacturer Twenty-One Company. Sega acquired the rights to revive the project in early 2007. Development was led by Tez Okano, known for his work on titles such as Segagaga, Astro Boy: Omega Factor and Gunstar Super Heroes. He looked to games such as R-Type Final for inspiration, deciding to create a game that went "back to the roots" of the series instead of making drastic changes to the core gameplay. Okano worked to assemble a team of designers that were fans of the Thunder Force series and had prior experience with working on shooters, gathering several from Taito and Konami to assist in production. The game was intended to be the first under the "Project STG" brand name, intended for remakes and reboots of older shoot'em up franchises. Versions for the Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable and arcades were briefly considered but later scrapped. Thunder Force VI was met with a mixed reaction from critics, with complaints being directed towards its blurry visuals, short length, soundtrack and for mostly consisting of "recycled" stages and mechanics found in earlier games in the franchise. Fans of the series were especially negative towards the game for lacking originality and innovation, alongside it being mostly a rehash of its predecessors. Its gameplay, graphical style and weapon variety were often the subject of praise. ## Gameplay Thunder Force VI is a horizontal-scrolling shooter video game. The player controls a starship that must make it to the end of each stage by destroying incoming enemies and avoiding collisions with them and their projectiles. Stages feature 3D visuals while taking place on a 2D plane, occasionally zooming the camera towards and away the player. Two starships are available at the beginning of the game — the RVR-001 "Phoenix" and the Rynex-R — both of which have different weapon loadouts and playstyles. Additional ships can be unlocked by progressing through the game and completing specific objectives. The player has access to five different weapon types, each having varying abilities and strengths; unlike earlier games in the series, the player starts with all of them, without needing to collect them while progressing through stages. The primary weapon is the "Craw", which can be launched at enemies to create powerful electric charges that obliterate anything in their path. Other weapons include a twin shot, a backwards shot, and a free-range homing shot. ## Plot Thunder Force VI is set in the year A.D. 2161, ten years after the events of its predecessor Thunder Force V. After the artificial intelligence known as the "Guardian" is destroyed, Earth returns to an age of prosperity and peace. Shortly after this, an extraterrestrial race known as the "Orn Faust" make contact with Earth and begin to invade the planet, leaving the Unified Earth Fleet powerless and nearly destroyed. The Unified Earth Government discovers several strange readings from its analysis report of an underground chamber on the island of Babel, where the Guardian was once installed. The readings lead to the location of technology related to the "Vasteel", the starship that had destroyed the Guardian long ago that has since been abandoned and sealed away to protect it. When researchers analyze the technology, they discover that the Vasteel was originally named the "Rynex", a powerful weapon that had been used by the Galaxy Federation extraterrestrial power to combat the Orn Empire, the leader of the Orn Faust. Scientists design a new starship called the RVR-001 "Phoenix", based on the Vasteel's technology, to destroy the Orn Faust and to save all of mankind from destruction. ## Development Thunder Force VI was originally being developed for the Dreamcast by series creator Technosoft, reportedly being in production in early 2000. Aside from an early test video showing an early introduction sequence and several pieces of music, very little progress was made; it was indefinitely shelved during early stages of production after Technosoft folded into Japanese pachinko manufacturer Twenty-One Company. The composer for the project released the music as part of a soundtrack album, titled NOISE Game Music Vol. 3 – Broken Thunder, encompassing both tracks from Thunder Force VI and other games in the series, such as Thunder Force V. In early 2007, Sega acquired the license from Technosoft and Twenty-One to revive the project and give it a full release. Development was headed by Sega veteran Tez Okano, known for his work on titles such as Segagaga, Astro Boy: Omega Factor, and Gunstar Super Heroes. Okano was a big fan of the Thunder Force series and was interested in producing a full-length sequel for a modern platform; he had previously designed a Thunder Force-esc stage for his earlier work Segagaga, which also incorporated music from the Broken Thunder album and the Dreamcast version of Thunder Force VI, which he was able to use after securing a deal with Technosoft. Okano worked to assemble a development team that were also fans of the series and had prior experience with designing shooters, gathering several designers from Taito and Konami to assist in production. He looked to Irem's R-Type Final for potential inspiration, choosing to "go back to the roots" of the series instead of trying to incorporate nothing but new ideas and change the core gameplay. Okano and the development team had to pay close attention to the game's budget to prevent it from becoming too large. He considered producing an arcade version, but scrapped the idea after not being able to find an arcade board that had sufficient hardware power for the game. Composing the soundtrack were Tamayo Kawamoto of RayForce, Go Sato of Raiden, and Motoaki Furukawa of Gradius. Okano claimed that Thunder Force VI would be the first game under the "Project STG", a brand name which he intended to be used for a potential series of shoot'em up revivals and reboots. He stated in an interview that more games would likely be released under the Project STG name if Thunder Force VI proved to be a success. Okano had thought about porting the game to either the Xbox 360 or PlayStation Portable, but these ideas quickly fell through. Sega officially announced the game in July 2008 through Famitsu magazine, releasing several screenshots and promotional videos through their official website. Twenty-One quietly updated their official website announcing their intentions to revive the series with Sega, alongside the game's release. Thunder Force VI was published for the PlayStation 2 in Japan on October 30, 2008. ## Reception Reviews for Thunder Force VI were often mixed, with common complaints being towards its unbalanced difficulty level, soundtrack and usage of assets and entire stage designs from earlier entries in the series. Fans of the series were particularly negative towards it for failing to live up to prior Thunder Force games and for greatly lacking in both innovation and originality. Japanese publication Famitsu criticized the game for relying mostly on stages and concepts from earlier games in the Thunder Force series, saying that it lacked innovation and originality. They praised the 3D graphics for being used in an interesting way throughout the game, but disliked the textures themselves for being low-textured and unappealing to look at. MeriStation praised the variety of weapons within the game, particularly the CRAW for being greatly improved over the one featured in its predecessor Thunder Force V, but were disappointed towards the level design for being too similar to those in prior entries, as well as its graphical style for being inferior to games like Gradius V. MeriStation applauded its soundtrack for its "techno new age" vibe and for the gameplay still being enjoyable and fun to play, although were critical of its short length. They expressed hope in the game being released outside Japan for services such as Xbox Live Arcade, writing: "In a world dominated by 3D and high definition, the appearance of jewelry like this is worthy of admiration". Edge Spain disliked its overly-easy difficulty level and for reusing assets and ideas from older Thunder Force titles. In a 2016 retrospective review, Hardcore Gaming 101 stated it felt like a "step back" compared to games such as R-Type Final and Gradius V for its blurry textures, bland soundtrack, and for greatly lacking in originality, specifically criticizing the game for simply lifting entire stage ideas from earlier entries in the series. In light of their criticism, they commended the game's 3D graphics and overall gameplay for still staying true to the series' core, concluding their review with: "Though it’s a bit disappointing that Thunder Force VI feels so recycled, at its core, it’s still a well-made shooter that pulls off the difficult task of appealing to both casual and hardcore shooter fans". In a retrospective coverage of the series, Nintendo Life was critical of its short length and lack of unique ideas, disliking that it simply reused ideas from other games in the Thunder Force franchise instead of utilizing original mechanics and concepts.	[ "## Gameplay", "## Plot", "## Development", "## Reception" ]	1,973	23,689
48,631,025	Margot Becke-Goehring	1,136,204,468	German chemist	[ "1914 births", "2009 deaths", "20th-century German chemists", "20th-century German women scientists", "Academic staff of Heidelberg University", "German women chemists", "Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities", "University of Halle alumni" ]	Margot Becke-Goehring (born 10 June 1914 in Allenstein; died 14 November 2009 in Heidelberg) was a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Heidelberg and she was the first female rector of a university in West Germany - the Heidelberg University. She was also the director of the Gmelin Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Max Planck Society that edited the Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. She studied Chemistry in Halle (Saale) and Munich, and she finished her doctorate and habilitation at the University of Halle. For her research on the chemistry of main-group elements, she was awarded Alfred Stock Memorial Prize. One of her most notable contributions to inorganic chemistry was her work on the synthesis and structure of poly(sulfur nitride), which was later discovered to be the first non-metallic superconductor. For her success in editing the Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, she received the Gmelin-Beilstein memorial coin. ## Life Becke-Goehring finished her Abitur in Erfurt in 1933. She studied Chemistry in Halle (Saale) and Munich. She completed her doctorate in 1938. In 1944, she finished her habilitation at the institute of Karl Ziegler at the University of Halle. After the Second World War, Becke-Goehring was evacuated by the American military government to the American occupation zone. In 1946, she started as a lecturer for inorganic chemistry at the Heidelberg University. Due to the destruction after the second world war, she had to write her first lecture notes based on her memory and test experiments in the chemistry laboratory. In 1947, she became an extraordinary professor, and was promoted to full professor in 1959. Among her doctoral students were Lieselotte Feikes and Rolf Appel. From 1966 to 1969, she was the first female rector of a university in West Germany . She helped initiate a predecessor of BAFöG, a law that regulates state support for the education of students in Germany. The German student movement of 1968 occurred during her time as a rector. As a rector, she forbade Horst Mahler who was involved in the German student movement, from speaking at the university. The movement and the resulting riots largely stopped the university reforms that she had initiated to deal with the financial problems and defects in buildings in the first years of increased student enrollment. A university committee developed a new basic constitution of the university that disagreed with Becke-Goehring's views on free, non-politicizable teaching and research. Following this change, she stepped down as a rector, resigned as a civil servant and left the university in 1969. In the same year, she became the director of the Gmelin Institute for Inorganic Chemistry of the Max Planck Society in Frankfurt where she was responsible for the Gmelin Handbuch. She stayed as its director until her retirement in 1979. She was also chairwoman of the scientific council of the Max Planck Society, a member of the board of management of the Society of German Chemists, and a member of the supervisory board of the Bayer AG. She was married to the industrial chemist Dr. Friedrich Becke. ## Research Initially publishing under the name Goehring and later Becke-Goehring, she researched the chemistry of the main-group elements. Her initial work focused on sulphuric oxygen acids and sulphur halides. Later, she was particularly interested in sulphur-nitrogen and phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. Her work on tetrasulfur tetranitride (S<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) started decades of research on this unusual and highly reactive inorganic heterocycle. She was also able to determine the structure and chemistry of poly(sulfur nitride) which later turned out to be the first non-metallic superconductor. Furthermore, she worked on eight-membered ring systems (e.g. heptasulfur imide S<sub>7</sub>NH and N<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>F<sub>4</sub>), on six-membered rings (e.g. N<sub>3</sub>S<sub>3</sub>X<sub>3</sub> (X=F,Cl) and N<sub>3</sub>[S(O)Cl]), and on ring systems involving sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms as well as sulfur, nitrogen and carbon atoms. Extensive investigations were also carried out on the reactions of PCl<sub>5</sub> to phosphorus nitride chlorides (e.g. P<sub>3</sub>NCl<sub>12</sub>), whereby several intermediate stages could be isolated and characterized. In addition, she investigated phosphorus sulphides and other phosphorus sulphur compounds in the 1970s. ## Recognition For her research in inorganic chemistry, she received the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize in 1961. Due to her accomplishments, she was also a member of three academies of sciences: the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. She also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Stuttgart. For her work on the Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, she was awarded the Gmelin-Beilsteil Memorial Coin in 1980. In 2017, the Heidelberg University started a lecture series in her remembrance. ## Publications Besides her dissertation and habilitation, Becke-Goehring published several textbooks on Chemistry and books on the history of Chemistry: - Die Kinetik der Dithionsäurespaltung (Dissertation 1938) - Über die Sulfoxylsäure (Habilitation 1944) - Becke-Goehring, Margot (1983), Rückblicke auf vergangene Tage (Autobiography), Limited private print, Heidelberg.	[ "## Life", "## Research", "## Recognition", "## Publications" ]	1,285	37,067
22,353,735	Little Gidding (poem)	1,153,857,741	1942 poem by T. S. Eliot	[ "1942 poems", "British poems", "Christian poetry", "Little Gidding", "Modernist poems", "Poetry by T. S. Eliot", "Works originally published in The New English Weekly" ]	Little Gidding is the fourth and final poem of T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets, a series of poems that discuss time, perspective, humanity, and salvation. It was first published in September 1942 after being delayed for over a year because of the air-raids on Great Britain during World War II and Eliot's declining health. The title refers to a small Anglican community in Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, established by Nicholas Ferrar in the 17th century and scattered during the English Civil War. The poem uses the combined image of fire and Pentecostal fire to emphasise the need for purification and purgation. According to the poet, humanity's flawed understanding of life and turning away from God leads to a cycle of warfare, but this can be overcome by recognising the lessons of the past. Within the poem, the narrator meets a ghost that is a combination of various poets and literary figures. Little Gidding focuses on the unity of past, present, and future, and claims that understanding this unity is necessary for salvation. ## Background Following the completion of the third Four Quartets poem, The Dry Salvages, Eliot's health declined and he stayed in Shamley Green, Surrey while he recovered. During this time, Eliot started writing Little Gidding. The first draft was completed in July 1941 but he was dissatisfied with it. He believed the problems with the poem lay with his own inability to write, and that, precipitated by air raids on London, he had started the poem with too little preparation and had written it too quickly. After the first draft was written, he set the poem aside, and he left in September to lecture throughout Great Britain. After months of not working on the poem, Eliot began to feel compelled to finish it; it was not until August 1942, however, that he started working on it again. In total, there were five drafts. The poem was finished by 19 September 1942 and published in the October New English Weekly. Little Gidding was intended to conclude the Four Quartets series, summarising Eliot's views expressed in this series of poems. Little Gidding was the home of an Anglican community established in 1626 by Nicholas Ferrar. The Ferrar household lived a Christian life according to High Church principles and the Book of Common Prayer. The religious community was dispersed during the English Civil War between Parliamentarians and Royalists but re-formed, ending with the death of John Ferrar in 1657. Eliot had visited the site in May 1936. Unlike the other locations mentioned in the titles of the Four Quartets poems, Eliot had no direct connection to the original Christian community. As such, the community is supposed to represent almost any religious community. ## Poem Critics classify Little Gidding as a poem of fire with an emphasis on purgation and the Pentecostal fire. The beginning of the poem discusses time and winter, with attention paid to the arrival of summer. The images of snow, which provoke desires for a spiritual life, transition into an analysis of the four classical elements of fire, earth, air and water and how fire is the primary element of the four. Following this is a discussion on death and destruction, things unaccomplished, and regret for past events. While using Dante's terza rima style, the poem continues by describing the Battle of Britain. The image of warfare merges with the depiction of Pentecost, and the Holy Spirit is juxtaposed with the air-raids on London. In the second section, a ghost, representing the poets of the past stuck between worlds, begins talking to the narrator of the poem. The ghost discusses change, art in general, and how humankind is flawed. The only way to overcome the problematic condition of humanity, according to the ghost, is to experience purgation through fire. The fire is described in a manner similar to the medieval mystic Julian of Norwich's writing about God's love and discussed in relationship to the shirt of Nessus, a shirt that burns its wearer. Little Gidding continues by describing the eternalness of the present and how history exists in a pattern. The poem concludes by explaining how sacrifice is needed to allow an individual to die into life and be reborn, and that salvation should be the goal of humankind. ## Themes In terms of renewal, Eliot believed that suffering was needed for all of society before new life could begin. The original Little Gidding community was built for living on monastic lines, but the community was damaged and dispersed by Puritan forces during the English Civil War in 1646. The church, the centre of the community, was restored in 1714 and again in 1853. The image of religious renewal is combined with the image of the London air-raids and the constant fighting and destruction within the world. This compound image is used to discuss the connection of holy places with the Holy Spirit, Pentecost, communion with the dead, and the repetition of history. The theme is also internal to Eliot's own poems; the image of the rose garden at the end Little Gidding is the image that begins Burnt Norton and the journey is made circular. Also, the depiction of time within the poem is similar to the way time operates within The Family Reunion. Like the other poems making up the Four Quartets, Little Gidding deals with the past, present, and future, and humanity's place within them as each generation is seemingly united. In the second section, there is a ghost who is the compilation of various poets, including Dante, Swift, Yeats, and others. When the ghost joins the poet, the narrator states "Knowing myself yet being someone other". This suggests that the different times merge at the same time that the different personalities begin to merge, allowing a communication and connection with the dead. Later, in the fourth section, humanity is given a choice between the Holy Spirit or the bombing of London; redemption or destruction. God's love allows humankind to be redeemed and escape the living hell through purgation by fire. The end of the poem describes how Eliot has attempted to help the world as a poet. He parallels his work in language with working on the soul or working on society. The ghost, a combination of many literary figures, was originally addressed in the poem as "Ser Brunetto" before being revised as an ambiguous "you". "Ser Brunetto" was Dante's way of addressing Brunetto Latini, a former mentor whom he meets in Hell to which he has been condemned for sodomy. Eliot, in a letter to John Hayward dated 27 August 1942, explained why he changed the wording: > I think you will recognise that it was necessary to get rid of Brunetto for two reasons. The first is that the visionary figure has now become somewhat more definite and will no doubt be identified by some readers with Yeats though I do not mean anything so precise as that. However, I do not wish to take the responsibility of putting Yeats or anybody else into Hell and I do not want to impute to him the particular vice which took Brunetto there. Secondly, although the reference to that Canto is intended to be explicit, I wish the effect of the whole to be Purgatorial which is more appropriate. That brings us to the reference to swimming in fire which you will remember at the end of Purgatorio 26 where the poets are found. The theme of swimming through flames is connected to the depiction of Guido Guinizelli, a poet who influenced Dante, seeking such a state in Purgatorio XXVI. However, the depiction of swimming was transformed into an image of dancing, an act that appears throughout Yeats's poetry, within purgatorial flames. The critic Dominic Manganiello suggests that, in combining the image of dancing with purgation, Eliot merges Dante's and Yeats's poetic themes. ## Reception Critics such as Malcolm Cowley and Delmore Schwartz describe mixed emotions about the religiosity of the poem. Cowley emphasised the mystical nature of the poem and how its themes were closer to Buddhism than Anglicanism while mentioning his appreciation of many of the passages. Schwartz also mentioned the Buddhist images and his admiration for many of the lines in Little Gidding. F. B. Pinion believed that the fourth section of the poem caused "Eliot more trouble and vexation than any passage of the same length he ever wrote, and is his greatest achievement in the Four Quartets." E. M. Forster did not like Eliot's emphasis on pain and responded to the poem: "Of course there's pain on and off through each individual's life... You can't shirk it and so on. But why should it be endorsed by the schoolmaster and sanctified by the priest until the fire and the rose are one when so much of it is caused by disease and bullies? It is here that Eliot becomes unsatisfactory as a seer." Writing in 2003, Roger Scruton wrote that in Little Gidding Eliot achieved "that for which he envies Dante—namely, a poetry of belief, in which belief and words are one, and in which the thought cannot be prized free from the controlled and beautiful language".	[ "## Background", "## Poem", "## Themes", "## Reception" ]	1,906	13,657
32,613,125	Peniophora quercina	1,170,160,243	Species of fungus	[ "Fungal tree pathogens and diseases", "Fungi described in 1879", "Fungi of Asia", "Fungi of Europe", "Inedible fungi", "Russulales", "Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon" ]	Peniophora quercina is a species of wood-decay fungus in the family Peniophoraceae. It produces fruit bodies that vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry. The wet fruit bodies are waxy and lilac, and attached strongly to the wood on which they grow. When dry, the edges curl up and reveal the dark underside, while the surface becomes crusty and pink. P. quercina is the type species of the genus Peniophora, with the species being reclassified as a member of the genus upon the latter's creation by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke. P. quercina is found primarily in Europe, where it can be encountered all year. Though primarily growing upon dead wood, especially oak, it is also capable of growing upon still-living wood. ## Taxonomy Early descriptions of the species came from Carl Ludwig Willdenow, who named it Lichen carneus in 1787, and Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard, who, in 1790, named it Auricularia corticalis. However, the sanctioned name is Thelephora quercina, given by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, and sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries in the first volume of his Systema Mycologicum. The specific name quercina is in reference to Quercus, the generic name for oak. A number of authors (including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Lucien Quélet and Giacomo Bresadola) reclassified Bulliard's Auricularia corticalis throughout the 19th century, while Persoon's Thelephora quercina was reclassified by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821, who placed it in Corticium as Corticium quercinum. However, in 1879, Mordecai Cubitt Cooke transferred the species to his newly described genus Peniophora, declaring it the type species. Despite subsequent attempts at reclassification, Cooke's name is the one currently used. ## Description Peniophora quercina produces resupinate fruit bodies that vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry. They are up to 0.5 mm (0.020 in) thick, and form irregular patches that sometimes measure several centimetres across. Initially, the species forms small, disc-shaped fruit bodies through holes in bark, but these expand and merge to form the irregular patches. When fresh, the surface is reminiscent of jelly or wax, and can be smooth or warty, varying in colour from a dull blue to lilac. Initially, they are firmly attached to the wood on which they are growing, but as they dry, the edges roll inwards and reveal the dark brown or black underside. The dry specimens have a crusty and slightly fissured surface, and, in colour, are a bright pink or grey, tinted with lilac. There is a relatively thick layer of gelatinous flesh. Apart from a brown layer close to the wood, the flesh is hyaline. The species has no distinctive odour or taste, and is inedible. ### Microscopic features Peniophora quercina produces spores that take the shape of a curved cylinder (sausage shaped), and have been variously reported as light red, pink and white. They measure from 8 to 12 by 3 to 4 micrometres (μm). The spores are borne on basidia, with four spores per basidium, which measure 50 to 70 by 5 to 12 μm. The species has hyaline cystidia with thick cell walls, which are "heavily encrusted with crystalline material". The cystidia are often buried within the fruit body as it grows, but can be found in large numbers. They have been variously described as spindle-shaped or conical, and measure 25 to 35 by 10 to 15 μm. The hyphae have clamp connections, and the base of the fruit body is made up of brown hyphae with moderately thick cell walls, measuring 3 to 4 μm in width. ### Similar species Peniophora limulata is similar in appearance to P. quercina. However, the edges of the fruit body are highlighted in a dark black, and the species favours ash, as opposed to oak. ## Ecology and distribution Peniophora quercina typically grows upon dead wood, which can be attached to the tree or fallen, where it causes white rot. It favours oak, but can also be found on other deciduous trees, such as beech. P. quercina is known to be a pioneer species on dead wood, which means it can be the first species to grow. It is found in Europe, where it is very common. Though it can be encountered all year, it produces spores in late summer and autumn. It has also been recorded in Amur, in eastern Asia. The species has also been identified in living sapwood, though it is latent at this time, and it is probable that it waits until the wood begins to die (when it is drier, but contains more oxygen) before the mycelia begin to grow. When the species was inoculated into living wood, it did grow, but only around the inoculation wound; the species did not spread as it would have done on dead wood. Another study found that the species actively colonised partially living branches, causing white rot. However, the species had little effect on the cambium, and was mostly limited to the ends of branches.	[ "## Taxonomy", "## Description", "### Microscopic features", "### Similar species", "## Ecology and distribution" ]	1,166	12,153
64,269,292	Calvin E. Lightner	1,170,238,282	American architect, building contractor, and mortician	[ "1878 births", "1960 deaths", "20th-century African-American businesspeople", "20th-century American architects", "African-American architects", "African-American history in Raleigh, North Carolina", "African-American people in North Carolina politics", "American Presbyterians", "American funeral directors", "NAACP activists", "People from Winnsboro, South Carolina", "Shaw University alumni" ]	Calvin Esau Lightner (March 31, 1878 – May 21, 1960) was an American architect, building contractor, and mortician. He was born in South Carolina and moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, to study architectural design at Shaw University. After graduation he took industrial courses at Hampton Institute and studied embalming in Tennessee. He and his brother established the C. E. Lightner and Brothers construction company and built numerous homes for members of Raleigh's black middle class. Lightner established the first funeral home for black customers in Raleigh along East Hargett Street. He proceeded to construct numerous commercial buildings along the road, thus sparking a shift in the concentration of Raleigh's black-owned businesses to East Hargett, which became known as the city's "Black Main Street." In 1919 he and two other black men launched a political campaign for municipal offices with the goal of arousing political interest in the black community. Lightner sought the post of Commissioner of Public Works. Jim Crow restrictions prevented most black men from voting and all three lost their elections, though Lightner earned 142 votes. In 1921 he built the Mechanics and Farmers Bank Building in Durham and the Lightner Arcade and Hotel in Raleigh. The latter quickly became a center of social activity for Raleigh's black community and hosted musicians Cab Calloway, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington. Lightner sold his hotel in 1925 and in 1959 turned over his funeral business to his son, Clarence. Lightner died the following year. Clarence was elected as the first black Mayor of Raleigh in 1973. Most of Lightner's building projects no longer exist. ## Early life and education Calvin Lightner was born on March 31, 1878, in Winnsboro, South Carolina, United States, to Frank and Daphney Lightner. His father had been born into slavery and following emancipation farmed and worked as a carpenter, building homes in Chester. His mother had been born as a free person of color. His maternal grandfather, Joseph Thompson, served in the South Carolina General Assembly during Reconstruction. According to census records, Frank was illiterate whereas Daphney could read. Daphney and her children were classified as mulatto in the 1880 United States census. Lightner attended grade school in Winnsboro before moving to Chester. He briefly worked as a carpenter's apprentice under his father. He moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1898 and enrolled at Shaw University, studying architectural design. He graduated in 1908 with a Bachelor of Science. He furthered his education with industrial courses at Hampton Institute. He married Mamie A. Blackmon, a fellow student at Hampton and a Raleigh home economics teacher on July 7, 1909, in Wake County. They had four children: Calvin, Lawrence, Clarence, and Margaret. In that year he completed embalming school in Nashville, Tennessee. ## Career By 1906, Lightner had established the construction company of C. E. Lightner and Brothers in Raleigh with his brother Rayford. In 1907 he designed and built his own home in Raleigh. Upon graduation from Shaw, he served as an assistant teacher in the university's industrial shop for a year. His construction company proceeded to erect numerous homes for members of the black middle class in the east and southeast portions of the city. He also built at least one home for a white client in Boylan Heights. Various sources state that Lightner did all his own drawings and blueprints for his projects. His company used wooden trusses instead of steel in its buildings. Following his graduation from college, Lightner worked as a mortician's apprentice before establishing his own funeral home—the first such business for black people in Raleigh—despite not having an official charter to do so. Lightner originally intended to establish a funeral business and office along Fayetteville Street, but when this proved unworkable he sought property on East Hargett Street. In 1909 he erected the Lightner Building there. In 1911 he received a state charter to set up a funeral business and founded the Lightner Funeral Home on October 1, operating it out of the first floor of the Lightner Building. He subsequently oversaw the construction of many businesses along East Hargett Street, and thus sparked a shift in the concentration of Raleigh's black-owned businesses from Wilmington Street to East Hargett, which became known as the city's "Black Main Street." In the 1910s Lightner and his brother Ralph, a mechanic, operated an automobile repair garage on the street. In 1912 he called for the creation of a North Carolina black undertakers association. During the Colored North Carolina State Fair, a group of undertakers met and formed such an association, electing Lightner its president. In the 1920s he established the private Hillcrest Cemetery for Raleigh's black residents on family property along Garner Road. Lightner was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1919 he and two other black men, Laurence Cheek and Manassa Thomas Pope ran for municipal offices in Raleigh with the endorsement of the Twentieth Century Voters Club, a political organization for people of color. Lightner sought the post of Commissioner of Public Works. Jim Crow restrictions prevented most black men from voting and all three lost their elections. Lightner earned 142 votes, the most of any of the black candidates. Reflecting on the campaign, he said "Even if we had won we knew the whites wouldn't let us administer. But we just wanted to wake our people up politically." The campaign garnered the support of many blacks and provoked the ire of some white leaders, who as a result discouraged other white people from supporting black enterprises in Raleigh. In 1922 he was made a member of a new poverty relief committee, the Negro New Bern Relief Commission. In 1921 Lightner built the Lightner Arcade and Hotel across the street from the Lightner Building, later joking that he decided to erect it after his wife had complained that he hosted too many friends from out of town at their home. The arcade quickly became a center of social activity for Raleigh's black community, and was considered one of the best hotels for black clientele along the East Coast of the United States. During its existence it was one of two hotels in Raleigh that would accept black customers and hosted musicians Cab Calloway, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington. The building also housed a restaurant, drug store, barbershop, and the offices of The Carolinian. Lightner also heavily remodeled Davie Street Presbyterian Church in 1922, where he became a parishioner, and in 1921 constructed the Mechanics and Farmers Bank Building in Durham. The following year he built a Mechanics and Farmers branch building on East Hargett Street in Raleigh. Lightner and his brother sold the hotel in May 1925 to the Household of Ruth for \$108,000. In the 1930s he created the Wake County Burial League to sell burial insurance. In 1941 Lightner purchased the Capehart House and moved his funeral home there. He retired the following year. In 1959 he gave control of his funeral home to his son, Clarence. ## Later life and legacy Lightner died on May 21, 1960, at St. Agnes Hospital in Raleigh. A funeral was held for him on May 25 at Davie Street Presbyterian Church, and he was buried in Mt. Hope Cemetery. The Lightner Arcade burned down in 1970. Lightner's son, Clarence, was elected as the first black Mayor of Raleigh in 1973. His family home was demolished in 1990. By 2020, most of Lightner's buildings were no longer extant, with the notable exceptions of Davie Street Presbyterian Church and the Mechanics and Farmers Bank Building in Durham. The Lightner Funeral Home was sold in 2022 and heavily damaged by fire the following year.	[ "## Early life and education", "## Career", "## Later life and legacy" ]	1,652	4,187
19,007,833	Tropical Storm Julio (2008)	1,171,842,062	Pacific tropical storm in 2008	[ "2008 Pacific hurricane season", "2008 in Mexico", "Eastern Pacific tropical storms", "Hurricanes and tropical depressions of the Gulf of California", "Tropical cyclones in 2008" ]	Tropical Storm Julio was a tropical storm that made landfall on the southern tip of Baja California Sur in August 2008. The tenth named storm of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season, it developed from a tropical wave on August 23 off the coast of Mexico. It moved parallel to the coast, reaching peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) before moving ashore and weakening. On August 26 it dissipated in the Gulf of California. Julio was the third tropical cyclone to make landfall in the Pacific Ocean basin during the season, after Tropical Storm Alma, which struck Nicaragua in May, and Tropical Depression Five-E, which moved ashore along southwestern Mexico in July. The storm brought locally heavy rainfall to southern Baja California, killing one person and leaving several towns isolated. Moisture from Julio reached Arizona, producing thunderstorms, including one which damaged ten small planes in Chandler. ## Meteorological history On August 20, a tropical wave became discernible about 800 miles (1300 km) off the coast of Mexico, which in the next day developed a large area of convection, or thunderstorms. Initially, conditions were unfavorable for development, due to strong upper-level wind shear. Tracking northwestward parallel to the Mexican coast, the system became better organized on August 22, though later that day its structure deteriorated. On August 23, a strong area of convection developed and persisted near a circulation center, despite strong wind shear. With banding features becoming more prominent, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified the system as Tropical Depression Eleven-E about 345 miles (555 km) south-southeast of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. The tropical depression initially moved northwestward around the southwestern periphery of a ridge over Mexico. Convection continued to develop to the west of the center, and late on August 23, a ship report confirmed the depression intensified Tropical Storm Julio. Initially, the persistent shear left the center partially exposed from the thunderstorm activity, though upper level conditions gradually became more favorable for strengthening. On August 24, Tropical Storm Julio attained peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) as intense convection developed near the center. Shortly thereafter, the center became difficult to locate, and late on August 24 the storm moved ashore along the southwestern coast of the Baja California Peninsula. Tropical Storm Julio quickly weakened over land, although it initially maintained strong convection near its center. By early on August 26, however, the low-level and upper-level circulations separated, with the upper-circulation continuing quickly northeastward into mainland Mexico; the low-level circulation slowed as it entered the Gulf of California, after having been separated from its deep convection. Later in the day, the NHC discontinued advisories after the storm failed to maintain enough organized convection to be considered a tropical cyclone. The remnants of Julio were absorbed by a thermal low over the Mojave Desert on August 27. ## Preparations and impact Shortly before it was named, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch in the state of Baja California Sur, from Santa Fe on the Pacific coast around the peninsula to Buenavista along the Gulf of California. About 24 hours prior to landfall, the watch was replaced with a warning from Santa Fe to San Evaristo, and the tropical storm watch was extended along both sides of the peninsula. Prior to it making landfall, more than 2,500 families in susceptible areas left their homes. Officials opened several shelters in the area where the storm struck. As Julio made landfall, it produced lightning and locally heavy rainfall, which left more than a dozen communities isolated due to flooding. The flooding damaged several houses and killed two people. Winds were generally light, although strong enough to damage a few electrical poles and small buildings. In nearby Sinaloa, rainfall from the storm led to an emergency evacuation of 500 residents. Moisture from Julio developed thunderstorms across Arizona, including one near Chandler which produced winds of 75 mph (120 km/h); the storm damaged ten small planes at Chandler Municipal Airport, as well as a hangar. The damages at the airport were estimated at \$1 million (USD). The storms also dropped heavy rainfall, reaching over 1 inch (25 mm) in Gilbert, which caused flooding on Interstate 17. On August 25, 2008, moisture from the remnants of Julio caused minor flooding in parts of the south-western region of the United States. ## See also - List of Pacific hurricanes - Other tropical cyclones named Julio - Timeline of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Preparations and impact", "## See also" ]	950	6,455
58,143	Thorin Oakenshield	1,164,012,456	Leader of the Dwarves in The Hobbit	[ "Characters in The Hobbit", "Fictional kings", "Literary characters introduced in 1937", "Middle-earth Dwarves", "Middle-earth rulers" ]	Thorin Oakenshield (Thorin II) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel The Hobbit. Thorin is the leader of the Company of Dwarves who aim to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from Smaug the dragon. He is the son of Thráin II, grandson of Thrór, and becomes King of Durin's Folk during their exile from Erebor. Thorin's background is further elaborated in Appendix A of Tolkien's 1955 novel The Return of the King, and in Unfinished Tales. Commentators have noted that Thorin is Old Norse both in name and character, being surly, illiberal, independent, proud, aristocratic, and like all Dwarves greedy for gold. Tolkien was a Roman Catholic; from a Christian perspective, Thorin exemplifies the deadly sin of avarice, but is able to free himself from it at the time of his death. This deathbed conversion has been compared to the moral transformation of Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. Thorin appears in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series, in the Rankin/Bass animated version, and in the 1982 game of the same name. ## Appearances ### The Hobbit In The Hobbit, Thorin, a Dwarf-King in exile and twelve other Dwarves visited Bilbo Baggins at his home in the Shire. The wizard Gandalf had advised Thorin and the other dwarves to hire Bilbo as a burglar to help them steal their treasure back from the dragon Smaug. Smaug had attacked the Dwarves's mountain, Erebor (also known as the Lonely Mountain), about 150 years before, and had taken both the mountain and the dwarves' treasure. Thorin was determined to get the treasure back. He especially wanted the Arkenstone, the Heart of the Mountain, which was an heirloom of the dwarves' Kingdom. On their journey, the dwarves and Bilbo were taken captive by a band of trolls; Thorin was the only dwarf not to be taken unawares. After Gandalf rescued the company (letting dawn turn the trolls to stone), they opened the trolls' lair. Thorin found the Elven blade Orcrist in the trolls' cache. Later, Thorin used Orcrist to fight goblins in the tunnels beneath the Misty Mountains. While the rest of the company battled the goblins, Bilbo found a magic ring in a tunnel under the Misty Mountains and used it to escape from the creature Gollum and from the goblins. When the Dwarves were captured by the Wood-elves of Mirkwood, Thorin insisted that the others not disclose their quest to their captors. Bilbo, invisible with his magic ring, evaded capture and organised the company's escape, which they accomplished by floating in barrels out of the Wood-elves' fastness. When Thorin emerged from his barrel at Lake-town, he marched up to the town's leaders and identified himself as King Under the Mountain. With provisions from Lake-town, Thorin led the company to Erebor. Seeing that Smaug was not there, the Dwarves reclaimed some of the treasure; Thorin gave Bilbo "a small coat of mail" made of mithril as the first installment of the payment due for his services. The Dwarves then learnt from the ancient raven Roäc that Smaug had been killed: Bard the Bowman had managed to shoot Smaug as the dragon was in the process of destroying Lake-town. Faced with demands from Thranduil the Elvenking and Bard for a fair share of the treasure to be distributed to the Wood-elves and the men of Lake-town, Thorin refused to acknowledge their right to any of the hoard. He fortified the Mountain against his new rivals and sent to his cousin Dáin Ironfoot for reinforcements. Thorin was furious when he discovered that Bilbo had stolen the Arkenstone to use as a bargaining chip, and he sent him from the Mountain. Conflict amongst the dwarves, men, and elves was averted only by an invasion of goblins and wargs, whereupon the Dwarves joined forces with the Wood-elves, the men of Lake-town, and the great eagles in the Battle of Five Armies. During the battle, Thorin was mortally wounded, but he made his peace with Bilbo before he died. When Thorin died, he was buried with the Arkenstone. Orcrist was laid upon his tomb. The blade would glow blue if Orcs should approach; thus, they could not take the Mountain by surprise. Thorin was succeeded as leader of Durin's Folk by his cousin Dáin. ### The Lord of the Rings Part III of Appendix A in The Return of the King gives an overview of the history of Durin's Folk and more of Thorin's background. When Thorin was 53 (young for a Dwarf), he marched with a mighty dwarf-army against the orcs of Moria. After the battle he led his people to establish a foothold in the Blue Mountains west of the Shire. ### Unfinished Tales Unfinished Tales elaborates on Thorin's reasons for accepting Bilbo into his company. As depicted in the story "The Quest of Erebor", Thorin met with Gandalf in Bree shortly before the quest began. Gandalf persuaded him that stealth, rather than force, was needed to infiltrate Erebor; they would therefore need a burglar. Gandalf feared that Sauron could use Smaug as a weapon, and was concerned that Thorin's pride and quick temper would ruin the mission to destroy the dragon. He thought that Bilbo would be a calming influence on Thorin, as well as a genuinely valuable addition to the company. Thorin, who did not think much of Hobbits, reluctantly agreed, calculating that Bilbo's presence would be a small price to pay for Gandalf's help. ## Origins Tolkien adopted Thorin's names from the Dvergatal, the list of Dwarves, in the Old Norse poem "Völuspá", which is part of the Poetic Edda. The name "Thorin" (Þorinn) appears in stanza 12, where it is used for a dwarf, and the name "Oakenshield" (Eikinskjaldi) in stanza 13. The name "Thorin" ultimately derives from that of the Norse god Thor; it means darer or bold one. `The names also appear in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda.` Dwarfs in Germanic folklore are skilled in metalwork, including making weapons, ships, rings and jewellery; they are knowledgeable, strong, and turn to stone in sunlight. They are characterised as having a strong association with gold, mining, wealth, living underneath mountains, and being long-lived, ungrateful, and getting into arguments about payment. The Tolkien critic Tom Shippey suggests that Tolkien's "master-text" for his Dwarves was the Hjaðningavíg. In that legend, the Dwarves are characterised by revenge, as in "the long and painful vengeance of [Thorin's father] Thráin for [Thorin's grandfather] Thrór", and Shippey argues that Tolkien chose these qualities for his Dwarves. ## Interpretations Shippey writes that in chapters 6–8 of The Hobbit, Tolkien explores "with delight that surly, illiberal independence often the distinguishing mark of Old Norse heroes". The philosophers Gregory Bassham and Eric Bronson contrast the way Tolkien introduces hobbits, as "plain, quiet folks who never do anything unexpected", with how Thorin would have "introduce[d] himself, with aristocratic titles and songs of ancient lineage. We do not open the book to read of the wrath of Thorin the way we learn of the wrath of Achilles in the opening lines of The Iliad." The Tolkien scholar Paul H. Kocher writes that Tolkien characterises Dwarves as having the "cardinal sin of 'possessiveness'", seen sharply when Bard the Bowman makes what Bilbo feels is a fair offer for a share of Smaug's treasure, and Thorin flatly refuses, his "dwarfish lust for gold fevered by brooding on the dragon's hoard". The Jesuit John L. Treloar, writing in Mythlore, suggests that Tolkien, a Catholic, explores the seven deadly sins in his Middle-earth writings. He states that in The Hobbit, both Smaug and Thorin exemplify avarice, but respond to it differently. In his view, Smaug is evil and lets avarice destroy him, whereas Thorin, sharing the general weakness of Dwarves for this particular vice, nevertheless has sufficient good will to free himself of it at the time of his death. Bassham and Bronson compare Thorin's deathbed "conversion" from his greed and pride, as he reconciles himself with Bilbo, to Ebenezer Scrooge's "big moral transformation" from grumpy miserliness to generosity and cheerfulness in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. ## Adaptations In the 1977 animated version of The Hobbit, Thorin is voiced by Hans Conried. In Soviet 1985 television play Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Беггинса Хоббита ("The Fantastic Journey of the Hobbit Mr. Bilbo Baggins") Thorin was played by Anatoly Ravikovich. In Peter Jackson's three-film adaptation of The Hobbit (2012–2014), Thorin is portrayed by Richard Armitage. The film adaptation adds to Thorin's quest an arch-enemy in the form of the villainous orc leader Azog, as well as a history of enmity with Thranduil, which began with a dispute between his grandfather Thrór and the Elvenking over the White Gems of Lasgalen. In his review, Erik Kain from Forbes wrote that Thorin stood out as a remarkable character with shades of dark and light, at once heroic and stubborn to a fault. In the 1982 game The Hobbit Thorin appears as an AI controlled character and one of his seemingly random actions ("Thorin sits down and starts singing about gold", which occurs when the player does nothing for a while) became quite famous. In the 2003 video game, Thorin is voiced by Clive Revill. ## Family tree	[ "## Appearances", "### The Hobbit", "### The Lord of the Rings", "### Unfinished Tales", "## Origins", "## Interpretations", "## Adaptations", "## Family tree" ]	2,218	12,629
44,741,813	2014 Indian Super League final	1,171,510,667	null	[ "2014 Indian Super League season", "2014 in Maharashtra", "ATK (football club) matches", "Indian Super League finals", "Kerala Blasters FC matches" ]	The 2014 Indian Super League Final was an association football match between the Kerala Blasters and ATK played on 20 December 2014, at the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai. The match was the final match to determine the inaugural champion of the Indian Super League for the 2014 season. The Kerala Blasters had qualified for the final through defeating the first-place regular season side, Chennaiyin, 4–3 on aggregate. ATK qualified after defeating Goa in a penalty shoot-out 4–2. Prior to the final, during the regular season, both sides played to a 1–1 draw at the Salt Lake Stadium while Kerala Blasters won the return match 2–1 in Kochi. ATK won the final to win the inaugural title of the league, with late substitute Mohammed Rafique scoring the only goal in added time. ## Road to the final The Indian Super League is a franchise league started between IMG-Reliance and STAR Sports with the objective of making football one of the main sports in India, as well as make it a known name in the world of football. The 2014 edition was the inaugural season of the Indian Super League. The Indian Super League, which started its inaugural season with eight franchises, acted in a round-robin format, with each team facing each other twice, home and away. The top four teams at the end of the 14-game regular season would qualify for the play-offs. The play-offs would feature a two-legged semi-final which would pit the first place team against the fourth place team, while second and third would face off against each other. The final would then be a one-legged affair at a neutral venue. ### Kerala Blasters The Kerala Blasters played their first ever game in the Indian Super League on 13 October 2014 against NorthEast United at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium. They lost the match 0–1 after Koke found the net in the 45th minute. It took till 26 October 2014, the Blasters' third game, before they gained their first ever point in the Indian Super League. It was against their future final opponents, ATK, at the Salt Lake Stadium. Iain Hume scored the equalizer for the Blasters after Baljit Sahni gave the Kolkata side the lead. In the next game, four days later, the Blasters recorded their first ever victory against Pune City at the Balewadi Sports Complex. David Trezeguet gave Pune City the lead in the 15th minute before Chinadorai Sabeeth scored a 41st-minute equalizer. Penn Orji scored the winner for the Blasters in the 65th minute as they ran out with a 2–1 scoreline. The team played their first home match of the season on 6 November 2014 against Goa. A goal from Milagres Gonsalves helped the Kerala Blasters win 1–0 in front of over 55,000 fans. In the end, the Kerala Blasters managed to just qualify for the finals of the Indian Super League when they defeated Pune City 1–0 at home with Iain Hume scoring his fourth goal of the season. In the semi-finals, the Kerala Blasters were set to take on the regular season winners, Chennaiyin. The first leg took place at home for the Kerala Blasters, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi, on 13 December 2014. The match could not have been any better for the Kerala Blasters as goals from Ishfaq Ahmed, Iain Hume, and Sushanth Mathew gave the Kerala Blasters a 3–0 advantage heading to Chennai. The second leg took place three days later at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai. Despite heading into the game leading 3–0 on aggregate, the Blasters managed to concede three goals to Chennaiyin in the second leg and thus bring the game into extra-time. Just as it looked like the game was going to be settled in a penalty shoot-out, the Blasters managed to steal the tie when Stephen Pearson scored in the 117th minute and thus help the Kerala Blasters win 4–3 on aggregate. ### Atlético de Kolkata Atlético de Kolkata played in the first ever Indian Super League match on 12 October 2014 against Mumbai City at the Salt Lake Stadium. Goals from Fikru Teferra, Borja Fernández, and Arnal helped Kolkata win the inaugural match 3–0. They played their first road match four days later against NorthEast United at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium. Kolkata won the match 2–0 with goals coming from Fikru Teferra and Jakub Podaný. ATK qualified for the play-offs after they drew Goa at the Salt Lake Stadium 1–1 on 10 December 2014. Edgar Marcelino scored first to give Goa the lead before Fikru scored the equalizer for Kolkata. In the semi-finals, Atlético de Kolkata once again took on Goa. The first leg at the Salt Lake Stadium ended in a 0–0 draw. The second leg at the Fatorda Stadium also ended 0–0 and after the tie could not be settled in extra-time that meant the game went into penalty-kicks. Atlético de Kolkata won the shoot-out 4–2 after André Santos and Zohib Islam Amiri missed their penalties for Goa and Kolkata converted all four of theirs. ## Pre-match ### Officials Uzbekistani referee, Ravshan Irmatov, was selected as the referee for the final. He had previously officiated the match between the Kerala Blasters and Atlético de Kolkata almost a month before the final on 21 November. He booked seven players that night as the Kerala Blasters won 2–1. ### Venue In early December 2014 it was announced that the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai would host the final of the Indian Super League. It was also announced that tickets for the final would be available online from 8 December 2014. On 18 December 2014, one day after the semi-finals had concluded, it was reported that a packed crowd was expected for the final. According to the owner of the DY Patil Stadium, Vijay Patil, the stands during the Indian Super League final will be just as full as they were during the 2008 Indian Premier League final. Due to the strong celebrity influence expected at the Indian Super League final it was reported that over 250 police officers would be in attendance at the stadium to maintain order of the crowd. It was also reported that over 150 personnel would be brought in to man the streets outside the stadium. ### Analysis Going into the final, former India national team captain, Baichung Bhutia, predicted Atlético de Kolkata to go on and win the final. Before this match, the Kerala Blasters and Atlético de Kolkata had played each other twice during the regular season. Their first match against each other, on 26 October 2014, ended in a 1–1 draw at the Salt Lake Stadium. Baljit Sahni scored the opening goal in the 22nd minute before Iain Hume equalized for the Blasters to earn the Blasters their first point of the season. In the second game, on 21 November 2014, it was the Kerala Blasters who came out on top as 2–1 winners. Iain Hume and Pedro Gusmão gave the Blasters the 2–0 lead before Fikru Teferra scored the consolation for Kolkata. ## Match ### Team selection Coming into the match, the Kerala Blasters made a couple necessary defensive changes from the squad that faced Chennaiyin in the semi-finals. David James replaced the injured Sandip Nandy in goal, while Saumik Dey and Nirmal Chettri replaced the suspended pair of Jamie McAllister and Gurwinder Singh in the middle of defense. Atlético de Kolkata head coach, Antonio Lopez Habas, meanwhile decided to bench the team's marquee player, Luis García, and instead started Arnal in central midfield. Habas also decided to switch to playing four defenders instead of three, which meant that Kingshuk Debnath started the match while Lester Fernandez moved to the bench. ### Summary The first opportunity of the match came in the fifth minute when Kerala Blasters midfielder, Iain Hume, put Michael Chopra through on goal only for Josemi to deny Chopra with a last-minute tackle. The Blasters then had the second realistic chance of the match five minutes later when Pulga received the ball in the box from Saumik Dey but his shot went out for a corner after a deflection off Atlético's Borja Fernández. The pressure continued to mount on Atlético de Kolkata as their goalkeeper Apoula Edel was forced into action; first he had to punch away a direct free-kick from Stephen Pearson before Ishfaq Ahmed's shot moments later was caught by the keeper. Atlético de Kolkata had their first major chance of the match in the 26th minute when Arnal put Mohammed Rafi through on goal, only for Nirmal Chettri to make a last-ditch tackle to keep the score level. The score would remain 0–0 going into half time. Atlético de Kolkata had the first major opportunity of the second half when Jakub Podaný crossed the ball into the box with both Baljit Sahni and Arnal looking to head it in before David James came out to catch the ball. The Kerala Blasters soon had three chances in three minutes but could not convert any of those into goals. Just after the 60th minute, Kerala Blasters defender Sandesh Jhingan almost headed the ball into his own net while trying to clear it. The Kerala Blasters continued to have the most chances throughout the match, which was compounded in the last minute of regulation time when Michael Chopra had his point blank range shot saved by Apoula Edel. Four minutes later, in the final minute of stoppage time, Atlético de Kolkata substitute Mohammed Rafique headed home a corner from Podaný to win the match and the championship. ### Details ## Post-match Atlético de Kolkata head coach Habas lauded his players after the final: "I must thank my players for they have been magnificent. I cannot ask them for anything more, for they have given me the ultimate gift." He also praised his backroom staff: "I must thank my entire support staff, for without them, I would not have been able to function. The owners have been fantastic and have supported us through thick and thin. This title is for the fans as they have been our strength." Habas was also delighted that the match was won from a goal scored by an Indian player, saying, "I think it is marvellous that Rafique got the winning goal. It is fantastic that an Indian player settled the contest." Despite the defeat, David James expressed his opinions over them match while also suggesting that the match would most likely be his last in the Indian Super League. After scoring the winning goal for his side, Mohammed Rafique was very happy while also singing the praises of his coach, saying, "I cannot describe what I am feeling in words," said the midfielder. "I would like to thank my coach, who had faith in me. It was he who decided to bring me on and what happened next was surreal. People dream of scoring in a final and I am very fortunate that I got to experience that in the flesh."	[ "## Road to the final", "### Kerala Blasters", "### Atlético de Kolkata", "## Pre-match", "### Officials", "### Venue", "### Analysis", "## Match", "### Team selection", "### Summary", "### Details", "## Post-match" ]	2,390	3,936
29,882,132	Appian Way Productions	1,173,220,735	American film production company	[ "2001 establishments in California", "American companies established in 2001", "Companies based in West Hollywood, California", "Entertainment companies based in California", "Film production companies of the United States", "Leonardo DiCaprio", "Mass media companies established in 2001", "Television production companies of the United States" ]	Appian Way Productions is a Los Angeles–based film and television production company founded in 2001 by actor and producer Leonardo DiCaprio. Jennifer Davisson serves as President of Production. Since its launch, Appian Way has released a diverse slate of films, including Academy Award–winning films The Aviator (2004) and The Revenant (2015), Academy Award–nominated films The Ides of March (2011) and The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), as well as the drama The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004), the comedy-drama Gardener of Eden (2007), the biographical crime drama Public Enemies (2009), the psychological horror Orphan (2009), the psychological thriller Shutter Island (2010), the crime dramas Out of the Furnace (2013) and Live by Night (2016), and the biographical drama Richard Jewell (2019). The company has also produced the series Greensburg (2008–2010), Frontiersman, and The Right Stuff (2020) for Disney+. In recent years, Appian Way has been producing documentary films, especially pertaining to progressive environmental change. The company worked in partnership with National Geographic to produce Before the Flood (2016). It also worked with Netflix on the Oscar–nominated Virunga (2014) and Cowspiracy: The Sustainability Secret (2014). Appian is in partnership with Netflix on several additional documentaries, including How to Change the World (2015), Catching the Sun (2015), and The Ivory Game (2016). Other projects released include: The 11th Hour (2007), Sea of Shadows (2019), which won the Audience Award at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival, Ice on Fire (2019) with HBO, along with And We Go Green (2019). ## History ### 2001–2010 Appian Way Productions was founded by Leonardo DiCaprio in 2001. It takes its name from the Italian road of the same name. Its first film was The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004), starring Sean Penn as Samuel Byck, who attempted to assassinate US president Richard Nixon in 1974. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. The company's next film was the 2004 biopic The Aviator, produced in association with Forward Pass, Intermedia, and Initial Entertainment Group. Based on the 1993 non-fiction book Howard Hughes: The Secret Life by Charles Higham, the film depicted the life of Howard Hughes (DiCaprio), an aviation pioneer who became a successful film producer between the late 1920s and late 1940s while simultaneously growing more unstable due to severe obsessive–compulsive disorder. Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Sukhdev Sandhu described the film as "a gorgeous tribute to the Golden Age of Hollywood" even though it "tips the balance of spectacle versus substance in favour of the former". He praised Martin Scorsese's direction, DiCaprio and the supporting cast. The film proved to be a commercial success, with a worldwide gross of \$213.7 million against a budget of \$110 million. It earned a total of eleven nominations at the 77th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (Scorsese) and Best Actor (DiCaprio), and won five of them, including a Best Supporting Actress award for Cate Blanchett. Kevin Connolly, a close friend of DiCaprio, directed Appian Way's next film—the comedy drama Gardener of Eden (2007), which, according to The Hollywood Reporter'''s Frank Scheck, "lack[ed] the necessary dramatic urgency or black humor to connect with audiences". A few months later, Appian Way released The 11th Hour, a documentary about global warming. The film, featuring 50 experts who suggested solutions to various environmental problems, won the Earthwatch Environmental Film Award through the National Geographic Channel in March 2008. DiCaprio wrote a three-season television series Greensburg (2008–10) which was produced by the company. Appian Way later produced another biopic, Public Enemies (2009), a Michael Mann-directed mob drama starring Johnny Depp and Christian Bale. Following the final years of the notorious bank robber John Dillinger (Depp) as he is pursued by FBI agent Melvin Purvis during Great Depression, the film was an adaptation of Bryan Burrough's non-fiction book Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34. A commercial success, it also received generally positive reviews, though critics found historical inaccuracies in the film. The company, along with Dark Castle Entertainment, released the 2009 psychological horror film Orphan, which told the story of a couple who, after the death of their unborn child, adopt a mysterious 9-year-old girl. The film was considered by the adoption community to promote negative stereotypes about orphans. Although the film received mixed reviews, it was a commercial success. Scorsese reunited with the company to make the film Shutter Island (2010), a psychological thriller based on the 2003 novel of same name by Dennis Lehane. DiCaprio played U.S. Marshal Edward "Teddy" Daniels, who investigates a psychiatric facility located on an island but eventually comes to question his own sanity. A commercial success, the film received generally positive reviews; Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the film's direction and performances but criticized its "silly twist ending", calling it "supremely exasperating". ### 2011 onward Red Riding Hood, directed by Catherine Hardwicke, was Appian Way's first release in 2011. The film, set in a village haunted by werewolves, follows a young girl who falls in love with an orphan woodcutter, much to her family's displeasure. Earlier in production, the film was titled The Girl with the Red Riding Hood. Although it was poorly received by critics—Mary Pols of Time named it one of the Top 10 Worst Movies of 2011—it had moderate box-office returns. The company's second release in 2011 was Detachment, a Tony Kaye-directed drama about the high school education system. George Clooney directed and co-produced the company's final film of the year The Ides of March, which is based on Beau Willimon's play Farragut North. Starring Ryan Gosling, Clooney and Philip Seymour Hoffman, this political drama takes place during a presidential primary, when an ambitious press secretary (Gosling) becomes embroiled in a political scandal. The film received positive reviews; one from The Guardian praised the direction and the performances of the cast. Three films were produced by Appian Way in 2013; the first was Runner Runner, an ensemble crime thriller, which The Guardian's Xan Brooks described as "a lazy, trashy film that barely goes through the motions". The thriller Out of the Furnace, the company's second release, was also negatively received by critics and was a box office bomb. Scorsese directed the company's final film in 2013—The Wolf of Wall Street, a biopic on the life of Jordan Belfort (DiCaprio), a New York stockbroker who runs a firm that engages in securities fraud and money laundering on Wall Street in the 1990s. The screenplay was adapted by Terence Winter from Belfort's memoir of the same name. The film was banned in Kenya, Malaysia and Nepal for its controversial depiction of events, explicit sexual content, profanity, and hard drug use. Nonetheless, it was a commercial success, becoming the 17th-highest-grossing film of 2013. According to copyright infringement tracking site Excipio, the film was the most widely infringed of 2014, as it was downloaded illegally over 30 million times via BitTorrent sites. It was nominated for several Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor, although it failed to win in any category. In 2015, DiCaprio produced and co-starred with Tom Hardy and Domhnall Gleeson in The Revenant, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu. This biographical western thriller is based on in part on Michael Punke's 2002 novel of the same name, which itself was inspired by the frontiersman Hugh Glass's survival after being mauled by a grizzly bear in 1823. Co-produced with Regency Enterprises, RatPac-Dune Entertainment, Anonymous Content and M Productions, the film was well received with particular praise for the performances, direction and cinematography. "Bleak as hell but considerably more beautiful, this nightmarish plunge into a frigid, forbidding American outback is a movie of pitiless violence, grueling intensity and continually breathtaking imagery", according to Justin Change of Variety. Built on a budget of \$135 million, the film earned \$533 million worldwide. The Revenant received 12 nominations at the 88th Academy Awards, and won three, including Best Director and Best Actor. In May 2016, Appian Way Productions signed a three-year, first-look production deal with Paramount Pictures. In December 2016, the company released Live by Night, based on the 2012 novel of same name by Dennis Lehane. Directed by, written by and starring Ben Affleck, this Prohibition-era gangster drama received largely unenthusiastic reviews and failed to recoup its \$65 million production budget. Also that year, the company produced four documentaries, Davi's Way, The Last Shaman, The Ivory Game and Before the Flood, the last of which won the Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Documentary. In 2017, Appian Way produced Under the Bed, a television film thriller about a young woman trying to get over a breakup, while befriending a stalker on social media. In association with Blumhouse Productions and GK Films, the company will produce Delirium, a supernatural horror film scheduled for a 2017 release. More recently, the studio signed first-look deals with Apple for documentaries and television and with Sony Pictures Entertainment for feature films. ## Films ## Television - Greensburg (2008–10) - Under the Bed (2017) - Pete the Cat (2018–2022) - Grant (2020) - The Right Stuff (2020) - Shining Girls'' (2022–present) ## Documentaries	[ "## History", "### 2001–2010", "### 2011 onward", "## Films", "## Television", "## Documentaries" ]	2,174	32,428
8,920,916	John Marburger	1,171,274,422	American physicist (1941–2011)	[ "1941 births", "2011 deaths", "20th-century American writers", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "American nuclear physicists", "American science writers", "Brookhaven National Laboratory staff", "California Democrats", "Deaths from cancer in New York (state)", "Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma", "Directors of the Office of Science and Technology Policy", "Energy policy of the United States", "Fellows of the American Physical Society", "Fermilab", "George W. Bush administration personnel", "NASA oversight", "New York (state) Democrats", "Nonlinear optics", "Nuclear energy in the United States", "People from Port Jefferson, New York", "People from Severna Park, Maryland", "People from Staten Island", "Presidents of Stony Brook University", "Princeton University alumni", "Quantum optics", "Quantum physicists", "Scientists from Los Angeles", "Scientists from New York (state)", "Space policy", "Stanford University alumni", "Stem cell research", "Theoretical physicists", "United States Department of Homeland Security officials", "United States biotechnology law", "University of Southern California faculty" ]	John Harmen "Jack" Marburger III (February 8, 1941 – July 28, 2011) was an American physicist who directed the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the administration of President George W. Bush, serving as the Science Advisor to the President. His tenure was marred by controversy regarding his defense of the administration against allegations from over two dozen Nobel Laureates, amongst others, that scientific evidence was being suppressed or ignored in policy decisions, including those relating to stem cell research and global warming. However, he has also been credited with keeping the political effects of the September 11 attacks from harming science research—by ensuring that tighter visa controls did not hinder the movement of those engaged in scientific research—and with increasing awareness of the relationship between science and government. He also served as the President of Stony Brook University from 1980 until 1994, and director of Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1998 until 2001. ## Early life Marburger was born on Staten Island, New York, to Virginia Smith and John H. Marburger Jr., and grew up in Severna Park, Maryland. He attended Princeton University, graduating in 1962 with a B.A. in physics, followed by a Ph.D. in applied physics from Stanford University in 1967. After completing his education, he served as a professor of physics and electrical engineering at the University of Southern California beginning in 1966, specializing in the theoretical physics of nonlinear optics and quantum optics, and co-founded the Center for Laser Studies at that institution. He rose to become chairman of the physics department in 1972, and then dean of the College of Letters, Arts and Sciences in 1976. He was engaged as a public speaker on science, including hosting a series of educational television programs on CBS. He was also outspoken on campus issues, and was designated the university's spokesperson during a scandal over preferential treatment of athletes. ## Stony Brook University In 1980, Marburger left USC to become the third president of Stony Brook University on Long Island, New York. At the time, state budget cuts were afflicting the university, and he returned it to growth with increases in the university's science research funding from the federal government. From 1988 to 1994, Marburger chaired Universities Research Association, the organization that operated Fermilab and oversaw construction of the ill-fated Superconducting Super Collider, an experience that is credited with convincing him of the influence government had in how science is carried out. During this time he also served as a trustee of Princeton University. He stepped down as President of Stony Brook University in 1994, and began doing research again as a member of the faculty. ### Chair of Shoreham commission In 1983, he was picked by New York Governor Mario Cuomo to chair a scientific fact-finding commission on the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant, a job that required him to find common ground between the many viewpoints represented on the commission. The commission eventually recommended the closure of the plant, a course he personally disagreed with. Cuomo had formed the commission in mid-May 1983 to provide him with recommendations regarding the plant's safety, the adequacy of emergency plans, and the economics of operating the plant. The commission's consensus recommendations included unanimous findings that no emergency evacuation of the plant could be conducted without the cooperation of Suffolk County, which was refusing to approve an evacuation plan; that the construction of the plant would have been prevented if it had been started after new Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations were put into effect after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979; and that operating the plant would not reduce utility costs. Marburger himself at the time emphasized that the governor had not been seeking a consensus but rather encouraged multiple viewpoints to be reflected, and characterized the consensus conclusions as not the only important section of the report. Marburger characterized his participation as a learning experience, and the experience was credited with profoundly changing his view on the relationship between the scientific community and the public. He had never been to a public hearing prior to his participation in the Shoreham commission, and he said that he had initially expected that the issues could be resolved by examining scientific data and establishing failure probabilities. However, he quickly became aware of the importance of the public participation process itself, stating that it was "one of the rare opportunities for the public to feel they were being heard and taken seriously." Marburger's conduct on the committee was praised by activists on both sides of the debate, with his focus on listening to all viewpoints and his ability to not take disagreements personally being especially noted. ## Brookhaven National Laboratory In January 1998, Marburger became president of Brookhaven Science Associates, which subsequently won a bid to operate Brookhaven National Laboratory for the federal government, and he became the director of the lab. He took office after a highly publicized scandal in which tritium leaked from the lab's High Flux Beam Reactor, leading to calls by activists to shut down the lab. Rather than directly oppose the activists, Marburger created policies that improved the environmental management of the lab as well as community involvement and transparency. Marburger also presided over the commissioning of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, expanded the lab's program in medical imaging and neuroscience, and placed more emphasis on its technology transfer program. The tritium leak, combined with other disclosures about improper handling and disposal of hazardous waste, had caused Secretary of Energy Federico Peña to fire the lab's previous manager, Associated Universities, Inc. Upon starting as the laboratory's director, Marburger noted the increased importance of health and environmental concerns since the beginning of the Cold War, stating that "getting the people at Brookhaven to understand that won't be simple, and there may be some disagreement on how we should do it, but that's my job." Marburger set up a permanent community advisory council and met with local environmental groups to increase communication between them and the laboratory's management. By 2001, when Marburger left to join the Bush administration, local environmental groups credited him with having largely dissipated the distrust that had existed between the groups when he started. In 2001 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society for "his contributions to laser physics and for his scientific leadership as Director of Brookhaven National Laboratory". ## Bush administration In September 2001, Marburger became Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy under George W. Bush. Marburger was a noted Democrat, a fact that Nature magazine stated was relevant to the decision by the administration to take the unusual step of withholding from Marburger the title of Assistant to the President that previous science advisors had been granted. His tenure was marked by controversy as he defended the Bush administration from accusations that political influence on science was distorting scientific research in federal agencies and that scientific evidence was being suppressed or ignored in policy decisions, especially on the topics of abstinence-only birth control education, climate change policy, and stem cell research. Marburger defended the Bush Administration from these accusations, saying they were inaccurate or motivated by partisanship, especially on the issue of science funding levels. Marburger continued to be personally respected by many of his academic colleagues. Marburger's tenure as Director was the longest in the history of that post. After the September 11 attacks, he helped to establish the DHS Directorate for Science and Technology within the new Department of Homeland Security. He has been called a central player opposing new restrictions of international scientific exchanges of people and ideas after the attacks. He later was responsible for reorienting the nation's space policy after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, and played an important part in the nation's re-entry into the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor program. Marburger was also known for his support of the emerging field of science of science policy, which seeks to analyze how science policy decisions affects a nation's ability to produce and benefit from innovation. In February 2004, the Union of Concerned Scientists published a report accusing the Bush administration of manipulating science for political purposes, listing more than 20 alleged incidents of censoring scientific results or applying a litmus test in the appointment of supposedly scientific advisory panel members. In April 2004, Marburger published a statement rebutting the report and exposing errors and incomplete explanations in it, and stating that "even when the science is clear—and often it is not—it is but one input into the policy process," but "in this Administration, science strongly informs policy." The Union of Concerned Scientists issued a revised version of their report after Marburger's statement was published. Marburger also called the report's conclusions illusory and the result of focusing on unrelated incidents within a vast government apparatus, and attributed the controversy as being related to the upcoming elections. It was noted that Marburger enjoyed close personal relationships with President Bush, White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and Office of Management and Budget Director Joshua Bolten, attesting to his active involvement within the administration. Marburger responded to criticism of his support for Bush administration policies in 2004, stating "No one will know my personal positions on issues as long as I am in this job. I am here to make sure that the science input to policy making is sound and that the executive branch functions properly with respect to its science and technology missions." On the topic of stem cell research, he in 2004 said that stem cells "offer great promise for addressing incurable diseases and afflictions. But I can’t tell you when a fertilized egg becomes sacred. That’s not my job. That’s not a science issue. And so whatever I think about reproductive technology or choice, or whatever, is irrelevant to my job as a science adviser." However, in February 2005, in a speech at the annual conference of the National Association of Science Writers, he stated, "Intelligent design is not a scientific theory.... I don't regard intelligent design as a scientific topic". Also In 2005, he told The New York Times that "global warming exists, and we have to do something about it." Sherwood Boehlert, the Republican chair of the House Committee on Science during most of Marburger's tenure, said that "the challenge he faced was serving a president who didn't really want much scientific advice, and who let politics dictate the direction of his science policy... and he was in the unenviable position of being someone who had earned the respect of his scientific colleagues while having to be identified with policies that were not science-based." On the other hand, Robert P. Crease, a colleague of Marburger at Stony Brook University, characterized him as someone who "[went] to the White House as a scientist, not an advocate. He refused to weigh in on high-profile, politically controversial issues, but instead set about fixing broken connections in the unwieldy machinery by which the government approves and funds scientific projects.... Some bitterly criticized him for collaborating with the Bush administration. But he left the office running better than when he entered." ## Later life Marburger returned to Stony Brook University as a faculty member in 2009, and co-edited the book The Science of Science Policy: A Handbook, which was published in 2011. He also served as Vice President for Research but stepped down on July 1, 2011. Marburger died Thursday, July 28, 2011, at his home in Port Jefferson, New York, after four years of treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. He was survived by his wife, two sons, and a grandson. His final publication, a book on quantum physics for laypeople called Constructing Reality: Quantum Theory and Particle Physics, was published shortly after his death.	[ "## Early life", "## Stony Brook University", "### Chair of Shoreham commission", "## Brookhaven National Laboratory", "## Bush administration", "## Later life" ]	2,382	33,941
79,932	Kratos (mythology)	1,173,233,583	Personification of strength in Greek mythology	[ "Greek deities", "Greek gods", "Olympian deities", "Personifications in Greek mythology" ]	In Greek mythology, Kratos, also known as Cratus or Cratos, is the divine personification of strength. He is the son of Pallas and Styx. Kratos and his siblings Nike ('Victory'), Bia ('Force'), and Zelus ('Glory') are all the personification of a specific trait. Kratos is first mentioned alongside his siblings in Hesiod's Theogony. According to Hesiod, Kratos and his siblings dwell with Zeus because their mother Styx came to him first to request a position in his regime, so he honored her and her children with exalted positions. Kratos and his sister Bia are best known for their appearance in the opening scene of Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound. Acting as agents of Zeus, they lead the captive Titan Prometheus on stage. Kratos compels the mild-mannered blacksmith god Hephaestus to chain Prometheus to a rock as punishment for his theft of fire. Kratos is characterized as brutal and merciless, repeatedly mocking both Hephaestus and Prometheus and advocating for the use of unnecessary violence. He defends Zeus' oppressive rule and predicts that Prometheus will never escape his bonds. In Aeschylus' Libation Bearers, Electra calls upon Kratos, Dike ("Justice"), and Zeus to aid her brother Orestes in avenging the murder of their father Agamemnon. Kratos and Bia appear in a late fifth-century BC red-figure Attic skyphos of the punishment of Ixion, possibly based on a scene from a lost tragedy by Euripides. They also appear in late eighteenth and nineteenth-century Romantic depictions and adaptations of the binding of Prometheus. In the preface to Fabulae by Gaius Julius Hyginus, Kratos is given the Roman name Potestas. ## Ancient Greek literature and art ### Theogony Kratos and his siblings are first mentioned in the Theogony, which was composed by the Boeotian poet Hesiod in the late eighth or early seventh century BC. Hesiod states: "And Styx the daughter of Ocean was joined to Pallas and bore Zelus (Emulation) and trim-ankled Nike (Victory) in the house. Also she brought forth Cratos (Strength) and Bia (Force), wonderful children. These have no house apart from Zeus, nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein God leads them, but they dwell always with Zeus the loud-thunderer." Here Kratos is merely listed as a deified abstraction with little development or explanation. Hesiod goes on to explain that the reason why the children of Styx were allowed to dwell with Zeus was because Zeus had decreed after the Titanomachy that all those who had not held offices under Kronos would be given positions in his regime. Because Styx came to Zeus first, along with her children, Zeus honored them as among the highest members of his new regime. According to Diana Burton, Styx, Zelos, Nike, Kratos, and Bia's voluntary change in allegiance represents the certainty of Zeus' victory over the Titans. While the goddesses Dike ("Justice"), Eunomia ("Good Law"), and Eirene ("Peace") represent the benefits of Zeus' reign, Kratos and his siblings represent the work needed to build that regime. ### Prometheus Bound In the opening scene of the tragedy Prometheus Bound, which is traditionally attributed to Aeschylus, Kratos and his sister Bia are taking Prometheus to a remote location in the Scythian wilderness, where he will be chained to a rocky outcropping. The order to do this was given by Zeus himself and Kratos and Bia are portrayed as the embodiment of Zeus' new regime. The presence of Kratos and Bia but absence of Nike and Zelos indicates the play's tyrannical portrayal of Zeus, since Kratos and Bia represent the more tyrannical aspects of authority. Kratos in particular represents what Ian Ruffell calls "the kind of uncomplicated thug for whom despotic regimes offer countless job opportunities." He enforces the power of Zeus through physical brutality and pitilessness. Bia, though present in the scene, does not have any lines; only Kratos speaks. Kratos coerces the mild-mannered blacksmith god Hephaestus into chaining Prometheus to the rocky crag, despite Hephaestus' objections to this. Hephaestus laments over Prometheus' future suffering, leading Kratos to ridicule him. Kratos equates the rule of law with rule by fear and condemns pity as a pointless waste of time. Hephaestus and Kratos agree that Zeus is "oppressive" (barys; literally "heavy"). Kratos regards justice (δίκη; dikê) as a system of cosmic hierarchy in which the monarch, Zeus, decides who receives which privileges and who does not. Anyone who breaches this social divide is a transgressor who must be punished. Kratos states that, under the rule of a monarch such as Zeus, no one but Zeus himself is truly free. Hephaestus agrees with this assessment. Kratos repeatedly orders Hephaestus to use more violence than necessary to inflict as much pain as possible against Prometheus. First he orders Hephaestus to nail Prometheus' hands to the rock. Then he orders him to drive a steel wedge through his chest. Finally, he orders him to tie Prometheus' legs to immobilize him. Hephaestus criticizes Kratos, telling him that his speech is as ugly as his physical appearance. Kratos responds by telling him, "Be soft. Do not throw in my face my 'willfulness' and 'roughness of temper'." Once Prometheus has been bound, Hephaestus, Bia, and Kratos exit offstage, with Kratos being the last one to leave. Just before his exeunt, Kratos mocks Prometheus, saying that he will never escape from his shackles and that he does not deserve his name. (Prometheus means "forethought" in Greek.) According to Robert Holmes Beck, Aeschylus' depiction of the harsh punishment of Prometheus was intended as an example of how wrongdoers must be punished to deter others from transgressing. In this interpretation, Kratos' cruelty is not intended to be viewed as excessive, but rather as the proper enforcement of justice. ### Other references In Aeschylus' Libation Bearers, Electra invokes Kratos, Dike, and Zeus to support her and her brother Orestes' quest to avenge the murder of their father Agamemnon by their mother Clytemnestra. Plato's dialogue Protagoras, written in the fourth century BC, includes an account of the legend of Prometheus in which Prometheus stole fire from the temple of Athena and Hephaestus rather than the citadel of Zeus because the "guards of Zeus" (Διὸς φυλακαί; Dios phylakai) were too frightening. The identity of these "guards" is unknown and disputed. Depictions of Kratos and Bia in ancient Greek art are extremely rare. The only known surviving depiction of Kratos and Bia in ancient Greek pottery is on a fragmentary red-figure skyphos by the Meidias Painter, or a member of his circle, that is dated to the end of the fifth century BC and depicts the punishment of Ixion. The vase is in the private collection of Herbert Cahn in Basel, Switzerland, and only a bit of hair belonging to Kratos is still visible on the remaining fragments. One of Bia's hands is visible on the wheel that Ixion is bound to, steadying it. H. A. Shapiro conjectures that this is probably a representation of a scene from the lost tragedy Ixion by Euripides, who likely borrowed the figures of Kratos and Bia from Prometheus Bound. Kratos is listed as one of the sons of Pallas and Styx in the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus. ## In modern culture In 1772, Thomas Morell published his English translation of Prometheus Bound as Prometheus in Chains, making the work widely available to the British public for the first time. Four years afterwards, the abolitionist Richard Potter published a complete English translation of all Aeschylus' tragedies. The scene from Prometheus Bound in which Hephaestus chains Prometheus to a mountainside with the aid of Kratos and Bia captured the imagination of the eighteenth and nineteenth-century Romantics and became a lens through which they analyzed questions of the relationships between revolution and tyranny, slavery and freedom, and war and peace. Richard Porson's 1795 translation of Prometheus Bound was illustrated with drawings by John Flaxman showing the famous binding scene. Between 1798 and 1799, George Romney produced a series of chalk drawings of scenes from Prometheus Bound, including the binding scene with Kratos and Bia. In both Flaxman and Romney's illustrations, Kratos and Bia are shown together in symmetry. In 1819, Percy Bysshe Shelley adapted the myth of Prometheus for his own play Prometheus Unbound. In Gabriel Fauré's three-act opera Prométhée, first performed in 1900 with a French libretto written by the poets Jean Lorrain and André-Ferdinand Hérold, the scene from the beginning of Prometheus Bound in which Kratos coerces Hephaestus into binding Prometheus is closely paraphrased. Hephaestus' dialogue with Kratos is set to music containing "impressionist allusions to the whole-tone scale". Fauré was known for his soft, genteel chamber music and the "hateful fury" of the music behind Kratos and Bia's dialogue stunned audiences. A character named Kratos appears in the God of War video game franchise, the first seven games of which are based on Greek mythology. The character is portrayed as what classical scholar Sylwia Chmielewski calls "a deeply tragic, Herculean anti-hero who, after murdering his family, has to wash away the miasma to regain his peace of mind." The video game character Kratos was given his name at a late stage in the development of the original 2005 game, after the character had already been fleshed out. Unaware of the actual mythological god named Kratos appearing in Prometheus Bound, the creators coincidentally chose the name Kratos, the same Greek word meaning "Strength", of which the mythological figure Kratos is the personification. Stig Asmussen, the director of 2010's God of War III, called the naming coincidence a "happy mistake", noting that the Kratos in the game and the one in Prometheus Bound are both "pawns". Zoran Iovanovici of California State University, Long Beach observed with irony that, while the mythological Kratos is best known for chaining Prometheus, in 2007's God of War II, the video game character releases him. Chmielewski states that the video game character Kratos draws extensively on other figures from Greek mythology, including the heroes Perseus, Theseus, and Achilles, but his strongest influence is the hero Heracles. The Greek-based games portray Kratos as brutal and violent towards innocents. In God of War III, he destroys the vast majority of the Greek gods, who are portrayed as "corrupted and vengeful", and restores the original state of primordial chaos to Greece. In the 2018 continuation and its sequel, Kratos finds himself controlling his rage and learning how to truly be a father and mentor to his son, Atreus, helping him come to terms with his divinity. Along their journey, they combat monsters and gods of the Norse realm, of whom they make enemies, which inevitably leads to the catastrophic Ragnarök.	[ "## Ancient Greek literature and art", "### Theogony", "### Prometheus Bound", "### Other references", "## In modern culture" ]	2,465	29,533
1,386,250	Surf Ninjas	1,171,943,693	null	[ "1990s American films", "1990s English-language films", "1993 films", "1993 martial arts films", "American action comedy films", "American children's comedy films", "American martial arts comedy films", "American slapstick comedy films", "American surfing films", "Films about video games", "Films directed by Neal Israel", "Films scored by David Kitay", "Films shot in Hawaii", "Films shot in Los Angeles", "Films shot in Thailand", "New Line Cinema films", "Ninja films" ]	Surf Ninjas is a 1993 American family comedy film involving martial arts, directed by Neal Israel and written by Dan Gordon. The film stars Ernie Reyes Jr., Rob Schneider, Nicolas Cowan and Leslie Nielsen. Surf Ninjas follows two teenage surfers from Los Angeles who discover that they are crown princes of the Asian kingdom Patusan and reluctantly follow their destinies to dethrone an evil colonel who rules over the kingdom. Surf Ninjas was filmed in Los Angeles, Hawaii and Thailand. A video game was also developed and released in conjunction with the film. Surf Ninjas was released in the United States on August 20, 1993. The film was released on VHS in January 1994 and re-released on DVD in September 2002. ## Plot Johnny and Adam are teenage surfers who live in Los Angeles with their father, Mac. Two weeks before Johnny's 16th birthday, ninjas attack the teenagers, but they are defeated by Zatch, a mysterious warrior with an eye patch. A follow-up attack results in Mac's kidnapping, though Zatch is able to protect the teenagers and their friend Iggy from the ninjas. Adam discovers that the video game on his Game Gear matches the events happening around him and finds he can control some events through his Sega. Zatch reveals to Johnny and Adam that they are actually the sons of the king of Patusan, whose land and monarchy was overthrown by the evil Colonel Chi when the boys were young. It is their destiny to return to Patusan, overthrow Colonel Chi, and free the people. Zatch takes them to the Patusani district of "Little Patusan" in Los Angeles, where Johnny is introduced to a Patusani princess, Ro-May, who has been betrothed to Johnny since they were infants. Ninjas again attack, but Johnny's abilities as a warrior prince emerge and he defeats several of his foes. Johnny, Adam, Iggy, Zatch, and Ro-May decide to return to Patusan. They are followed by a Los Angeles detective, Lieutenant Spence, who had been investigating the ninja attacks. They reach Patusan and discover what Colonel Chi's rule has wrought, including a burned village and a chain gang of political prisoners. The guards spot them and they are forced to fight. Johnny and Adam defeat them and free the villagers from their captivity. Zatch leads the crew to a hidden cave in which the ancient weapons of the Patusani monarchy are preserved. Zatch arms Johnny and attacks him to prepare him for future challenges. Johnny is beaten repeatedly, but he is finally able to disarm Zatch. Rallying the villagers, they travel to the coast, opposite from an island that houses the royal city and Colonel Chi's dungeon. Unable to go by boat due to an impassable reef, Johnny and Adam tell the Patusanis to make surfboards. They then paddle to the unguarded side of the island. Landing on the island, Johnny and Zatch lead the attack on the royal city, taking down Chi's henchmen and freeing Mac. During the battle, Zatch is revealed to be the boys' paternal uncle. Johnny confronts Colonel Chi, successfully defeating him by knocking him into a body of water with the help of Adam and his Game Gear. With Chi's rule undone, peace is restored to Patusan. Johnny is seated as the heralded warrior prince with Ro-May as his princess and Adam as a prince. Johnny declares the monarchy to be dissolved and announces that Patusan will operate as a democracy. His reason for doing this is for the people to finally be free of rule, good or evil. ## Cast ## Production and video game Surf Ninjas was filmed during the summer of 1992. Filming locations included Thailand and Hawaii. The second half of the film was shot first, and the crew moved to Los Angeles to film the first half. New Line Cinema and Sega of America established a financial relationship in which a Game Gear video game (US and PAL versions) would be developed for the film. Game designers began developing the video game Surf Ninjas when the film was only in its scripting phase, receiving creative input from director Neal Israel. In conjunction with the Game Gear title, a Genesis game was also planned. In turn, Sega partially financed the film. Screenwriter Dan Gordon said that he wrote action sequences that would both suit the film and serve as a springboard for the video game. In the film, one of the lead characters is shown playing the Surf Ninjas video game on a Game Gear. The video game was released in August, before the film's release, and it was considered the first movie-based video game to precede the film itself. Surf Ninjas video games were also released for the Amiga 1200 computer and CD32 console in 1994 by Flair Software/MicroValue. ## Release The studio New Line Cinema released Surf Ninjas two weeks earlier than its commercial release date in Evansville, Indiana and Lubbock, Texas as part of a test of regional markets. The early release marked the first time that a major film was released in Evansville before its national opening without any local ties. The president of theatrical marketing at New Line, Chris Pula, selected Evansville for its family-oriented audiences. Pula explained: "Evansville is traditionally a strong family market. Also, we have a strong relationship with the exhibitors in that area". The president said that the studio was testing the film in a larger market than usual due to its uncertainty about the film's reception and that the studio would measure its marketing success with ticket receipts. Surf Ninjas was widely released in 1,321 theaters in the United States on August 20, 1993. Over its opening weekend, the film grossed \$2 million, placing 13th in box office rankings, ahead of Manhattan Murder Mystery. Surf Ninjas ultimately grossed \$4.9 million in the United States. The film was released on VHS on January 5, 1994. It was subsequently released on DVD on September 3, 2002. ## Critical response Janet Maslin of The New York Times called most of Surf Ninjas "only mindlessly watchable" and called the film "another of Hollywood's efforts to prove that the American mall mentality is at home in any corner of the globe". Maslin also found the film to lack in actual surfing content. Lynn Voedisch of the Chicago Sun-Times described Surf Ninjas as "a marriage of pop icons that simply was fated to be", citing children's love for ninjas, especially the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and for the surf culture. Voedisch considered Rob Schneider's presence as comic relief unfunny, believing that Leslie Nielsen should have received more screen time as the dictator. Calvin Wilson of The Kansas City Star called the film "a disgrace... even by Hollywood standards", seeing it as a mess of child lead roles, unfunny cameo roles by Schneider and Nielsen, martial arts action, and lame jokes. Wilson considered the story "stale and uninspired" that involved "people we don't care about doing things we can't believe". Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun thought the film's lead, Ernie Reyes, Jr., was too old (20) and too muscular to be received believably as a 15-year-old. Hunter otherwise found the Reyeses impressive in terms of their fighting skills, though he found the film's martial arts sequences to be "bloodless and absurd". Hunter also criticized the director for depriving the film of personality, with its lack of danger, seriousness, or spontaneity. Richard Harrington of The Washington Post found the film to be "a harmless summer's entertainment" for young people who enjoyed the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films and 3 Ninjas. Harrington enjoyed Reyes, Jr. as the protagonist but found Nielsen to be disappointing. Paul Sherman of the Boston Herald thought that Surf Ninjas was "little more than a succession of dudespeak, surfing, skateboarding, video games, generic rock soundtrack and strained knucklehead humor". Sherman admired the story arc in which the protagonists learn to accept their destinies, but he thought that "the manufactured thrills along the way get obnoxious". Sherman thought that the film would only appeal to children under 12 years old, though the film's locations in Thailand in the second half added an exotic atmosphere. Desmond Ryan of The Philadelphia Inquirer thought that Leslie Nielsen was deceptively portrayed in a major role similar to that of Lieutenant Frank Drebin from The Naked Gun films, instead having merely "a running and unfunny gag about his malfunctioning answering machine and generally wasted otherwise". Ryan also found the film's dialogue to be "painful" and considered Surf Ninjas to be "beyond airheaded". Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle considered the story of Surf Ninjas to be "harmless and painfully dull". LaSalle thought that the pacing of the film was too long with only "two smirks over the course of 90 minutes". Sean Piccoli of The Washington Times thought that the film's "dull stretch" was buoyed by the presence of Rob Schneider. Piccoli compared the martial arts choreography in the film to the "cartoon fantasies that little boys re-enact on neighbors' lawns: the good guys, alone and outnumbered by the charging horde, air-punch their way to glory". Ron Weiskind of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette perceived Reyes, Jr. as "a likable presence on screen" and Schneider to be occasionally humorous in his series of gaffes. Weiskind thought that even with the abundance of martial arts in the film, the scenes were generally too lifeless. Joe Holleman of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch thought that Surf Ninjas pushed "the right buttons to guarantee adolescent enjoyment". Holleman acknowledged that the film was "not exactly a milestone in cinematic achievement", but he applauded the acrobatic choreography and the delivery of Schneider's throwaway lines in "the movie's funniest moments". Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune described the film as a Toys "R" Us version of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, with "the cartoonish martial-arts sequences [owing] their entire existence to the villains' stupidity". Means thought that the film was ultimately "as silly as it is forgettable".	[ "## Plot", "## Cast", "## Production and video game", "## Release", "## Critical response" ]	2,151	33,922
26,268,779	Edgar Quinet-class cruiser	1,135,005,657	French armoured cruiser class	[ "Edgar Quinet-class cruisers", "Ship classes of the French Navy", "Ships built in France" ]	The Edgar Quinet class was the last type of armored cruiser built for the French Navy. The two ships of this class—Edgar Quinet and Waldeck-Rousseau—were built between 1905 and 1911. They were based on the previous cruiser, Ernest Renan, the primary improvement being a more powerful uniform main battery of 194 mm (7.6 in) guns. The Edgar Quinet class was the most powerful type of armored cruiser built in France, but they entered service more than two years after the British battlecruiser HMS Invincible, which, with its all-big-gun armament, had rendered armored cruisers obsolescent. Both ships operated together in the Mediterranean Fleet after entering service, and they remained in the fleet throughout World War I. They participated in the blockade of the Adriatic to keep the Austro-Hungarian Navy contained early in the war. During this period, Edgar Quinet took part in the Battle of Antivari in August 1914, and Waldeck-Rousseau was unsuccessfully attacked twice by Austro-Hungarian U-boats. Waldeck-Rousseau participated in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the Black Sea in 1919–22, while Edgar Quinet remained in the Mediterranean during the contemporaneous Greco-Turkish War. Edgar Quinet was converted into a training ship in the mid-1920s before running aground off the Algerian coast in January 1930. She could not be pulled free and sank five days later. Waldeck-Rousseau served as the flagship of the Far East fleet from 1929 to 1932 and was decommissioned after returning to France. She was hulked in 1936 and scrapped in 1941–44. ## Development In the 1890s, naval theorists of the Jeune École (Young School) in France, particularly Admiral Ernest François Fournier, advocated building a fleet of armored cruisers based on the first French ship of that type, Dupuy de Lôme. The ships were to be capable of long-range commerce raiding, action in the line of battle against older battleships, and reconnaissance for the main fleet. The French Navy subsequently built a series of twenty-four armored cruisers after Dupuy de Lôme, culminating in the two Edgar-Quinet-class ships that were ordered under the 1904 and 1905 construction programs. The design for these last two ships was based heavily on their predecessor, Ernest Renan, though they incorporated several improvements. The most significant was the adoption of a uniform primary gun battery; Ernest Renan carried a mix of two 194 mm (7.6 in) and twelve 165 mm (6.5 in) guns, but the Edgar Quinet dispensed with the smaller guns in favor of fourteen 194 mm weapons. Their armor layout was also modified and the adopted the same vertical stem that characterized the latest French pre-dreadnought battleships. Like Ernest Renan, the design for the Edgar Quinet class was repeatedly reworked during construction, which produced very lengthy construction times. The Edgar Quinets were the most powerful armored cruisers built by France, but they entered service two years after the British Invincible-class battlecruisers, and the British ships' all-big-gun armament and steam turbine propulsion rendered all armored cruisers obsolescent. Compared to the British vessels, the Edgar Quinets retained less effective triple-expansion steam engines, though they were the last major warship to use them. ## Description ### General characteristics and machinery The ships of the Edgar Quinet class were 157 m (515 ft 1 in) long at the waterline and 158.9 m (521 ft 4 in) long overall. They had a beam of 21.51 m (70 ft 7 in) and a draft of 8.41 m (27 ft 7 in). Edgar Quinet displaced 13,847 long tons (14,069 t), while Waldeck-Rousseau was slightly heavier, at 13,995 long tons (14,220 t). The hulls were constructed with mild steel and were fitted with bilge keels to improve stability. The ships had a military foremast with a fighting top and a pole mainmast. The forecastle deck extended for most of the ship, as far as the main mast. They had a crew of 23 officers and 818 enlisted men, and while serving as a divisional flagship, the ships' crew increased by 9 officers and 72 enlisted men of the admiral's staff. Their power plant consisted of three 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines that each drove a screw propeller. Steam was provided by forty coal-fired Belleville type water-tube boilers in Edgar Quinet and forty-two Niclausse boilers in Waldeck-Rousseau. The boilers were trunked into six funnels in two groups of three. The engines were rated at 36,000 indicated horsepower (27,000 kW) and produced a top speed of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph). The engines were divided into individual watertight compartments, while the boilers were grouped in pairs in watertight compartments. Maximum coal capacity amounted to 2,300 long tons (2,300 t), which permitted a cruising range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Electrical power was supplied by six electric generators. ### Armament and armor The Edgar Quinet-class ships were armed with a main battery of fourteen 194 mm (7.6 in) 50-caliber M1902 guns; four were in twin gun turrets forward and aft, with three single gun turrets on either broadside. The turret mountings allowed for loading at any angle of elevation, and were electrically operated. The forward turrets had a range of train of about 280 degrees. The last four guns were mounted in casemates abreast the main and aft conning towers, on the upper and main decks, respectively. The 194 mm gun had a rate of fire of up to four rounds per minute. The ships' ammunition magazines were equipped with refrigeration, which was standardized in French warships following the accidental destruction of the battleship Iéna by an overheated propellant magazine in 1907. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of twenty 65 mm (2.6 in) 9-pounder guns in casemates in the ship's hull. In 1918, twelve of the ships' 65 mm guns were removed and a pair of 65 mm anti-aircraft guns (AA) and a pair of 75 mm (3 in) AA guns were installed. Edgar Quinet and Waldeck-Rousseau were also equipped with two 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull. The ships were protected with an armored belt that was 150 mm (5.9 in) thick amidships and reduced to 70 mm (2.8 in) forward and 40 mm (1.6 in) aft. They had two armored decks; the lower, main deck was 65 mm thick and the upper deck was 30 mm (1.2 in). The gun turrets had 200 mm (7.9 in) thick plating, with 200 mm thick barbettes, while the casemates had marginally thinner protection, at 194 mm. The two pairs of casemates were linked by transverse armored bulkheads; the outer bulkhead was 194 mm thick while the inner bulkhead was 120 mm (4.7 in) thick. The main conning tower had 200 mm thick sides. Underwater protection consisted of a cofferdam built into the lower hull with a longitudinal watertight bulkhead behind it. ## Ships ## Service history After entering service in early and mid-1911, respectively, Edgar Quinet and Waldeck-Rousseau were assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet. In 1913, Edgar Quinet participated in an international naval demonstration that also included British, German, and Austro-Hungarian vessels off Albania. The demonstration was a protest of the siege of Scutari during the First Balkan War; it succeeded in forcing the Serbian army to withdraw and allowing an international force to occupy the city. Both Edgar Quinet and Waldeck-Rousseau saw service in the Mediterranean during World War I. Edgar Quinet joined the hunt for the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben in August 1914, and both ships participated in the blockade of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the Adriatic. Later in August, Edgar Quinet was present at the Battle of Antivari, which saw the sinking of the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta. While on patrol at the mouth of the Adriatic, Waldeck-Rousseau was attacked twice by Austro-Hungarian U-boats, though neither submarine was able to hit the cruiser. During the first action in October, several Austro-Hungarian destroyers briefly skirmished with Waldeck-Rousseau after the U-boat attacked her. Both cruisers were involved in the seizure of Corfu in January 1916. After the end of the war, both ships continued service in the eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas. Waldeck-Rousseau joined the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and operated in support of the White Russians against the Red Bolsheviks; shortly after arriving, her crew mutinied over poor conditions but quickly resumed their duties. Edgar Quinet meanwhile remained in the Mediterranean during the Greco-Turkish War, and during the Great Fire of Smyrna, at the climax of the conflict, she rescued 1,200 people from the city. Edgar Quinet was converted into a training ship in the mid-1920s, a role she filled for the remainder of the decade. On 4 January 1930, she ran aground off the Algerian coast and could not be freed. She sank five days later. Waldeck-Rousseau had meanwhile been assigned as the flagship of the Far East fleet in 1929, where she remained until 1932, when she returned to France. She was decommissioned upon arrival, hulked in 1936, and broken up for scrap in 1941–1944.	[ "## Development", "## Description", "### General characteristics and machinery", "### Armament and armor", "## Ships", "## Service history" ]	2,157	27,984
20,217,190	Nassak Diamond	1,146,701,569	43.38 carats (8.676 g) diamond originated from India	[ "Blue diamonds", "Golconda diamonds", "Individual diamonds" ]	The Nassak Diamond (also known as the Nassac Diamond and the Eye of the Idol) is a large, 43.38 carats (8.676 g) Golconda Diamond that originated as a larger 89 carat diamond in the 15th century in India. Found in Golconda mines of Kollur and originally cut in India, the diamond was the adornment in the Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple, near Nashik, in the state of Maharashtra, India from at least 1500 to 1817. The British East India Company captured the diamond through the Third Anglo-Maratha War and sold it to British jewellers Rundell and Bridge in 1818. Rundell and Bridge recut the diamond in 1818, after which it made its way into the handle of the 1st Marquess of Westminster's dress sword. The Nassak Diamond was imported into the United States in 1927, and was considered one of the first 24 great diamonds of the world by 1930. American jeweller Harry Winston acquired the Nassak Diamond in 1940 in Paris, France and recut it to its present flawless 43.38 carats (8.676 g) emerald cut shape. Winston sold the diamond to a New York jewellery firm in 1942. Mrs. William B. Leeds of New York received the gem in 1944 as a sixth anniversary present and wore it in a ring. The Nassak Diamond was last sold at an auction in New York in 1970 to Edward J. Hand, a 48-year-old trucking firm executive from Greenwich, Connecticut. Currently the diamond is held at a private museum in Lebanon, though there are calls for its return and restoration to the Indian temple. ## History The Nassak Diamond originated in the 15th century in India. Although the date of the original cutting is unknown, the original cutting was performed in India and had sacrificed everything to size while giving the diamond a form and appearance similar to that of the Koh-i-Noor diamond. According to local legends this diamond was donated to the Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple of Nashik by an Aristocratic Maratha family. It was believed as an Divine eye of Lord Shiva and was adorned in Shivalinga around 15th C.E. From 1680 C.E. During Mughal-Maratha Wars the temple was attacked several times but Marathas saved Shivalinga time to time. Later it became one of important temples in Maratha Empire As priests worshiped Shiva, the diamond eventually acquired its name from its long-term proximity to Nashik. In 1817, the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India began the Third Anglo-Maratha War. During the Maratha war, the Nassak Diamond disappeared from the Shiva temple. The war ended in 1818 and the British East India Company was left decisively in control of most of India. As per the claims made by British The Baji Rao II the last independent Indian Peshwa Prince, who handed over the diamond to an English colonel named J. Briggs. In turn, Briggs delivered the diamond to Francis Rawdon-Hastings, the 1st Marquess of Hastings who had conducted the military operations against the Peshwa. Rawdon-Hastings delivered the diamond to the East India Company as part of the spoils of the Maratha war. The East India Company then sent the Nassak Diamond to England, to be sold on the London diamond market in 1818. At the London diamond market, the Nassak Diamond was presented as an approximately 89 carats (17.8 g) diamond of great purity "but of bad form," having a somewhat pear-shape. The diamond further was characterised as a "rudely faceted, lustreless mass." Illustrations in Herbert Tillander's book "Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewelry – 1381 to 1910" show it as being a semi-triangular moghal cut with a plateau top, similar looking to the 115-carat Taj-E-Mah Diamond which resides in the Iranian Crown Jewels. Despite its appearance, the diamond was sold for about 3,000 pounds (equivalent today to £) to Rundell and Bridge, a British jewellery firm based in London. Rundell and Bridge held onto the diamond for the next 13 years. During that time, the jewellery firm instructed its diamond cutter "to keep as closely as possible to the traces of the Hindu cutter, 'amending his defects, and accommodating the pattern to the exigencies of the subject matter.'" The recut by Rundell and Bridge from 89.75 carats (17,950 mg) to 78.625 carats (15,725.0 mg) resulted of a loss of no more than 10 percent of the original weight of the diamond. In 1831, Rundell and Bridge sold the diamond to the Emanuel Brothers for about 7,200 pounds (today about £). Six years later in 1837, the Emanuel Brothers sold the Nassak Diamond at a public sale to Robert Grosvenor, the 1st Marquess of Westminster. At one point, the Marquess mounted the diamond in the handle of his dress sword. In 1886, the diamond was valued at between 30,000 and 40,000 pounds (today between £ and £), due in part to its vast gain in brilliancy from the re-cut by Rundell and Bridge. ## Mauboussin and the lawsuit In 1922, George Mauboussin had become the named partner of "Mauboussin, Successeur de Noury," a French jewellery house that traced its roots to its founding by M. Rocher in 1827. In March 1927, the Duke of Westminster used US importers Mayers, Osterwald & Muhlfeld to sell the diamond to Parisian jeweller George Mauboussin, who was living in the United States at the time. Mauboussin's importation of the diamond into the United States was tax free, since the diamond was determined to be an artistic antiquity produced more than one hundred years prior to the date of importation. However, E. F. Bendler, an American wholesaler and dealer in diamonds and a rival of Mauboussin, filed a protest that resulted in a lawsuit to determine whether a tax should be imposed on the diamond's entry into the United States. By November 1927, Mauboussin considered selling the diamond to friends of General Primo de Rivera, who planned to give the diamond to the dictator on the occasion of his forthcoming investiture as marshal of Spain. That sale never materialised and the lawsuit continued. The diamond was nearly lost in a theft that occurred in January 1929, when four gunmen robbed the Park Avenue jewellery store where the Nassak Diamond was being kept. However, the thieves missed finding the diamond because it was being stored in a soiled envelope. After the first robbery attempt, Mauboussin's jewellery firm opened a branch in New York City on 1 October 1929, only to be met by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 at the end of October. To compound matters, the same gang of international robbers tried to steal the Nassak Diamond again in May 1930, but once again missed it. Prior to the outcome of the lawsuit, the insured diamond was valued between US\$400,000 and \$500,000 (allowing for inflation, this would now be \$ and \$). At the time the lawsuit was pending, imported diamonds that were cut and suitable for use in the manufacture of jewellery, without actually being set as jewellery were subject to an ad valorem tax of 20% its value. However, artistic antiquities produced more than one hundred years prior to the date of importation could be imported into the United States duty-free; that is to say, without having to pay a 20% tax. The final decision of the lawsuit was released on 4 June 1930. In that decision, the court determined that the unset 78.625 carats (15,725.0 mg) Nassak Diamond was not an artistic antiquity and was suitable for use in manufacture of jewellery. In particular, the court said that the 1930 Nassak Diamond was nothing more than "a large diamond, cut in an ordinary way." As a result, the importer owed an ad valorem tax of 20% of the diamond's value under US Tariff Act of 1922. ## Harry Winston's influence In 1930, the Nassak Diamond had a somewhat elongated triangle form with rounded corners. The depth of one side of the triangle was thicker than the other. The diamond was "without flaw, unusually brilliant, and so cut as to well display its clear, crystal brilliancy." While on exhibit at the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois, the "Official guide book of the fair, 1933" described the diamond as a flawless, blue- white stone with a reputation of being "the finest diamond outside crown jewels collections." In 1940, American jeweller Harry Winston acquired the Nassak Diamond in Paris, France and recut it to its present flawless 43.38 carats (8.676 g) emerald cut shape. Winston sold the diamond to a New York jewellery firm in 1942. In 1944, Commander William Bateman Leeds, Jr., millionaire son of the inventor of a tin plating process and friend of George Mauboussin, purchased the diamond for his wife, Reflexion Olive Leeds (born Olive Hamilton), and gave it to her in a set ring as a sixth anniversary present. ## Present information In early 1964, gemologist G. Robert (Bob) Crowningshield evaluated the Nassak Diamond at the Gemological Institute of America gem laboratory to produce a Diamond Grading Report. In that same year, the Nassak Diamond was placed in the hands of J. & S.S. DeYoung, a then 100-year-old estate jewellery house located in New York. The Gemological Institute of America Diamond Grading Report that came with the diamond indicated that it was Internally Flawless. In early April 1970, the diamond was rated one of the thirty great stones of the world and placed on display at Parke-Bernet Galleries in New York City. On 16 April 1970, the diamond was sold at auction for \$500,000 (allowing for inflation, this would now be \$) to Edward J. Hand, a then 48-year-old trucking firm executive from Greenwich, Connecticut. This was the second highest auction price ever for a diamond at that time, the first being circa \$1.1 million for the Taylor-Burton Diamond several years earlier. Six years later, the diamond was placed on display in November 1976 at a charity benefit as a means to attract donors to that benefit. ## Trivia In December 1982, British Midland Airways purchased a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 aircraft from KLM; two months later, the plane was in the United Kingdom with the name "The Nassak Diamond". ## See also - Koh-i-Noor - Darya-ye Noor - List of diamonds	[ "## History", "## Mauboussin and the lawsuit", "## Harry Winston's influence", "## Present information", "## Trivia", "## See also" ]	2,359	36,764
7,808,892	Battle of Kinburn (1855)	1,170,742,310	1855 battle of the Crimean War	[ "1855 in France", "19th-century battles", "Conflicts in 1855", "Military history of the Black Sea", "Naval battles involving France", "Naval battles involving Russia", "Naval battles involving the United Kingdom", "Naval battles of the Crimean War", "October 1855 events" ]	The Battle of Kinburn, a combined land-naval engagement during the final stage of the Crimean War, took place on the tip of the Kinburn Peninsula (on the south shore of the Dnieper–Bug estuary in what is now Ukraine) on 17 October 1855. During the battle a combined fleet of vessels from the French Navy and the British Royal Navy bombarded Russian coastal fortifications after an Anglo-French ground force had besieged them. Three French ironclad batteries carried out the main attack, which saw the main Russian fortress destroyed in an action that lasted about three hours. The battle, although strategically insignificant with little effect on the outcome of the war, is notable for the first use of modern ironclad warships in action. Although frequently hit, the French ships destroyed the Russian forts within three hours, suffering minimal casualties in the process. This battle convinced contemporary navies to design and build new major warships with armour plating; this instigated a naval arms race between France and Britain lasting over a decade. ## Background In September 1854, the Anglo-French army that had been at Varna was ferried across the Black Sea and landed on the Crimean Peninsula. They then fought their way to the main Russian naval base on the peninsula, the city of Sevastopol, which they placed under siege. The Russian garrison eventually withdrew from the city in early September 1855, freeing the French and British fleets for other tasks. A discussion ensued over what target should be attacked next; the French and British high commands considered driving from the Crimea to Kherson and launching major campaigns in Bessarabia or the Caucasus. Instead, at the urging of French commanders, they settled on a smaller-scale operation to seize the Russian fort at Kinburn, which protected the mouth of the Dnieper. The British argued that to seize Kinburn without advancing to Nikolaev would only serve to warn the Russians of the threat to the port. Fox Maule-Ramsay, then the British Secretary of State for War, suggested that without a plan to exploit the capture of the fortress, the only purpose of the operation would be to give the fleets something to do. ### Forces involved The fortress was located on the Kinburn Spit, at the extreme western end of the Kinburn Peninsula, and consisted of three separate fortifications. The primary fort, built of stone, square, and equipped with bastions, held 50 guns, some of which were mounted in protective casemates; the rest were in en barbette mountings, firing over the parapets. Two smaller fortresses were located further down the spit, mounting ten and eleven guns, respectively. The first was a small stone fort, while the second was a simple sand earthwork. The forts were armed only with medium and smaller calibre guns, the largest guns being 24-pounders. Major General Maxim Kokhanovitch commanded the garrison of 1,500 men, most of whom were stationed in the main fort. Across the estuary was Fort Nikolaev in the town of Ochakov with fifteen more guns, but these were too far away to play a role in the battle. To attack the forts, the British and French assembled a fleet centred on four French and six British ships of the line, led by British Rear Admiral Edmund Lyons and the French Vice Admiral Armand Joseph Bruat. The British contributed a further seventeen frigates and sloops, ten gunboats, and six bomb vessels, along with ten transport vessels. The French squadron included three corvettes, four avisos, twelve gunboats, and five bomb vessels. The transports carried a force of 8,000 men from French and British Army regiments that would be used to besiege the forts. In addition to the contingent of conventional sailing warships, the French squadron brought three experimental ironclad warships that had recently arrived from France. These, the first three ironclad batteries of the Dévastation class—Lave, Dévastation, and Tonnante—had been sent to the Black Sea in late July, but they arrived too late to take part in the siege of Sevastopol. These vessels, the first ironclad warships, carried eighteen 50-pounder guns and were protected with 4 inches (100 mm) of wrought iron armour. Observers speculated that these untested warships would be ineffective in combat, owing to their slow speed and poor handling. ## Battle In an effort to confuse the Russians, the combined fleet made a feint westward toward Odessa on 8 October before turning east to Kinburn. The combined French and British fleet arrived off Kinburn on 14 October. That night, a force of nine gunboats escorted transports carrying 8,000 men, led by François Achille Bazaine, who were landed behind the forts, further up the peninsula. The gunboat force was commanded by Rear Admiral Houston Stewart, who ordered his crews to hold their fire in the darkness unless they were able to clearly see a Russian target. The Russians did not launch a counterattack on the landing, allowing the French and British soldiers to dig trench positions while the gunboats shelled the main fort, albeit ineffectively. By the morning of the 17th, the soldiers had completed significant entrenchments, with French troops facing the fortifications and British troops manning the outward defences against a possible Russian attempt to relieve the garrison. By this time, the French had begun building sapping trenches, which then came under fire from the Russian fortress. In the meantime, on the night of the 16th, a French vessel had taken depth soundings close to the main fort to determine how closely the ships could approach it. Throughout this time, heavy seas prevented the fleet from launching a sustained bombardment of the Russian positions. At around 9:00 on 17 October, the Anglo-French fleet moved into position to begin their bombardment. The ships of the line had a difficult time getting into effective positions owing to the shoals in the surrounding water, and so much of the work fell to smaller and shallower draught vessels, most prominently the three ironclad batteries. The floating batteries were anchored just 600 yards (550 m) from the Russian fortress, where they proved to be immune to Russian artillery fire, which either bounced off or exploded harmlessly on their wrought iron armour plating. The French and British ships of the line were anchored further out, at around 1,200 yards (1,100 m), while the bomb vessels were placed further still, at 2,800 yards (2,600 m). While their guns battered at the fortifications, the ironclads each had a contingent of Royal Marines who inflicted significant casualties on the Russian gun crews. The only significant hit on the ironclad batteries was one shell that entered a gunport on Dévastation, which killed two men but otherwise caused no serious damage to the ship. The cannonade started fires in the main fortress and rapidly disabled Russian guns. Once Russian fire started to decrease, the gunboats moved into position behind the fortresses and began to bombard them as well. In the course of the morning, the three French vessels fired some 3,000 shells into the fort, and by 12:00, it had been neutralized by the combined firepower of the Anglo-French fleet. A single Russian hoisted a white flag above the fort to indicate their surrender, and Kokhanovitch walked out to speak with the French ground commander. According to historian James Grant, around 1,100 Russians of the 1,500-man garrison survived the battle and were allowed to leave without their weapons. Herbert Wilson puts the Russian casualties much lower, at 45 dead and 130 wounded. For the French and British, the only men killed were the two aboard Dévastation, with a further 25 wounded, all of whom were aboard the floating batteries. In the course of the battle, Dévastation was hit 75 times, while Lave received 66 hits and Tonnante was hit around the same number of times. None of the ships emerged from the battle with more than minor dents in their armour plate. ## Aftermath On 20 October, Bazaine's infantry conducted reconnaissance toward Kherson and met no organized resistance before withdrawing. After they returned to Kinburn, the French and British commanders determined that the fort could be rebuilt and held through the upcoming winter. A force of 1,700 men was left behind to garrison the position, along with the three ironclad batteries. The rest of the force returned to the Crimea. Though the British had initially considered continuing up the Dnieper to capture Nikolaev, it became clear after the seizure of Kinburn that to do so would require much larger numbers of soldiers to clear the cliffs that dominated the river than had been originally estimated. The British planned to eventually launch an offensive to take Nikolaev in 1856, but the war ended before it could be begun. Since they lacked the forces to take Nikolaev in a single campaign, the seizure of Kinburn proved to have limited strategic effect. Nevertheless, the attack on Kinburn was significant in that it demonstrated that the French and British fleets had developed effective amphibious capabilities and had technological advantages that gave them a decisive edge over their Russian opponents. The destruction of Kinburn's coastal fortifications completed the Anglo-French naval campaign in the Black Sea; the Russians no longer had any meaningful forces left to oppose them at sea. The British and French navies planned to transfer forces to the Baltic Sea the following year to strengthen operations there. Diplomatic pressure from still-neutral Austria convinced Czar Alexander II of Russia to sue for peace, which was concluded the following February with the Treaty of Paris. In his report, Bruat informed his superiors that "[e]verything may be expected from these formidable engines of war." The effectiveness of the ironclad batteries in neutralizing the Russian guns, though still debated by naval historians, nevertheless convinced French Emperor Napoleon III to order more ironclad warships. Their success at Kinburn, coupled with the devastating effect new shell-firing guns had had on wooden warships at the Battle of Sinop earlier in the war led most French naval officers to support the new armoured vessels. Napoleon III's programme produced the first sea-going ironclad, Gloire, initiating a naval construction race between France and Britain that would last until the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. The British Royal Navy, which had five ironclad batteries under construction, laid down another four after the victory at Kinburn, and replied to Gloire with a pair of armoured frigates of their own, Warrior and Black Prince. France built a further eleven batteries built to three different designs, and the Russian Navy built fifteen armoured rafts for harbour defence. ## See also - Battle of Kinburn (1787)	[ "## Background", "### Forces involved", "## Battle", "## Aftermath", "## See also" ]	2,252	447
44,896,276	Italian cruiser Vesuvio	1,169,657,121	Protected cruiser of the Italian Royal Navy	[ "1886 ships", "Cruisers of Italy", "Etna-class protected cruisers", "Ships built in Livorno", "World War I cruisers of Italy" ]	Vesuvio was a protected cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) built in the 1880s. She was the third member of the Etna class, which included three sister ships. Named for the volcano Mount Vesuvius, the ship's keel was laid down in July 1883. She was launched in March 1886 and was commissioned into the fleet in March 1888. She was armed with a main battery of two 254 mm (10 in) and a secondary battery of six 152 mm (6 in) guns, and could steam at a speed of around 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). Her career was relatively uneventful; the only significant action in which she took part was the campaign against the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900. She was stricken from the naval register in May 1911 and sold for scrap in 1915. ## Design The four ships of the Etna class were designed in Italy as domestically produced versions of the British-built cruiser Giovanni Bausan. The Italian government secured a manufacturing license from the British firm Armstrong Whitworth, but the design was revised by the Italian naval engineer Carlo Vigna. These cruisers were intended to serve as "battleship destroyers", and represented a temporary embrace of the Jeune École doctrine by the Italian naval command. Vesuvio was 283 feet 6 inches (86.4 m) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 42 feet 6 inches (13 m). She had a mean draft of 19 feet (5.8 m) and displaced 3,373 long tons (3,427 t). Her crew numbered 12 officers and 296 men. The ship had two horizontal compound steam engines, each driving a single propeller, with steam provided by four double-ended cylindrical boilers. Vesuvio was credited with a top speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) from 6,820 indicated horsepower (5,090 kW). She had a cruising radius of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). The main armament of the ships consisted of two Armstrong 254 mm (10 in), 30-caliber breech-loading guns mounted in barbettes fore and aft. She was also equipped with a secondary battery of six 152 mm (6 in), 32-caliber, breech-loading guns that were carried in sponsons along the sides of the ship. For anti-torpedo boat defense, Vesuvio was fitted with five 57 mm (2.2 in) 6-pounder Hotchkiss guns and five 37 mm (1.5 in) 1-pounder Hotchkiss guns. The ship was also armed with four 356 mm (14 in) torpedo tubes. One was mounted in the bow underwater and the other three were above water. She was protected with an armor deck below the waterline with a maximum thickness of 38 mm (1.5 in). The conning tower had 13 mm (0.5 in) worth of armor plating. ## Service history Vesuvio was built by the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard in Livorno, with her keel being laid down on 10 July 1883. Her completed hull was launched on 21 March 1886, and after fitting-out work was finished, she was commissioned into the Italian fleet on 16 March 1888. She was present during a naval review held for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a visit to Italy later that year. Vesuvio and her sisters Stromboli and Ettore Fieramosca participated in the 1893 naval maneuvers as part of the Squadron of Maneuvers, which was tasked with defending against the Permanent Squadron. Vesuvio was placed in reserve for 1896, though she was reactivated to take part on the naval maneuvers at the end of the year. During these maneuvers, she was assigned to a force tasked with defending against a simulated French fleet. In February 1897, Vesuvio deployed to Crete to serve in the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Regia Marina, Imperial Russian Navy, and British Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897–1898 Greek uprising on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire. She arrived as part of an Italian division that also included the ironclad battleships Sicilia (flagship of the division's commander, Vice Admiral Felice Napoleone Canevaro) and Re Umberto and the torpedo cruiser Euridice. By June, she had been assigned to the 1st Division of the active fleet in 1897, which also included the battleships Re Umberto, Sardegna, and Sicilia, the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan, and the torpedo cruisers Euridice and Montebello. In 1900, Vesuvio and Ettore Fieramosca were sent to Chinese waters to assist in the suppression of the Boxer Uprising as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance. Both ships were formally assigned to the Cruising Squadron in Chinese waters in 1901. During 1901, she made stops in Shanghai, Wusong, and Hong Kong. After a second deployment to the Far East from 1906 to 1909, Vesuvio was placed in reserve, struck from the Navy List on 11 May 1911 and sold for scrap in 1915.	[ "## Design", "## Service history" ]	1,176	2,727
9,612,709	U.S. Route 11 in Maryland	1,173,220,192	Section of U.S. Highway in Washington County, Maryland, U.S.	[ "Roads in Washington County, Maryland", "U.S. Highways in Maryland", "U.S. Route 11" ]	U.S. Route 11 (US 11) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Rouses Point, New York. In Maryland, the federal highway runs 12.83 miles (20.65 km) from the West Virginia state line at the Potomac River in Williamsport north to the Pennsylvania state line near Maugansville. US 11 is the primary north–south surface highway in central Washington County, connecting Hagerstown with Williamsport to the south and Hagerstown Regional Airport to the north. The federal highway was once a major long-distance highway, but that role has been assumed by Interstate 81 (I-81), which parallels US 11 not only in Maryland but for most of its course from Tennessee to Upstate New York. US 11 is maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration except for the municipally-maintained portions within the corporate limits of Williamsport and Hagerstown. US 11 is the descendant of a trail blazed through the Great Appalachian Valley in the 18th century. In the 19th century, this trail was upgraded to a pair of turnpikes, one from Williamsport to Hagerstown and the second from Hagerstown to the Pennsylvania state line. The highway was constructed in its modern form in the early 20th century, with the bridge across the Potomac River constructed in 1909 and the old turnpikes paved as all-weather roads by the nascent Maryland State Roads Commission in the 1910s. These highways and the streets of Hagerstown and Williamsport were designated Maryland's portion of US 11 in 1926. The federal highway was improved outside of the towns in the years surrounding 1930 and again around 1950. Since the completion of I-81 in two sections in the late 1950s and mid-1960s removed long-distance traffic from the highway, US 11 has seen its two major relocations: one that removed the highway from downtown Hagerstown and another required by expansion at Hagerstown Regional Airport. ## Route description US 11 begins at the West Virginia state line on the south bank of the Potomac River. The highway crosses the Potomac River on a two-lane bridge just south of its confluence with Conococheague Creek. The bridge passes over Potomac Park and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. At the east end of the bridge, US 11 enters the town of Williamsport, where the highway is a municipally-maintained two-lane undivided road. The federal highway makes a turn to the north, then makes a sharp turn to the east onto Potomac Street adjacent to the Williamsport Visitor Center of the historical park. Within the Williamsport Historic District, US 11 intersects MD 68 (Conococheague Street) and MD 63. MD 63 joins MD 68 in a concurrency on Conococheague Street to the south and US 11 on Potomac Street east to Artizan Street, where MD 63 heads north out of town. US 11 veers northeast and heads through a more suburban area of Williamsport. The federal highway leaves the town of Williamsport and becomes state-maintained immediately before expanding to a four-lane divided highway for its partial cloverleaf interchange with I-81 (Maryland Veterans Memorial Highway). US 11 continues northeast as Virginia Avenue, a two-lane highway through residential subdivisions. The federal highway passes close to historic home Tammany and intersects Governor Lane Boulevard, which heads south through an industrial park. US 11 passes under I-70 with no access and enters the suburb of Halfway, where the highway crosses the Winchester and Western Railroad at-grade and at an angle. The federal highway intersects both Massey and Halfway boulevards, which head northwest toward Valley Mall. US 11 continues into the city of Hagerstown, where the highway becomes municipally-maintained and enters an industrial area. The federal highway crosses Norfolk Southern Railway's Hagerstown District rail line immediately before its intersection with Wilson Boulevard, which heads east. Virginia Avenue, the old alignment of US 11, continues north toward downtown Hagerstown, passing through the South Prospect Street Historic District and passing by Hagerstown City Park, which contains the Hager House and Washington County Museum of Fine Arts. US 11 turns west onto Burhans Boulevard and immediately crosses over the Norfolk Southern Railway line again. The federal highway curves to the north, paralleling the rail line, then crosses over the Winchester and Western Railroad line as its junction with the Norfork Southern Railway line. US 11 continues north through a residential neighborhood before passing by the Hagerstown Roundhouse Museum and passing under CSX Transportation's Lurgan Subdivision rail line just east of its wye with the Norfolk Southern Railway line. At the intersection with Elgin Boulevard and Lanvale Street, US 11 turns east to remain on Burhans Boulevard and starts to parallel the CSX Transportation rail line. The federal highway and railroad curve to the north, where the highway intersects US 40 on the opposite side of the tracks from downtown Hagerstown. US 40 consists of a one-way pair: Washington Street eastbound and Franklin Street westbound. Between the two directions of US 40, US 11 passes historic Hagerstown station, which is now the headquarters of the Hagerstown Police Department. North of US 40, US 11 intersects Salem Avenue, crosses Norfolk Southern Railway's Lurgan Branch rail line, and curves north away from CSX Transportation's Hanover Subdivision rail line, which turns to the east. Burhans Boulevard reaches its northern end at an oblique three-way intersection with Pennsylvania Avenue. US 11 continues north on Pennsylvania Avenue, passing west of North Hagerstown High School. State maintenance of the federal highway resumes, and the highway's name changes to Middleburg Pike at Haven Road just before the highway leaves the city of Hagerstown. US 11 continues north past residential subdivisions in the suburb of Fountainhead-Orchard Hills. The federal highway passes a Volvo manufacturing plant and intersects Maugans Avenue, which heads west to Maugansville. North of the intersection with Showalter Road, US 11 adjoins the property of Hagerstown Regional Airport. The federal highway curves to the northeast and passes through a tunnel under the airport's east–west runway. The federal highway curves back to the northwest through an industrial area before resuming its northward course to the Pennsylvania state line. US 11 enters Pennsylvania just south of the federal highway's intersection with Pennsylvania Route 163 (Mason Dixon Road). ## History US 11 is the descendant of a trail blazed from Pennsylvania following the establishment of Evan Watkins's ferry across the Potomac River at the mouth of Conococheague Creek in 1744. This trail became part of the Great Wagon Road from Philadelphia south through the Great Appalachian Valley to Virginia and North Carolina. In the center of the Hagerstown Valley along the trail, German immigrant Jonathan Hager laid out his namesake town in 1762. In the 19th century, the Hagerstown and Middleburg Turnpike was constructed between Hagerstown and Middleburg, a settlement on the Pennsylvania side of the state line. In addition. the Williamsport and Hagerstown Turnpike was constructed between the town that sprung up at the Potomac River crossing and the county seat of Washington County. Starting in 1896, the Hagerstown Railway Company of Washington County operated an interurban between Williamsport and Hagerstown adjacent to the turnpike. The streetcar suburb of Halfway developed along the turnpike and trolley line at the midpoint between the two municipalities. The first portion of modern US 11 to be constructed was the bridge over the Potomac River at Williamsport, which was financed and constructed by Washington County and completed in 1909. The new bridge, which became the only crossing between Cumberland and Washington, D.C. to survive the flood of March 1936, charged tolls from a tollgate at the West Virginia end of the bridge. The Maryland State Roads Commission later purchased the bridge in 1954 and removed the tolls in 1958. Both the Williamsport Pike and Middleburg Pike, their right-of-way now owned by the Maryland State Roads Commission, were paved by 1921. Those highways as well as Potomac Street in the town of Williamsport and the streets connecting the two former turnpikes within the city of Hagerstown—Virginia Avenue, Jonathan Street, and Pennsylvania Avenue—were designated Maryland's portion of US 11 in 1926. The first upgrades to US 11 occurred when Williamsport Pike and Middleburg Pike were rebuilt and widened in the late 1920s and early 1930s, respectively. Williamsport Pike was rebuilt again in 1948, with the highway widened using the right-of-way of the Williamsport–Hagerstown interurban that had ceased service in 1947. By 1950, US 11 in Hagerstown followed a one-way pair: the northbound direction followed Summit Avenue and Jonathan Street between Virginia Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue and the southbound direction used Prospect Street through the downtown area. The first relief from long-distance traffic came to US 11 when the first section of I-81 was completed from US 40 to the Pennsylvania state line in 1958. Following the completion of I-81 from US 40 south to the Potomac River in 1966, US 11 became a highway mainly for local traffic. US 11's bridge across the Potomac River was rebuilt in 1979. In addition, the highway's name south of Hagerstown was changed from Williamsport Pike to Virginia Avenue around 1995. Despite the construction of I-81, another bypass of downtown Hagerstown, Burhans Boulevard, was constructed in the 1960s. Burhans Boulevard was named for Winslow F. Burhans, the mayor of Hagerstown from 1953 to 1965 who was instrumental in elevating the tracks of the Western Maryland Railway on the west side of downtown Hagerstown to eliminate a series of grade crossings. The boulevard was started in 1960 between Salem and Pennsylvania avenues. Construction was underway on the section between Virginia Avenue and Elgin Boulevard by 1962. Both sections were completed by 1965. Burhans Boulevard was completed around 1968 from Elgin Boulevard to Washington Street, from which the boulevard continued north paralleling the Western Maryland Railway tracks along what had formerly been Foundry Street. At the southern end of Hagerstown, Burhans Boulevard, Virginia Avenue, and Wilson Boulevard were relocated to eliminate two grade crossings with the Norfolk Southern Railway tracks in 1983. Burhans Boulevard remained a regular municipal street until US 11 was rerouted away from downtown Hagerstown around 1987. The other major relocation of US 11 occurred around Hagerstown Regional Airport. Due to the airport's east–west runway being extended eastward, US 11 was relocated by Washington County in 1964, resulting in a wide curve in what had been a straight highway. The portion of highway between Showalter Road and the Pennsylvania state line was subsequently county-maintained until 1972. Another extension of the east–west runway occurred between 2004 and 2007. For this extension, US 11 was relocated to a tunnel underneath the extended runway along the curved alignment in 2006. ## Junction list ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Junction list", "## See also" ]	2,401	37,860
39,056,745	Spike Albrecht	1,162,426,663	American basketball player (born 1992)	[ "1992 births", "American men's basketball players", "Basketball players from Indiana", "Living people", "Michigan Wolverines men's basketball players", "Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni", "People from Crown Point, Indiana", "Point guards", "Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball players", "Sportspeople from Lake County, Indiana" ]	Michael Joseph "Spike" Albrecht (born August 24, 1992) is a former college basketball player who completed his collegiate eligibility as a redshirt fifth year graduate transfer student for the 2016–17 Purdue Boilermakers team. Albrecht played high school basketball in his hometown of Crown Point, Indiana. He played his undergraduate college career for the Michigan Wolverines. He is most well known for his 17-point first half performance off the bench for the 2012–13 Wolverines in the championship game of the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. He won Big Ten Conference regular season championships with the 2013–14 Wolverines and 2016–17 Boilermakers. ## Early life At age five, Michael Albrecht, son of Tammy and Charles "Chuck" Albrecht, received his first baseball spikes and refused to take them off, earning his now famous nickname. Chuck now runs a summer basketball camp at which Spike assists. Albrecht attended Taft Middle School in Crown Point before attending Crown Point High School where he averaged 21 points, five assists, three steals and four rebounds as a senior in 2011. Albrecht committed to Michigan on April 6, 2012. Albrecht led Northfield Mount Hermon School to the 2012 New England Preparatory School Athletic Council (NEPSAC) Class AAA Boys' Basketball Tournament, defeating future Michigan teammate Mitch McGary's Brewster Academy in the semifinals. Albrecht was awarded the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the tournament. Albrecht was a former Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) teammate of McGary and future Michigan teammate Glenn Robinson III. Albrecht's father was college teammates with Zack Novak's father; a generation later, when Spike Albrecht was an incoming freshman, Zack Novak was Michigan's captain during the 2011-12 season. ## College career ### Michigan (2012–2016) #### Freshman season (2012–2013) The 2011–12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team had been co-champions of 2011–12 Big Ten Conference, but lost both of its co-captains, Zack Novak and Stu Douglass, to graduation and three players as transfers. The team was returning a nucleus of All-Big Ten players Trey Burke and Tim Hardaway Jr. In Albrecht's role with the 2012–13 Wolverines team, he never scored more than 7 points in a game before the NCAA Tournament. In the regional finals on March 31 against Florida, Michigan built a 13–0 lead and never led by less than 10 the rest of the game. Several players had career-highs in the game, including Albrecht who had 7 points and 3 steals. The national championship rounds were held at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. In the April 6 national semifinal against Syracuse, Michigan emerged with its thirty-first victory, the most since the 1992–93 team went 31–5. The bench contributed 22 points, including 6 from Albrecht, who raised his NCAA tournament total to 5-for-5 on three-point shots. Michigan advanced to the April 8, 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament championship game where the team lost to Midwest number one seed Louisville by an 82–76 margin despite 17 points, including 4-for-5 three-point shooting, from Albrecht in the game. Albrecht scored 17 first-half points on 4-for-4 three-point shooting. Albrecht made the seven-man All-Tournament team (which was revised multiple times) along with teammates McGary and Trey Burke. By the end of the first half of the game, Albrecht had tied Sam Cassell by making his first 9 three-point shots in his NCAA tournament games that season, and USA Today described Albrecht's place in history as "amongst the most unexpected NCAA heroes in history". #### Sophomore season (2013–2014) Albrecht established a career high with 6 assists as Michigan defeated Houston Baptist by 54 points on December 7, 2013. On January 22, 2014, against (#10 AP Poll/Coaches' Poll) Iowa, Albrecht made his first career start, posting new career highs of 7 assists and 4 steals, tying a career high with 3 rebounds and helping Michigan defeat consecutive ranked opponents for the first time since the 1996–97 team. Albrecht started in place of Derrick Walton who had the flu. Michigan clinched its first outright (unshared) Big Ten Conference championship since 1985–86. The 2013–14 team advanced to the elite eight round of the 2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament before being eliminated by Kentucky. #### Junior season (2014–2015) Albrecht was named co-captain of the 2014–15 team along with Caris LeVert. On November 29, he contributed a then career-high 7 assists against Nicholls State. Then on December 2, Albrecht posted a new career high with 9 assists and broke a 63–63 deadlock with a 31 seconds remaining to lead Michigan to a 68–65 victory over Syracuse. On January 3, 2015 against Purdue, Albrecht tied his career high with 17 points. On February 1 Albrecht tallied a career-high 18-points in the rivalry game against Michigan State. The March 3 double-overtime loss against Northwestern marked Albrecht's 8th consecutive double-digit scoring game as he picked up the scoring slack in the absence of Caris LeVert and Derrick Walton, who missed their 11th and 9th consecutive games. On March 7 against Rutgers, the streak ended, but Albrecht posted a career-high 9 assists. In April 2015, Albrecht had offseason surgery on his right hip to correct for a genetic condition. On December 2, Albrecht was named an Allstate Good Works Team nominee. #### Senior season (2015–2016) On December 11, 2015, Albrecht announced he would sit out the rest of the season for the 2015–16 Wolverines team due to injuries. During his career at Michigan, Albrecht played in 115 career games, and was named Michigan's co-MVP during the 2014–15 season, after starting 18 of 31 games and posting a career-best 7.5 points per game, while battling hip problems. On March 29, Albrecht announced that he would use the graduate transfer option to play a fifth year at another school. On April 1, head coach John Beilein decided not to restrict Albrecht or teammate Ricky Doyle from transferring to schools within the Big Ten if they desired to do so. By April 18, Albrecht was considering interest from home state Big Ten programs Purdue and Indiana as well as Wichita State, Texas A&M, Syracuse, USC, and Milwaukee (where Michigan assistant coach LaVall Jordan had just taken over as head coach). ### Purdue (2016–2017) It was announced on May 3, 2016, that Albrecht would play his final year of collegiate basketball at Purdue University. With their win over Indiana on February 28, 2017, Purdue clinched at least a share of the Big Ten regular season championship. With Wisconsin's loss on March 2, Purdue clinched an outright championship, their 23rd championship, the most in Big Ten history. ## Coaching career After earning his graduate degree from Purdue in 2017, Albrecht began his professional career in medical device sales. By October 2019, Albrecht was living in Nashville. Albrecht spent the 2019–20 season as an assistant coach at Northfield Mount Hermon. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Albrecht began giving ball handling instructional videos with his sister on Zoom Video. Also in March 2020, Albrecht emailed Louisville's director of men's basketball operations, Kahil Fennell, (as well as someone at Villanova); Fennell responded that same day. Albrecht joined the Louisville staff as a graduate assistant in June. On May 28, 2021, Albrecht came back to Purdue as a graduate assistant.	[ "## Early life", "## College career", "### Michigan (2012–2016)", "#### Freshman season (2012–2013)", "#### Sophomore season (2013–2014)", "#### Junior season (2014–2015)", "#### Senior season (2015–2016)", "### Purdue (2016–2017)", "## Coaching career" ]	1,763	8,203
628,321	WSTR-TV	1,172,034,408	MyNetworkTV affiliate in Cincinnati	[ "1980 establishments in Ohio", "ATSC 3.0 television stations", "Antenna TV affiliates", "Comet (TV network) affiliates", "MyNetworkTV affiliates", "ON TV (TV network)", "Sinclair Broadcast Group", "TBD (TV network) affiliates", "Television channels and stations established in 1980", "Television stations in Cincinnati" ]	WSTR-TV (channel 64), branded on-air as Star 64 (stylized as STAR64), is a television station in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, affiliated with MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Deerfield Media, which maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of dual CBS/CW affiliate WKRC-TV (channel 12), for the provision of advertising sales and other services. The two stations share studios on Highland Avenue in the Mount Auburn section of Cincinnati; WSTR's transmitter, Star Tower, is located in the city's College Hill neighborhood. WSTR-TV began broadcasting in 1980 as WBTI, which broadcast a mix of commercial advertising-supported and subscription television (STV) programs. The STV programming was relegated into overnight hours (before being dropped altogether) at the start of 1985, making way for the station to become an independent station under the name WIII. After financial trouble, channel 64 stabilized under ABRY Communications before being purchased by Sinclair in 1996. It was briefly an affiliate of UPN before switching to The WB in 1998 and becoming part of MyNetworkTV in 2006. WKRC-TV produces dedicated morning and late evening newscasts for air on WSTR-TV. The station is one of Cincinnati's two ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) transmitters, serving the market's major commercial stations, which each broadcast some of WSTR-TV's subchannels on its behalf. ## History ### Construction and subscription television years On June 30, 1977, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted a construction permit to Buford Television of Ohio, Inc., for a new channel 64 television station in Cincinnati, Ohio. WBTI signed on the air on January 28, 1980. It broadcast with one million watts of power and operated from studios on Fishwick Drive in the Bond Hill area; the station's original transmitter was located on Chickasaw Street. WBTI was conceived and began broadcasting as a hybrid. During the day, it was an advertiser-supported, general-entertainment independent station from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. each day, with a program schedule primarily consisting of classic reruns. In the late evening hours, the station's signal was scrambled as it carried programming from the ON TV service, which provided movies, sports, and live events to viewers through a paid subscription and a decoder to receive ON TV programs. (Buford, which had planned a multi-city expansion into subscription television and even a national network of translators through its Residential Entertainment subsidiary, licensed the ON TV name from Oak Communications in the Cincinnati market and also would build STV operations in Chicago and Minneapolis under the brand name Spectrum; it created the Home Entertainment Network division for this business.) Local sports programming included a small package of Cincinnati Reds home games, a major advance for a team that had not permitted the telecast of more than three home games in a season on television since 1966. WBTI's ratings were less than stellar, while ON TV was being well received but already sensed that competition with cable was going to increase and present a difficulty in keeping subscribers. The subscription operation examined increasing to 20 hours a day—then the maximum amount of hours of non-free programming permitted by the FCC—as early as December 1981, and it carried out that expansion on April 1, 1982, relegating ad-supported WBTI programming to weekday mornings. In June 1983, the station cut back its commercial programs to the 90-minute edition of The 700 Club on weekdays, with ON TV the rest of the day and weekends except for three further hours of religious programs on Sunday mornings. It was able to do so because the FCC had abolished the so-called "28-hour rule"—which required stations to provide a minimum of, on average, four hours a day of non-subscription programming—in June 1982. ON TV was beginning to face a tough road. After much delay, the Warner-Amex cable service QUBE became available within the Cincinnati city limits in early 1983, making ON TV less attractive to viewers. In October 1983, United Cable, which had acquired 80 percent of Buford's three STV operations, wrote down the entire unit and offered the systems for sale. All of this programming was also seen in Dayton, where Buford established translator W66AQ in 1981 to extend the marketing area of ON TV and WBTI's commercial fare. ### Emerging from STV United sold 90 percent of WBTI in November 1984 to Channel 64 Joint Venture for \$9.4 million, at which time ON TV had just 12,500 local subscribers (75 percent of which subscribed to adult programming), compared to 45,200 in June 1982. The station relaunched as WIII, "The Eyes of Cincinnati", on January 1, 1985; it restored a general-entertainment schedule, with ON TV programming being relegated to overnight hours only. At that time, general manager and Channel 64 Joint Venture part-owner Stephen Kent said the STV service "virtually runs itself" and could break even with just 2,600 customers. However, with a mere 3,200 subscribers remaining and Oak shutting down its satellite feed, ON TV in Cincinnati ended on June 1, 1985, at which time WIII converted into a full-time general-entertainment independent station. Channel 64 soon ran into financial trouble. In April 1986, the station almost went off air after United Cable, which had retained a 10 percent stake after the 1984 sale to Channel 64 Joint Venture, sued the other partners, who refused to accept funding provided by the company to keep the station going. In a proceeding that saw the appointment of general manager Stephen A. Kent as receiver, it was revealed that the station owed more than \$175,000 to program suppliers and had less than \$5,000 in the bank. A Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing soon followed; the lengthy battle, marked by conflicts between United and the other partners, as well as cable penetration in the market, hurt the station, which had to exit several programming contracts. Talks with several potential buyers, including the Home Shopping Network, continued; Gerald J. Robinson, owner of the Cincinnati Gardens arena, made an offer, but it was ultimately United Cable that won out, immediately reselling the station to a consortium that included itself and two other investors. Under United, the station left behind its status as what The Cincinnati Enquirer media columnist John Kiesewetter called "the IOUs of Cincinnati" and began to spend again on syndicated programming. However, the other investors opted not to buy the remainder of WIII from United Cable, resulting in the station—now with better ratings and reduced program costs—being put back on the market in August 1988. United sold WIII to Cincinnati TV 64 Limited Partnership, under the ownership of Andrew Banks and Royce Yudkoff, in November 1989. Their initials served as the name for ABRY Communications. Soon after, stronger programming was added to include more recent sitcoms and better movies, and ABRY also invested in improved equipment. On September 15, 1990, coinciding with a total program lineup overhaul, the station changed its call sign to WSTR-TV and its on-air branding to "Star 64". In 1991, the station increased its transmitter power from one to five million watts at a brand new tower and transmitter site in Cincinnati's College Hill neighborhood. That tower would be known as the "Star Tower" and would eventually be home to several radio stations and other communications services. ### Network affiliation Under ABRY's ownership, the station acquired additional syndicated programs; WSTR then became a charter affiliate of the United Paramount Network (UPN) on January 16, 1995. In 1996, Sinclair Communications (now Sinclair Broadcast Group) acquired WSTR-TV (for \$22 million) and KSMO-TV in Kansas City, Missouri, after already having purchased the remainder of the company's stations in 1993. In July 1997, Sinclair signed an affiliation deal with The WB, that resulted in a number of the company's UPN affiliates and independent stations switching to the network, among them WSTR, which began broadcasting WB programming in January 1998. The former WB outlet—low-power WBQC-LP (channel 25), with its limited signal and cable carriage—joined UPN nine months later. In January 2006, The WB and UPN announced their effective merger into The CW. This was followed by the creation of MyNetworkTV by the Fox Television Stations group, which owned many UPN affiliates passed over for The CW. While Cincinnati only had one full-power affiliate between the two networks, Sinclair signed an affiliation agreement first with MyNetworkTV, which included WSTR-TV, two months before reaching any pact with The CW. (By that time, WKRC-TV had agreed to launch a subchannel to carry The CW.) WSTR carried MyNetworkTV's debut on September 5, 2006. In 2009, WSTR reintroduced its 1990s brand, dropping the "My" branding in favor of "Star 64", while keeping the network's logo color and style scheme. Sinclair purchased WKRC-TV from Newport Television in 2012. To complete this acquisition, Sinclair assigned the WSTR-TV license to Deerfield Media, continuing to operate the station under a local marketing agreement that allows Sinclair to sell WSTR-TV's advertising time and provide technical, promotion, and support services for WSTR-TV's operation. The sale was completed on December 3, 2012. ## Programming ### Newscasts In December 2003, WSTR began producing a local 10 p.m. newscast with a staff of 19, using Sinclair's News Central hybrid format with a local anchor—Kim Moening, previously of WXIX-TV—reading stories in Cincinnati and national segments produced from Sinclair's headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland. News Central was wound down nationally in early 2006, with the last newscast airing on February 24, 2006. It was replaced by a news share agreement with WKRC-TV, which began to produce a dedicated 10 p.m. newscast for the station in August 2006. After two years, WKRC-TV opted to reclaim the newscast for its CW subchannel. Local news from WKRC-TV was restored in January 2014 after the two stations came under common operation, including a 10 p.m. newscast and a 7 a.m. hour of that station's Good Morning Cincinnati. An 8 a.m. hour of the morning show was added in 2015. ### Sports programming From 2016 to 2022, WSTR was the television home of FC Cincinnati, airing all matches not chosen for national TV. ## Technical information ### Subchannels The station's ATSC 1.0 channels are carried on the multiplexed digital signals of other Cincinnati television stations: WSTR-TV turned off its analog signal, over UHF channel 64, on February 17, 2009, the originally intended digital television transition date. ### ATSC 3.0 On September 14, 2021, WSTR-TV turned off its ATSC 1.0 signal and became Cincinnati's host station for ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV), with reciprocal agreements with the four other commercial stations in the market to continue ATSC 1.0 broadcast of its subchannels while broadcasting the other stations in 3.0 format. ## See also - Channel 18 digital TV stations in the United States - Channel 64 virtual TV stations in the United States	[ "## History", "### Construction and subscription television years", "### Emerging from STV", "### Network affiliation", "## Programming", "### Newscasts", "### Sports programming", "## Technical information", "### Subchannels", "### ATSC 3.0", "## See also" ]	2,444	19,006

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