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55,384,706	Golf Story	1,144,047,203	2017 role-playing sports adventure video game	[ "2017 video games", "Flyhigh Works games", "Golf video games", "Multiplayer and single-player video games", "Nintendo Switch games", "Nintendo Switch-only games", "Role-playing video games", "Video games developed in Australia" ]	Golf Story is a 2017 video game developed and published by Australian studio Sidebar Games for the Nintendo Switch. The game was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on 28 September 2017. Golf Story is an adventure game with role-playing (RPG) elements based on the sport of golf. Originally designed as a Wii U release, Golf Story had a lengthy development time, and Sidebar sought assistance from Nintendo to finish the game and release it for the Switch. It was influenced by the Game Boy Color version of Mario Golf, released in 1999. The game received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the game's tone, story and characters but the RPG mechanics and lack of originality being less well received. The game was nominated for several awards and won the best original sports game at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards. A sequel, Sports Story was released for the Switch in December 2022. ## Gameplay and synopsis Golf Story is a top-down adventure game based on the sport of golf. The game follows a down-on-his-luck golfer attempting to reclaim his childhood love of the game, passed down to him by his father, after not playing the game for 20 years. The player character attempts to impress his estranged wife and play on the professional tour. The game is presented as a traditional role-playing game (RPG), with the character gaining skills in power and accuracy. The game features eight unique areas each filled with side quests and minigames that allow the player to earn experience and money, which can be used to develop the player's skills and purchase new equipment. Each area includes a nine-hole golf course that can be played after certain missions are completed. Golf is played a three-click system, in which player clicks once to aim, once to set power, and once to set accuracy. The player is capable of playing shots from any location, allowing them to obtain collectables and secrets. In addition to traditional golf, the game also features a handful of cousin sports, including disc golf, miniature golf, an Atari-like golfing mini game, a driving range, and bowls. ## Development and release Golf Story was originally in development as a Wii U title by Sidebar Games, a development studio made up of a two-man team from Queensland, Australia. This was set to be Sidebar Games' first home console release, having worked on smaller games for the prior eight years. Due to a lengthy development time from expansion of the game's scope, development moved over to the Nintendo Switch after the end of Wii U's lifespan. This also allowed Sidebar to get assistance from Nintendo to finish development of the game. Golf Story was influenced by various past golf video game titles, and particularly the Game Boy Color version of Mario Golf. A split-screen two player story mode was originally planned for Golf Story, but was cut before release. Golf Story was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on 28 September 2017, and in Japan on 9 March 2018, published by Flyhigh Works. A limited physical retail release, published by Limited Run Games in North America, became available starting on 28 September 2018. Downloadable content was originally planned for the game's post-release, adding more courses, but focus instead shifted in favour of a sequel. ## Reception The game received "generally favourable reviews" according to media review aggregator website Metacritic, based on 39 critic reviews. Critics were positive about the games feel and its charm. Martin Robinson writing for Eurogamer called it "one of the finer games you'll find on Nintendo's Switch this year," Robinson also said that despite the game not being the best golf game or RPG, it was a "irresistible and harmonious combination" of the two. Gita Jackson of Kotaku said "Golf Story is a Nintendo Switch RPG you should play," and despite not being a fan of golf, she had a newfound appreciation for the game. The game also gained appreciation for its story and characters. Pocket Gamer'''s Emily Sowden commented "the golfing element is fun, the story is interesting, the characters are great, and the game's unlike most of the things we've seen on Switch so far." Andrew Reiner of Game Informer commented "Golf Story makes you care about the characters and their world just as much as sinking a do-or-die putt" before calling it a "breath of fresh air". A review from Miguel Angel Escudero writing for IGN said it "overflows with charisma". Ginny Woo writing for GameSpot commented, "successfully captured the trappings of yesteryear's RPGs, and the witticisms and idiosyncrasies of the characters you encounter are a great palate cleanser between rounds." While the majority of the reviews were mostly positive, some reviewers felt the RPG was lacking in crucial areas, such as game mechanics and originality. Kay Purcell for Gaming Trend reported, "Golf Story is held back by a number of mechanics, some of which are not very fleshed out or enjoyable." RPGamer's Alex Fuller also noted "...it can be argued that the game doesn't provide anything overly new...". Eurogamer ranked Golf Story 50th on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017", while Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked it 24th in their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017. ### Awards The game was nominated for "Best Switch Game" in Destructoid's Game of the Year Awards 2017, and for "Best Switch Game" and "Best RPG" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards. It won the award for "Biggest Surprise" in Game Informer's 2017 RPG of the Year Awards. ## Sequel On 10 December 2019, a sequel was announced in a Nintendo Indie World showcase. The game, titled Sports Story'', features more types of sports in addition to golf, such as tennis, soccer, cricket, and volleyball, and retains the first game's mix of sports, role-playing, and adventure gameplay. Originally set for a mid-2020 release as a Nintendo Switch exclusive, it was ultimately released on 23 December 2022.	[ "## Gameplay and synopsis", "## Development and release", "## Reception", "### Awards", "## Sequel" ]	1,278	31,499
67,902,496	Addo Bonetti	1,123,829,064	American politician (1926–2021)	[ "1926 births", "2021 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "Battle of Iwo Jima", "Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives", "Military personnel from Connecticut", "People from Torrington, Connecticut", "United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II" ]	Addo E. Bonetti (April 4, 1926 – June 6, 2021) was an American politician and Marine who served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 175th and 65th districts from 1967 to 1979, as a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to his political career he had served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. Bonetti was born in Torrington, Connecticut, and educated at Torrington High School. After graduating from high school he served in the United States Marine Corps where he would be given the Purple Heart after being wounded at the Battle of Iwo Jima. Following his service in the Marines he entered local politics in Torrington with campaigns for a seat on the Democratic Town Committee, Board of Tax Review, and town clerk. He was elected to the state house from the 175th district and did not face significant opposition until the 1972 election. In 1972, he and Representative John J. Miscikoski were both moved into the 65th district and Bonetti was initially defeated until the primary was invalidated and a new one was held in which Bonetti won. He served in the state house until 1979. Bonetti died in 2021. ## Early life and education Addo E. Bonetti was born in Torrington, Connecticut, on April 4, 1926, to Teresa Berti and Domenico Bonetti. He graduated from Torrington High School. On June 29, 1944, he enlisted into the United States Marine Corps and served during World War II before becoming a corporal. During the war he was wounded after a grenade hit his helmet at the Battle of Iwo Jima on March 12, 1945, and was given the Purple Heart. He married Lois E. Sjogren and stayed with her until her death in 1974. ## Career ### Local politics Bonetti ran for a seat on the Democratic Town Committee in Torrington as part of a rival slate to the slate endorsed by the Democratic Party in 1960, but lost and the slate of twenty-four candidates Bonetti was in failed to win a single seat. Bonetti was the member of the slate who received the highest number of votes. Bonetti was appointed to the Board of Tax Review to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Guido De Angelis who was appointed to a job at the Litchfield State Jail, but Bonetti lost re-election in 1961. Bonetti was elected with the Democratic nomination as one of thirty-two justices of the peace in 1962. In 1965, he ran for town clerk with the endorsement of the Torrington Democratic Town Committee, but lost to Fred Bruni. He was a member of the Young Democrats of America and served as the treasurer of the Torrington Young Democrats. He was selected to serve as a delegate to the Democratic Party of Connecticut's state convention in 1962 and 1968. ### Connecticut House of Representatives #### Elections During the 1966 election Bonetti ran for a seat in the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 175th district with the Democratic nomination and defeated Republican nominee John Cilfone. Bonetti reported no contributions or expenses during the campaign, but the Citizens for Bonetti spent \$431 on his behalf while Cilfone raised \$92 and spent \$92. He won reelection after defeating Republican nominee Joseph Perosino, a member of the city council, in the 1968 election. He defeated Republican nominee Cilfone in the 1970 election. Bonetti and Representative John J. Miscikoski were both moved into the 65th district after legislative redistricting in 1972. The Torrington Democratic Town Committee voted fifty-nine to two to not endorse a candidate in the Democratic primary. Bonetti was initially defeated in the primary by Miscikoski by one vote and a recount maintained Miscikoski's one vote victory. However, Judge George Saden invalidated the primary and ordered a new one due to a Republican having mistakenly voted in the primary. Bonetti defeated Miscikoski in the second primary and won in the general election against Republican nominee Edwin R. Chadwick. He defeated Republican nominee William T. Barrante in the 1974 election. He won reelection in the 1976 election against Republican nominee George H. Christian. Bonetti did not seek reelection in the 1978 election and the Torrington Democratic Town Committee endorsed Miscikoski. Miscikoski was elected to succeed him in the state house. #### Tenure Bonetti supported Ella Grasso for the Democratic nomination during the 1974 gubernatorial election. In 1975, Speaker James J. Kennelly appointed Bonetti to serve on the Finance Advisory Committee until March 17, 1976. During his tenure he served as vice-chair of the Appropriations committee. ## Later life Bonetti considered running for mayor of Torrington in 1979. Bonetti was selected by the Services for the Elderly Commission to work as director of elderly services following the death of Edward Sullivan. Although the commission recommended the appointment of Bonetti as director, Mayor Michael J. Conway appointed Margaret Murphy as director instead. George P. Avitabile, the chair of the commission, resigned in protest at the decision. Bonetti then worked as an aide for House Majority Leader John Groppo. Robert M. Phalen, the city clerk of Torrington, announced that he would not seek reelection to a seventh term in 1981, after being fined \$5,000 and given a suspended sentence of one year after not filing his federal income tax returns in 1977. Bonetti defeated Frank Czapor, who was endorsed by the Democratic Town Committee, in the primary. He defeated Republican nominee Richard Zaharek in the general election. He won reelection in the 1985 election against Republican nominee Roger F. Pollick and was the candidate who received the most votes in Torrington's city elections. He won reelection without opposition in 1989. Bonetti did not seek reelection and was replaced by Frank R. Vitalo in 1992. During the 1986 gubernatorial election, he supported Governor William A. O'Neill. During the 1995 Torrington mayoral election, he supported Mary Jane Gryniuk and worked as a leader in her campaign. Bonetti died on June 6, 2021, at the age of 95. ## Political positions ### Freedom of speech Bonetti introduced legislation in 1969 which required the expulsion of college students or employees if they took part in a riot or a violent demonstration. Representative Audrey P. Beck was the only legislator to oppose the legislation in committee. The legislation got through the Education committee after Bonetti presented a petition showing that the legislation had the support of 115 members of the state house. ### Women's rights The state house voted 148 to 10, with Bonetti against, in favor of an amendment to the Constitution of Connecticut which would prohibit discrimination based on sex in addition to the current listing of religion, race, color, ancestry or national origin. The state house voted eighty-three to seventy-seven, with Bonetti against, on ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment which was not enough votes to ratify the amendment. In 1972, the state house voted 120 to 49, with Bonetti in favor, in favor of anti-abortion legislation. The state house voted ninety-nine to forty-seven, with Bonetti against, to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment in 1973. ### Workers Bonetti supported the Committee to Stop the Strike which was an organization that opposed strikes being done at colleges. Bonetti voted in favor of reducing the work week of state employees to thirty-five hours in 1967, but later stated that he regretted voting for it and introduced legislation to restore the forty-hour work week for state employees in 1971. He introduced legislation which would freeze the hiring of state employees for two-and-a-half years after Governor Thomas Meskill temporarily halted the hiring of state employees. ## Electoral history ## See also - List of close election results	[ "## Early life and education", "## Career", "### Local politics", "### Connecticut House of Representatives", "#### Elections", "#### Tenure", "## Later life", "## Political positions", "### Freedom of speech", "### Women's rights", "### Workers", "## Electoral history", "## See also" ]	1,687	14,538
6,371,895	Abe Mickal	1,167,751,325	American football player (1912–2001)	[ "1910s births", "2001 deaths", "20th-century American physicians", "American football halfbacks", "American gynecologists", "American people of Lebanese descent", "College Football Hall of Fame inductees", "LSU Tigers football players", "People from McComb, Mississippi", "Physicians from Louisiana", "Players of American football from Mississippi", "Sportspeople of Lebanese descent", "United States Army officers", "United States Army personnel of World War II" ]	Ibrahim Khalil "Abe" Mickal (c. 1912/1913 – September 20, 2001) was a Lebanese-American college football player and a doctor. He played as a halfback for the LSU Tigers football team of Louisiana State University, where he was notable for his passing skills and play-making ability, which earned him the nickname "Miracle Mickal". He was also the team's primary punter and placekicker. A three-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection, Mickal led LSU to an undefeated season in 1933 and a conference championship and Sugar Bowl in 1935. In 1936, Mickal played quarterback for a college all-star team that was the first team of college players to defeat a professional team. Although selected in the 1936 NFL Draft, he did not play professionally. Mickal was a charter member of the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1937 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1967. In addition to football, Mickal was a cadet in LSU's Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), was a member of the pre-med club and debate team, and as a senior was president of the university's student body. While a student, he was offered a seat in the Louisiana State Senate by U.S. Senator and noted LSU supporter Huey Long, which he declined. He earned his medical degree in 1940, and after serving in World War II began a lifelong career in obstetrics and gynecology. He served as head professor of the LSU Medical School OB/GYN department for over twenty years. Actively involved in various university affairs during and after his time as a student, Mickal was honored as LSU's "Alumnus of the Year" in 1980. ## Early life and education Mickal was born in the Levant in an area that is today part of Lebanon. He immigrated with his family to the United States in 1920, where they arrived on Ellis Island. He settled in McComb, Mississippi and attended McComb High School, where he played football, baseball, and basketball and ran track. His father Kalil, who ran a local general store, was initially against his son playing sports. "It was an old Lebanese custom," Mickal later explained, "that the eldest son take over the business. My father wasn't aware that I was playing." His father was eventually persuaded by the townspeople to let his son play. During his senior year, he was recruited by LSU and Notre Dame to play football, and ultimately chose the Tigers after the death of Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne. ## College Mickal was an all-around player; a triple-threat running back who also played on defense. He was regarded as an excellent deep-ball passer; in the words of LSU coach Lawrence "Biff" Jones: "Mickal is a greater passer than Red Cagle—he's the greatest I ever saw." Jones was Cagle's coach while at Army. One sportswriter referred to Mickal as "the Dizzy Dean of the nation's forward passers." He was also known for his play-making ability during crucial moments of games, and LSU compiled a win–loss record of 23–4–5 in the three seasons Mickal played for the team. ### 1933 Mickal showed his versatility in the first game of the 1933 season against Rice, tossing a 40-yard pass on the first play from scrimmage to end Pete Burge and booting punts of 76 and 61 yards. In week four against Arkansas Mickal completed touchdown passes of 48 and 57 yards and ran for a 15-yard touchdown, as he was responsible for every score in the 20–0 win over the eventual Southwest Conference champion Razorbacks. He scored the only touchdown of LSU's final game of the season, against Tennessee, with a goal line dive into the end zone. He also kicked the extra point for the 7–0 victory, and completed the season having successfully made every extra point he attempted. The Tigers finished undefeated with three ties in their first season as members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). After the season, Mickal was named to the United Press (UP) All-SEC second team as a halfback. ### 1934 One of Mickal's most notable games came in 1934 against the Mustangs of Southern Methodist. He threw two touchdown passes, the first one a 32-yarder to tie the game at 7–7 in the second quarter. Late in the fourth quarter and down by a touchdown, Mickal dropped back at his own 35-yard line and hurled a pass down the middle of the field. It was caught in stride at the Mustang 20-yard line by Gaynell Tinsley, who ran it into the end zone to tie the game at 14–14, which was the final score. In week four against 13th-ranked Arkansas, Mickal completed five of seven passes for 117 yards, which included a 52-yard bomb in the third quarter for the first score of the 16–0 win. He also averaged over 50 yards per punt on nine punts. The next week he threw a touchdown pass, kicked a field goal, and averaged over 40 yards per punt in a 29–0 win over previously undefeated Vanderbilt. Mickal was named a first-team All-SEC selection as a fullback by the Associated Press (AP) and as a halfback by the UP. #### Senatorship offer During the season, Mickal was acclaimed an honorary Louisiana State Senator by U.S. Senator Huey P. Long, whom he had befriended, at a burlesque campus meeting. Long was a noted LSU supporter and was highly involved in operations of the football program. When it came time for his ceremonial "seating" Mickal refused to appear for the ceremony, despite the urging of Long. After Long reasoned with the senate and spectators that Mickal "had to study," Mickal was granted a five-day leave of absence by senator Harvey Peltier to "do his work at school and go forward with his preparation for his football duties." Mickal remained silent on the matter, however; he did not give a reason for his refusal of the honor. The day he was to be inducted, Mickal said in a telegram to Long that if he accepted the senatorship he would introduce a joint resolution that made it "unlawful" for any Tulane player to cross the LSU goal line in 1934. ### 1935 Mickal had a slow start to 1935 while he recovered from a broken ankle he suffered over the summer. In week three, he threw two touchdown passes against Manhattan College, and a game-winning touchdown pass against Vanderbilt two weeks later. In the regular season finale, Mickal was responsible for three touchdowns in a 41–0 win over rival Tulane. LSU faced the TCU Horned Frogs at the end of the season in the Sugar Bowl, in a game that was a highly anticipated match-up between Mickal and the Horned Frogs' Sammy Baugh. The offenses were unable to do much, however, as rain throughout the day had muddied the field. TCU won the game, 3–2. LSU finished the season undefeated in conference play for its first SEC championship. Mickal was named to the AP All-SEC second-team as a fullback after the season, and earned second-team All-America honors from Liberty magazine. ### 1936 All-Stars vs. Bears In September 1936, Mickal played quarterback for the Centennial College All-Stars, a team composed of college players from southern schools to play against the National Football League's Chicago Bears at Cotton Bowl stadium. He scored the All-Stars' only touchdown with a dive into the end zone from the one-foot line in the third quarter. The Bears scored their only touchdown later that quarter on a 5-yard run by Bronko Nagurski. Mickal had a chance to tackle Nagurski before the goal line. "A lot of things flashed through my mind," explained Mickal. "There was nothing between him and the goal line but me. I thought about making the perfect tackle and reading about being the All-Stars' hero. Then I thought about Nagurski's size. I thought about the Nagurski legend. I thought about going to med school. I thought about possible brain damage." He decided to step aside and let Nagurski score. The extra point, however, was blocked by Bob Reynolds, and the game ended 7–6 in favor of the All-Stars. It was the first time a team of college players defeated a professional American football team. ### Extracurricular Mickal was actively involved in the university's Reserve Officers' Training Corps. He received the Outstanding Cadet Award as a freshman and was regimental sergeant major as a junior. As a senior, he attained the rank of Cadet Colonel and earned the Kemper Williams Sabre as the school's outstanding cadet. Additionally, he was a member of the pre-med club and debate team, and in 1936 was president of the school's Interfraternity Council, college of arts and sciences, and student body. Mickal was a member of the Theta Kappa Nu fraternity. ## Medical career Mickal was the first player from LSU to ever be drafted into the NFL, selected in the sixth round of the 1936 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions. However, he did not play in the NFL. He instead chose to complete his medical degree at the Louisiana State University School of Medicine, where he graduated from in 1940. He served as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Corps during World War II. After the war, he worked in obstetrics and gynecology at New Orleans Charity Hospital from 1946 to 1949, shortly after which he was hired to the LSU medical faculty. In 1959, he became the head professor of the LSU Medical School, a position he served in until his retirement in 1980. He was a founding member of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology and the Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology, and served as president of the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons from 1981 to 1982. From 1985 until his death in 2001 he was vice president for medical affairs at Kenner Regional Medical Center. ## Honors Mickal was a charter member of the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1937. In 1967, the National Football Foundation named Mickal to the College Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1969 and the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 1985. Mickal was named LSU's "Alumnus of the Year" in 1980 and its "Medical Alumnus of the Year" in 1985. "It's been a beautiful marriage—and I've had all the better of it," said Mickal of his involvement with the university. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists gave Mickal its Distinguished Service Award in 1991.	[ "## Early life and education", "## College", "### 1933", "### 1934", "#### Senatorship offer", "### 1935", "### 1936 All-Stars vs. Bears", "### Extracurricular", "## Medical career", "## Honors" ]	2,329	30,264
60,748,312	Battle of Mutukula	1,173,331,147	Battle fought in January 1979 during the Uganda-Tanzania War	[ "1979 in Uganda", "Battles in Uganda", "Battles involving Tanzania", "Battles involving Uganda", "Conflicts in 1979", "January 1979 events in Africa", "Uganda–Tanzania War" ]	The Battle of Mutukula (Kiswahili: Mapigano ya Mutukula) took place from 21 to 22 January 1979 near and in the town of Mutukula, Uganda, during the Uganda–Tanzania War. After repulsing a Ugandan invasion of the Kagera Salient in 1978, Tanzanian commanders feared that Ugandan forces stationed upon the high ground in Mutukula, a town located along the Tanzania–Uganda border, still posed a threat to their territory. On the night of 21 January 1979 the Tanzanian 208th Brigade crossed the border and surrounded the town. The following morning it attacked, and the Ugandan garrison—including the Gondo and Suicide Battalions—fled. Afterwards the Tanzanians razed the locale in revenge for the damage wrought by the Ugandans in Kagera. ## Background In 1971 Colonel Idi Amin launched a military coup that overthrew the President of Uganda, Milton Obote, precipitating a deterioration of relations with the neighbouring state of Tanzania. Amin installed himself as president and ruled the country under a repressive dictatorship. In October 1978 he launched an invasion of Tanzania. On 1 November he announced the annexation of the Kagera Salient, an 1800 square kilometre (694.9839 square mile) strip of land between the Ugandan border and the Kagera River. Ugandan troops subsequently pillaged the area they occupied, murdering civilians, stealing cattle, and destroying property, triggering the flight of 40,000 inhabitants southward. In November the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) launched a counterattack, retaking the salient, while the Ugandans withdrew to the border. Tanzanian commanders nevertheless felt that as long as Ugandan troops controlled the high ground at Mutukula along the frontier they posed a threat to the salient. Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere toured Kagera in late November. Able to see Ugandan troops encamped on the high ground through binoculars, Nyerere was moved to agree with his officers and ordered them to capture Mutukula. While sporadic clashes occurred along the border over the next two months, the TPDF made preparations to attack Mutukula. The TPDF's Southern Brigade was renamed the 208th Brigade and its command was handed to Brigadier Mwita Marwa. In late December the TPDF began launching heavy rocket attacks against Ugandan positions along the border, continuing into the next month. On the night of 21 January 1979 several battalions of the 208th Brigade crossed over the Ugandan border and covertly assumed positions north and west of Mutukula. The Mutukula garrison included the Uganda Army's Gondo Battalion, led by Lieutenant Colonel Yefusa Bananuka, and the Suicide Battalion, led by Lieutenant Colonel Bernard Rwehururu. ## Battle Tanzanian and Ugandan troops began exchanging fire at 22:00 on 21 January during a rain storm. Rwehururu attempted to telephone the Uganda Army Chief of Staff, Major General Yusuf Gowon, but was unable to reach him. Early in the morning of 22 January, Rwehururu telephoned Amin and informed him of the attack. Amin later told Rwehururu that Mutukula would be provided heavy air support and reinforcements. At dawn, a TPDF battalion commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Salim Hassan Boma and equipped with tanks advanced down the main road from Tanzania towards Mutukula in an attempt to draw the Ugandans' attention. The Ugandan troops concentrated their fire on Boma's battalion, including bombarding them with artillery stationed to the rear of Kikanda Hill further north. With the Ugandan's flanks left exposed, the other TPDF battalions initiated their attack, launching Katyusha rockets at the Ugandans, who were caught by surprise. Most of the Ugandan troops, including the Suicide Battalion, panicked and fled, leaving their weapons behind. Artillery struck near Bananuka's trench, burying him in soil. The soldiers in his vicinity believed him to be dead and subsequently fled while his deputy, Lieutenant Colonel Abdulatif Tiyua, allegedly issued orders to the Gondo Battalion to retreat, stating that they had been given by Bananuka. Bananuka was able to dig himself out and escape to his temporary headquarters in Kakuuto. In the town Tanzanian tanks encountered a platoon of Ugandan M4 Sherman tanks. In a short battle, the Tanzanians destroyed one of the Shermans, whereupon the rest quickly withdrew. The Ugandan tank commander, Captain Muzamir Amule, was able to tow his damaged tank away from the battle. By 11:00, Mutukula was overrun. Following a meeting with his officers, Rwehururu decided to move his battalion away from the front lines to its headquarters in Sanje. ### Casualties Three soldiers from Boma's battalion were killed in the attack, while several dozen were wounded. A Ugandan tank and three OT-64 SKOT armoured personnel carriers were destroyed. The hasty Ugandan retreat left large caches of weapons and ammunition abandoned; the Tanzanians seized a tank, three 160mm mortars, and three 120mm mortars. Rwehururu stated that 14 Ugandan soldiers were killed, while his artillery officer was wounded and two sergeants were taken captive. Despite this defeat, the Ugandans subsequently claimed to have killed "hundreds" of Tanzanians at Mutukula. ## Aftermath According to Rwehururu, at around 16:00 on 22 January, a helicopter carrying Brigadier Taban Lupayi and Lieutenant Colonel Godwin Sule touched down in Sanje. The two Ugandan commanders informed Rwehururu that the reinforcements Amin had promised him were coming from Lukaya, 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of Mutukula. The men of the Suicide Battalion were furious, and Lupayi and Sule quickly left. The First Infantry Brigade reached Sanje in the evening, but Rwehururu withdrew his battalion to its barracks in Masaka. The Gondo Battalion also withdrew to Masaka, while Bananuka was arrested for apparently ordering a retreat against higher instruction. Amin later released him. Demoralised by their defeat, elements of the Gondo Battalion fled from the frontline all the way back to their base at Moroto. Other Ugandan forces retreated to the hills around Kakuuto. Ugandan planes conducted sporadic, ineffectual attacks against Tanzanian forces along the border. After capturing Mutukula, the Tanzanians razed the town in revenge for the destruction wrought by the Uganda Army in Kagera. Bulldozers demolished homes, while soldiers shot elderly civilians who had been unable to flee. Nyerere was pleased by news of Mutukula's capture, but was horrified at his commanders' boastful reports of its destruction. He immediately ordered the TPDF to refrain from harming civilian lives and property from that point forward. As of 1998, the border signpost at Mutukula remained riddled with bullet holes from the battle. Tanzanian Prime Minister Edward Sokoine toured Mutukula on 23 January 1979. Later, Radio Uganda reported that Amin sent a message to the United Nations Secretary-General, stating that Tanzanian troops had occupied Mutukula and area three miles beyond the border and requesting that the UN Security Council intervene and call for a Tanzanian withdrawal. The Tanzanian government first admitted to Mutukula's capture in the 26 January edition of the state-owned newspaper, the Daily News. The paper reported that the attack had been made following a Ugandan artillery attack, and printed pictures of celebratory TPDF soldiers and the Minister of Defence, Rashidi Kawawa, posing with seized armoured vehicles. ### Course of the war Nyerere did not initially intend on expanding the war beyond defending Tanzanian territory. After Amin failed to renounce his claims to Kagera and the Organisation of African Unity offered only limited criticism of the Ugandan invasion, he decided that Tanzanian forces should occupy southern Uganda. The Tanzanians constructed an air strip in Mutukula so transport aircraft could resupply the troops at the front lines. In February the TPDF was ordered to capture Masaka and Mbarara. Both towns were subsequently seized by Tanzanian and Ugandan rebel forces and destroyed with explosives. Shortly thereafter Ugandan MiG-21s attempted to bomb the Mutukula air strip, but were repulsed by anti-aircraft missiles. Nyerere originally planned to halt his forces in Masaka and Mbarara and allow the Ugandan rebels to attack Kampala and overthrow Amin, as he feared that scenes of Tanzanian troops occupying the city would reflect poorly on his country's image abroad. However, Ugandan rebel forces did not have the strength to defeat the Libyan units coming to Amin's aid, so Nyerere decided to use the TPDF to take Kampala. The city fell on 11 April. The TPDF withdrew from Uganda in 1981.	[ "## Background", "## Battle", "### Casualties", "## Aftermath", "### Course of the war" ]	1,917	27,016
69,493,904	Hama (queen)	1,169,600,035	Ancient Assyrian queen	[ "8th-century BC births", "8th-century BC people", "Ancient Assyrians", "Ancient Mesopotamian women", "Assyrian queens", "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "Year of death unknown" ]	Hama (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Ḫamâ) was a queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the primary consort of Shalmaneser IV (r. 783–773 BC). Historical records reveal next to nothing about Hama, and the vast majority of the information known about the queen comes from studies on her skeletal remains and the contents of the bronze coffin she was buried in, discovered by modern researchers in 1988 but not securely identified as Hama until 2017. Hama's skeleton indicates that she died at a young age, at some point between the age of 18 and 20, and that she suffered from some mild health issues, including gingivitis, dental plaque and chronic sinusitis. After her death, Hama was buried among the tombs of other Assyrian queens at Nimrud, the Assyrian capital. Her coffin was discovered in the entryway to a greater tomb; this was likely not its intended final resting place but possibly a temporary solution, as she died young and a proper tomb might not have been available yet. Hama was buried alongside some of the most spectacular treasures of the royal tombs, including a vast number of gold items. Out of these gold items, the treasures that have received the most attention from modern historians are her seal (in the form of a necklace) and her golden crown. ## Life The name Hama, Ḫamâ in Akkadian, is not known to have been borne by any other Assyrian individual as a personal name. It is possible that it was a nickname, as it etymologically might derive either from the Akkadian ḫamû ("to become confident") or the Semitic ʿm(m) ("kin"). Hama is not identified by name in any other sources than her tomb. Features of Hama's bones indicate that she underwent a period of severe trauma or illness at some point between the ages of three and six. These features are growth arrest lines on her right tibia, indicating a temporary disruption in bone cell growth, as well as enamel hypoplasia on several of her teeth, indicating that she experienced stress during childhood. What caused the stress and disruption is impossible to determine, but possible explanations include deficiencies in hormones or nutrition, infectious disease or tumors. Whatever the cause, Hama managed to overcome it and live a relatively normal life. Hama married Shalmaneser IV (r. 783–773 BC) before he became king, given that an inscription from the reign of Shalmaneser's father, Adad-nirari III (r. 811–783 BC), mentions Adad-nirari's daughter-in-law. Shalmaneser ruled Assyria during an obscure period from which little information survives. At this time, the Neo-Assyrian Empire is believed to have undergone a period of decline, as officials became more powerful relative to the king and Assyria's enemies grew more powerful. Historical information concerning Hama and her life is extremely scant, not only because of the low number of sources from the period but also because Assyrian texts typically refer to queens not by name but by title (making it hard to determine which queen is mentioned in any given text). Only a single text that references her has been securely dated: a 779 BC legal document where listed witnesses include the queen's servant, the queen's household overseer and the queen's leatherworker. Another text, which mentions the queen's village manager and shepherd, might date to Hama's time as queen but the year is damaged and it is unclear whether it is from 793 BC or 773 BC. Hama was fairly short: approximately 157.5 centimeters (5 feet and 2 inches) tall. She suffered from some minor health issues throughout her life, including minor dental and nasal problems. These included gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), dental plaque (biofilm on the teeth) and chronic sinusitis (inflammation in the sinuses). None of these ailments were particularly serious, and they were fairly common in Mesopotamia. During her time as queen, Hama lived in the Northwest Palace in Nimrud. Nimrud had been made the capital of Assyria in the reign of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC), who was also responsible for constructing the Northwest Palace. This great palace was placed on a large mound and overlooked the entire city. Hama must have died during her husband's reign or shortly thereafter. She was very young at the time of her death, only somewhere between 18 and 20 years old, which makes it more likely that she died during her husband's reign (in order to account for how old she would have been at the time of their marriage). Her bones do not give any insight into the cause of her death. ## Legacy ### Burial Hama was buried in the Northwest Palace. She was buried alongside a set of other tombs of queens, in a vaulted chamber under the floor of the residential quarters of the palace. This set of tombs, constructed purposely in advance of the deaths of the queens, began construction under Ashurnasirpal II and his son Shalmaneser III (r. 859–824 BC), and remained in use until the reign of Sargon II (r. 722–705 BC), whose queen Ataliya was buried there. Burying the queens in a sealed chamber beneath the floor of the palace, rather than together with their husbands in Assur (the empire's ceremonial and religious capital), was not due to a lack of respect. It was common in ancient Mesopotamia to bury ancestors under the floor of your house. Burying them within the palace itself also reflected their title (woman of the palace) and their role as heads of the domestic royal palace life. Hama was buried in a bronze coffin, which was later found placed against the east wall of the antechamber (entryway) to the chamber housing the sarcophagus of Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua, the queen of Ashurnasirpal II. It is impossible to determine whether the coffin was originally placed there or was moved there later, but in any case it was likely not the intended final resting place, since the coffin partially obstructed the entryway to Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua's tomb. Hama's young age at death suggests dying suddenly, which might explain her being buried in a bronze coffin and not a stone sarcophagus (as some of the other gueens) and possibly the odd location of the coffin (as a placement intended to be temporary until a new tomb could be constructed, all existing vaulted tombs in the chamber being occupied). Hama was buried alongside some of the most spectacular treasures known from the royal tombs, indicating great relevance and importance. These included, most famously, a golden crown made up of leaves, female winged genies, grapes and flowers. Alongside the crown are also a large amount of jewels and gems and various other golden objects, such as cups, leaves, brooches, rings, anklets, bracelets, bowls and pots. A golden pendant was placed around Hama's neck, made as a stamp seal, with a cuneiform text reading "Belonging to Hama, queen of Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, daughter-in-law of Adad-nirari." Pictured on the seal is Hama, standing in reverence in front of a goddess, probably either Mullissu or Gula. The crown, rings, bracelets and other wearable treasures were worn by Hama upon her burial and she was most likely buried on her side with her knees tucked in. Her burial might have been rushed due to her death being unexpected and ill prepared for. This is indicated by the presence of an unusual assortment of funerary items, including seals and a gold cup depicting scenes of a king doing battle, suggesting that palace officials scrambled to assemble whatever they could get. At some point, another bronze coffin was for some reason placed on top of Hama's coffin. The bones recovered from Hama's coffin also include the skeletal remains of a young child, aged 6–12 years old, but as these bones are only composed of fragments and a single rib, it is unlikely that they were deposited at the same time as Hama's burial. It is possible that the bones were mistakenly added by modern researchers: the bones attributed to Hama's coffin also include miscellaneous bones of adult men and women (different individuals) that match the bones missing from Hama's skeleton, perhaps mistakenly added because researchers thought they were hers. It is not impossible that the bones of a child were mistakenly added in the same way. ### Modern studies The tomb of Hama, and those of the other queens, were uncovered during excavations at the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II in Nimrud in the late 1980s, by the Iraqi Department of Antiquities. While excavating portions of the residential quarters of the Northwest Palace in 1988, an unevenness of the floor was noted, and soon the chamber of tombs below was discovered. The tombs were excavated and examined 1988–1990. Although the tombs were immediately recognized as extraordinary on account of the great treasures contained within them, their discovery was soon overshadowed by the beginning of the Gulf War (1991), which meant that scientific study of the tombs thereafter was a slow process. Out of the more than two dozen individuals found in the tombs, many remain unidentified, given that inscriptions do not provide identifications for all the bodies and tombs. The individuals were spread out across four different chambers, buried in three bronze coffins, two clay coffins and three sarcophagi made of stone (several housed more than one body). When excavating the tombs in 1988–1990, archaeologists placed all the bones in plastic bags, each labelled after coffin or sarcophagus, and these bags were then stored in the Mosul Museum for a decade, preserved in resin coating to reduce the risk of the fragile remains deteriorating. Because she was buried in a bronze coffin, the bones of Hama had a green staining on them due to exposure to copper ions during decomposition. Because of the lack of textual sources discussing the queens, the sequence of Assyrian consorts is poorly known by historians. Hama is thus one of the very few queens for which a name is known at all. Although the bronze coffin housing Hama's remains (designated Bronze Coffin 2) was discovered alongside the rest of the tombs in the 1980s, and the pendant with her name on it was found and translated, Hama was not securely identified as the queen buried in the coffin until a 2017 archaeological, skeletal and textual study by the historian Tracy L. Spurrier, primarily based on cross-referencing previous reports on the coffin's content. The pendant's importance was not noted in earnest until Spurrier's study, as it was erroneously presumed that the bones in Coffin 2 were a jumble of bones from different individuals (as in many of the other coffins). In 2015, the historian Yasmina Wicks even spoke against identifying the occupant of Coffin 2 as Hama: she did not believe the pendant was strong enough evidence, since it did not necessarily have to be buried with the person whose name it bore. Spurrier reinforced her identification of the body as belonging to Hama through the presence of a royal crown and the various other treasures (indicating royal status), as well as its placement within the tomb of another queen. Furthermore, Spurrier noted that a seal pendant was a very personal item. Coffin 2 also contains another inscribed object, a seal of the eunuch Ninurta-idīya-šukšid, a servant of Adad-nirari III, but the bones could be ruled out as belonging to him since they were from a young woman. Perhaps the eunuch's seal was a funerary gift. The idea that the female bones in Coffin 2 could have been reburied, and were originally interred somewhere else, was discarded by Spurrier, given that the green staining on the bones indicates that the body was in the bronze coffin throughout the entire decomposition process and the worn treasures (the crown, necklace, bracelets, etc.) were in locations that correspond to where they would have been worn. Other Assyriologists, including McGuire Gibson, David Kertai, Eckart Frahm and Frances Pinnock have found Spurrier's identification of the bones to be convincing. In conjunction with her study, Spurrier put together a small exhibit at the Robarts Library of the University of Toronto, called "Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs." The exhibit garnered her the university's Graduate Student Exhibition Award, which recognizes effective uses of library resources. Portions of the Northwest Palace, including Hama's bronze coffin, were destroyed by Islamic State fighters in 2015 using barrel bombs. The Mosul Museum was also attacked, which has left the status of Hama's remains and funerary belongings uncertain. According to Spurrier, the bones were last reported to have been in a bag in the Iraq Museum in the 1990s, and the gold and crown were photographed there by the American army in 2003, but as of 2019 she had been unable to get confirmation that the items were still in the museum's possession.	[ "## Life", "## Legacy", "### Burial", "### Modern studies" ]	2,813	16,730
8,371,073	Sweet Sacrifice	1,170,366,211	null	[ "2006 songs", "2007 singles", "Evanescence songs", "Gothic metal songs", "Songs about domestic violence", "Songs written by Amy Lee", "Songs written by Terry Balsamo", "Wind-up Records singles" ]	"Sweet Sacrifice" is a song by American rock band Evanescence from their second studio album, The Open Door. It was released on May 25, 2007, as the album's third single. The song was written by Amy Lee and Terry Balsamo, and produced by Dave Fortman. It is about coming out of the abusive relationship that inspired much of Lee's writing on the debut album. "Sweet Sacrifice" received generally positive reviews by critics, and was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards. Its music video was directed by P.R. Brown. ## Background and release "Sweet Sacrifice" was written by Amy Lee and Terry Balsamo, with production handled by Dave Fortman. "All That I'm Living For" was originally chosen by the label as the album's third single, but after pressure from the band and their fandom, "Sweet Sacrifice" replaced it as the third single. The single was first released in Germany on May 25, 2007. ## Composition According to the sheet music published on the website Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing, "Sweet Sacrifice" was written in the key of F# minor and Lee's vocals for the song range from the musical note of A#<sub>3</sub> to G<sub>5</sub>. IGN's Ed Thompson said the song is underscored by Lee's "haunting vocals and dark lyrics" alongside a "deep, rumbling guitar", strings, and a layer of programming. Sam Law of Kerrang! musically described it as "a hail of nervy guitars and tense strings fall[ing] around Lee's wild-eyed performance." Sara Berry of St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote that it "features disquieting lines like 'I dream in darkness/I sleep to die/Erase the silence/Erase my life.'" The main theme for the song is moving forward from an abusive relationship. Lee said of her inspiration for the song, > It's the one song on The Open Door that's about the same abusive relationship which was the source of all the songs on Fallen. It was appropriate to put this song at the beginning, but it comes from a much stronger standpoint than Fallen. It's not saying, "I'm trapped in fear and somebody save me." It's saying, "Fear is only in our minds ... I'm not afraid anymore." ## Critical reception In his review of The Open Door, Ed Thompson of IGN highlighted the song as the "best track" on the album. Bill Lamb of the website About.com named it one of the top tracks on The Open Door. The Washington Post's Richard Harrington wrote that "There's no shortage of soaring, dynamic rockers on 'The Open Door,' including "Sweet Sacrifice"". Sara Berry of St. Louis Post-Dispatch said the song's "disquieting lines" are "par for the course on this lineup of overwhelmingly melancholy compositions. Still, it's well-executed music, and it's an ideal soundtrack for life's moodier moments." Writing for Entertainment Weekly Jon Dolan found the song to be a "bruising breakup lament that turns into an anthem of freedom." Melissa Maerz pf Spin said the song reveals "an angrier, more self-assured who waxes sardonic". Kerrang!'s Sam Law wrote that it is the sound of Lee "revelling in the ability to turn that pain into something positive as a hail of nervy guitars and tense strings fall around Lee's wild-eyed performance." Dannii Leivers of Metal Hammer complimented Lee's songwriting. "Sweet Sacrifice" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards. ## Music video A music video directed by P.R. Brown was filmed in Burbank, California, between March 9 and March 10, 2007. The music video leaked onto the Internet on April 4, 2007, after briefly being available for digital download on iTunes Store. It initially premiered on Yahoo! Music on April 5. The video's set was inspired by the psychological thriller film The Cell (2000) directed by Tarsem Singh. Lee said it is "like we're in the walls of our minds". In an interview with MTV News, she described the video as "mostly live performance. It's not so much fluff and flying and tricks and wolves and stuff. It's more really just about the song ... It's gonna be sort of like a video within the video." Sam Law of Kerrang! wrote that the video "added another layer of strained texture and cutting catharsis." The video peaked at number eight on MTV's Total Request Live in April 2007. ## Track listing There are two versions of the single that have been released, they have different photos by Amy V. Cooper. Basic Maxi CD (Part 1) - "Sweet Sacrifice" (Album version) - 3:05 - "Weight of the World" (Live from Tokyo) - 3:44 Premium Maxi CD (Part 2) - "Sweet Sacrifice" (Album version) - 3:05 - "Weight of the World" (Live from Tokyo) - 3:44 - "Sweet Sacrifice" (Radio mix) - 3:03 - Interview with Amy Lee and John LeCompt\* - 5:07 ## Credits and personnel Album credits are taken from The Open Door liner notes. - Amy Lee - vocals, piano, additional programming - Terry Balsamo - guitar - John LeCompt - guitar - Will Boyd - bass - Rocky Gray - drums - Dave Fortman - producing, audio mixing - Jeremy Parker - audio engineering - Mike Houge - assistant engineering - Wesley Seidman - assistant engineering - Ted Jensen - audio mastering - DJ Lethal - programming - David Campbell - orchestral arrangement ## Charts ## Release history	[ "## Background and release", "## Composition", "## Critical reception", "## Music video", "## Track listing", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "## Release history" ]	1,230	34,033
17,033,927	Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)	1,166,603,902	null	[ "Gardens in Washington, D.C.", "George Washington", "Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)", "Historic house museums in Washington, D.C.", "Houses completed in 1765", "Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.", "Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Washington, D.C.", "Rock Creek Park", "Vernacular architecture in Washington, D.C." ]	The Old Stone House is the oldest unchanged building structure in Washington, D.C. The house is also the last pre-revolutionary colonial building in Washington, D.C. Built in 1765, Old Stone House is located at 3051 M Street, Northwest in the city's Georgetown neighborhood. Sentimental local folklore preserved the Old Stone House from being demolished, unlike many colonial homes in the area that were replaced by redevelopment. The Old Stone House was constructed in three phases during the 18th century and is an example of vernacular architecture. The house was built as a one-story structure. Additions were later made, and it was used both as a residence and for business. In the mid-20th century, at one time, it was the site of a used-car dealership. After acquisition and renovation by the National Park Service (NPS) in the 1950s, the Old Stone House was adapted as a house museum. The Old Stone House stands among the neighborhood's stores and restaurants. The building is considered part of the Rock Creek Parkway urban natural area and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The Old Stone House is also a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District, a National Historic Landmark. Today, the home is 85% original to its 18th-century construction. ## History ### 18th century In 1764, Christopher and Rachel Layman bought Lot Three, a piece of land in Georgetown's commercial district. They paid £1 10s. and financed the construction of a simple one-room house the following year. The lot faced Bridge Street, now known as M Street NW. The Laymans' only possessions were Christopher's tools, a stove, Bibles, and some furniture. Christopher died unexpectedly in 1765, and the widowed Rachel Layman remarried two years later. She sold the house to another widow, Cassandra Chew. Chew was a member of the upper-middle class and owned several properties in and around Georgetown. Because of her wealth, Chew was able to finance the construction of a rear kitchen in 1767 and a second-floor addition to the house between 1767 and 1775. The third floor originated in a property line dispute during the 1790s; the original west wall had been constructed six feet (2 m) beyond the property line and had to be dismantled. Chew used the opportunity to add the upper floor, which was completed by 1790. Following the American Revolutionary War, government officials carved out land from Virginia and Maryland to create as the new nation's capital. Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant, appointed by President George Washington to design the city layout, arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and began his work. Washington and L'Enfant held their meetings at Suter's Tavern, a former building owned by John Suter near 31st and K Streets, NW. At the time, John Suter, Jr. was renting a room at the Old Stone House. For many years, locals believed that Washington and L'Enfant had met at the Old Stone House instead. This folklore is why the house was never demolished, and for many years a sign hung over the front door which said, "George Washington's Headquarters." After some research done by the National Park Service, they learned that the folklore was not true. By the time they had discovered that they already owned the House and the property. ### 19th century When Chew died in 1807, she bequeathed Old Stone House to one of her daughters, Mary Smith Brumley, who became the first of many owners who operated businesses from the house. Like her mother, Brumley ran a successful merchant's shop inside the home. The house, then known as the Layman home after the first owners, remained in the family until 1875. ### 20th and 21st centuries Over the years, the house had been used as a shop for hats, tailors, locksmiths, clockmakers, house roofers, and house painters. The Old Stone House was still privately owned in 1953, serving as a used car dealership with the backyard converted to a parking lot when the U.S. federal government purchased the property for \$90,000 (\$ today) and transferred it to the National Park Service for management. Between 1953 and 1960, the National Park Service removed most 19th- and 20th-century intrusions to the home, and the parking lot was redeveloped as an English garden. After the renovation, the Old Stone House was opened to the public in 1960. It became a part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. Stewardship of the house was later transferred to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. In the late 1980s, stewardship of the Old Stone House was transferred to the Rock Creek Park administration. ## Architecture Old Stone House is an example of vernacular architecture. The exterior of the house, constructed of blue granite and fieldstone, was quarried from a location 2 miles (3 km) away near the Potomac River. The walls range from two to three feet (60–90 cm) thick. The oak used in the house was harvested from forests that were once predominant in Georgetown. On the first floor, the original roof and front door were constructed of solid oak and cut with a pit saw. Marks left by the large saw can be seen on the first floor. The kitchen walls and fireplace contain irregular stones that were stacked and affixed with a mortar consisting of sand, lime, ash, and water. The kitchen's hearth is large enough to heat the entire house. The second-floor architecture differs significantly from the first floor since Chew could afford higher quality building material. A second doorway and staircase were constructed for family members and guests. The original entrance was then reserved for workers and deliveries. There are three rooms located on this floor, the dining room, a bedroom, and the parlor. The hallway between the dining room and two front rooms features a high ceiling for ventilation in Georgetown's hot summers. The second-floor walls were plastered and painted. Chair rails were added to prevent damage to the walls. In the dining room, a dumbwaiter concealed by recessed pine cabinetry delivered food from the kitchen below. A clock believed to have been made by John Suter Jr., located in the dining room, is the only original piece of furniture left in the house. The clock dates back to the early 19th century. The bedroom features a carved wooden mantle that is believed to be of French origin. The third floor, constructed of brick, was a private space. It was completed around 1790. It is much plainer than the second floor, with unfinished paneling and unpainted walls. There are three rooms on this floor, believed to be children's bedrooms and a storage area. A closet is attached to the third-floor bedroom, an unusual feature in 18th-century colonial houses. One often-repeated myth about the rarity of closets in British North America was that they were subject to a "closet tax". In reality, there is no evidence of any such tax being levied by the colonial governments. The rarity of closets was largely due to the lower number of clothes owned by most people of the time. The Colonial Revival garden, located behind the house and bordered by a white picket fence, is 399 feet (122 m) deep and 76 feet (23 m) wide. Roses, perennials, and bulbs are located throughout the garden. ## Current usage Visitors are greeted by staff who tell the history of one of the oldest structures in Washington, D.C. The kitchen, parlor and bedrooms, furnished as they would have been in the late 18th century, are open for viewing. A gift shop operated by Eastern National is located inside the front room of the house. The garden is used for simple wedding ceremonies and as an area for locals and tourists to rest while shopping or a lunch break. The building is open to the public seven days a week, from 11:00 am to 6:00 pm Monday through Thursday and Friday to Sunday 11:00 am to 7:00 pm. The garden is open to the public every day from dawn until dusk. ## See also - History of Washington, D.C. - List of museums in Washington, D.C. - List of the oldest buildings in Washington, D.C. - National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.	[ "## History", "### 18th century", "### 19th century", "### 20th and 21st centuries", "## Architecture", "## Current usage", "## See also" ]	1,758	21,792
59,492,891	Soviet destroyer Serdity (1940)	1,173,302,691	Russian Storozhevoy-class destroyers	[ "1939 ships", "Destroyers sunk by aircraft", "Ships built at the Baltic Shipyard", "Ships sunk by German aircraft", "Storozhevoy-class destroyers", "World War II shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea" ]	Serdity (Russian: Сердитый, lit. 'Enraged') was one of 18 Storozhevoy-class destroyers (officially known as Project 7U) built for the Soviet Navy during the late 1930s. Although she began construction as a Project 7 Gnevny-class destroyer, Serdity was completed in 1940 to the modified Project 7U design. Serving with the Baltic Fleet, she participated in minelaying operations after the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) in June 1941. Serdity engaged German minesweepers in the Irbe Strait on 6 July without result, and on 18 July was damaged by a friendly air attack. While anchored off Hiiumaa the following day, she was sunk by German bombers. Her survivors were taken off by other destroyers and what remained of the ship was broken up for scrap postwar. ## Design Originally built as a Gnevny-class ship, Serdity and her sister ships were completed to the modified Project 7U design after Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ordered that the latter be built with their boilers arranged en echelon, instead of linked as in the Gnevnys, so that a ship could still move with one or two boilers disabled. Like the Gnevnys, the Project 7U destroyers had an overall length of 112.5 meters (369 ft 1 in) and a beam of 10.2 meters (33 ft 6 in), but they had a reduced draft of 3.98 meters (13 ft 1 in) at deep load. The ships were slightly overweight, displacing 1,727 metric tons (1,700 long tons) at standard load and 2,279 metric tons (2,243 long tons) at deep load. The crew complement of the Storozhevoy class numbered 207 in peacetime, but this increased to 271 in wartime, as more personnel were needed to operate additional equipment. Each ship had a pair of geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller, rated to produce 54,000 shaft horsepower (40,000 kW) using steam from four water-tube boilers, which the designers expected would exceed the 37-knot (69 km/h; 43 mph) speed of the Project 7s because there was additional steam available. Some fell short of it, although specific figures for most individual ships have not survived. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Project 7Us varied from 1,380 to 2,700 nautical miles (2,560 to 5,000 km; 1,590 to 3,110 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). The ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a pair of 76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K AA guns in single mounts and three 45-millimeter (1.8 in) 21-K AA guns, as well as four 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DK or DShK machine guns. They carried six 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts amidships. The ships could also carry a maximum of 58 to 96 mines and 30 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although these were useless at speeds over 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). ## Construction and World War II Serdity was laid down in Shipyard No. 189 (Sergo Ordzhonikidze) in Leningrad with the yard number 298 on 25 October 1936 as a Gnevny-class destroyer with the name of Likhoy. She was relaid down as a Project 7U destroyer on 15 October 1938, and launched on 21 April 1939. The ship was renamed Serdity on 25 September 1940 before acceptance by a state commission on 15 October, although she did not officially join the Baltic Fleet until 12 April 1941, when the Soviet naval jack was raised aboard her. In the days after the 22 June beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Serdity participated in minelaying with her sister ships of the 2nd Division on 24 and 26 June. The destroyer moved north to the Kuivastu roadstead on 27 June due to the German advance, and after the departure of the remainder of the Light Forces Detachment for Tallinn she was left to defend the Gulf of Riga with her sister Silny and the elderly destroyer Engels. The destroyer expended 115 130 mm shells during the 6 July Battle of Irbe Strait against the German minesweeping support ship Minenräumschiff-11 (the former Osnabrück) and her attached minesweepers. Due to an inexperienced gunnery officer who was unable to distinguish the fall of Silny's shells from those of his own ship, all of the shells missed. She participated in an unsuccessful attack on a group of German landing craft off the mouth of the Daugava River on 13 July. Under the flag of Light Forces detachment commander Kontr-admiral Valentin Drozd, she and the destroyer Steregushchy covered minelaying by guard ships Tucha and Sneg on 18 July. By 14:00 of that day she returned to the Kübasaar roadstead near Saaremaa, but quickly turned back after receiving a message that a German convoy had been spotted. Due a lack of coordination with Soviet Naval Aviation, both destroyers came under friendly air attack and at 15:31 a bomb dropped by a Tupolev SB bomber exploded close to Serdity, killing one and wounding three sailors and knocking out a boiler and both rangefinders in the conning tower. Steregushchy, which escaped unscathed, engaged the German convoy escorts, but was only joined by Serdity at 17:24 when they had lost sight of the convoy. After escaping without serious damage from a German bombing raid on the return journey, Serdity anchored in Heltermaa roadstead off Hiiumaa by 19 July. On that day she came under sudden attack by four Junkers Ju 88 bombers of Kampfgruppe 806 while anchored. Efforts to raise steam proved futile and one of her boilers was destroyed by a bomb that penetrated the deck, knocking out power. A second bomb holed the hull and displaced fuel oil from her tanks, starting a fire that engulfed the forward superstructure and both forward boiler rooms. Although the crew flooded the aft 130 mm magazine, damage control was hindered by the lack of power. The fire spread aft and caused the explosion of ammunition and depth charges, destroying the aft section. Due to the shallow depth of the anchorage, the hull rolled to starboard and remained above the water. The destroyer remained afloat for slightly more than an hour after the air raid, and her survivors were taken off by Steregushchy and the destroyer Gordy. A total of 35 crewmembers were killed and more than 30 were wounded during the sinking. What was left of the hull was destroyed by the explosion of the forward magazines. The destroyer was officially struck from the Soviet Navy on 27 July. Postwar, the wreck was raised in pieces and towed to Tallinn for scrapping between 1949 and 1952.	[ "## Design", "## Construction and World War II" ]	1,617	17,307
56,010,065	Stenaelurillus guttiger	1,171,104,729	Species of spider	[ "Arthropods of Botswana", "Arthropods of Mozambique", "Arthropods of Zimbabwe", "Salticidae", "Spiders described in 1901", "Spiders of South Africa", "Taxa named by Wanda Wesołowska" ]	Stenaelurillus guttiger (synonyms Aelurillus guttiger and Stenaelurillus natalensis) is a species of jumping spider in the genus Stenaelurillus that is native to southern Africa. It was first described in 1901 by Eugène Simon based on examples found in South Africa, and subsequently also identified in Botswana, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Initially allocated to the genus Aelurillus, the species was moved to its current genus in 1974. The spider is medium-sized, with a carapace that is between 2.0 and 2.75 mm (0.079 and 0.108 in) long and an abdomen that is between 1.8 and 2.9 mm (0.071 and 0.114 in) long. It is dark brown or brown, and has a pattern of white hairs on both the abdomen and carapace and a pattern of two stripes on the carapace. The abdomen has a white pattern of straight and V-shaped stripes and spots which varies between specimens. The colouring of the clypeus and legs can also range from yellow to dark brown depending on the particular example. It is distinguished from other species in the genus by the design of its sexual organs. The male has an embolus that is short and crab like. The female has a flat plate epigyne with widely separated copulatory openings and insemination ducts and a deep narrow pocket. Stenaelurillus guttiger feeds on termites, particularly Macrotermes and Odontotermes. ## Taxonomy Aelurillus guttiger was first described by Eugène Simon in 1901. It was initially placed in the genus Aelurillus, which had been created by Simon in 1885. The genus name derives from the Greek word for cat. In 1974, it was moved to Stenaelurillus by D. J. Clark on the basis of its general appearance, and particularly, the similarity between the markings on this spider and those on the abdomen and carapace of Stenaelurillus albopunctatus. The genus Stenaelurillus had been first described by Simon in 1886, with the type species Stenaelurillus nigricaudus. In 2015, Wayne Maddison placed the genus in the subtribe Aelurillina in the tribe Aelurillini in the clade Saltafresia. Two years later, the genus was grouped with nine other genera of jumping spiders under the name Aelurillines by Jerzy Prószyński. Meanwhile, in 2006, Charles R. Haddad and the Polish arachnologist Wanda Wesołowska identified a new species, Stenaelurillus natalensis. It was one of over 500 species identified by Wesołowska. This new species was generally similar to Stenaelurillus guttiger but differed in that the tip of the males's embolus was hidden and there was a chamber in the female's epigyne. In 2018, Dmitri V. Logunov and Galina N Azarkina found the sexual organs to be similar across the specimens of both species and consequently they combined them under the current name. The holotype for Stenaelurillus natalensis was designated the holotype for Stenaelurillus guttiger. ## Description Stenaelurillus guttiger is a medium-sized spider. It has an overall shape that is typical for the genus but shows a high variation in patterns and colours. This does not seem to depend on geographic location with, for example, males with different colour legs and palpal bulbs often living in the same area. The male spider has a pear-shaped brown or dark brown carapace that is covered in scales that is typically between 2.0 and 2.5 mm (0.079 and 0.098 in) long and 1.4 and 1.9 mm (0.055 and 0.075 in) wide. It is marked with two stripes made of white hairs that travel from front to back and, sometimes, two more that cross from side to side, and has a black eye field. The abdomen is shorter and wider, between 1.8 and 2.5 mm (0.071 and 0.098 in) long and between 1.35 and 2.0 mm (0.053 and 0.079 in) wide, and either brown or dark brown and covered in scales. It has a pattern that consists of a white stripe and V-shape on the front half and white spots on the rear half, sometimes one spot and sometimes three. Occasionally, the white hairs on the spiders rub off, removing the patterns. The chelicerae and clypeus may be dark brown, brown to dark brown, or yellowish brown to brown. In some examples, a sparse covering of white hairs covers the clypeus. The chelicerae may have a few short white hairs or a dense covering of long white hairs. The front and middle spinnerets are yellow the back ones dark brown. The legs may be yellow, brown or dark brown and the pedipalps are a combination of yellow and brown. The cymbium is a combination of brown and yellow with either brown or white hairs. The spider is distinguished from other members of the genus by its short embolus, shaped like a claw, sitting on a wide round base. The female is similar in shape to the male but larger. It has a carapace that measures between 2.25 and 2.75 mm (0.089 and 0.108 in) in length and between 1.75 and 2.15 mm (0.069 and 0.085 in) in width and an abdomen that measures between 2.0 and 2.9 mm (0.079 and 0.114 in) in length and between 1.85 and 2.2 mm (0.073 and 0.087 in) in width. The colouration is similar to the male, but sometimes the patterns have less complexity and are less bright. For example, a specimen may have only one stripe and two spots on the abdomen. The eye field is orange-brown and the pedipalps are brown-yellow. The epigyne has a flat plate with widely separated lateral copulatory openings and a deep narrow pocket. Although it is similar to Stenaelurillus furcatus, it can be distinguished by the narrowness of the epigyne pocket and the way that the insemination ducts are spaced apart. ## Behaviour The spider has primarily been found in sandy environments, but has been observed thriving in swamps and on plants. The species is a specialist hunter and preys on different types of termites, including members of the genera Macrotermes and Odontotermes. The spider also feeds on other prey like fruit flies and leafhoppers. The spider captures its prey by a process of grasping, holding, and injecting its captured prey with venom. It produces a specialised venom that is dedicated for its prey, unlike other species which produce more general-purpose venom. It shares a similar environment to Stenaelurillus modestus, but the two species do not seem to compete for food or space. Stenaelurillus guttiger has also been found foraging along with Habrocestum africanum and Langellurillus squamiger. ## Distribution Stenaelurillus guttiger has one of the most extensive ranges of the genus, stretching across southern Africa. It was first identified in Makapansgat and Pretoria in South Africa. It has subsequently been found across the country, with examples coming from the provinces of Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West. It has been identified in Francistown, Botswana, initially from examples collected in 2006, as well as in Manicaland and Tsholotsho in Zimbabwe. It has also been found in Manica, Mozambique. The holotype is from Ndumo Game Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal.	[ "## Taxonomy", "## Description", "## Behaviour", "## Distribution" ]	1,718	7,645
3,871,559	A. Scott Berg	1,167,000,576	American biographer (born 1949)	[ "1949 births", "21st-century American Jews", "21st-century American LGBT people", "American LGBT writers", "American biographers", "American male biographers", "Jewish American writers", "LGBT Jews", "LGBT people from Connecticut", "Living people", "National Book Award winners", "Princeton University alumni", "Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners", "Writers from Los Angeles", "Writers from Norwalk, Connecticut" ]	Andrew Scott Berg (born December 4, 1949) is an American biographer. After graduating from Princeton University in 1971, Berg expanded his senior thesis on editor Maxwell Perkins into a full-length biography, Max Perkins: Editor of Genius (1978), which won a National Book Award. His second book Goldwyn: A Biography was published in 1989. Berg's third book Lindbergh, a highly anticipated biography of aviator Charles Lindbergh was published in 1998, becoming a New York Times Best Seller, and winning the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. In 2003 Berg published Kate Remembered, a biography-cum-memoir about his friendship with actress Katharine Hepburn that received mixed reviews. His biography of Woodrow Wilson was published in 2013. Berg also wrote the story for Making Love (1982), a controversial film that was the first major studio drama to address the subjects of gay love, closeted marriages, and coming out. He has contributed articles to magazines such as Architectural Digest and Vanity Fair. ## Early life Berg was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, the son of Barbara (Freedman) Berg and film producer Dick Berg. He was raised Jewish. When Berg was eight, his family relocated to Los Angeles, California. While a sophomore at Palisades High School, Berg researched the author F. Scott Fitzgerald (a favorite of Barbara's, who named her son in part after Fitzgerald) for a report and "developed a mania" for his writing. Berg read all of Fitzgerald's works and later recalled: "It was the first time I saw the fusion of an artist and his life, a tragic and romantic life." He applied to Princeton University, primarily because it was Fitzgerald's alma mater, and was accepted in 1967. At Princeton, Berg performed in the Princeton Triangle Club theater troupe and considered dropping out to become an actor, though he was convinced by English professor Carlos Baker, a well-regarded biographer of Ernest Hemingway, to "graduate, so at least you'll be an actor with a college degree". Berg studied under Baker, who offered him "constant encouragement and counsel" on his senior thesis, which was a study of editor Maxwell Perkins's career between 1919 and 1929. Berg graduated with an A.B. in English from Princeton in 1971 after completing his 262-page-long senior thesis titled "Three to Get Ready." ## Career ### 1971–1998 After graduating from Princeton in 1971, Berg decided to expand the thesis into a full-length biography, thinking it would take around nine months. He also formulated a career plan at this time, and later recalled: "I did tell myself early on: I think it would be interesting, perhaps, to spend a career writing a half-dozen biographies of twentieth-century American cultural figures—each one, as I often use as my metaphor, a different wedge of the great apple pie." The Perkins biography, Max Perkins: Editor of Genius, took longer than Berg anticipated and was eventually published in 1978, winning a National Book Award in Biography. In 2016, The New Yorker credited Berg with "almost single-handedly rescu[ing] Maxwell Perkins from the anonymity he desired." In 1978, Berg was approached by Samuel Goldwyn, Jr. to write a biography of his father, the independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn. Berg initially turned the project down, telling Goldwyn that "he was interested in American culture, not Hollywood," but changed his mind after visiting Goldwyn's archives and discovering gin rummy I.O.U.s, menus from Goldwyn's dinner parties, and "all the quotidian minutiae that are a biographer's dream". He won a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship, which helped finance his work on the biography. The same year, Berg wrote the story for Making Love, a controversial film that was the first major studio drama to address the subjects of homosexual love, closeted marriages, and coming out. He also narrated Directed by William Wyler, a 1986 documentary about the filmmaker William Wyler for which Berg interviewed Wyler, Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, Laurence Olivier, and Barbra Streisand, among others. In 1989, Berg published Goldwyn: A Biography, his second biography. After completing Goldwyn in 1989, Berg began the search for his next subject, who he wanted to be "another great American cultural figure but — because I had written about Perkins and Goldwyn — not somebody from the worlds of publishing or film". After briefly considering Tennessee Williams, Berg decided to research the aviator Charles Lindbergh, attracted by what he described as "the dramatic possibilities of the story of the great hero who became a great victim and a great villain". Berg convinced Lindbergh's widow, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, to grant him unprecedented access to the man's archives, which he was surprised to find totaled "1,300 boxes, or several million papers". The biography, Lindbergh, was highly anticipated; prior to its publication, the book's film rights were bought, sight unseen, by Steven Spielberg, who planned to direct a movie of it. Published in 1998, Lindbergh sold about 250,000 copies in hardcover, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. Berg was noted for his exhaustive research, as well as his sympathetic, but by no means uncritical, approach to Lindbergh, whose alleged anti-Semitism he addressed in a straightforward, unblinking manner. ### 1998–present From 1998 to 2000, Berg wrote Kate Remembered, a biography-cum-memoir detailing his 20-year friendship with the Hollywood actress Katharine Hepburn. The book was published on July 11, 2003, only 12 days after Hepburn's death. It spent 11 weeks on the New York Times Nonfiction Best Seller list, but received uneasy critical response. In The New York Times, Robert Gottlieb called it an "odd and unsettling book [that leaves] a sense of exploitation", and gossip columnist Liz Smith, a friend of Hepburn's, called Berg "vain and narcissistic", and declared the book "[s]elf-promoting fakery....Hepburn would have despised it and his betrayal of her friendship." Berg responded in a written statement, saying that he was "truly shocked at Liz Smith's professional behaviour — or, more accurately, her lack thereof" in "her personal assault on my reputation, one that stops just short of character assassination". In 1999, Berg received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Berg served on Princeton University's Board of Trustees from 1999 to 2003. In 2000, he began researching a biography of Woodrow Wilson, of whom Berg says, "I have an image of him in my mind that is unlike any picture I have seen anywhere else, based on material at Princeton and 35 years of researching and thinking about him". Wilson was published on September 10, 2013. In the 2010s, Berg began working increasingly in film and television. He worked for Warner Bros. on an unrealized film adaptation of his favorite childhood television series, 77 Sunset Strip, and served as an executive producer of Genius, the 2016 film adaptation of his Maxwell Perkins biography. Berg was also a consulting producer on the 2017 Amazon series The Last Tycoon. In 2017, Berg announced that he was researching a biography of Thurgood Marshall, explaining that a definitive biography had not been written and that the project would allow him to explore the subject of race, "the most important topic this country must grapple with in the next few decades". ## Personal life Berg lives with his partner Kevin McCormick, a film producer, in Los Angeles. His brothers are Jeff Berg, former CEO of International Creative Management, a leading Hollywood talent and literary agency; and music producer and musician Tony Berg. His youngest brother Rick is a partner and manager at the production company Code Entertainment. His niece is Z Berg, a musician of The Like and JJAMZ.	[ "## Early life", "## Career", "### 1971–1998", "### 1998–present", "## Personal life" ]	1,698	17,505
25,145,989	EL/M-2080 Green Pine	1,159,780,144	Israeli ground-based missile-defense radar by Elta	[ "Elta products", "Ground radars", "Military equipment introduced in the 1990s", "Military radars of Israel", "Missile defense" ]	The EL/M-2080 Green Pine (Hebrew: אורן ירוק, ) is an Israeli ground-based missile-defense radar produced by Elta, a subsidiary of Israel Aerospace Industries, to operate mainly with the Arrow theater missile defense system of Israel, which is jointly funded and produced with the United States. Green Pine was exported to India, and its advanced version, the Green Pine Block-B, was delivered to South Korea at a cost of \$83 million apiece, and to Azerbaijan. The Israeli Air Defense Command within the Israeli Air Force (IAF) of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operates both Green Pine radars and Green Pine Block-B radars as an integral part of the Arrow system. ## History The Arrow program was launched as a response to the acquisition by Arab states of long range surface-to-surface missiles. The United States and Israel signed a memorandum of understanding to co-fund it in 1986, and in 1988 the United States Department of Defense Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) placed an order with Israel Aircraft Industries for the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator. Over the years SDIO was renamed to Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), and later to Missile Defense Agency (MDA), while Israel Aircraft Industries was renamed to Israel Aerospace Industries. The Gulf War, which exposed the controversial performance of the Patriot missile against Iraqi "Al Hussein" missiles, gave further impetus to the development of the Arrow. It was initially designed to intercept missiles such as the SS-1 "Scud", its "Al Hussein" derivative, the SS-21 "Scarab" operated by Syria, and the CSS-2 operated by Saudi Arabia. The Arrow evolved also with an eye on the advanced missile programs of Iran. Elta was awarded the contract to develop and manufacture the EL/M-2080 Green Pine radar in 1992. The Green Pine was developed from the Elta Music phased array radar, presented in November 1994, rolled out in 1995, and turned operational in November 1998. The Green Pine has since been used in dozens of tests of the Arrow system. In 2000 it was revealed that the Green Pine detected the launch of a Syrian Scud-D missile from its base outside Aleppo in northern Syria, and tracked its full trajectory until its impact point, some 700 km (430 mi) in the southern desert. In 2005, and in 2008, Green Pine detected and tracked similar drills of Syrian Scuds. On July 29, 2004, Israel and the United States carried out a joint test at the Naval Air Station Point Mugu (NAS Point Mugu) Missile Test Center in California, in which the Arrow interceptor was launched against a real Scud-B missile. The test represented a realistic scenario that could not have been tested in Israel due to test-field safety restrictions. To enable the test a full battery was shipped to Point Mugu. The Green Pine radar and command-and-control systems were deployed at the base, while the Arrow launcher was installed 100 km (62 mi) offshore on an island that forms part of the test range. The test was a success, with the interceptor destroying the Scud that flew a 300 km (190 mi) trajectory at an altitude of 40 km (25 mi), west of San Nicolas Island. This was the seventh test of the complete system, the first interception of a real Scud. As of 2012 the Green Pine radar has a proven track record demonstrated in over 20 successful ballistic missile intercepts. ## Specifications In contrast to the older AN/MPQ-53 Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA) radar set of the MIM-104 Patriot PAC-2, the Green Pine is an active electronically scanned array (AESA) solid state radar. Unlike the advanced AN/TPY-2 X band radar of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, Green Pine operates at L band - in the 500 MHz to 2,000 MHz range. Green Pine reportedly operates in search, detection, tracking, and missile guidance modes simultaneously, capable of detecting targets at ranges of up to about 500 km (310 mi), and is able to track more than 30 targets at speeds over 3,000 m/s (10,000 ft/s). It discriminates targets from natural clutter and countermeasures, illuminates the true target and guides the missile to within 4 m (13 ft) of the target. The effective radiated power (ERP) of the Green Pine also makes it a possible candidate for conversion into a directed-energy weapon, by focusing pulses of radar energy on target missiles. The energy spikes are tailored to enter missiles through antennas or sensor apertures where they can fool guidance systems, scramble computer memories or even burn out sensitive electronic components. The radar system includes a 9 m (30 ft) wide by 3 m (9.8 ft) high trailer-mounted rotatable antenna array, a power system, a cooling system and a radar control center. The power system has both no-break and transformer containers, with the former including a diesel generator, an inductive clutch control module and a diesel fuel tank. The transformer container houses transformers, a service generator, a direct current converter and switching racks. The radar's cooling system is a heat exchanger that makes use of inherently redundant cascade cooling machines and incorporates an integral coolant tank and control panels. The radar is made up of 2,000–2,300 transmit–receive modules and weighs 60 tonnes (130,000 lb). The system is transportable rather than mobile, as it can be moved to other prepared sites, but cannot be set up just anywhere. According to its developer, Green Pine's deployment at a new operational site takes "less than 24 hours". ### Green Pine Block-B An advanced version of the radar, called EL/M-2080S Super Green Pine, Green Pine Block-B, or Great Pine (Hebrew: אורן אדיר, ), is to take the place of the original Green Pine. It is composed of more powerful but smaller transmit–receive modules with better capabilities than those of the Green Pine, and is believed to produce double the power output, extending detection range to about 800–900 km (500–560 mi). In October 2010 the IDF decided to put another Arrow 2 battery into operational use. The new battery received the new radar - Green Pine Block-B. ### Green Pine Block-C Green Pine Block-C has been revealed in November 2018. ## Users Azerbaijan: According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute report, an arms deal signed between Israel and Azerbaijan in 2011 considers import of one Green Pine radar. Israel: Israel had deployed at least 2 Green Pine radars as an integral part of the Arrow system. As of 2008 an unknown number of both Green Pine and Green Pine Block-B versions were active. As of 2012, the first Green Pine Block-B was declared operational and is deployed alongside the two Green Pines. India: India had acquired and deployed two Green Pine radars around July 2002 and another one in August 2005. The Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar of the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation is an acknowledged derivative of the original Green Pine. The Indian government has sought to purchase the complete Arrow system since 1999, but in early 2002 the U.S. vetoed Israel's request to sell the Arrow 2 missiles to India, exercising its right as a major funding contributor. U.S. officials argued that the sale would violate the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). South Korea: South Korea bought two Green Pine Block-B radars, which became operational in 2012. South Korea to procure two Green Pine Block-C radars, valued at about \$292 million. Deliveries are scheduled for the early 2020s. ## See also - EL/M-2090 - AN/TPY-2 - Arrow missile - Science and technology in Israel	[ "## History", "## Specifications", "### Green Pine Block-B", "### Green Pine Block-C", "## Users", "## See also" ]	1,651	17,272
1,925,975	Southdale Center	1,167,112,274	Regional mall in Edina, Minnesota, U.S.	[ "1956 establishments in Minnesota", "Buildings and structures in Edina, Minnesota", "Shopping malls established in 1956", "Shopping malls in Hennepin County, Minnesota", "Simon Property Group", "Victor Gruen buildings" ]	Southdale Center is a shopping mall located in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of the Twin Cities. It opened in 1956 and is both the first and the oldest fully enclosed, climate-controlled shopping mall in the United States. Southdale Center has 1,297,608 square feet (120,551.7 m<sup>2</sup>; 29.7890 acres; 12.05517 ha) of leasable retail space, and contains 106 retail tenants. The mall is owned by Simon Property Group and the anchor stores are Macy's, Dave & Buster's, AMC Theatres, Hennepin Service Center, and Life Time Athletic. Victor Gruen, the center's architect, designed the mall to challenge the "car-centric" America that was rising in the 1950s. Since its opening in 1956, Southdale has suffered through high vacancy rates and several store closures, but has been able to recover in recent years. Several additions have been performed on the building, including a 2011 renovation which involved the construction of a brand new food court. Southdale Center continues to use much of its original structure despite these renovations, and has been the host of several charity and community events throughout the years. ## History ### Background In 1943, architects Victor Gruen and Elsie Krummeck were asked to submit a proposal to envision a prototype of what a shopping center would ideally look like after World War II for "Architecture 194X", a competition in the Architectural Forum magazine. Prototypes by the pair emphasized the communal aspects of their proposed shopping center where services like the public library and the post office could be incorporated with the functions of retail. They also strived to make the centers visually appealing and inviting to encourage shoppers to stay longer. While stranded in Detroit during a snowstorm in 1948, Gruen approached Oscar Webber, head of Hudson's, the second largest department store in the nation at the time (behind Macy's in Manhattan). Gruen asked Webber to help fund a shopping center in the suburbs of Detroit with Hudson's as the main draw. Webber initially declined, but a year later Hudson's agreed to finance a set of malls including Northland Center as customers moved out of the city and into the suburbs. ### 1952–57: Construction and grand opening Through Oscar Webber, Gruen was introduced to the Dayton family, who owned an eponymous chain of stores after their father's death and were looking to expand and build a shopping center to accompany one of their stores in Edina, Minnesota. Webber insisted that the Dayton family work with Gruen to assist in their efforts. On June 17, 1952, the first plans unveiled for the shopping center were announced by Gruen and Donald Dayton, president of Dayton's. They estimated the cost to build the shopping center to be around \$10 million. Public response to the announcement was generally positive, with many hailing the project as a utopia. In a near unanimous vote by the city of Edina, zoning ordinances were changed to constitute the mall. Gruen was a European-style socialist; he found individual stores in downtown venues to be inefficient, and the suburban lifestyle of 1950s America too "car-centric" and wanted to design a building that would be a communal gathering place, where people would shop, drink coffee, and socialize, as he remembered from his native Vienna. Southdale Center was loosely modeled on the arcades of several heavily populated European cities and purposely included "eye-level display cases" to "lure customers into stores". Gruen imagined that Southdale would eventually include "a medical center, schools and residences, not just a parade of glitzy stores." In a statement to the Minneapolis Sunday Tribune (now the Star Tribune), Gruen and his economic consultant Lawrence P. Smith described the regional shopping center as a place that could "take care of today's needs and today's living" and would bring the community together by providing "a new outlet for that primary human instinct to mingle with other humans." The neighborhood surrounding the center was specifically built to accompany the mall. Groundbreaking for Southdale took place on October 29, 1954; 800 construction workers were needed to build the three-story, 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m<sup>2</sup>; 18-acre; 7.4 ha), 500-acre (200 ha) center, which had 5,200 parking spaces, 72 available tenants, and cost \$20 million to construct. Due to Minnesota's harsh climate in the winter, Gruen constructed the center with a roof and air-conditioning system capable of maintaining a comfortable temperature of 75 °F (24 °C; 297 K) year-round. The mall was originally anchored by Dayton's, Donaldson's, Walgreens, and Woolworth. Over 40,000 visitors attended the grand opening ceremony for the center on the morning of October 8, 1956. An additional 188,000 customers visited the mall throughout the following week. The center was constructed to successfully bring the community together by "gathering art, culture, and entertainment under one roof with retail." The Dayton's store was modeled after Dayton's flagship store in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In November 1956, organic architect Frank Lloyd Wright visited the mall as part of a tour of new buildings in Minnesota; he critiqued Southdale's overall design, stating "[the] garden court has all the evils of the village street and none of its charm," further criticizing several other buildings in nearby Minneapolis. He unfavorably added that Gruen "should have left downtown, downtown." ### 1958–90: Additions, JCPenney opens, and new competition Over the early years of Southdale, several tenants and restaurants opened in the center. A restaurant called Sidewalk Cafe, was an "outdoor"-themed restaurant, even though the venue was fully enclosed; Sidewalk Cafe was the first restaurant of its kind. JCPenney announced their interest in opening a location at Southdale Center. An addition to the mall was constructed, allowing JCPenney to open a 247,902-square-foot (23,030.8 m<sup>2</sup>; 5.6910-acre; 2.30308 ha) store in 1972; it became Southdale's third anchor store, following Dayton's and Donaldson's. Along with the new anchor store came an entire new mall corridor connecting JCPenney to the original structure of the mall. During 1976, construction of a new shopping center directly across the street from Southdale occurred. The construction resulted in the Galleria Edina, an upscale shopping center; the new shopping mall increased competition with neighboring shopping centers. In 1987, Donaldson's announced the discontinuation of their chain of stores, which would shut one of the mall's original anchors. Instead, Donaldson's merged with Chicago-based department chain Carson Pirie Scott. ### 1991–2008: Expansion, Dayton's merger, and store closures In 1991, Dayton's announced plans to construct a significantly larger store directly north of their current location. These plans included the demolition of the original Dayton's store to be replaced with more stores, plus a larger "garden court", and the construction of various multi-level parking garages; these plans were eventually constructed and finalized in the early 1990s. On June 30, 1997, Southdale Center was sold to the O'Connor Group, a New York-based real estate company for \$125 million. Around this time, Southdale converted most of its basement into a singular anchor store, which became Marshalls; surrounding the new anchor were several specialty shops and mall management offices. Dayton's acquired Marshall Field's and rebranded with the Marshall Field's nameplate in 2001. During the early 2000s, following fear of competition from nearby Eden Prairie Center and Mall of America, Southdale announced further plans to renovate the center again. A complete remodeling of the center occurred in 2001, followed by a large addition to the southern half of the property; the addition included a sixteen screen movie theater along with an entertainment district of restaurants and shops called "The District on France". "The District on France" included several "upscale" dining options, including California Pizza Kitchen, The Cheesecake Factory, and Maggiano's Little Italy. A renovation of the less-traveled third floor also occurred, with the addition of teen-geared stores; this addition was called "Trendz on Top". Throughout the mid 2000s, Southdale began struggling with maintaining a low vacancy rate. The May Department Stores Company acquired Marshall Field's in 2004, and promptly closed the Twin Cities area Mervyn's. After the closure of Mervyn's in 2004, several tenants followed and ended their leases as well; national retailers like The Bombay Company, Crate & Barrel, Ritz Camera, and Select Comfort all announced closures of their Southdale locations. Talks of a Dick's Sporting Goods filling the space formerly leased by Mervyn's occurred, but those plans never took off and eventually dissolved. In 2006, Marshall Fields was rebranded as Macy's. ### 2009–2016: Ongoing renovations In February 2011, Simon Property Group announced that Southdale would soon be anchored by Herberger's, a local department store chain, and would lease the space previously used by Mervyn's. Along with this announcement came the mention of a brand new food court to replace the nearly vacant one on the less-traveled third floor, a housing development consisting of apartments and condominiums, and expanded retail. The food court's construction would include six tenants, which was later increased to eight tenants. However, the new food court forced the closure of one of Southdale's oldest tenants, Ralph's Shoe Service, which originally opened at the mall in 1957. Following several tenant terminations, the mall's Marshalls anchor announced that their 40,000 square feet (3,700 m<sup>2</sup>; 0.92 acres; 0.37 ha) Southdale location would move to a different shopping center in Bloomington, Minnesota. The new food court located by JCPenney was completed in 2012 and featured "upscale" dining options, such as Qdoba Mexican Grill and Smashburger; several other projects took place, such as cosmetic changes for the mall and the construction of new corridors. Since 2015, several stores and businesses have opened up locations at Southdale Center. Gordmans, a Nebraska-based discount retailer, filled the vacancy previously leased by Marshalls in July 2015; however closed just two years later after filing bankruptcy. Other new openings were a 41,500-square-foot (3,860 m<sup>2</sup>; 0.95-acre; 0.386 ha) Dave and Buster's restaurant, filling the vacancy of the original food court. A Homewood Suites by Hilton resort was approved by the City of Edina and constructed in the shopping center's northeast parking lot in late 2016. ### 2017–present Following the announcement of JCPenney closing nine stores throughout Minnesota, the Southdale Center location closed on July 31, 2017, after 45 years at Southdale. The former Penney's building was razed, and in its place, a \$43 million Life Time Fitness multi-level complex was constructed, featuring a roof top pool, which opened in 2019. Bon-Ton announced on April 17, 2018, that it would close and liquidate all Herberger's stores in their 200+ locations after two liquidators, Great American Group and Tiger Capital Group, won an auction for the company. On August 26, 2018, the Herberger's Southdale anchor location closed. Simon, the mall owner, continued to revitalize Southdale as a mixed-use development by utilizing all corners of the parking lot. The southwest corner of the parking lot saw new construction of RH (formerly Restoration Hardware) in 2018. In October 2018, a newly constructed Shake Shack on the northwest corner of the property held its grand opening. Luxury apartments were also constructed on the southeast corner of the parking lot. In May 2019, it was announced that the Southdale branch of the Hennepin County Library was going to move to Southdale Center, taking the place of the vacant Herberger's, which was to be demolished. An opening date was set for 2022, however, the move was put on hold and has since been cancelled. On March 18, 2020, Southdale temporarily closed until March 29, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.	[ "## History", "### Background", "### 1952–57: Construction and grand opening", "### 1958–90: Additions, JCPenney opens, and new competition", "### 1991–2008: Expansion, Dayton's merger, and store closures", "### 2009–2016: Ongoing renovations", "### 2017–present" ]	2,664	35,176
65,155,606	Capture of Sedalia	1,162,554,025	Battle of the American Civil War	[ "1864 in Missouri", "Battles of the American Civil War in Missouri", "Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War", "Confederate victories of the American Civil War", "Conflicts in 1864", "Missouri in the American Civil War", "October 1864 events", "Price's Missouri Expedition", "Sedalia, Missouri" ]	The capture of Sedalia occurred during the American Civil War when a Confederate force captured the Union garrison of Sedalia, Missouri, on October 15, 1864. Confederate Major General Sterling Price, who was a former Governor of Missouri and had commanded the Missouri State Guard in the early days of the war, had launched an invasion into the state of Missouri on August 29. He hoped to distract the Union from more important areas and cause a popular uprising against Union control of the state. Price had to abandon his goal of capturing St. Louis after a bloody repulse at the Battle of Fort Davidson and moved into the pro-Confederate region of Little Dixie in central Missouri. Many recruits in the region joined the Confederates in the region, and Price soon needed supplies and weapons for these men. He sent side raids to Glasgow and Sedalia. One of these involved sending a 1,200-man brigade led by Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson of the Missouri State Guard towards Sedalia. Despite learning of Union movements in the area, Thompson attacked the town, which was primarily defended by militia. The initial Confederate attack quickly dispersed most of the defenders, although some held out until Thompson brought up the rest of his force. Many of the militiamen were captured. After paroling or releasing their prisoners and plundering the town, the Confederates left to rejoin Price's main force. On October 23, Price was defeated at the Battle of Westport near Kansas City. The Confederates then retreated, suffering defeats at the battles of Mine Creek and Second Newtonia later in October, before eventually entering Texas. ## Prelude At the outset of the American Civil War in 1861, the state of Missouri was a slave state. Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson supported secession, and formed the pro-secession Missouri State Guard, a militia unit. Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon of the Union Army evicted Jackson and the pro-secession portion of the state legislature from the state capital of Jefferson City. The Missouri State Guard won several battles, but Union forces had the secessionists restricted to the southwestern portion of the state by the end of the year. Jackson and the secessionists formed the Confederate government of Missouri, which would function as a government-in-exile for much of its existence, moving from place to place before settling in Marshall, Texas; Missouri now had two competing governments. The Union gained control of Missouri in March 1862 after the Battle of Pea Ridge, and the state was then plagued by guerrilla warfare throughout 1862 and 1863. ### Price's Raid By the beginning of September 1864, events east of the Mississippi River, especially the Confederate defeat in the Atlanta campaign, gave Abraham Lincoln, who supported continuing the war, an edge in the 1864 United States Presidential Election over George B. McClellan, who promoted a war-ending armistice that would preserve slavery. Meanwhile, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, the Confederates had defeated Union attackers in the Red River campaign in Louisiana in March through May. As events east of the Mississippi turned against the Confederates, General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, was ordered to transfer the infantry under his command to the fighting in the Eastern and Western Theaters. However, this proved to be impossible, as the Union Navy controlled the Mississippi River, preventing a large scale crossing. Despite having limited resources for an offensive, Smith decided that an attack designed to divert Union troops from the principal theaters of combat would have the same effect as the proposed transfer of troops. Major General Sterling Price and the Confederate Governor of Missouri Thomas Caute Reynolds suggested that an invasion of Missouri would be an effective offensive; Smith approved the plan and appointed Price to command the offensive. Price was a former governor of Missouri, had served in the Mexican-American War, and had commanded the Missouri State Guard in 1861 before entering Confederate service. Price expected that the campaign would create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri, divert Union troops away from principal theaters of combat (many of the Union troops previously defending Missouri had been transferred out of the state, leaving the Missouri State Militia as the state's primary defensive force), and aid McClellan's chance of defeating Lincoln. On September 19, Price's column of about 12,000 to 13,000 men entered the state. Price soon learned that a Union force held Fort Davidson near Pilot Knob. Not wanting to leave a large Union force in the rear of his army, Price decided to attack the Union post. The attack, known as the Battle of Fort Davidson, occurred on September 27, and the Confederates were repulsed with heavy losses. While the fort's defenders retreated that night, Price decided to abandon plans to capture St. Louis as his troops had suffered at least 800 casualties and their morale had been dented. After giving up the proposed St. Louis thrust, Price's army headed for Jefferson City, although the Confederates were slowed by bringing along a large supply train. On October 7, the Confederates approached Jefferson City, which was held by about 7,000 men, mostly inexperienced militia. Faulty Confederate intelligence placed Union strength at 15,000, and Price, fearing another defeat like Fort Davidson, decided not to attack the city, and began moving his army towards Boonville the next day. Boonville was in the pro-Confederate region of Little Dixie in central Missouri, and according to different sources Price was able to recruit around either 1,200 or 2,500 men. Price, needing weapons and supplies, then authorized two raids away from his main body of troops: Brigadier General John B. Clark Jr. was sent to Glasgow, and Missouri State Guard Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson's brigade of Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby's division to Sedalia. ## Battle The particular allure of Sedalia for Price was a rumor that the Union army had thousands of mules and cattle in the town, which would be helpful in feeding and remounting the Confederate force. Thompson's command consisted of Shelby's Iron Brigade made up of Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, Elliott's Missouri Cavalry Regiment, the 5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment, and Collins' Missouri Battery; the force totaled around 1,200 or 1,500 men. While Thompson's command had a nominal strength of about 2,000 men, many of the unit's soldiers were absent visiting their homes in the Boonslick area. Slayback's battalion had been performing scouting duties and rejoined Thompson's command at Longwood. The unit reported that Union cavalry were operating in the area but had moved towards the west. Continuing their movement the next day, the Confederate soldiers captured two Union stragglers near Georgetown who claimed to be former Confederates forced into Union service. The prisoners identified the Union cavalry sighted by Slayback as Brigadier General John B. Sanborn's command, and informed Thompson that Union forces were concentrating at Jefferson City and Kansas City, in addition to a Union infantry force at California that was preparing to head to Georgetown. Thompson, who had established a chain of relay couriers along his path, sent a message to Price to inform him of this development. Thompson initially decided to call off the attack on Sedalia, before changing his mind in the belief that the Union infantry was not heading in his direction and that Sanborn was too far away to interfere. Sedalia was located in the middle of an expansive prairie with few trees or other features to provide cover to an attacking force. Two redoubts and some rifle pits existed as defensive positions. The town was held by almost 800 home guard and Enrolled Missouri Militia, including men of the 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment. Additionally, 33 men of the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment under the command of Captain Oscar B. Queen were in the town to meet a wagon train of ammunition coming from Georgetown. Colonel John D. Crawford of the 40th Enrolled Missouri Militia commanded the garrison. Thompson believed that surprise gave him the greatest chance of success and attacked before daylight on October 15. Benjamin F. Elliott's regiment, which was largely dressed in captured Union uniforms, led the advance and reached within pistol shot of the Union pickets before being discovered. The Union pickets were scattered and driven back into town. Crawford and many of the Enrolled Missouri Militia soldiers followed them in their flight. Queen claimed that Crawford had ordered his men to retreat as soon as Thompson's men were sighted. However, the men of the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry held, and the Union soldiers were able to form a point of resistance. Elliott's regiment had gotten ahead of the rest of the Confederate force and fell back after meeting the unexpected resistance. Within ten minutes, the rest of Thompson's brigade, including the artillery, arrived. Confederate artillery fire scattered the remaining Enrolled Missouri Militia soldiers, and the men of the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry surrendered the town. Thompson reported that the Confederates were unaware that the defenders had fled, as they had left their flags flying above the fortifications. Confederate soldiers chased the militiamen as they fled across the prairie, inflicting an unknown number of casualties. ## Aftermath Some degree of plundering occurred after the fighting ended. The historian Paul B. Jenkins, writing in 1906, stated that Thompson's men looted Sedalia, with government property being particular targets for destruction, while the historian Paul Kirkman states that Thompson attempted to limit the plundering to military-related supplies. The modern historian Kyle Sinisi stated that Thompson attempted to keep the capture of military property orderly, although things got out of Thompson's control despite the Confederate commander performing actions such as shooting a mule a soldier was riding and spanking some of his men with the flat of his sword. Sinisi states that the looting was primarily restricted to businesses, not private homes. Some eyewitnesses reported seeing Confederates riding barefoot and carrying their boots filled with stolen whiskey. Sedalia's post office was plundered. Thompson claimed that "no outrage or murder was committed" and reported capturing a number of weapons and wagons of "goods suitable for soldiers". Most of the Confederate units that had participated in the fighting became disorganized, and Slayback's Battalion, which was in the best state of organization, performed guard duty after the battle. Thompson captured almost 2,000 mules and cattle. The Union suffered one man killed and 23 wounded. Several hundred Union soldiers were captured, but Thompson did not have the ability to keep them as prisoners or issue them standard written paroles. Treatment of the prisoners varied between how Thompson classified them: a few hundred were classified as home guard and released, while 75 Enrolled Missouri Militia and 47 Missouri State Militia were given nonstandard verbal paroles, including threats if they reneged on the terms. Several Union officers protested that the practice was illegal, but were ignored. Queen considered the paroles to be "worthless" and returned to Jefferson City for further orders. Knowing that they could be trapped by Union forces if they tarried, the Confederates left Sedalia within hours. Thompson moved north to rejoin Price's main body and rejoined it at the Salt Fork River, near Waverly, on October 18. Clark's raid on Glasgow was also successful. By October 19, the Confederates had reached Lexington, where they fought against a Union force in the Second Battle of Lexington. Two days later, Union Major General James G. Blunt attempted to stop Price at the crossing of the Little Blue River, but was defeated in the ensuing battle. After fighting several more actions, Price encountered nearly 20,000 Union soldiers near Kansas City on October 23. The Battle of Westport followed, and Price's 9,000 soldiers were soundly defeated. Price then fell back into Kansas but was defeated in the Battle of Mine Creek on October 25. About 600 Confederate soldiers were captured at Mine Creek. Later that day, Price ordered the destruction of almost all of the cumbersome wagon train. The final major action of the campaign occurred on October 28 near Newtonia, Missouri. In the Second Battle of Newtonia Price was defeated by Blunt; by this point, the Confederate army was disintegrating. Union troops continued pursuing Price until the Confederates reached the Arkansas River on November 8; the Confederates did not stop retreating until they reached Texas towards the end of November 1864. The campaign failed to affect the election, and while part of the XVI Corps was diverted to Missouri, the transfer was only temporary and did not have a major impact on campaigns in other theaters.	[ "## Prelude", "### Price's Raid", "## Battle", "## Aftermath" ]	2,622	43,309
46,231,902	Zach Auguste	1,168,199,143	Greek-American basketball player (1993–)	[ "1993 births", "American expatriate basketball people in Greece", "American expatriate basketball people in Turkey", "American men's basketball players", "American people of Greek descent", "American sportspeople of Haitian descent", "Basketball players from Middlesex County, Massachusetts", "Bursaspor Basketbol players", "Centers (basketball)", "Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players", "Greek expatriate basketball people in Turkey", "Greek men's basketball players", "Living people", "New Hampton School alumni", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players", "Panathinaikos B.C. players", "Power forwards (basketball)", "Sportspeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts", "Uşak Sportif players" ]	Zachary Elias Auguste (Greek: Ζαχαρίας Ηλίας "Ζακ" Όγκαστ; born July 8, 1993) is a Greek-American professional basketball player for SeaHorses Mikawa of the B.League. He is a 6'10" (2.08 m) center. Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Auguste started playing high school basketball for Marlborough. In 2011, he moved to the university preparatory New Hampton School in New Hampshire, where he was nominated for the 2012 McDonald's All-American Game. After graduating from New Hampton, Auguste enrolled in the University of Notre Dame, to play college basketball for the Fighting Irish. Spending his freshman and sophomore seasons mainly as a reserve player, Auguste rose to prominence during his junior season in 2014–15, when his team won the ACC tournament title, and went to the NCAA Elite Eight. He has one kid with girlfriend, Paris Vaughn. ## High school career Auguste played at Marlborough High School for three seasons, growing 3 inches in each of these seasons. As a junior in 2009–10, Auguste averaged 22 points and received All-Star accolades from the Mid-Wachusett (Central Massachusetts) league and local newspapers the Telegram & Gazette and The MetroWest Daily News. He scored a total 631 points throughout his career at Marlborough. He moved to university preparatory New Hampton School after that season, reclassifying to the class of 2012. He cited his desire to get academically and physically ready for college as the main factors behind that decision. After adapting to the higher competition level, he improved dramatically in time, putting on 28 pounds and developing his post game to transition from a perimeter player to a forward. He finished with an average of 15 points and 8 rebounds for his senior season. Nominated for the 2012 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, he didn't make the final selection. Soon after joining New Hampton, he was noticed by Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) conference Notre Dame's assistant coach Anthony Solomon, however he later cut the school from his selection list, which included Division I schools West Virginia, Georgia Tech, Florida and Marquette. Despite this, Solomon's steadfast attempts to recruit the player, widely ranked a 4-star recruit, convinced Auguste to visit the campus; he committed to Notre Dame on the spot in September 2011. ## College career Auguste made his debut for Notre Dame in a November 12, 2012 victory against Monmouth, contributing 4 points and 3 rebounds in 3 minutes. After two ankle sprains during pre-season practice, Auguste had difficulty breaking into the already established team. Finding himself behind Jack Cooley and Garrick Sherman in the rotation, he averaged 10.7 minutes per game in 25 games. Notable were games against Kennesaw State (12 points and 7 rebounds in 12 minutes) and Marquette (a season-high 15 points with 5 rebounds and 3 steals in 21 minutes), for a freshman season average of 3.7 points and 2.7 rebounds. For the 2013–14 season, Auguste was expected to play a larger role after Cooley graduated and coach Mike Brey cited him as a major player. Though he did start 13 games out of 30, he stayed third choice with Sherman and Tom Knight preferred. He recorded his first college double-double against Clemson having 14 points and 12 rebounds, followed by no-shows. He finished his sophomore season with 6.7 points and 4.3 rebounds in nearly 17 minutes per game on average. Tabbed as a starter during the preseason, Auguste, as one of the team's few post options, established himself as a starter during his junior season with good performances early in the season, albeit against weaker opposition. A memorable December 13, 2014 game against Florida State, in which he scored a career-high 26 points, started what coach Brey described as a run of key contributions from the forward, with Auguste quickly recouping from his bad performances. In January 2015, Auguste was sidelined by Notre Dame due to academic issues, with the length of the suspension undisclosed. It would ultimately only last three days, with the unknown reason later described as minor by the player. Auguste was seen as a major contributor to the Irish's 2015 ACC tournament title contributing 16 points and 13 rebounds in the final against North Carolina (for an average of more than 11 points and 9 rebounds in the whole tournament). In the Round of 64 of the following 2015 NCAA tournament, Auguste scored 25 points against Northeastern, including two under-pressure free-throws in the final minute of a 69–65 close-fought win. In the next round tie against Butler, he committed a double dribble that conceded possession with two seconds left on the clock in a tied 55–55 game. Butler did not score, and in overtime Auguste blocked a shot before grabbing a rebound – a team-leading 13th – as Notre Dame won to reach the Sweet 16. A comfortable win over Wichita State followed (15 points, 6 rebounds and 1 block for Auguste in 26 minutes) and Notre Dame qualified to the Elite Eight for the first time since 1979. Auguste, described as "Notre Dame's only true post player", was predicted to play an important role in the game against undefeated Kentucky, who – in Karl-Anthony Towns and Willie Cauley-Stein – had some of the biggest forwards of the tournament. He had 20 points and nine rebounds in the game, while mostly defended by Towns. In defense against the same player, he could not stop him from scoring 25 points in a to-the-wire 66–68 loss to the favorites. Auguste finished the tournament with 16.8 points and 8.3 rebounds per game, with 12.9 points and 6.5 rebounds in around 24 minutes for the whole 2014–15 season. Auguste was elected captain by his teammates for his senior season. He was also voted to the Preseason All-ACC second team. Seven games into the 2015–16 season, Auguste tallied his fifth double-double of the season, tying the total of his first three seasons. He was named as one of ten finalists for the Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Award, also earning third team all-ACC honors for the season. In the quarter-final of the 2016 ACC tournament Auguste led his team to an 84–79 win versus Duke, posting a double-double with 19 points and 22 rebounds, setting the Notre Dame's record for most rebounds in a game and tying Tim Duncan's second best performance in the ACC Tournament. ### College statistics Source: \\|- \\| align="left" \\| 2012–13 \\| align="left" \\| Notre Dame \\| 25 \\|\\| 0 \\|\\| 10.7 \\|\\| .520 \\|\\| .000 \\|\\| .682 \\|\\| 2.7 \\|\\| .2 \\|\\| .4 \\|\\| .5 \\|\\| 3.7 \\|- \\| align="left" \\| 2013–14 \\| align="left" \\| Notre Dame \\| 30 \\|\\| 13 \\|\\| 16.3 \\|\\| .509 \\|\\| .000 \\|\\| .483 \\|\\| 4.3 \\|\\| .3 \\|\\| .4 \\|\\| .4 \\|\\| 6.7 \\|- \\| align="left" \\| 2014–15 \\| align="left" \\| Notre Dame \\| 37\\|\\| 36 \\|\\| 24.4 \\|\\| .619 \\|\\| .000 \\|\\| .636 \\|\\| 6.5\\|\\| .8 \\|\\| .7 \\|\\| .7\\|\\| 12.9 \\|- \\| align="left" \\| 2015–16 \\| align="left" \\| Notre Dame \\| 36 \\|\\| 36 \\|\\| 29.6 \\|\\| .560 \\|\\| .000 \\|\\| .628 \\|\\| 10.7 \\|\\| 1.1 \\|\\| .6 \\|\\| 1.1 \\|\\| 14.0 \\|- class="sortbottom" \\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\\| Career \\| 128 \\|\\| 85 \\|\\|21.3 \\|\\|.567 \\|\\|.000 \\|\\|.613\\|\\|6.4\\|\\|.6\\|\\|.5\\|\\|.7\\|\\|10.0 \\|- ## Professional career ### 2016–2017 season After not being drafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Auguste joined the Los Angeles Lakers' summer league squad for the 2016 Las Vegas Summer League. He appeared in 4 games, and averaged 5.3 points and 4 rebounds per game. On August 29, 2016, he signed a contract with the Lakers, but he was waived on October 12, without playing in any regular season NBA games with the team. On October 27, he signed with Muratbey Uşak Sportif of the Turkish Super League, for the 2016–17 season. He made his professional debut on November 5, 2016, going scoreless against İstanbul BŞB, in a Turkish BSL game. In January 2017, Auguste scored 31 points and grabbed 14 rebounds, to help his team get past Polish team Rosa Radom, which earned him the Game Day 11 MVP award of the Champions League 2016–17 season. He averaged 11.7 points, 7.5 rebounds, 0.6 assists, 0.7 steals, and 0.4 blocks per game, in 23 games played in the Turkish Super League. He also averaged 13.4 points, 8.8 rebounds, 0.6 assists, 0.5 steals, and 0.6 blocks per game, in 11 games played in the European-wide 3rd-tier level Champions League. After his club was parachuted down into the European-wide 4th-tier level FIBA Europe Cup, he averaged 17.8 points, 8.5 rebounds, 0.8 assists, 1.5 steals, and 0.5 blocks per game, in 4 games played in the FIBA Europe Cup 2016–17 season. ### 2017–2018 season Auguste then played with the Miami Heat's summer league squad for the 2017 Las Vegas Summer League. He averaged 10 points, 5.2 rebounds, 1.2 assists, 0.4 steals, and 0.4 blocks per game in the Las Vegas Summer League, and 7.3 points, 6.3 rebounds, 0.3 assists, 2.0 steals, and 0.3 blocks per game in the Orlando Summer League. On June 30, 2017, Auguste signed a one-year deal with Greek club Panathinaikos, at a salary of €500,000 euros net income. ### 2018–2019 season Auguste signed with Galatasaray of the Turkish Basketball Super League (BSL) and the EuroCup on August 7, 2018. ### 2019–2020 season On July 23, 2019, Auguste renewed his contract with Galatasaray for another season. ### 2020–2021 season On July 20, 2020, Auguste officially returned to the Greek Basket League and Panathinaikos for a second stint with the EuroLeague club, signing a two-year (1+1) contract. ### 2021–2022 season He played for the Boston Celtics in the 2021 NBA summer league, scoring 2 points on 1–2 shooting and taking 5 rebounds in 16-minutes at his debut, a 85–83 win against the Atlanta Hawks. On August 23, 2021, Auguste signed with Cedevita Olimpija of the ABA League First Division and the EuroCup. ### 2022–2023 season On July 9, 2022, he has signed with Frutti Extra Bursaspor of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). ### 2023–2024 season On June 20, 2023, he signed with SeaHorses Mikawa of the B.League. ## National team career Auguste was selected to the senior Greek national basketball team's 16 man preliminary squad for the EuroBasket 2017. ## Personal life Auguste was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Jean Bazile Auguste and Lea Tzimoulis. His father, was a former semi-professional soccer player, from Haiti, whose uncle is Christophe Dardompre, a former Colonel of the Haitian Army. His mother is of Greek heritage. His maternal great-grandfather, Louis, immigrated to the U.S. from Agia Sotira, Greece in 1949. Auguste has dual citizenship with the United States and Greece. He has stated that he speaks Greek and Haitian Creole fluently, in addition to his native English. He has a son born in August 2020. ## See also - List of Greek Americans - List of Haitian Americans	[ "## High school career", "## College career", "### College statistics", "## Professional career", "### 2016–2017 season", "### 2017–2018 season", "### 2018–2019 season", "### 2019–2020 season", "### 2020–2021 season", "### 2021–2022 season", "### 2022–2023 season", "### 2023–2024 season", "## National team career", "## Personal life", "## See also" ]	2,861	15,720
62,656,235	Australiformis	1,168,474,775	Genus of parasitic worms	[ "Archiacanthocephala" ]	Australiformis is a monotypic genus of acanthocephalans (thorny-headed or spiny-headed parasitic worms) that infest marsupials in Australia and New Guinea. Its body consists of a proboscis armed with hooks which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host, and a long trunk. It contains a single species, Australiformis semoni. This genus resembles species in the genus Moniliformis but is characterized by a lack of spiral muscles in the outer wall of the proboscis receptacle. The proboscis is armed with 12 rows of 13 to 15 hooks which are used to attach themselves to the small or large intestines of the host. The female worms range from 95 to 197 millimetres long, virtually all of which is the trunk, and 1.75 to 3.5 millimetres wide. There is pronounced sexual dimorphism in this species as females are around twice the size of the males whose trunks range from 46 to 80 millimetres long and 2 millimetres wide. Infestation of marsupials by A. semoni may cause debilitating inflammation of the stomach (gastritis) with granulomatous ulcers. ## Taxonomy Australiformis is a genus of acanthocephalans which are thorny-headed or spiny-headed parasitic worms. The taxonomic history of A. semoni is complex. It was originally named Echinorhynchus semoni by Linstow in 1898, and then moved to Gigantorhynchus by Porta in 1908 and Johnston in 1909, later moved to Prosthenorchis by Travassos in 1917, then renamed Moniliformis semoni by Johnston and Edmonds in 1952 before taking the present name and genus by Schmidt and Edmonds in 1989. The genus is monotypic, the only species, Australiformis semoni (Linstow, 1898), being necessarily the type species. Linstow named the species semoni after the German zoologist who discovered it, Richard Semon. The morphological traits of a simple, double-walled proboscis receptacle, eight cement glands (which are used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation) each with a giant nucleus, the brain at the posterior end of proboscis receptacle, and dorsal and ventral lacunar canals place this genus confidently in the order Moniliformida. The genus Australiformis Schmidt and Edmonds, 1989 was created for Moniliformis semoni as this species differed from other species in Moniliformis and the other genera of the family Moniliformidae, Promoniliformis, because it lacked spiral muscles in the outer wall of the proboscis receptacle. The parasitizing of marsupials is also a unique trait of this genus among Acanthocephala. No genetic testing has been conducted on this species to confirm this classification. ## Description A. semoni consists of a proboscis covered in hooks, a proboscis receptacle, and a long trunk. There is pronounced sexual dimorphism in this species; the females are around twice as long as the males (up to approximately 20 cm in females and 8 cm in males). The proboscis is long and swollen at the anterior end and tapers rapidly to a narrow base. The proboscis is armed with 12 rows of 13 to 15 hooks. The first three to four hooks in each row are large, aligned in straight rows, and have bifid roots whereas the other 10 to 12 posterior hooks are small rootless spines arranged in spirals down the proboscis. The first hook of each row is 40 to 56 μm long, the second is 50 to 60 μm long, the third is 42 to 50 μm long, the fourth is 42 to 54 μm long and the remaining spines are 30 to 60 μm long. At the base of the proboscis is a double-walled proboscis receptacle with a smooth outer wall, lacking spirally arranged muscle fibers, and a large space between the walls. The brain is located near the posterior end of the proboscis receptacle with retinacula (a band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place) piercing the proboscis receptacle wall laterally. Proboscis retractor muscles pierce the posterior end of the proboscis receptacle. The trunk is not pseudosegmented, is very thin at the anterior end and thickest at the posterior end averaging only a few millimeters in width. The main longitudinal lacunar canals are dorsal and ventral, with the dorsal canal being conspicuous and the ventral canal being very narrow. The transverse commissural canals are evenly spaced and connect to the main longitudinal canals. The lemnisci (bundles of sensory nerve fibers) are long, slender, twisted, and coiled in the body cavity (not attached distally to the body wall), and contain 10 to 15 giant nuclei each. They extend between one quarter to one third the length of the body. The eggs are oval with three apparent membranes. The outer membrane is thick with the exception of the anterior end where it is thin. The outer membrane is often indented and the posterior end is usually covered in small dots on the outer surface with a knob on the inner surface. The second membrane is very thin and the third membrane is thick. The males have a sensory pore on each side of the neck. Males have eight oval cement glands, each with a single giant nucleus, and possess a Saefftigen's pouch just behind the testes. The testes are oval in tandem and found near the posterior end of the trunk. The genital pore is located at the terminal end of the trunk in both sexes. ## Distribution The distribution of A. semoni is determined by that of its hosts. A. semoni has been found in several provinces of Australia including Queensland, New South Wales, and Tasmania. This parasite has also been found in Boroko, Papua New Guinea. The type locality is the Upper Burnett River region in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. ## Hosts The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. Although the intermediate hosts of Australiformis are not known, without exception for the order Moniliformida, this intermediate host is an insect. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor are passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There are no known paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Australiformis. A. semoni parasitizes Australian and New Guinean marsupials including the type host, southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) and related species such as the northern brown bandicoot, (Isoodon macrourus), long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta), striped bandicoot (Perameles gunnii), common echymipera (Echymipera kalubu), and brush-tailed phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa). A. semoni infests these hosts by using hooks on their proboscis to pierce and hold the wall of the small and large intestines. A. semoni has also been found with the anterior end embedded in the mucosa of the stomach in the striped bandicoot. This infestation, which all observed cases contained 5 or fewer individual worms, may cause debilitating ulcerative granulomatous gastritis, a form of gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) characterised by ulcers and granuloma (an aggregation of macrophages that forms in response to chronic inflammation). Juvenile worms were found in the accidental host (an organism that generally does not allow transmission to the definitive host) brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii).	[ "## Taxonomy", "## Description", "## Distribution", "## Hosts" ]	1,833	43,812
65,010,772	Farn-Sasan	1,145,229,394	3rd century Indo-Parthian King of Sakastan	[ "226 deaths", "3rd-century Iranian people", "3rd-century monarchs in Asia", "Indo-Parthian kings", "Year of birth unknown" ]	Farn-Sasan was the last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, ruling the region of Sakastan approximately from 210 to 226. Literary sources makes no mention of him, and he is only known through the coins he issued. He was defeated in 226 by the Sasanian ruler Ardashir I (r. 224–242), which marked the end of Indo-Parthian rule. ## Etymology The main part of the name "Sasan" was popular in the Indo-Parthian realm. The etymology of the name is uncertain; according to scholars David Neil MacKenzie and V.A. Livshits the name is derived from Old Iranian \*Sāsāna ("defeating enemy"). It was the name of a local Zoroastrian deity venerated in Indo-Parthia and Khwarazm. ## Biography Farn-Sasan gained control of the Indo-Parthian throne sometime in 210. The identity of his predecessor is unknown; it may have been Pacores. Farn-Sasan is not mentioned in any literary sources, and is only solely known through his coins, which have the inscription; "Farn-Sasan, son of Adur-Sasan, grandson of Tirdat, son of the grandson of Sanabares, the King of Kings." With this inscription, Farn-Sasan tried to legitimize his rule by linking himself with his great-grandfather Sanabares, who was the last prominent Indo-Parthian king. Although the title of King of Kings is put after the name of Sanabares, Farn-Sasan in reality refers himself as King of Kings, which was the traditional titulature of the Achaemenid and Parthian rulers. Neither Adur-Sasan nor Tirdat is known to have ruled, which implies that Farn-Sasan was seemingly from a cadet branch of the dynasty. On the obverse of his coins, he is portrayed with a cap. On the reverse, a fire altar is depicted, with an inscription circled around it. Farn-Sasan is the only king known to show a fire altar on coins originating from Sakastan. Around the same time, another king issued coins with a similar fire-altar depicted on it, which was the Sasanian ruler Ardashir I (r. 224–242), who around the same time was extending his domains into the east. It is uncertain if Farn-Sasan copied the iconography of Ardashir I's reverse coins, or vice versa. The resemblance of the coinage of Farn-Sasan and the Sasanian Ardashir I, including the shared name Sasan—a name popular in the Indo-Parthian realm—suggests that the Sasanians and Indo-Parthians possibly shared a common ancestry. Modern historians regard them as rivals and claimants to the title of King of Kings. The Iranologist Khodadad Rezakhani argues that Farn-Sasan was a superior of Ardashir I, and that the latter was only able to declare himself Kings of Kings after he defeated Farn-Sasan in 226, which marked the end of Indo-Parthian rule.	[ "## Etymology", "## Biography" ]	665	11,159
43,325,492	The Boat Race 1959	1,118,864,804	null	[ "1959 in English sport", "1959 sports events in London", "March 1959 sports events in the United Kingdom", "The Boat Race" ]	The 105th Boat Race took place on 28 March 1959. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. It was won by Oxford by six lengths in a time of 18 minutes 52 seconds, their first victory in five years. The victory took the overall record to 58–46 in Cambridge's favour. During the buildup to the race, a number of the returning Oxford crew attempted to oust both coach Hugh "Jumbo" Edwards and Oxford University Boat Club president Ronnie Howard. Cambridge stated that they would only row against the president's crew and Oxford's college boat club captains voted in favour of Howard. ## Background The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). First held in 1829, the race takes place on the 4.2-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and as of 2014, broadcast worldwide. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1958 race by 3+1⁄2 lengths, and led overall with 58 victories to Oxford's 45 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877). Cambridge had won the four previous races, and had lost only three times since the Second World War. Cambridge were coached by Harry Almond (who rowed for Cambridge in the 1950 and 1951 races), James Crowden (who rowed twice for Cambridge, in the 1951 and 1952 races), Harold Rickett (who rowed in the 1930, 1931 and 1932 races) and J. J. Vernon (who rowed in the 1955 race). Oxford's coach was Olympic rower Hugh "Jumbo" Edwards who had spectacularly collapsed in the 1926 race, and returned to the Oxford Blue Boat for the 1930 race. The race was umpired by George Douglas Clapperton who had coxed Oxford in the 1923 and 1924 races. He later umpired in the 1967 boat race. The 1958 Dark Blue boat was "built around" tall Yale graduate Reed Rubin and that year's loss created friction, so much so that he and the other Oxford Blues suggested that Edwards should go to the United States to see the coaching methods that helped the successful Yale crew which contributed seven of the nine crew in the gold medal-winning men's eight at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Rubin himself stood for Oxford University Boat Club presidency against Ronnie Howard (who had rowed for Isis the previous year). Although standing in opposition, Howard agreed with Rubin that more emphasis should be placed on technique than fitness training. Howard was elected, by a single vote, and took the responsibility of selecting both the coach and the crew. In late 1958, Rubin urged Howard to adopt the Yale training regime and to drop Edwards for a Yale coach, or even Rubin himself. Howard refused, and Rubin decided to prepare of crew of his own which would include all six of the returning Blues and new recruits such as American Olympic gold medallist Charlie Grimes. He demanded of Howard that his "pirate" crew be allowed to train independently and challenged him to race for the right to represent Oxford in the Boat Race. Howard refused, stating of the mutineers "if they maintain their point of view I shall do without them ... I have no sympathy for these people". At a meeting of boat club captains to discuss the future of the Torpids, Howard was presented with a letter offering him their full support. Cambridge University Boat Club president Mike Maltby, in an interview with student newspaper Varsity, supported Howard by stating that the Light Blues would not row against any crew that did not have the full support of the Oxford president. Rubin stated that he would not row in Howard's boat under any circumstances – the mutiny was quashed. ## Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 13.75 lb (82.2 kg), 1 pound (0.5 kg) per rower more than their opponents. Oxford's crew included four of the former rebels, Douglas-Mann, Fage, Edwards and cox Julian Rowbotham. Cambridge saw three rowers with Boat Race experience return to the crew: J. R. Giles, D. C. Christie and Maltby. Cox James Sulley also returned to steer the boat for a second year. There were no non-British registered participants in the race. ## Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station, handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford. Clapperton started the race at 3:15 p.m. in good conditions with a light breeze. Although Cambridge started at a higher stroke rate, Oxford held a canvas-length lead after the first minute. Still outrating the Dark Blues, Cambridge steered towards opponents who held a half-length lead by Craven Steps. Rowbotham held his course, steering close to Beverley Brook, before taking a clear water advantage. Sulley dropped the Cambridge boat in behind Oxford, with a quarter of a length of open water between the two as they passed the Mile Post. The Dark Blues reduced their rating but still passed below Hammersmith Bridge with an eight-second advantage. Despite a spurt from Maltby, Oxford reached Chiswick Steps twelve seconds ahead, and by Barnes Bridge were five lengths up. Oxford continued to draw away and won by six lengths in a time of 18 minutes 52 seconds. It was Oxford's largest margin of victory since the 1912 race, and their fastest time since the 1911 race. According to the rowing correspondent of The Times, "everything went exactly according to the book, an occurrence so rare that a good many people doubted that it could happen." A writer for The Illustrated London News stated that "the result was a great triumph for Group Captain H. R. A. Edwards, Oxford's sole coach, and for R. L. Howard, the Oxford President, who had to deal with the revolt — over rowing styles — in the Boat Club last autumn."	[ "## Background", "## Crews", "## Race" ]	1,320	27,659
13,872,342	Scanisaurus	1,158,383,189	Extinct genus of reptiles	[ "Campanian life", "Cretaceous Sweden", "Fossil taxa described in 1960", "Fossils of Sweden", "Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs of Europe", "Sauropterygian genera", "Scania" ]	Scanisaurus is a dubious genus of plesiosaur that lived in what is now Sweden and Russia during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. The name Scanisaurus means "Skåne lizard", Skåne being the southernmost province of Sweden, where a majority of the fossils referred to the genus have been recovered. The genus contains one species, S. nazarowi, described in 1911 by Nikolay Bogolyubov as a species of Cimoliasaurus based on a single vertebral centrum discovered near Orenburg, Russia. S. nazarowi was separated into its own genus by Per-Ove Persson in 1959 after several differences were observed between the Russian centra and new fossils from Skåne and the type species of Cimoliasaurus. Due to the limited type material and the lack of diagnostic features in the Swedish fossils confidently separating Scanisaurus from other Late Cretaceous elasmosaurids, the genus is of questionable validity, though it continues to be used in practice. Scanisaurus fossils have mainly been found in the Kristianstad Basin in northwestern Skåne, where they represent the most common plesiosaur fossils. Scanisaurus shared its environment with a diverse marine fauna, including many other marine reptiles. It would have been a middle trophic-level predator, about 4–5 meters (13–16 ft) in length, and would have been able to feed both in open water and on the sea floor, likely feeding mainly on small prey such as small fish or belemnites. ## History of research In 1911, Russian mathematician, physicist and paleontologist Nikolay Bogolyubov described a Late Cretaceous posterior cervical (neck) vertebral centrum discovered near Orenburg, Russia. Bogolyubov referred the centrum to the plesiosaur genus Cimoliasaurus and believed it to represent a new species, which he named C. nazarowi. Bogolyubov compared the centrum with those of other plesiosaurs and found it to be most similar to a vertebra referred to Cimoliasaurus sp. from the Cenomanian Quiriquina Formation of Quiriquina Island, Chile and to vertebrae referred to Cimoliasaurus magnus, the type species of Cimoliasaurus. The main distinguishing feature used by Bogolyubov to justify the creation of a new species was that his centrum was wider than other centra referred to Cimoliasaurus.In 1959, Swedish paleontologist Per-Ove Persson examined the fragmentary plesiosaur fossil record of Late Cretaceous Skåne in southern Sweden, primarily recovered from fossil sites within the Kristianstad Basin (many from the island of Ivö) and from south-western Skåne. He found that cervical vertebral centra from Skåne accorded so well with the vertebra described by Bogolyubov that they "must belong to one and the same genus". Furthermore, Persson noted several differences between Bogolyubov's centrum and the Swedish material and the fossils of C. magnus, and considered C. nazarowi distinct enough to warrant being placed in a separate genus. Persson named this new genus Scanisaurus, meaning "Skåne lizard". Persson noted that S. nazarowi remained an "undefinable" species since it remains based on only a single vertebral centrum, but felt confident that the Swedish material was referrable to the species since it did not differ in any essential points from Bogolyubov's fossil. Persson noted that the Swedish fossils were the same species "with a fairly great degree of probabilty" and provisionally designated them as S. cf. nazarowi. There were three principal characteristics Persson perceived to differentiate Scanisaurus from Cimoliasaurus. First, in Cimoliasaurus, the ribs were fused to the vertebrae with at least the pre-pectoral centra, whilst in Scanisaurus the cervical ribs were fused to the centra by only the sutures. Second, the length of the posterior cervical centra decreased towards the head in Cimoliasaurus, while the opposite was true in Scanisaurus. Third, the cervical centra of Scanisaurus were broader proportional to their length than the corresponding centra of Cimoliasaurus. Because centra referred to S. cf. nazarowi were far more common in the Swedish fossil sites compared to centra from other plesiosaurs, Persson concluded that S. cf. nazarowi was "obviously the most common plesiosaurian" in Late Cretaceous Skåne. With this in mind, he also referred the most common type of plesiosaur teeth found, some of which had been found in association with S. cf. nazarowi vertebrae, to the species as well, alongside associated ossifications of humeri and femora. In 1995, in an examination of material referred to the invalid species Plesiosaurus houzeaui (found in Belgium), French paleontologist Nathalie Bardet and Belgian paleontologist Pascal Godefroit discussed other questionable plesiosaur species from Europe. Bardet and Godefroit noted that though Persson had referred the Swedish material to several different elasmosaurid genera, including Scanisaurus and Elasmosaurus, the fossils only possessed the necessary characteristics to be referred to the Elasmosauridae, not a particular genus or species. Though the material referred to S. cf. nazarowi, consisting of vertebrae, teeth and limb bones, was more complete than the material referred to Elasmosaurus, it was deemed to lack any diagnostic features with which it could be differentiated from other Late Cretaceous elasmosaurids. Though Scanisaurus for this reason is typically no longer considered a valid taxon (constituting a nomen dubium), the name continues to be used in practice. In 1996, Persson provisionally referred a crushed reptile skull recovered from Ignaberga quarry in the Kristianstad Basin to Scanisaurus sp., since two tooth fragments associated with the fossil showed the same striation pattern as in the teeth referred to S. cf. nazrowi. Though the skull is too crushed to give much useful anatomical information, it is the only cranial fossil referred to Scanisaurus (with the exception of teeth) and demonstrates that its head was comparatively larger than the heads of other dolichodiran plesiosaurs. ## Description Scanisaurus was a "dolichodiran" (i.e. long-necked) plesiosaur, albeit one with a neck relatively shorter than those of some of its relatives (such as Elasmosaurus). It has sometimes been described as a "mesodiran" plesiosaur, with a larger head and shorter neck relative to other dolichodiran genera. It was likely similar to other relatively short-necked elasmosaurids, such as Cimoliasaurus and the genera in the subfamily Aristonectinae. Based on the size of its fossils and comparisons with the proportions of other plesiosaurs, Scanisaurus probably reached 4–5 meters (13–16 ft) in length. ## Classification Persson wrote that most of the known characteristics Scanisaurus agreed well with the characteristics of the Elasmosauridae. However, Persson did not consider the genus to represent a typical elasmosaurid and noted that it differed in one essential feature; the cervical centra of Scanisaurus were shorter and broader than those of other elasmosaurids. With this in mind, Persson suggested that Scanisaurus could be a representative of a new family of Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs, possibly a group intermediate between pliosaurs such as the polycotylids and elasmosaurids. Because Scanisaurus was far more similar to elasmosaurids than it was to polycotylids, Persson provisionally referred the genus to the Elasmosauridae. In 1960, Persson referred both Cimoliasaurus and Scanisaurus to a new family of mesodiran plesiosaurs, which he dubbed the Cimoliasauridae. In 1963, Persson also referred Aristonectes to the Cimoliasauridae on account of perceived close resemblances with fossil material of Cimoliasaurus and Scanisaurus in the length-width ratio of the cervical centra. Cimoliasauridae was placed as the sister group to Polycotylidae, but a 2009 revision of the type fossils of Cimoliasaurus by American paleontologist F. Robin O'Keefe and Canadian paleontologist Hallie P. Street showed that Cimoliasaurus belonged to the Elasmosauridae, making the Cimoliasauridae synonymous with the Elasmosauridae. A 2011 re-examination of the cervical vertebrae referred to Scanisaurus by Swiss paleontologist Christian Foth and German paleontologists Johannes Kalbe and René Kautz suggested that Scanisaurus being placed in the Elasmosauridae was plausible. The well-defined ossified articular margins and binocular-shaped articular faces of the centra, combined with their relatively short length, are features shared between Scanisaurus and other elasmosaurids. Modern research thus tends to place Scanisaurus in the Elasmosauridae, though its precise position within the family is uncertain. ## Paleoecology Most of the fossils referred to Scanisaurus cf. nazarowi have been recovered from fossil sites within the Kristianstad Basin, where, according to Persson, S. cf. nazarowi fossils represent the most common plesiosaur fossils found. During the Campanian, the Kristianstad Basin was a subtropical to temperate shallow inland sea home to a diverse marine fauna characteristic of shallow marine life of an inner shelf community and included abundant algae, brachiopods, bryozoans, molluscs (including bivalves, gastropods, belemnites and the ammonites), sea urchins, serpulids, decapods and sponges. Additionally, fish (including a vast array of sharks) were also common and fossils of many species of reptiles, most of them marine, have also been found, including mosasaurs, sea turtles, crocodylomorphs and a few dinosaurs. There were also three to five other plesiosaur species (two species of Elasmosaurus, one or two polycotylids and potentially another species of Scanisaurus, represented by the 1996 skull and isolated teeth). Mosasaur bite marks have been found on plesiosaur bones recovered from the basin. A 2017 study by Swedish paleontologists Benjamin P. Kear, Dennis Larsson and Johan Lindgren and Slovak paleontologist Martin Kundrát interpreted Scanisaurus as a middle trophic-level predator that would have been able to feed both in open water and on the sea floor. Kear and colleagues drew this conclusion from the fact that elasmosaurid teeth were both structurally fragile and took more time to replace than the teeth of other reptiles, meaning that elasmosaurids such as Scanisaurus would probably have kept to easily subdued prey to minimize the potential for damage, making them ecologically optimized towards middle trophic level aquatic predation. The sharp and elongated teeth of Scanisaurus indicates that they were used to smash or pierce smaller prey such as small fish or belemnites. Stomach content from other plesiosaurs has revealed a wide variety of prey, including bottom-dwelling invertebrates (i.e. gastropods and bivalves), fish, pterosaurs and ammonites. ## In popular culture A fountain by the name Scanisaurus was constructed in Bromölla, a town close to Ivö, by artist Gunnar Nyland in 1971. The fountain depicts two plesiosaurs, one male and one female, sunbathing on a rock on the ancient Ivö island. The sculptures are made of around 3000 parts of shaped ceramics on bodies made of reinforced concrete. Locally in Sweden, plesiosaurs and Scanisaurus in particular are often referred to as "svanödlor" ("swan lizards") or "svanhalsödlor" ("swan-neck lizards"). ## See also - List of plesiosaur genera - Timeline of plesiosaur research	[ "## History of research", "## Description", "## Classification", "## Paleoecology", "## In popular culture", "## See also" ]	2,667	14,337
56,883,215	Marlon Bundo's A Day in the Life of the Vice President	1,156,267,969	Children's book by Charlotte Pence	[ "2018 children's books", "American children's books", "American picture books", "Books about American politicians", "Children's books about rabbits and hares", "Mike Pence", "Regnery Publishing books", "White House in fiction" ]	Marlon Bundo's A Day in the Life of the Vice President is a 2018 children's book by Charlotte Pence as author and Karen Pence as illustrator. It details a fictional day in the life of Marlon Bundo, pet rabbit of Vice President of the United States Mike Pence, father of Charlotte and husband of Karen. It received lukewarm reviews from professional critics, who praised the illustrations but found fault with the prose. ## Concept The book is an educational story explaining to children what the job of Vice President of the United States entails as seen through the eyes of the Pence family pet rabbit Marlon Bundo. The book was announced on the Instagram account dedicated to Marlon Bundo on September 15, 2017. Second Lady Karen Pence, a former teacher and a watercolor artist, painted the book's illustrations over a period of about four months. The book was released on March 19, 2018, by the children's arm of Regnery Publishing, a conservative book publisher. A book tour stopped at military bases, the Nixon and Reagan presidential libraries, and the conservative nonprofit organization Focus on the Family. Proceeds from the book's sales were to be donated to Tracy's Kids – an art therapy program Karen Pence brought to the Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis – and The A21 Campaign, a nonprofit organization working to end human trafficking. Two of Karen Pence's original watercolors for the book illustrations were also auctioned to raise money for Tracy's Kids. ### The rabbit Charlotte Pence acquired the rabbit that became the book's lead character when she was a film school student at Chicago's DePaul University in 2013. The rabbit was later named Marlon Bundo after the seller asked Pence to make an offer on the rabbit. This was taken as a reference to Marlon Brando's Don Vito Corleone saying "I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse." in the 1972 film The Godfather. Pence featured the rabbit in a short film project and then kept him as a family pet. He is said to be well-behaved and is the first rabbit to have flown on Air Force Two, when the Pences moved to Washington, D.C. The Pences planned to take Marlon Bundo on the book's press tour. ## Plot The story details the experiences of Marlon Bundo, the Pence family pet rabbit and BOTUS (Bunny of the United States), as he follows Grampa (vice president Mike Pence) around for a day. Included are visits to the Oval Office, the Senate, the vice president's office, and the telescope at their home at the Naval Observatory. At the end of the day, Marlon joins the vice president in reading the Bible and praying before bed. ## Reception ### Commercial performance One week after the book's launch date, Regnery Publishing reported that Marlon Bundo's A Day in the Life of the Vice President was in its third printing, totaling more than 100,000 copies. Publishers Weekly estimated the book had sold 26,000 copies as of May 11, 2018. ### Critical reception On its launch date, a number of one-star reviews with negative comments were left on the book's Amazon page by non-buyers who favored the parody book, A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo. Later that day, it was no longer possible to review the Pences' book without purchasing it and one-star ratings from non-buyers had been removed. Kirkus Reviews called the book's illustrations "competent", the author's verse "execrable" and the publication as a whole "[a]nodyne at best", noting the absence of 'people of color' throughout the book and giving it a "skip it" rating. Similarly, Susie Wilde of The News & Observer praised the illustrations and criticized the writing, "Pence shows her skill at realistic watercolors and captures the cuteness factor of the real BOTUS.... The book fails when it comes to the text, though." Esquire mentioned the strained verse as well and called the book mediocre. Katy Waldman in The New Yorker also criticized the book's verse as "mostly embarrassing." ### Parody Charlotte Pence's book and Mike Pence's staunch opposition to same-sex marriage inspired Last Week Tonight with John Oliver writer Jill Twiss to author A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo. The story details the same-sex romance of rabbits Marlon Bundo and Wesley, who face opposition from a stink bug who is against same-sex marriage. A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo is billed as an actual children's story about marriage equality and democracy, rather than as a straight-up parody of Charlotte Pence's book, yet it includes some "definite digs" at the vice president. Charlotte Pence supported A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo, posting on Twitter a picture of herself and the real-life Marlon Bundo wearing a bow tie identical to the one in Jill Twiss' book, and saying on Mornings with Maria: "His book is contributing to charities that I think we can all get behind... I'm all for it." The official Marlon Bundo Instagram account also referred to Twiss' book in a positive light, stating "Not gonna lie, I do look pretty fly in a bow tie. The only thing better than one bunny book for charity is...TWO bunny books for charity." The Twiss book's profits were also given to charities, namely The Trevor Project and AIDS United. Conversely, Regnery Publishing initially criticized the release of A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo, saying that it was "unfortunate that anyone would feel the need to ridicule an educational children's book and turn it into something controversial and partisan." When the success of both books became apparent, Regnery complimented John Oliver and Chronicle Books for their sales figures, adding: "There's plenty to go around for everyone and, like Charlotte [Pence] said, we can all be happy the proceeds are going to a good cause."	[ "## Concept", "### The rabbit", "## Plot", "## Reception", "### Commercial performance", "### Critical reception", "### Parody" ]	1,243	5,517
60,602,171	Alopias palatasi	1,171,213,295	Extinct species of shark	[ "Alopiidae", "Fossil taxa described in 2018", "Miocene sharks", "Neogene sharks" ]	Alopias palatasi, commonly referred to as the serrated giant thresher, is an extinct species of giant thresher shark that lived approximately 20.44 to 13.7 million years ago during the Miocene epoch, and is known for its uniquely serrated teeth. It is only known from such isolated teeth, which are large and can measure up to an excess of 4 centimetres (2 in), equating to a size rivaling the great white shark, but are rare and found in deposits in the East Coast of the United States and Malta. Teeth of A. palatasi are strikingly similar to those of the giant thresher Alopias grandis, and the former has been considered as a variant of the latter in the past. Scientists hypothesized that A. palatasi may have had attained lengths comparable with the great white shark and a body outline similar to it. ## Discovery and taxonomy In 2002, rumors began about discoveries of a new type of large serrated shark teeth pertaining to an undescribed species of mackerel shark from Miocene deposits in South Carolina by amateur collectors and fossil dealers. While these fossils were often dismissed as teeth from other sharks such as the megalodon and the false-toothed mako (Parotodus benedenii), a consensus was reached that they were likely from a morphotype of the giant thresher Alopias grandis. Despite the large attention given by amateur collectors and fossil dealers, such fossils remained unmentioned in the scientific literature for many years. In 2014, a fossil dealer named Mark Palatas donated a single tooth to paleoichthyologist David Ward in hopes that it would spark a formal description. Ward subsequently initiated its research with his colleague Bretton Kent. The following year in October 2015, Ward and Kent presented a poster to the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology reporting the existence of the new species. In 2018, the two published a formal paper giving it the scientific name Alopias palatasi in honor of Palatas, and as a sister species of A. grandis. The two designed seven type specimens from the collections of the Calvert Marine Museum (CMM) and the National Museum of Natural History (USNM). The holotype is CMM-V-385, a right upper anterior tooth found in Bed 12 of the Calvert Formation cliffs near Parkers Creek. Six paratypes were also designated: CMM-V-3876, a heavily worn tooth found at the beaches at the Flag Ponds Nature Park that was reworked from either the Choptank Formation or the Plum Point Member of the Calvert Formation; CMM-V-3981, a right upper lateral tooth collected from the beaches near Parkers Creek; CMM-V-4242, a tooth from the beaches of Calvert County, Maryland; CMM-V-5823, a left lower lateral tooth and the tooth that Palatas donated, which he found in the downstream of the May River, South Carolina; USNM 411148, a tooth also found in Bed 12 of the Calvert Formation cliffs near Parkers Creek; and USNM 639783, a tooth also collected from the beaches near Parkers Creek. ## Description A. palatasi is only known from isolated teeth. They are large, measuring up to an excess of 4 centimetres (2 in) in height and suggesting a shark that grew to similar sizes or was larger than the modern great white shark, which grows between 3.3–4.8 metres (11–16 ft) on average and up to 6.6 metres (22 ft) in maximum length. The crown is arched and broad with cutting edges possessing coarse serrations that are largely irregular in size but become finer towards the tip. The root consists of deep root lobes and a strongly arched base. The A. palatasi dental structure is heterodontic, meaning that the shape of teeth differs between each tooth in a jaw. A. palatasi teeth are most similar in size and form to the teeth of its sister species A. grandis, the only main difference being the presence of serrations in the former. The size, broadness, and serrations of A. palatasi teeth are also convergently similar to the modern great white shark. The dental similarities between the two led Ward and Kent to hypothesize that A. palatasi may not have possessed the elongated tail seen in modern thresher sharks and instead may have had a body outline similar to the great white shark. ## Paleoecology The majority of A. palatasi fossils are known from Burdigalian to Serravallian deposits of the Calvert Formation in Maryland and Virginia, the Pungo River Formation in North Carolina, and the Coosawhatchie Formation in South Carolina. A. palatasi is also occasionally known from the Upper Globigerina Limestone in Malta, which suggests that its distribution was not restricted to the western Atlantic, but extended into the Mediterranean. However, A. palatasi fossils have not been found elsewhere in the Old World, though teeth of A. grandis have been found in Belgium. The United States East Coast localities have yielded a diverse and rich assemblage of marine vertebrates. The Calvert Formation holds twelve genera of cetaceans such as the proto-dolphins Squalodon, Kentriodon, and Eurhinodelphis, the physeteroid Orycterocetus, the mysticetes Mesocetus and Eobalaenoptera, and unspecified beaked whales. Other marine mammals include pinnipeds such as the earless seal Leptophoca. Of the sharks, fourteen genera are known from the Calvert Formation. These include various species of makos, Carcharhinus sharks, tiger sharks, thresher sharks, the giant snaggletooth Hemipristis serra, the early great white Cosmopolitodus hastalis, Parotodus benedenii, Notorynchus, and the otodontids megalodon and its direct ancestor Carcharocles chubutensis. The Pungo River and Coosawhatchie Formations hold similar assemblages of marine vertebrates. It is notable that A. palatasi fossils have been typically found comingled with C. chubutensis.	[ "## Discovery and taxonomy", "## Description", "## Paleoecology" ]	1,317	35,592
49,695,251	Liksom en Herdinna, högtids klädd	1,091,383,253	Song by the 18th century Swedish bard Carl Michael Bellman	[ "1790 compositions", "Fredmans epistlar", "Swedish songs" ]	Liksom en Herdinna, högtids klädd ("Like a Shepherdess, festively dressed"), is a song by the Swedish poet and performer Carl Michael Bellman from his 1790 collection, Fredman's Epistles, where it is No. 80. The Epistle is subtitled "Angående Ulla Winblads Lustresa til Första Torpet, utom Kattrumps Tullen" (Concerning Ulla Winblad's pleasure-trip to Första Torpet, outside Kattrump Tollgate). It is a pastorale, starting with a near-paraphrase of Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux's French guide to the construction of pastoral verse. That doesn't prevent the supposed shepherd and shepherdess from falling into bed drunk at the end of the song. It has been described as lovelier in Swedish than in Boileau's original French. The epistle's humorous depiction of the human condition has been praised by critics. ## Context ## Song ### Music and verse form Epistle 80 of Fredman's Epistles is dedicated to the poet and founder member of the Swedish Academy, Johan Henric Kellgren. The song has six stanzas, each of 8 lines. The rhyming pattern is ABAB-CCDD. The scholar of Swedish literature Lars Lönnroth states that the song form of the Epistle is a Siciliana, a musical pastoral piece. The music is in time and is marked pastorale. The source melody is unknown. ### Lyrics The song, written in 1789 or 1790, starts with a near-paraphrase of the French poet and critic Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux's classic 1674 L'Art Poetique, a guide on the construction of pastoral verse: The Epistle's tone soon departs from Boileau, as the nymph of verse 2 is a prostitute. Furthermore, a horse appears as a symbol of erotic energy, as it does in Epistles 70 ("Movitz vik mössan högt öfver öra") and 71 ("Ulla! min Ulla! säj får jag dig bjuda"), and this is juxtaposed with a mention of Ulla Winblad. However, Bellman displays a fine feeling for nature in the Epistle. ## Reception and legacy Bellman's biographer Paul Britten Austin describes the song "with its almost religious invocation of a shepherdess, 'clad for some solemn feast'" as "more lovely in Swedish" than in Boileau's French. He comments that in the Epistle, Bellman depicts the countryside just north of Stockholm like a John Constable painting, with "Mark how between meadows all awry/the Cot to the lake descends... Where farmer heavy on staggering wheel/Makes haste to his hearth and evening meal". However, he finds "quintessentially Swedish" the mood of high summer, with a swallow flying into the room, the cock crowing outside, and the bell of the village church ringing steadily. Everything is perfectly innocent until the last verse, when "Ulla, flat in the face of all Boileau-esque canons of what is permitted in a pastoral and forgetting all new-found respectability, falls into bed with her cavalier, both having drunk too much." Lönnroth writes that Bellman, who had begun to observe the human condition with nature's help in earlier Epistles, brought the approach to perfection with Epistles 71 and 80. He notes that the description of the rural environment and Ulla Winblad's way of dressing both respond to the classical ideal of tasteful simplicity without frills. The song perfectly fits Boileau's pastoral idyll, until the last two verses when the "shepherd" and his "shepherdess" throw aside their conventional masks and reveal themselves as "drunk, untidy, and not specially well-brought-up". Carina Burman comments in her biography of Bellman that Epistle 80 is one of six or seven new songs, in her view more classical in tone and better suited to print than Bellman's more strident Baroque verse of the 1770s. The Epistle has been translated into English by Eva Toller. It appears on the 1969 studio album Fred sjunger Bellman by the Bellman interpreter Fred Åkerström, re-released on CD in 1990, and on Mikael Samuelsson's 1990 Sjunger Fredmans Epistlar.	[ "## Context", "## Song", "### Music and verse form", "### Lyrics", "## Reception and legacy" ]	942	32,678
50,212,993	Kitty O'Brien Joyner	1,172,232,955	American electrical engineer (1916–1993)	[ "1916 births", "1993 deaths", "20th-century American engineers", "20th-century American women", "20th-century women engineers", "American electrical engineers", "American women engineers", "Daughters of the American Revolution people", "Engineers from Virginia", "Members of the National Society Daughters of the American Colonists", "Members of the United Daughters of the Confederacy", "NASA people", "People from Charlottesville, Virginia", "People from Poquoson, Virginia", "Place of death missing", "Sweet Briar College alumni", "University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni" ]	Kitty O'Brien Joyner (July 11, 1916 – August 16, 1993) was an American electrical engineer with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and then with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) upon its replacement of NACA in 1958. She was the first woman to graduate from the University of Virginia's engineering program in 1939, receiving the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award upon graduation. When she was hired by NACA the same year, she became the first woman engineer at the organization, eventually rising to the title of Branch Head and managing several of its wind tunnels. Her work contributed to research on aeronautics, supersonic flight, airfoils, and aircraft design standards. ## Early life and education Kitty Wingfield O'Brien was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, on July 11, 1916. Her father was an engineer, inspiring her to pursue the same career. After high school, she wanted to attend the University of Virginia (UVA). Virginia state law had allowed women to attend public universities since 1920, but UVA implemented several hurdles for women who wished to apply, requiring that they attend school somewhere else for two years first and be at least 20 years old. These requirements were still in place in 1935, when O'Brien would have applied, so she attended Sweet Briar College for two years between 1935 and 1937, then successfully petitioned UVA to gain admission. Not initially seeing an opportunity for women in the field, she told a Miami News reporter that "she had always wished she were a boy so she could follow his profession". The reporter wrote about her while she was in Florida attending an engineering conference at which her paper "Fluorescence, the Light of the Future" won second place among student work. Although the reporter remarked that "electrical engineering is scarcely considered a feminine profession", O'Brien used the opportunity to talk about how engineering presents a great opportunity for women and girls. In her time at UVA she was secretary of the Virginia branch of the American Institute of Electrical Engineering and member of the university's Trigon engineering society. She was also president of her sorority, Chi Omega, and president of the Woman's Student association. In 1939, she became the first woman to graduate from UVA with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering. She was selected to receive the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award, which the university gives to two graduating students each year "for excellence of character and service to humanity". ## Career The NACA Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (later the Langley Research Center) hired Joyner as a junior civil engineering aide in September 1939, making her their first woman engineer. At the time, the organization was expanding its aeronautics research and development in the time before World War II. Her career developed quickly, as she shifted her focus from civil to electrical engineering. Among her responsibilities was the management of the electrical systems for several wind tunnels, including supersonic wind tunnels, large, expensive facilities important to testing aircraft. She continued working at Langley for more than three decades, continuing at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) when it replaced NACA in 1958. By the 1960s, she achieved the title Branch Head of the Facilities Cost Estimating Branch, Office of Engineering and Technical Services. Over the course of her career at NACA/NASA, Joyner made contributions to research on aeronautics, supersonic flight, and the design of airfoils. Her work had implications for military and commercial flight applications, and she was influential in the production of aircraft design standards that continued to be relevant many years later. She retired from NASA in May 1971. Joyner was active in engineering organizations and societies. She was a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Honorary Life Member of the Engineers Club of the Virginia Peninsula. ## Personal life O'Brien married Upshur T. Joyner, a physicist who also worked at NACA/NASA, best known for his contributions at the NASA Langley Landing Loads Dynamics Facility. Together they had two children: a son named Upshur O'Brien Joyner, who died of leukemia at the age of 47 in 1990, and a daughter, Kate Bailey. In 1971, both Kitty and Upshur retired. They lived in Poquoson, Virginia. In addition to her professional and personal engineering activities, she was a member of the P.E.O. Sisterhood, Daughters of the American Colonists, and United Daughters of the Confederacy, which in 1992 presented her with the Winnie Davis Award, recognizing exceptional dedication or contributions to the organization. She also served as first regent and organizer for the Charles Parish Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, which named an annual scholarship after her. Joyner died on August 16, 1993, at the age of 77. Her husband died a few months later, in November 1993, at the age of 85.	[ "## Early life and education", "## Career", "## Personal life" ]	1,060	22,678
64,792,361	Decline and fall in Middle-earth	1,153,320,805	Theme of inevitable decline in J. R. R. Tolkien's fiction	[ "Middle-earth themes", "Themes of The Lord of the Rings" ]	J. R. R. Tolkien built a process of decline and fall in Middle-earth into both The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings. The pattern is expressed in several ways, including the splintering of the light provided by the Creator, Eru Iluvatar, into progressively smaller parts; the fragmentation of languages and peoples, especially the Elves, who are split into many groups; the successive falls, starting with that of the angelic spirit Melkor, and followed by the destruction of the two Lamps of Middle-earth and then of the Two Trees of Valinor, and the cataclysmic fall of Númenor. The whole of The Lord of the Rings shares the sense of impending destruction of Norse mythology, where even the gods will perish. The Dark Lord Sauron may be defeated, but that will entail the fading and departure of the Elves, leaving the world to Men, to industrialise and to pollute, however much Tolkien regretted the fact. Scholars have stated that Tolkien was influenced both by the fatalism of Old English poems like Deor and by the narratives of decline in classical Greek and Roman literature, especially Plato's tale of Atlantis which Tolkien explicitly linked to Númenor. Tolkien was influenced, too, by his fellow-Inkling Owen Barfield's theory that all modern languages derived by fragmentation from an ancient language that had a unified set of meanings. From this Tolkien inferred the division of peoples. As a Christian, he also had in mind the biblical fall of man from a world created perfect; this too is mirrored in the history of Middle-earth. The decline is shown in particular in the splintering of the created light through repeated re-creations. ## Background ### Tolkien J. R. R. Tolkien was an orphan, his father dying when he was three, his mother, a Roman Catholic, when he was twelve. He was then brought up under the supervision of a Catholic priest, Father Francis Xavier Morgan, in industrial Birmingham. The young Tolkien observed the growing city spreading over the English countryside that he had loved. He remained a devout Catholic all his life, and many Christian themes are visible in his Middle-earth writings. While at Oxford, he joined the informal literary circle of the Inklings, with C. S. Lewis and Owen Barfield among others. ### Likely sources The medievalist Tom Shippey suggests that the Old English poem "Deor" had a profound influence on Tolkien, and its refrain became central to his writing. Tolkien translated the poem's refrain of decline, Þæs ofereode, þisses swa mæg!, as "Time has passed since then, this too can pass". The classical scholar Giuseppe Pezzini writes that "narratives of decline" are common in the literature of ancient Greece and Rome. This is seen in Hesiod and Ovid, as the gods became more detached from the lives of mortals. Pezzini sees Arda's decline from its First Age "filled with Joy and Light" down to its "Twilight" Third Age as echoing the classical theme. More specifically, Plato's tale of decline in Kritias from the "decadent magnificence" of Atlantis to the humdrum life of Athens is "unambiguously and intimately" linked to Tolkien's Númenor, since Tolkien actually wrote of "Númenor-Atlantis" in his letters. ## Splintered light The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger has described in her book Splintered Light the progressive splintering of the first created light, down through successive catastrophes, leaving smaller and smaller splinters as the ages pass. In brief, the creator Eru Iluvatar forms the universe, Eä, with innumerable stars; these light the Earth, Arda, when it is created. Angelic beings, the Valar, live in the centre of Arda, lit by two enormous lamps, Illuin and Ormal, atop mountainous pillars of rock. The "Years of the Lamps" are abruptly brought to an end when the lamps are destroyed by the fallen Vala Melkor; the powerful fiery light spills out and destroys everything around it. The world is remade with new seas and reshaped continents, no longer symmetrical; the Valar leave Middle-earth for Valinor. The Vala Yavanna, goddess of plants, does her best to recreate the light, in the form of the Two Trees of Valinor, the silver Telperion and the gold Laurelin; they alternately brighten and dim, overlapping to create periods of "dawn" and "dusk". The light of the "Years of the Trees" is gentler than the lamps, lighting only Valinor: Middle-earth lies in darkness. The Two Trees exude droplets of light which the Vala Varda (who the Elves call Elbereth) catches in vats; she uses the dew from Telperion to shape bright new silver stars to give at least some light to the Elves of Middle-earth. The splintering continues. In the First Age, Fëanor, the most skilled of all Elven-smiths, makes his finest work, the three Silmarils, forged jewels containing some of the light of the Two Trees. The making of the Silmarils is timely, as Melkor returns, bringing the insatiable giant spider Ungoliant to devour the Two Trees and absorb all their light into her darkness. These contain the only remaining true light not poisoned by Ungoliant. Yavanna and Nienna manage to save the last flower of Telperion, which becomes the Moon, and the last fruit of Laurelin, which becomes the Sun. These splinters of light are formed into ships to cross the sky, steered by spirits. The Silmarils are fought over in ruinous wars, as narrated in the Quenta Silmarillion. Eventually all are lost: one ends up in the sea, one is buried in the Earth, and one is sent into the sky: by the grace of Elbereth, it is carried by Eärendil the mariner, forever sailing his ship across the heavens, appearing as the Morning and Evening Star (the planet Venus). The light is still visible, but is now inaccessible to Middle-earth. The island kingdom of Númenor has as its living symbol Nimloth, the White Tree, a seedling of another tree like Telperion, though it does not shine. The Men of Númenor become proud, cease to worship the One God, Eru Ilúvatar, and rebel against the Valar. The White Tree is cut down and burned. The Valar call on Eru Ilúvatar, who reshapes the world to be round. The island of Númenor is drowned, with most of its people, in a fall recalling both the drowning of Atlantis, as intended by Tolkien, and the biblical stories of the fall of man and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Isildur brings one fruit of Nimloth to Middle-earth; it grows as the White Tree of Gondor. Eventually the splinters become as small as the Phial of Galadriel, which she had filled with light gathered from her fountain as it refracted the light of the Star of Eärendil. The Phial enables Frodo and Sam to defeat the giant spider Shelob, descendant of Ungoliant, on their way to Mordor to destroy the Ring. The Ring contains the power of Sauron, the remaining servant of Melkor on Middle-earth. Thus the light begins in The Silmarillion as a unity, and in accordance with the splintering of creation is divided into more and more fragments as the myth progresses. At each stage, the fragmentation increases and the power decreases, mirroring the decline and fall of Middle-earth. ## Fragmentation of languages and peoples The Inkling Owen Barfield had a theory of language, described in his 1928 book Poetic Diction, that interested Tolkien. Indeed, according to C. S. Lewis, Barfield's theory changed Tolkien's entire outlook. The central idea, connected to Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy, was that there was once a unified set of meanings in an ancient language, and that modern languages are derived from this by fragmentation of meaning. Tolkien took the fragmentation of language to imply the sundering of peoples, in particular the Elves. He took the division into Light and Dark Elves from Norse mythology, but went much further, devising a complex pattern of repeated splitting, migrations, and wars between kindred peoples, seen especially in the sundering of the Elves. ## Successive falls The biblical fall of man begins with a perfect created world; an angel is tempted by pride, and falls, becoming a powerful evil spirit; it in turn tempts humans, who fall; they are cast out of the paradise-garden, which they can never re-enter, and must work for their living in the ordinary world. This pattern is mirrored in Middle-earth. The creator, Eru Iluvatar, sings the first music; one of the angelic spirits, Melkor, becomes proud and falls, singing in disharmony, and ruining everything that is made. This first fall leads to a sequence of catastrophes, including the destruction of the Lamps, then the Two Trees, then the wars over the Silmarils. Tolkien noted that reflections of the biblical fall of man can be seen in the Ainulindalë, the Kinslaying at Alqualondë, and the fall of Númenor. This pattern represents a profound spiritual pessimism. As a Catholic, Tolkien believed both in the fall of man, and in the redemption of Christians. This redemption might or might not be available, however, to pre-Christian pagans, even if, like Aragorn, they were clearly virtuous. Tolkien shared his pessimistic outlook with Norse mythology, in which he was an expert. Among those myths is Ragnarök, in which the Norse gods, the Æsir, are defeated by the giants, and the world is drowned. Shippey writes that the heroic Norse response to such a gloomy picture was defiance, a pagan Northern courage, appearing in The Lord of the Rings as a consistent good cheer, a willingness to keep going and to keep smiling, even in the face of apparent disaster. ## Fading of an imagined prehistory The Tolkien scholar Marjorie Burns notes in Mythlore that the "sense of inevitable disintegration" in The Lord of the Rings is borrowed from the Nordic world view which emphasises "imminent or threatening destruction". She writes that in Norse mythology, this process seemed to have started during the creation: in the realm of fire, Muspell, the jötunn Surt was even then awaiting the end of the world. Burns comments that "Here is a mythology where even the gods can die, and it leaves the reader with a vivid sense of life's cycles, with an awareness that everything comes to an end, that, though [the evil] Sauron may go, the elves will fade as well." Patrice Hannon, also in Mythlore, states that: > The Lord of the Rings is a story of loss and longing, punctuated by moments of humor and terror and heroic action but on the whole a lament for a world—albeit a fictional world—that has passed even as we seem to catch a last glimpse of it flickering and fading... In Hannon's view, Tolkien meant to show that beauty and joy fail and disappear before the passage of time and the onslaught of the powers of evil; victory is possible but only temporary. She gives multiple examples of elegiac moments in the book, such as that Bilbo is never again seen in Hobbiton, that Aragorn "came never again as living man" to Lothlórien, or that Boromir, carried down the Anduin in his funeral boat, "was not seen again in Minas Tirith, standing as he used to stand upon the White Tower in the morning". Since he was dead, Hannon writes, this was hardly surprising; the observation is elegiac, not informational. Even the last line of the final appendix, she notes, has this tone: "The dominion passed long ago, and [the Elves] dwell now beyond the circles of the world, and do not return." Hannon compares this continual emphasis on the elegiac to Tolkien's praise for the Old English poem Beowulf, on which he was an expert, in Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics, suggesting that he was seeking to produce something of the same effect: > For it is now to us itself ancient; and yet its maker was telling of things already old and weighted with regret, and he expended his art in making keen that touch upon the heart which sorrows have that are both poignant and remote. If the funeral of Beowulf moved once like the echo of an ancient dirge, far-off and hopeless, it is to us as a memory brought over the hills, an echo of an echo. The Lord of the Rings ends with the evident dwindling or fading away of all non-human peoples in Middle-earth - the Ents have no Entwives and so are childless; the Dwarves are few and live in dispersed, isolated clusters; the monstrous Orcs and Trolls that survived the Battle of the Morannon are scattered; the last of the Elves have sailed beyond the Uttermost West to Valinor, leaving Middle-earth forever; the Hobbits are few and might easily be overlooked; the Men of Gondor have a renewal of Elvish blood, one last time, through the marriage of Arwen to their King, Aragorn. All that is left is a world of Men, fading from past glories to the world of today, complete with the industrialisation and pollution of the planet that Tolkien so bitterly resented and regretted, as he described in "The Scouring of the Shire".	[ "## Background", "### Tolkien", "### Likely sources", "## Splintered light", "## Fragmentation of languages and peoples", "## Successive falls", "## Fading of an imagined prehistory" ]	2,901	10,938
21,080,599	Myriostoma	1,169,992,509	Genus of fungi	[ "Fungi of Africa", "Fungi of Asia", "Fungi of Australia", "Fungi of Europe", "Fungi of North America", "Fungi of South America", "Geastraceae" ]	Myriostoma is a fungal genus in the family Geastraceae. Basidiocarps resemble earthstars, but the spore sac is supported by multiple columns (instead of a single column) and has multiple ostioles instead of a single, apical ostiole. Until 2017, the genus was thought to be monotypic with a single, widespread species, Myriostoma coliforme. Recent research has, however, shown that at least six species occur worldwide. ## Taxonomy and phylogeny Nicaise Auguste Desvaux first defined and published the genus Myriostoma in 1809, with the single species Myriostoma anglicum (an illegitimate renaming of James Dickson's original Lycoperdon coliforme). In 1821 Samuel Frederick Gray described the superfluous genus Polystoma for it. Myriostoma was classified in the family Geastraceae until 1973, when British mycologist Donald Dring placed it in the Astraeaceae based on the presence of trabeculae (stout columns that extend from the peridium to the central core of the fruit body) in the gleba, and the absence of a true hymenium. In his 1989 monograph, Stellan Sunhede returned it to the Geastraceae. Molecular analysis of DNA sequences has confirmed the traditional belief that Myriostoma and Geastrum are closely related. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that the genus, previously thought to be monotypic, comprises at least six species worldwide. ## Etymology The generic name is from the Greek words μυρίος, meaning "countless" and στόμα, meaning "mouth" (the source of the technical term stoma). ## Description The fruit bodies start their development underground or buried in leaf debris, linked to a strand of mycelium at the base. As they mature, the exoperidium (the outer tissue layer of the peridium) splits open into 7 to 14 rays which curve backward; this pushes the fruit body above the substrate. Fully opened specimens can reach dimensions of 2–12 cm (0.8–4.7 in) from ray tip to tip. The rays are of unequal size, with tips that often roll back inward. They comprise three distinct layers of tissue. The inner pseudoparenchymatous layer (so named for the resemblance to the tightly packed cells of plant parenchyma) is fleshy and thick when fresh, and initially pale beige but darkening to yellow or brown as it matures, often cracking and peeling off in the process. The exterior mycelial layer, often matted with fine leaf debris or dirt, usually cracks to reveal a middle fibrous layer, which is made of densely packed hyphae. The base of the fruit body is concave to vaulted in shape, and often covered with adhering dirt. The roughly spherical spore sac (endoperidium) is supported by a cluster of short columns shaped like flattened spheres. It is grey-brown and often minutely roughened with small warts. There are several to many evenly dispersed mouths, the ostioles, mainly on the upper half of the endoperidium. They are roughly circular with fimbriate edges. Like earthstars, Myriostoma species use the force of falling raindrops to help disperse the spores, which are ejected in little bursts when objects (such as rain) strike the outer wall of the spore sac. The gleba has a cotton-like texture that, when compressed, allows the endoperidium to flex quickly and create a puff of air that is forced out through the ostioles. This generates a cloud of spores that can then be carried by the wind. There are columellae (sterile structures that start at the base of the gleba and extend through it), which are usually not evident in the mature gleba, but apparent at the base of the spore sac. The columellae are not connected to the ostioles, but rather, terminate within the gleba at some distance from them. The capillitia (sterile strands within the gleba) are long, slender, free, tapering, and unbranched. The spores are spherical, nonamyloid, and are ornamented with irregularly shaped flaring protuberances. ## Habitat and distribution Myriostoma species are saprotrophic, deriving nutrients from decomposing organic matter. Fruit bodies grow grouped in well-drained or sandy soil, often in the partial shade of trees. Typical habitats include deciduous forests and mixed forests, gardens, along hedges and grassy road banks, and grazed grasslands. Species have been described from Europe, Australia, Africa, South America, and Mexico; they are also known from North America and Asia.	[ "## Taxonomy and phylogeny", "## Etymology", "## Description", "## Habitat and distribution" ]	1,029	44,067
4,218,376	Superman: Ultimate Flight	1,141,654,698	Roller coasters at three Six Flags parks	[ "2002 establishments in the United States", "Flying roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard", "Roller coasters in Georgia (U.S. state)", "Roller coasters in Illinois", "Roller coasters in New Jersey", "Roller coasters introduced in 2002", "Roller coasters introduced in 2003", "Roller coasters operated by Six Flags", "Six Flags Great Adventure", "Six Flags Great America", "Six Flags Over Georgia", "Steel roller coasters", "Superman in amusement parks", "Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences attractions" ]	Superman: Ultimate Flight is the name of three flying roller coasters currently operating at three Six Flags amusement parks in the United States, those being Six Flags Over Georgia, Six Flags Great Adventure and Six Flags Great America. Each of these steel coasters were designed and built by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard and opened in 2002 and 2003. Since 2003, Six Flags has installed Superman: Ultimate Flight in three of their parks. Themed to the popular comic book character, Superman: Ultimate Flight simulates flying by positioning its passengers parallel to the track, supported by harnesses and facing the ground through most of the ride. In the station, riders board the train sitting down. After the train is locked and checked, the trains are raised into the flying position. After the ride, the seats are lowered back into the sitting position for the next round of riders. ## History The first flying roller coaster, in which passengers ride parallel with the track, was launched in 1997 at Granada Studios Tour as Skytrak Total. Shortly after, Bolliger & Mabillard began designing their own flying roller coaster. In January 2002, both Alton Towers in the United Kingdom and Six Flags Over Georgia in the United States announced their intentions to build Bolliger & Mabillard "Flying Coasters". On March 16, 2002, Alton Towers opened the first installation, Air. Less than a month later, Superman: Ultimate Flight opened at Six Flags Over Georgia in Austell, Georgia. Six Flags ordered two more versions of the attraction for the 2003 season for Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey and Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. Six Flags Great Adventure's version of the ride officially opened to the public on April 17, 2003. In preparation for the ride's installation at Six Flags Great America, the park removed Shockwave, an Arrow Dynamics roller coaster that was located on part of the park's parking lot. Grading works also had to take place to convert the parking lot into something more suitable for Superman: Ultimate Flight. The ride at Six Flags Great America opened on May 3, 2003. In 2006, a clone of the Superman: Ultimate Flight installations opened as Crystal Wing at the Happy Valley amusement park in Beijing, China. In 2019, the Great Adventure installation's rails were repainted red. ## Characteristics Whilst all three Superman: Ultimate Flight roller coasters are the same model, there are some differences between them. All three feature a top height of 106 feet (32 m) and a 100-foot (30 m) first drop. They all reach a top speed of 51 miles per hour (82 km/h) and feature two inversions. Superman: Ultimate Flight's signature element is its 78-foot-tall (24 m) pretzel loop; it was the first roller coaster in the world to feature one. A single cycle of the ride takes nearly 3 minutes to complete. The original version at Six Flags Over Georgia features a dual-platform loading station, permitting three trains to operate simultaneously. Each train has seven cars, with each car carrying four riders side-by-side in a single row. The other two versions use a more standard single-platform loading station. While this allows a maximum of only two trains to operate at a time, each train compensates by having one additional row for a total of eight rows per train. The length of the ride also varies between the locations. Both the Georgia and New Jersey installations feature a track length of 2,759 feet (841 m), while the Illinois version features a track length of 2,798 feet (853 m). The ride reaches its maximum speed of 51 miles per hour (82 km/h) at the bottom of the 78 foot tall (24m) pretzel loop, not on the first drop because the ride dives slightly below ground level. The New Jersey and Illinois versions were also built on what used to be sections of parking lot. Georgia's version was built on hilly terrain, and hence there is a short tunnel when the track enters the 270 degree helix leading into the heartline roll. All three roller coasters were manufactured by Clermont Steel Fabricators located in Batavia, Ohio. As its name suggests, Superman: Ultimate Flight is themed after DC Comics' Superman character. The track of all three rides is red, with yellow rails and blue supports. The rides' queues are contained within each ride's footprint and contain various elements of Superman theming. The installations at Six Flags Great America and Six Flag Great Adventure have dedicated gift shops near the ride's exit that sell a variety of DC Comics merchandise. ## Experience ### Station and loading Once in the station, riders of Superman: Ultimate Flight board a train sitting down, in a similar style to inverted roller coasters. Riders are restrained through a padded over-the-shoulder harness and a lap bar. At the ankles, two flaps hold the legs in position and close as the harness is locked in place. After the train is fully locked and checked, the trains are raised into the flying position and depart the station. ### Layout Superman: Ultimate Flight begins as the train turns to the right and begins to climb the 106-foot-tall (32 m) chain lift hill. After cresting the top of the lift hill, the train drops 100 feet (30 m) to the right at a 50-degree-angle, reaching a top speed of 51 miles per hour (82 km/h) and preparing to enter the pretzel loop. In a pretzel loop, a train swoops up to a height of 78 feet (24 m) before diving toward the ground, looping back under the starting point. At the bottom of the loop, riders face upward and experience strong, positive g forces. To complete the pretzel loop, the train climbs back to the top of the element, parallel to where it started. After exiting the element, the train then enters a 270-degree turn to the left, dropping back through the middle of the pretzel loop. Next, the train passes through two consecutive horseshoe turns, first to the right and then to the left. As the name suggests, Horseshoe turns are highly banked horseshoe-shaped turns which feature track entering from roughly the same direction as where it exits. As the train exits the second horseshoe, it swoops down and begins a 270-degree helix to the right, which leads into the ride's second inversion, an inline twist. The inline twist sees riders perform a full rotation around the track, starting from a position where they are facing downward. After completing the twist, the train reaches the brake run and a final right-hand turn that leads back into the station. ## Reception Superman: Ultimate Flight was generally well received. Arthur Levine from About.com rated the ride four out of five stars, describing the flying sensation as wonderful. He also praised Six Flags for the choice of theme, saying, "the Superman theme is ideally suited for the flying concept and adds a nice touch". Alex Bove of Ultimate Rollercoaster also reviewed the ride favorably: "From its comfortable restraints, silky ride and delightful pacing to its avian aesthetics, Superman: Ultimate Flight demonstrates B&M's unmatched attention to detail and their genuine desire to create enjoyable rides that surprise us over and over again". Jeremy Thompson of Roller Coaster Philosophy compared the ride unfavorably to Batman: The Ride, which also appears at all three parks: "Batman is gritty and intense and based on quick variations in the layout, while Superman is graceful and slower paced, based on creating a singular flight sensation, and quite honestly it's all a tad boring". However, he added that the "flying position does transform the ride experience into something relatively different from the rest". In Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards, Superman: Ultimate Flight was ranked in the top-50 steel roller coasters numerous times since its opening. It peaked at position 35 in 2004, before dropping off the poll in 2007.	[ "## History", "## Characteristics", "## Experience", "### Station and loading", "### Layout", "## Reception" ]	1,661	26,673
28,119,246	Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)	1,152,418,426	Byzantine emperor	[ "1050s births", "11th-century Byzantine emperors", "Byzantine junior emperors", "Doukid dynasty", "Sons of Byzantine emperors", "Year of death unknown" ]	Andronikos Doukas (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας), Latinized as Andronicus Ducas, was the third son of Byzantine emperor Constantine X Doukas (r. 1059–1067) and younger brother of Byzantine emperor Michael VII Doukas (r. 1071–1078). Unlike his other brothers, he was not named junior co-emperor by his father, and was raised to the dignity only by Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068–1071). He is otherwise relatively insignificant, and was not involved in the affairs of state to any degree. ## Biography Andronikos Doukas was born circa 1057, the third son of Constantine X Doukas and Eudokia Makrembolitissa. He studied under Michael Psellos, and several works survive that were compiled by the prominent scholars of the day to aid him in his studies: one treatise on geometry by Psellos and two philosophical essays by John Italos. Psellos also compiled a laudatory monody on Andronikos after the latter's death. Unlike his other two surviving brothers (the elder, the future Michael VII Doukas, and the younger Konstantios Doukas, who was a porphyrogennetos), he was not raised by his father to the position of co-emperor. Thus, and unlike them, he did not participate in the short regency of Eudokia that followed his father's death in 1067. It was only Romanos IV, who married Eudokia and thus succeeded Constantine X, who raised him to co-emperor, perhaps at Eudokia's request. This was also done for political reasons: the multitude of co-emperors, which soon included the two sons of Eudokia by Romanos, weakened the position of Constantine X's children in favour of Romanos himself. Furthermore, during his absence from Constantinople on campaign in the East soon after his accession, Romanos took Andronikos with him as a virtual hostage. During the reign of his elder brother Michael VII, Andronikos continued as co-emperor, and was even possibly raised above Konstantios in precedence. Curiously, despite his apparent lack of ability and purely decorative function as co-emperor, Andronikos is included in some later lists of Byzantine emperors, coming between Romanos and Michael VII. It is unknown when he died; D. Polemis surmised that it was after 1081, but Thomas Conley argues that he died in early 1077, since he is not mentioned during Nikephoros Botaneiates's attack on Constantinople in the same year. According to Psellos's monody, Andronikos was married and his widow died soon after him. He had no descendants.	[ "## Biography" ]	602	2,740
1,809,385	Nicholas Colasanto	1,167,849,507	American actor and television director (1924–1985)	[ "1924 births", "1985 deaths", "20th-century American male actors", "American male film actors", "American male television actors", "American people of Italian descent", "American television directors", "Bryant University alumni", "Burials in Rhode Island", "Male actors from Providence, Rhode Island", "Military personnel from Rhode Island", "United States Navy personnel of World War II", "United States Navy sailors" ]	Nicholas Colasanto (January 19, 1924 – February 12, 1985) was an American actor and television director who is best known for his role as "Coach" Ernie Pantusso in the American television sitcom Cheers. He served in the United States Navy during World War II. ## Early life Born January 19, 1924, in Providence, Rhode Island, Colasanto attended Bryant University (now located in Smithfield, Rhode Island) and was a decorated veteran of World War II, during which he served as a coxswain in the United States Navy. By 1951, he was a bookkeeper. Around 1954, he intended to work as an accountant for a company in Saudi Arabia. Inspired by Henry Fonda's performance in Broadway play Mister Roberts, Colasanto applied for American Academy of Dramatic Arts but was rejected, so he joined a small theater company instead in Phoenix, Arizona. He was of Italian descent. ## Career Colasanto is best known for his role as Coach Ernie Pantusso, a character in the television sitcom Cheers; his early acting career included a theatrical play A Hatful of Rain (1956), starring Ben Gazzarra, and another role that earned him an Obie Award nomination in 1962. He also directed episodes of many television series, including Hawaii Five-O, Starsky & Hutch, Bonanza, Columbo, and CHiPs. He also appeared in feature films, including The Counterfeit Killer (1968), Fat City (1972), and Alfred Hitchcock's Family Plot (1976). Colasanto was in demand as an actor and director but in the mid-1970s he was diagnosed with heart disease, which was exacerbated by his alcoholism. After twenty years of alcoholism, he became an active member of Alcoholics Anonymous from March 31, 1976, and became sober in the same year. In the late 1970s, he began having difficulty securing directing jobs as his health was declining. His last major film role was as mob boss Tommy Como in Raging Bull (1980). Colasanto was preparing to retire when the role of Coach Ernie Pantusso was offered to him on Cheers. Coach would become his best known role. By the third season of Cheers, Colasanto's health had seriously deteriorated. His fellow cast members noticed his weight loss, but Colasanto kept the severity of his illness secret. Shortly after the Christmas holiday in 1984, he was admitted to a local hospital for water in his lungs. Co-star Ted Danson later said Colasanto had difficulty remembering his lines during production of the season. When Colasanto was released from the hospital in the week of January 28 – February 3, 1985, after a two-week stay, his doctor recommended he should not return to work. Although he appeared in the cold opening of the third-season finale episode "Rescue Me" (1985), Colasanto's last full episode was "Cheerio Cheers" (1985), which was filmed in late November 1984. ## Death Colasanto died of a heart attack at his home on February 12, 1985, at the age of 61. A memorial service was held in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, and attended by the full staff and cast of Cheers. In addition, over three hundred mourners, including castmate John Ratzenberger, attended the February 16 funeral Mass at Holy Cross Church in Providence. Colasanto is buried in Saint Ann Cemetery in Cranston, Rhode Island. On April 19, 1985, Colasanto was posthumously awarded the Best Supporting Actor by Viewers for Quality Television, a non-profit organization that determined what was considered high-quality on television. Colasanto's character was written out of the show as also having died. The fourth-season premiere episode, "Birth, Death, Love and Rice" (1985), deals with Coach's death and introduces Colasanto's successor Woody Harrelson, who played Woody Boyd. Colasanto had hung a picture of Geronimo in his dressing room; after his death it was placed on the wall in the bar of the Cheers production set in his memory. Near the end of the final episode of Cheers in 1993, eight years after Colasanto's death, bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson) walks over to the picture and straightens it. ## Selected filmography ### Film - The Counterfeit Killer (1968) – Plainclothesman - Fat City (1972) – Ruben - The Manchu Eagle Murder Caper Mystery (1975) – Bert - Family Plot (1976) – Constantine - Raging Bull (1980) – Tommy Como, mob boss ### Television #### Actor - Cheers (1982–1985) – Coach Ernie Pantusso, co-bartender (final appearance) - The Streets of San Francisco – "Deathwatch" (1973) #### Director - Run for Your Life (1965–1968) - Ironside – "The Challenge" (1968) - Hawaii Five-O – "A Thousand Pardons, You're Dead" (1969), "To Hell with Babe Ruth" (1969), "Just Lucky, I Guess" (1969), and "Most Likely to Murder" (1970) - Bonanza – "Ambush at Rio Lobo" (1972) - Hec Ramsey – "The Detroit Connection" (1973) - Columbo – "Étude in Black" (1972) and "Swan Song" (1974) - Nakia (1974) – "No Place to Hide" and "A Matter of Choice" - Logan's Run – "Man Out of Time" (1977) - The Name of the Game - Starsky & Hutch - The Streets of San Francisco - CHiPs	[ "## Early life", "## Career", "## Death", "## Selected filmography", "### Film", "### Television", "#### Actor", "#### Director" ]	1,239	12,835
65,843,800	Boxer Ramen	1,161,168,387	Chain of ramen restaurants in Portland, Oregon, U.S.	[ "2013 establishments in Oregon", "Japanese restaurants in Portland, Oregon", "Ramen shops", "Restaurants established in 2013" ]	Boxer Ramen is a small chain of ramen restaurants in Portland, Oregon, United States. Micah Camden and Katie Poppe opened the original 30-seat restaurant in 2013, followed by a second in January 2015. Matt Lynch and Chris Thornton have since joined as partners. Boxer Ramen opened a third, fourth, and fifth location in March 2016, December 2017, and 2018, respectively. All of the restaurants closed temporarily in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; the two most recent closures have been converted into other restaurants operated in part by Camden. ## Description Boxer Ramen is a small chain of fast casual restaurants in Portland, Oregon. The original 30-seat ramen shop is located in Union Way, a multi-use retail "alleyway project" in the space formerly occupied by Red Cap Garage, in downtown Portland's West End. It has been described as a "sister restaurant" to Boxer Sushi, opened by Micah Camden in southeast Portland's Hawthorne district in 2012 and closed in September 2014. Three additional locations have opened since 2013. Their interiors feature pop art decor. Portland Monthly said of the original location's atmosphere and interior: "Micah Camden's neo-pop noodle house looks like a ramen shop designed by Lucky Peach magazine. Wu-Tang Clan bumps from the sound system and an entire wall is clad in a mural of three cute but devilish Japanese girls hovering over a chicken, pig, or tuna leaping from a ramen bowl." The restaurant on Albert Street features "utilitarian plywood decor" and umbrellas hanging from the ceiling, an alley spray-painted gold, and a mural described as "drawings of animal-people eating bowls of animal-people, like an anime episode of BoJack Horseman". Alexander Basek of Food & Wine said of the interior: "Boxer's generous use of hot pink and unfinished plywood for decor bestows Boxer's small interior with a work-in-progress vibe." The original restaurant accepted cash only and did not offer take-out containers, as of 2013. ### Menu When it opened, Boxer Ramen's menu featured noodle soups with noodles made by Sun Noodle Company and two types of broth: spicy miso and tonkotsu-shoyu. Within a year, two additional ramen options were added: shiitake, featuring a mushroom-pork bone dashi, and vegetarian yellow curry, with coconut milk, corn, stock, and tofu. Other soup ingredients include pork belly, scallions, and soft poached eggs. Rotating side dishes included Japanese pickles, ohitashi spinach salads, okonomiyaki tater tots, pork belly buns and pot stickers. Mochi ice cream shipped from Bubbies in Honolulu is available for dessert; flavors include passion fruit. The fourth Boxer Ramen location added a bowl with short ribs to the menu, along with cocktails, including a Moscow mule and yuzu-infused gin and tonic. ## History ### Original restaurant Micah Camden announced plans to open Boxer Ramen in April 2013. In August, he and co-owner Katie Poppe confirmed plans to open in late September, but there were some delays while the restaurant offered "soft openings" and "test dinners". October 9 was later announced as the opening date, but this was pushed back to November 1. Boxer Ramen hosted a "ramen free-for-all" on October 31, offering guests bowls at no cost from noon to 3:00 pm. The restaurant celebrated its first anniversary by offering half-price bowls from noon to 9:00 pm on November 1, 2014. ### Subsequent locations Boxer Ramen opened a second location in northeast Portland's Alberta Arts District, at the intersection of 21st Avenue and Albert Street, in January 2015. Camden and Poppe had applied for a liquor license by November 2014. The opening kicked off with a ramen bowl giveaway on January 22, and the restaurant initially operated from noon to 10:00 pm. It closed at 9:00 pm on all evenings, as of 2016. The soft launch for the third restaurant, housed in a space previously occupied by the Two Tarts Bakery at the intersection of Northwest 23rd Avenue and Kearney Street, in the city's Northwest District, was held on March 25, 2016. Camden and Poppe had applied for a liquor license for the restaurant by November 2015, and were joined by new co-owner Matt Lynch. Similar to the promotional giveaway for the original location, Boxer Ramen offered free ramen bowls on site from 4:00 pm–7:00 pm. The Northwest District restaurant has a 28-seat dining area with an additional 8-seat counter. It offers a similar menu as the first two locations, operating from noon–9:00 pm on weekdays and from 11:00 am to 9:00 pm on weekends, as of 2016. The trio opened a fourth location along East Burnside Street on December 1, 2017, slightly later than the previously announced opening date of October 15. Boxer Ramen hosted a similar on-site ramen giveaway on November 30. The 40-seat restaurant had a slightly expanded menu, cocktails, and happy hour from 10:00 m to midnight on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays. The restaurant was the largest of the Boxer Ramen locations. Plans for a fifth location in the Westmoreland, district of southeast Portland's Sellwood-Moreland neighborhood were confirmed in 2018. In January 2018, Portland Mercury said construction had recently begun on the 32-seat restaurant and anticipated a start by the summer season. Boxer Ramen supported Family Meal, a nonprofit organization supporting "food service and agricultural workers in need in a medical debt crisis", as of 2019. In addition to Camden, Poppe, and Lynch, Chris Thornton was named a co-owner of Boxer Ramen in 2020. ### COVID-19 pandemic When the COVID-19 pandemic prompted Governor Kate Brown to close indoor dining, Camden gave teams at all restaurants the choice of temporary closure or continuing as a take-out service. The Boxer Ramen teams elected to pause operations altogether. In September 2020, Camden said of the closures: "Boxer Ramen has always been one of my favorite restaurants. I have five locations. But nobody in the world orders ramen to go." The Burnside location had closed by August, and was converted into Rock Paper Fish, a seafood chain by Camden, Craig Peterson, and Ndamukong Suh. By July, the Sellwood restaurant was converted into a second location for Baes Fried Chicken, a fried chicken operation by Camden with Suh. Some Boxer Ramen staff continued to work at the satellite Baes, and new employees were hired as well. ## Reception Following the opening of the original restaurant, Michael Russell of The Oregonian gave Boxer Ramen a "B" rating and called the restaurant a "small step forward" for the city's ramen scene. He described the tonkotsu broth as "a salty Japanese carbonara" and deemed the dish Portland's best ramen. Russell also called the okonomiyaki tater tots a "cross-cultural stroke of genius". Willamette Week's Martin Cizmar said Boxer Ramen "delivers quick, hard jabs" and called the restaurant Camden's "greatest creation yet" (in addition to Boxer Sushi, his other projects have included Blue Star Donuts and Little Big Burger). Portland Monthly said the spicy red miso ramen "has addictive potential" and recommends the passion fruit mochi, described as "creamy and softly fruity, a Dreamsicle reborn". The Oregonian's Samantha Bakall wrote, "The hip, Southwest Portland ramen-ya is known for its tonkotsu broth, arguably the best in Portland right now. Boxer was one of our favorite ramen shops of 2014." She also included Boxer Ramen in her 2014 list of "50 great Portland-area restaurants where you and a friend can chow down -- and maybe even have a drink -- for under \$50". In his review, Ben Waterhouse recommended the pork-bone, shoyu, and tonkotsu broths, and wrote, "nowhere in town offers a bowl more like that you're likely to find after a long night of drinking in Shibuya". Chris Onstad of the Portland Mercury recommended the tonkotsu-shio ramen in his 2014 review, and complimented the service staff describing as "quick, remarkably knowledgable, and friendly to the point of actual charm". He did, however, criticize the restaurant for accepting cash only, and wrote, "It is claimed the noodles are brought in from a vaunted purveyor, but I would still like them to be a little more toothsome when first set down. If the same noodle is going to be used in all four dishes, as it is here, it deserves finer tuning. Quantity-wise, I always felt like I ran out three bites shy of satisfaction." In 2016, Willamette Week staff recommended the Northwest District restaurant during neighborhood visits, and Aaron Mesh questioned the Alberta restaurant's relatively early closing time. He wrote, "The puzzling part of a high-gloss take on the Tokyo ramen counter is that it closes at 9 pm. The starter menu ... would be impossibly popular at last call." Furthermore, he opined, "Camden's little big touches remain deft, even as he makes Portland look increasingly like a cartoon." The newspaper's Elise Herron ranked Boxer Ramen number six in her 2019 list of the "seven best places to get tots" in Portland, and wrote, "Seafood lovers will appreciate the fish flake-topped tots with sides of tonkatsu and creamy-spicy sauce." Boxer Ramen won in the "best ramen" category in Willamette Week's 2016 "Best of Portland Readers' Poll", and was runner-up in 2017 and 2020. Portland Mercury's Jenni Moore wrote in 2019, "Boxer Ramen's cool little space on Alberta has purposely exposed-but-glossed-over plywood walls, some pleasant mural art, and an only slightly alarming taxidermy raccoon riding in a canoe... They get extra points for bumping rap from the likes of Big K.R.I.T. and 2Pac, because yes, hip-hop does make my plant-based ramen more enjoyable." Fodor's has described the original location as "often crowded and convivial", and Thrillist said: "This place is all about creating a dish, executing it well, and selling it for a decent price in a good environment. Nestled at the front end of Union Way plaza, this place has been the best place to get ramen in Downtown since its opening, and a great place to stop for post-shopping lunch." Zagat gives Delta ratings of 4.0 for food, 3.9 for decor, and 4.0 for service, each on a scale of 5. The guide said, "Fans find extreme umami at these no-nonsense Japanese from Micah Camden ... that offer a simple menu of great, rich ramen plus a few side dishes; the compact spaces are not a place to go with groups, but speedy, solicitous service ensures a noodle-icious experience that hits the spot." ## See also - List of Japanese restaurants - List of noodle restaurants	[ "## Description", "### Menu", "## History", "### Original restaurant", "### Subsequent locations", "### COVID-19 pandemic", "## Reception", "## See also" ]	2,427	4,687
99,850	New Jersey Route 24	1,160,985,278	Highway in New Jersey	[ "Freeways in the United States", "Limited-access roads in New Jersey", "State highways in New Jersey", "Transportation in Essex County, New Jersey", "Transportation in Morris County, New Jersey", "Transportation in Union County, New Jersey" ]	Route 24 is a 10.42-mile (16.77 km) state highway in New Jersey, United States, that begins at a junction with Interstate 287 (I-287) in Hanover Township in Morris County, passes southeast through Essex County, and ends at a junction with I-78 in Springfield Township in Union County. The route is a four- to six-lane freeway for its entire length. The route was created in 1927 to run from Phillipsburg to Newark, replacing pre-1927 Route 12 from Phillipsburg to Penwell and Pre-1927 Route 5 from Morristown to Newark. The route was extended west to the new Easton–Phillipsburg Toll Bridge in 1938 but was cut back to U.S. Route 22 (US 22) in the eastern part of Phillipsburg in 1953. The western terminus was cut back further around 1970 to Hackettstown with the route west of there becoming part of Route 57. The freeway alignment of Route 24 between the John F. Kennedy Parkway and I-78 was completed in 1976. With the completion of this freeway, Route 24 east of the John F. Kennedy Parkway became Route 124. The freeway was completed between the abandoned Tri-Borough Road interchange and the JFK Parkway in the 1970s but was not opened until 1992, when the rest of the freeway to I-287 was completed after years of legal, environmental and budgetary problems. At this time, the alignment of Route 24 between US 202 in Morristown and the JFK Parkway became a western extension of Route 124 while the route was officially eliminated between Hackettstown and Morristown as it followed county-maintained routes. The former route between Hackettstown and Morristown is still referred to as Route 24 by many and is still signed as such due to local outcry. ## Route description Route 24 begins at an interchange with Interstate 287 in Hanover Township, Morris County, heading southeast on a six-lane freeway. The route interchanges with County Route 511 (CR 511, Whippany Road) with a westbound exit and eastbound entrance and crosses into Morris Township. Route 24 crosses back into Hanover Township, where it passes over County Route 623 (Park Avenue) and narrows to four lanes, and intersects County Route 510 (Columbia Turnpike) at a cloverleaf interchange near the Morristown Municipal Airport. Just past this interchange, the freeway crosses into Florham Park, heading southeast and passing through Madison before crossing back into Florham Park. Route 24 passes under Tri-Borough Road and enters Chatham Borough. An abandoned cloverleaf interchange exists at this location, as Tri-Borough Road was to be an extension of the Eisenhower Parkway. Route 24 crosses into Millburn Township, Essex County, widens to six lanes, and passes over the Passaic River. In Millburn Township, the route interchanges with Route 124, County Route 649 (John F. Kennedy Parkway), and River Road. This interchange provides access to The Mall at Short Hills. Past this interchange, Route 124 becomes a frontage road for the Route 24 freeway and the freeway forms the border between the city of Summit in Union County and Millburn Township. After bisecting the Canoe Brook Country Club, the highway interchanges with County Route 657 (Summit Avenue). Route 24 continues along the Summit-Millburn border until it fully enters Millburn and intersects County Route 608 (Hobart Avenue) with a westbound exit and eastbound entrance. Past this interchange, the Route 124 frontage road ends, with Route 124 following the freeway closely to the north as a two-way road, and Route 24 crosses into Summit before passing under NJ Transit's Morris & Essex Lines. The freeway then interchanges with County Route 512 (Broad Street) with a westbound exit and entrance and eastbound exit and County Route 527 (Morris Avenue) with an eastbound exit and entrance, entering Springfield Township. Route 24 continues southeast toward its terminus at an interchange with Interstate 78. ## History Route 24 follows the course of the Great Minisink Trail, and old Lenape trail running from Minisink Village in what is now Montague Township to Navesink. In 1801, the Morris Turnpike was legislated to run along this trail from Newton through Morristown to Elizabeth. In 1806, the Washington Turnpike was legislated to run from Morristown to Philipsburg. In 1916, both of these routes were incorporated into the William Penn Highway, which diverged from the Morris Turnpike at Springfield to service Newark by the old Springfield and Newark Turnpike, and diverged north to Hackettstown via Schooley's Mountain Road and modern-day Route 57. That same year, the state put a part of Pre-1927 Route 12 (from Phillipsburg to Penwell) and part of Pre-1927 Route 5 (from Morristown to Newark) on this route. In the 1927 highway renumbering, Route 24 was created to run from downtown Phillipsburg at the Northampton Street Bridge over the Delaware River east to Route 25 (now US 1/9) in Newark, almost completely superseding the William Penn Highway. The only diversion from that route was a proposed highway from Penwell to Long Valley, closely paralleling the Washington Turnpike. Two spurs of Route 24 numbered Route S24 were created in 1927, both of which were renumbered in the 1953 renumbering. The western Route S24 replaced the William Penn Highway and ran northeast from Penwell to Hackettstown, and is now mostly Route 57. The eastern Route S24 ran from Springfield to Elizabeth, and is now mostly Route 82. In addition, Route 24N was a planning number for the approach to the new Delaware River crossing (the Easton–Phillipsburg Toll Bridge) in Phillipsburg that opened in 1938. However, before the bridge opened, Route 24N was instead built simply as an extension of Route 24. Between 1938 and 1941, this segment was also designated as part of a rerouted US 22. In the 1953 renumbering, Route 24’s western terminus was cut back to US 22 in eastern Phillipsburg (removing the concurrency in that town) and the incomplete section of Route 24 between Penwell and Long Valley was bridged by signing the route along the former Route S24 and CR 517. Around 1970, Route 24 west of Hackettstown became part of Route 57. Plans for the Route 24 freeway originate in 1950 when a bypass of the many congested towns along the route was planned; this bypass was designated as a freeway in 1952. In 1959, the freeway was planned on its current alignment, running from I-287 near Morristown to I-78 in Springfield Township, with approval in 1960. In 1962, plans were made to extend the Route 24 freeway west to US 22 in Phillipsburg. In the 1970s, this western extension was cut back to US 206 in Chester. It was put on hold in 1982, largely because its route was planned through protected wetlands and forests. In 1970, the Route 24 freeway was planned to become part of a western extension of I-278, which would have run northwest from its current terminus at US 1/9 in Linden to I-78, which it would have followed west for a mile to the Route 24 freeway. However, this proposal was rejected by the Federal Highway Administration. Construction on the section of the Route 24 freeway between the John F. Kennedy Parkway on the Essex/Morris County border and I-78 began in 1967 and was finished in 1976. With the completion of this section, the former alignment of Route 24 between the John F. Kennedy Parkway and the boundary between Maplewood and Irvington, including frontage roads built alongside a portion of the freeway in the Short Hills area, was designated as Route 124. The section across Chatham Borough from the John F. Kennedy Parkway to shortly past the still-existing unused cloverleaf interchange at the Florham Park borough line, once signed as the Tri-Borough Road, a never-built southern extension of the Eisenhower Parkway, was built in 1973-74 but not opened as it did not provide any connections to existing roads. Plans were made to finish the rest of the freeway to I-287; however construction was halted for many years due to legal, environmental and budgetary problems. Construction finally began on this portion of freeway in 1988. Route 24 was finally completed through to the intersection with I-287 in Hanover Township on November 17, 1992, and at that time the Route 24 designation was limited to strictly that freeway. Following the completion of the freeway, the former signed route of Route 24 between the junction with US 202 in Morristown and the John F. Kennedy Parkway became a western extension of Route 124. The western portion between Route 57 and Route 182 in Hackettstown and US 202 officially had the Route 24 designation removed as the road has always been county-maintained rather than state-maintained. The New Jersey Department of Transportation has tried to remove signs from this section, but locals protested because of their familiarity with the Route 24 designation. Along this route, the road is known as CR 517 from the Morris County/Warren County border to the Long Valley section of Washington Township, CR 513 from Long Valley to Chester Borough, and CR 510 from Chester Borough to Morristown. This route is also known as Old Route 24 along with its names and county route numbers. ## Exit list ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Exit list", "## See also" ]	2,071	36,894
1,428,201	The Scientist (song)	1,168,850,773	2002 single by Coldplay	[ "2000s ballads", "2002 singles", "2002 songs", "Capitol Records singles", "Coldplay songs", "MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction", "Parlophone singles", "Rock ballads", "Song recordings produced by Ken Nelson (British record producer)", "Songs about science", "Songs written by Chris Martin", "Songs written by Guy Berryman", "Songs written by Jonny Buckland", "Songs written by Will Champion", "Willie Nelson songs" ]	"The Scientist" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The song was written collaboratively by all the band members for their second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head. It is built around a piano ballad, with lyrics telling the story about a man's desire to love and an apology. The song was released in the United Kingdom on 11 November 2002 as the second single from A Rush of Blood to the Head and reached number 10 in the UK Charts. It was released in the United States on 15 April 2003 as the third single and reached number 18 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 34 on the Adult Top 40 chart. Critics were highly positive towards "The Scientist" and praised the song's piano riff and Chris Martin's falsetto. Several remixes of the track exist, and its riff has been widely sampled. The single's music video won three MTV Video Music Awards, for the video's use of reverse narrative. The song was also featured on the band's 2003 live album Live 2003 and has been a permanent fixture in the band's live set lists since 2002. ## Background Lead singer Chris Martin wrote "The Scientist" after listening to George Harrison's All Things Must Pass. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Martin revealed that while working on the band's second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head, he knew that the album was missing something. One night, during a stay in Liverpool, Martin found an old piano that was out of tune. He wanted to work on Harrison's song, "Isn't It a Pity", but he could not manage to do so. When the song came to Martin, he asked that the recorder be turned on. He concluded by saying that he came across this chord sequence and noted that the chord was "lovely". Martin recorded the vocals and piano takes in a studio in Liverpool. When asked about the development of the song, during a track-by-track reveal, Martin said: "That's just about girls. It's weird that whatever else is on your mind, whether it's the downfall of global economics or terrible environmental troubles, the thing that always gets you most is when you fancy someone." The liner notes from A Rush of Blood to the Head, on the other hand, states that "The Scientist is Dan", a reference to Dan Keeling, the A&R man who signed the band to Parlophone. ## Composition "The Scientist" is a melancholic, piano-driven ballad written in the key of F major. The lyrics to the song allude to a man's powerlessness in the face of love. It begins with the main four-chord piano melody created by lead singer Chris Martin, then joined by the first verses. He is then accompanied by the rest of the band after the first chorus. In addition to the main piano melody, the music of the song is created by a string arrangement, harmony, acoustic guitar, with its rhythm being slow tempo drums and bass guitar riffs. After the second chorus, Jonny Buckland plays an electric guitar riff. ## Release Coldplay released "The Scientist" in the United Kingdom on 11 November 2002 as the album's second single. The single was pressed with two B-sides: "1.36" and "I Ran Away." While preparing for the song as the album's second release, the band's US label felt the song failed to "provide enough of a blood rush for American listeners"; instead, they released "Clocks" as the second single in the US. The song was released on 15 April 2003 in the US. In Australia, "The Scientist" was released as a CD single on 27 October 2003. The song appeared on Australian Singles Chart at number 40 on 1 November 2003. It appeared on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks at number 18. The song peaked at number sixteen at Canada Singles Chart. The song peaked at number 10 in UK Top 75 on 17 November 2002. The single's cover image was created by Norwegian photographer Sølve Sundsbø. Sundsbø originally created the image that would later be used as the cover art of A Rush of Blood to the Head for the fashion magazine Dazed and Confused, in the late 1990s. As with the album's other singles, "The Scientist"'s cover art features a black and white 3D scan of one of the band members, in this case drummer Will Champion. ## Reception "The Scientist" received widespread critical acclaim. Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone Magazine, in his review of the album, wrote: "The fantastic piano ballad 'The Scientist' ... [has] a cataclysmic falsetto finale that could raise every hair on the back of your neck." Nick Southall of Stylus magazine wrote: "The piano that chimes through 'The Scientist' is captured perfectly, the warm depression of each individual key caught rather than a shrill ringing as is so often the case." Ian Watson of NME wrote: "'The Scientist' is a song inexorably linked with the endless night sky and the secret hopes and regrets of a hundred thousand strangers." In October 2011, NME placed it at number 37 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". In 2009, Rolling Stone ranked it number 54 on its "100 Best Songs of the Decade" list. In 2018, the same magazine placed the track at \#50 in their "100 Greatest Songs of the Century" list. In 2019, Billboard ranked the song number five on their list of the 50 greatest Coldplay songs, and in 2021, American Songwriter ranked the song number six on their list of the 10 greatest Coldplay songs. ### Rankings ## Other versions "The Scientist" has been featured on two of Coldplay's live albums, Live 2003 (2003) and Live in Buenos Aires (2018). The song was covered live by Aimee Mann and released on a special edition of her album Lost in Space. Natasha Bedingfield and Avril Lavigne covered the song on Jo Whiley's Live Lounge radio show. Also, Belinda Carlisle did a live rendition on the ITV1 reality show Hit Me Baby One More Time. The British female quartet All Angels did a choral arrangement of the song on their second album Into Paradise, which was released in 2007. In addition, the American television show MADtv did a parody of the video, called "The Narcissist." Coldplay's original version plus a cover of the track performed by Johnette Napolitano and Danny Lohner were featured in the 2004 film Wicker Park. Allison Iraheta and Kris Allen performed an acoustic duet of the song at Oprah Winfrey's "No Phone Zone" rally in Los Angeles. In 2011, Willie Nelson covered the song for a Chipotle Mexican Grill short film titled Back to the Start, highlighting the problems of concentrated animal feeding operations. It also appears as the final track on his 2012 album Heroes. Nelson's version plays during the closing credits of the 2014 film The Judge. The song was used on 23 May 2011 episode of WWE Raw in a tribute video to wrestler "Macho Man" Randy Savage who had died three days earlier. The song was performed in the Glee episode "The Break Up" on 4 October 2012 by Cory Monteith, Darren Criss, Naya Rivera, Matthew Morrison, Lea Michele, Chris Colfer, Heather Morris and Jayma Mays. In 2014, Miley Cyrus covered the song at selected stops of her Bangerz Tour. Corinne Bailey Rae covered "The Scientist" for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker. The bluegrass group The Petersens covered the song in 2020. In 2021 Zucchero Fornaciari covered the song for his first cover album Discover. ## Music video The music video for "The Scientist" was notable for its distinctive reverse narrative, which employed reverse motion. The same concept had been previously used for Spike Jonze's 1995 music video for The Pharcyde's "Drop". The reverse-motion style had first been seen in 1989 for the video for the song "The Second Summer of Love" by Scottish band Danny Wilson. In order for Martin to appear to be singing the lyrics in the reversed footage, he had to learn to sing the song backwards, which took him a month. The video was filmed at various locations, including London and at Bourne Woods in Surrey, before the first leg of the A Rush of Blood to the Head tour. It was directed by Jamie Thraves. The video was shot between 30 September and 3 October 2002, premiering on 14 October. The video opens on Martin lying on a mattress. Martin is shown, in reverse motion, wandering through a variety of locations before falling on the mattress. After the second chorus, Martin is shown getting out of his car in the woods and an unconscious woman is shown, and it is revealed that Martin and the woman were involved in a car accident; the passenger went flying through the windshield because she was not wearing her seatbelt. Irish actress Elaine Cassidy portrays the female passenger. In 2003, "The Scientist" won multiple MTV Video Music Awards for Best Group Video, Best Direction, and Breakthrough Video. It was also nominated at the 2004 Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video but lost to Johnny Cash's video for "Hurt". On the 20th anniversary of A Rush of Blood to the Head, the band released a new version of the video in 4K resolution, which was restored and re-graded from the original 35 mm film. ## Track listing - "1.36" features Tim Wheeler of Ash on guitar. ## Personnel - Chris Martin – lead vocals, piano - Jonny Buckland – guitar, acoustic guitar - Guy Berryman – bass guitar - Will Champion – drums, percussion, backing vocals - Audrey Riley - string arrangement ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Certifications	[ "## Background", "## Composition", "## Release", "## Reception", "### Rankings", "## Other versions", "## Music video", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Certifications" ]	2,119	25,544
5,931,150	Shivalik-class frigate	1,173,289,334	Class of Indian stealth frigates	[ "Frigate classes", "Ships built in India", "Shivalik-class frigates", "Stealth ships" ]	The Shivalik class or Project 17 class is a class of multi-role stealth frigates in service with the Indian Navy. They are the first stealth warships built in India. They were designed to have better stealth features and land-attack capabilities than the preceding Talwar-class frigates. A total of three ships were built between 2000 and 2010, and all three were in commission by 2012. The Shivalik class, along with the seven Project 17A frigates currently being developed from them, are projected be the principal frigates of the Indian Navy in the first half of the 21st century. Four of the ships of the class were built by Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) and three by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), manufacturers of the Mahendragiri. The class and the lead vessel have been named for the Shivalik hills. Subsequent vessels in the class are also named for hill ranges in India. ## Design and description Project 17 was conceived in the 1990s to meet the Indian Navy's need for a class of stealthy frigates that were to be designed and built in India. The Directorate of Naval Design (DND)'s specifications for the project called for a class of "5000 ton stealth frigates (Project 17) incorporating advanced signature suppression and signature management features". The first three units were formally ordered by the Indian Navy in early 1999. Shivalik's design embodies many firsts in Indian ships. Shivalik is the first Indian naval vessel to use a combined diesel or gas (CODOG) propulsion system. The CODOG gearboxes were designed and built by Elecon Engineering. The main features of the class are its stealth characteristics and land-attack capability. The ships incorporate structural, thermal and acoustic stealth features. The vessels use 10 gigabit LAN for their network. There has also been an increased emphasis on crew comfort in this class of ships with more spacious accommodation being provided. Also, INS Shivalik is the first ship in the Indian Navy with chapati and dosa makers on board. ### General characteristics and propulsion The Shivalik-class frigates have a length of 142.5 m (468 ft) overall, a beam of 16.9 m (55 ft) and a draft of 4.5 m (15 ft). The ships displace about 4,900 tonnes (4,800 long tons; 5,400 short tons) at normal load and 6,200 tonnes (6,100 long tons; 6,800 short tons) at full load. The complement is about 257, including 35 officers. They use two Pielstick 16 PA6 STC Diesel engines and two GE LM2500+ boost turbines in CODOG configuration providing a total of 47,370 shp (35,320 kW) of power. This allows the ships to reach a maximum speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph). ### Electronics and sensors The Shivalik-class frigates are equipped with a wide range of electronics and sensors. These include: - 1 × MR-760 Fregat M2EM 3-D radar - 4 × MR-90 Orekh radars - 1 × ELTA EL/M-2238 STAR - 2 × ELTA EL/M-2221 STGR - 1 × BEL APARNA In addition, the ships use HUMSA-NG (hull-mounted sonar array) and the BEL Ellora Electronic Warfare suite. ### Armament The Shivalik-class frigates are equipped with a mix of Russian, Indian and Israeli weapon systems. These include the 76mm Otobreda naval gun, Klub and BrahMos supersonic anti-ship missiles, Shtil-1 anti-aircraft missiles, RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers and 6–324 mm ILAS 3 (2 triple)torpedoes. A 32 cell VLS launched Barak SAM and AK-630 act as Close-in weapon systems (CIWS). The ships also carry two HAL Dhruv or Sea King Mk. 42B helicopters. ## Construction and service All the three ships of the class were constructed at the Mazagon Dock Limited. The construction of the lead ship, Shivalik, commenced in December 2000. The ship's keel was laid in July 2001 and was launched in April 2003. It underwent sea trials in February 2009 before being commissioned in April 2010. The second ship, Satpura, was laid in October 2002. It was launched in June 2004 and commissioned in August 2011. The third and final ship, Sahyadri, was laid in September 2003, launched in May 2005 and commissioned in July 2012. All the three ships are named after hill ranges in India: Shivalik after the Sivalik Hills, Satpura after the Satpura range and Sahyadri after the Sahyadri range commonly called Western Ghats. The lead ship of the class, INS Shivalik, was deployed in the North West Pacific for JIMEX 2012 (Japan-India Maritime Exercise) with four other ships which included , a Rajput-class guided-missile destroyer, , a Deepak-class fleet tanker, and , a Kora-class corvette, and took part in India's first bi-lateral maritime exercise with Japan. The Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) was represented by two destroyers, one maritime patrol aircraft and a helicopter. After the deployment in the north Pacific, the battle group was deployed in the South China Sea. As part of India's Look East policy, the ships visited the Shanghai port on 13 June 2012, for a five-day goodwill tour. INS Shakti served as the fuel and logistics tanker to the three destroyers. The ships left the port on 17 June 2012. Before leaving the port, the ships conducted a routine passage exercise with the People's Liberation Army Navy. The second ship, INS Satpura, participated in the Malabar 2012 exercise with the United States Navy along with the Indian destroyers , , corvette and replenishment oiler INS Shakti. The other ships which participated in the exercise included Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1 of the US Navy, consisting of: USS Carl Vinson, embarked Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17, the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill and the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Halsey. Military Sealift Command's fast combat support ship USNS Bridge also provided support for the exercise. INS Shivalik participated in the PLAN's 65th anniversary celebrations held in Qingdao sailing 4,500 miles from Port Blair without any assistance from support ships. India, Indonesia and China conducted three high-level exercises including an anti-hijack exercise. ## Ships ## Gallery ## See also - Ships of the Indian Navy - List of naval ship classes in service - Nilgiri-class frigate - Indian Naval Air Arm - INS Shivalik (F47)	[ "## Design and description", "### General characteristics and propulsion", "### Electronics and sensors", "### Armament", "## Construction and service", "## Ships", "## Gallery", "## See also" ]	1,518	30,672
31,004,866	Indianapolis (Parks and Recreation)	1,165,667,132	null	[ "2011 American television episodes", "Parks and Recreation (season 3) episodes", "Television episodes directed by Randall Einhorn", "Television episodes set in Indianapolis", "Television episodes written by Katie Dippold" ]	"Indianapolis" is the sixth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation, and the 36th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 24, 2011. In the episode, Leslie and Ron travel to Indianapolis to receive a commendation, while Ann suspects Chris is cheating on her. Meanwhile, Tom tries to pitch his personal fragrance to a cologne maker while simultaneously bonding with Ben. Written by Katie Dippold and directed by Randall Einhorn, "Indianapolis" was the last of six episodes filmed almost immediately after the second season ended as part of an early shooting schedule needed to accommodate actress Amy Poehler's pregnancy. The episodes were ultimately held for several months due to a scheduling hiatus. It was originally intended to be the last episode featuring guest star Rob Lowe, but he became a permanent cast member after it was filmed. The episode features a guest appearance by actor Jason Mantzoukas as fragrance maker Dennis Feinstein. According to Nielsen Media Research, "Indianapolis" was seen by 4.59 million household viewers, an increase in viewership from the previous week's episode, "Media Blitz". The episode received generally positive reviews. ## Plot Leslie (Amy Poehler) and Ron (Nick Offerman) head up to Indianapolis to receive a commendation at the Indiana Statehouse for reestablishing the Pawnee Harvest Festival, although Ron is only interested in eating at Charles Mulligan's Steak House, his favorite restaurant. Ann (Rashida Jones) tells Leslie her last talk with Chris (Rob Lowe) reassured her their relationship was fine, but he has been acting distant since then. She asks Leslie to look for signs of whether Chris is cheating on her, since he has since returned to Indianapolis. Tom (Aziz Ansari) is attending a launch party for cologne maker Dennis Feinstein (Jason Mantzoukas) at the Snakehole Lounge, where Tom hopes to pitch his own cologne "Tommy Fresh" to him. Ben (Adam Scott) initially turns down the invitation because he does not want to get too attached to anybody, since his job will require him move soon. However, Ben relents when Tom invites him again at Leslie's urging (Ben also notes that "Dennis Feinstein" is an oddly ordinary name for a cologne designer, but Tom explains that Dennis' real name, "Dante Fiero", is considered less exotic here). Meanwhile, April (Aubrey Plaza) and Andy (Chris Pratt) are now dating, but Andy is worried he is too broke to take her out. Leslie and Ron visit Chris' apartment, where Leslie discovers a woman's razor and a pink swimming cap in the bathroom. Upon hearing this, Ann decides to drive up to Indianapolis to confront Chris. To Ron's horror, Charles Mulligan's has been shut down by Indiana's health department, so Chris invites everyone back to his place for food. To Ron's further horror, Chris prepares vegetarian dishes, and Ron nearly passes out as he had been starving himself with the expectation of eating at Mulligan's. At the launch party, Tom approaches Dennis, who insults "Tommy Fresh" and quickly dismisses Tom. Ben cheers him up and tells him not to give up on his dreams, admitting that he considers Tom his friend. Ben is happy when it is apparent that the parks department feels the same way. Andy and April, who are both broke, hold a contest to see how much free stuff they can get at the party, earning \$218 by posing as staff and accepting tips. However, they both feel guilty and give the money to the bartender. Ann eventually shows up at Chris' apartment and lashes out at him, but he explains he shaves his legs with the razor for swimming, and the pink shower cap was for swimming in a breast cancer awareness triathlon. However, he tells Ann they broke up last week during their talk; Ann realizes that Chris was so positive in how he ended the relationship that she was totally oblivious to it. Leslie decides not to attend the commendation ceremony so she can drive Ann home that night, cheering her up during the trip by telling her all the numerous embarrassing ways she has been dumped over the years. They end up at the Snakehole Lounge for the party to rendezvous with everyone else. As they all leave the party, Ben avenges Tom by pouring "Tommy Fresh" all over the inside of Dennis' parked SUV. Meanwhile, a starving Ron goes to a diner and, after being disappointed by the steak he orders, tells the waiter, "Give me all the bacon and eggs you have". ## Production "Indianapolis" was written by Katie Dippold and directed by Randall Einhorn. It was the last of six third season episodes that were written and filmed almost immediately after the second season ended as part of an early shooting schedule needed to accommodate Amy Poehler's pregnancy. However, although finished early in anticipation of a September 2010 release date, the series' third season was ultimately placed on hiatus until early 2011, many months after production on "Indianapolis" was finished. The episode "Time Capsule" was actually the last of the six to be filmed because it afforded the most opportunities for actress Amy Poehler to conceal her pregnant belly behind a variety of props, but "Indianapolis" as planned was the sixth episode of the season. Because of this, "Time Capsule" has an "easter egg" reference to the character Dennis Feinstein on the time capsule idea sheet before he appears in the show later in the season. "Indianapolis" was originally expected to be the final episode starring Rob Lowe, who was first scheduled to make only a string of guest appearances throughout the third season. However, after the episode was filmed, Lowe was signed as a permanent Parks and Recreation cast member, so his character returned in future episodes. Jason Mantzoukas made a guest appearance in "Indianapolis" as the fragrance maker Dennis Feinstein. The character and some of his fragrance brands have been mentioned in previous Parks and Recreation episodes, but this marked his first on-screen appearance. Mantzoukas portrays the character Rafi in the FX comedy series The League; he is the third actor from that show to appear on Parks and Recreation, as Nick Kroll previously guest-starred in the episode "Media Blitz", and Paul Scheer appeared in the episode "Kaboom". "Indianapolis" included a scene in which Leslie comforts Ann with stories about multiple times Leslie was dumped in the past, all of which were edited together in a series of jump cuts. The technique has been commonly used throughout the series to condense multiple takes of improvisation from Poehler. ## Cultural references Tom said Blackout, one of Dennis Feinstein's fragrances, was named one of the "top 100 ways to trick someone into sex" by Maxim, an international men's magazine. While proposing possible date activities to April, Andy suggests watching television at Best Buy, a consumer electronics retailer store. While describing one of his past meals at the steakhouse restaurant, Ron recalled having drunk a 16-year-old Lagavulin Single Malt, a type of Scotch whisky. Ben claims that his signature drink is Miller Lite, a very common brand of lager beer. Leslie reveals her nickname in high school was Angela Lansbury, an actress best known for her role on the television series Murder, She Wrote. Ben says because he moves around so much due to work, he does not become close with many people, and considers the acquaintances he makes the equivalent of Facebook friends, a reference to the social network service website. ## Reception ### Ratings In its original American broadcast, "Indianapolis" was seen by an estimated 4.59 million household viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research, with an overall 2.7 rating/4 share, and a 2.4 rating/6 share among viewers between ages 18 and 49. It constituted a 9 percent increase over the previous week's episode "Media Blitz", which was seen by 4.33 million households. Along with 30 Rock, Parks was the only show from the NBC Thursday comedy block on February 24 to see an increase in ratings over the previous week: Community, Perfect Couples, Outsourced and The Office were all flat, with the latter two shows matching their lowest ratings of the season. Parks and Recreation was outperformed in its 9:30 p.m. timeslot by the Fox reality series American Idol and the CBS crime drama series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which were seen by an average 21.82 million and 12.48 million household viewers, respectively. "Indianapolis", however, earned higher ratings than the CW Network drama series Nikita, which was seen by 3.4 million household viewers. ### Reviews "Indianapolis" received generally positive reviews. The Atlantic writer Scott Meslow called it "a very funny, very sweet episode of a show that's been consistently great this season". Meslow said the transition of April and Andy from courting to dating was handled especially well, and liked how the Ben and Tom subplot allowed Ben's character to "loosen up a little", but said Ron's character seemed too much like a "self-parody" in the episode. Alan Sepinwall of Hitfix said the episode reminded him of the first season finale "Rock Show", which he called "the show that was capable of living up to the talent in front of and behind the camera". Sepinwall said the characters were now so well-developed that he enjoyed simply getting to "hang out with them", and he particularly liked the rapport between Tom and Ben, the latter of whom he said was becoming better integrated into the cast. IGN writer said the episode perfectly highlighted all the characters various eccentricities, and enjoyed that the show took the characters out of the usual parks department office setting and placed them into the "wonderful, lovable world that this show has created for itself". Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club called the episode "one of the finest in this first season three batch and a solid showcase for all the characters". He praised the show for going in directions atypical for sitcoms, like having the Ann and Chris break-up off-screen, and said "Ann's character defies all the expectations heaped on her from two previous seasons". Steve Kandell of New York magazine said "Indianapolis" was not as strong as other third season episodes, but that it "proves to be as emblematic of the show's soft, gooey heart as any the series has done". In particular, Kandell praised how Ben is growing to love Pawnee, and how April and Andy donated their tips at the end of the episode. Hollywood.com writer Eric Sundermann said the writers took "some risks outside of the characters' comfort zone" in "Indianapolis" and that they worked, especially with Ann's character, who he felt opened up more than in past episodes. He also said Andy and April work well together because the characters seem so genuine with each other. Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic declared "Indianapolis" a great episode. He particularly enjoyed the April and Andy date, which he called, "downright adorable", and the Ron Swanson subplot, which he called "so ridiculous and hilarious". Rick Porter of Zap2it called the episode a "pretty low-key affair" and "a nice pause in the harvest festival story". Porter praised Rashida Jones' performance and said Adam Scott and Aziz Ansari played well off each other. Joel Keller of TV Squad called the steakhouse subplot "Ron Swanson at his best" and enjoyed the Andy and April scenes, but said he did not like how the Ann and Chris romance had been handled throughout the season, and hoped it would end with "Indianapolis". Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis said she liked seeing Ben interact with characters other than Leslie, and enjoyed the development between Ann and Chris. However, Busis found the other subplots of the episode "a little flimsy" and found it lacking compared to recent episodes like "Ron and Tammy: Part Two" and "Media Blitz".	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "## Cultural references", "## Reception", "### Ratings", "### Reviews" ]	2,492	2,106
8,547,163	Deddington Castle	1,071,581,004	Motte-and-bailey castle in Oxfordshire	[ "Castles in Oxfordshire", "English Heritage sites in Oxfordshire", "Scheduled monuments in Oxfordshire" ]	Deddington Castle is an extensive earthwork in the village of Deddington, Oxfordshire, all that remains of an 11th-century motte-and-bailey castle, with only the earth ramparts and mound now visible. The castle was built on a wealthy former Anglo-Saxon estate by Bishop Odo of Bayeux, half-brother of William the Conqueror. It was strengthened in the 12th century, with some stone defences added, but from the 13th century onwards it fell into disrepair, and the stone buildings were eventually dismantled and sold. The castle played a minor part in the English Civil War, but after Deddington's strategic importance waned, the site lay vacant for many decades, used only for grazing and forestry. In the 19th century the site was used for recreation and sports, until it was sold to the parish council in 1947. It now serves as a park and nature walk. The site is protected under UK law as a scheduled monument. ## History Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Odo constructed this large castle with two earthwork baileys and a central motte, intending that the castle administer his property in the region and provide a substantial military base in the event of an Anglo-Saxon revolt. Odo's estates in England were seized following a failed rebellion against William II in 1088, and Deddington Castle was taken back into royal control. The Anglo-Norman lord William de Chesney acquired the castle in the 12th century and rebuilt it in stone, raising a stone curtain wall around a new inner bailey, complete with a defensive tower, gatehouse and domestic buildings. After de Chesney's death, his descendants fought for control of the castle in the royal courts, and it was temporarily seized several times by King John at the start of the 13th century. Deddington Castle was confirmed in the ownership of the de Dive family, who held it for the next century and a half. In 1281, the castle was stormed by a group of men who broke down the doors, and in 1312 the royal favourite Piers Gaveston may have been captured at the castle by his enemies, shortly before his execution. From the 13th century onward, Deddington Castle fell into disrepair, and contemporaries soon described it as "demolished" and "weak". It was bought by the Canons of Windsor in 1364, who began to sell off its stonework. The remains of the castle were reportedly used by both Royalist and Parliamentary forces during the English Civil War in the 17th century. In the 19th century Deddington Castle was adapted for use as a sporting facility by the local gentry. It was sold to Deddington's parish council, who attempted to build tennis courts in the inner bailey in 1947. Following the discovery of medieval remains and a subsequent archaeological investigation, these plans were abandoned and the western half of the castle became a local park. In the 21st century, English Heritage manage the inner bailey, the eastern half remaining in use for farming, and the site as a whole is protected under UK law as a scheduled monument. ### 11th century At this time Deddington was one of the largest settlements in the county of Oxfordshire, and the site of the castle had been previously occupied by the Anglo-Saxons, who may have used the location to administer one of their landed estates. Odo was the half-brother of William the Conqueror, who granted the bishop vast lands in England after the invasion, spread across 22 different counties. Deddington was one of the richest of Odo's new manors and was at the centre of his Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire estates. The castle was probably built to act as the caput, or administrative centre, of his lands in the region, and may have also been intended to quarter a large military force in the event of an Anglo-Saxon revolt. The castle was positioned on the east side of the main part of the settlement at the time, at the opposite end of the village to the church, on a spur overlooking a nearby stream. Odo erected earthworks to enclose two large baileys of around 3.4 hectares (8.4 acres) each, with a large raised motte positioned in between. The western bailey was around 170 metres (560 ft) by 240 metres (790 ft), protected by a bank of earth 5 metres (16 ft) tall from the base of the 15 metres (49 ft) wide ditch. The top of the earthworks formed a rampart 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) across. The western bailey had an entrance on the west side and in the north-east corner. The eastern bailey stretched down the hill to the stream, and may have held two fishponds. Another fishpond called "the Fishers", further along the stream to the south-east of the castle, was also probably linked to the castle site. Around this time, an "L"-shaped stone hall was constructed near the motte, in the western bailey. The castle's layout was unusual for the region during this period, where the fortifications built by the Normans were typically smaller ringwork designs, and it highlighted both the strategic importance of the location and the power of its builder. In scale and design it was similar to the initial version of Rochester Castle, another major fortification built by Odo in England. Odo unsuccessfully rebelled against William II in 1088 and in the aftermath was stripped of his lands. His manors across Oxfordshire were taken back into royal control and broken up to be granted to sub-tenants, although it is unclear who was initially granted Deddington Castle; it is possible that the powerful Anglo-Norman baron Robert de Beaumont, the Earl of Leicester, controlled it in 1130. ### 1100–1215 In the early 12th century, additional earthworks were thrown up to divide the western half of the castle into an outer bailey of around 3 hectares (7.4 acres) and an inner bailey on the east end, comprising around 0.4 hectares (0.99 acres). The earthworks pushed up against the older hall, and partially buried its western walls. It is uncertain exactly why the new earthworks were constructed, but it may have been to strengthen the fortification in response to either the threatened invasion of Duke Robert of Normandy in 1101, or alternatively to the sinking of the White Ship and the subsequent dynastic crisis in 1120. By 1157, the castle was owned by William de Chesney, an Anglo-Norman lord who had supported King Stephen in the region during the civil war of the Anarchy, and then Henry II after the peace in 1154. William rebuilt much of the castle, constructing a strong stone curtain wall around the inner bailey, 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick and made from mortared ironstone rubble. The wall was cut through the motte, the inner part of the mound being dug away to make room for the wall. William also began to reconstruct the inside of the inner bailey, a programme of work that was continued by his descendants over the next few decades. The work included a chapel, a hall and solar, and various service buildings. An open-backed square tower was built in stone along the wall on top of the motte; this tower was later rebuilt, possibly because of pressure on it from the motte earthworks, and the top of the motte was relaid with flagstones to form pathways around the top. A stone gatehouse was built on the west side of the wall, leading from the outer bailey. William died between 1172 and 1176, and the castle was then granted the Crown to Ralph Murdac, William's nephew and a favoured supporter of Henry II. Ralph was unpopular, however, with Henry's successor, Richard I, and Ralph's relatives Guy de Dive and Matilda de Chesney took the opportunity to sue him in the royal courts, each claiming a third of William's estate. The lands around the castle were granted to Guy and, renamed the "Castle Manor", remained in his family line until the mid-14th century. When King John took the throne, however, he seems to have seized Deddington. The manor was not returned to Guy until 1204; furthermore, Deddington Castle was excluded from this agreement and retained in royal control until the following year. On Guy's death in 1214, John again took the castle back into royal control, where it remained until the King's own death the following year. ### 1215–18th century Both the village and the castle of Deddington fell into decline during the 13th century. Although the village had grown to become a borough, with new, planned streets spreading westwards away from the castle, it was eclipsed economically by the nearby, newer centre of Banbury. The castles in the Thames Valley region that lacked substantial defences were mostly abandoned during this period and Deddington Castle was no exception. By 1277 contemporaries described it as "an old demolished castle". In 1281, Robert of Aston and a group of men were able to break down the doors to the castle and enter it. The castle was considered to be "weak" in a report of 1310 and no further repairs were carried out on the property after this time. In 1312, the royal favourite Piers Gaveston may have been captured at Deddington Castle. Gaveston was a close friend of Edward II but he had many enemies among the major barons, and had surrendered to them on the promise that he would be unharmed. He was taken south by Aymer de Valence, the Earl of Pembroke, who imprisoned Gaveston at Deddington on 9 June while he left to visit his wife. Gaveston is often stated to have been kept in Deddington Castle, although he may have alternatively been lodged in the rectory house in the village. Guy de Beauchamp, the Earl of Warwick, had a particular dislike of Gaveston and the next morning took the opportunity to seize him and take him back to Warwick Castle, where Gaveston was subsequently tried and killed by his enemies. During the 14th century the interior of the castle continued to be inhabited, but in a manner that archaeologist Richard Ivens likens to "squatting": the upper levels of the tower were abandoned and wood burnt along the inside of the walls in a crude fireplace. In 1364, the Canons of Windsor bought the castle, park and former fishponds from Thomas de Dive; the Canons rented the farmlands out, but retained the right to operate and profit from the castle's manorial court. The tower was demolished around this time, possibly linked to the sale of stonework from the castle walls in 1377 to the Canons of Bicester. By the 16th century, the visiting antiquarian John Leland only noted that "there hath bene a castle at Dadintone". The village of Deddington was extensively involved in the English Civil War between 1641 and 1645, owing to its location on the route between Banbury and Oxford. The late 19th-century historian James Mackenzie recorded that the castle was used as a temporary fortress by both Royalist and Parliamentary forces during the conflict and that a Royalist garrison was besieged there by Parliamentary troops in 1644. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the castle site was used for grazing animals and timber farming. ### 19th–21st centuries From the 19th century, the castle site was used as club by the local gentry for recreation, including cricket and archery. A small lodge was built at the entrance to house a professional coach, and a "pavilion building" – a combination of a ballroom and a cafe – was built within the grounds. In 1886, the ownership of the site passed from the Canons of Windsor to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of the Church of England. The pavilion was demolished at the start of the 20th century. Stonework continued to be taken from the remains of the castle up until the 1940s, for use in local buildings. From 1945 until 1981 the Castle was home to Deddington and District Rifle and Revolver Club. In 1947 the castle site was sold by the Commissioners to Deddington's parish council. The parish council intended to build tennis courts in the inner bailey of the castle, but when work began, medieval pottery and roof tiles were unearthed by the builders. Construction work was halted and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford sponsored an archaeological investigation by Edward Jope and Richard Threlfall that continued until 1953. The plans for the tennis courts were dropped in light of the findings, and the site was instead used as a park. A further phase of archaeological investigation of the castle was carried out between 1977 and 1979, sponsored by the Queen's University Belfast and led by Richard Ivens. In the 21st century, only the earthworks of the castle remain. The western bailey is managed by the parish council and the inner bailey by English Heritage, while the eastern bailey remains under cultivation. The site is protected under UK law as a scheduled monument.	[ "## History", "### 11th century", "### 1100–1215", "### 1215–18th century", "### 19th–21st centuries" ]	2,815	20,810
51,121,442	Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash	1,170,260,876	1912 painting by Giacomo Balla	[ "1912 paintings", "Animal paintings", "Dogs in art", "Futurist paintings", "Paintings in the Albright–Knox Art Gallery", "Works by Giacomo Balla" ]	Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (Italian: Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglio), sometimes called Dog on a Leash or Leash in Motion, is a 1912 oil painting by Italian Futurist painter Giacomo Balla. It was influenced by the artist's fascination with chronophotographic studies of animals in motion. It is considered one of his best-known works, and one of the most important works in Futurism, though it received mixed critical reviews. The painting has been in the collection of the Albright–Knox Art Gallery since 1984. ## Description and context The painting depicts a dachshund on a leash and the feet of a lady walking it, both in rapid motion as indicated by the blurring and multiplication of their parts. Chronophotographic studies of animals in motion, created by scientist Étienne-Jules Marey beginning in the 1880s, led to the introduction in painting of techniques to show motion, such as blurring, multiplication, and superimposition of body parts—perhaps in an effort to imitate these mechanical images. Such multiplication can be seen in Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, painted the same year as Balla's painting. Balla's interest in capturing a single moment in a series of planes was inspired by his fascination with chronophotography. In later, more abstract works created during World War I, Balla used planes of color to suggest movement. The decomposition of movement into moments in time which Balla created in Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash likely inspired the photodynamic technique of Futurist photographer Anton Giulio Bragaglia. ## Provenance The painting was exhibited in the Galerie Der Sturm's Autumn Salon in Berlin from September to December 1913, accompanied by a photograph of the scene. It was sold by the artist in 1938 to the industrialist Anson Conger Goodyear. Upon his death in 1964, Goodyear bequeathed the painting jointly to his son, George F. Goodyear, with a life interest, and to the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. The gallery acquired the painting in December 1984. ## Critical responses In 1943, artist Cornelia Geer LeBoutillier criticized the painting, comparing it unfavorably with Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase (a work with which it is often compared) and Picasso's Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, calling Balla's work "more crude, less mature, almost childish indeed ... Balla takes himself and his dog so seriously, so studiedly, that it is doubtful that any pleasure has ever come out of it anywhere; certainly no movement has." Writing in 1947, critic Henry R. Hope called Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash "a cliché of modern art". Writer Geoffrey Wagner declared Balla's painting to be anathema to the Vorticist aesthetic of British painter Wyndham Lewis, who criticized Futurism for its "romantic excess" and dynamism. However, S. I. Hayakawa credited Balla's "classic" for its introduction of the time dimension in its representation of its subject. In 2009, art critic Tom Lubbock declared the painting "one of the most striking" chronophotography-inspired works, pointing to several features which create a comical effect: the "abrupt close-up" on a trivial subject—a "twee prim sausage dog"—which might have been a single detail in an Impressionist street scene; the bathetic juxtaposition of the word dynamism, "with its connotations of heroism, of the mighty modern machine world" against that subject; the cropping of the owner at the knee, giving a dog's view (and anticipating Tom and Jerry cartoons); and the apparently frenetic motion of the dog's limbs and tail coupled with the stillness of its body, suggesting little forward progress. Lubbock describes Balla's motion effects as "creating new sensations and new phenomena", and evoking the motion of shuffling cards and the embodiment of ghosts. In 2014, art critic Robert C. Morgan declared Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, along with Gino Severini's paintings Blue Dancer and Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin, to be "probably the most elegant and accurate works ever painted in the Futurist tradition." He credits these works with "moving status into kinesis, stillness into motion, and thus giving life to culture, bringing it back from the bucolic ornaments of the 19th century." ## Influence outside art A 2002 research paper on machine vision by computer scientists Roman Goldenberg, Ron Kimmel, Ehud Rivlin, and Michael Rudzsky used Futurism's techniques of motion, as embodied by Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, to illustrate the mathematical representation of periodic motion using a small number of eigenshapes. ## See also - List of works by Giacomo Balla	[ "## Description and context", "## Provenance", "## Critical responses", "## Influence outside art", "## See also" ]	1,066	12,354
13,604,348	Hsu Tain-tsair	1,163,615,115	Taiwanese politician	[ "1951 births", "Cheng Kung Senior High School alumni", "Columbia University alumni", "Democratic Progressive Party Members of the Legislative Yuan", "Living people", "Mayors of Tainan", "Members of the 2nd Legislative Yuan", "Members of the 3rd Legislative Yuan", "Members of the 4th Legislative Yuan", "Members of the 8th Legislative Yuan", "Rutgers University alumni", "Tainan Members of the Legislative Yuan", "Taiwan independence activists", "The New School alumni" ]	Hsu Tain-tsair (Chinese: 許添財; pinyin: Xǔ Tiāncái; Wade–Giles: Hsǔ Tiēn-tsái; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khó͘ Thiam-châi; born 23 January 1953) is a Taiwanese politician who served as the mayor of Tainan City from 2001 to 2010. Born in Tainan County (now part of Tainan City), Hsu got his PhD candidacy in economics in the United States, where he started participating in the independence movement of Taiwan. He was placed on the blacklist of Kuomintang and was not allowed to return to Taiwan until 1990. When Hsu returned to Taiwan, he joined the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). Having been elected legislator three times, Hsu is considered a privy councilor to the DPP in the field of economics. He was nominated to run for the mayor of Tainan and was elected in 2001. During his terms as mayor, Hsu worked on public projects and encouraged tourism. For example, a police unit was established to facilitate tourists in 2007, and he also improved the environment of the city. In 2009, Hsu worked with the Tainan County government to push for a merger that would form a special municipality. The merger was set to take effect in December 2010, giving Hsu one additional year in his mayoral term. During the DPP primary election for the nomination of a new Tainan mayor in May, he lost to William Lai by 12% of the votes. After Lai elected mayor, Hsu later ran for Lai's seat as a member of Legislative Yuan and was finally elected. ## Early years After graduating from Duba Elementary School in Tainan County, Hsu attended Tsengwen Junior High School (曾文中學; now the Madou Junior High School), where he was a classmate of former President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Chen Shui-bian for four years. He then attended the Cheng Kung Senior High School. In 1976, Hsu got his Master of Economics degree from the Chinese Culture University and started teaching banking the next year at the same school. Hsu, however, is confident about Tainan being chosen as the location for the new branch because of the transport convenience and academic resources of the region. ### Environment Under his term, the environment of the city greatly improved. Hsu started a program of having the city's garbage trucks ring out brief English lessons in 2002. He promoted the use of eco-friendly chopsticks by requiring government officials and teachers to use their own reusable chopsticks when dining, expressing that the goal of the campaign is to reduce the use of disposable chopsticks by 100,000 pairs per day. During his second term in office, Tainan City became the first Taiwanese city to enter the Alliance for Healthy Cities of the World Health Organization. In addition, Tainan also became the first Taiwanese city to enter the Global Cities Dialogue. Hsu also believes that Tainan should become a city of international tourism and culture, and he is working towards that purpose. In September 2007, he spoke to the 2007 Asia-Pacific Cities Summit participants and stated that Tainan is blessed with natural, historical, cultural, and humanistic characteristics and that Tainan also possesses great conditions for high-tech, trade, and investment development. Hsu worked to make Tainan a smoke-free environment. After the successful ban of smoking in public areas such as shopping centers, he pushed through the ban of smoking in historical sites. The Chihkan Tower became the first smoke-free historical site in Taiwan after the passing of the regulation in October 2007. Other historical sites covered by the regulation include Tainan Confucian Temple, Fort Zeelandia, and Eternal Golden Castle. In January 2008, the government of Tainan started an operation to clean up dioxin-contaminated soil around the site of a defunct factory of Taiwan Alkali Industrial Corp (台鹼公司). The Hsu administration was the first to take action since 1982 when the government became aware of the mercury concentrations. ### Law enforcement Due to an accidental killing of a teenage girl, while trying to shoot a psychotic suspect, the Tainan City Police Bureau made a decision to develop a special kind of baton in 2006. When dealing with suspects without firearms, the police officers are expected to use the baton first in order to reduce accidents. To commemorate the girl who died, mayor Hsu named the baton after her. In September 2007, the Tourism Mounted Police Unit of Tainan (Chinese: 臺南市觀光騎警隊) was established to attract tourists. The members of the unit wear green uniforms and ride bicycles around the city on the weekends. They facilitate tourists and at the same time try to reduce crime rate. ## Criticism After the DPP nominated Hsu as the 2001 Tainan mayoral race candidate, protests led by supporters of then-incumbent mayor George Chang, who is also a member of the DPP, arose. The protesters called Hsu a betrayer of the party as he left the party in 1995. They showed their disapproval of the party's choice by burning their party membership cards. The prevention of dengue fever in Taiwan was always most successful in Tainan City. In 2007, however, outbreaks in the city were almost unstoppable. The fever outbreaks originally occurred only in Annan District, where the first case was reported in June. The health department failed to control the spread of the fever, and all six districts ended up having confirmed cases. There was also an outbreak in an old soldiers' home. On August 22, Mayor Hsu apologized for the disastrous outbreak of dengue fever; he announced that the health department would be reorganized and new officials would be appointed in six months. ### Mayoral scandals While then-mayor of Taipei Ma Ying-jeou was indicted for alleged misuse of "special allowance fund," prosecutors dropped Hsu Tain-tsair's case in March 2007. However, on April 10, 2007, Hsu was indicted by prosecutors for his alleged involvement in a construction scandal and violations of the Government Procurement Act (Chinese: 政府採購法). The scandal was broken by the Tainan City councillor Hsieh Long-chieh (謝龍介) in May 2006 during a council meeting. In April 2007, Hsu was indicted by the Tainan prosecutors. In their statement of charges, the prosecutors accused Hsu of money grafting in an underground city construction project. According to Hsu, the prosecutors heavily used the testimonies of people who were convicted of crime. In August 2009, Hsu was found not guilty by the Tainan District Court. ## Electoral history	[ "## Early years", "### Environment", "### Law enforcement", "## Criticism", "### Mayoral scandals", "## Electoral history" ]	1,476	37,581
48,381,390	Bhikshuka Upanishad	1,134,834,056	One of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism and is written in Sanskrit.	[ "Upanishads" ]	The Bhikshuka Upanishad (Sanskrit: भिक्षुक उपनिषत्, IAST: Bhikṣuka Upaniṣad), also known as Bhikshukopanishad, is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism and is written in Sanskrit. The Upanishad describes four kinds of sannyasins (Hindu monks), their eating habits and lifestyle. Yoga is the path of spiritual liberation for all four. Of these, the Paramahamsa monks are discussed in this text at greater length, and described as loners who are patient with everyone, free from dualism in their thoughts, and who meditate on their soul and the Brahman. ## Etymology Bhikshuka means "mendicant" or "monk", and is derived from the root word Bhiksu meaning "one who subsists entirely on alms". ## History The author of the Bhikshuka Upanishad is unknown, as is its date of composition. It was probably composed in the late medieval to modern era, most likely in the 14th or 15th century. The text has ancient roots, as its contents are identical in key details to chapter 4 of the Ashrama Upanishad, which is dated to about the 3rd century CE. Both texts mention four types of mendicants with nearly identical life styles. The two texts have a few minor differences. The much older Ashrama Upanishad, for example, mentions that each type aspires to know their self (Atman) for liberation, while the Bhikshuka specifies that they seek this liberation through a yogic path. The Bhikshuka Upanishad is a minor Upanishad attached to the Shukla Yajurveda. It is classified as one of the Sannyasa (renunciation) Upanishads of Hinduism. The text is listed at number 60 in the serial order in the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman, in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads. Some surviving manuscripts of the text are titled Bhikshukopanishad (भिक्षुकोपनिषत्). ## Contents Bhikshuka Upanishad consists of a single chapter of five verses. The first verse states that four types of mendicants seek liberation, and these are Kutichaka, Bahudaka, Hamsa and Paramahamsa. The text describes the frugal lifestyle of all four, and asserts that they all pursue their goal of attaining moksha only through yoga practice. The first three mendicant types are mentioned briefly, while the majority of the text describes the fourth type: Paramahamsa mendicants. ### Kutichaka, Bahudaka and Hamsa monks The Upanishad states that Kutichaka monks eat eight mouthfuls of food a day. Prominent ancient Rishis (sages) who illustrate the Kutichaka group are Gotama, Bharadwaja, Yajnavalkya, and Vasishta. The Bahudaka mendicants carry a water pot and a triple staff walking stick. They wear a topknot hair style and ochre-coloured garments, and wear a sacrificial thread. The Bahudaka do not eat meat or honey, and beg for their eight mouthfuls of food a day. The Hamsa mendicants are constantly on the move, staying in villages for just one night, in towns no more than five nights, and in sacred places for no more than seven nights. The ascetic practice of Hamsa monks includes daily consumption of the urine and dung of a cow. The Hamsa monks practice the Chandrayana cycle in their food eating habit, wherein they vary the amount of food they eat with the lunar cycle. They eat a single mouthful of food on the day after the dark new moon night, increase their food intake by an extra mouthful each day as the size of the moon increases, and reach the maximum fifteen mouthfuls of food for the day after full moon night. Thereafter, they decrease their food intake by a mouthful each day until they reach the new moon night and begin the cycle again with one mouthful the following day. ### Paramahamsa monks The Bhikshuka Upanishad illustrates the Paramahamsa (literally, "highest wandering birds") mendicants with a list of names. The list includes Samvartaka, Aruni, Svetaketu, Jadabharata, Dattatreya, Shuka, Vamadeva, and Haritaka. They eat only eight mouthfuls of food a day and prefer a life away from others. They live clothed, naked or in rags. The Upanishad dedicates the rest of the verses to describing the beliefs of the Paramhamsa monks. For example, > > With them, there are no dvaita (dualities) as dharma and adharma, gain or loss, purity and impurity. They look upon these with the same eye, and to gold, stone and clod of earth with indifference, they put up with everything, they are patient with everyone, they seek and accept food from anyone, they do not distinguish people by caste or looks, they are non-covetous and non-craving (aparigraha), they are free from all duality, engaged in contemplation, meditate on Atman. The Paramhamsa monks, who are loners, are to be found in deserted houses, in temples, straw huts, on ant hills, sitting under a tree, on sand beds near rivers, in mountain caves, near waterfalls, in hollows inside trees, or in wide open fields. The Upanishad states that these loners have advanced far in their path of reaching Brahman – they are pure in mind, they are the Paramahamsas. ## Influence The classification of mendicants in the Bhikshuka Upanishad, their moderate eating habits and their simple lifestyles, is found in many Indian texts such as the Mahabharata sections 1.7.86–87 and 13.129. Gananath Obeyesekere, an Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the Princeton University, states that the beliefs championed and attributed in Bhikshuka Upanishad are traceable to Vedic literature such as Jaiminiya Brahmana. These views are also found in other Upanishads such as the Narada-parivrajakopanishad and Brhat-Sannyasa Upanishad. In all these texts, the renouncer is accepted to be one who, in pursuit of spirituality, was "no longer part of the social world and is indifferent to its mores". A test or marker of this state of existence is where "right and wrong", socially popular "truths or untruths", everyday morality, and whatever is happening in the world makes no difference to the monk, where after abandoning the "truths and untruths, one abandons that by which one abandons". The individual is entirely driven by his soul, which he sees to be the Brahman. ## See also - Asceticism - Jabala Upanishad - Paramahamsa Upanishad	[ "## Etymology", "## History", "## Contents", "### Kutichaka, Bahudaka and Hamsa monks", "### Paramahamsa monks", "## Influence", "## See also" ]	1,566	37,084
55,776,170	Lucienne's Quest	1,122,670,756	3DO and Sega Saturn role-playing video game	[ "1995 video games", "3DO Interactive Multiplayer games", "Microcabin games", "Role-playing video games", "Sega Saturn games", "Single-player video games", "Video games developed in Japan" ]	Lucienne's Quest is a role-playing video game developed by Microcabin for the 3DO, and is the sole traditional Japanese role-playing game released for the system. The story follows Lucienne, a teenage girl who sets off on an adventure to find a cure for a man's lycanthropy. Between adventuring from town to town and exploring the world, the player must battle with enemies using a turn-based battle system on an isometric grid. Lucienne's Quest was first released in Japan in 1995 before being localized for a North American release the following year along with a Sega Saturn port in Japan. Critics gave mixed reviews. Some appreciated the game's light-hearted story, simple game mechanics, and short length, but many found the experience unfulfilling compared to the deeper and more complex RPGs of the time. Lucienne's Quest is considered one of the best 3DO games in retrospect, and the North American release has become an expensive collector's item. ## Gameplay Lucienne's Quest is a standard Japanese role-playing game. The player controls the main character Lucienne as she adventures from town to town with others to find a cure for Ago, a man cursed as a werewolf. The game has a day/night cycle, which affects when Ago is in human or wolf form, changing his strength in battle. At each town, Lucienne can take on quests to help the town's citizens, buy new equipment, and explore dungeons. Every few towns, the player gains a new party member and the plot thickens. When exploring towns and dungeons, the player can destroy objects in the environment to clear paths and get items. The battle system is similar to Suikoden (1995), taking place from an isometric perspective on a grid with turn-based actions. Although the player can attack anyone from any location on the map, the battle fields are littered with obstacles that block attacks. Every weapon has both a statistic to measure its effectiveness at attacking enemies and one to measure its ability to destroy obstacles. Some characters can also use magic and summon spirits that act as secondary attacks but also give items and gold to the player. ### Plot The story of Lucienne's Quest is notably simple. The teenaged Lucienne is left in charge of watching her master's tower while he is away. A man named Ago arrives at the tower looking for Lucienne's master to get a cure for his lycanthropy. The two decide to set off on an adventure to search for a cure. Along their journey, they help people of other towns with their dilemmas and gain party members to help their cause. ## Development and release Lucienne's Quest was developed by Microcabin for the 3DO. It was the team's third 3D role-playing game after Powers Kingdom (a.k.a. Guardian War) and Mystaria: The Realms of Lore (a.k.a. Blazing Heroes). It was released on 14 September 1995 in Japan, and later localized by Panasonic for a March 1996 release in North America. The Japanese version requires the kanji buffer RAM only found in Japanese 3DO systems, making it one of the few games that cannot be played on systems from other regions. The game was ported to the Sega Saturn with changes to the graphics, controls, and camera, and released on 31 May 1996 exclusively in Japan. ## Reception Lucienne's Quest garnered mixed reviews. Critics found the story not as substantial and fulfilling compared to other RPGs, commenting that it resembled a series of sidequests which the characters had no compelling reason to undertake. The game's writing and dialogue was criticized for its lengthiness and juvenile humor, with a Next Generation critic describing it as "the literary equivalent of having a conversation with a hyperactive 10-year-old." Ryan Lockheart writing in GameFan felt that the light-hearted story lent itself positively to the game's charm, and was overall much more receptive of Lucienne's Quest. He blamed the poor dialogue on the localization effort, saying that Lucienne was more arrogant and mischievous in the original Japanese version, while the English version characterizes her as absent-minded and stupid. Regarding the game's simplicity, critics also considered it excessively short, with most saying they were able to complete it in slightly less than ten hours. Lockheart explained that Lucienne's Quest does have a considerable amount of content, and the short length is due to the game being balanced such that the player does not need to spend any time on grinding. While both Lockheart and Next Generation found the full polygonal game world moderately impressive, most criticized the graininess of the polygons, though the spell animations in battle were widely complimented. Most reviews also deemed the gameplay mechanics extremely generic, with Next Generation venturing that "a more paint-by-numbers RPG structure is hard to imagine." A GamePro critic found the game weak on every front: "[The] jagged graphics and carousel music, along with the weak story line and unimpressive enemies, really grate on you. You'll be more scared when you realize that you actually paid money for this game." GameFan was much more receptive of the music and graphics overall, calling it one of the best looking and sounding RPGs. In more general terms, most critics said that the game lacked anything to set it apart from other RPGs, although it has the distinguishing feature of being the sole Japanese role-playing game on the 3DO. Jeff Lundigran writing in Game Players summarized the general sentiment: "I can't say I hated it either – it never went far enough out on a limb in any direction to give me reason to. This is the first 'placeholder' RPG I think I've ever come across. Practically everything about it is dead average." Lockheart, again writing more positively, said: "Even though Lucienne's Quest has many elements that make it sound like a beginner's RPG, there are more than enough features that could draw even the most season player in, and shouldn't be overlooked by anyone owning a 3DO." Another reviewer at GameFan called it a "charming, well-designed, visually impressive and musically-stunning RPG". French gaming magazine Joypad [fr] deemed the Saturn remake a "catastrophe" and said that along with the PlayStation port of Space Hulk: Vengeance of the Blood Angels, it cast doubt on whether decent conversions of 3DO games were possible. Critics from Sega Saturn Magazine (Japan) echoed reception of the original 3DO version. They called it a simple RPG lacking a gripping story, and felt it may be suitable for gamers looking for an experience akin to older Japanese RPGs for personal computers. According to Famitsu, Lucienne's Quest on 3DO sold over 20,192 copies in its first week on the market. The game sold approximately 26,784 copies during its lifetime in Japan. ### Legacy In retrospect, Lucienne's Quest is considered one of the best 3DO games. Listing it among their top ten 3DO games, Retro Gamer summarized it as short, "light-hearted", and "blithe", but enjoyable and worthy of its praise. The North America version had a limited release so is now considered a rare collector's item.	[ "## Gameplay", "### Plot", "## Development and release", "## Reception", "### Legacy" ]	1,482	9,792
40,079,714	Theodore Roosevelt desk	1,135,026,271	Oval Office desk	[ "1903 works", "Antiques", "Furnishings of the White House", "Individual desks" ]	The desk in the Vice President's Ceremonial Office in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, colloquially known as the Theodore Roosevelt desk, is a large mahogany pedestal desk in the collection of the White House. It is the first of six desks that have been used by U.S. presidents in the Oval Office, and since 1961 has been the used as the desk of the U.S. Vice President. The desk was made in 1903 to a design by Charles Follen McKim for the newly constructed West Wing (then called the Executive Office Building) and was one of several pieces of furniture made specifically for the new interior spaces. In 1929, the desk survived a major fire in the West Wing and was subsequently placed in storage for over a decade. The desk was replaced by the Hoover desk in the Oval Office until after Franklin D. Roosevelt's death, with the next two presidents, Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower, returning the Theodore Roosevelt desk to the office. After briefly using this desk in the Oval Office, John F. Kennedy switched to the Resolute desk and moved the Theodore Roosevelt desk to the Vice President's Ceremonial Office. Richard Nixon used this desk in his "working office" in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, where some of the Watergate tapes were recorded by microphones attached to it. After Nixon resigned, the desk was moved back to the Vice President's Ceremonial Office where it has been used by every Vice President since. Many of past users of the desk have signed their names on the bottom of the center drawer. ## Design and markings The Theodore Roosevelt desk is a mahogany pedestal desk and is owned by the White House. The 30 in (76 cm) high desk has a workspace which measures 90 in (230 cm) wide and 53.5 in (136 cm) deep. The understated design is marked by elegant and masculine lines and is detailed with brass pulls. There are two alterations to the desk that both took place during the Nixon administration. A hole was drilled in the top so phone cords could be threaded through the desk out of sight, and a lock was placed on the left hand drawer to secure a recording device located there. The desk was described in a 1949 article in Parade Magazine as being "time-worn, fire-scarred, [and] repainted". Beginning in the 1940s, each user of the desk signed the interior of the center drawer at the end of his term in office. In 1974 it was noted in a memo that the signatures of Truman, Eisenhower, and Johnson (as well as Truman and Eisenhower's initials) were located in this drawer. Since then the drawer has been signed by vice presidents Nelson Rockefeller, Walter Mondale, George H. W. Bush, Dan Quayle, Al Gore, Dick Cheney, Joe Biden, and Mike Pence. ## History ### 1902 White House renovation In 1901, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States following the assassination of incumbent president William McKinley. Upon moving into the White House, the Roosevelts found the Victorian interiors crowded and dingy and generally too small for their large family. A major renovation of the White House began in 1902 to remove this Victoriana and otherwise bring the building to modern standards. Roosevelt's wife, Edith Roosevelt, worked with Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead, and White to achieve this renovation which included the construction of a new Executive Office Building, now known as the West Wing. As part of this renovation, all furniture in the White House was replaced with new pieces, including this desk. This refurnishing was done with the stated aim to "design and furnish the interior in harmony with its neoclassical exterior architecture, in order that it would not be subject to changing fashion." These new furnishings were part of a widespread attempt to develop a national design identity which had been growing since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Betty C. Monkman explained through the White House Historical Association that at this time, "Americans looked back to the nation's origins and an idealized past and sought representative antiques or reproductions of furnishings from the earliest periods of the country's history. Colonial Revival furnishings and copies of English and French neoclassical styles were selected for rooms at the same time that a growing emphasis on lighter spaces and a reaction away from pattern in wallpaper, fabrics, and carpets—and from a certain busyness and 'artistic' clutter". A pamphlet explaining the renovations of the White House from the time claimed that before this new set of furniture was purchased there was "an inequality in the furniture of the whole house (owing to the unwillingness and piecemeal manner with which Congress votes any moneys for its decoration) which destroys its effect as a comfortable dwelling." The pamphlet continued extolling the new furniture and interiors with, "It is to be hoped that Congress will not always consider the furniture of the President's House as the scapegoat of all sumptuary and aristocratic sins, and that we shall soon be able to introduce strangers not only to a comfortable and well-appointed, but to a properly served and nicely kept, Presidential Mansion." Planning for the interiors began in earnest in 1902 for the executive offices, state rooms, and family spaces. Because of delays in funds appropriation from Congress, the project had less than six months for the interiors to be designed, built, and installed. The goal was to finish the spaces for the Winter 1903 social season. Mrs. Roosevelt was very hands on with the redesign of the White House and new office building and all fabrics and furniture had to be approved by her. The budget for all of the furniture was \$10,000 , though a total of \$14,054.77 was actually spent on "furniture, carpets, rugs, electric lighting and other fixtures". Construction began on June 20, 1902, wrapped up on September 29, and this building was eventually occupied in the middle of October. The desk, as well as all other furniture in the Executive Office Building, was designed by McKim and built by furniture-maker A. H. Davenport and Company in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1903. Davenport worked closely with McKim to create furniture that worked within their concept and may have contributed design ideas as well. ### Early use and 1929 fire The desk was first used by Roosevelt in his Executive Office in the location where the Roosevelt Room is found in the modern West Wing. Roosevelt's successor, President William Howard Taft, expanded the Executive Office Building further and added its first Oval Office. He moved the Theodore Roosevelt desk into the new space, called the "President's Office" or "Executive Office" at the time, and paired it with green burlap wall coverings, brass light fixtures, and additional mahogany furniture. The desk was the first one to be used in the Oval Office and remained in the room for twenty years, being used by Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. Hoover notably had the first telephone installed in the Oval Office on this desk on in March 1929. The West Wing suffered a major fire on December 24, 1929, during Herbert Hoover's presidency. This four-alarm fire was the most destructive to strike the White House since the Burning of Washington 115 years earlier. The fire was noticed at approximately 8 p.m. by White House messenger Charlie Williamson, and immediate action was taken to save items in the building. Chief Usher Ike Hoover, the president's son Allan Hoover, the president's personal secretaries Lawrence Richey and George Akerson, and some Secret Service agents crawled into the building through a window just to the left of the Theodore Roosevelt desk. The first things they saved were current papers, followed by completely clearing the top of the desk and removing the drawers which were passed through the windows to safety. They then began removing steel cabinets full of files, the chair at the president's desk, and the presidential flag. They later also saved the chairs the Cabinet used at cabinet meetings and more documents. All of these valuable objects and papers, including the Roosevelt desk drawers, were left on the White House Lawn and guarded all night by 150 infantrymen from the local Washington barracks. Akerson later stated that all historically and sentimentally valuable items in the president's office were saved. While the desk drawers and their contents had been moved safely out of the building, the main body of the desk was still at risk, especially to water damage from the fire hoses on the freezing cold night. Ike Hoover acquired the tarpaulin awning that covered the White House's east entrance for the upcoming New Years Day reception and used it to cover and protect the desk. The fire was put out by approximately 10:30 p.m. leaving the executive offices, roof, attic, and floors heavily damaged and the press room completely ruined. After the fire, President Hoover immediately started using the White House's Lincoln Study to conduct business in and after a few days moved his official offices to what is now the Vice President's Ceremonial Office. No insurance had been taken out on the White House, so a special appropriation from Congress had to be made to repair the building. A contract was awarded on January 4, 1930, to Charles H. Tompkins Co. to do the repair work and it was completed on April 14 of the same year. The new Oval Office was built slightly larger and in the Colonial Revival style. The desk survived this fire, was later fully repaired, and a duplicate of the desk was constructed. Both desks were placed in storage in December 1929. An association of Grand Rapids, Michigan, furniture-makers built a new suite of 17 furniture pieces in 1930 as a gift for the rebuilt Oval Office including a new desk, now known as the Hoover desk. This desk was used by President Hoover for remainder of his term, and by Franklin D. Roosevelt during his presidency. After Franklin Roosevelt's death, the Hoover desk was given to his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, by then president Harry S. Truman. The Theodore Roosevelt desk was brought back to the newly rebuilt Oval Office in 1945 by Truman, who placed a sign reading "The Buck Stops Here" on it. The desk was also used by Dwight Eisenhower and briefly by John F. Kennedy before it was switched out in 1961 for the Resolute desk. Jacqueline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy's wife, thought the more ornately carved Resolute desk should be the most visible presidential desk. ### Use by Nixon and by vice presidents When the Resolute desk was placed in the Oval Office, the Theodore Roosevelt desk was moved to the Vice President's Ceremonial Office, where Vice President Lyndon Johnson began using it. The desk has remained in this building since and used by all vice presidents but one since Johnson in this room. Following the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson did not vacate the Vice President's Ceremonial Office. He continued using room 274 as his working office out of respect for Kennedy, leaving his Vice President, Hubert Humphrey, to work out of room 180 in the same building. When President Richard Nixon ascended to the presidency in 1969 he decided to use the Oval Office as a ceremonial office and turned room 180 of the Old Executive Office Building into his "working office" for the duration of his presidency. Nixon chose to use the Theodore Roosevelt desk in this room. As part of a larger installation of microphones across the president's spaces in the White House and associated buildings, four microphones were installed in the Theodore Roosevelt desk in April 1971. Three microphones were attached to the edges of the desk and one was placed in the open knee hole. The microphones were wired to an adjoining room where an audio mixer and sound recorder were housed. The telephone in this room was also tapped as part of a separate recording system. As part of this installation a hole was drilled in the desktop to feed phone cables through and a recording apparatus was concealed in the left hand drawer of the desk. A lock was installed on this drawer to keep the device hidden and some of the Watergate tapes were made by these recording devices. The entire taping system was removed on July 18, 1973, at the orders of Alexander Haig, Nixon's Chief of Staff, due to its existence being made public during testimony before the Senate Watergate Committee two days before. A total of 204 recordings were made with these microphones while the system was in existence. The desk was moved back to the Vice President's Ceremonial office following Nixon's resignation, where it has remained since, and has been used by all subsequent vice presidents. A tradition rose where each vice president signs the interior of the center drawer at the end of their time in office. Every vice president since Nelson Rockefeller has signed it, and signatures of presidents Truman, Eisenhower, and Johnson are also found in the drawer. In 2007 a two-alarm fire broke out in the Eisenhower Executive Office centered on an electrical closet, or telephone room, near the Vice President's Ceremonial Office. There were no serious injuries. It is unclear if the desk suffered any damage but the office suffered smoke and water damage with the floors described as being "under water." ## Timeline The following table shows the location and users of the Theodore Roosevelt desk from its 1902 installation in the Executive Office Building through to the present. ## Replicas The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri, has a replica of the Theodore Roosevelt desk as part of a full-scale replica of the Oval Office as it was during Truman's presidency. The objects on the desk include both originals and reproductions as seen in a series of images taken in August 1950. A second replica of the desk in White House Storage. This duplicate was made between 1929 and 1930 after the original desk was damaged in the 1929 Christmas Eve West Wing fire.	[ "## Design and markings", "## History", "### 1902 White House renovation", "### Early use and 1929 fire", "### Use by Nixon and by vice presidents", "## Timeline", "## Replicas" ]	2,886	35,829
11,921,960	Battle of Saint-Pierre	1,144,047,613	Battle of the American Revolutionary War	[ "1776 in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)", "Battles involving Canada", "Battles involving Great Britain", "Battles involving the United States", "Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Canada", "Battles of the Canadian campaign", "Conflicts in 1776", "Conflicts in Quebec" ]	The Battle of Saint-Pierre was a military confrontation on March 25, 1776, near the Quebec village of Saint-Pierre, south of Quebec City. This confrontation, which occurred during the Continental Army's siege of Quebec following its defeat at the Battle of Quebec, was between forces that were both largely composed of Canadian militia, including individuals on both sides of the conflict that had been recruited in the same communities. The Patriot forces routed the Loyalist forces, killing at least 3 and capturing more than 30. ## Background Early in the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress had invited the citizens of the Province of Quebec to join them, first by addressing letters to them, and then by invading the province with the goal of ousting the British government of General Guy Carleton. The invasion reached a peak on December 31, 1775, when the Continental Army, under the command of General Richard Montgomery, was defeated before the gates of the city of Quebec. The battle resulted in the death of Montgomery and the capture of over 400 men. Following the defeat, the remnants of the Army, now under the command of General Benedict Arnold, besieged the city. During this time, they worked to recruit French-speaking Canadians to support their efforts toward independence, while Carleton and the British worked to build Loyalist support among the Canadiens. ## Loyalist militia recruitment Early on the morning of March 14, 1776, Jean-Baptiste Chasson, a Canadian miller from Saint-Vallier, crossed the Saint Lawrence River by canoe and reached the city of Quebec. He brought news to General Carleton that the Americans were setting up a gun battery at Pointe-Lévis, on the south shore of the river, across from the city. This battery would command the city's harbor and shipping on the river. Chasson also told Carleton that people to the south of the city were prepared to rise up against the Americans. Carleton gave Chasson instructions to deliver to Louis Liénard de Beaujeu, the seigneur of the Isle-aux-Grues (Crane Island), an island in the Saint Lawrence, and a man with previous military experience in the French and Indian War. The instructions included intercepted communications from Arnold describing the difficult conditions in the siege camp and an amnesty for people who had previously supported the Americans but were now willing to assist the British. Beaujeu, who had previously been asked to raise militia in support of the British, set about raising a force to make an attack on the unfinished battery at Pointe-Lévis. By March 23, he had assembled over 100 men at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière. When this force reached Saint-Thomas on the night of March 24, it was joined there by an additional 70 men. An advance guard from this force, numbering 46, was sent to Saint-Pierre under the command of Couillard and Gaspé, where they established a base at the house of Michel Blais, a Loyalist and former commander of the local militia. ## Americans warned Habitants from Beaumont friendly to the Americans notified the commander at Pointe-Lévis of the recruiting activity. In response, General Arnold, sent a detachment of 80 Americans under John Dubois to deal with the situation. Pierre Ayotte and Clément Gosselin, recruiters working for Moses Hazen, the commander of the 2nd Canadian Regiment, raised about 150 men who joined the Americans. These forces headed up the southern shore to investigate the reports. Some of these recruits were from the same villages from which Beaujeu had recruited men. A small band of militia from Beaumont went to Saint-Michel and arrested Chasson, who was planning to return to the city. ## Conflict The Loyalist advance guard was surprised by the arrival of the Patriot forces at Saint-Pierre, and barricaded themselves in the house, where they were attacked by Dubois' men with musket and cannon. While a few escaped, the majority surrendered, and three were killed. Their priest, Charles-François Bailly de Messein, was wounded in this battle. It is said that, because both sides recruited in the same areas to build their militias, that there were some families whose members fought against each other in this battle. ## Aftermath Beaujeu, his plans uncovered, disbanded the militia and went into hiding on Île-aux-Grues. After Dubois established that the action had been sanctioned by the British, some of the prisoners were released after promising not to take up arms again. The remaining 21 prisoners were sent to the American camp outside Quebec. The skirmish itself had no notable effect on relations between the people and the occupying Americans, which were already deteriorating as the siege dragged on. This was due in part to the fact that the Americans, rather than paying for their supplies in coin, paid with Continental paper currency or promissory notes, deemed to be of little worth by the locals. ## See also - List of American Revolutionary War battles	[ "## Background", "## Loyalist militia recruitment", "## Americans warned", "## Conflict", "## Aftermath", "## See also" ]	1,049	29,908
4,700,530	Washington State Route 22	1,056,496,640	Highway in Washington	[ "State highways in Washington (state)", "Transportation in Benton County, Washington", "Transportation in Yakima County, Washington" ]	State Route 22 (SR 22) is a 35.84-mile (57.68 km) long state highway spanning Yakima and Benton counties in the US state of Washington. Existing since at least 1937, the highway serves to connect several small communities that have been bypassed by Interstate 82 (I-82) / U.S. Route 12 (US 12). Except for the section through Toppenish and the southeastern bypass of Prosser, the highway is lightly traveled passing mainly through rural farmland. The highway parallels a BNSF Railway line for a majority of its route, with the rail line predating the highway by at least 27 years. Three digit highway numbers in Washington indicate auxiliary routes of their parent route, giving SR 22 five auxiliary routes: SR 220, SR 221, SR 223, SR 224, and SR 225. SR 220 was decommissioned during the 1991 legislative session, and is no longer maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation. ## Route description SR 22 begins at a hybrid diamond–partial cloverleaf interchange on the concurrent I-82 / US 12 near Buena. The route heads south through farmland towards the town of Toppenish in Yakima County, which is also part of the Yakama Indian Reservation. While in Toppenish, the highway passes over double track belonging to BNSF Railway. On the south end of town, SR 22 intersects US 97, turning southeast as US 97 heads south. Traveling southeast, SR 22 passes through more farmland, passing the small census-designated place of Satus and an interchange with SR 223. The city of Mabton is located just north of the highway, and is accessible by turning onto SR 241. The highway leaves the reservation and turns southwest after passing the Sunnyside Wildlife Recreation Area, and crosses the Yakima–Benton county line, continuing through farmland until approaching the outskirts of Prosser, the county seat of Benton County. SR 22 serves as a bypass of Prosser, turning north until intersecting Wine Country Road on the east side of Prosser before turning back southwest on Wine Country Road and terminating at a folded diamond interchange, exit 82, on I–82. Every year the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2009, WSDOT calculated that as few as 1,100 cars traveled through the intersection with Bus Road just west of the Sunnyside Wildlife Recreation Area, and as many as 10,000 cars passed through the town of Toppenish before the interchange with US 97. The segment of highway between its western terminus at I-82 and US 97 is listed on both the WSDOT List of Highways of Statewide Significance, which marks this portion of the highway as a critical to connecting major communities in the state, and the National Highway System, a system of roads that are important to the nation's economy, defense and mobility. ## History A roadway has existed since before 1926, connecting Toppenish and Prosser near the current alignment of SR 22, however the roadway was incomplete, with a gap existing between Satus and Mabton. The gap in the roadway was completed by 1933, and the segment between Toppenish and Prosser was numbered Secondary State Highway 3A (SSH 3A) by 1939, while the segment between the current I-82 and US 97 was originally numbered as part of Primary State Highway 8 (PSH 8). These designations remained until the 1964 state highway renumbering, when SSH 3A and the small segment of PSH 8 were renumbered SR 22. Before the completion of I-82 through the area, SR 22 continued into the town of Buena, however now that the interstate has been completed, SR 22 has been truncated to the interstate. The rail line that the highway parallels between Toppenish and just west of Prosser has existed since at least 1910. It originally belonged to the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway, and it is now part of BNSF Railway as part of their Yakima Valley Subdivision. In Spring 2011, WSDOT began a \$4.63 million construction project to build wider lanes and shoulders on SR 22 between I-82 and the city of Toppenish, because of a number of collisions along the roadway. Other improvements included installing new sidewalks with ADA-compliant curbs and access ramps, as well as adding turn lanes to side roads. The project was completed in June 2012. ## Major intersections	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections" ]	1,016	19,607
52,893,209	April 1865 Bruce by-election	1,148,467,327	New Zealand by-election	[ "1865 elections in New Zealand", "April 1865 events", "By-elections in New Zealand", "Politics of Otago" ]	The April 1865 Bruce by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the multi-member electorate of during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament on 8 April 1865. It was triggered on 9 January that year by the resignation of separationist Thomas Gillies and won by prominent settler Arthur John Burns. The more liberal businessman William John Dyer was the sole other contester of the by-election, finishing with 43.33% of the vote. Five candidates were nominated but two of them had their nominations rejected by the Returning Officer. Both rejected nominees had nominated other electors earlier in the meeting; the Returning Officer believed this behaviour was childish and contrary to the "serious duty" of candidacy. A third nominee—Henry Clapcott—was proposed but withdrew prior to the election. The by-election was one of three by-elections in the electorate that were also in the 3rd Parliament, the others being the July 1865 by-election and the 1862 by-election. 11 months after the by-election came the . ## Background Thomas Gillies was a cabinet minister in the Domett Ministry (August 1862) and then the Whitaker–Fox Ministry (October 1863 – November 1864), and had served as a Member of Parliament for Bruce since 1861. He was a strong advocate of the separation of the North and South islands, but did not get majority support in the ministries or from parliament as a whole, and he resigned his parliamentary seat in early 1865 as he could not achieve his goal. The question of separation was also not universally supported by his electorate. The first mention of Gillies having resigned came on 9 January 1865 and the resignation eventually took effect on 3 March that year. His resignation eventually triggered the by-election. Some of the electors near Lake Wakatip—the contemporary spelling of Lake Wakatipu—were sorry to see Gillies retire because of "some infatuated idea in regard to separation". The loss of a 'suitable representative' generally displeased the electorate, including those who were against his views. ## Campaign The Otago Daily Times's Tokomairiro correspondent reported on 23 March that a writ for the election of a replacement was issued, and that the dates for a nomination meeting and election were set for 31 March and 8 April, respectively. As of 23 March, no candidates had come forward and the newspaper stated that their reporters had not heard any rumours about potential candidates either. On the day prior to the nomination meeting, still no candidates had come forward, despite discussions of Frederick Moss as a suitable representative. Moss had declined becoming a candidate due to private engagements. ### Nomination meeting The meeting for nominations for the by-election was held in the Tokomairiro Court House in Milton—which in those days was called Tokomairiro or Tokomairaro—on 31 March 1865. Up until two years previously, the Court House in Dunedin hosted the nomination meeting, and this was the first Bruce election with the nominations held in Tokomairiro. The Returning Officer John Dewe—having read the election notice and the writ—called upon the various electors to declare their nominations of candidates. The number of electors present was approximately 30, yet for a considerable time no elector announced their nomination. Finally, John Hardy gave a speech in which he expressed his astonishment that despite Bruce being one of the most developed parliamentary constituencies, no candidate had yet been nominated by the electors. He then announced his nomination of Henry Clapcott, the Treasurer of Otago Province at the time, as a person who he thought would be a suitable representative for the electorate. M. B. Power seconded that nomination. Some speakers opposed Clapcott's nomination, as the provincial superintendent (John Hyde Harris) and the provincial speaker (John L. C. Richardson) were already members of the House of Representatives, and Clapcott as the third-ranked provincial executive member would leave an ineffective executive behind to run Otago. E. Marryatt proposed William John Dyer, seconded pro forma by H. Clark. Before he announced his nomination, John Lillie Gillies signalled that he was about to propose someone who was well known among those who lived in the electorate. After a speech, Gillies announced his nomination and stated that he was sure that the electors could not find a more honest candidate than Arthur John Burns, who he then announced as the candidate he would like to propose. James Smith seconded that nomination. No other candidates were proposed and the Returning Officer called for Dyer to give a speech to the electors regarding what he would advocate for and his goals if he became the Member of Parliament for Bruce. However, before Dyer made his speech John Hardy stepped in and asked if he could say some words as Henry Clapcott's representative, an action opposed by other electors. Hardy said that in reply to some observations by J. L. Gillies regarding the state of the province of Otago without a treasurer— he would then also like to nominate Marryatt—who himself had nominated someone. The observations were concerning the fact that Clapcott would be forced to resign as Treasurer to take up his role as MP for Bruce. Marryatt had opposed the stepping in of Hardy, without a clue that he would be nominated for the role. Laughingly, J. L. Gillies seconded that nomination. However, Gillies said that an elector may only nominate one person for a role at an election. The Returning Officer then justified that an elector may nominate as many people as they like. Returning the compliment, Marryatt nominated Hardy for the role, seconded by George E. Brown. However, the Returning Officer took no notice of the nominations, stating that it was immature of the electors to make a joke on such a serious duty. Multiple electors then said that some fun at an election was expected, a stance which the Returning Officer disagreed with. After the interruption, Dyer came forward and delivered his speech. During his speech, Dyer explained that he was a separationist, though not to the extremes as some of the Separation League, a supporter of the elimination of the House of Representatives, and could see no reason why the Chinese could not come to New Zealand like any other people. Burns said in his speech that he had no idea that he would be a candidate for the electorate, and therefore did not have enough time to prepare a speech, so he made it up along the way. He stated that if he became a Member of Parliament for Bruce, he would endeavour to act in a straightforward manner. In response to questions, Burns stated that he was an advocate for free trade. He also stated that he was against separationism, the act of dividing the North and South Islands, and that although he supported the use of income tax, he was against a stamp act or newspaper postage. Henry Clapcott was not present at the nomination meeting. After the speeches the Returning Officer called for a show of hands. The results were as follows: The Returning Officer then declared the results to be in favour of Burns. Supporters of Clapcott demanded an election on his behalf, which was held on 8 April 1865. According to reports, Burns was deemed the most likely candidate to win the by-election, an interpretation which turned out to be correct. ## Candidates ## Election and results The election was held on 8 April 1865. Clapcott placed an advertisement on 5 April in the Otago Daily Times stating that he had withdrawn from the contest for the seat. It was not possible to announce the results before the afternoon of 11 April 1865, and they were announced on 12 April. Burns won the election, as expected, although with just 24 votes (13.34%) over his sole opponent, Dyer. As the candidate who got a plurality of the votes, Burns was officially declared by the Returning Officer John Dewe as the new Member of Parliament for the electorate on 12 April 1865. ### Results by polling booth There were eight polling booths, and this was an increase by five since the last election held. The new booths were located at three school houses, in Waihola, Lawrence, and Inch Clutha, at the station of Captain Francis Wallace Mackenzie in Pomahaka, and at the courthouse in Dunedin. The latter booth was located outside of the electorate, but many of the electors resided in Dunedin. The polling booths that remained the same as at the 1862 by-election were the Court House at Tokomairiro (the place where the nomination meeting was held), and at the schoolhouses in Warepa and East Taieri. At the polling booth of East Taieri, four people voted whose names were not included on the electoral roll. Those votes were not included in the official count. Despite there being 280 electors enrolled in Tokomairiro, only 65 (23.2%) of them cast a vote in the by-election, a statistic that could have changed the election. The following table shows detailed results. ## Aftermath On 11 January 1865 there was a meeting of the Separation League, in which J. H. Harris was elected president and T. B. Gillies, whose resignation of the seat caused the by-election, deputy president. Burns lasted as a representative for Bruce until the 7 March when it was transformed into a single-member electorate. That election was won by John Cargill—who had contested the previous election—unopposed.	[ "## Background", "## Campaign", "### Nomination meeting", "## Candidates", "## Election and results", "### Results by polling booth", "## Aftermath" ]	1,980	30,866
20,840,721	Wer Dank opfert, der preiset mich, BWV 17	1,159,574,728	Church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach	[ "1726 compositions", "Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach", "Psalm-related compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach" ]	Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata Wer Dank opfert, der preiset mich (He who offers thanks praises Me), BWV 17 in Leipzig for the fourteenth Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 22 September 1726. In his fourth year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig, Bach performed 18 cantatas composed by his relative Johann Ludwig Bach, a court musician in Meiningen. He then set some of the texts himself, including this cantata, written probably by Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. They follow a pattern: seven movements are divided in two parts, both beginning with biblical quotations, Part I from the Old Testament, Part II from the New Testament. The text is based on the prescribed gospel reading telling of Jesus cleansing ten lepers. It is opened by a verse from Psalm 50, quotes a key sentence from the gospel and is closed by a stanza from Johann Gramann's hymn "Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren". The cantata, structured in two parts to be performed before and after the sermon, is modestly scored for four vocal soloists and choir (SATB), and a Baroque orchestra of two oboes, strings and continuo. ## History and words Bach wrote the cantata in 1726, his fourth year in Leipzig, for the 14th Sunday after Trinity. The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul's teaching on "works of the flesh" and "fruit of the Spirit" (), and from the Gospel of Luke, Cleansing ten lepers. (). That year, Bach presented 18 cantatas by his relative Johann Ludwig Bach who was court musician in Meiningen. Bach seems to have been impressed also by the texts of those cantatas and follows similar structures: seven movements, divided in two parts to be performed before and after the sermon, both parts opened by Bible words, Part I by a quotation from the Old Testament, Part II by one from the New Testament. Bach composes some texts that his relative set before, including this cantata, which was written by Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, according to Christoph Wolff. The cantata is regarded as part of Bach's third annual cycle. The poet derived from the gospel idea that thanks to God for his goodness are man's obligation. A profound scholar of the Bible, he quotes for the opening chorus a verse from Psalm 50 () and for the first recitative in Part II verses 15 and 16 from the gospel. He alludes to the Bible several times, for example telling about God's creation by in movement 2 and in movement 3, to in movement 6, "Lieb, Fried, Gerechtigkeit und Freud in deinem Geist" (Love, peace, righteousness and joy in Your spirit). The closing chorale is the third stanza of the hymn "Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren" (1525) by Johann Gramann (Poliander). Bach first performed the cantata on 22 September 1726. He later used the opening movement for the movement Cum sancto Spritu in the Gloria of his Missa in G major, BWV 236. ## Music ### Structure and scoring The cantata is structured in two parts, Part I of three movements to be performed before the sermon, Part II of four movements after the sermon. Bach scored it for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir SATB, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes (Ob), two violins (Vl), two violas (Va) and basso continuo (Bc). The title of the autograph score reads: "Domin. 14 post Trin. / Wer Dank opfert, der preiset mich / a / 4 Voci / 2 Hautb. / 2 Viol. / Viola / e Contin. / di / J.S.Bach". In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). ### Movements #### 1 The opening chorus presents the verse from the psalm, "Wer Dank opfert, der preiset mich" (He who offers thanks praises Me), in two choral sections, preceded by a long instrumental section. #### 2 The first recitative is secco, as the two others: "Es muß die ganze Welt ein stummer Zeuge werden" (The entire world must be a silent witness). #### 3 In the first aria, "Herr, deine Güte reicht, so weit der Himmel ist" (Lord, your goodness reaches as wide as Heaven), soprano and two obbligato violins illustrate in rising lines the text "so weit die Wolken gehen" (as far as the clouds soar), adding extended coloraturas on "preisen" (praise) and "weisen" (indicate [the way]). #### 4 The recitative beginning Part II, "Einer aber unter ihnen, da er sahe, daß er gesund worden war" (One, however, among them, when he saw that he was cured), is of narrative character and therefore given to the tenor voice, similar to the Evangelist in Bach's Passions. #### 5 The second aria, "Welch Übermaß der Güte" (What an abundance of goodness), is accompanied by the strings. Both arias share a structure of three vocal sections, avoiding a vocal da capo, but combining the last section with the ritornello, thus achieving a unity of the movement. #### 6 The last recitative, "Sieh meinen Willen an" (Look on my will), is sung by the bass. It is accompanied by the continuo alone and expands on the theme of giving thanks to God. #### 7 John Eliot Gardiner admires particularly the closing chorale, "Wie sich ein Vater erbarmet" (As a father has mercy), for its "wonderful word-painting for the 'flower and fallen leaves' and 'the wind [which] only has to pass over'". He compares it to the central movement of the motet Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied, BWV 225. ## Recordings The sortable table follows the selection on the Bach Cantatas Website. Ensembles singing one voice per part (OVPP) and playing period instruments are marked by green background.	[ "## History and words", "## Music", "### Structure and scoring", "### Movements", "#### 1", "#### 2", "#### 3", "#### 4", "#### 5", "#### 6", "#### 7", "## Recordings" ]	1,396	31,796
32,015,103	Where the Dream Takes You	1,168,816,886	null	[ "2000s ballads", "2001 singles", "2001 songs", "Atlantis (franchise)", "Contemporary R&B ballads", "Disney songs", "Interscope Records singles", "Mýa songs", "Pop ballads", "Song recordings produced by Robbie Buchanan", "Songs written by Diane Warren", "Songs written by James Newton Howard", "Songs written for animated films", "Walt Disney Records singles" ]	"Where the Dream Takes You" is a song by American singer Mya. It was written by songwriter Diane Warren and composer James Newton Howard to promote Walt Disney Pictures' 41st animated feature film Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001). Produced by Jay Selvester, Robbie Buchanan and Ron Fair, the song was released as the only promotional single from the film's soundtrack on June 5, 2001. Directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale agreed that Atlantis: The Lost Empire, their third animated Disney project, would not be a musical. However, the studio's marketing department insisted that at least one song be featured during the film's end credits in order to adhere to tradition. Disney hired Mya to record a pop song for the Atlantis soundtrack because of the studio and singer's shared business relationship with A&M/Interscope Records. A "tender" pop ballad, "Where the Dream Takes You" is an inspirational song about following one's heart and self-discovery, which alludes to the film's central plot about a young adventurer's search for the lost city of Atlantis. Both Warren and Howard collaborated on the song's melody, which borrows from Howard's own orchestral score, while Warren wrote the lyrics. "Where the Dream Takes You" is the only song from Atlantis: The Lost Empire that features both music and lyrics. Upon its release 10 days ahead of the film, the ballad was criticized for sounding generic and uninspired. Some critics also questioned Disney's decision to have Mya to record the song, believing the single would have benefited from a more experienced vocalist. However, the song was nominated for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film at the World Soundtrack Awards. ## Background and writing Unlike most of Disney's animated releases, Atlantis: The Lost Empire lacks both songs and musical numbers to assist with its storytelling. After having successfully directed two Disney musicals consecutively, Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale agreed that Atlantis: The Lost Empire, their third animated project for Disney, would not be a musical, nor would it feature any power ballads. However, by the time the film was released in 2001, it had become standard practice for Disney to hire young artists to record pop songs for their films' official soundtrack albums, thus Disney's marketing department insisted that Atlantis: The Lost Empire feature at least one song during its closing credits as a compromise in order to maintain tradition. Earlier that year, the releases of The Mummy Returns and Pearl Harbor had also been accompanied by pop songs to attract a wider audience, a trend Disney would follow with Atlantis. Chuck Taylor of Billboard believes that Disney recruited R&B singer Mya because of the studio's professional relationship with the artist's then-record company A&M/Interscope Records. At that time, Mya had recently collaborated with singers Pink, Lil' Kim and Christina Aguilera on "Lady Marmalade" for the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack earlier that year, the lattermost of whom made her musical debut recording "Reflection", the theme song from Disney's Mulan (1998). Rob Burch of The Hollywood News believes that "Where the Dream Takes You" was initially intended to benefit Mya's career similar to the way in which "Reflection" had bolstered Aguilera's. "Where the Dream Takes You" was written by songwriter Diane Warren and film composer James Newton Howard. While Howard, who scored the entire film, composed the song's melody, Warren contributed to the song's music while writing its lyrics on her own. On the co-writing process, Howard explained that Warren wrote lyrics to accompany "a musical theme" he had composed, in addition to making some musical contributions of her own. Therefore, while both Warren and Howard are credited as composers, only Warren retains a lyric writing credit. By then already well known for writing several commercially successful songs for various artists, Warren had already established herself as a prolific songwriter by the time she wrote "Where the Dream Takes You", which lyrically adheres to a similar songwriting style for which she has become known. Meanwhile, the song's melody is loosely based on a sample of the film's orchestral score. Played during the film's end titles, "Where the Dream Takes You" is the only song from the film that features both music and lyrics, although it is not performed by any character within the context of the film itself because Atlantis: The Lost Empire is not a musical. ## Release Distinguished from most film soundtracks, Atlantis: The Lost Empire features "Where the Dream Takes You" as its first track instead of its last. A&M/Interscope Records, Mya's record company at the time, and Walt Disney Records released "Where the Dream Takes You" as the only promotional single from the Atlantis: The Lost Empire soundtrack. It was sent to Top 40 and adult contemporary radio stations on June 5, 2001 to support the film ten days ahead of its June 15 theatrical release date. The single was accompanied by a music video starring Mya, in which she performs the song interpolated with scenes from the film. "Where the Dream Takes You" appears as the first track on the soundtrack before it is succeeded by Howard's orchestral score, which accounts for the remainder of the album. Puerto Rican singer Chayanne covered the song in Spanish, entitled "Donde Va Tu Sueño", to promote the film's Latin American release. Recorded in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Chayanne co-wrote his rendition's Spanish lyrics with Renato Lopez, Walterio Pesqueira and Manny Benito. The two-disc Taiwanese release of the soundtrack includes three additional versions of "Where the Dream Takes You" performed in three different languages by three different artists: Jolin Tsai in Mandarin, Joey Yong in Cantonese, and Kangta in Korean. ## Composition "Where the Dream Takes You" is a "tender" pop power ballad, with "average pop fare". According to the song's official sheet music, published by Walt Disney Music Publishing on Musicnotes.com, "Where the Dream Takes You" is set in signature common time and performed at a moderate tempo of 88 beats per minute in the key of C major. The Disney Song Encyclopedia author Thomas S. Hischak believes that the song's lyrics are "about following your heart to find your true self", which begin "They'll try to hold you back, they will say you're wrong, but they will never understand, no, the journey that you're on." A writer for Barnes & Noble agreed that, thematically, the single "correlates to the film's tale of an inexperienced young adventurer", Milo Thatch, and its diverse cast of supporting characters, all of whom long to follow various dreams of their own as they search for Atlantis. One of its verses reads, "There's something in your soul/That won't be denied/It's the faith to dream that keeps the dream alive/So you still believe and you know you must go", encouraging listeners to follow their dreams despite others' opinions. Lasting a duration of four minutes, AllMusic cites the song's mood as both "earnest" and "mellow"; Mya performs it using a "sweet vocal", which spans two octaves from G3 to D♭5. Based on a melody heard only briefly during the film, "Where the Dream Takes You" encompasses "soft, contemporary beats" combined with the singer's "dulcet tones" that recall music played in a piano lounge, contrasting with the time period in which the film itself is set. Its production, which has been described as "polished", was handled by Jay Selvester, Robbie Buchanan and Ron Fair. ## Critical reception Ultimately, "Where the Dream Takes You" was both a commercial and critical disappointment despite Disney's efforts; the song has been met with generally negative reviews from music critics, who dismissed it as standard and uninspired. Although AllMusic's Jonathan Widran believed the song could potentially become a "pop hit", he ultimately dismissed it as "fairly generic Diane Warren-written fare." In Billboard, radio personality Charles Karel Bouley agreed that the song is "average pop fare" while acknowledging its Top 40 potential. Film Score Monthly's Lukas Kendall strongly disliked the ballad, writing, "The less said about ...'Where the Dream Takes You,' the better." James Barry of Soundtrack.Net wrote, "If I had to pick something to dislike, it'd be the song 'Where the Dream Takes You'" because "it suffers from sounding like so much other disposable end-credits music." Telenet's Thomas Glorieux opined that the track "fails to even stir up the attention because I find it a very ordinary song." Critics were also unimpressed with Mya's performance. Calling the singer "a curious choice" for "Where the Dream Takes You", Chuck Taylor of Billboard criticized Mya's vocals for failing "to lift the ballad beyond the mundane, while making it more than obvious that her talents are best-suited for uptempo, beat-heavy fare", and believes the single could have potentially benefited from a more powerful, seasoned vocalist. Ranking "Where the Dream Takes You" among Disney's worst songs, Consequence of Sound's Dominick Suzanne-Mayer panned the ballad as "an addendum every bit as forgettable ... as the film in which it appears." "Where the Dream Takes You" was nominated for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film at the World Soundtrack Awards in 2001. ## Live performances To promote "Where the Dream Takes You," Mya performed the song at several media outlets. On the film's release day, June 15, 2001, Mya performed the song at Live with Regis & Kelly. Next, Mya performed the song at the event gala, An American Celebration at Ford's Theatre. Hosted by ABC journalist Sam Donaldson, the show originally tapped June 10, 2001 and featured a line-up of entertainers which included country singer Billy Gilman, country group SHeDAISY, comedian Jeff Foxworthy and opera singer Russell Watson. It aired August 21, 2001.	[ "## Background and writing", "## Release", "## Composition", "## Critical reception", "## Live performances" ]	2,090	23,386
12,895,001	Unicorn (Tintin)	1,140,506,765	Fictional ship in The Adventures of Tintin	[ "1943 in comics", "Fictional elements introduced in 1943", "Fictional objects in comics", "Fictional ships", "Tintin locations" ]	The Unicorn (French: La Licorne) is a fictional 17th-century three-masted armed French Royal Navy vessel appearing in The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. The ship plays a leading role in both The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham's Treasure, published in 1943 and 1944, respectively. The Unicorn also appears in the 2011 film adaptation The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn. In the Tintin adventures, the Unicorn is the setting of a battle between pirates and sailors followed by a duel between its captain, Sir Francis Haddock (an ancestor of Captain Haddock) and the pirate Red Rackham. The Unicorn is scuttled and sinks, only to be discovered years later by Tintin and his friends in an attempt to locate Red Rackham's treasure. ## Creation The Unicorn was inspired by the 64-gun Brillant, built in 1690 at Le Havre, France by the shipwright Salicon and then decorated by the designer Jean Bérain the Elder. In 1942, Hergé had decided that his latest Tintin adventure, The Secret of the Unicorn (1943), should depict images of his fictional Unicorn as detailed precision drawings. He used the services of his friend and local model ship maker Gérard Liger-Belair, son of a former naval officer and who owned a shop in Brussels that specialised in model ships, to find an appropriate historical vessel that he could customize to meet his historical needs. Liger-Belair's research produced three possibilities: A British frigate, a Dutch merchant vessel, and a French battleship. As Hergé preferred the battleship, Liger-Belair continued to research and discovered a historic document titled Architectura Navalis, which contained detailed drawings of French battleships. One in particular was from 1690, in the navy of Louis XIV of France, the 64-gun, Brillant. Liger-Belair soon completed a plan on a 1:100 scale followed by an extremely precise model. Hergé consulted the archives at the National Museum of Natural History and the then recently published L'Art et le Mer ("Art and the Sea") by Alexandre Berqueman. He also studied other vessels from the period, such as the Le Soleil Royal, La Couronne, La Royale and Le Reale de France to better understand 17th-century ship design. It was from the Le Reale de France that he gained a basis for his design of the Unicorn's jolly boat. He adopted the fictional ship's unicorn figurehead from a British frigate which had been built in 1745. When Liger-Belair's model was complete, Hergé realised it into the panels of his comics, regularly showing his renditions to Liger-Belair to ensure he was depicting the vessel with no technical errors. In its finished appearance in the book, the Unicorn is a ship of the third rank, a vessel with three-masts and 50 guns, more than 40 metres long and 11 metres wide. After publication of The Secret of the Unicorn, Hergé's German publisher Carlsen Verlag gave him an antique model of a 17th-century Danish ship called the Enhjørningen (The Unicorn). Until that moment, Hergé had no idea that a ship with that name, complete with a unicorn figurehead, had ever actually existed. ## In The Adventures of Tintin ### Fictional history The Secret of the Unicorn is partially set in 1676. In the English translation, the Unicorn sails under the Union Jack during the reign of Charles II of England and is commanded by Sir Francis Haddock, an ancestor of Captain Haddock. In Hergé's original French version, however, la Licorne flies the French flag for the French Navy under King Louis XIV and is commanded by Chevalier François de Hadoque. No ship named the Unicorn was listed in the annals of the French Navy during the 17th century. However, from 1634 to 1688 the English Royal Navy had a ship of the line named HMS Unicorn which was, coincidentally, commanded by a Captain Haddock. Red Rackham's Treasure (1944) tells of the adventure Tintin and his friends undertake to recover the lost treasure of the pirate Red Rackham, believed by Tintin to be aboard the shipwrecked Unicorn. Sir Francis had built three models of the Unicorn and had hidden a treasure map inside each one. The adventure, told across both books, leads Tintin to the Unicorn and to the lost treasure. A 2011 feature film adaptation of both Tintin books retells the story of the Unicorn. The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Peter Jackson was released in October–December 2011. ### Plot role While sailing in the West Indies in 1676, the Unicorn, commanded by Sir Francis Haddock, is seized and captured by a group of pirates led by Red Rackham. The pirates hoist a red pennant—no life would be spared. During the battle, Sir Francis is hit and loses consciousness. Later, the members of the Unicorn crew still alive are killed or thrown overboard. Sir Francis regains consciousness, finding himself tied to the mainmast. The pirate ship is damaged and sinking, so Red Rackham moves his treasure on board the Unicorn. The ship then sails to an uninhabited island. When anchored near the shore of the island, Sir Francis manages to free himself and goes below deck to the Unicorn's gunpowder stores. Whilst there, he encounters Rackham for the final time, killing him in a sword fight. Before escaping in the ship's jolly boat, he is able to set fire to the gunpowder by means of a slow-burning fuse, causing the Unicorn (with Rackham's drunken crew and presumably Red Rackham's treasure still aboard) to explode and sink. In the present day, Tintin, his dog Snowy, and his friends Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus follow coordinates that Sir Francis had left his three sons in a strange riddle hidden in three model ships of the Unicorn. Reaching the coordinates, they discover the island and, upon diving, they find the wreck of the Unicorn. Although they recover various artefacts from it, they do not find the treasure. Back in Belgium, Tintin realises that Sir Francis' message referred, not to the location of the Unicorn, but to a globe mounted on a statue in Sir Francis' former country home. Understanding now that Francis would never have left the treasure but would have taken it with him to his home, Tintin locates the coordinates to the treasure on the globe, presses a secret button he finds there, and discovers Red Rackham's treasure hidden inside.	[ "## Creation", "## In The Adventures of Tintin", "### Fictional history", "### Plot role" ]	1,422	14,179
7,933,479	Victoria Rooms, Bristol	1,173,143,226	Building of the University of Bristol	[ "1842 establishments in England", "Assembly rooms", "Buildings and structures in Clifton, Bristol", "Dance venues in England", "Education in Bristol", "Grade II* listed assembly rooms", "Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol", "Music venues completed in 1842", "Music venues in Bristol", "University of Bristol" ]	The Victoria Rooms, also known as the Vic Rooms, houses the University of Bristol's music department in Clifton, Bristol, England, on a prominent site at the junction of Queens Road and Whiteladies Road. The building, originally assembly rooms, was designed by Charles Dyer and was constructed between 1838 and 1842 in Greek revival style, and named in honour of Queen Victoria, who had acceded to the throne in the previous year. An eight column Corinthian portico surmounts the entrance, with a classical relief sculpture designed by Musgrave Watson above. The construction is of dressed stonework, with a slate roof. A bronze statue of Edward VII, was erected in 1912 at the front of the Victoria Rooms, together with a curved pool and several fountains with sculptures in the Art Nouveau style. The Victoria Rooms contain a 665-seat auditorium, a lecture theatre, recital rooms, rehearsal rooms and a recording studio. Jenny Lind and Charles Dickens performed at the Victoria Rooms. It was also the venue for important dinners and assemblies, including banquets to commemorate the opening of the Clifton Suspension Bridge and the quatercentennial anniversary of Cabot's discovery of North America, meetings which led to the establishment of the University College, Bristol, an early congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and suffragettes "at-homes". The building was purchased and given to the university in 1920 as a home for the student union and, circa 1924, it spent a brief period as a cinema. Following a fire in 1934, the building was refurbished by the university. It remained as the base of the student union until purpose built facilities were opened in Queens Road in the 1960s. The Victoria Rooms then became an exhibition and conference centre, before housing the music department in 1996. They remain in use in the 21st century for concerts, exhibitions, plays, recitals and lectures. ## The building The Victoria Rooms, also known colloquially as the Vic Rooms, are situated at the junction of Queen's Road and Whiteladies Road, in Clifton, Bristol, "occupying one of the finest sites in Clifton," according to a 1906 visitor's guide. Gomme, in Bristol: an architectural history (1979), described it as a key building on a prominent intersection. The building was designed as assembly rooms by Charles Dyer. The foundation stone was laid on 24 May 1838, the 19th birthday of Queen Victoria, in whose honour the building was named. Building works in the Greek revival style, incorporating an eight-columned Corinthian portico which is 30 feet (9.1 m) tall, were completed in 1842. It is constructed of ashlar (dressed stone work) with steps leading up to the portico. The roof is of slate. Two sloping ramps were built to allow the passage of carriages into the building. The pediment in the blind attic above the columns has a relief carving attributed to Musgrave Watson "depicting Wisdom in her chariot ushering in the morning, and followed by the Three Graces", according to Andrew Foyle in Pevsner's Guide. He adds that the main hall was disappointingly remodelled in 1935, following a fire the previous year. In 1838, the design of the interior was described as "nothing either particularly remarkable or new in regard to design" in the Civil Engineer and Architects' Journal. In 1849, the interior of the hall was described by Chilcott, in his Descriptive history of Bristol as being decorated in a Greek theme, to match the exterior of the building. Gomme describes the pediment sculpture as "Minerva in car driven by Apollo, accompanied by the Hours and Graces", attributing the sculpture to Jabez Tyley. Henry Lonsdale, writing in 1866, explains this anomaly by revealing that Tyley created the sculpture in Bath Stone from a plaster of paris model by Watson. The architecture of the building is described by English Heritage as "a product of European trends of the time, moving away from Neoclassicism and towards Roman Corinthian design." It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II\* listed building. Inside the main entrance is a vestibule which then leads via an octagonal room, with a bowed cast-iron railed balcony and a domed ceiling, to the main auditorium. A correspondent of the Bristol Mercury, in 1846, described an ingenious central heating system consisting of a cast iron stove which heated and circulated air, "using less than half a cwt. [25 kilograms (55 lb)] of Welsh anthracite in twenty-four hours", kept the interior of the building some 30 to 40 °F (16 to 22 °C) higher than the external temperature. Much of the interior was remodelled in the mid-20th century, although some period plaster decorations remain in the Regency room. From 1873 the main auditorium housed a large organ originally built for the Royal Panopticon of Arts and Science in Leicester Square, from where it was removed to St Paul's Cathedral and thence to the Victoria Rooms. In July 1899 it was decided to replace this with an electric organ, which could be played from a keyboard at a considerable distance from the organ itself. The organ was built by Norman & Beard, and was first played by Edwin Lemare on 31 October 1900; On 1 December 1934, a fire started under the stage of the great hall or auditorium, quickly spreading. The Times reported that "The brigades were able to no more than prevent the fire from extending to the Lesser Hall and the recreation rooms. The fine electric organ was completely destroyed." In the 21st century, the building houses a 665-seat auditorium and rehearsal rooms. The auditorium is approximately 418 square metres (4,500 sq ft), with an adjacent lecture theatre of some 119 square metres (1,280 sq ft) and a recital room of 139 square metres (1,500 sq ft). The purpose built composition and recording studios are in regular use for research and the creation of works. Other facilities include a bar, common rooms, a resource centre and practice rooms. ## Forecourt The building was originally surrounded by iron railings as shown in 19th century photographs, but these are no longer there, possibly removed during the Second World War as part of a nationwide scrap drive. A memorial statue of Edward VII, designed by Edwin Alfred Rickards and executed by Henry Poole RA, was erected in 1912 at the front of the Victoria Rooms, together with a curved pool, lamps, steps, balustrades, ornamental crouching lions and fountains with sculptures in the Art Nouveau style. Two sphinxes, which had previously guarded the building, were removed for these new works. The statue and fountains are regarded as fine examples of Rickards and Poole's work and have been Grade II\* listed. An interesting feature of the fountains is that the water flow is controlled by an anemometer "so that on windy days the pressure is reduced in order that the water does not blow across the adjacent roadway." ## History At the laying of the foundation stone on 24 May 1838 the President of the Victoria Rooms, Thomas Daniel, opened the ceremony by saying 'I congratulate you, my friends, that this, the birth-day of our amiable and virtuous Queen, has been selected to lay the foundation-stone of these rooms, which are intended for Conservative purposes - rooms where all may meet to assert their loyalty and attachment to the throne, and to support their religion, and the best interests of their country.' P. F. Aiken Esq went on to make a speech including the following: '... The stately edifice we are gong to erect, our children's children will look upon with admiring eyes, and generations yet unborn will throng its spacious halls... public buildings are memorials of the age, the city, the country in which they are erected, and indicate their progress in civilization to future generations.' The Victoria Rooms were opened on 24 May 1842; building had begun in 1838, and cost about £23,000.'.The money was raised by a "body of Conservative citizens". Jenny Lind and Charles Dickens were just two of the artists known to have performed there. Numerous private subscription balls were held at the rooms, in competition with those organised at the assembly rooms in the Mall, Clifton. This rivalry occasioned disputes between the promoters and accusations of prejudice and snobbery. Other uses included what was the first public demonstration of electric lighting in Bristol in 1863. It was also the scene for large banquets, such as that to celebrate the opening of the Clifton Suspension Bridge in 1864, and the celebrations, in 1897, of the four hundredth anniversary of John Cabot's 'discovery' of North America. On 11 June 1874 the Victoria Rooms hosted a meeting to promote what was described as a College of Science and Literature for the West of England and South Wales, which became University College, Bristol, an educational institution which existed from 1876 to 1909. It was the predecessor institution to the University of Bristol, which gained a Royal Charter in 1909. The meeting was attended by the then President of the British Association and Sir William Thompson (later Lord Kelvin). This meeting has been described as a partial success, as it gained the support of Albert Fry and Lewis Fry, members of the influential Fry family (the Fry name being known for the chocolate business set up by their grandfather and developed by their father Joseph Storrs Fry). Lewis Fry was a Quaker, lawyer and later a Liberal and Unionist Member of Parliament from 1885 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1890 for the constituency Bristol North. In 1898 the third congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was held at the rooms. In the early twentieth century, Annie Kenney and Clara Codd, local organisers of the Women's Social and Political Union (the suffragettes), used the Victoria Rooms to host "at homes", to which all were invited. In 1920, the rooms were purchased from the original private company by wealthy local industrialist Sir George Wills and given to the University to house the students' union. It appears that the university briefly leased the building for use as the Clifton Cinema which was situated there in March 1924, when local photographer Reece Winstone took a photograph. All seats were priced at 1/3d. The Victoria Rooms remained the base for the student union until 1964 when a purpose-built facility was constructed in nearby Queen's Road. The building then became a conference and exhibition centre, hosting occasional concerts such as those by Pink Floyd in 1967 and 1969. In 1987 the building housed the first incarnation of the Exploratory founded by Richard Gregory – a hands-on science centre and precursor of At-Bristol – until 1989. The University Music Department was moved into the Victoria Rooms in 1996. The venue, in the 21st century, has a regular programme of concerts, theatrical performances, lectures and conferences, serving a similar purpose to that for which the building was constructed in the nineteenth century.	[ "## The building", "## Forecourt", "## History" ]	2,363	11,238
12,518,242	Interstate 15 in Arizona	1,123,695,338	Section of Interstate Highway in Mohave County, Arizona, United States	[ "Interstate 15", "Interstate Highways in Arizona", "Transportation in Mohave County, Arizona" ]	Interstate 15 (I-15) is an Interstate Highway, running from San Diego, California, United States, to the Canada–US border, through Mohave County in northwest Arizona. Despite being isolated from the rest of Arizona, in the remote Arizona Strip, and short in length at 29.43 miles (47.36 km), it remains notable for its scenic passage through the Virgin River Gorge. The highway heads in a northeasterly direction from the Nevada border northeast of Mesquite, Nevada, to the Utah border southwest of St. George, Utah. The south portion of I-15's route was built close to the alignment of the old U.S. Route 91 (US 91), but the northern section, through the Virgin River Gorge, was built along roadless terrain. The southern section of the highway was complete and open in the early 1960s, but the gorge section was inaccessible until 1973. When it opened, the Virgin River Gorge passage was the most expensive section of rural Interstate per mile. ## Route description The highway is signed and designated the Veterans Memorial Highway, a designation which continues into Utah. Traffic volume along the Arizona section of I-15 is approximately 23,000 vehicles per day. The highway is also a part of the CANAMEX Corridor, a trade corridor in North America linking Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada and Mexico City. The highway enters the state in Mohave County northeast of Mesquite and Las Vegas, Nevada, paralleling the old US 91 heading northeast on an alignment north of the Virgin River. I-15 parallels the Virgin River for its entire length in Arizona, but the terrain abruptly becomes more rugged at mile 13, where the Virgin River Gorge begins. The first interchange is exit 8 at Littlefield, where old US 91 turns north to avoid the gorge. I-15 crosses the river for the first time just beyond Littlefield, and soon passes another interchange serving local roads eastward. This exit, exit 9, is a right-in/right-out design with frontage roads, constructed after the initial opening. Access under I-15 is provided just south of the ramps. Beyond exit 9, I-15 enters the Virgin River Gorge, first passing through "The Narrows". Here, the gorge features limestone cliffs that are as high as 500 feet (150 m) above the highway. Several pulloffs allow access to these cliffs. Within the canyon, through which it ascends northbound and descends southbound, five bridges cross the river. The highway generally follows the winding course of the river, but several rock cuts bypass bends. The canyon opens up slightly at the Cedar Pocket interchange (exit 18), allowing for a rest area. This rest area was turned over to the federal Bureau of Land Management in 2002 which maintains the nearby Virgin River Gorge Recreation Area. The rest area was demolished in 2009. I-15 continues to parallel the Virgin River, but begins to deviate more. Trees here include tamarix, ash, cottonwoods, willows, and Joshua trees. Wildflowers, such as globemallow, desert marigold, and sand verbena, dot the route in springtime. At mile 22.5, the highway crosses the Virgin River for the final time, continuing east along the smaller Black Rock Gulch before then turning slightly northeast into a flatter area. The final interchange (exit 27) provides local access. A weigh station/port of entry formerly served both sides of the road near mile 28 before the Utah state line. The weigh station/port of entry are now combined into a joint Arizona–Utah facility just north of the state line staffed by the Arizona Department of Transportation (DOT) Motor Vehicle Division and Utah DOT Motor Carrier Division. I-15 continues on into Utah providing access to St. George as well as Salt Lake City. ## History The Old Spanish Trail from Southern California had two routes through northwestern Arizona, splitting at Littlefield; one went north toward central Utah, and the other went northeast through the Virgin River Gorge, straddling the state line to the Four Corners area. When the Arrowhead Trail was marked in the 1920s, and US 91 in 1926, automobile travelers between Nevada and Utah followed the northerly routing, turning east in Utah to reach St. George. When the Interstates were planned, federal authorities decided to save 12 miles (19 km) over US 91 and pass through the Virgin River Gorge to take advantage of its scenery and lower grades for trucks. Construction was completed first, in the early 1960s, on the portion between Nevada and the gorge. The bridges over Big Bend Wash were completed in 1962. The bridge over the Virgin River near Littlefield was completed by 1964. By 1965, the overpass over Black Rock Road (northward) was finally complete. Construction through the gorge was slower and much more difficult, and the segment could not fully open until December 14, 1973. To help quicken construction, the state of Utah loaned a portion of their federal highway funds to Arizona. Even though the highway is of little importance to the transportation needs of Arizona, as it does not link any Arizona communities, it does serve as a vital link between Salt Lake City and Las Vegas and Los Angeles to the southwest. Despite extra funding, however, challenges remained. Flash flooding and quicksand in the gorge repeatedly caused problems, with equipment and materials apparently disappearing overnight. Worse, the project was to claim a life, when in October 1969, a helicopter performing reconnaissance on the gorge crashed due to wind, killing the pilot. To help navigate the gorge's rugged and unforgiving terrain, a special piece of equipment, called a swamp buggy, had to be brought from Texas. Even with this help, the route still demanded construction of four bridges over Virgin River. The westernmost bridge and the bridge carrying the northbound lanes at the third bridge location from the west were completed in 1972. By 1973, all five bridges were finally complete. Even before its opening, it was promoted as the most scenic highway in the state: a 1988 article in Arizona Highways said that the project "enhanced rather than distracted from Nature's handiwork". The Virgin River was rechanneled 12 times in what was the most expensive rural freeway in the country, at the price of approximately \$10 million per mile (\$6,200,000/km) or \$49 million per mile (\$30,000,000/km) in 2007 dollars. ## Exit list ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Exit list", "## See also" ]	1,374	44,210
27,398,259	Étienne Hastrel de Rivedoux	1,160,652,251	French general	[ "1766 births", "1846 deaths", "Commanders of the Legion of Honour", "French Quebecers", "French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars", "Generals of the First French Empire", "Knights of the Order of Saint Louis", "People from Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles" ]	Étienne d'Hastrel de Rivedoux was a general of the First French Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was born 4 February 1766 at Pointe-aux-Trembles in Quebec, which was then the British colony, Province of Québec, the son of an officer in the French military. His father had served in India during the Seven Years' War, and later in Quebec. The son of rural nobility, he attended the Royal Military School in Paris as a gentleman-cadet. After his graduation, Hastrel occupied several junior positions. During the French Revolution in 1789, and its subsequent political and social upheavals, he affirmed his loyalty to France. Described by his colleagues as naturally talented, quickly moved into the ranks of the general staff, filling increasingly important positions in several French field armies, including the Army of the Rhine, the Army of the Danube, the Army of Helvetia, and the Grande Armée. He also managed an autonomous division of engineers and sappers during the Peninsular War. After the Bourbon Restoration, he retained his titles and honors. He was recalled from retirement in 1830, during the July Revolution. He died 19 September 1846 at Versailles. ## Family Étienne d'Hastrel descended from a family of rural notables. He was the son of Christophe Claude d'Hastrel of Rivedoux, a second son of the Lord of Rivedoux, Pierre Bruno d'Hastrel. His mother, Marie Anne Lienard de Boisjoly married his father, Christophe Claude d'Hastrel, a gentleman from the Île de Ré, a small island off the coast of France near La Rochelle, on 12 February 1760 in Neuville. The senior d'Hastrel was a captain in the Languedoc Regiment, in a company of grenadiers. He participated in the siege of Pondicherry in the Seven Years' War. Etienne d'Hastrel's elder brother, Jacques Bruno D'Hastrel, ecuyer (equerry), Chevalier, and Lord of Rivedoux, was a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis. Upon their father's death in 1782, he inherited the family estates and titles. Etienne Hastrel was married twice, first in 1796 to his cousin Marie-Josephe d'Hastrel Rivedoux (b. 1767), who died 18 January 1801. He married later to an Alsatian, Louise Zäpffel or Zöpffel, the sister of Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke. He and his second wife had a son, Adolphe Hastrel de Rivedoux (1805–1875), artillery captain and traveler, but best known as a painter and print maker. ## Military career Étienne d'Hastrel was admitted to the Royal Military School in Paris as a gentleman-cadet, with the rank of sous-lieutenant on 11 September 1781. When he graduated on 8 May 1784, he joined the Artois Regiment—later the 48th Infantry Regiment—as a lieutenant. He was present at Rennes during the turmoil immediately following the Revolution, particularly divisive in the military. Some of soldiers, and indeed of some of the officers, suspected the loyalty of fellow officers remained with the old regime. Hastrel worried that the officers could no longer command the obedience of the troops, and recounted in his journal: > "The reception of the tri-color occasioned a scene of insubordination, which deprived us of several officers and served as a pretext to the revolutionaries to inspire defiance among the soldiers. At the moment when the flag was blessed and given to the battalion, the commander gave the orders to leave the church, but the soldiers would not budge. Stirred up by the youths who had assisted with the ceremony, they declared that they would not leave the old flag to be hung from the church vaults.... We could not enforce our commands....Seeing his authority ignored, the commander left the church and was followed by six or seven other officers. Then Capitaine Sermizelles, who had stayed, took the flag and gave it to the priest to be hung in the church.... [T]he battalion...returned to the barracks in order." He was promoted to captain with the campaign of the Vosges on 13 April 1792. He participated in the engagements at Frankfurt am Main and Hochheim and siege of Mainz (1793), and a small engagement at Bingen. Subsequently he was named adjutant staff major of the Army of the Rhine on 11 July 1793. In 1799, he was appointed to Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's general staff of the Army of the Danube, garrisoned initially in Strasbourg. After crossing the Rhine in early March, the Army engaged Archduke Charles' Austrian troops at the battles of Ostrach and Stockach. Following defeat at Ostrach, the army was reorganized with the Army of Helvetia, under command of André Masséna. Hastrel received a staff appointment in Milan. François Antoine Louis Bourcier served with Hastrel in the Army of the Danube. In 1800, he described Hastrel to François Nicolas Fririon: : > "The talents he has received from nature have been expanded by a careful education. His activities and services as the deputy of the general staff should make him eligible for promotion to a superior rank." In 1804, Etienne Hastrel became a member of the Legion of Honor. For the campaigns of 1805 against Austria, of 1806 against Prussia, and of 1807 against Poland, he served on the staffs of Antoine-François Andréossy. While in Warsaw in 1807, he was promoted to general of brigade. Upon his return to Germany, Hastrel was appointed to the staff of the Prince of Ponte-Corvo, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, on 20 August 1809 and, later, to the staff of Nicolas Oudinot in Holland. Etienne Hastrel also served as the military governor of Neumarkt, in Küstrin, Pomerania, 15 February 1807 to May 1807, and in the military government of Hamburg. In 1809, Napoleon sent Etienne Hastrel to Spain, to command the engineer park attached to French army. This included three companies of miners, nine companies of sappers, a battalion of mariners, another of sailors, four companies of pontonniers (bridge builders), four companies of pioneers (engineers), two companies of artillery, and park's own medical detachment, close to 5,000 men. In June 1810, he was rewarded as Commander of the Legion of Honor. As chief of general staff of the Provisional Army of Germany, and later major general (after 1811) he was appointed 13 March 1812 as director-general of military conscription, a position which he held until the peace of 1814. ## Bourbon restoration Louis XVIII named him a Knight of Order of Saint Louis upon the restoration and placed him command of the military of the Vosges in October. During the Hundred Days, Napoleon appointed him as director of the Ministry of War. In 1816, the King appointed him to various inspector generalships from 1816 to 1823, and he retired in 1825. During the July Revolution of 1830, he was recalled to the general staff, but he retired permanently in 1832. He became a grand officer of the Legion of Honor on 8 May 1835. During his retirement, he wrote his memoires, which were published in 1833. He died 19 September 1846 at his home in Versailles and is buried at Cemetery of Notre Dame, at Versailles. Sixty-one of his letters, written between 1806 and 1841, are preserved at the Public Library of France, under the title Belgique, Les fètes de Bruges.	[ "## Family", "## Military career", "## Bourbon restoration" ]	1,697	30,603
19,394,098	All the Way (Eddie Vedder song)	1,173,317,806	null	[ "2007 songs", "2008 singles", "Baseball songs and chants", "Chicago Cubs", "Eddie Vedder songs", "Songs about Chicago", "Songs written by Eddie Vedder" ]	"All the Way" (also known as "(Someday We'll Go) All the Way" and referred to as "Go All the Way") is a song written and performed by Evanston, Illinois native and Pearl Jam vocalist Eddie Vedder about the Chicago Cubs. It was first performed in public on August 2, 2007, recorded on August 21, 2008 and August 22, 2008, and released as a single on September 18, 2008. At the time of the song's release in 2008, it had been 100 years since the Cubs had last won the World Series. Vedder has been a lifelong Cubs fan. The song, which fondly looks forward to the Cubs' next World Series victory, was written with the encouragement of certain Chicago Cubs, most notably Ernie Banks. The song was first performed in Chicago and was recorded over two nights in 2008 at the end Vedder's first solo tour. The song was accompanied by an official video release by the team following their victory in the 2016 World Series. ## Origin and recording Pearl Jam vocalist Eddie Vedder was raised in Evanston, Illinois and later San Diego County, California; and even though he is closely associated with Seattle grunge music, Vedder has been a lifelong Chicago Cubs fan. He has performed the song "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during the seventh-inning stretch at several Cubs games and thrown out the ceremonial first pitch at Wrigley Field. His first seventh-inning stretch performance was on Independence Day (July 4) 1998. Vedder has attended the Cubs fantasy camp for several years. While attending the camp one year, former Cubs shortstop and first baseman Ernie Banks requested that Vedder write a song about the Cubs. Vedder wrote "All the Way" the night before the camp started and first performed it at Pearl Jam's concert of August 2, 2007 at The Vic Theatre in Chicago with Cubs pitcher Kerry Wood and other Cubs players in attendance. On August 3, 2007, one day after "All the Way" was premiered live, Vedder performed "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field for the fourth time and threw out the first pitch for the first time. Vedder's band, Pearl Jam, was in Chicago that week to perform at Lollapalooza, where the band was the headlining act for the three-day festival that ended on August 5, 2007. The version of "All the Way" heard on the commercial single release is mixed from recordings of the August 21, 2008 and August 22, 2008 solo performances of the song by Vedder at the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago. Vedder performed at the Auditorium Theatre on August 21 and 22, 2008 on a three-week extension of his solo tour that began in Boston, Massachusetts at the Boston Opera House (1980) and ended in Chicago. The solo tour had originally begun in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at The Centre on April 2, 2008. This tour was Vedder's first solo tour. ## Lyrics The 3:39 song is in the folk music genre, and it is perceived as a sing-along sea chantey or drinking song. The lyrics to the song include lines such as "Our heroes wear pinstripes/Pinstripes in blue/Give us a chance to feel like heroes, too." The song makes references to Ernie Banks, Wrigley Field, and a specific reference to Banks' catch phrase of "Let's play two!" The refrain includes the phrase "Someday we'll go all the way, Yeah, someday we'll go all the way," which anticipates the day the Cubs win the World Series, gives the song its name. ## Release and reception On September 18, 2008, "All the Way" was made available for digital download via Pearl Jam's official website for US\$0.99. On approximately September 30, 2008, a CD single version was made available for purchase at select stores in the Chicago area. A souvenir 45 single format version is also a possibility. The digital download and CD single have been released with an associated single cover art image that is a modified version of the Wrigley Field outfield wall. Philip K. Wrigley had employee Bill Veeck Jr. add ivy to the outfield walls of Wrigley Field in September 1937. Wrigley Field is the home stadium for the Chicago Cubs, and its wall is well known for being covered in ivy except for a few select places where signs are present as well as doors to locker rooms and such. The brick is visible under the ivy at the stadium in locations where the signs designate the distance from the wall to home plate measured in feet. The cover art image replaces the distance with the words "All the Way". By the time of the single release, local Chicago radio stations and sports bars had begun to play the song in anticipation of the 2008 Cubs' playoff run. The song is considered to be an earnest tribute to the Cubs. According to at least one source, the song is reminiscent of "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and much less upbeat than the song "Go, Cubs, Go" by American folk music singer-songwriter Steve Goodman. The Huffington Post encourages listeners to compare the song to Goodman's "Go, Cubs, Go". Another source compares the song to American country-folk singer-songwriter John Prine's 1974 song "Dear Abby" in terms of melody and cadence as well as the theme of Goodman's "A Dying Cubs Fan's Last Request". At The Smashing Pumpkins' concert of November 20, 2008 at the Chicago Theatre, frontman Billy Corgan criticized Vedder and the song. Corgan stated, "If the Cubs did have a chance this last year that just passed, fuckin' Eddie Vedder killed that shit dead. Last I checked Eddie ain't living here, okay? Eddie ain't living here to write a song about my fuckin' team." When the Cubs won the 2016 World Series they released a video set to "All The Way".	[ "## Origin and recording", "## Lyrics", "## Release and reception" ]	1,307	24,946
3,526,248	WITF-TV	1,163,171,932	PBS member station in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.	[ "1964 establishments in Pennsylvania", "PBS member stations", "Television channels and stations established in 1964", "Television stations in the Susquehanna Valley" ]	WITF-TV (channel 33) is a non-commercial television station in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States, a member station of PBS serving the Susquehanna Valley region (Harrisburg–Lancaster–Lebanon–York). It is owned by WITF, Inc., alongside the area's NPR member, WITF-FM (89.5). Both stations share studios at the WITF Public Media Center in Swatara Township (with a Harrisburg mailing address), while WITF-TV's transmitter is located in Middle Paxton Township, next to the transmitter of CBS affiliate WHP-TV (channel 21). WITF's programming is relayed on low-power digital translator station W20EU-D (channel 20) in Chambersburg. WITF-TV was established as the first public media outlet in the region in 1964 and was based in Hershey for its first 18 years of existence. It expanded into radio with WITF-FM in 1971 and moved to Harrisburg in 1982. The station's local initiatives include programs on topics of local interest as well as several collaborative ventures in statewide news and educational content. ## History In 1963, the Pennsylvania Educational Network proposed the introduction of a series of new noncommercial television allotments in the state: channel 3 at Clearfield, channel 36 at Altoona, channel 39 at Allentown (then a commercial channel), channel 65 at Harrisburg, and channel 68 at Scranton. The South Central Educational Broadcasting Council was formed to apply for, build and manage the Harrisburg station. Even before a construction permit application was filed, negotiations began to use the Dauphin County site already home to WHP-TV. South Central Educational filed its construction permit application in December 1963, specifying a location at Hershey, where studios would be maintained on land donated by the Hershey Estates. The nine counties in the planned service area of the new station were tasked with contributing funds for its startup, while the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare contributed \$200,000 in the form of a grant. After the grant, the FCC granted a construction permit on June 30. The Hudson Broadcasting Corporation, owner of Harrisburg radio station WCMB, held some equipment and a construction permit, unbuilt and unused, for channel 33 in Harrisburg. After reaching a purchase agreement with that firm, South Central Educational filed to move its proposed WITF-TV down from channel 65 to 33. While this would prolong the time needed to put the new station to air by two months, it would reduce costs and improve coverage. Technical difficulties pushed the start back a week, but at a third of authorized power, channel 33 began broadcasting on November 22, 1964. The call letters had been chosen by portraitist Florence Starr Taylor to represent the phrase "it's top flight". Chambersburg was predicted to receive poor coverage from the Harrisburg transmitter, and a translator for Franklin County went into service in 1965, the predecessor to today's W20EU-D. The station was quickly embraced by the community; April 1971 brought the launch of WITF-FM 89.5, and by 1979, it had the third-highest percentage of supporting members of any public television station in the United States, with viewers contributing 32 percent of its budget. The original transmission equipment was replaced in 1977 along with the commissioning of a new, taller tower, improving coverage and reducing the increasing number of faults attributable to its aging plant. After leasing space at the Hershey Community Center for 15 years, the Milton Hershey School Trust sold the building in 1979 to Hershey Foods. As a result, WITF radio and television were forced to contemplate a move, examining sites in Derry and South Hanover townships; the stations looked at a new build site which would cost about the same as renovations it had previously planned. In late 1979, the governing board for the stations entered into an agreement under which WITF would have owned and operated a new, 46,000-square-foot (4,300 m<sup>2</sup>) facility at Harrisburg Area Community College. Robert F. Larson, the president and general manager, noted that the proximity to the Commonwealth capital and educational institutions made a site in Harrisburg desirable. However, the board discovered it would not actually own the land, which was a deal-breaker for WITF and led to the college proposal being dropped. Instead, the council mulled other sites and a proposal to create mini-studios throughout its service area. A nine-acre site was considered and then shelved in early 1981 due to concerns about federal funding cutbacks from the new Reagan administration. Headquarters were initially moved to a Hershey building shared with the public library, but the station ultimately secured facilities on Locust Road in northeast Harrisburg, in the form of the closing Anna L. Carter Elementary School in Susquehanna Township; the closure of the school attracted some opposition to the move from residents. The stations moved in November 1982, with the community of license changing from Hershey to Harrisburg. Spurred by growth and technological changes, and with 50 more employees than it had in 1982, WITF launched a capital campaign in 2002 to build a new, \$22.2 million public media center on a site in Swatara Township, adjacent to Interstate 283. Not only was the Locust Road site hard to find, it lacked an elevator and was not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Ground was broken in 2005, and staff moved into the new facility in 2006. In April 2023, WITF and Steinman Communications announced Steinman's plans to donate LNP Media Group, the operator of the LNP newspaper based in Lancaster, to WITF, effective that June. The two groups plan to partner on a new nonprofit promoting civic engagement. ## Local programming and initiatives WITF produces several local programs for the south-central Pennsylvania area, including a series on health (Transforming Health) and the annual Central PA Spelling Bee. Drawings for the Pennsylvania Lottery, aired statewide by a network of commercial stations, are also produced at WITF. WITF also produced some television programs that are aired nationally on PBS, such as Computer Chronicles (co-produced with KCSM-TV from 1983 to 1995). In 2018, WITF launched PA Post, a statewide news outlet; the creation of such was suggested as a potential use for funds received in the FCC spectrum auction of 2017. PA Post was folded into Spotlight PA, an investigative portal run by several major Pennsylvania newspapers, in 2020. Joining two other PBS stations, WITF helped launch the Public Media Educational Platform (which soon changed its name to the Information Equity Initiative) in 2021, with the goal of using datacasting to transmit educational programming to school students without sufficient broadband access. As part of the initiative, WITF has conducted pilots serving K-12 students and prison inmates. ## Technical information ### Subchannels The station's digital channel is multiplexed: ### Translator In August 1998, WITF-TV became the first television station in Pennsylvania to operate a digital signal. WITF-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal over UHF channel 33 on February 17, 2009, to conclude the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television; the station's digital signal remained on UHF channel 36, using virtual channel 33. WITF agreed to share its spectrum with Tribune Broadcasting-owned Fox affiliate WPMT (channel 43) following the 2016–2017 FCC incentive auction for \$25 million on February 10, 2017. The proceeds were slated to be transferred to WITF's endowment, with interest to be used for Central Pennsylvania's media literacy program; a statewide news organization was cited as another possibility, foreshadowing the creation of PA Post.	[ "## History", "## Local programming and initiatives", "## Technical information", "### Subchannels", "### Translator" ]	1,669	13,120
64,440,670	For the Night	1,172,966,189	2020 single by Pop Smoke featuring Lil Baby and DaBaby	[ "2020 songs", "American soul songs", "DaBaby songs", "Lil Baby songs", "Pop Smoke songs", "Song recordings produced by Mike Dean (record producer)", "Songs released posthumously", "Songs written by CashMoneyAP", "Songs written by DaBaby", "Songs written by Lil Baby", "Songs written by Mike Dean (record producer)", "Songs written by Pop Smoke" ]	"For the Night" is a song by American rapper Pop Smoke featuring fellow American rappers Lil Baby and DaBaby, from the former's posthumous debut studio album, Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon (2020) as well as the EP of the same name (2020). It was written by the artists, producers CashMoneyAP and Palaze, and additional producer Mike Dean, with more additional production credits going to Wylo and Jess Jackson. The song was released as the fourth single from the album on October 3, 2020, by Victor Victor Worldwide and Republic Records, while an extended play (EP) was released for the song a few days later. "For the Night" is a hip hop, trap, and soul song with lyrics about Pop Smoke’s lack of commitment in relationships. The single debuted and peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, giving Pop Smoke his first, DaBaby his fourth, and Lil Baby his fifth top-10 hit in the US. The song reached the top-five on the Billboard airplay Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Rhythmic charts and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It entered the top 10 on record charts in Portugal, New Zealand, Canada, and Greece. Critics named "For the Night" one of the best songs of 2020, noting the rapper's' performances and instrumentation. ## Background Pop Smoke found the song's original beat on Danish record producer Palaze's YouTube channel. French producer CashMoneyAP reworked the song with Palaze, Daniel Mxras, Jess Jackson, and Mike Dean. CashMoneyAP added keys and bass while helping Palaze add drums. Pop Smoke's team was surprised when he recorded his vocals as it was the first time they heard him singing. Pop Smoke's team went to the Bahamas to work on his album when he played "For the Night" without warning to them. Record executive Steven Victor lauded the song and said they wanted to include vocals by American rapper Lil Baby. Victor thought having Lil Baby on "For the Night" would be creatively and sonically good as Pop Smoke had always wanted to work with him. The track was supposed to feature Lil Baby and American rapper YoungBoy Never Broke Again, and YoungBoy wanted to be included in the track. CashMoneyAP decided not to feature him because he felt the rapper was not a good pick. After 50 Cent joined Victor on completing Pop Smoke's album, he called American rapper DaBaby to also be part of the song. DaBaby initially did not know that Lil Baby was part of the track. Jackson's main challenge was how to combine Lil Baby's timbre work with DaBaby. Jackson and Mike Dean mixed and recreated all of the music from scratch while keeping CashMoneyAP's drums. ## Writing and composition "For the Night" was written by Pop Smoke, Lil Baby, DaBaby, CashMoneyAP, Palaze, and Wylo. It was produced by CashMoneyAP and Palaze while Wylo, Jess Jackson, and Mike Dean were credited as additional producers. "For the Night" is a hip hop, trap, and soul song consisting of an acoustic guitar, folk flutes, heavily autotuned vocals, and processed moans from Lil Baby and DaBaby. The three rappers dream about events that normally happen during the night. DaBaby pays tribute to Pop Smoke with the line, "Rest in peace to the Pop, make me smoke ya". ## Critical reception Critics called "For the Night" one of the best songs of 2020, such as the Los Angeles Times' August Brown who said it was a "convincingly dragged-out, haunting angle on his craft at the precipice of global stardom". They suggested it could be a "monster hit" and a "social media ready smash". Hannah Giorgis from The Atlantic opined that the song evokes the "recklessness of a summer party or the languid flirtation of stoop-side conversations". While Wongo Okon of Uproxx labeled the track as sinister, The Wall Street Journal's Mark Richardson considered it more welcoming than Pop Smoke's earlier songs. Other critics highlighted the song's vocals and instrumentation, Ashton Howard of Earmilk declaring the rappers delivered a "phenomenally charismatic appearance". Journalists for Billboard and Variety complimented his flexibility, particularly his ability to step outside to try different genres beyond drill. Juan Gutierraz called it a "well-balanced rap tune" due to DaBaby's "baritone staccato flow" counterpointing the "higher auto-tuned voices" of Lil Baby and Pop Smoke. Giorgis stated Lil Baby and DaBaby add "arioso and vigor" to the song, and Slant Magazine's Charles Lyons-Burt praised DaBaby's vocals as "tough-talking" and having a "chest-puffing brio". However, the vocals and instruments incorporated had lesser reviewers. Pitchfork's Alphonse Pierre cited the song as an example of the misuse of more popular rappers on Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon; he argued they blurred the "animated personality and charisma" of the rapper, particularly calling "For the Night" a "forced Rap Caviar-bound marathon with Lil Baby and DaBaby". The Independent critic Roisin O'Connor also declared the song's autotuned vocals and folk flutes seemed outdated in comparison to Pop Smoke's gruff. ## Release and commercial performance "For the Night" was released on Pop Smoke's posthumous debut studio album Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon, as the third track on July 3, 2020. The song was later released as the album's fourth single on October 3, 2020, by Victor Victor Worldwide and Republic Records. An EP for "For the Night" of the same name was released on October 7, 2020. The EP also features "Hello", "The Woo", "Got It on Me", "Creature", and "Aim for the Moon. Following the release of Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon, "For the Night" debuted and peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, giving Pop Smoke his first, DaBaby his fourth, and Lil Baby his fifth top-10 hit in the US. The song simultaneously peaked at number four on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number one on the US Rhythmic charts, with the latter becoming Pop Smoke's first song to top the chart and any Billboard chart altogether. "For the Night" remained atop the Rhythmic chart five nonconsecutive weeks, making it Pop Smoke's longest reign at number one. The Recording Industry Association of America certified the single a octuple platinum certification, which denotes eight million units based on sales and track-equivalent on-demand streams. The single also reached the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, and Portugal. It peaked at number one in Greece's singles chart. The song was certified double platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association while being certified gold in Austria and the United Kingdom by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and British Phonographic Industry, respectively. ## Track listings - For The Night - EP 1. "For the Night" (featuring Lil Baby and DaBaby) - 3:12 2. "Hello" (featuring A Boogie wit da Hoodie) - 3:11 3. "The Woo" (featuring 50 Cent and Roddy Ricch) - 3:22 4. "Got It on Me" - 2:45 5. "Creature" (featuring Swae Lee) - 3:23 6. "Aim for the Moon" (featuring Quavo) - 2:56 ## Credits and personnel Credits adapted from Tidal. - Pop Smoke – vocals, songwriter - Lil Baby – vocals, songwriter - DaBaby – vocals, songwriter - CashMoneyAP – production, programming, songwriter - Palaze – production, programming, songwriter - Wylo – additional producer, songwriter - Jess Jackson – additional producer, mixing engineer - Mike Dean – additional producer - Corey Nutile – recording engineer - Rose Adams – assistant mixer - Sage Skofield – assistant mixer - Sean Solymar – assistant mixer - Princston Terry – engineer - Stephen Farrow – engineer - Daniel Moras Raab – programming - Thomas Mann – vocal mixing ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Certifications	[ "## Background", "## Writing and composition", "## Critical reception", "## Release and commercial performance", "## Track listings", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Certifications" ]	1,794	19,596
19,224,420	Ramón Ramírez (Venezuelan pitcher)	1,163,103,713	Venezuelan baseball player	[ "1982 births", "2009 World Baseball Classic players", "2013 World Baseball Classic players", "Billings Mustangs players", "Caribes de Anzoátegui players", "Chattanooga Lookouts players", "Cincinnati Reds players", "Dayton Dragons players", "Guerreros de Oaxaca players", "Leones de Yucatán players", "Leones del Caracas players", "Living people", "Louisville Bats players", "Lowell Spinners players", "Major League Baseball pitchers", "Major League Baseball players from Venezuela", "Mexican League baseball pitchers", "Navegantes del Magallanes players", "Pawtucket Red Sox players", "Petroleros de Minatitlán players", "Rieleros de Aguascalientes players", "Sarasota Reds players", "Sportspeople from Aragua", "Tiburones de La Guaira players", "Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico", "Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States", "World Baseball Classic players of Venezuela" ]	Ramón A. Ramírez (born September 16, 1982) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds. He threw three pitches: a fastball, a slider, and a changeup. Ramírez was signed by the San Diego Padres in 2000 as an outfielder, but he was released in 2001. The Reds signed him in 2003 as a pitcher, and he reached the major leagues in 2008, when he made four starts for the Reds. The next year, he appeared in 11 games in relief for the Reds. After the season, the Tampa Bay Rays claimed him off waivers, but they released him. The Boston Red Sox claimed him off waivers, and he spent 2010 in the minor leagues for them. He signed with the Doosan Bears of the Korea Baseball Organization in 2011, but he was released before appearing in a game with them. ## Professional career ### San Diego Padres On March 27, 2000, Ramírez was signed by the San Diego Padres as an outfielder. He was released by the Padres on June 12, 2001. ### Cincinnati Reds #### 2004–2007 On May 12, 2003, Ramírez was signed by the Cincinnati Reds, this time as a pitcher. In 2004, he pitched for the Billings Mustangs of the Pioneer League, a rookie league. In 17 games (12 starts), he had three wins and six losses, which was tied for fourth in the league. However, he was 10th in the league in strikeouts (60), third in innings pitched (74+1⁄3), and second in earned run average (3.39, behind only Samuel Deduno's 3.18 ERA). In 2005, Ramírez pitched for the Dayton Dragons of the single-A Midwest League. He had a 5–7 record, a 4.50 ERA, 114 innings pitched, and 90 strikeouts in 30 games (19 starts). Ramírez pitched for the Sarasota Reds of the single-A advanced Florida State League in 2006. He had a 4–5 record, a 4.29 ERA, 53 strikeouts, 65 innings pitched, and one complete game in 15 games (11 starts). In 2007, Ramírez began the year with Sarasota again. He had a 5–2 record, a 4.05 ERA, 73+1⁄3 innings pitched, and 86 strikeouts in 15 games (12 starts); and he was promoted to the Chattanooga Lookouts of the double-A Southern League on June 22. At Chattanooga, used exclusively as a relief pitcher, he had a 5–1 record, a 4.60 ERA, 31+1⁄3 innings pitched, and 35 strikeouts in 16 games. On August 18, he was promoted to the Louisville Bats of the triple-A International League to replace Elizardo Ramírez, who was called up to the Reds. With Louisville, Ramón Ramírez had a 1–0 record, an 0.00 ERA, 14+2⁄3 innings pitched, and 16 strikeouts in five games (two starts). In the minor leagues that year, he had 11 wins (tied for fourth in the Reds' system), 3 losses, a 3.70 ERA (ninth), 119+1⁄3 innings pitched, and 137 strikeouts (second) in 36 games (14 starts). The Cincinnati Reds added him to their 40-man roster on November 20. #### 2008 Ramírez attended Reds' spring training in 2008 but was optioned to the minors on March 10 after having an 11.57 ERA in three games. He began the season with Chattanooga. After he had a 2–3 record, a 4.70 ERA, 46 innings pitched, and 52 strikeouts in 11 games (nine starts), he was promoted to Louisville on May 23. At Louisville, he had a 4–5 record, a 3.08 ERA, 99+1⁄3 innings pitched, and 93 strikeouts in 19 games (15 starts). On August 30, he was called up to the Reds make a start that day in place of the injured Johnny Cueto. He gave up three runs over seven innings while striking out six, but he received a no decision in a 7–6 victory over the San Francisco Giants. He was optioned to Sarasota the next day to make room for Wilkin Castillo on the roster but was recalled on September 2. On September 4, he threw three perfect innings in relief of an injured Josh Fogg in an 8–6 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates. Afterwards, he made three more starts for the Reds. He got his first career decision (a win) on September 19 when he gave up two runs and struck out five batters in six innings as the Reds defeated the Milwaukee Brewers, 11–2. He got his only other decision of the year on September 24, when he gave up two runs in five innings in a 5–0 loss to the Houston Astros. Ramírez finished the year 1–1, with a 2.67 ERA, 21 strikeouts, and 27 innings pitched in 5 games (4 starts). In the minors, he had a 6–8 record, a 3.59 ERA, 145 strikeouts, and 145+1⁄3 innings pitched in 30 games (24 starts). #### 2009 Ramírez was expected to compete for a spot in the Reds' starting rotation in 2009; however, because he missed much of spring training at the World Baseball Classic, he began the year with Louisville. On May 19, he was called up from Louisville to replace the injured Nick Masset in the bullpen. After appearing in one game, he was optioned back to Louisville on May 22 to make room for Carlos Fisher on the roster. He remained in Louisville until August 31, when he was recalled between games of a doubleheader. After giving up 4 runs in his first 3 games of the season, Ramírez gave up 1 run in his last 8 games. Used exclusively out of the bullpen, he finished the year with an 0–0 record, a 3.65 ERA, eight strikeouts, and 12+1⁄3 innings pitched in 11 games. At Louisville, he had a 6–7 record, a 4.03 ERA, 78 strikeouts, and 127+1⁄3 innings pitched in 31 games (20 starts). ### Tampa Bay Rays/Boston Red Sox On November 9, the Tampa Bay Rays claimed Ramírez off waivers, but they released him on December 3. On December 9, the Boston Red Sox claimed him off waivers. He spent the 2010 season with the Pawtucket Red Sox of the International League, where he had a 5–5 record, a 4.92 ERA, one complete game, 97 innings pitched, and 80 strikeouts in 28 games (13 starts). On November 6, he became a free agent. ### Doosan Bears In 2011, Ramírez signed with the Doosan Bears of the Korea Baseball Organization. However, he was released before playing a regular season game after he struggled in the preseason. ## International play In 2009, Ramírez represented Venezuela in the World Baseball Classic, deciding to play in the tournament at the last minute. On March 10, he gave up one run in three innings of relief as Venezuela defeated Italy 10–1 to advance to the second round of the Classic. He pitched a scoreless 2⁄3 of an inning on March 16 as Venezuela defeated Puerto Rico 2–0. In his final game of the Classic (on March 18), Ramírez gave up two runs in 1+2⁄3 innings, but Venezuela defeated the United States 10–6 to advance to the semifinals. ## Pitching style Ramírez throws three pitches: a fastball, a slider, and a changeup. Rays' general manager Andrew Friedman described the fastball as "average", the slider as "pretty good", and the changeup as "above-average." ## See also - List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela	[ "## Professional career", "### San Diego Padres", "### Cincinnati Reds", "#### 2004–2007", "#### 2008", "#### 2009", "### Tampa Bay Rays/Boston Red Sox", "### Doosan Bears", "## International play", "## Pitching style", "## See also" ]	1,784	10,309
43,022,625	Tropical Storm Fern	1,132,944,520	Pacific severe tropical storm in 1996	[ "1996 Pacific typhoon season", "Western Pacific severe tropical storms" ]	Severe Tropical Storm Fern was a damaging storm that struck Yap in the 1996 Pacific typhoon season. A tropical depression formed on December 21, when a low-level circulation center began to produce deep convection. The depression strengthened into a tropical storm the next day, and was given the name Fern by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The storm slowly intensified into a Category 1 typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, according to JTWC. Fern peaked north of Yap on December 26, with JTWC assessing winds of 150 km/h (90 mph), while the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) assessed peak winds of 110 km/h (70 mph), just below typhoon strength. The storm soon became sheared and weakened slowly. Fern continued to weaken to a tropical depression on December 30. Both agencies stopped advisories later on the same day. Fern made a direct hit at Yap on Christmas Day. A cargo ship was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds offshore. On the island, Fern caused \$3 million (1996 USD) of damage. Roads and bridges were significantly damaged, and other public facilities were destroyed. Crops and private properties also received damage. A state of emergency was declared in Yap State two weeks later, and became a disaster area two months later. ## Meteorological history In the middle of December, twin monsoon troughs were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean, which will later spawn storms Greg, and Fern itself in the northern hemisphere. The trough in the southern hemisphere spawned cyclones Ophelia, Phil, and Fergus. Around that time, convection began to increase near the equator, and was associated with a westerly wind burst. A low level circulation center was noted by JTWC on December 19 at 0600 UTC. Two days later, convection consolidated near the circulation center, and JMA began tracking it at 0000 UTC as a tropical depression. JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 1500 UTC, as sea level pressure began to deepen, and signs of upper level divergence were found in the system. The first advisory for Tropical Depression 42W followed three hours later, on December 17 at 1200 UTC. JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm on December 22 at 0000 UTC as it traveled westerly, and was given the name Fern. According to JTWC, the wind speeds meandered at minimal tropical storm strength. JMA proceeded to upgrade the depression into a tropical storm at 1800 UTC, with winds of 65 km/h (40 mph), and a pressure reading of 996 hectopascals (996 mbar). On Christmas Eve, Fern slowly traveled toward Yap. The storm passed over Yap the next day, strengthening to 105 km/h (65 mph) at 0000 UTC, according to JTWC. JMA assessed Fern had winds of 100 km/h (60 mph) at the same time. Fern also began its recurvature that day, beginning its turn north. Eighteen hours later on Christmas Day, JTWC upgraded Fern to a typhoon, with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). JMA continued to keep it as a severe tropical storm at that time. On December 26 at 1200 UTC, Fern reached its peak at 150 km/h (90 mph) north of Yap after its recurvature, according to JTWC. JMA assessed that Fern reached its peak of 110 km/h (70 mph), with a pressure reading of 975 hPa (975 mb) twelve hours later. On December 28, Fern began to weaken when it encountered a shear line. On the next day, JTWC downgraded Fern back to tropical storm strength, with winds of 110 km/h (70 mph). At the same time according to JMA, the storm had weakened to 80 km/h (50 mph), with a pressure reading of 985 hPa (985 mbar). Both warning centers downgraded Fern into a tropical depression by December 30, as it continued to travel along a shear line. JTWC issued the final warning at 0600 UTC, while JMA stopped tracking the depression at 1200 UTC. JTWC continued to track the low until December 31, where it stalled north of Guam. ## Impact and aftermath At sea, a cargo ship en route from Guam to Yap was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds. The passengers entered a life raft, and were later found by a Navy search and rescue airplane. They were soon rescued by a Maltese tanker. No one was injured when the accident occurred. Yap was directly hit by Fern on Christmas Day, causing about \$3 million (1996 USD) of damage. The Weather Service Office received a peak wind gust of 116 km/h (72 mph), and a pressure reading of 983 hPa (983 mbar). The island received gusts around 93 km/h (58 mph) for several hours. One person was injured on the island, and no deaths were attributed to the storm. Roads and bridges were severely damaged, accounting for half of the damage. Homes and other private properties were also significantly damaged. Most crops on the island, such as coconuts, bananas, papayas, and breadfruit, were destroyed by the storm. Public facilities, like schools and hospitals, suffered widespread destruction. On January 3, 1997, a state of emergency was declared for Yap by Acting President Jacob Nena, stating that Fern caused "an imminent threat to health, safety and welfare of the people of the affected areas." Two months later, on March 20, United States President Bill Clinton declared Yap State a disaster area, allowing the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to start the damage assessment of the area. The FEMA funding was only for public facilities, and did not include private properties. The request for individual assistance was not approved by FEMA, as damage to private properties were not much, and assistance from the national government and Yap State were sufficient.	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Impact and aftermath" ]	1,266	5,636
15,373,324	Washington State Route 141	1,167,823,261	State highway in Klickitat County, Washington	[ "State highways in Washington (state)", "Transportation in Klickitat County, Washington" ]	State Route 141 (SR 141) is a state highway in Klickitat County, Washington, United States. It runs north–south for 29 miles (47 km), connecting SR 14 in Bingen to White Salmon and Trout Lake. The highway follows the White Salmon River towards the base of Mount Adams, terminating at the Skamania County border at the entrance to the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, where it becomes Forest Road 24 (Carson Guler Road). SR 141 is a state scenic highway that provides access to recreation areas on the south side of Mount Adams. The original road along the White Salmon River was built in the 1920s by local residents and designated by the state government in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 8D (SSH 8D). The highway was renumbered to SR 121 in 1964 and then SR 141 in 1967. The highway has a signed alternate route that connects it to SR 14 at Underwood, bypassing Bingen and White Salmon. ## Route description SR 141 begins in downtown Bingen at an intersection with SR 14 near the city's Amtrak train station. It travels north through Bingen as Oak Street and turns northwest to ascend a ridge and enter the adjacent settlement of White Salmon. The highway travels west through White Salmon on Jewett Boulevard and continues along the ridge overlooking SR 141 and the Hood River Bridge crossing the Columbia River. SR 141 enters a rural area on the outskirts of White Salmon and descends towards a plateau, making a sharp turn west over a stream and north to follow Winebarger Road. The highway continues its descent towards the White Salmon River, intersecting an alternate route with access to SR 14. The highway follows the White Salmon River upstream to Husum, where it crosses over below Husum Falls on a historic steel and concrete truss bridge. SR 141 continues north along the west bank of the river, passing through farmland and forestland that is dominated by Ponderosa pine. At BZ Corner, it intersects a local highway that travels northeast to Glenwood and the Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge. The highway travels north through the expanded White Salmon River Valley and reaches the town of Trout Lake near Mount Adams, where it turns west towards the Cascade Mountains, following Cave Creek. SR 141 terminates at the Klickitat–Skamania county line, which also marks the boundary of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. The road continues west as Forest Road 24 on Carson Guler Road towards the Guler Ice Caves and the Indian Heaven Wilderness Area; the forest road is closed annually from December 1 to March 31 with limited access for winter recreation use. SR 141 is designated as part of the Washington State Scenic and Recreational Highways system and provides access to the south side of Mount Adams, which includes the Mount Adams Wilderness and Mount Adams Recreation Area. SR 141 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), which conducts an annual survey on state highways to measure traffic volume in terms of average annual daily traffic. Average traffic volumes on the two-lane highway in 2016 ranged from a minimum of 180 vehicles near Gifford Pinchot National Forest to a maximum of 6,400 vehicles in downtown Bingen. ## History The Klickitat County government began planning a road along the upper White Salmon River in the 1910s after a request from residents of Glenwood to build a road. Local residents volunteered to build the road in the 1920s under supervision from the county government, using private donations to fund their cause. The early road was added to the state highway system in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 8D (SSH 8D), a branch of Primary State Highway 8 (PSH 8) along the Columbia River. The state government funded several improvements to the road, including a steel truss bridge across the White Salmon River at Husum Falls that opened in 1940. The state legislature created a western branch of SSH 8D in 1951 that would bypass Bingen and White Salmon. The state highway system was renumbered and restructured as "sign routes" (later "state routes") in 1964. Under the new system, SSH 8D was initially designated as State Route 121 (SR 121), an auxiliary route of SR 12, the successor to PSH 8. The extension of U.S. Route 12 (US 12) across Washington in 1967 caused SR 12 to be renumbered to SR 14, and SR 121 became SR 141 as a result. The former SR 141 was absorbed into US 12 during a relocation caused by the Mossyrock Dam's construction, while SR 121 was re-used for another highway in Thurston County. Traffic congestion on SR 141 during peak months has risen due to an increase in the number of visitors to recreational facilities on the corridor, requiring lowered speed limits to prevent vehicle–pedestrian collisions. A shoulder rumble strip on the highway was removed and replaced with a fog stripe during a chip sealing project in 2014, causing local residents and recreational users to protest. In response, WSDOT installed a 6-inch (150 mm) rumble strip along the shoulder line to improve safety for pedestrians and bicyclists using SR 141. Despite the improvements, a majority of respondents to a local survey in 2015 stated that they felt it was not safe to walk or bike on SR 141. ## Major intersections ## Alternate route A designated alternate route connects SR 141 to SR 14 in Underwood, bypassing Bingen and White Salmon. The highway follows the White Salmon River to its mouth at the Columbia River, traveling for 2.16 miles (3.48 km). It was established in 1970 as part of SR 141, becoming the successor to the west branch of SSH 8D. The alternate route carried average daily traffic volumes of 3,200 vehicles in 2016. ### Major intersections	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## Alternate route", "### Major intersections" ]	1,255	25,011
647,287	Horseshoe Curve (Pennsylvania)	1,163,871,275	Rail curve in Altoona, Pennsylvania	[ "1854 establishments in Pennsylvania", "Altoona, Pennsylvania", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks", "Museums in Blair County, Pennsylvania", "National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania", "National Register of Historic Places in Blair County, Pennsylvania", "Norfolk Southern Railway", "Pennsylvania Railroad", "Rail infrastructure in Pennsylvania", "Rail infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "Railroad museums in Pennsylvania", "Railroad-related National Historic Landmarks", "Railway lines opened in 1854", "Tourist attractions in Blair County, Pennsylvania", "Transportation buildings and structures in Blair County, Pennsylvania" ]	The Horseshoe Curve is a three-track railroad curve on Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line in Blair County, Pennsylvania. The curve is roughly 2,375 feet (700 m) long and 1,300 feet (400 m) in diameter. Completed in 1854 by the Pennsylvania Railroad as a way to reduce the westbound grade to the summit of the Allegheny Mountains, it replaced the time-consuming Allegheny Portage Railroad, which was the only other route across the mountains for large vehicles. The curve was later owned and used by three Pennsylvania Railroad successors: Penn Central, Conrail, and Norfolk Southern. Horseshoe Curve has long been a tourist attraction. A trackside observation park was completed in 1879. The park was renovated and a visitor center built in the early 1990s. The Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona manages the center, which has exhibits pertaining to the curve. The Horseshoe Curve was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It became a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2004. ## Location and design Horseshoe Curve is 5 miles (8 km) west of Altoona, in Logan Township, Blair County. It sits at railroad milepost 242 on the Pittsburgh Line, which is the Norfolk Southern Railway Pittsburgh Division main line between Pittsburgh and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Horseshoe Curve bends around a dam and lake, the highest of three Altoona Water Authority reservoirs that supply water from the valley to the city. It spans two ravines formed by creeks: Kittanning Run, on the north side of the valley, and Glenwhite Run, on the south. The Blair County Veterans Memorial Highway (SR 4008) follows the valley west from Altoona and tunnels under the curve. Westbound trains climb a maximum grade of 1.85 percent for 12 miles (19 km) from Altoona to Gallitzin. Just west of the Gallitzin Tunnels, trains pass the summit of the Allegheny Mountains, then descend for 25 miles (40 km) to Johnstown on a grade of 1.1 percent or less. The overall grade of the curve was listed by the Pennsylvania Railroad as 1.45 percent; it is listed as 1.34 percent by Norfolk Southern. The curve is 2,375 feet (724 m) long and, at its widest, about 1,300 feet (400 m) across. For every 100 feet (30 m), the tracks at the Horseshoe Curve bend 9 degrees 15 minutes, with the entire curve totaling 220 degrees. The rise of a westbound train through the curve can be described in several ways. One measurement is from the point where the rails north of the curve start to bow out to a point on the line directly south, across the original Kittanning Reservoir: across this north–south distance of 1,119 feet (340 m), a train rises from 1,601 feet (490 m) above sea level to 1,660 feet (510 m). Another measurement is from the point at which the rails coming west out of Altoona make their first detour north to the curve, to a point across Lake Altoona where the rails are on their one mile straight run south before turning westward to the Gallitzin Tunnels; this measurement encompasses the entire Curve structure, including both reservoirs built in its bounds to protect the curve from flooding: across this north–south distance of 1,006 feet (310 m), a westbound train rises from 1,473 feet (450 m) to 1,706 feet (520 m). This latter rise—133 vertical feet in 1,006 linear feet—is a 13.2% grade, completely unascendable by conventional railroads, which usually stick to grades of 2.2% or less. Each track consists of 136 pounds per yard (67.5 kg/m), welded rail. Before dieselization and the introduction of dynamic braking and rail oilers, the rails along the curve were transposed—left to right and vice versa—to equalize the wear on each rail from the flanges of passing steam locomotives and rail cars, thereby extending their life. ## History ### Origin In 1834 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania built the Allegheny Portage Railroad across the Allegheny Mountains to connect Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, as part of the Main Line of Public Works. The Portage Railroad was a series of canals and inclined planes and remained in use until the mid-19th century. The Pennsylvania Railroad was incorporated in 1847 to build a railroad from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, replacing the cumbersome Portage Railroad. Using surveys completed in 1842, the state's engineers recommended an 84-mile (135 km) route west from Lewistown that followed the ridges with a maximum grade of 0.852 percent. But the Chief Engineer for the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, chose a route on lower, flatter terrain along the Juniata River and accepted a steeper grade west of Altoona. The valley west of Altoona was split into two ravines by a mountain; surveys had already found a route with an acceptable grade east from Gallitzin to the south side of the valley, and the proposed Horseshoe Curve would allow the same grade to continue to Altoona. ### Construction Work on Horseshoe Curve began in 1850. It was done without heavy equipment, only men "with picks and shovels, horses and drags". Engineers built an earth fill over the first ravine encountered while ascending, formed by Kittanning Run, cut the point of the mountain between the ravines, and filled in the second ravine, formed by Glenwhite Run. The 31.1-mile (50.1 km) line between Altoona and Johnstown, including Horseshoe Curve, opened on February 15, 1854. The total cost was \$2,495,000 or \$80,225 per mile (\$49,850 /km). In 1879, the remaining part of the mountain inside the curve was leveled to allow the construction of a park and observation area—the first built for viewing trains. As demand for train travel increased, a third track was added to the curve in 1898 and a fourth was added two years later. From around the 1860s to just before World War II passengers could ride to the PRR's Kittanning Point station near the curve. Two branch railroads connected to the main line at Horseshoe Curve in the early 20th century; the Kittanning Run Railroad and the railroad owned by the Glen White Coal and Lumber Company followed their respective creeks to nearby coal mines. The Pennsylvania Railroad delivered empty hopper cars to the Kittanning Point station which the two railroads returned loaded with coal. In the early 1900s, locomotives could take on fuel and water at a coal trestle on a spur track across from the station. A reservoir was built at the apex of the Horseshoe Curve in 1887 for the city of Altoona; a second reservoir, below the first, was finished in 1896. The third reservoir, Lake Altoona, was completed by 1913. A macadam road to the curve was opened in 1932 allowing access for visitors, and a gift shop was built in 1940. Horseshoe Curve was depicted in brochures, calendars and other promotional material; Pennsylvania Railroad stock certificates were printed with a vignette of it. The Pennsylvania pitted the scenery of Horseshoe Curve against rival New York Central Railroad's "Water Level Route" during the 1890s. A raised-relief, scale model of the curve was included as part of the Pennsylvania Railroad's exhibit at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Pennsylvania Railroad conductors were told to announce the Horseshoe Curve to daytime passengers—a tradition that continues aboard Amtrak trains. ### World War II and post-war During World War II, the PRR carried troops and materiel for the Allied war effort, and the curve was under armed guard. The military intelligence arm of Nazi Germany, the Abwehr, plotted to sabotage important industrial assets in the United States in a project code-named Operation Pastorius. In June 1942, four men were brought by submarine and landed on Long Island, planning to destroy such sites as the curve, Hell Gate Bridge, Alcoa aluminum factories and locks on the Ohio River. The would-be saboteurs were quickly apprehended by the Federal Bureau of Investigation after one, George John Dasch, turned himself in. All but Dasch and one other would-be saboteur were executed as spies and saboteurs. Train count peaked in the 1940s with over 50 passenger trains per day, along with many freight and military trains. Demand for train travel dropped greatly after World War II, as highway and air travel became popular. During the 1954 celebration of the centennial of the opening of Horseshoe Curve, a night photo was arranged by Sylvania Electric Products using 6,000 flashbulbs and 31 miles (50 km) of wiring to illuminate the area. The event also commemorated the 75th anniversary of the incandescent light bulb. Pennsylvania steam locomotive 1361 was placed at the park inside the Horseshoe Curve on June 8, 1957. It is one of 425 K4s-class engines: the principal passenger locomotives on the Pennsylvania Railroad that regularly plied the curve. The Horseshoe Curve was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966. The operation of the observation park was transferred to the city of Altoona the same year. The Pennsylvania Railroad was combined with the New York Central Railroad in 1968. The merger created Penn Central, which went bankrupt in 1970 and was taken over by the federal government in 1976, as part of the merger that created Conrail. The second track from the inside at the Horseshoe Curve was removed by Conrail in 1981. The K4s 1361 was removed from the curve for a restoration to working order in September 1985 and was replaced with the ex-Conrail EMD GP9 diesel-electric locomotive 7048 that was repainted into a Pennsylvania Railroad scheme. Starting in June 1990, the park at the Horseshoe Curve underwent a \$5.8 million renovation funded by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and by the National Park Service through its "America's Industrial Heritage Project". The renovations were completed in April 1992 with the dedication of a new visitor center. In 1999, Conrail was divided between CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern, with the Horseshoe Curve being acquired by the latter. The Horseshoe Curve was lit up again with fireworks and rail-borne searchlights during its sesquicentennial in 2004 in homage to the 1954 celebrations. It was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2004. ## Current operations The curve remains busy as part of Norfolk Southern's Pittsburgh Line: as of 2008, it was passed by 51 scheduled freight trains each day, not including locals and helper engines, which can double the number. Coupled to the rear of long trains, helper engines add power going up and help to brake coming down. For some years before 2020, Norfolk Southern used SD40Es as helpers; since then, 4,300-horsepower (3,200 kW) EMD SD70ACU locomotives are used. In 2012, Norfolk Southern said annual traffic passing Horseshoe Curve was 111.8 million short tons (101.4 Mt), including locomotives. Amtrak's Pennsylvanian between Pittsburgh and New York City rounds the curve once each way daily. Maximum speeds for trains at Horseshoe Curve are 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) for freight and about 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) for passenger trains. ## Trackside attractions The Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona manages a visitor center next to the curve. The 6,800-square-foot (632 m<sup>2</sup>) center has historical artifacts and memorabilia relating to the curve and a raised-relief map of the Altoona–Johnstown area. Access to the curve is by a 288-foot (88 m) funicular or a 194-step stairway. The funicular is single-tracked, with the cars passing each other halfway up the slope; the cars are painted to resemble Pennsylvania Railroad passenger cars. A former "watchman's shanty" is in the park. Horseshoe Curve is popular with railfans; watchers can sometimes see three trains passing at once. In August 2012, the former Nickel Plate Road (NKP) steam locomotive No. 765 traversed Horseshoe Curve: the first steam locomotive to do so since 1977, while deadheading to and from Harrisburg as part of Norfolk Southern's 21st Century Steam program. NKP 765 returned to the curve in May 2013 with public excursion trains from Lewistown to Gallitzin. ## See also - Altoona Curve, a local baseball team named after the railroad curve. - List of funicular railways - List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks - List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania - National Register of Historic Places listings in Blair County, Pennsylvania - Raurimu Spiral - Tehachapi Loop	[ "## Location and design", "## History", "### Origin", "### Construction", "### World War II and post-war", "## Current operations", "## Trackside attractions", "## See also" ]	2,863	43,247
25,154,219	Chartjackers	1,095,495,673	British documentary series, produced by Hat Trick Productions	[ "2000s British music television series", "2000s British reality television series", "2009 British television series debuts", "2009 British television series endings", "BBC television documentaries", "Chartjackers", "English-language television shows", "Television series by Hat Trick Productions" ]	Chartjackers is a British documentary series, produced by Hat Trick Productions and commissioned by BBC Switch. It documents the lives of four teenage video bloggers over the course of ten weeks, as they attempt to write, record and release a pop song for charity, with the goal to "sell an estimated 25,000 singles to achieve their dream of a number one single". It premiered in the UK on 12 September 2009 on BBC Two, and ran for a single series of eleven weekly episodes. When first broadcast, the programme ran in real time: its first ten episodes documented the events of the previous seven days, while the final episode was an extended compilation that summarised all ten weeks. The Chartjackers single was written entirely through crowdsourcing, with the song's title, lyrics, melody, singers, band, production, cover art and music video all being solicited from the global online community. The crowdsourcing took the format of the four bloggers—Alex Day, Johnny Haggart, Jimmy Hill and Charlie McDonnell—posting videos to a dedicated YouTube channel named ChartJackersProject, where they invited viewers to suggest various ideas for the final song. After receiving advice from industry experts such as Charlie Simpson and David and Carrie Grant, the completed Chartjackers single, entitled "I've Got Nothing", was released through the iTunes Store at the end of the ten-week period on 9 November. The track received mainly negative reviews from music critics and sold approximately 8,400 copies in the UK, earning it a peak position of number 36 on the UK Singles Chart. Chartjackers garnered a viewing figures peak of almost half a million with its final episode and was critically panned by reviewers. Some commentators felt that the programme's concept was ridiculous and doomed from the start, others felt that the series showed a contempt for music and the general public, and other critics questioned whether the point of the project was to raise money for charity or for the four bloggers to promote themselves. The show was nominated for a 2010 Broadcast Digital Award in the Best Multi-Platform Project category, but lost out to The Operation...Surgery Live. ## Production ### Concept Chartjackers was devised in 2009 by Jonathan Davenport and Andy Mettam of the British production company Hat Trick Productions. It was commissioned by Geoffrey Goodwin and Jo Twist of the television brand BBC Switch, and was featured as part of a season of multi-platform content intended to appeal to teenagers. The show was billed as a "YouTube X Factor", with its main focus being its direct link to the 2009 annual appeal for the British charity Children in Need – profits from sales of the completed single were donated to the charity. Chartjackers was executively produced by Davenport, Hat Trick's digital department head, who had previously worked on similar cross-platform projects that incorporated both television and online media, such as the video podcast of Have I Got News For You and the YouTube-based series Bryony Makes a Zombie Movie. Digital agency Fish in a bottle were commissioned to provide creative content for the online platforms, such as the YouTube channel and Twitter account. ### Casting As a cross-platform project that incorporated YouTube, it was important that the video bloggers cast for the leading team already had a large fanbase – the four bloggers chosen had a combined YouTube subscriber total of over 200,000. They were selected for their familiarity to young British YouTube viewers and to "act as Pied Pipers to the teen audience". Miranda Chartrand and Adam Nichols, the vocalists who sang on the completed Chartjackers single, were cast halfway through the programme's series as part of an audition process and were featured in the remainder of the episodes. ### Filming locations Although much of Chartjackers was filmed in and around London—such as a gathering at music venue 93 Feet East during episode nine and the music video for "I've Got Nothing" during episode seven—various locations were featured throughout the series. Vocalist auditions in episode five took place at the Wellfield Working Men's Club in Rochdale, and the single itself was recorded at the University of Wales in Newport. During episode nine, some of the team visited the Three Ways School in Bath, Somerset. ## Series overview Chartjackers documented the lives of Day, Haggart, Hill and McDonnell as they attempted to write, record and release a charity single through crowdsourcing. The series was shown in real time, with each of the first ten episodes detailing the events of the previous seven days. On 5 September 2009, one week before the programme's first episode aired, the group announced on the YouTube channel ChartJackersProject their intention to release a number one single within their ten-week time frame. A different task would be undertaken each week, so that, by the end of the project, the song would be completed. The first episode of Chartjackers documented the events of the first week of the project and explained what its ultimate goal was. To generate potential lyrics, viewers were asked each to post one line as a comment to a video on ChartJackersProject. Viewers posted more than 4,000 comments, from which were selected the winning lines. These lyrics were posted to the Internet the following episode, with the chorus having been composed by YouTube user blakeisno1 and the repeated phrase "I've Got Nothing" chosen for the song's title. ChartJackersProject viewers were then asked to create a melody for the lyrics and submit it in a video response, so that one could be selected for the single. Out of a total of 51 melodies that had been sent in, the winning entry by Jonny Dark was chosen from them during episode three. It was also revealed that a band would be put together to perform the Chartjackers single and that any potential members should apply by submitting video auditions. Episode four documented some of the hundreds of auditions that had been sent in – the group reviewed these auditions and selected from them their ten favourites to go through as finalists. These ten finalists performed for the four boys during episode five, where Chartrand, a 19-year-old au pair from Stroud, Gloucestershire, and Nichols, an 18-year-old musician from Essex, were selected to sing on the official release. During episode six, "I've Got Nothing" was recorded in Newport by record producer Marc Dowding, and the group received advice from video director Corin Hardy on how to film the official music video. Taking Hardy's advice, the music video for "I've Got Nothing" was filmed during the seventh episode of Chartjackers. To begin promoting its release, the team also petitioned 95.8 Capital FM and BBC Radio 1 to try to get the radio coverage for the single, but it was not playlisted and received no airplay. The boys feared that the song would not chart at all, so, during episode eight, they urged viewers to spam the Twitter feeds of radio DJs who could play the single on their shows. In the next episode, a gathering took place at 93 Feet East in London on 4 November, where the single was performed live for the first time by Chartrand and Nichols. During the tenth episode, "I've Got Nothing" was released online. The midweek charts placed the single at Number 39, but its sales increased after comedian Stephen Fry—who provides an outro for McDonnell's YouTube videos—was convinced to promote it on his Twitter profile. Episode eleven, the final compilation episode, revealed on The Radio 1 Chart Show that "I've Got Nothing" had reached number 36 on the UK Singles Chart, which disappointed the boys. ### Celebrity guests Over the course of the series, several figures from both the music and entertainment industry made an appearance on Chartjackers, usually to offer advice or encouragement to the four boys. The first celebrity to feature on the show was former pop star Chesney Hawkes, who remarked that he felt that the team had "every experience between [them] to actually pull [their aim of reaching number one] off". During the fourth episode, vocal coaches David and Carrie Grant offered advice to the group on what criteria to use when judging the submitted video auditions, and indie rock band The Young Knives sent in a video message, wishing the team success. The following episode, Charlie Simpson of Fightstar explained to the boys the differences between releasing music through major and independent labels. During episode six, the team met with Peter Oakley, who spoke about his own chart success as part of The Zimmers, and Hardy, who advised ways in which the music video could be filmed. The next episode, the group received advice from celebrity stylist Hannah Sandling, who suggested how Chartrand and Nichols should be styled for the video, and entertainment journalist Rav Singh, who discussed how to get airplay for "I've Got Nothing" through publicity stunts. ## Reception ### Critical reception Critical reaction to Chartjackers was overwhelmingly negative. Although radio stations, newspapers and magazines were all canvassed, the show was largely ignored by the mainstream media and received generally negative reviews. It was misrepresented in an article on The Times's website, which mistook the four boys for a new boy band. Fraser McAlpine of BBC Radio 1's Chart Blog said that the project showed a basic "contempt for music" and "the public at large". James Masterton of Yahoo! Music called Chartjackers "something of a failure" and its charting "lacklustre". He did not mention it at all in his weekly chart podcast. Neither Reggie Yates nor Scott Mills, two of the DJs whose Twitter feeds were spammed during episode eight, were impressed by the way that the Chartjackers team had tried to get their attention. Similarly negative reviews came from Eammon Forde of Music Week, who said the decision to release the single without management was "ridiculous" and that the campaign was "doomed", and Pocket-lint, who described the show as a "car crash". In the week of the single's release, Irish television personality Stephen Byrne questioned on his Twitter profile whether the main motivation for the project really was "charity" – British comedian David Bass agreed with him. The project was quickly overshadowed by a similar, more successful campaign to get "Killing in the Name" by American metal band Rage Against the Machine to top the UK Singles Chart for Christmas 2009. ### Awards Chartjackers received one nomination at the 2010 Broadcast Digital Awards, a British awards event commemorating success and creativity in digital television. The show was submitted in the Best Multi-Platform Project category, but was beaten by The Operation: Surgery Live. It was not nominated for any further awards. ## Distribution Chartjackers was distributed both on television and online. It ran for a single series of eleven episodes: the first ten episodes lasted for five minutes each, with the final compilation episode running for half an hour and gaining a viewership peak of half a million. Chartjackers premiered on BBC Two on 12 September 2009 at 12:50 p.m., as part of the channel's two-hour-long BBC Switch segment – it was uploaded to the YouTube channel BBCSwitch the same day. This practice of broadcasting an episode on BBC Two and uploading it to the BBCSwitch channel the same day continued throughout the series. Episodes were also streamed online through BBC iPlayer to UK residents for seven days after their initial broadcast. The show was not broadcast outside of the UK and, as of 20 September 2013, is not available on DVD. ## I've Got Nothing The completed Chartjackers single was released worldwide exclusively through the iTunes Store at midnight on 9 November 2009. Each copy was sold for £0.79 in the UK and \$0.99 in the US. Just under 8,400 copies were downloaded in the UK, giving "I've Got Nothing" a chart placing of number 36 in the UK Singles Chart. The song sold approximately 20,000 copies worldwide, but did not make the singles chart in any other country. Like the series from which it originated, "I've Got Nothing" was poorly received by critics. Some called the effort "very bad" and others predicted that it was "unlikely to make much of a top 40 impact". The music video for "I've Got Nothing" featured footage of Chartrand and Nichols singing the song in a London park, along with an actor dressed as Children in Need mascot Pudsey Bear. This footage, along with clips of viewers miming to the song, was then used to construct the final music video for the single, which McDonnell edited. "I've Got Nothing" was performed live twice. The first occasion was at the 93 Feet East gathering on 4 November 2009, during the promotion of the single's release. The gathering featured performances from other YouTube users and was headlined by Hawkes. The second occurrence was four days later at Switch Live 2009, an awards show organised by BBC Switch at the HMV Hammersmith Apollo, where a performance of "I've Got Nothing" opened the event. ## See also - 2009 in British television - Alternative media - List of YouTube personalities	[ "## Production", "### Concept", "### Casting", "### Filming locations", "## Series overview", "### Celebrity guests", "## Reception", "### Critical reception", "### Awards", "## Distribution", "## I've Got Nothing", "## See also" ]	2,709	29,887
29,049,754	Tiny the Terrible	1,130,325,804	American professional wrestler	[ "1967 births", "20th-century African-American sportspeople", "21st-century African-American people", "African-American male professional wrestlers", "American male professional wrestlers", "American male television actors", "Community College of Rhode Island alumni", "Living people", "Midget professional wrestlers", "People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island", "People from Providence, Rhode Island", "Professional wrestlers from Rhode Island", "Rhode Island College alumni", "Rhode Island Republicans" ]	Douglas Allen Tunstall Jr. (born August 19, 1967), better known as Tiny the Terrible, is an American professional wrestler and politician. During his wrestling career, he appeared as an attraction on the independent circuit and made two appearances on WWF/E Raw. He stands 4 feet 7 inches (1.40 m) tall and is a former NWA World Midget's Champion. In 2006, Tunstall unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. His campaign was the subject of A Man Among Giants, a documentary film directed by Rod Webber. ## Personal life Douglas Allen Tunstall Jr. was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on August 19, 1967. Tunstall is a dwarf who stands at 4 feet, 7 inches tall. His father was a Vietnam War veteran of normal height, though Tunstall says his mother was shorter than he is. In 1985, Tunstall graduated from Central Falls High School, where he partook in scholastic wrestling and claims to have won the majority of his matches in the 98-to-105-pound class. He subsequently earned an associate's degree from Community College of Rhode Island and took science-related classes at Rhode Island College. Tunstall began a career in professional wrestling in the 1990s. His notoriety in wrestling led to multiple appearances as a guest on The Jerry Springer Show. He also worked seasonally for KB Toys, where he would portray a Christmas elf. In 2006, he said he had been receiving Social Security Disability Insurance since 1995. He estimates his income to be \$10,000 a year. ## Professional wrestling career Tunstall performs as a professional wrestler under the moniker "Tiny the Terrible". He often made appearances on the independent circuit in the northeastern United States, including New England Championship Wrestling. Tunstall and his brother Half Nelson, a fellow dwarf wrestler, would perform against 350 lb Erich "Mass Transit" Kulas. The three caught the attention of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) owner Paul Heyman, who invited them to appear at an ECW house show in 1996. This led to the Mass Transit Incident, which occurred after Kulas canceled his showcase with Tunstall to replace the absent Axl Rotten in a tag-team match against The Gangstas. Kulas was severely injured during the subsequent match, suffering two severed arteries in a botched blading from New Jack. In a 2020 episode of Dark Side of the Ring on New Jack, Tunstall recounted feeling resentment over Kulas abandoning him and his brother to take a higher profile match. He defeated Half Nelson for the NWA World Midget's Championship in 1998 and held it for 167 days, before dropping it to Little Killer. Tunstall made two appearances on WWF/E Raw; he revealed in Dark Side of the Ring that New Jack secured the appearances for him in exchange for helping New Jack be acquitted of assault and battery charges against Kulas. On the March 13, 2000, episode of Raw, he appeared as one half of "The Twin Towers", a dwarf duo that Stephanie McMahon joked would face The Rock at WrestleMania 2000. He wrestled his only WWE match on the July 25, 2005, episode of Raw under the ring name Cloacas, where he teamed with Viscera to take on Antonio of The Heart Throbs and Pocket Rocket in a winning effort. ## Political career He is a member of the Republican Party, which he says has made him unpopular with his friends. He supported George W. Bush during his presidency. In 2004, he protested at the Democratic National Convention and told a New York Times reporter that any platform that promised to give people under five feet tall \$1,200 a month would capture the dwarf demographic. Tunstall ran for mayor of Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 2006. His candidacy made him the first African-American to seek the office. He ran against the well-funded eight-year Democratic incumbent James Doyle, and stated he would use "ghetto-style politics" such as door-to-door campaigning. His platform included opposing same-sex marriage, encouraging NASA to build a base in Pawtucket and giving stipends to those who took in homeless people. Ultimately, Tunstall lost the election after only collecting 17 percent of the vote. His candidacy was the subject of the documentary film, A Man Among Giants. After the completion of the film, Tunstall was arrested for making threats to public officials. The film's director Rod Webber bailed him out of jail, and Tunstall was subsequently committed to a mental hospital. ## Championships and accomplishments - National Wrestling Alliance - NWA World Midget's Championship (1 time)	[ "## Personal life", "## Professional wrestling career", "## Political career", "## Championships and accomplishments" ]	1,002	13,778
354,015	The Oregon Trail (1971 video game)	1,173,713,288	null	[ "1971 video games", "1975 video games", "Apple II games", "Children's educational video games", "Classic Mac OS games", "Commercial video games with freely available source code", "History educational video games", "Mainframe games", "Survival video games", "Teleprinter video games", "The Oregon Trail (series)", "Video games developed in the United States", "Video games set in the 19th century", "Video games set in the United States", "Video games with textual graphics", "Western (genre) video games", "World Video Game Hall of Fame" ]	The Oregon Trail is a text-based strategy video game developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) beginning in 1975. It was developed as a computer game to teach school children about the realities of 19th-century pioneer life on the Oregon Trail. In the game, the player assumes the role of a wagon leader guiding a party of settlers from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon via a covered wagon in 1847. Along the way the player must purchase supplies, hunt for food, and make choices on how to proceed along the trail while encountering random events such as storms and wagon breakdowns. The original versions of the game contain no graphics, as they were developed for computers that used teleprinters instead of computer monitors. A later Apple II port added a graphical shooting minigame. The first version of the game was developed over the course of two weeks for use by Rawitsch in a history unit at Jordan Junior High School in Minneapolis. Despite its popularity with the students, it was deleted from the school district's mainframe computer at the end of the school semester. Rawitsch recreated the game in 1974 for the MECC, which distributed educational software for free in Minnesota and for sale elsewhere, and recalibrated the probabilities of events based on historical journals and diaries for the game's release the following year. After the rise of microcomputers in the 1970s, the MECC released several versions of the game over the next decade for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, and Commodore 64 computers, before redesigning it as a graphical commercial game for the Apple II under the same name in 1985. The game is the first entry in The Oregon Trail series; games in the series have since been released in many editions by various developers and publishers, many titled The Oregon Trail. The multiple games in the series are often considered to be iterations on the same title, and have collectively sold over 65 million copies and have been inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame. The series has also inspired a number of spinoffs such as The Yukon Trail and The Amazon Trail. ## Gameplay The Oregon Trail is a text-based strategy video game in which the player, as the leader of a wagon train, controls a group journeying down the Oregon Trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon in 1847. The player purchases supplies, then plays through approximately twelve rounds of decision making, each representing two weeks on the trail. Each round begins with the player being told their current distance along the trail and the date, along with their current supplies. Supplies consist of food, bullets, clothing, miscellaneous supplies, and cash, each given as a number. Players are given the option to hunt for food, and in some rounds to stop at a fort to purchase supplies, and then choose how much food to consume that round. The game closes the round by randomly selecting one or two events and weather conditions. The events include storms damaging supplies, wagons breaking down, and attacks by wild animals or "hostile riders"; weather conditions can slow down the rate of travel, which can result in additional rounds needed to reach Oregon. When hunting, or when attacked, the game prompts the player to type a word—"BANG" in the original version, or a randomly selected word like "BANG" or "POW" in later versions—with misspellings resulting in no effect. When hunting, the faster the word is typed, the more food is gathered. The game ends when the player reaches Oregon, or if they die along the trail; death can occur due to an attack or by running out of supplies. Running out of food results in starvation, while lack of clothing in cold weather, low levels of food, or random events such as snakebite or a hunting accident lead to illness; this results in death if the player does not have miscellaneous supplies for minor or regular illnesses, or cannot afford a doctor in the case of serious illnesses. ## Development ### Original version In 1971, Don Rawitsch, a history major and senior at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, taught an 8th-grade history class at Jordan Junior High School in Minneapolis as a student teacher. His supervising teacher assigned him to prepare a unit on "The Western Expansion of the Mid-19th Century", and Rawitsch decided to create a board game activity about the Oregon Trail for the students. After one week of planning the lessons, he was in the process of drawing out the trail on sheets of paper on the floor of his apartment when his roommates, fellow Carleton students Bill Heinemann and Paul Dillenberger, came in. Heinemann, who along with Dillenberger was a math student and student teacher with experience in programming, discussed the project with Rawitsch, and told him that it would be well-suited to a computer program, as it could keep track of the player's progress and calculate their chances of success based on their supplies instead of a dice roll. Rawitsch was initially hesitant, as the unit needed to be complete within two weeks, but Heinemann and Dillenberger felt it could be done if they worked long hours each day on it. The trio then spent the weekend designing and coding the game on paper. The Minneapolis school district had recently purchased an HP 2100 minicomputer, and the schools the trio were teaching in, like the other schools in the district, were connected to it via a single teleprinter. These teleprinters could send and print messages from programs running on the central computer. The video game industry was in its infancy in 1971, and the three had no resources to draw on to develop the game software beyond their own programming knowledge; instead, they spent two weeks working and coding in HP Time-Shared BASIC on their own. Rawitsch focused on the design and historical portions of the game, while Heinemann and Dillenberger did the programming, working on the teleprinter kept in a small room that was formerly a janitor's closet at the school they taught at, Bryant Junior High School, as well as bringing it to the apartment to continue working. Heinemann focused on the overall programming flow, and came up with the hunting minigame, while Dillenberger made subroutines for the game to use, wrote much of the text displayed to the player, and tested for bugs in the code. As there was only one terminal, Heinemann wrote code on paper while Dillenberger entered it into the system along with his own. They implemented the basics of the game in those two weeks, including purchasing supplies, making choices at specific points of the journey, and the hunting minigame. They also included the random events happening to the player, and Heinemann had the idea to make the random events tied to the geography of the trail, so that cold weather events would be more likely in the mountains and attacks more likely in the plains. They also added small randomization of outcomes such as the amount of food gained from hunting; they expected that in order for the children to be interested in playing the game multiple times there needed to be variations between plays. Prior to the start of Rawitsch's history unit, Heinemann and Dillenberger let some students at their school play it to test; the students were enthusiastic about the game, staying late at school to play. The other teachers were not as interested, but did recommend changes to the game, particularly removing negative depictions of Native Americans as they were based more on Western movies and television than history, and could be problematic towards the several students with Native American ancestry at the schools. The Oregon Trail debuted to Rawitsch's classes on December 3, 1971. He was unsure how interested the students would be in the game, as they had had limited exposure to computers and several seemed uninterested in history altogether, but after he showed them the game students would line up outside the door for their turn and stay after school for another chance. Rawitsch has recounted that, as only one student could use the teleprinter at one time and he could only reserve it for one week, he had the students play in groups, and they organized themselves into voting for responses and delegating students to handle hunting, following the map, and keeping track of supplies. Other teachers at the school came up with "flimsy excuses" for their students to try the game as well. The trio adjusted the game's code as the students played in response to bugs found, such as purchasing clothes for negative money. As the school district shared a single central minicomputer, schools across the city began to play the game as well. When the semester and their student teaching term ended, the team printed out copies of the source code—about 800 lines of code—and deleted the program from the computer. ### MECC version In 1974, Rawitsch was hired by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), a state-funded organization that developed educational software for the classroom, as an entry-level liaison for local community colleges. The MECC had a similar system to the Minneapolis school district's setup in 1971, with a CDC Cyber 70/73-26 mainframe computer which schools across the state could connect to via terminals. The system contained several educational programs, and Rawitsch's boss let him know that it was open to submissions. Rawitsch, with permission from Heinemann and Dillenberger, spent the 1974 Thanksgiving weekend copying and adjusting the printed BASIC source code into the system. Rather than submit the recreated copy, he instead enhanced the game with research on the events of the Oregon Trail that he had not had time for with the original version, and changed the frequency and types of random events, such as bad weather or wagons breaking down, to be based on the actual historical probabilities for what happened to travelers on the trail at each location in the game. Rawitsch calculated the probabilities himself, basing them on historical diaries and narratives of people on the trail that he read. He also added in more positive depictions of Native Americans, as his research indicated that many settlers received assistance from them along the trail. He placed The Oregon Trail into the organization's time-sharing network in 1975, where it could be accessed by schools across Minnesota. ## Legacy The 1975 mainframe game was the most popular software in the system for Minnesota schools for five years, with thousands of players monthly. Rawitsch, Heinemann, and Dillenberger were not publicly acknowledged as the creators of the original game until 1995, when MECC honored them in a ceremony at the Mall of America. By then, several versions of the game had been created. Rawitsch published the source code of The Oregon Trail in Creative Computing's May–June 1978 issue, along with some of the historical information he had used to refine the statistics. That year MECC began encouraging schools to adopt the Apple II microcomputer, purchasing large amounts at a discount and reselling them to schools. MECC began converting several of their products to run on microcomputers, and John Cook adapted the game for the Apple II; though the text-based gameplay remained largely the same, he added a display of the player's position along the trail on a map between rounds, and replaced the typing in the hunting and attack minigame with a graphical version in which a deer or attacker moves across the screen and the player presses a key to fire at it. A version for the Atari 8-bit family, again titled The Oregon Trail, was released in 1982. The Apple II version was included under the name Oregon as part of MECC's Elementary series, distributed to Minnesota schools for free and for profit to schools outside of the state, on Elementary Volume 6 in 1980. Oregon was ported to the Commodore 64 in 1984 as part of a collection like Elementary Volume 6 titled Expeditions. By the mid-1980s, MECC was selling their educational software to schools around the country, and The Oregon Trail was their most popular product by far. In 1985, MECC produced a fully-graphical version of the game for Apple II computers, redesigned by R. Philip Bouchard as a greatly expanded product for home consumers under the same name. The Oregon Trail was extremely successful, and along with successive versions of the game it sold over 65 million copies. Several further games have been released in The Oregon Trail series, many under the title The Oregon Trail, as well as a number of spinoffs such as The Yukon Trail and The Amazon Trail. The original Oregon Trail has been described in Serious Games and Edutainment Applications as "one of the most famous ancestors" of the serious game subgenre. The text-based and graphical versions of The Oregon Trail are often described as different iterations of the same game when discussing the game's legacy; Colin Campbell of Polygon, for example, has described it collectively as one of the most successful games of all time, calling it a cultural icon. Kevin Wong of Vice claimed that the collective game was "synonymous with edutainment". Due to its widespread popularity, The Oregon Trail, referring to all versions of the game released over 40 years, was inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame in 2016. Time named the game as one of the 100 greatest video games in 2012, and placed it 9th on its list of the 50 best games in 2016.	[ "## Gameplay", "## Development", "### Original version", "### MECC version", "## Legacy" ]	2,791	29,164
12,431,130	Pink-necked green pigeon	1,142,793,300	Species of bird	[ "Birds described in 1771", "Birds of Southeast Asia", "Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus", "Taxonomy articles created by Polbot", "Treron" ]	The pink-necked green pigeon (Treron vernans) is a species of bird of the pigeon and dove family, Columbidae. It is a common species of Southeast Asia, found from Myanmar and Vietnam south through to the major islands of Indonesia and the Philippines (where it is called "punay"). It is a medium-sized pigeon with predominantly green plumage; only the male has the pink neck that gives the species its name. The species lives in a wide range of forested and human-modified habitats and is particularly found in open habitats. Its diet is dominated by fruit, in particular figs. Pairs lay two eggs in a flimsy twig nest in a tree, shrub, or hedge, and work together to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks. The species is thought to be an important disperser of fruit seeds. The species has adapted well to human changes to the environment, and can be found in crowded cities as long as fruiting trees are present. ## Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus described the pink-necked green pigeon as Columba vernans in 1771. Its specific name, vernans, is derived from the Latin word vernantis for "brilliant" or "flourishing". It was later moved to the green pigeon genus Treron. Within that genus the species is most closely related to the similar looking orange-breasted green pigeon of India and Southeast Asia. The species has had up to nine subspecies described, along with the nominate race, but among the important ornithological checklists the International Ornithological Congress' (IOC) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names, the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World and The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World do not accept any described subspecies as valid and all treat the species as monotypic. Only the Handbook of the Birds of the World's HBW Alive lists any subspecies, with the proviso that the difference between them is in many cases clinal and further research is necessary to determine if any of them are valid. "Pink-necked green pigeon" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the IOC. It is also known as the pink-necked pigeon. ## Description The pink-necked green pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon, measuring 25 to 30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in length and weighing around 105–160 g (3.7–5.6 oz). The species has sexually dimorphic plumage. The male has a grey head, pinkish neck and upper breast, and the rest of the breast is orange. The back is olive green and the wings are green with black and yellow edging on the which create a yellow bar across the wing in flight. The belly is yellowish with grey flanks, and the tail is grey with a black band at the end, and a chestnut . The female is smaller overall, has a yellowish belly, throat and face, and greenish crown and back of the neck, although is otherwise similar to the male. The legs are pink or reddish, and the bill is white, pale blue green or grey. Juvenile birds look similar to females but are greyer above. Pigeons in the genus Treron are unusual in the family for not having cooing calls, instead making whistling and quacking noises, but some cooing notes have been recorded for the pink-necked green pigeon, as the male makes a tri-syballic whistling call ending in a coo. It is also reported to make a rasping krrak krrak... call, but the species is generally held to not be particularly vocal, usually only calling in communal roosts and when it finds food. ## Distribution and habitat The range of the pink-necked green pigeon extends from southern Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam south through the Malay Peninsula and across the Greater Sundas (and their surrounding islands), Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, and as far east as the Moluccas as well as the Philippines. It occupies a variety of habitats, including primary forest, forest edge, secondary forest, and coastal mangroves. It favours more open environments and where it is found in association with denser forest it is typically on the edges. It is also readily found in human dominated environments such as gardens, plantations and farmland. It is more common in lowlands and close to the coast, but can be found up to 300 m (980 ft) in the Philippines, 750 m (2,460 ft) in Borneo and 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in Sulawesi. The species is recorded as non-migratory by the Handbook of the Birds of the World, but other sources have described it as making local movements. A related species, the thick-billed green pigeon, covers vast distances in search of fruit, and it is likely that the pink-necked green pigeon has a similar behaviour. After the main island of Krakatoa was obliterated in a volcanic eruption in 1883, leaving a handful of smaller islands, the pink-necked pigeon was observed on the first bird survey of these remnants. The survey was conducted in 1908, and at the time the pigeon was the only obligate frugivore (meaning it ate mostly fruit, as opposed to as part of a wider diet or opportunistically) that had established itself on the islands. Within the archipelago it was able to colonise Anak Krakatau, a volcano that emerged from the sea from the caldera in 1927, within 36 years of the new island suffering a large eruption in 1952. The delay between the island settling down and colonisation was likely due to the time taken for figs to become established on the island and begin fruiting. It later became extinct on that island, due to a small population and predation. The species has recently expanded its range, having colonised Flores at some time since 2000. ## Behaviour The pink-necked green pigeon is primarily a frugivore, taking a range of fruits, particularly figs (Ficus). Fruit of other trees are taken as well, including Glochidion, Breynia, Vitex, Macaranga, Muntingia, Melastoma, Oncosperma and Bridelia. Shoots, buds and seeds are also taken, but much less commonly so, often by quite a substantial margin. In one study of the frugivores of Sulawesi 55 observations were made of this species feeding and every one was of it eating fruit, mostly figs. The species feeds in the mid-canopy of the forest and rarely feeds in the understory or on the ground. It is described as being agile when clinging on fine branches to reach fruits at the end. Like other members of the genus Treron, the gizzard is muscular and contains grit, which is used to grind and digest seeds inside fruit. Studies of closely related species have found that not every individual has grit, and it is likely the same is true of this species. It is social, feeding in small groups or, where an abundant source of food is found, quite large flocks of up to 70 birds. The species also roosts communally, and can form roosting flocks of hundreds of birds. There is no defined breeding season and it has been recorded breeding all year across its range. The task of building the nest is divided by sex, with the male being responsible for collecting the nesting material and the female building it. The nest itself is a simple and flimsy platform of twigs and finer material. Two eggs are laid, which are white and measure 26.8 mm–28.9 mm × 20.3 mm–21.8 mm (1.06 in–1.14 in × 0.80 in–0.86 in). The nest is placed in a tree, shrub or hedge, and can be quite close to the ground, ranging from 1 to 10 m (3.3–32.8 ft). The breeding biology of this species is virtually unknown, with only a single breeding report from Singapore. In that report, the pair shared incubation duties, with the male incubating during the day and the female at night, with the incubation time being 17 days. On hatching the chicks are brooded continuously for the first few days of life, as with incubation the male broods during the day and the female at night. Chicks are near-naked and have brown skin with a few white pin feathers on hatching. Chicks leave the nest 10 days after hatching, but remain in the nesting area for a few days after hatching, and continue to be fed by their parents. ## Ecology Like many fruit-eating pigeons, the pink-necked green pigeon is thought to be an important disperser of fruit seeds in forests and woodlands. The grinding gizzard was thought to mean the species was entirely a seed predator instead of a seed disperser but studies of closely related species have shown that not every bird crop contains grinding stones and some seeds could pass through, and the same is likely to be true of this species. The species is thought to be one of those responsible for helping the return of many of the Ficus species to the islands of Krakatoa after the obliteration of the original island in a volcanic eruption. It may not have been responsible for the first shrubby fig species, which may have been carried by generalists such as bulbuls, but once some fruiting figs had established on the island it could have been responsible for both bringing new species of Ficus to the islands and then moving the seeds between the islands. Its flight time to the islands of Krakatoa has been estimated at 48 minutes, far shorter than the estimated seed retention time in its gut of 60 to 480 minutes. The pink-necked pigeon has been reported being preyed upon by white-bellied sea-eagles, and peregrine falcons have been implicated in the localised extinction of the species on Anak Krakatau. ## Status An adaptable species, T. vernans has fared well with human-made changes to its range. It has readily moved into cities and is common in Singapore's protected areas and even its gardens, and has become more common over time. In spite of suffering some hunting pressure in Thailand, Malaysia and Sumatra, and being targeted by the cage bird trade, it remains common there and across most of its range. Because it is not considered to be in any danger of extinction it has been evaluated as least concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.	[ "## Taxonomy", "## Description", "## Distribution and habitat", "## Behaviour", "## Ecology", "## Status" ]	2,218	37,299
69,425,166	Diptychophora galvani	1,169,554,601	Species of moth	[ "Crambidae", "Diptychophorini" ]	Diptychophora galvani is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It measures about one centimeter in wingspan and is easily distinguished from all closely related species by the color pattern of its forewings. These are orange at their base and tip with a large intermediate gray patch, a pattern not found in any other species of Diptychophora. The female has grayish hindwings, while they are entirely white in the male. The genitalia of both male and female are also quite different from other members of this genus. The biology of the species remains completely unknown, including the host plant of the larval stage, although some species of the tribe Diptychophorini are known to feed on mosses. Diptychophora galvani is known only from Brazil, where it was collected in the states of Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais, at 700–800 m (2,300–2,600 ft) altitude. There it inhabits the Cerrado ecoregion, consisting of gallery forests and savannahs, with a dry season. It was collected for the first time in 1982 by Vitor O. Becker, but its description by Bernard Landry and Becker was published only in 2021. Its specific epithet, galvani, pays tribute to Ricardo Galvão, a Brazilian physicist who headed the National Institute for Space Research of Brazil and was dismissed in 2019 for publicly opposing the Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, a notorious climate change denier. The latter had claimed that data produced by the institute demonstrating the substantial increase in Amazonian forest deforestation following his rise to power, including devastating fires in 2019, were false. The descriptors of the species dedicate the species to Galvão for "his courage in the face of professional adversity", but also because the color of the butterfly's wings recalls that of forest fires. The moth is named "species of the year 2022 of the Swiss Systematics Society". ## Taxonomy The species Diptychophora galvani was described by Bernard Landry and Vitor O. Becker in 2021 based on specimens collected by Becker in 1982, 1983, and 1986. The type series includes two females (including the holotype) and two males. The two females and a male are deposited in Becker's personal collection (collecting event numbers 106575, 49809, and 49079), and a male (MHNG-ENTO-84604) from the type locality is deposited in the Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland. Two other Brazilian species of Diptychophora, D. planaltina and D. ardalia, were described in the same publication. The name of the genus Diptychophora comes from the ancient Greek and means "which bears two folds", possibly in reference to the two constrictions on the termen of the forewing, near the apex, a character that was given as diagnostic in the original description of the genus by the German entomologist Philipp Christoph Zeller. The species epithet galvani refers to Ricardo Galvão, a physicist and former director of the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Galvão opposed the president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro when the latter claimed – in a public international press conference – that the 2019 data provided by INPE, on the substantial increase of deforestation in the Amazon forest since Bolsonaro's election in 2018, were false. Certain of the correctness and quality of the data, as Director of INPE, Galvão stood up and challenged Bolsonaro to prove his assertion in a face-to-face discussion. The challenge was not accepted and Galvão was fired from the INPE's directorship. The physicist then received the support of the scientific community, the journal Nature placing him among the Nature'''s 10 "people who mattered in science" in 2019 for his defence of science against the attacks of the Brazilian government, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science awarded him their 2021 Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award. The descriptors of Diptychophora galvani dedicated the species to Galvão for "his courage in the face of professional adversity", but also because the colors of the moth’s forewings are reminiscent of the devastating Amazon rainforest wildfires that were demonstrated by the INPE data. ## Description Diptychophora galvani measures 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) in wingspan, with forewings 4.5 mm (0.18 in) long in the male and 5.0–5.5 mm (0.20–0.22 in) in the female. The species is easily distinguished from all other closely related species of the genus Diptychophora by the remarkable pattern of its forewings. These have two large orange areas, one distal (at the wing tip) and one proximal (at the base of the wing), the latter bordered with thick dark brown lines. These two orange areas are separated by a large gray median (middle) section. The hindwings are white in males and grayish in females. Regarding the genitalia of the male, the elongated uncus that is fused with the tegumen is a unique diagnostic character. In the female, the copulatory bursa is adorned with two sclerotized elements (the signa bursae) – one of which is very large and crescent- or boomerang-shaped, while the other is small, elongated-rounded, and folded. This morphology is not found in any other species of the genus Diptychophora. ## Ecology The specimens available for the description of the species were attracted to light at night with a mercury-vapor lamp. Diptychophora galvani is known only from the adult stage. No hostplant is known, as is the case for all of the species of Diptychophora. The only available information on the pabulum of the caterpillars in the tribe Diptychophorini concerns three species of the genus Glaucocharis in New Zealand that feed on mosses. ## Distribution and habitat Diptychophora galvani was described from the Brazilian municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, in Mato Grosso, where it was collected at an elevation of 800 m (2,600 ft); the type series also includes specimens from Unaí, in Minas Gerais, which were found at an elevation of 700 m (2,300 ft). The habitat of the species is the Cerrado, a major ecoregion of Brazil located between the Amazonian forest and the Atlantic forest. The region is characterized by a seasonal drought and is composed of more or less wooded savannas, humid zones, and gallery forests, on poor acidic soils. The known specimens of Diptychophora galvani were collected alongside gallery forests. ## In the culture In February 2022, Diptychophora galvani'' is named "species of the year 2022 of the Swiss Systematics Society", among 158 species described by taxonomists based in Switzerland during the year 2021.	[ "## Taxonomy", "## Description", "## Ecology", "## Distribution and habitat", "## In the culture" ]	1,515	22,782
8,671,184	World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association	1,172,832,455	Governing body for English billiards and professional snooker	[ "Organisations based in Bristol", "Snooker governing bodies", "Snooker in the United Kingdom", "Sports organizations established in 1968" ]	The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) is the governing body of professional snooker and English billiards. It is headquartered in Bristol, England. Founded as the Professional Billiard Players Association (PBPA) in 1946, with Joe Davis as chairman, it was revived in 1968 after some years of inactivity and renamed the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association in 1970. Its current chairman is Jason Ferguson. The WPBSA devises and publishes the official rules of the two sports. It promotes their global development at the grassroots, amateur, and professional levels; enforces conduct regulations and disciplines players who breach them; and works to combat corruption, such as by investigating betting irregularities. Additionally, it is involved in coaching development and the training of referees. The WPBSA owns a 26 per cent share of World Snooker Ltd, which organises the professional World Snooker Tour. It also supports World Women's Snooker, World Disability Billiards and Snooker, and English billiards through World Billiards. ## Overview According to its financial statements for the year ending 30 June 2019, the principal activities of the WPBSA are "the governance of professional snooker and billiards through the regulation and application of the rules of the association, the development of snooker and billiards as a sport and the sanctioning of the Professional Snooker Tour". The governing body for the non-professional aspect of snooker and billiards is the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF). The WPBSA has a number of associated organisations, including World Snooker, World Billiards, World Women's Snooker and World Disability Billiards and Snooker. - World Snooker Tour is responsible for running and administrating snooker's ranking and non-ranking professional circuit. These include the World Open, UK Championship, Welsh Open, China Open and the World Snooker Championship. It also holds the commercial rights for the professional game. Barry Hearn's Matchroom Sport owns 51 per cent of World Snooker, whilst the WPBSA owns 26 per cent. In January 2020, World Snooker was rebranded as World Snooker Tour. - World Billiards supervises the English billiards ranking tournaments and ranking list. It was established as a limited company in 2011, with all shares owned by the WPBSA. - World Women's Snooker (WWS) had changed its name from World Ladies Billiards and Snooker and Association (WLBSA) to World Ladies Billiards and Snooker when it became a subsidiary company of the WPBSA in December 2015. It moved to becoming World Women's Snooker in 2018. WWS supervises the Women's ranking tournaments and ranking list. - World Disability Billiards and Snooker (WDBS) is a subsidiary company of the WPBSA set up in 2015 with a remit to create opportunities for people with disabilities play cue sports. In November 2020, the members of the WBPSA voted to separate the responsibilities of the Association between two entities: "WPBSA Governance and Development", and a new "WPBSA Players" organisation. WPBSA Governance and Development will be responsible for disciplinary matters, monitoring betting, and drug testing. WPBSA Players will be responsible for support and representation of players. Jason Ferguson became the WPBSA chairman in 2010, having previously held the role from 2001 to 2003. Rex Williams was chairman for 13 years until 1987, when he was replaced by John Virgo. Previous presidents include Jeffrey Archer, who served from 1997 to 1999. ## History A Professional Billiard Players Association (PBPA) was formed on 26 July 1946, with Joe Davis as chairman. The professional game was in decline in the 1950s and 1960s and the PBPA was also dormant until being restarted in April 1968 with eight professional members. Mike Green was designated as the Secretary. Membership of the Association was by application, with playing achievements and disciplinary records the main factors taken into account. This means of becoming professional was later replaced by a series of "pro ticket" events. Prior to the formation of the WPBSA, the world governing body of both snooker and English billiards was the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC or BA&CC), later known as the Billiards and Snooker Control Council. The BACC announced in August 1968 that the world professional snooker championship would be run on a knockout basis, rather than the challenge system that had been in place from 1964, and in September 1969 that "The BA & CC and Professional Billiard Players Association have reached agreement regarding procedure for turning professional and other events governed by the BA & CC." The PBPA disaffiliated from the BA&CC from 1 October 1970, and was renamed the WPBSA on 12 December 1970, soon taking control of the running of the professional game. The WPBSA was reorganised as a limited company on 13 January 1982, with the intention that it would negotiate contracts with television companies and sponsors, something that had previously been in the control of promoters like Mike Watterson, as well as organising the tournaments. In 1985, Green retired as Secretary and was succeeded by Martin Blake, at which point the Association moved its headquarters from Birmingham to Bristol. It was reported during the 1987 World Snooker Championship that WPBSA chairman Williams was taking beta blockers. These were banned under International Olympic Committee rules, but not prohibited in snooker. Colin Moynihan, a British MP, called for Williams to resign and any players using beta blockers to withdraw from competing. In 2001, in a legal case brought by Stephen Hendry, Mark Williams and their management company, the WPBSA was found to have taken advantage of its dominant position in the snooker market by forcing its members to seek permission to play in tournaments, which could allow the WPBSA to prevent rival organisations from competing with it. Former WPBSA chairman Geoff Foulds lost a libel case that he had brought against The Daily Mirror when it accused him of submitting falsified expense claims to the WPBSA. When World Snooker scheduled the 2008 Bahrain Championship on dates which clashed with Premier League Snooker matches scheduled five months earlier with World Snooker approval, this caused four leading players (including Higgins) to miss the Bahrain event and consequently lose ranking points—Higgins called the clash "laughable". Premier League organiser Barry Hearn commented that "I am very disappointed and I can't understand why World Snooker hasn't discussed dates with us", while Higgins and his manager Pat Mooney threatened legal action over the ranking points situation. Supported by a number of senior players, Hearn became the chairman of the WPBSA in December 2009, with Mooney also joining him on the board. The body received criticism in the late 2000s. John Higgins had been particularly vocal in his opinion that World Snooker had not done enough to promote the game in new territories, particularly in Eastern Europe. The rival World Series of Snooker was launched by a consortium including Higgins in 2008. In 2008, the Association's benevolent fund was investigated for accounting irregularities and the apparent involvement in the decision-making process of WPBSA officials. The decision to decline an application for a grant from Chris Small, a former player who retired due to Ankylosing spondylitis, was also criticised by several of the game's leading figures. ### Promotional activities A subsidiary promotions company, WPBSA Promotions Ltd, was founded in 1983. World Snooker has been successful in promoting the sport in China, a major growth area for the sport, and in other territories including Germany. The 2008 Bahrain Championship was the first ranking tournament to be staged in the Middle East, which cost the organisation around £500,000 in prize money and organisational costs. One session at the event did not attract any audience, and the largest attendance for any of the sessions was 150. In 2019, World Snooker announced that there would be a ranking event in Saudi Arabia in 2020, the first in a ten-year series. Amnesty International criticised the announcement due to concerns about human rights in the country. The WPBSA supports coaching in cue sports through an accredited programme, and in 2013 initiated the "Cue Zone into Schools" programme, which took scaled-down tables into schools and was intended to interest school children in taking up the game. In 2019, the WPBSA announced the creation of an all-party parliamentary group for snooker, chaired by Conor Burns, a Member of Parliament (MP). In 2015, the Association submitted an unsuccessful bid for snooker to be played at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Another bid has been put forward for Paris 2024 through a branch of the association formed in 2017, the World Snooker Federation. ## See also	[ "## Overview", "## History", "### Promotional activities", "## See also" ]	1,917	36,896
15,851,718	SMS Nürnberg (1916)	1,167,721,805	Light cruiser of the German Imperial Navy	[ "1916 ships", "Königsberg-class cruisers (1915)", "Maritime incidents in 1919", "Maritime incidents in 1922", "Ships built in Kiel", "Ships sunk as targets", "Shipwrecks in the English Channel", "World War I cruisers of Germany", "World War I warships scuttled at Scapa Flow" ]	SMS Nürnberg was a Königsberg-class light cruiser built during World War I by Germany for the Imperial Navy. She had three sisters: Königsberg, Karlsruhe, and Emden. The ship was named after the previous light cruiser Nürnberg, which had been sunk at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. The new cruiser was laid down in 1915 at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen, launched in April 1916, and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in February 1917. Armed with eight 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns, the ship had a top speed of 27.5 kn (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph). Nürnberg saw relatively limited service during the war, due to her commissioning late in the conflict. She participated in Operation Albion in October 1917 against the Russian Navy in the Baltic. The following month, she was engaged in the Second Battle of Helgoland Bight, but was not significantly damaged during the engagement. She was assigned to the final, planned operation of the High Seas Fleet that was to have taken place in the closing days of the war, though a major mutiny forced the cancellation of the plan. After the end of the war, the ship was interned in Scapa Flow. In the scuttling of the German fleet in June 1919, British ships managed to beach Nürnberg and she was later refloated and sunk as a gunnery target in 1922. ## Design Nürnberg was 151.4 meters (497 ft) long overall and had a beam of 14.2 m (47 ft) and a draft of 5.96 m (19.6 ft) forward. She displaced 5,440 t (5,350 long tons) normally and up to 7,125 t (7,012 long tons) at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of steam turbines powered by ten coal-fired and two oil-fired Marine-type boilers. These provided a top speed of 27.5 kn (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph) and a range of 4,850 nautical miles (8,980 km; 5,580 mi) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph). The ship had a crew of 17 officers and 458 enlisted men. The ship was armed with a main battery of eight 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, two were located on either side amidships, and two were arranged in a superfiring pair aft. They were supplied with 1,040 rounds of ammunition, for 130 shells per gun. Nürnberg also carried two 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 anti-aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels. She was also equipped with a pair of 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes in deck-mounted swivel launchers amidships. She also carried 200 mines. The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was 60 mm (2.4 in) thick amidships. The conning tower had 100 mm (3.9 in) thick sides, and the deck was covered with 60 mm thick armor plate. ## Service history Nürnberg was ordered under the contract name "Ersatz Thetis" and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1915. She was launched on 14 April 1916, after which fitting-out work commenced. She was commissioned on 15 February 1917, under the command of Fregattenkapitän (FK—Frigate Captain) Walter Hildebrand. She thereafter began sea trials, which concluded on 1 May, at which time she was assigned to II Scouting Group, part of the reconnaissance screen of the High Seas Fleet. From July to August, the ships of II Scouting Group were used in coastal defense patrols in the German Bight. ### Operation Albion In early September 1917, following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga, the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga. The Admiralstab (the Navy High Command) planned an operation to seize the Baltic island of Ösel, and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula. On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and Moon Islands; the primary naval component was to comprise the flagship, Moltke, along with III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet. The invasion force amounted to approximately 24,600 officers and enlisted men. Nürnberg and the rest of II Scouting Group, commanded by Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, provided the cruiser screen for the task force. II Scouting Group left Kiel on 23 September and arrived in Libau two days later, where final preparations for the attack took place. On 11 October, Nürnberg took on a contingent of soldiers and got underway as part of the escort for several transport ships, carrying most of the landing force, and a collier and several tugboats. The force arrived in Tagga Bay the next morning and began the attack, when Moltke and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in Tagga Bay while IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula on Ösel After the beginning of the bombardment, Nürnberg entered Tagga Bay with II Transport Section and began landing troops, while Königsberg covered the landing of I Transport Section. On 18–19 October, the rest of II Scouting Group covered minesweepers operating off the island of Dagö, but due to insufficient minesweepers and bad weather, the operation was postponed. On the 19th, Nürnberg, Königsberg, and Danzig were sent to intercept two Russian torpedo boats reported to be in the area. Reuter could not locate the vessels, and broke off the operation. By 20 October, the islands were under German control and the Russian naval forces had either been destroyed or forced to withdraw. The Admiralstab ordered the naval component to return to the North Sea. Nürnberg remained at in the gulf until 24 October, when she got underway for the North Sea, stopping in Libau on the way back. After arriving in the North Sea, Nürnberg and the rest of II Scouting Group resumed coastal defense duties. ### Second Battle of Helgoland Bight On 17 November, Nürnberg, Königsberg, Frankfurt, and Pillau were assigned to cover a minesweeping operation in the Helgoland Bight, still under the command of Reuter. The force was supported by two battleships—Kaiser and Kaiserin. Six British battlecruisers supported a force of light cruisers that attacked the German minesweepers. Königsberg and the other three cruisers covered the fleeing minesweepers before retreating under a smoke screen. Nürnberg opened fire on the British cruisers at 08:55, at a range of 11 km (6.8 mi). Heavy smoke and fog obscured the British ships, however, and Nürnberg was quickly forced to cease firing. At around 10:00, Nürnberg came under heavy fire from the British cruisers, as well as the powerful battlecruisers Courageous and Glorious, armed with 15-inch (380 mm) guns. Nürnberg was not hit directly, but shell splinters from near misses rained down on her deck, causing light casualties. According to the historian Gary Staff, the hit killed one man and wounded four more, one of whom later died of his wounds, while the historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Hans-Otto Steinmetz report one fatality and nine wounded men. One of her rangefinders was also damaged by the shell fragments. She returned fire briefly before the haze again concealed the British ships. Kaiser and Kaiserin intervened at almost exactly the same time, prompting the British to break off the engagement immediately. Within an hour, the German forces were reinforced by several capital ships, including the battlecruiser Hindenburg; after realizing the British had fled, the German forces returned to port. ### Fate FK Hans Quaet-Faslem relieved Hildebrand as the ship's commander in January 1918. On 23 March, Nürnberg was dry-docked in Kiel for an overhaul that lasted until 6 May, so she was unavailable for the fleet operation on 23–24 April, the last time the German fleet went to sea for a major operation. After returning to service, Nürnberg covered a minelaying operation from 10 to 13 May in company with the rest of her group. She was also among the vessels that sortied in an attempt to catch the British aircraft carrier HMS Furious after the Tondern raid on 19 July. That month, FK Wolfgang Wegener replaced Quaet-Faslem. In October, Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper planned a final, climactic attack on the British by the High Seas Fleet. The planned operation called for raids on Allied shipping in the Thames estuary and Flanders to draw out the Grand Fleet. The German fleet would then attack the Grand Fleet and do as much damage as possible in order to enhance Germany's military position in the coming peace talks. Nürnberg, Karlsruhe and Graudenz were assigned to the force tasked with attacking Flanders. On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied. The unrest spread to the rest of the fleet and ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation. Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Seas Fleet's ships, under the command of Reuter, were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow. Nürnberg was among the ships interned, and she departed Germany with the rest of the fleet on 19 November. The vessels arrived in Scapa Flow on 27 November. Wegener thereafter returned to Germany, leaving the ship under the command of Kapitänleutnant (Captain Lieutenant) Günther Georgii. The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. British sailors used explosive charges to blast away Nürnberg's anchor chains so she could be dragged aground before she sank. The ship was refloated in July and towed to Portsmouth, where she was converted into a target ship. The first trial, conducted with the monitor HMS Terror, was held on 5 November 1920; the monitor was moored just 370 m (400 yd) away to ensure hits. Coal was shifted to one side to make Nürnberg take on a list of 10 degrees to simulate the angle a shell would hit the cruiser at long range. Terror had been fitted with a 7.5 in (190 mm) gun and a 6 in (152 mm) gun for the purposes of the tests, which involved several different shell types for both calibers. Terror made hits on specific parts of the ship, including the conning tower, the belt armor, the upper deck, and the unarmored superstructure. Flooding from the belt hits caused the list to be reduced to 7.5 degrees. Another round of tests was held on 8 November, and this time Nürnberg's coal bunkers were flooded to bring her list to 20 degrees. On 7 July 1922, the battlecruiser Repulse sank Nürnberg off the Isle of Wight at a depth of 62 m (203 ft).	[ "## Design", "## Service history", "### Operation Albion", "### Second Battle of Helgoland Bight", "### Fate" ]	2,570	33,295
16,671,445	SS American (1900)	1,146,802,710	American steel-hulled, single propeller cargo ship	[ "1900 ships", "Cargo ships of the United States", "Cargo ships of the United States Navy", "Maritime incidents in 1918", "Ships built by the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works", "World War I auxiliary ships of the United States", "World War I cargo ships of the United States", "World War I merchant ships of the United States" ]	SS American was a steel-hulled, single propeller cargo ship built at Chester, Pennsylvania, by the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company and the Hawaiian sugar trade. During World War I service for the United States Navy, the ship was known as USS American (ID-2292). Late in her career for American-Hawaiian, she was renamed SS Honolulan. American was a little more than 430 feet (130 m) long and 51 feet (16 m) abeam. Coal-fired boilers powered a single triple-expansion steam engine which turned a single screw propeller. This power plant—supplemented with auxiliary sails—was capable of moving the ship at up to 12 knots (22 km/h). As one of the first four ships ordered by the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company after its 1899 formation, American was used on the Hawaii – New York sugar trade via the Straits of Magellan. In 1901 she set a record for the fastest New York – San Francisco ocean passage, making the voyage in 59 days. After 1905, she was employed in inter-coastal service via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and, after it opened in 1914, the Panama Canal. Taken up for wartime service after the United States entered World War I in April 1917, she completed two round-trip voyages to France without incident. Shortly after the start of her third such voyage, however, she collided with another U.S. Navy vessel, USS West Gate, sinking that vessel with the loss of seven of her crew in October 1918. She completed one more round trip in U.S. Navy service, sailing to Gibraltar after the Armistice in November. She returned to New York in February 1919, was decommissioned, and returned to American-Hawaiian. SS American resumed cargo service with American-Hawaiian after her return from naval service, being renamed Honolulan in 1925. She was sold in 1926 and taken to Osaka where she was broken up sometime after her arrival there in November that same year. ## Design and construction The American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, shortly after its March 1899 formation, placed orders for its first four ships for the company's planned sugar service between Hawaii and the East Coast of the United States. Three ships—American, Hawaiian, and Oregonian—were ordered from Delaware River Shipbuilding in Chester, Pennsylvania, while the fourth—Californian—was ordered from Union Iron Works of San Francisco. The contract cost of the three Pennsylvania-built ships was set at \$425,000 each, but financing costs drove the final cost of each ship higher; the final cost of American was \$61.00 per deadweight ton, which totaled just under \$540,000. American (Delaware River yard no. 308) was launched on 14 July 1900, and delivered to American-Hawaiian in October, joining Californian in the American-Hawaiian Fleet. American, the first of the trio of Pennsylvania ships to be completed, was 6,861 gross register tons (GRT), and was 430 feet 1 inch (131.09 m) in length and 51 feet 2 inches (15.60 m) abeam. She had a deadweight tonnage of , and her cargo holds had a storage capacity of 376,699 cubic feet (10,666.9 m<sup>3</sup>). American had a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h), and was powered by a single triple-expansion steam engine with coal-fired boilers, that drove a single screw propeller. American and her sister ships, equipped with two upright masts, carried and used two large trysails, a fore staysail and jib, and a main staysail, to help conserve coal for their journeys. ## Early career At the start of her American-Hawaiian career, American sailed in scheduled service from New York and Philadelphia around South America via the Straits of Magellan, up to San Francisco and from there to Honolulu. Along the way, she was refueled with coal at Saint Lucia in the British West Indies and at Coronel in Chile. The Chilean coal was often of lesser quality which burned too quickly and dangerously sent sparks flying from the ship's funnel; the quality and fire danger were key reasons that all subsequent American-Hawaiian ships used oil instead of coal for fuel. The early American-Hawaiian voyages averaged about 70 days in each direction from New York to San Francisco, which was about 55 days shorter than the typical time required for sailing ships. Insurers initially made the company pay a 6% premium for taking its large ships through the treacherous 300-nautical-mile (560 km) channel in the Straits of Magellan, rather than the safer passage around Cape Horn. But by 1903, American-Hawaiian's safe operation and experience on the route allowed the company to negotiate a 31⁄2% rate, just a 1⁄2% surcharge over the standard rate of 3%. The experience on the route also paid off in shorter transit times: American set a record time with a 59-day New York-to-San Francisco passage in 1901. However, typical times for the trip were just over 50 days by 1903. In May 1905, after two years of negotiations, American-Hawaiian signed a contract with the Tehuantepec National Railway of Mexico, abandoning the Straits of Magellan route in favor of the Tehuantepec Route. Shipments on the Tehuantepec Route would arrive at Mexican ports—Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, for eastbound cargo, and Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, for westbound cargo—and would traverse the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico's narrowest point, on the railroad. Eastbound shipments were primarily sugar and pineapple from Hawaii, while westbound cargoes were more general in nature. After the United States occupation of Veracruz on 21 April 1914 (which found six American-Hawaiian ships in Mexican ports), the Huerta-led Mexican government closed the Tehuantepec National Railway to American shipping. This loss of access, coupled with the fact that the Panama Canal was not yet open, caused American-Hawaiian to return to its historic route of sailing around South America via the Straits of Magellan in late April. With the opening of the Panama Canal on 15 August, American-Hawaiian ships switched to taking that route. In October 1915, landslides closed the Panama Canal and all American-Hawaiian ships, including American, returned to the Straits of Magellan route again. American's exact movements from this time through early 1917 are unclear. She may have been in the half of the American-Hawaiian fleet that was chartered for transatlantic service. She may also have been in the group of American-Hawaiian ships chartered for service to South America, delivering coal, gasoline, and steel in exchange for coffee, nitrates, cocoa, rubber, and manganese ore. However, when the United States entered World War I in April 1917, the entire American-Hawaiian fleet, including American, was requisitioned by the United States Shipping Board (USSB), which then returned the ships for operation by American-Hawaiian. ## U.S. Navy service In May 1918, the USSB selected American for service carrying United States Army cargo to France as a part of the U.S. Navy's Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS). On 22 May, American was turned over to the Navy and assigned the identification number of 2292. She was commissioned as USS American on 25 May. One week later, American, loaded with cargo, departed New York and joined up with an eastbound convoy on 2 June, reaching :Brest, France, on 17 June. She sailed to Bordeaux via La Pallice to unload, and departed on 6 July, reaching New York 16 days later. After a quick turnaround, American sailed for Bordeaux again on 5 August and had arrived back at New York on 6 September. ### Collision with West Gate On 4 October, American began her third trip to France in a convoy escorted by the cruiser Denver and headed to Bordeaux. On the night of 6/7 October—noted in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships as "particularly dark and rainy"—the ships were having trouble maintaining their stations in the convoy; American was sailing in the column headed by the convoy's guide ship, Sagua. At 02:28 on 7 October, while about 250 nautical miles (460 km) south of Halifax, the steering gear engine of USS West Gate—ahead and to the starboard of American—jammed, sending the ship veering sharply to the port. West Gate's crew put the ship's engine at half speed to try to drop out of the convoy, but minutes later, men on the bridge sighted the red light from the oncoming American. Though West Gate's bridge rang up "full speed ahead" to avoid the collision, there was not enough time for the engine to respond before American's bow cut into the starboard side of West Gate, near the poop deck. American, which was lightly damaged by the collision, reversed her engine to back out of the tangle while West Gate's engine was shut down. After American was completely backed out, West Gate began rapidly settling and was ordered abandoned. A total of seven men from West Gate died in the accident—two when their lifeboat capsized, and a further five that probably died in the initial impact. West Gate's commanding officer, Lt. Cdr. R. B. Vandervoort, and six men he had personally escorted to a life raft were picked up by one of American's lifeboats at 06:00, after some 31⁄2 hours in the water. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships does not report any casualties on American from the collision. American proceeded to Halifax, where she had her collision damage repaired over the next six weeks. She departed for Gibraltar on 27 November, a little more than two weeks after the signing of the Armistice with Germany that ended the fighting. After calling at that British port on 9 December, American docked at Marseilles, before leaving for New York in the new year, arriving there on 9 February 1919. American was decommissioned and returned to American-Hawaiian on 4 March, and formally struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 14 May. ## Later career American resumed cargo service with American-Hawaiian after her return from World War I service. Though the company had abandoned its original Hawaiian sugar routes by this time, American sailed in inter-coastal service through the Panama Canal. In June 1925, American-Hawaiian announced its intent to acquire six steamers from W. R. Grace and Company. Later in the year, American was renamed Honolulan in order to free her name for the newly acquired Santa Barbara. In 1926, Honolulan was sold for scrap. She was taken to Osaka, Japan, and was broken up some time after her arrival there in November that same year.	[ "## Design and construction", "## Early career", "## U.S. Navy service", "### Collision with West Gate", "## Later career" ]	2,348	22,517
9,543,870	The New Breed (ECW)	1,157,562,701	Professional wrestling stable	[ "ECW (WWE) teams and stables", "WWE teams and stables" ]	The New Breed was a professional wrestling stable that appeared on the ECW brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2007. It was originally composed of Elijah Burke and Marcus Cor Von. Matt Striker, Kevin Thorn, and Ariel first joined the stable in February 2007, then CM Punk briefly joined the stable in April 2007. The faction was created to feud with wrestlers who had been a part of the original Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion in the 1990s. WWE revived ECW as a third brand in 2006, and hired several former ECW wrestlers – the ECW Originals – to compete on the brand. In early 2007, the New Breed was created when Vince McMahon, the WWE chairman, touted Burke and Cor Von as the epitome of the new ECW, while insulting the ECW Originals. Striker, Thorn, and Ariel joined the following week. The New Breed instantly began feuding with the ECW Originals. They faced off in several matches throughout the year, including at WrestleMania 23. After this, both groups began recruiting CM Punk, who elected to join the New Breed. Two weeks later however, he turned on Burke during a match. Thorn and Ariel left the stable shortly afterward as well. The New Breed continued to feud with the Originals and Punk, and also with The Major Brothers, a new tag team who had defeated Striker and Cor Von in their debut match. By June 2007, the stable had dissolved, with the three remaining members quietly separating. ## Concept World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) acquired Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and its video library in 2003, and later began reintroducing ECW by utilizing ECW library content for DVDs and releasing a series of books. The popularity of ECW merchandise prompted WWE to organize an ECW reunion pay-per-view, ECW One Night Stand, in 2005. WWE organized a second One Night Stand pay-per-view the following year. In May 2006 WWE announced the launch of ECW as a stand-alone brand, congruous to Raw and SmackDown!, with its own show on the Sci Fi channel. In preparation for the launch of the ECW brand, WWE hired several original ECW wrestlers, including Sabu, The Sandman, and Balls Mahoney. It was also announced that wrestlers who had previously worked for ECW before joining WWE following its closure, including Rob Van Dam and Tommy Dreamer, would be moving to the new ECW brand. The term "new breed" was originally used to describe the revived ECW brand as a whole, with advertisements and articles using the tagline "A new breed unleashed". In early 2007, the term began to be used as the name for a new stable (faction) on the new ECW brand, which consisted solely of wrestlers that had not been a part of the original ECW. This stable quickly began feuding with the ECW Originals – wrestlers who had been part of the original ECW. ## History ### Formation On January 30, 2007, Vince McMahon, the chairman of WWE, appeared on ECW on Sci Fi. In several backstage segments, he showed disdain for wrestlers that were a part of the original ECW – the ECW Originals. While demeaning the Originals, McMahon simultaneously showed appreciation for newer wrestlers, calling Marcus Cor Von "a breath of fresh air" and bringing Elijah Burke to the ring with him to tout Burke as the epitome of the new ECW. As a result, Tommy Dreamer, Balls Mahoney, Sabu, and The Sandman interrupted and attacked Burke, provoking a feud. The next week, McMahon appeared on ECW again, insulting Dreamer, Mahoney, Sabu, The Sandman, and Rob Van Dam, before informing them that they would be fired if they interfered in each other's matches that night. Matt Striker and Kevin Thorn, along with his valet Ariel, joined forces with Burke and Cor Von as the New Breed. Striker was named the special guest referee for Thorn's match with Dreamer that night, and refused to count a pinfall for Dreamer, allowing Thorn to win. Burke defeated Van Dam later in the night, and the New Breed members attacked Van Dam until they were chased off by the other ECW Originals. The feud continued throughout March and April, with the factions facing off against each other in several singles and tag team matches. In early March, Dreamer challenged the New Breed to a match at WrestleMania 23 on behalf of the Originals. The following week, Dreamer won a battle royal featuring members of the New Breed and the Originals. In the final weeks leading up to WrestleMania, the stables continued to clash, with Van Dam defeating Burke on the March 27 episode of ECW. This provoked an attack on Van Dam by the other New Breed members, until the Originals made the save. At WrestleMania, the New Breed members lost to the ECW Originals in an eight-man tag team match, but on the following episode of ECW on Sci Fi, they defeated the ECW Originals in an extreme rules rematch. ### Recruiting CM Punk Just prior to WrestleMania, both the New Breed and the ECW Originals began attempting to recruit CM Punk into their stables. On the April 3 episode of ECW, Cor Von eventually told Punk to choose a side, stating that Punk was either with the New Breed or against them. The following week, Punk made his decision and joined the New Breed, shaking hands with Burke in the ring. The next week, his presence immediately created tension within the group, as he berated Cor Von and Thorn for losing and undermined Burke's position as the leader of the New Breed. Later that episode, Burke faced Van Dam in a singles match. Punk attempted to interfere, sliding a steel chair into the ring, but Van Dam got to it first and hit Burke with it. Afterward, Punk apologized to Burke. The following week, Punk apologized again, but was forced by Burke to miss an eight-man elimination tag team match between the Originals and the New Breed. In retaliation, Punk attacked Burke, causing him to lose the match, and left the New Breed, before defecting to the side of the ECW Originals. The following week, on the May 1 episode of ECW, Burke announced a match between Thorn and Punk, which Thorn lost. After the match, Thorn quit the New Breed, as none of the other members interfered during the match to help him. That same night, Striker and Cor Von lost to the debuting tag team of The Major Brothers (Brian and Brett). Striker was pinned and as a result, Burke blamed Striker, berating him for the loss and creating tension between the two. The following week, Cor Von defeated Punk in a singles match following interference from Burke, and Burke defeated one-half of The Major Brothers, Brian. Punk gained revenge at the Judgment Day pay-per-view in late May however, when he defeated Burke in a singles match. On the next episode of ECW, Striker defeated Brett Major while Burke and Cor Von lost to the team of Van Dam and Punk by disqualification when Cor Von attacked Punk despite not being the legal man in the match. After this, Van Dam was moved into a feud with Randy Orton and Punk joined forces with Dreamer and The Sandman to replace Sabu, who had left WWE in mid-May. At the One Night Stand pay-per-view in June, Burke, Cor Von, and Striker lost to Punk, Dreamer, and The Sandman in a tables match. ### Dissolution and aftermath In mid-2007, the New Breed was phased out as a group. Cor Von and Burke remained loosely aligned and teamed together on a few occasions until mid-June. After this, Cor Von took an extended leave of absence before being released from the company in September. Burke remained part of ECW and received a push in late June and July, challenging for the ECW World Championship on several occasions. Throughout the remainder of 2007 and most of 2008, he was rarely used in a prominent role and was released in November 2008. Ariel was released from WWE on May 18, shortly after she and Thorn left the New Breed. Thorn remained on ECW for several months, but was sent to WWE's developmental territory in early 2008. He was eventually released from his contract in early 2009. Following his release, he criticized the storylines in which the stable was involved, especially the fact that the stable was used to push CM Punk, stating that it "could have been done differently". Fertig also felt that there was "so much more" that could have done with the stable, due to "eclectic" mix of people involved. Following the dissolution of the New Breed, Striker began managing wrestler Big Daddy V until 2008. He later transitioned into a commentator role in August 2008, and worked in a variety of roles, including as the host of WWE NXT and a backstage interviewer, until WWE opted not to renew his contract in June 2013. CM Punk won the ECW Championship in September 2007 and, after leaving the ECW brand in 2008, he went on to become a three-time World Heavyweight Champion, as well as a two-time WWE Champion. He departed WWE in 2014 and subsequently signed with UFC later that year. Punk returned for All Elite Wrestling in 2021. ## See also - ECW Originals - ECW (WWE)	[ "## Concept", "## History", "### Formation", "### Recruiting CM Punk", "### Dissolution and aftermath", "## See also" ]	1,991	9,697
61,274,956	Fatima bint al-Ahmar	1,145,029,738	Nasrid Princess	[ "1260 births", "1349 deaths", "13th-century people from al-Andalus", "13th-century women", "14th-century people from al-Andalus", "14th-century women", "Nasrid dynasty", "Women bibliographers", "Women of the Emirate of Granada" ]	Fatima bint Muhammad bint al-Ahmar (Arabic: فاطمة بنت الأحمر) (c. 1260 – 26 February, 1349) was a Nasrid princess of the Emirate of Granada, the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula. A daughter of Sultan Muhammad II and an expert in the study of barnamaj (biobibliographies of Islamic scholars), she married her father's cousin and trusted ally, Abu Said Faraj. Their son Ismail I became sultan after deposing her half-brother, Nasr. She was involved in the government of her son but was especially politically active during the rule of her grandsons, Muhammad IV and Yusuf I, both of whom ascended the throne at a young age and were placed under her tutelage. Later Granadan historian Ibn al-Khatib wrote an elegy for her death stating that "She was alone, surpassing the women of her time / like the Night of Power surpasses all the other nights". Modern historian María Jesús Rubiera Mata compared her role to that of María de Molina, her contemporary who became regent to Castilian kings. Professor Brian A. Catlos attributed the survival of the dynasty, and eventual success, as being partly due to her "vision and constancy." ## Background The Emirate of Granada was the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, founded by Fatima's grandfather, Muhammad I, in the 1230s. Throughout its existence, it was ruled by the Nasrid dynasty (banū Naṣr or banū al-Aḥmar). Through a combination of diplomatic and military manoeuvres, the emirate succeeded in maintaining its independence, despite being surrounded by two larger neighbours, the Christian Crown of Castile to the north and the Muslim Marinid Sultanate in Morocco. Granada intermittently entered into alliance or went to war with both of these powers, or encouraged them to fight one another, in order to avoid being dominated by either. For the most part, historical records do not show that women openly participated in the politics of the Emirate. The Granadan poet, historian, and influential statesman Ibn al-Khatib (1313—1374), who was well acquainted with many royal women and from whom much of historical information about Fatima came from, wrote in his political treatise Maqama fi al-Siyasa that women should not be put in charge of state affairs, and that their role should be limited as "the soil where one plants one's children, the myrtles of the spirit, and where the heart rests'". In practice, women sometimes did take part in political activities, especially behind the scenes. Due to frequent premature deaths of Sultans by assassinations or in battle, and the occasional accessions of underage Sultans, women at times were responsible for the interests of their families, the hereditary rights of their descendants, and diplomacy with neighbouring kingdoms. ## Biography ### Early life Fatima was born in 659 AH (1260 or 1261) during the reign of her grandfather, Muhammad I. Her father, the future Muhammad II, was heir to the throne, and her mother, Nuzha, was a first cousin of his father. She had a brother, the future Muhammad III (b. 1257) and a half-brother, Nasr, whose mother was the second wife of his father, a Christian named Shams al-Duha. Her father Muhammad was known as al-Faqih (a faqīh is an Islamic jurist), due to his erudition, education, and preference for learned men such as physicians, astronomers, philosophers, and poets. He fostered intellectual activities in his children. Fatima became expert in the study of barnamaj, the biobibliographies of Islamic scholars, while her brothers, Muhammad and Nasr, studied poetry and astronomy respectively. Like her brothers, she likely received her education privately in the royal palace complex, the Alhambra. ### Marriage to Abu Said Faraj Her father Muhammad II took the throne in 1273 after the death of Muhammad I. He married Fatima to Abu Said Faraj ibn Ismail, his Nasrid cousin and influential advisor. Abu Said (born 1248) was the son of Ismail (d. 1257), Muhammad I's brother and the governor of Málaga. When Ismail died, Muhammad I brought the young Faraj to court where he befriended Muhammad II. The date of this marriage appears in the anonymous work al-Dahira al-Saniyya as the year 664 AH (1265/1266, before Muhammad II's accession), but modern historian María Jesús Rubiera Mata doubts the accuracy of this date: Fatima would have been a child then, additionally the text confuses the bride as Muhammad I's daughter (while Fatima was his granddaughter), and says that the groom was his cousin (Abu Said was Muhammad I's nephew). Rubiera Mata suggests that the correct marriage date was closer to the birth of the couple's first child, Ismail, on 3 March 1279. In 1279, after reoccupying Málaga, which had previously rebelled under the Banu Ashqilula, Muhammad II appointed Abu Said as the city's governor, a post once held by his father Ismail. Abu Said left for Málaga on 11 February, while Fatima likely stayed in the Alhambra given that she was very late into her pregnancy. Later, Fatima moved to Málaga, caring for her children and studying barnamaj. She had a younger son, named Muhammad (unknown birth date), who had at least four sons: Yusuf, Faraj, Muhammad, and Ismail, all of whom later left the Emirate for North Africa. ### Reigns of Muhammad III and Nasr Muhammad III took the throne after his father's death in 1302; Fatima appeared to maintain a good relation with her brother and her husband remained the governor of Málaga throughout his reign. Muhammad III was deposed in 1309 by a palace revolution in Granada, and replaced by Nasr. Unlike with Muhammad III, Fatima and her husband had poor relations with her half-brother. As his rule grew unpopular, she allied herself with factions seeking to overthrow him. Her husband Abu Said led a rebellion in 1311, seeking to enthrone their children Ismail. The rebellion was declared in the name of Ismail, because as Fatima's son he was a grandson of Muhammad II and was therefore seen as having better legitimacy than his father. Their forces defeated that of the Sultan in battle, but Nasr managed to retreat to Granada despite the loss of his horse. Abu Said besieged the capital but lacked supplies for a protracted campaign. Upon discovering that Nasr had allied himself with Ferdinand IV of Castile, Abu Said sought peace with the sultan and was able to retain his post as governor of Granada but paid tribute to Nasr. Fearing the sultan's vengeance, Abu Said negotiated a deal with the Marinids, in which he were to yield Málaga in exchange for the governorship of Salé in North Africa. When this became known to the people of Málaga, they considered it treachery, rose up and deposed him in favor of Ismail. Later, Ismail imprisoned Abu Said in Cártama after suspicions of attempting to flee Málaga, and later moved him to Salobreña where he died in 1320. With her son in control of the city, Fatima helped him engineer another rebellion against Nasr, enlisting the aid of Abu Said's old ally, Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula, the chief of the Volunteers of the Faith, and various factions within the capital. Ismail's army swelled as he marched towards Granada, and the capital inhabitants opened the city gates for him. Nasr, surrounded in the Alhambra, agreed to abdicate and retired to Guadix. Ismail took the throne in February 1314 and Fatima entered court as queen mother. Despite the falling out between her son and her husband, Fatima maintained good relations with her son, and appeared in various points of Ibn al-Khatib's biography of the Sultan. She assisted Ismail in political matters, in which according to Rubiera Mata she was "as gifted with great qualities as her husband." When Ismail was fatally attacked by a relative in 1325, it was to her palace he was brought before he succumbed to his injuries. ### "The Sultan's Grandmother" By the time of Ismail's death, Fatima was a highly influential figure at court and she helped secure the ascension of her grandson Muhammad IV, son of Ismail. As Muhammad was only ten years old, Fatima, and a guardian named Abu Nuaym Ridwan, served as tutor and a sort of regent for the young sultan, and they took active role in government. Ibn al-Khatib referred to her during this period as jaddat al-sultan (The Sultan's Grandmother"), and according to historian Bárbara Boloix Gallardo, this was the peak period of Fatima's political activity. The assassination of the vizier Ibn al-Mahruq, on the order of Muhammad IV in 1328, occurred while he was in the palace of Fatima discussing the emirate's affairs as he regularly did. Boloix Gallardo speculated that she might have been involved in planning or masterminding this assassination. Muhammad IV was assassinated in 1333 and replaced by his 15-year-old brother Yusuf I. Fatima again became tutor and regent for her grandson, who was considered a minor and whose authority was limited to only "choosing the food to eat from his table". According to Rubiera Mata, Fatima likely influenced Yusuf I's constructions in the Alhambra, the royal palace and fortress complex of Granada, but Boloix Gallardo argues that there is no evidence for this. She died on 26 February 1349 (7 Dhu al-Hijjah 749 AH), during Yusuf I's reign, at the age of more than 90 years in the Islamic (lunar) calendar, and was buried in the royal cemetery (rawda) of the Alhambra. ## Aftermath and legacy The poet, historian, and statesman Ibn al-Khatib wrote a 41-verse elegy for her death, the only one ever dedicated to a Nasrid princess. In the elegy, he wrote that "She was alone, surpassing the women of her time / like the Night of Power surpasses all the other nights". He also praised her as: > the cream of the cream of the kingdom, the great pearl at the center of the dynasty's necklace, the pride of the harem, aspiring to honor and respect, the chain binding its subjects, the protector of the kings, and the living memory of the royal family's birthright. After her death, the rule of Granada continued under Yusuf I, who was later succeeded by his son Muhammad V. Under their stewardship, Granada would experience its peak. Historian Brian A. Catlos attributed the dynasty's eventual success partly due to Fatima's "vision and constancy", especially during the turbulent reign of her brothers, son, and grandsons, which were marred by assassinations and the reigns of young monarchs. Thanks to her lineage, Ismail and his descendants gained legitimacy even though they were not male-line descendants of Muhammad I. Ismail's accession was the first instance of the throne passing to a ruler through the maternal line, which would happen again in 1432 with the accession of Yusuf IV. The rule of Fatima's descendants also started what historians call al-dawla al-isma'iliyya al-nasriyya, "the Nasrid dynasty of Ismail", a distinct branch of the dynasty from that of the previous Sultans. Historian María Jesús Rubiera Mata compared her guardianship and tutelage of her grandsons to those of the contemporary María de Molina, who also played a central political role as regent of her son Ferdinand IV (1295–c. 1301) and grandson Alfonso XI of Castile (1312–1321). ## In fiction Fatima bint al-Ahmar is the protagonist of the Sultana series of historical novels by Lisa Yarde. ## Family tree Note: Incomplete, only includes and other key dynasty members.	[ "## Background", "## Biography", "### Early life", "### Marriage to Abu Said Faraj", "### Reigns of Muhammad III and Nasr", "### \"The Sultan's Grandmother\"", "## Aftermath and legacy", "## In fiction", "## Family tree" ]	2,641	9,489
29,730,098	The Rebel Flesh	1,167,278,707	Episode of Doctor Who	[ "2011 British television episodes", "Doctor Who stories set on Earth", "Eleventh Doctor episodes", "Fictional avatars", "Television episodes about cloning", "Television episodes set in the 22nd century" ]	"The Rebel Flesh" is the fifth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on 21 May 2011 on BBC One and on BBC America in the United States. It is the first episode of a two-part story written by Matthew Graham and directed by Julian Simpson, concluded in "The Almost People". In the episode, the TARDIS is hit by a solar storm, sending the Doctor (Matt Smith) and his companions Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill) to a monastery on an island on Earth in the 22nd century, which has been converted into a factory to pump acid off the island. To prevent death from the acid, the workers have utilised a "programmable matter" called the Flesh, which creates a doppelgänger (called "Ganger") controlled by the worker. As the solar storm hits, the Gangers become independent, and the Doctor, Amy and Rory must work to prevent the two groups from breaking into a war. Showrunner Steven Moffat specifically asked Graham to write the episodes about "avatars that rebel", although the Flesh and the monastery were Graham's original ideas. The episode was filmed in the late months of 2010 with some location filming at Caerphilly Castle and Cardiff Castle to represent the monastery. Prosthetics were used to create the Gangers' facial features, while doubles of the actors were used for scenes in which a character and their Ganger were both in a scene, but did not both show their face. The episode was seen by 7.35 million viewers in the UK and achieved an Appreciation Index of 85. Reviewers were generally positive about the episode; some praised the setting and characters but others commented that the story had not developed enough even though it was only the first part. The computer-generated effects used for one scene were also disapproved of by a couple of reviewers. ## Plot ### Synopsis The TARDIS is caught in the first waves of a "solar tsunami" and materialises on Earth in the 22nd century. The Eleventh Doctor, Amy and Rory find themselves on a remote island, where a factory housed in a former 13th century castle monastery pumps a valuable, highly corrosive acid to the mainland. The skeleton crew of the factory uses a self-replicating fluid called the Flesh from which they create doppelgängers of themselves, colloquially called "Gangers". The crew control the Gangers from special harnesses to operate in the hazardous environment of the factory. The Doctor, initially posing as a weatherman, fears the worst part of the solar tsunami will strike the solar-powered factory soon, threatening those still remaining, and offers to take the crew in his TARDIS. The foreman, Miranda Cleaves, refuses to shut down the factory until she receives orders from the mainland. As the solar storm begins, the Doctor races to disconnect the solar collector, but the tsunami hits the castle, throwing the Doctor off the tower and knocking everyone inside unconscious for an hour. When the crew awaken, they find themselves out of the control beds with no sign of the Gangers. They soon discover that the Gangers have gained sentience and two Gangers are amongst them, posing as Cleaves and Jennifer, when the two give themselves away by turning pale-white. Jennifer also exhibits the ability to contort and stretch her body well beyond natural human limits. The Jennifer Ganger struggles with her new identity and befriends Rory who has begun to demonstrate an emotional attachment to her. The Cleaves Ganger works in secret with the other Gangers to try to kill the real humans, as the human Cleaves plans to kill the Gangers. The Doctor attempts to reunite the two sides but fails when the human Cleaves kills the Ganger Buzzer. The Gangers plan an attack, and the Doctor accuses Cleaves of killing a living being which Cleaves refuses to acknowledge. The Ganger Jennifer hunts her human counterpart to kill her. The Doctor determines that in a monastery, the safest place to be is the chapel, and directs everyone there. The Gangers, in acid-protection suits, bear down on the chapel. Against Amy's wishes, Rory separates from the group to find Jennifer after he hears her screams. Whilst barricading themselves in the chapel, Amy and the Doctor discover a Ganger version of the Doctor. ### Continuity "The Almost People" confirms that the Doctor came to the base to examine the Flesh in its early stage in order to humanely sever its connection to Amy, who was replaced by a Ganger avatar prior to the beginning of the series. He is once more seen performing a pregnancy scan on Amy which, as before, cannot come to a conclusion as to whether she is pregnant. The "Eye Patch Lady" also makes another brief appearance to Amy, similar to those in "Day of the Moon" and "The Curse of the Black Spot". Her identity is revealed in "The Almost People" and she plays a larger part in "A Good Man Goes to War" and "The Wedding of River Song". ## Production ### Writing Matthew Graham was originally to write a single episode for the previous series, but withdrew because he did not have enough time to write the script. He then received an e-mail from showrunner Steven Moffat, who asked him to write for the next series; Graham agreed. When the two met, Moffat said he would like the episodes to lead into the mid-series finale and that it should deal with "avatars that rebel". Initially worried this may seem too similar to the film Avatar, Graham went on to create the Flesh. Graham wanted the Gangers to be scary, but not monsters who wanted "to take over the world for the sake of it". He wanted them to appear relatable to the audience as they were humans who deserved rights. Moffat suggested that the avatars work in a factory; attempting to make it different from other factories featured in Doctor Who, Graham proposed to set the story in a monastery, of which Moffat greatly approved. The monastery was inspired by the film The Name of the Rose, while the Gangers were influenced by The Thing; Graham described it as "The Thing in the context of The Name of the Rose". In the early drafts of the script, there were "so many copies of people running around the place" which made the story too confusing, so Graham and the production crew worked to make it more rational. The episode also contains a subplot in which Rory helps and protects Jennifer as she is scared by the Gangers, which proved a twist in Amy and Rory's relationship. Actor Karen Gillan enjoyed the twist. Amy had previously always had Rory "in the palm of her hand" and a different side of the character was shown as she experienced the same emotions Rory felt when she seemed interested in the Doctor. Actor Arthur Darvill also thought it gave Rory a chance to "man up" and be a hero by protecting someone. ### Filming and effects The read-through for "The Rebel Flesh" and "The Almost People" took place on 12 November 2010. It was then filmed around late November and early December. The cold temperatures at the time were a challenge and caused discomfort. The crew were concerned that the cast, particularly the three lead actors, would fall ill as their costumes were not designed for such weather conditions. Even so, the cast remained healthy. Scenes outside and inside the monastery were filmed at Caerphilly Castle, previously used in Doctor Who in "The End of Time" and "The Vampires of Venice". The actors each played their respective Gangers, with prosthetics applied to their faces for when the duplicates' faces reverted to the original material of the Flesh. Moffat wanted the Gangers to appear like "eyeball matter": white with small capillaries running through them. For the scenes in which both the character and their respective Ganger was in the same shot, a double for each of the actors was used. Most of the shots showed either the character or their Ganger speaking over their counterpart's shoulder, as only the backs of the doubles' heads were made to look similar to the actors. The episode also contains several tracks of contemporary music. In the beginning when Amy and Rory are playing darts inside in the TARDIS and the Doctor runs a pregnancy scan on Amy, the song "Supermassive Black Hole" by Muse is playing in the background. The Gangers also play "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" by Dusty Springfield. ## Broadcast and reception "The Rebel Flesh" was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 May 2011 and on the same date in the United States on BBC America. In the UK, the episode achieved an overnight rating of 5.7 million with an audience share of 29.3%. When consolidated ratings were calculated, it was reported that 7.35 million viewers had watched the episode, making it the sixth most-watched episode on BBC One for the week. It received an Appreciation Index of 85, considered by the BBC to be "excellent". ### Critical reception "The Rebel Flesh" received generally positive reviews by critics. Dan Martin, writing for The Guardian, said that "The Rebel Flesh" "is particularly satisfying" though it seemed that not much had happened due to its being the first part of a two-part story. He praised Graham's "believable world" and "well-drawn" characters of Cleaves, Buzzer and Jennifer. He later rated it the seventh best episode of the series, though the finale was not included in the list. The Telegraph reviewer Gavin Fuller called it "a very traditional-style Doctor Who story". He noted that Matt Smith gave a more restrained performance that suited the feel of the episode, and also praised the advantage taken with the location filming for the monastery. Radio Times's critic Patrick Mulkern considered the episode to be an improvement from Graham's only other Doctor Who episode, "Fear Her", though it had "failed to enthral" him. In contrast to Martin, Mulkern said that Graham's characters were not "showing many life signs yet" with the exception of Jennifer, who was "marginally sympathetic". IGN's Matt Risley rated the episode 8 out of 10, saying it delivered "a solid and traditional Whovian tale, albeit one at its best", though it was "nothing groundbreaking" yet. He went on to praise the supporting cast that "managed to sell both their flawed human originals and their progressively bonkers ganger counterparts" as well as the setting. However, he questioned Rory's willingness to protect Jennifer, as he thought Rory would have learned from his experiences with death to be more careful. Morgan Jeffery of Digital Spy gave the episode four out of five stars, saying that "The Rebel Flesh" "strikes a satisfying balance between the humorous and the horrific" from the cold open. He commended Graham for handling the two-part structure by using extra time to explore the characters and themes, and thought the highlight of the episode were Rory's scenes with Jennifer. However, he criticised the CGI used in some scenes, although he called the prosthetics used for the Gangers "impressive", as well as the episode for ending in "a damp squib of a cliffhanger" that was "clearly too telegraphed throughout the episode". SFX magazine reviewer Richard Edwards gave the episode four out of five stars, saying it "looks fantastic" and praised the choice of the abbey as the factory, which blew "the cliché of a futuristic industrial setting apart immediately, and [made] you feel like you’re watching something new." Like Jeffery, he said the visual effects were "generally pretty good" but criticised the CGI used for Jennifer's special abilities. Keith Phipps on The A.V. Club graded it as a "B" and called it "just a pretty good episode". His complaint was that it "truly [felt] like half a story in the way the best Doctor Who two-parters don't", though he said it managed to plant intriguing strands for the conclusion.	[ "## Plot", "### Synopsis", "### Continuity", "## Production", "### Writing", "### Filming and effects", "## Broadcast and reception", "### Critical reception" ]	2,489	14,002
25,689,296	12 Gauge (Kalmah album)	1,152,296,571	null	[ "2010 albums", "Kalmah albums", "Spinefarm Records albums" ]	12 Gauge is the sixth studio album by the Finnish melodic death metal band Kalmah, released on 3 March 2010. The album was recorded with more thrash metal elements than their previous releases, while the melodies that the band is known for and environmental themes regarding the swamps of Finland were retained. 12 Gauge was recorded in three sessions over a three-month period at Tico-Tico Studios in Finland. Each of the band members kept in touch with their fans by keeping track of their recording sessions online at the official website's studio diary. In addition, guitarist Antti Kokko videotaped the recording and photo shoot sessions. Seven videos were posted online during the months leading up to the album's release. Promotion for the album was otherwise minimal. There were no official singles, but the track "Bullets Are Blind" was released on a 2-CD compilation included with Soundi magazine's 35th anniversary issue, and a music video to the album's title track was produced and posted online. 12 Gauge received generally favorable reviews by European and American critics, with a few considering it better than either of its immediate predecessors, For the Revolution and The Black Waltz. It was agreed that the band succeeded in producing a thrashier album, but most critics found the music to be less sophisticated than the band's previous efforts. 12 Gauge charted in two countries, peaking at number 32 in Canada and number 15 in the band's homeland. Because the band had not been offered a worldwide tour, support for the album would be limited to Europe and Canada. ## Background When Kalmah began writing music for their melodic death metal album, their intent was to incorporate more "aggressive thrash material" than their previous recordings had. As a result, the songs were going to be, as vocalist Pekka Kokko described, "quite straightforward", but the band did not want to lose the melodies they were known for. The album would not be entirely thrash metal, since the band planned on adding acoustic guitar sections and also trumpets. Antti Kokko, the primary songwriter for 12 Gauge, composed the riffs and melodies at his home. These ideas were developed into complete songs during rehearsals. Guitar and keyboard solos were then written, sometimes with both instruments soloing in the same song, trading off repeatedly. Two of the tracks, "Godeye" and "Sacramentum", were composed entirely by keyboardist Marco Sneck, including the solos. When the music was completed, Pekka began working on the lyrics, which were inspired by various topics, including "politics, religion ... drinking, failure, [and] pessimism". Several of the songs shared an environmental theme. "Hook the Monster" was about fishing, "12 Gauge" was inspired by hunting, and the impact of land development in the swamps of Finland was the subject of "Swampwar". Commenting further on the swamps, Pekka remarked, "[those] valuable areas are a part of our northern wilderness and [are] always threatened to be ditched or drained. People are interested in those areas [to use] as a source of energy." ## Production Recording and mixing took place at Tico-Tico Studios in Kemi, Finland. The studio's schedule was too full for a single recording session, so Kalmah had to book time to record the album in three separate sessions, between the months of May and August 2009. The majority of tracks were recorded in May, beginning with Janne Kusmin's drums, which were completed by 12 May. Kusmin was not able to play as well as he had hoped because he had not been practicing. As a result, several of his drum parts were changed. By the following week, Timo Lehtinen had finished laying down the bass tracks. His technique was to play nearly all his parts with downstrokes to bring "more balls to the sound". He continued recording even after his thumb had formed a blister. According to Lehtinen, he used only two bass string sets and broke five picks. Pekka and Antti took turns recording their rhythm and lead guitar parts, respectively. Both guitarists played by striking the guitar strings at a 45-degree angle to achieve a more aggressive sound. Several of the guitar techniques used on the album had specific names: "Jynkhä" described the rapid succession of downstrokes, and a slower version of this technique was called "perusjynkhä." Speed-picking with alternating upstrokes and downstrokes was referred to as "hionta", Finnish for grinding. Some of the techniques used were difficult for Pekka, and his brother Antti took the time to show him proper fingering and grasps. The acoustic guitars were played by Antti. Ahti Kortelainen, the album's recording engineer, was credited by the band for his input on how the acoustic guitars were recorded, especially for the song "Sacramentum". All the guitar tracks, excluding the solos, were finished by 28 May. By the middle of June, Pekka had recorded vocals for five tracks, which Antti described as "very raw ... the way we want them to be". Pekka's vocals would continue to be recorded in August, and he completed them on 20 August. Antti had also completed his guitar solos by June and was pleased with the results. "For me, the solos are [the] best that I have ever managed to create, and I'm very satisfied." After a summer break, the band returned to record Sneck's keyboards, which took place over three days, 17–19 August. Sneck worked with software effects for the first time, along with sound modules. He introduced synthesized horns to the band's instrumentation, but an actual trumpet was used for the intro to "Rust Never Sleeps". Although the band produced the album, Pekka stated that Antti was the main producer since he was present at every step of the production, including mixing and mastering. Because they were comfortable self-producing on all their previous albums, they refused to bring in an outside record producer for 12 Gauge. "This concept has worked for us since the beginning and we just want to trust it. Everything goes easy with this setup and we don't want any extra risk factors". Mastering for the disc took place at the Cutting Room in Stockholm, Sweden. The title of the album was chosen by Pekka and Antti, who both enjoy hunting. They wanted to draw a comparison between the shotgun shells and the music. Pekka added that the title also alludes to "unpleasant matters" that the listener can infer from his lyrics. When it came time to design the album cover, the band decided against using computer-generated graphics. They commissioned Rami Mursula to create a hand-drawn piece of artwork, depicting a man emerging from the swamp to fight a beast. Pekka explained the symbolism: "In Kalmah's mindset, there is Swamplord defending his marshlands against [the] monster created by common materialism, industrial pollution and [the] world-wide nausea of globalism." The layout was inspired by Akseli Gallen-Kallela's 1896 painting, The Defense of the Sampo. ## Promotion Images used in the album artwork were photographed by Vesa Ranta at one of Finland's many swamps. The photo session was documented by Antti in a two-part video, titled "The Call of the Wild." These, and five other short videos documenting the recording of 12 Gauge, were uploaded in the months leading up to the album's release. There was no official single, but in December 2009, the track "Bullets Are Blind" was included on a 2-CD collection released as a companion to the 35th anniversary issue of Soundi magazine, and a music video was shot and posted online for the track "12 Gauge". In February 2010, Kalmah launched a second MySpace page solely dedicated to the new album. The album was released on CD and download in Japan in February, followed by releases in Canada and Europe in March, and in the US in April. A vinyl pressing was also made available in April, limited to 500 copies. There would not be a worldwide tour to promote the album because the band had not received a "decent offer". The 12 Gauge promotion was therefore limited to several gigs in Finland and a brief 10-show tour in Canada. The 4 March performance in Jyväskylä, Finland, was considered to be the album's release party. ## Critical reception Allmusic's Eduardo Rivadavia said Kalmah's sixth album was "more aggressive than its immediate predecessors". David E. Gehlke of Blistering was already devoted to Kalmah's previous album, For the Revolution, so he had high expectations for 12 Gauge. He found the album full of "break-neck riff action", "visceral melodies", and "daring" dueling between Antti's guitar and Sneck's keyboard. Although Gehlke believed that Kalmah gets better with each output, he decided that 12 Gauge did not "match the ... glory" of For the Revolution. Jussi Kallinen of Imperiumi.net said that Pekka's vocals harkened back to the band's 2006 album, The Black Waltz. He said the album was not anything new, but he found the production to be the best of Kalmah's releases. MetalEater's Sean Bester decided Kalmah's strength lay in their consistency: "releasing energetic and melodic music with consistent intervals of time between them, delivering tracks that are consistently likable, and each one is consistent with the sound they've firmly established for themselves." NecroWeb gave the album a perfect score, because it was "beautifully arranged", "wonderfully varied", did not contain any filler material, and it succeeded at combining melodic thrash with blackened death metal (a combination of black metal and death metal). Chris Colgan, writing for PopMatters, found the album to have the longest and most intricate solos yet, and he, too, mentioned the increased trading off between Antti's and Sneck's solos. He thought it important that Kalmah had "not fallen prey to the tendency of introducing American metal elements or becoming more mainstream with their sound. Their music now is as unique as it was in their early years, if not more so". Marko Säynekoski of Soundi described the performances as "controlled", "burly", and "performed effortlessly". Stalker's Kathleen Gransalke admitted that she was unfamiliar with Kalmah's previous work, but she was nevertheless impressed with its technicality, double-guitar melodies, fast solos, and the combining of genres. She called the album "a lot of fun to listen to". ## "12 Gauge" music video A music video was created for the song "12 Gauge", though the acoustic intro was excised from the final version. It was shot on 20 February 2010 in Pudasjärvi, Finland, in some of the coldest temperatures the country had had in decades. The morning temperature when the band began filming was recorded at −37 °C (−35 °F), rising only to −27 °C (−17 °F) at the end of the day. The band and camera operator were kept warm by a bonfire, though Antti said that they were used to cold temperatures. The video, which debuted online on 1 March was produced by the record label, Spinefarm, and Kalmah. The camera and Steadicam operator was Markus Lintu, and Kalmah's bassist, Timo Lehtinen, edited and color-timed the final product. The video cuts between two narratives. In the first, a hunter (uncredited actor) straps a 16-gauge shotgun around his shoulder, and tracks footsteps through the snow, eventually finding the Swamplord (the band's mascot, here as depicted on the covers of The Black Waltz and For the Revolution). In the second narrative, the band members, dressed warmly in heavy clothing, are sitting around a campfire, preparing a kettle of an unknown drink. As each person takes a sip, they begin convulsing. To simulate the drink's effects, the camera used shaking and rapid zooming. As the song finishes, Pekka pours himself a drink and is the only one immune to its effects. ## Track listing ## Personnel Band - Pekka Kokko − vocals, rhythm guitars, lead guitar - Antti Kokko − lead guitar - Marco Sneck − keyboards - Janne "Kuisma" Kusmin − drums - Timo "Lede" Lehtinen − bass Production - Håkan Åkesson – mastering - Kalmah – arranger, producer - Ahti Kortelainen – engineer, mixing - Rami Mursula – cover art, layout - Vesa Ranta – photography - Joona Lukala – LP mastering - The Official Kalmah Pig Unit – chorus - J-P Peltoniemi – trumpet on "Rust Never Sleeps" ## Charts ## Release history	[ "## Background", "## Production", "## Promotion", "## Critical reception", "## \"12 Gauge\" music video", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts", "## Release history" ]	2,775	27,996
2,303,587	KASA-TV	1,169,766,107	Telemundo TV station in Santa Fe, New Mexico	[ "1983 establishments in New Mexico", "Cozi TV affiliates", "Hispanic and Latino American culture in Albuquerque, New Mexico", "Spanish-language television stations in New Mexico", "Telemundo Station Group", "Telemundo network affiliates", "Television channels and stations established in 1983" ]	KASA-TV (channel 2), branded on-air as Telemundo Nuevo México, is a television station licensed to Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, serving the Albuquerque area and most of the state as an owned-and-operated station of the Spanish-language Telemundo network. KASA-TV's studios are located on Monroe Street NE in Albuquerque; its transmitter is located on Sandia Crest, with translators in much of the state and southwestern Colorado extending its signal. Channel 2 in Santa Fe was established in 1983 and struggled for its first decade on air as an independent station. It went silent in 1992 during a merger with KGSW-TV, which resulted in 1993 in its relaunch as Fox affiliate KASA-TV. KASA remained the Albuquerque market's Fox affiliate until a merger led to Fox's move to a subchannel of KRQE; at that time, channel 2 and its translators were sold to Lubbock, Texas-based Ramar Communications and switched to Telemundo, which had previously aired on that company's KTEL-CD. Telemundo's parent company, NBCUniversal, purchased all of Ramar's stations in New Mexico in 2021. ## History ### Early years The New Mexico Media Co., a group of Santa Fe businessmen backed by California industrialist John J. Pollon, applied on September 10, 1977, for a new television station to serve Santa Fe on very high frequency (VHF) channel 11 (amended two months later to specify channel 2). Both the New Mexico Media application and the other channel 11 bid, which became KCHF, were contested by the Albuquerque television stations for specifying the use of Sandia Crest as the transmitter site, which they contended would have meant an insufficient signal over the city of license. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the application on May 10, 1982. By that time, the application had been amended to change the transmitter site to No Name Peak in the Jemez Mountains. Channel 2 came to the air on October 31, 1983—a day later than announced, prompting the station to apologize on local radio stations and claim it was "a day late but ... not a single program short"—as independent station KSAF-TV. Based in a new studio building at the corner of St. Francis and St. Michael's Drive in Santa Fe, channel 2 promised a strong signal for Santa Fe and Albuquerque, as well as the first live newscast for New Mexico's capital city; the 9 p.m. newscast was scrapped just three months after launch, with the general manager calling it a "drain" on the station's resources as a startup operation. In October 1984, a California-based investor group bought into KSAF-TV. The new ownership upgraded the programming by acquiring 600 films from a financially troubled KNAT-TV; in order to avoid confusion with radio station KAFE and "KSFE-TV", a former cable channel in Santa Fe, the call letters were changed to KNMZ-TV (stylized as "KNM2") on March 1, 1985. The station filed for bankruptcy in August 1987, citing \$11 million in assets but \$15 million in liabilities. Coronado Communications Company, a subsidiary of the Las Vegas-based Sunbelt Communications Company, purchased channel 2 for \$3 million in early 1988. Founding investor Pollon bought back the studio building, and KNMZ-TV moved its Santa Fe offices to smaller quarters on Calle Nava while shifting the bulk of operations to Albuquerque. Coronado also laid off 17 staffers to cut back to the "bare bones" necessary for operation. Coronado made its own repositioning of channel 2 in 1989, changing the call letters to KKTO-TV. ### Merger with KGSW-TV and Fox era By mid-1992, KKTO-TV was economically struggling: Coronado had lost \$6.6 million in its ownership of the station, and it warned that it could not continue to operate KKTO-TV much longer. That July, the Providence Journal Company (ProJo)—owners of KGSW-TV (channel 14), New Mexico's Fox affiliate—reached a deal to purchase KKTO from Coronado. The deal was made with the express purpose of moving the Fox affiliation and channel 14 programming to the VHF station, which in turn would move its transmitter to Sandia Crest in a \$1 million upgrade. ProJo immediately took control of KKTO under a local marketing agreement, firing its 18 staff and rehiring 10. Programming from KKTO ceased at midnight on September 6, 1992. That same week, the Associated Press news agency had sued the station for \$78,700 in unpaid wire service bills. The FCC approved the ProJo purchase of KKTO in January 1993, along with new KASA-TV call letters for channel 2. On April 5, 1993, at 6 p.m., KGSW-TV signed off channel 14, and KASA-TV began telecasting on channel 2. In 1997, Belo acquired the Providence Journal Company. However, it found that there was no synergy between KASA-TV and its clusters of stations in Texas, the Pacific Northwest, and the mid-Atlantic states and put the station up for sale, along with KHNL in Honolulu, Hawaii, in May 1999. The Albuquerque and Honolulu operations were purchased by Raycom Media for \$88 million. Under Raycom, KASA began airing a 9 p.m. local newscast produced for it by KOB-TV in November 2000. After purchasing the Liberty Corporation in August 2005, Raycom announced its intent to sell KASA and several other stations. On July 27, 2006, Raycom announced that LIN TV, owner of CBS affiliate KRQE, would purchase KASA for \$55 million and take over operations at the end of August. The creation of a television duopoly involving two "Big Four" affiliates—typically the four highest-rated stations in a market, which cannot be commonly owned—was allowed since KASA was New Mexico's fifth-rated station at the time. The deal also saw KASA move out of its Albuquerque studio site—which had been used by KGSW-TV since its start—to KRQE's facility and switch from airing a 9 p.m. newscast produced by KOB to one from KRQE. ### The Telemundo era While LIN was able to retain both KRQE and KASA in its merger with Media General in 2014, this would prove not to be the case in 2016 when Nexstar Broadcasting Group reached a deal to purchase Media General for \$4.6 billion. KASA and KRQE were both ranked among the top four stations in the market during the November 2015 sweeps period, which meant that the company had to divest one of the two stations to comply with the FCC duopoly rules. On June 30, 2016, it agreed to sell KASA-TV and associated translators to Ramar Communications, owner of Telemundo affiliate KTEL-CD (channel 15), Movies! affiliate KUPT-LD (channel 16), and MeTV affiliate KRTN-LD (channel 33), for \$2.5 million. On January 18, 2017, Fox programming moved to a subchannel of KRQE, as Ramar did not acquire the Fox affiliation in the transaction. KASA switched to Telemundo; Ramar also converted its three existing full-power stations in the market—KRTN-TV (channel 33) in Durango, Colorado, KTEL-TV (channel 25) in Carlsbad, and KUPT (channel 29) in Hobbs—into satellites of KASA. Ramar announced the sale of its entire Albuquerque market television operation—KASA-TV, the other three full-power stations, and all of their dependent translators—to NBCUniversal on July 30, 2021. The \$12.5 million deal gave NBCU Telemundo O&O stations in 31 markets and marked the end of 23 years of Ramar's ownership of the Telemundo affiliation in the city. The sale was completed on October 5. ## Newscasts Initially, local news on Telemundo Nuevo México originated from the studios of KJTV-TV, formerly owned by Ramar, in Lubbock, Texas, with reports from Albuquerque-based reporters. As part of the sale, NBC entered into a transitional services agreement with Gray Television, which had purchased KJTV-TV and other Ramar television assets in Lubbock earlier in 2021, to continue news production in the short term; in announcing the purchase, NBC declared its intention to start its own local news service for KASA. On October 18, 2021, Albuquerque's NBC affiliate, KOB, assumed production of the local newscasts. ## Technical information ### Subchannels The station's digital signal is multiplexed. The use of major channel numbers 15, 29, and 33 for the other subchannels correlates to the other full-power ex-Ramar stations in New Mexico. Additionally, TeleXitos is carried as channel 2.2 of KRTN-LD. ### Analog-to-digital conversion KASA-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 27. ### Translators KASA-TV has 22 rebroadcasters in New Mexico and Colorado. In early 1987, KGSW-TV began building translators in such cities as Alamosa, Durango, and Farmington. Around the same time, the then-KNMZ-TV built its first rebroadcaster, to serve Farmington. - Alamogordo: K27HP-D - Artesia: K16LR-D - Aztec: K27ND-D - Caballo: K31DR-D - Carlsbad: K17MN-D - Deming: K15IG-D - Eagle Nest: K31NZ-D - Farmington: K23KL-D - Gallup: K18HF-D - Hobbs: K27GL-D - Las Vegas: K20GQ-D - Roswell: K15FT-D - Ruidoso: K28PS-D - Santa Fe: K31NB-D - Silver City: K25DI-D - Taos: K12OG-D - Truth or Consequences: K22JY-D - Bayfield, CO: K19LD-D - Cortez, CO: K07UY-D, K27IG-D - Durango, CO: KXZQ-LD 35 - Pagosa Springs, CO: K19LC-D	[ "## History", "### Early years", "### Merger with KGSW-TV and Fox era", "### The Telemundo era", "## Newscasts", "## Technical information", "### Subchannels", "### Analog-to-digital conversion", "### Translators" ]	2,287	32,092
72,064,857	CFMMEU v Personnel Contracting	1,155,545,635	2022 judgement of the High Court of Australia	[ "2022 in Australian law", "2022 in case law", "Australian labour case law", "High Court of Australia cases" ]	CFMMEU v Personnel Contracting, [2022] HCA 1, was the first judgment of the High Court of Australia in 2022. It involved the employment relationship between an individual who signed a contract for services and a labour hire organisation. The High Court departed from the approach widely taken by lower courts in holding a "multi-factorial" approach to determining an employment relationship. The High Court found that the totality of the circumstances was not always the correct approach for identifying whether an individual was engaged as an employee or independent contractor. Rather, the contents of a contract may instead indicate the relationship. The High Court found the worker at the centre of the dispute between the parties was an employee of the labour hire agency for whom he had worked, rather than an independent contractor. The judgment means worker relationships will be defined by the terms of their contract. ## Background The case involved an appeal from the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union on behalf of an individual named Daniel McCourt, a British backpacker in Australia. McCourt had obtained work through a labour hire company named Personnel, which engaged him through an "Administrative Services Agreement" that described him as a "self-employed contractor". Personnel assigned McCourt to work on construction sites run by its client, Hanssen, with whom McCourt never signed an employment contract. Because Personnel had a contract to provide labour hire services to its client, this created a trilateral agreement. McCourt performed work for which he was compensated at an hourly rate. This hourly rate was significantly lower than the one McCourt would have received if Personnel had hired him as an employee as opposed to an independent contractor. In conjunction with the CFMMEU, which acted as his union representative, McCourt commenced proceedings against Personnel in the Federal Court of Australia. The parties sought orders against Personnel for compensation and penalties pursuant to the civil remedies provisions of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). The crucial issue was whether McCourt was an employee of Personnel or an independent contractor. Both the trial judge and the Full Court of the Federal Court applied the "multi-factorial" test to McCourt's engagement. This meant the written contract and the conduct of the parties were examined. The trial judge, Justice David O'Callaghan, observed that the terms of the Administrative Services Agreement "clearly indicated that the relationship between [Personnel] and McCourt was to be one of principal and self-employed contractor". O'Callaghan noted the factors included McCourt being referred to as a "Contractor" rather than "employee", that McCourt warranted he was self-employed, and that McCourt agreed not to represent himself as being an employee of Personnel". An appeal to the Full Court was rejected. The Full Court found McCourt's engagement, on its face, appeared to be one of employment; however, the terms within the signed Administrative Services Agreement indicated he was a self-employed contractor. In rejecting the appeal, Chief Justice James Allsop and Justice Michael Lee queried paying unskilled workers paid as independent contractors less than the wage to which employees are entitled, but pointed out they couldn't deviate from precedent. Chief Justice Allsop noted that if not for this precedent, he would have found in favour of an employment relationship. ## High Court appeal The High Court used the dispute over McCourt's status as an opportunity to re-examine the factors that determine employment status. For decades, various courts have used a "multi-factor" test because there was no single test for determining an employment relationship. Instead, assessing the totality of circumstances to reach an overall view of the relationship was necessary. Several justices in CFMMEU v Personnel Contracting took the view that this approach was difficult and created uncertainties, though none directly challenged the test. In a 6–1 decision, the High Court allowed the appeal and found McCourt was an employee of Personnel. In what was described as a "considerable departure", the High Court majority found the "multi-factor" test was not relevant to the facts in this case and found the relationship between the parties should in this instance be determined by the written contract. The High Court found McCourt could not have been an independent contractor because his contractual obligation to Personnel under his Administrative Services Agreement was a promise to carry out the instructions of Personnel or its client. The shift in the High Court's treatment of employment relationships meant the approach would not be to treat the construction of employment contracts like any other. Justice Simon Steward dissented, stating the appeal will "greatly damage the [business of Personnel and that] of many others". ## Impact While the High Court found in favour of McCourt, the decision ultimately was expected to make existing independent contracting arrangements more secure, provided they are written clearly. Professor Andrew Stewart of the University of Adelaide observed that it "widened a loophole" and was a win for companies that use independent contractors. Stewart also opined that the decision reduced the risk for employers if contracts contained the correct language. Innes Willox of the Australian Industry Group stated the decision "will increase business certainty and investment and will consequently be good for jobs".	[ "## Background", "## High Court appeal", "## Impact" ]	1,042	4,928
31,223,331	Space and Time (Doctor Who)	1,145,870,405	null	[ "2011 British television episodes", "Doctor Who charity episodes", "Doctor Who mini-episodes", "Eleventh Doctor episodes", "Television episodes written by Steven Moffat", "Three-handers" ]	"Space" and "Time" (later known simply as "Time, Part One" and "Two") are two mini-episodes of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Written by the programme's head writer Steven Moffat and directed by Richard Senior, the mini-episodes were broadcast on 18 March 2011 as part of BBC One's Red Nose Day telethon for the charity Comic Relief. The episodes form a two-part story, set entirely within the TARDIS, starring Matt Smith as the Doctor, and Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as married couple Amy Pond and Rory Williams. Rory, helping the Doctor work on the TARDIS, looks up the glass floor surrounding the console and becomes distracted by Amy's short skirt, causing him to drop the thermal couplings he was holding. This causes the three to be stuck in a "space loop" where the TARDIS materializes inside the TARDIS. "Space" and "Time" were filmed in two days alongside the sixth series DVD Night and the Doctor extras "Bad Night" and "Good Night". The episodes are intended to show what life aboard the TARDIS would be like. Several editing techniques and doubles were used for the various shots where there were more than one of the same character on the screen. The mini-episodes received mixed reviews; some scenes were thought to be funny, but other jokes were criticised for relying on sexist humour. "Space" and "Time" were later released on the DVD and Blu-ray sets of the sixth series. ## Plot ### "Space" Amy is trying to get the Doctor's attention while he fixes the TARDIS. She discovers that her husband Rory is helping the Doctor by installing thermal couplings underneath the glass floor of the TARDIS. Rory and Amy then start a small argument about Amy cheating when she took her driving test, when the TARDIS suddenly shakes and the lights go out. The Doctor asks Rory if he dropped a thermal coupling, which Rory admits to and apologises for doing. Amy then apologises as well and, at the Doctor's confusion, explains that Rory was looking up her skirt through the glass floor when he dropped the thermal coupling. The Doctor then notes that they have landed through "emergency materialisation" which should have landed the TARDIS in the safest space available. The lights come on, revealing another TARDIS inside the control room — the TARDIS has materialised inside itself. The Doctor experimentally walks through the door of the TARDIS inside the control room and instantly walks back into the control room through the door of the outer TARDIS. The Doctor tells Rory and Amy that they are trapped in a "space loop" and that nothing can enter or exit the TARDIS ever again. Despite the Doctor's words, another Amy enters through the TARDIS door saying, "Okay, kids, this is where it gets complicated." ### "Time" The other Amy reveals that she is from a few moments in the future, and is able to come into the current outer TARDIS because "the exterior shell of the TARDIS has drifted forwards in time". The other Amy knows what to say and do because, from her perspective, she is repeating what she heard herself say earlier on. The Doctor sends the current Amy into the TARDIS within the current TARDIS, in order to maintain the timeline. The two Amys take a moment to flirt with each other before the current one departs, much to the Doctor's exasperation. However, not long after the current Amy has left, Rory and Amy enter through the door of outer TARDIS explaining that the Doctor, from their perspective, has just sent them into the inner TARDIS. The current Doctor promptly sends the current Rory and the now-current Amy through the inner TARDIS. The Doctor then explains that he will set up a "controlled temporal implosion" in order to "reset the TARDIS", but in order to do so he must know which lever to use on the control panel. Moments after he speaks, another Doctor enters through the outer TARDIS door and tells him to use "the wibbly lever", which he quickly operates, then steps into the inner TARDIS to tell his past self which lever to use. The inner TARDIS dematerialises while the outer TARDIS (being the same TARDIS) does the same, and the Doctor assures Amy and Rory that they are now back in normal flight, and then advises Amy to put some trousers on. ## Production Doctor Who had previously aired two related specials for Comic Relief. The first was the 1999 spoof The Curse of Fatal Death, which was also written by Steven Moffat. The spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures produced its own mini-episode "From Raxacoricofallapatorius with Love" for the 2009 Comic Relief appeal. Unlike The Curse of Fatal Death, "Space" and "Time" are considered to be canonical. The canonicity of the two mini-episodes was affirmed by Moffat in Doctor Who Magazine. Moffat stated that, unlike The Curse of Fatal Death, "Space" and "Time" is not a spoof or a sketch, but rather "a little miniature story" in the style of the Children in Need mini-episodes. He described it as "A moment of life aboard the TARDIS. But obviously life about the TARDIS instantly gets you into terrible jeopardy, and all of causality is threatened. As I'm sure it is every day when they get up and have their coffee..." The concept of a TARDIS inside the TARDIS had been previously explored in The Time Monster (1972) and Logopolis (1980), though both times it was the TARDIS of the Master. Amy also repeats one of her lines from "The Big Bang" at the end of "Space". The special was shot over two days alongside the made-for-DVD Night and the Doctor mini-episodes "Bad Night" and "Good Night". It was mostly shot on the first day, where all of the scenes with the TARDIS inside the TARDIS were filmed. Several tricks were used to create the illusion that there were more than one Doctor, Amy, and/or Rory. In scenes where the camera had to move between the double characters, a "whip-pan" was used twice, with the actor in a different place each time. The two shots were then edited together into one seamless take. For scenes where there were more than one of the same character in the same shot, such as the two Amys in front of the TARDIS, the camera was held very still and the scene was filmed twice, with the actor's double filling in for the part they were not playing. The doubles were also used briefly in scenes where the characters' backs were to the camera, such as when the Doctor, Amy, and Rory watched the future Amy and Rory enter the TARDIS. ## Broadcast, release and reception "Space" and "Time" were broadcast during the Comic Relief Red Nose Day telethon on 18 March 2011 on BBC One. The telethon was watched by 10.26 million viewers. The BBC posted the episode in two parts on their official YouTube channel. The mini episodes were included as bonus features in the Complete Sixth Series DVD and Blu-ray box set, released on 21 November 2011 (Region 2) and 22 November 2011 (Region 1). Lucy Mangan of The Guardian responded positively, noting it "manages brilliantly to nod to just about every Whovian in-joke, demographic and fetish within the span of two tiny instalments". The A.V. Club reviewer Christopher Bahn opined that the two Amys in "Space" and "Time" were "a lot more fun to watch" than the two in the sixth series episode "The Girl Who Waited". Tor.com's Teresa Jusino, who had been positive towards Amy's character in the past, was disappointed that the ending of the miniepisodes relied on "too-easy, dated, sexist humor". She cited the fact that Rory dropping the coupling was blamed on Amy's short skirt rather than Rory himself, which implied that she had a "responsibility to cover up, because 'men will be men'". In Who is the Doctor, a guide to the revived series, Robert Smith wrote that the episode was "cute, plotted to perfection and ends precisely when it should, before it has the chance to outstay its welcome". He said that the episodes used Amy well, as it did not make her unlikable. On the other hand, his coauthor Graeme Burk said that the story was "derivative and lazy" and a "missed opportunity". He likened the plot to that of Red Dwarf's "Future Echoes", and felt that Moffat could have written something better and funnier. Like Jusino, he thought that the "blokey humor" was "misplaced", denying a broad audience appeal and leading to the sexist last line: "Pond, put some trousers on!". Despite this, both Jusino and Burk enjoyed the scene where Amy flirts with herself. In March 2022, Chamberlain revealed that the time loop concept in his 2011–2012 web series sequel to his original 2009 viral analog horror short film No Through Road had been inspired by "Space" and "Time", being the Doctor Who episodes that had just come out whilst he and his friends had been brainstorming sequel ideas.	[ "## Plot", "### \"Space\"", "### \"Time\"", "## Production", "## Broadcast, release and reception" ]	1,978	2,169
38,206,815	Battle of Marj Rahit (684)	1,136,984,772	Early battle of the Second Fitna	[ "680s conflicts", "680s in the Umayyad Caliphate", "684", "Banu Kalb", "Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate", "Qays", "Second Fitna", "Syria under the Umayyad Caliphate" ]	The Battle of Marj Rahit (Arabic: يوم مرج راهط, romanized: Yawm Marj Rāhiṭ) was one of the early battles of the Second Fitna. It was fought on 18 August 684 between the Kalb-dominated armies of the Yaman tribal confederation, supporting the Umayyads under Caliph Marwan I, and the Qays under al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, who supported the Mecca-based Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr; the latter had proclaimed himself Caliph. The Kalbi victory consolidated the position of the Umayyads over Bilad al-Sham (the Islamic Levant), paving the way for their eventual victory in the war against Ibn al-Zubayr. However, it also left a bitter legacy of division and rivalry between the Qays and the Yaman, which would be a constant source of strife and instability for the remainder of the Umayyad Caliphate. ## Background At the death of Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), the founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, in 680, the Muslim world was thrown into turmoil. Although Mu'awiya had named his son, Yazid I, as his heir, this choice was not universally recognized, especially by the old Medinan elites, who challenged the Umayyads' claim to the succession. Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were Alid Husayn ibn Ali, and Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr. Husayn at first attempted an outright revolt against the Umayyads, but this resulted in his death at the Battle of Karbala in October 680, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr as the leading contender. As long as Yazid lived, Ibn al-Zubayr denounced his rule from the sanctuary of Mecca but did not openly claim the Caliphate, instead insisting that the Caliph should be chosen in the traditional manner, by a tribal assembly (shura) from among all the Quraysh. After the open revolt of Medina against Umayyad rule, in 683 Yazid sent an army to Arabia that defeated the Medinans and laid siege to Mecca, the holiest city of Islam, but Yazid's death in November forced the expeditionary force to return home. Yazid was succeeded by his son, Mu'awiya II, but he died a few weeks later and never enjoyed any real authority outside the family's traditional stronghold of Bilad al-Sham. His death provoked a crisis, since his other brothers were too young to succeed. As a result, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and Ibn al-Zubayr was accepted by most of the Muslims as their new leader: the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, was evicted from the province, coins in Ibn al-Zubayr's name were minted in Persia, and the Qaysi tribes of northern Syria and the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) went over to his cause. The governor of Homs, Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari, and the Himyarites who dominated his district supported Ibn al-Zubayr, as did Natil ibn Qays, who expelled the pro-Umayyad governor of Palestine, his rival within the Judham tribe Rawh ibn Zinba. Even some members of the Umayyad family considered going to Mecca and declaring their allegiance to him. In central and southern Syria, however, the Umayyad cause was upheld by the local tribes, led by the Banu Kalb under Ibn Bahdal and Ibn Ziyad. At their initiative, a shura of the loyal tribes was held at Jabiya, where Marwan ibn al-Hakam, a distant cousin of Mu'awiya I who had been a close aide of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), was elected as the Umayyads' caliphal candidate. ## Opening skirmishes and the battle of Marj Rahit Marwan's election provoked the reaction of the Qays, who rallied around the Governor of Damascus, al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri. After vacillating between the two candidates, al-Dahhak was persuaded to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr, and began assembling his forces on the field of Marj al-Suffar near Damascus. In response, the Umayyad coalition marched on Damascus, which was surrendered to the Umayyads by a member of the Ghassanid tribe. The two armies first clashed in mid-July 684 at the plain of Marj al-Suffar, and the Qays were pushed towards Marj Rahit, a plain some 17 kilometres northeast of Damascus (between the modern cities of Douma and Adra). Twenty days of skirmishing between the two camps followed, until the final battle took place on 18 August. The numbers of the two opponents are uncertain: al-Tabari puts Marwan's forces at 6,000, another tradition at 13,000 and 30,000 for Marwan and al-Dahhak respectively, while Ibn Khayyat inflates the numbers to 30,000 and 60,000 respectively. The traditions agree, however, that the Umayyad forces were considerably outnumbered. Marwan's commanders were Abbad ibn Ziyad, Amr ibn Sa'id al-As and Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (another tradition has Ubayd Allah commanding the cavalry and Malik ibn Hubayra al-Sakuni the infantry), while only one of al-Dahhak's commanders, Ziyad ibn Amr ibn Mu'awiya al-Uqayli, is known. A plethora of anecdotes, individual accounts, and poems on the battle survives, but the details of the battle itself are not clear, except that the day resulted in a crushing Umayyad victory: the main leaders of the Qays, including al-Dahhak, fell in the field. Nikita Elisséeff explains the Umayyad success by the possible defection of Qays-aligned tribes during the preceding weeks, eager to uphold the Syrian hegemony over the Caliphate. In addition, Elisséeff points out that the Umayyads still controlled the state treasury in Damascus, allowing them to bribe tribes to join them. The remnants of the Qays army fled to Qarqisiya under Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, and Marwan was officially proclaimed as Caliph at Damascus. ## Aftermath The victory at Marj Rahit secured the Umayyads' position in Syria, and allowed them to go onto the offensive against Ibn al-Zubayr's supporters. Egypt was recovered later in the year, but an attempt to recover Iraq under Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad was defeated by pro-Alid forces under al-Mukhtar near Mosul in August 686. Abd al-Malik, who had succeeded his father Marwan I after the latter's death in April 685, thereafter restricted himself to securing his own position, while Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr defeated al-Mukhtar and gained control of all of Iraq in 687. In 691, Abd al-Malik managed to bring Zufar al-Kilabi's Qays back into the Umayyad fold, and advanced into Iraq. Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr was defeated and killed, and Umayyad authority re-established across the East. In October 692, after another siege of Mecca, Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr was killed, and the civil war ended. ## Impact The most enduring legacy of Marj Rahit was the hardening of the Qays–Kalb split in Syria, which was paralleled in the division and rivalry between the Mudar, led by the Banu Tamim, and the Rabi'a and Azd alliance in Iraq. Together, these rivalries caused a realignment of tribal loyalties into two tribal confederations or "super-groups" across the Caliphate: the "North Arab" or Qays/Mudar block, opposed by the "South Arabs" or Yemenis, although these terms were political rather than strictly geographical, since the properly "northern" Rabi'a adhered to the "southern" Yemenis. The Umayyad caliphs tried to maintain a balance between the two groups, but this division and the implacable rivalry between the two groups became a fixture of the Arab world over the following decades, as even originally unaligned tribes were drawn to affiliate themselves with one of the two super-groups. Their constant contest for power and influence dominated the Umayyad Caliphate, creating instability in the provinces, helping to foment the disastrous Third Fitna and contributing to the Umayyads' final fall at the hands of the Abbasids. Indeed, in the assessment of Julius Wellhausen, Marj Rahit "brought victory to the Umaiyids [sic], and at the same time shattered the foundations of their power". The division continued long after: as Hugh N. Kennedy writes, "As late as the nineteenth century, battles were still being fought in Palestine between groups calling themselves Qays and Yaman".	[ "## Background", "## Opening skirmishes and the battle of Marj Rahit", "## Aftermath", "## Impact" ]	1,996	21,260
69,516,183	Pearl Tavern	1,167,912,223	Defunct restaurant in Portland, Oregon, U.S.	[ "2016 establishments in Oregon", "2018 disestablishments in Oregon", "Defunct steakhouses in Portland, Oregon", "Pearl District, Portland, Oregon", "Restaurants disestablished in 2018", "Restaurants established in 2016" ]	Pearl Tavern was a sports bar and restaurant in Portland, Oregon's Pearl District, in the United States. The restaurant was started by former American football player Joey Harrington, bartender Ryan Magarian, and ChefStable restaurateur Kurt Huffman in December 2016. Intended to be more casual than a steakhouse, the family-friendly Pearl Tavern served various cuts of steak, fried chicken, fish, and risotto, as well as bar snacks and other options for brunch and happy hour. The interior had dark leather booths and multiple widescreen television for sports viewing, and the servers wore plaid. Three percent of profits benefitted Harrington's non-profit organization. Pearl Tavern's rib steak for two was one of Portland's most expensive menu steaks. Thomas Boyce replaced Roscoe Roberson as executive chef in mid 2017. The restaurant's critical reception was mixed, and it closed in June 2018. ## Description Pearl Tavern was an upscale sports bar and restaurant in northwest Portland's Pearl District, operating from a building which formerly housed The Parish. Intended to be more casual than a steakhouse, the interior featured "stately" dark green walls, wood floors, a long semi-circular bar and dark leather booths inherited from The Parish, and five widescreen televisions above the bar, used mostly for sports but with audio during "big games" only. Lighting was dimmed throughout, and servers were required to wear plaid prints. In 2017, Karen Brooks of Portland Monthly described the restaurant as "a manly sports bar-meets-steak-house-y tavern that never got off the ground", and the Portland Mercury's Andrea Damewood called Pearl Tavern a sports bar, a steakhouse, and "a man cave for those who drink Bulleit and not Bud". The Oregonian's Michael Russell described the restaurant as a "low-key Pearl District steakhouse". ### Menu The family-friendly restaurant served "high-end bar food", including seven cuts of steak with seven sauces such as béarnaise and chimichurri, fish, various sides such as bacon-wrapped baked potatoes and lobster bisque, appetizers, and salads. Cuts included flank, rib, and strip steak. Fried chicken, cornmeal-crusted trout, and winter squash risotto were also available. Bar snacks included avocado toast, fried cheese curds, onion rings, pigs in a blanket with Olympia Provisions sausage, and spiced toffee nuts. Brunch options included Dutch baby pancakes and "yeasted" waffles. The drink menu included craft beer, wine, and fine spirits. Bottle service was also available. For happy hour, Pearl Tavern offered a cheeseburger, chicken wings, macaroni and cheese, and drink specials. ## History Joey Harrington, a former American football quarterback, established the Pearl Tavern with bartender Ryan Magarian and ChefStable restaurateur Kurt Huffman in December 2016. Harrington and Huffman had attempted to open a restaurant together five years prior, but nothing had come to fruition. Upon opening, Roscoe Roberson and Joel Gunderson were Pearl Tavern's chef and sommelier, respectively. Cocktails were designed by Magarian. Three percent of profits benefitted the Harrington Family Foundation, Harrington's non-profit organization which "provides scholarships for Oregon students seeking to stay in-state for secondary education". In 2016, Pearl Tavern's rib steak for two and Ox's 42-ounce bone-in rib eye steak were the city's most expensive menu steaks, at \$115. Thomas Boyce replaced Roberson as executive chef in mid 2017. The switch resulted in minor changes to the menu; Mattie John Bamman of Eater Portland said the most significant difference was "a more focused approach befitting a tavern or pub" featuring "a smaller selection of more carefully sourced and prepared steaks and revamped burgers and salads". Pearl Tavern operated on Thanksgiving in 2017, screening football games and serving special entrees such as confit turkey thigh and maple glazed breast. In May 2018, owners announced plans to close in June. Magarian wrote on social media: > It's with a lot of sadness (on many levels) that my partners and I will be announcing the closure of The Pearl Tavern effective June 5th. This said, we have made a deal with a really exciting group/concept whom I believe will be not only a great fit for the corner of NW 11th and Everett, but offer the neighborhood a super awesome place to enjoy each other's company and some rad beverage and food to boot. Backwoods Brewing Company confirmed plans to open in the space soon after Pearl Tavern's closure, and began operating on July 9. ## Reception Shortly after Pearl Tavern's opening, Julie Lee of 1859 said the "adulation is immediate for the killer atmosphere, wrap around bar, big screen TV's, inviting leather booths and, most discernibly, delicious food". In 2017, Samantha Bakall included Pearl Tavern in The Oregonian's list of Portland's 10 best new happy hours, and Mattie John Bamman of Eater Portland wrote, "Pearl Tavern has received mixed reviews since opening last year, but it hasn't been totally panned or anything — although neither the O or PoMo have deemed the restaurant worthy of a full restaurant review." The Oregonian's Michael Russell included Pearl Tavern in his list of "Portland's 50 most notable restaurant openings of 2017". The Portland Mercury's Andrea Damewood recommended the burrata appetizer and the General Tso's lamb ribs. However, her review was not entirely positive; she noted "a few serious failures", including the Chinese broccoli side and the trout entree. ## See also - List of defunct restaurants of the United States - List of steakhouses	[ "## Description", "### Menu", "## History", "## Reception", "## See also" ]	1,190	29,177
3,036,689	SR Q class	1,128,051,740	Class of 20 two-cylinder 0-6-0 steam locomotives	[ "0-6-0 locomotives", "Freight locomotives", "Railway locomotives introduced in 1938", "Southern Railway (UK) locomotives", "Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain" ]	The Q Class is a type of steam locomotive designed by Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway and constructed immediately prior to the Second World War for use on medium-distance freight trains throughout the network. Twenty locomotives were built by Maunsell's successor, Oliver Bulleid, in 1938. The design was relatively old-fashioned and the class was soon afterwards eclipsed by Bulleid's own more powerful Q1 class. Nevertheless the locomotives performed adequately and reliably on the tasks for which they had been designed, until their withdrawal in 1965. Only one has survived, and is preserved on the Bluebell Railway. ## Background The Southern Railway was primarily a passenger-carrying railway which used most of its resources to extend its electrified lines. There was a continuing need for steam freight locomotives however, although the Traffic Department preferred mixed-traffic designs which could also haul passenger trains on the remaining non-electrified lines at peak periods. By the late 1930s, the Southern Railway was adequately served with powerful mixed traffic locomotives of the S15, N, and N1 classes, but there was a need for a smaller freight locomotive with high route availability that could also undertake light passenger duties. This role had been performed by the ex-LSWR 'Jubilee' A12 , which were approaching the end of their useful lives. During his last year as the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the Southern Railway, Richard Maunsell decided on an inside-cylinder tender locomotive to undertake this role, in what was to become the Q Class of 1938. This was a relatively ‘old-fashioned’ design for the late 1930s, although each of Britain's major railways built locomotives of this pattern until the 1940s. The class nevertheless contained several ‘modern’ features such as a Belpaire firebox, a superheater and a side-window cab. It was the last Southern steam locomotive design before the Second World War, and represented the final design of Maunsell's career, as he retired due to ill-health in 1937. ## Construction history Maunsell's successor, Oliver Bulleid, oversaw the building of twenty members of the class at Eastleigh Works between January 1938 and September 1939. Bulleid is reported to have found the Q class uninspiring, having been manufactured to traditional Victorian principles of locomotive design, and is said to have stated that the order for the Q Class would have been cancelled if he had been appointed CME earlier. However, Bulleid had ample opportunity either to cancel the order or to build and test a single prototype, without incurring the expense of building twenty members of the class, if this was the case. The class performed adequately and reliably on the tasks for which they were designed, but were less versatile than might have been hoped. When the requirement for modern freight locomotives on the Southern increased during the Second World War, Bulleid was faced with the options of continuing production of the Q Class, or designing a completely new locomotive. Taking the latter option, Bulleid designed what was to become the highly utilitarian SR Class Q1 locomotives. ### Modifications In common with most Maunsell designs, the Q Class locomotives were reliable; but there were complaints of poor steaming when used on main-line trains (for which they were never designed). In 1940 Bulleid fitted one member of the class with a Lemaître blast pipe in an attempt to improve efficiency. This proved to be successful and the remainder of the class were so fitted between 1946 and 1949. During the 1950s further experiments were carried out with the fitting of a British Railways Standard Class 4 plain blast pipe and small stovepipe chimney to no. 30549 in 1955, resulting in further improvements in both steaming and fuel consumption; in 1958–61 more received the same blast pipe with a BR Standard Class 4 chimney. ## Operational details and preservation The locomotives were adequate and reliable on secondary services throughout their working lives, their utility compounded by their light weight and steady handling. They were however disappointing on main-line traffic until the draughting was improved after the war. They were fitted with steam carriage heating, and despite being primarily a freight design, periodically deputised in this duty. British Railways inherited the class in 1948 and gave it a 4F power classification, F denoting a freight locomotive in power class 4. Withdrawals from service began during 1962 and were completed by 1965. Loco 30548 served more than 15 years at Bournemouth shed (71B). ## Preservation The class was not considered sufficiently important for official preservation, and had it not been for Woodham Brothers's scrapyard in Barry, South Wales, no examples would have survived. Only one, number 541 (BR No. 30541), was rescued, and has operated on the Bluebell Railway in Sussex. It is operational in BR Black livery after returning to service in April 2015 (following its absence since 1993). ## Livery and numbering ### Southern Railway Due to its primary role as a freight locomotive, the Q Class carried the Southern Black livery. The locomotive number and "Southern" were located on the tender, and were painted in Sunshine Yellow. The numbering of the locomotives under the Southern Railway ranged from 530 to 549. Even though they were built under the tenure of Bulleid, the locomotives never followed his adaptation of the UIC classification system which refers to the number of leading, trailing and driving axles – in this case three. Under this system, this class would have had the prefix "C" before the numbers, such as C30. In the event this form of numbering was applied to Bulleid's Q1 Class locomotives of 1942. ### Post-1948 (nationalisation) Early livery included the temporary retention of the Southern number and remained black, although in certain cases "British Railways" was applied to the tender in place of "Southern", in Sunshine Yellow. Under British Railways the class was given the power classification 4F. Immediately after nationalisation the Q Class was given a temporary "S" prefix to the original Southern Railway number. As overhauls and re-paints became due, the class was eventually re-numbered within the British Railways standard numbering system and the livery was changed to British Railways goods plain black with the crest on the tender and numbering on the side of the cab. These locomotive numbers ranged from 30530 to 30549. ## Locomotive summary	[ "## Background", "## Construction history", "### Modifications", "## Operational details and preservation", "## Preservation", "## Livery and numbering", "### Southern Railway", "### Post-1948 (nationalisation)", "## Locomotive summary" ]	1,391	18,801
2,642,153	Federalist No. 5	1,170,941,905	Federalist Paper by John Jay	[ "1787 essays", "1787 in American law", "1787 in the United States", "Federalist Papers by John Jay" ]	Federalist No. 5, titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence", is a political essay by John Jay, the fifth of The Federalist Papers. It was first published in The Independent Journal on November 10, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. It is the last of four essays by Jay advocating political union as a means of protection from foreign nations. Federalist No. 5 addresses the idea of states forming regional confederacies and how it would affect foreign relations. Jay argued that these confederacies would be cautious or envious regarding one another while maintaining stronger relations with foreign nations. He theorized that the Northern United States would grow stronger than the Southern United States, causing conflict between the regions. He contrasted this scenario with political union, arguing that union would prevent conflict by combining the states' strength and aligning their national interests. Jay's ideas in Federalist No. 5 were reflected at several points in American history, including the American Civil War that saw the Northern and Southern United States in direct military conflict. ## Summary Jay opens his argument by quoting Queen Anne's letter to the Parliament of Scotland in favor of British unification. He compares the kingdoms of Great Britain to hypothetical confederacies of American states, arguing that such confederacies would come into conflict with one another. He suggests that one region would become stronger than the others—considering the Northern United States to be the most likely—and that other regions would respond with envy and seek to hinder its growth. Jay contends that conflict between American confederacies would prevent them from rivaling other nations, and he argues that defense pacts between the confederacies would be unlikely. He compares this scenario to the kingdoms of Great Britain and the kingdoms of Spain prior to unification, in which they operated as independent nations with separate national interests. He then argues that these separate interests would lead to different foreign policies and to alliances with different European nations. Finally, he warns that such alliances would allow foreign nations to gain influence, likening it to conquests of the Roman Empire carried out through pretended alliances. ## Background and publication Like all of the Federalist Papers, Federalist No. 5 was published under the pseudonym Publius in New York newspapers with the intention of explaining the provisions of the Constitution of the United States and persuading New York to ratify it. It was first published in The Independent Journal on November 10, 1787, followed by The Daily Advertiser on November 12 and The New-York Packet on November 13. Federalist No. 5 was the last of four essays by Jay supporting political union to protect the United States from other nations. It continued directly from the ideas of Federalist No. 4, arguing that the states would be unable maintain their own security without political union. ## Analysis In Federalist No. 5, Jay warned against the formation of regional confederacies instead of a national union. He argued that under such a system, the states would work against one another and fall under the influence of foreign countries. Jay insisted that union was necessary because a national government would be stronger than any individual confederacy, as all states would cooperate toward the same interests, and the national government would have access to greater resources and military strength than any confederacy would individually. American politics of the time were defined by sectionalism, particularly between the Northern and Southern regions of the United States. The two regions held different interests, as the North maintained a mercantilist economy while the South was an agrarian society. Jay considered this distinction a likely cause for conflict between the states, supposing that their economic interests would put them in opposition to one another. He also believed that these separate interests would incentivize the confederacies to seek different European allies, further putting them in conflict with one another. Jay contended that once this foreign influence was established, it would be difficult to reverse. Jay's arguments in Federalist No. 5 contrast with those he made in Federalist No. 2, in which he proposed that the American people are naturally unified under common interests and ideals. Federalist No. 5 maintained that these factors alone were not sufficient, and that the preservation of an American nationality was contingent on a central government to maintain union between the states. Federalist No. 5 was one of several instances in which envy and jealousy are described as threats to the American people. Political theorist Jon Elster described Federalist No. 5 as having the "most striking" example of this phenomenon. Jay speculated that one of the confederacies would likely become more powerful over time, further increasing diplomatic tension between them and provoking action to hinder one another. In Jay's view, this likelihood preempted any hope that regional confederacies would work as allies for an extended time. He feared that confederacies bordering one another would grow distrustful and exist in constant fear of war. Like many of The Federalist Papers, Federalist No. 5 described historical events that relate to its arguments. Jay likened confederacies between the states to the division of England, Scotland, and Wales in Great Britain and to the Iberian kingdoms that combined to form Spain. To make this comparison, he quoted a letter written by Queen Anne in support of British unification that closely resembled the style and argumentation of The Federalist Papers. Jay believed that the unification of Britain was closely analogous to a potential union of the United States. In both cases, he saw it logical that countries with similar interests and geographic qualities should be combined under a single nation. Likewise, he believed that a system of confederacies would be reminiscent of the conflict-ridden nature of the British kingdoms prior to unification. ## Aftermath Jay did not write another essay for The Federalist Papers until Federalist No. 64, which was his final entry in the series. The argument that American unity requires a national government was revisited in Federalist No. 11 and No. 22. Jay's fear of border disputes was realized when the United States came into conflict with Upper Canada during the War of 1812 and with Mexico during the Mexican–American War. The sectionalism described by Jay between the Northern and Southern United States was a predominant factor in American politics over the following generations. It nearly caused military conflict during the nullification crisis, when South Carolina threatened to nullify the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which it saw as serving Northern interests. Hostility between the North and South eventually culminated in the American Civil War in 1861. By the 21st century, economic globalization and modern warfare have altered the circumstances under which Jay and Queen Anne advocated unification for economic and military protection.	[ "## Summary", "## Background and publication", "## Analysis", "## Aftermath" ]	1,392	7,175
7,577,401	Orator Shafer	1,153,749,289	American baseball player (1851–1922)	[ "1851 births", "1922 deaths", "19th-century baseball players", "Baseball players from Philadelphia", "Buffalo Bisons (NL) players", "Chicago White Stockings players", "Cleveland Blues (NL) players", "Hartford Dark Blues players", "Indianapolis Blues players", "Louisville Grays players", "Major League Baseball right fielders", "New York Mutuals players", "Philadelphia Athletics (AA) players", "Philadelphia White Stockings players", "St. Louis Maroons players" ]	George W. Shafer [sometimes spelled Shaffer or Schaefer] (October 4, 1851 – January 21, 1922) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball. Nicknamed "Orator", because he was an avid speaker, Shafer played for 10 teams in four different major leagues between 1874 and 1890. Though he was a good hitter who batted over .300 three times, Shafer was best known for his defensive abilities. He led the National League's outfielders in assists four times. In 1879, he set an MLB single-season record with 50 outfield assists, which is a mark that has stood for over 130 years. He was considered by some to be the greatest right fielder of his era. Shafer was 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) tall and weighed 165 pounds (75 kg). ## Background Shafer was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1851. He was a "promising young Philadelphia amateur" before starting his professional baseball career in 1874 in the National Association. That year, he played in nine games for the Hartford Dark Blues and in one game for the New York Mutuals, with a cumulative batting average of .225. His fielding percentage was a career-low .710. The following season, he played 19 games for the Philadelphia Whites and batted .243. Shafer was known during his playing career by the nickname "Orator". According to Alfred Henry Spink, founder of The Sporting News, he received the nickname because he "was a great stickler for his rights and talked to himself when not talking to the Umpire." Another player of the era, future Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Orator Jim O'Rourke, shared the same nickname. ## Major league regular Shafer joined the National League's Louisville Grays in 1877. He earned a job as the team's starting right fielder, and he led the league in games played (61), outfield assists (21), and outfield errors (28). He also batted .285 and had the second-most home runs in the league with three. (Lip Pike had four homers.) In 1878, Shafer had one of his best seasons at the plate for the Indianapolis Blues. He batted .338 to finish sixth in the batting race and also ranked among the league leaders in on-base percentage (third), slugging percentage (third), and total bases (fourth). His OPS+ total of 186 led the league, and his 3.8 wins above replacement was the highest among all position players. Shafer also had 28 assists in the outfield. In 1879, Shafer signed with Cap Anson's Chicago White Stockings. However, he had left Indianapolis the previous year with some unpaid debts. The White Stockings traveled to Indianapolis to play an exhibition game in June, and the local sheriff was waiting for both him and teammate Silver Flint. After the game, Shafer and Flint escaped the ballpark in a horse-drawn carriage to avoid arrest, and only their manager, Anson, was taken to jail. Shafer batted .304 for Chicago in 1879 and also set a career high by getting 50 assists. The 50 outfield assists was 20 more than any other NL player and established a major league record that has never been broken. In 1880, Shafer joined the Cleveland Blues and was their regular right fielder for the next three seasons. He continued his good hitting and fielding during his first year with the club, batting .266 with an OPS+ of 125 and leading the league again with 35 assists. However, his batting average dropped to .257 the following season and then to .214 in 1882. His fielding percentage dropped as well, from .901 in 1880 (fourth in the league) to .805 in 1882. Shafer played for the Buffalo Bisons in 1883. He batted .292 and led the NL in outfield assists for the fourth and final time, with 41. He then signed with the St. Louis Maroons in the new Union Association for the 1884 season. Playing in a career-high 106 games in 1884, Shafer also batted a career-high .360 and was one of the best hitters in the UA. He led the league with 40 doubles, and he finished second only to teammate Fred Dunlap in several other offensive categories, including batting average, on-base percentage (.398), slugging percentage (.501), runs scored (130), hits (168), and total bases (234). The Maroons went 94–19 and finished first in the Union Association. ## Later career Shafer stayed with St. Louis as they moved to the National League in 1885; his batting average fell to .195. The following season, he played 21 games for the American Association's Philadelphia Athletics, hit .268, and then spent the next few years in the minor leagues. In 1887, he played for Lincoln of the Western League until he was suspended in September for punching an umpire in the face. Shafer moved on to the Western Association's Des Moines team in 1888, and he played well, batting .338 and leading the league in hits. In 1889, he was the captain of the Detroit Wolverines, which won the International League championship. Shafer then rejoined the Philadelphia Athletics in 1890. In his final major league season, he played in 100 games, batted .282, and led the AA's outfielders with a .958 fielding percentage. He was the second-oldest player in the league, at 38 years old. Shafer's younger brother, Taylor, also played for the 1890 Athletics. ## Legacy Over his 13-season Major League Baseball career, Shafer played a total of 871 games. He had 1,000 hits in 3,552 at bats, a .282 batting average, 11 home runs, 601 runs scored, and 317 runs batted in. He also had 290 career outfield assists, which is the 10th highest total in MLB history. Shafer was an outstanding fielder. Fellow major league right fielder Paul Radford, when writing about how to play the position, said: "I always considered 'Orator' Shaffer a splendid right fielder, because of his skill in throwing out men at the initial bag. I know he threw me out thus in two successive games at Buffalo." According to The Sporting Life, Shafer "was for years considered the best man in his position." In 2001, statistician Bill James ranked Shafer as the 99th greatest right fielder of all-time. After his baseball career ended, Shafer worked at a race track as a book-writer. He died in Philadelphia in 1922 and was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. ## See also - List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders	[ "## Background", "## Major league regular", "## Later career", "## Legacy", "## See also" ]	1,460	11,333
21,500,850	Guitar Hero Smash Hits	1,161,278,538	2009 music rhythm game for PlayStation, Wii and Xbox	[ "2009 video games", "Beenox games", "Cooperative video games", "Drumming video games", "Guitar Hero", "Guitar video games", "Karaoke video games", "Multiplayer and single-player video games", "Music video games", "Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games", "PlayStation 2 games", "PlayStation 3 games", "Video game remakes", "Video games developed in Canada", "Wii Wi-Fi games", "Xbox 360 games" ]	Guitar Hero Smash Hits (titled Guitar Hero Greatest Hits in Europe and Australia) is a music rhythm game and the fourth expansion game to the Guitar Hero series. The game features 48 songs originally featured in five previous games in the series—Guitar Hero, Guitar Hero II, Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s, Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock and Guitar Hero: Aerosmith—redesigning the songs to be based on master recordings and to include support for full band play first introduced to the series in Guitar Hero World Tour. The game was developed by Beenox, published by Activision and distributed by RedOctane for release on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360 systems and was released around the world in the second half of June 2009. The game reuses many elements from previous titles in the series, including Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero: Metallica. Beenox designed the game around playing the greatest songs of the series at venues located in the greatest places on Earth, and created venues based on various Wonders of the World for the game. While the game's soundtrack and expansion into a four-player band were well received by reviewers, the game was highly criticized for being a full-cost standalone title instead of being downloadable content for existing games in the series. ## Gameplay Guitar Hero: Smash Hits plays similar to Guitar Hero World Tour, featuring support for a four-instrument band: lead guitar, bass guitar, drums, and vocal. In addition to using master recordings for each song, the songs have been charted to use gameplay features introduced in World Tour including the open bass strumming & slider sections for intense solos using the touchpad on the guitar bundled with World Tour. Certain songs have been recharted or remixed to be more accessible to the full band; for example, "I Love Rock N Roll" includes a drum and vocals solo without guitar portions that were omitted in the original Guitar Hero, while the piano introduction in "Killer Queen" is tapped out by the lead guitar player. The game borrows gameplay and graphical elements from Guitar Hero: Metallica, including the "Expert+" difficulty level using two bass drum pedals and the rearrangement of on-screen meters for band mode. Smash Hits includes a Music Studio creation mode and is compatible with the "GHTunes" custom song sharing service present in World Tour and Metallica. Smash Hits also includes all the game modes present in World Tour, including single player and band career modes, and the eight-player "Battle of the Band" mode. The game presents a story sequence that ties in with the Career mode, as has been present in more recent Guitar Hero games. In Smash Hits, the players are challenged by the "God of Rock" to play at venues at various Wonders of the World in order to charge a power artifact; it is revealed later that the God of Rock is actually Lou the Devil in disguise seeking the power of the artifact, the real God trapped by Lou. The player's band is able to discover Lou's deception and free the God of Rock; the band then rejects the God of Rock's offer of ascension to immortality, instead wanting to return to Earth to continue to rock. After completing each venue, the players earn venue-specific clothing to customize their avatars. The career mode follows the same star-tier system used in Metallica, requiring players to earn a fixed number of stars to proceed from one tier to the next. As with Guitar Hero: Metallica, all songs are available to play in Quickplay mode without unlocking them through the career mode. ## Development Guitar Hero: Smash Hits was one of three new titles for the Guitar Hero series announced in early 2009. Though the game was initially called Guitar Hero: Greatest Hits, cover art for the game in North America had shown the title had changed to Guitar Hero: Smash Hits. The game was still released as Guitar Hero: Greatest Hits in Europe and Australia. Paul Gadbois, developer at Beenox Studios, identified that their goal for the game was to focus on the music from the past games in the Guitar Hero series, and that the selection of the soundtrack was one of the core features they focused on first. Songs were selected based on several factors, including songs that were not formerly available to Wii and PlayStation 3 owners, and songs that played well in both single player and band modes. They also thought of playing the "greatest songs" in the "greatest places", and developed eight new venues based on Wonders of the World, including "Amazon Rain Forest", "The Polar Ice Caps" and "The Grand Canyon". The team opted to reuse the original Guitar Hero characters instead of attempting to bring in musical celebrities as was done in Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero: Metallica, fearing that the star power would have outshone the music selection. Beenox performed all of the major development efforts, including designing the venues, selecting the songs, and creating the note tracks, though Neversoft provided their own development tools and provided Beenox with their own insight from developing the other Guitar Hero games in the series. While the Beenox developers were provided with the note charts from the songs in their original games, they only looked at these after developing new charts for the songs on their own, and modified their new charts to accommodate sections from the originals that made them fun to play in the first place. The game's full setlist was revealed over the course of April and May 2009 by allowing users to vote on the order of the remastered tracks from the four previous games. In North America, various retailers provided pre-order incentives for those who reserved Smash Hits. GameStop and EB Games gave away a pair of branded drumsticks with the game. Best Buy provided a discount towards any Guitar Hero World Tour-related product with pre-orders of the game, and provided a limited supply of extra drum bass pedals for the "Expert+" mode with purchase of the game. Game Crazy offered exclusive cheat codes as their incentive. ## Soundtrack All 48 tracks in the game are master recordings of songs previously featured in the first five published games of the Guitar Hero series: Guitar Hero, Guitar Hero II, Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s, Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, and Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. "Freya" and "Cult of Personality" are re-recordings performed by The Sword and Living Colour, respectively, while two other songs are taken from live concert recordings; all other songs are based on original studio recordings. Although the game supports user-created songs through the "GHTunes" service (common to Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero: Metallica), other existing downloadable content does not work with Smash Hits. Songs in either the Career single player or band mode are arranged in tiers roughly in order of difficulty for the particular instrument, with different orders for each of the five Career paths. However, all songs are playable from the game's "Quickplay" mode without completing any Career goals. Twenty-one of the songs were exportable to both Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero for a small fee, with music licensing limiting which songs could be exported. The songs included in the game are as follows. `Also available as DLC for Guitar Hero 5 and Guitar Hero Warriors of Rock. The charts are different for the Wii, but the charts are the same as the Smash Hits version for the PS3 and Xbox 360.` ` Not available as part of the Smash Hits export package but is available as DLC for Guitar Hero 5 and Guitar Hero Warriors of Rock.` ` Also available as DLC for Guitar Hero Warriors of Rock.` ` Song does not contain a vocals track.` ` Song contains both a single and double bass drums chart.` ## Reception Guitar Hero: Smash Hits received moderate praise from reviews, many of which cited that the game itself demonstrates the over-saturation of the music game market and the sheer number of titles with the Guitar Hero series that Activision has marketed. Chris Roper of IGN summarized that the game "is the definition of 'milking'", noting that, save for the PlayStation 2 version, all of the songs in the game could have been distributed as downloadable content or reused within other compatible titles. Jeff Gerstmann of Giant Bomb commented that "something about the game's full [...] price tag doesn't quite feel right" and reaffirmed that being able to select a handful of the songs to play again would have been a preferred method of distribution. Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer further suggested that a simultaneous release of both the retail product and the same songs as downloadable content would have been an improvement. Chris Kohler of Wired listed Smash Hits on a list of "raw deals" for gamers, citing Activision's approach that results in "players end up paying more for segregated song lists", and contrasted the approach to that of the Rock Band series, in which downloadable content is integrated into existing games. Game Informer'''s Matt Helgeson noted that, ultimately, the cost per song was still cheaper than current prices for downloadable content, but he still felt the game's purpose was solely for "creating revenue for Activision". The song selection, use of master recordings, and expansion to the full-band experience were praised. Dan Amrich of Official Xbox Magazine called the selection an "excellent selection of material" that avoided the most popular songs in favor of those that "are the most fun to play". Addition of full band tracking for the songs was considered helpful to avoid making the game's material feel like "warmed-over leftovers from the series' past", according to Gerstmann. The mixing of some of the songs was also considered to be off, with Roper specifically noting a too-loud bass and too-soft vocals for "No One Knows". Roper noted that the PlayStation 2 version of the game suffered from graphics "stuttering", making it difficult to hit notes even after refining the game's controller calibration, considering the impact as "crippling the game". The game's note tracks were particularly analyzed and compared with the songs' previous versions in the older games. While the note-tracking has generally been improved to avoid "walls of notes"—long sections of fast-moving notes requiring significant skill to surpass—these patterns are significantly different from their previous incarnation and may take some getting used to. Roper also noted that the new features of Guitar Hero World Tour, particularly the use of "slider notes" that use either the World Tour touchpad or simple tapping without strumming on any other guitar controller's frets, makes many of the more difficult parts of the songs easily passed, requiring less technical skill to complete; Roper cited his ability to easily pass the first solo in what is considered to be the series' most difficult song, "Through the Fire and Flames" in Smash Hits while he could not pass this section on Guitar Hero III. In contrast, Abbie Heppe of G4 TV found the recreation of the note tracking to have "varying degrees of success", noting that while some of the guitar solos are more manageable, there were questionable sections in other songs arising from the nature of Star Power phrases when it was changed in Guitar Hero III. Gerstmann said that the difficulty of the non-lead guitar portions of the game was not as high as that of the lead guitar, primarily due to these songs' having been selected originally for being played by guitar controllers and not by a full band. Heppe suggests that some of these problems may be due to the farming out of the series to a different developer with no previous experience in the series. However, Bramwell was careful to note that Beenox Studios' effort on the game was strong, particularly with following the Guitar Hero: Metallica'' model, and their effort should not be dismissed due to how Activision chose to release the title.	[ "## Gameplay", "## Development", "## Soundtrack", "## Reception" ]	2,419	20,426
24,405,774	Battle of Beirut (1912)	1,172,532,091	Naval battle that occurred during the Italo-Turkish War	[ "20th century in Beirut", "February 1912 events", "History of Beirut", "Maritime incidents in 1912", "Maritime incidents in Lebanon", "Naval battles and operations of the Italo-Turkish War" ]	The Battle of Beirut was a naval battle off the coast of Beirut during the Italo-Turkish War. Italian fears that the Ottoman naval forces at Beirut could be used to threaten the approach to the Suez Canal led the Italian military to order the destruction of the Ottoman naval presence in the area. On 24 February 1912 two Italian armoured cruisers attacked and sank an Ottoman casemate corvette and six lighters, retired, then returned and sank an Ottoman torpedo boat. As a result of the battle all Ottoman naval forces in the region were annihilated, thus ensuring the approaches to the Suez Canal were open to the Italians. Besides the naval losses, the city of Beirut itself suffered significant damage from the Italian warships. ## Background During the Italo-Turkish War, the Italian military feared that Ottoman naval forces in the Mediterranean would stage a raid on the Italian supply and troopships headed for Italian East Africa. In order to prevent such a raid, Rear Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel was ordered to clear the harbour of Beirut of what Ottoman naval vessels he might find there. Revel's force consisted of two armoured cruisers: Giuseppe Garibaldi and Francesco Ferruccio. Both cruisers were of the Giuseppe Garibaldi class and armed with two 10-inch guns in turrets, ten 6-inch guns, six 4.7-inch guns, ten 6-pounders, ten 1-pounders, 2 Maxim machine guns, and five torpedo tubes. In contrast the Ottoman forces consisted of the casemate corvette Avnillah and the torpedo boat Angora. Angora was a relatively new vessel completed in 1906 and armed with two 37 mm cannon as well as two 14-inch torpedo tubes with a pair of torpedoes per tube. In contrast Avnillah was an antiquated ironclad corvette built in 1869. After reconstruction was completed in 1907 she was armed with four 3-inch guns and eight 6-pounders. In addition to her cannon, she was also armed with a single 14-inch torpedo tube. Thus the Ottoman force was entirely outgunned by the Italians, giving them a severe disadvantage in the looming battle. ## Battle The two Italian cruisers approached the harbour and fired a blank shot at the Ottoman vessels lying there. Upon sighting the Italian ships, the Ottoman commander on Avnillah sent out a launch under a flag of truce to communicate with the enemy. While negotiating, the Ottoman commander ordered Angora to position itself near the harbour's mole. At 07:30, Admiral Revel ordered the Ottoman launch to return with an ultimatum addressed to the Wāli of Beirut informing him to surrender his two warships by 09:00. The message was received by the Wali at 08:30. The Wali was in the process of issuing an order of surrender but this was not received by the Italians by the deadline. Accordingly, at 09:00, the Italians began their attack on the Ottoman ships in the harbor. At a distance of 6,000 metres (6,600 yards), the Italians opened fire upon the Ottoman corvette. The Ottomans returned fire ineffectively until 09:35 when the Italian gunfire set Avnillah afire. Receiving heavy damage and outgunned, the corvette struck her colours and the crew abandoned ship. At this point Garibaldi sailed in close and engaged Angora at 600 metres (660 yards) with gunfire but failed to damage it. Garibaldi then attempted to finish off Avnillah by firing a torpedo at her. However, the torpedo deviated from its trajectory and hit several lighters moored nearby, sinking six of them. Undeterred, the Italian cruiser fired a second torpedo that struck the Ottoman corvette amidships. By 11:00 the corvette was sunk in shallow water and the pair of cruisers withdrew to the north. The action was not over however; at 13:45, the Italian cruisers returned and once more engaged the Ottoman forces. The only warship left in the harbour was the torpedo boat Angora so Ferruccio moved in close and engaged it with gunfire for three minutes before it joined Avni-Illah at the bottom of Beirut's harbour. Once the fighting had ended the two Italian cruisers sailed off in a westward direction. ## Aftermath The Ottoman naval presence at Beirut was completely annihilated, removing the only Turkish naval threat to Italian transports in the area and giving the Italians complete naval dominance of the southern Mediterranean Sea for the rest of the war. Casualties on the Ottoman side were heavy. Both Ottoman warships were sunk, with Avnillah alone taking 2 officers and 49 enlisted killed and 19 wounded. In contrast, the Italian ships not only took no casualties but no direct hits from the Ottoman warships as well. The damage was not restricted to the Ottoman naval vessels present at Beirut, as the city took heavy damage as well. Stray shots from the cruisers decimated the city. Fires broke out as a direct result of the stray gunfire, destroying several banks and part of the city's customs house as well as other buildings. Combined from the fires and shelling, 66 civilians were killed in the city along with hundreds of others wounded. As retribution for the Italian actions at Beirut, four days after the battle the central Ottoman government ordered the Wilyets of Beirut, Aleppo, and Damascus to expel all Italian citizens from their jurisdictions, resulting in the deportation of over 60,000 Italians from the region. Despite the retaliatory expulsion of Italian citizens from the area, the battle gave the Italian forces complete naval superiority in the approaches to the Suez Canal and Italian forces in Eritrea could now be reinforced without hesitation, eliminating much of the Ottoman threat to the region. Thus the battle was both a strategic and tactical Italian victory.	[ "## Background", "## Battle", "## Aftermath" ]	1,218	14,369
306,746	Fur-bearing trout	1,163,194,160	Legendary creature	[ "Canadian legendary creatures", "Fearsome critters", "Hoaxes in Canada", "Hoaxes in science", "Hoaxes in the United States", "Legendary fish", "Mythological hybrids", "Taxidermy hoaxes" ]	The fur-bearing trout (or furry trout) is a legendary creature purportedly found in American folklore and Icelandic folklore. According to folklore, the trout has created a thick coat of fur to maintain its body heat. Tales of furry fish date to the 17th-century and later the "shaggy trout" of Iceland. The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken. A taxidermy furry trout produced by Ross C. Jobe is a specimen at the Royal Museum of Scotland; it is a trout with white rabbit fur "ingeniously" attached. There are no known examples of any fur-bearing trout species, but two examples of hair-like growths on fish are known. The "cotton mold", Saprolegnia, can infect fish, which can result in the appearance of fish covered in the white "fur". Another fish, Mirapinna esau, has hairlike outgrowth and sports wing-like pectoral fins. ## Commonalities Fur-bearing trout are fictional creatures that are purportedly found in the Arkansas River, northern North America, and Iceland. The basic claim (or tall tale) is that the waters of lakes and rivers in the area are so cold that they evolved a thick coat of fur to maintain their body heat. Another theory says that it is due to four jugs – or two bottles – of hair tonic being spilled into the Arkansas River. The origins vary, but one of the earlier claims date to a 17th-century Scottish immigrant's letter to his relatives referring to "furried animals and fish" being plentiful in the New World. It was followed by request to procure a specimen of these "furried fish" and one was sent home. A publication in 1900 recounts the Icelandic Lodsilungur, another haired trout, as being a common folklore. The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken. The "cotton mold" Saprolegnia will sometimes infect fish, causing tufts of fur-like growth to appear on the body. A heavy infection will result in the fish's death, and as the fungus continues to grow afterward, dead fish that are largely covered in the white "fur" can occasionally be found washed ashore. A real species of fish, Mirapinna esau, is known for the numerous hairlike structures on its body. This fish is not related to trouts but is instead a larval whalefish. It was discovered in the Azores in 1956. ## Icelandic Loðsilungur According to Icelandic legend, the Lodsilungur ('') is a furry trout that is the creation of demons and giants. The Lodsilungur are described as inedible fish that overwhelm rivers and are a form of punishment for human wickedness. In 1900, The Scottish Review featured an account of the Lodsilungur as a poisonous "Shaggy trout" of northern Iceland. In 1854, a shaggy trout was "cast on shore at Svina-vatn" and featured in an 1855 illustration in Nordri, a newspaper. It was described as having a reddish hair on its lower jaw and neck, sides and fins, but the writer of the Nordri article did not specifically identify it by name. Sjón, a popular Icelandic writer, became obsessed with the folk tale when he was nine. Sjón recounted that if a man were to eat the furry trout he would become pregnant and that his scrotum would have to be cut open to deliver the baby. Sjón noted that the story "might explain why I was later propelled towards surrealism." ## United States furry trout An account of a furry trout appeared in 1929 in Montana Wildlife magazine and was first noted by J.H. Hicken. Hicken's account states that when the fish is caught "the change of temperature from this water to atmosphere is so great that the fish explodes upon being taken from the water, and fur and skin come off in one perfect piece, making it available for commercial purposes, and leaving the body of the fish for refrigerator purposes or eating, as desired." My Ten Years in a Quandary, and How They Grew, a 1936 bestselling book by Robert Benchley, contains the humorous essay "Bad News" about a report of fur-bearing trout used as a goiter cure. Another fur-bearing trout story originated with Wilbur Foshay, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce. Foshay promoted the story so convincingly that it was picked up by the Salida Record newspaper. According to its Foshay, the trout grew fur due to the cold temperatures of the Arkansas River and shed the fur as the water temperatures warmed in the summer. In November 1938, a story in the Puebloan Cheiftan recounted the hairy trout history and stated that "[o]ld-timers living along the Arkansas River near Salida have told tales for many years of the fur-bearing trout indigenous to the waters of the Arkansas near there." In 2014, Mysteries at the Museum'' visited the Salida Museum and as of May 2014 is expected to be part of a segment in late 2014. A tall tale was recounted by S.E. Schlosser, it states that hairy trout resulted from two bottles or four jugs of spilled hair tonic. To catch hairy trout, fisherman would act as barbers and lure fish from the waters with the offer of a free trim or shave. An intentionally fantastical story in Maine claimed that hairy trout were under a catch and release policy that was enforced by wardens' carrying Brannock Devices. If a fish were caught, the warden would measure it against the fisher's foot. If the fish's length matched the fisher's foot size, the fish could be eaten and the pelt made into furry slippers. ## Canada The Canadian fur-bearing trout is another example of the furry trout hoax. According to the story, a trout with white fur was caught in Lake Superior off Gros Cap in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Algoma District, Canada, and its taxidermist was Ross C. Jobe of Sault Ste. Marie. The purchaser of the fish learned of the hoax after presenting it to the Royal Museum of Scotland. The white fur of a rabbit was described as being "ingeniously" attached to the fish. A fictional description of the Canadian "Hairy" Trout was published by Takeshi Yamada. ## Hockey Club The Fur Bearing Trout Hockey Club (formed in 2010) also pays tribute to the legendary creature. Playing out of The Children's Health Star Center in McKinney, Texas, The Fur Bearing Trout have secured seven championships over the past 10 years. A late night bar discussion led to the mascot's adoption, since the Jackalope was already in use by a minor league team playing out of Odessa, Texas. ## See also - Fearsome critters - Fish fur	[ "## Commonalities", "## Icelandic Loðsilungur", "## United States furry trout", "## Canada", "## Hockey Club", "## See also" ]	1,448	21,382
48,998,030	Q65 (New York City bus)	1,170,241,793	Bus route in Queens, New York	[ "Bus routes in Queens, New York", "MTA Regional Bus routes", "Railway lines closed in 1937", "Railway lines opened in 1891", "Streetcar lines in Queens, New York" ]	The Q65 bus route constitutes a public transit line in Queens, New York City. The south-to-north route runs primarily on 164th Street, operating between two major bus-subway hubs: Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue station in Jamaica and Flushing–Main Street station in Flushing. It then extends north along College Point Boulevard to College Point at the north end of the borough. The route is city-operated under the MTA Bus Company brand of MTA Regional Bus Operations. The bulk of the bus route between Jamaica and Flushing follows a former streetcar line known as the Flushing–Jamaica Line, Jamaica–Flushing Line, or 164th Street Line, operated by the New York and Queens County Railway from 1899 to 1937. The northern portion of the route follows a second line operated by the company called the College Point Line or Flushing–College Point Line, which began operation in 1891. Both lines, combined known as the Jamaica–College Point Line or Jamaica−Flushing−College Point Line, were replaced by bus service in 1937, operated by successor companies Queens-Nassau Transit Lines, Queens Transit Corporation, and finally Queens Surface Corporation until the route was taken over by the city in 2005. ## Route description ### Streetcar route #### Flushing–Jamaica Line The original Flushing–Jamaica Line, nicknamed the "Toonerville Express", began at the intersection of Broadway and Lawrence Street (now Northern Boulevard and College Point Boulevard respectively) at the northern edge of Downtown Flushing near Flushing Creek. It ran east to Main Street, then south along Main Street and Jamaica Avenue (now Kissena Boulevard) to Sanford Avenue. It then ran short distances east along Sanford, south along Bowne Avenue (now Bowne Street), east on Forest/Franconia Avenue (45th Avenue), and south on 162nd Street to Pigeon Meadow Road at the west edge of the Flushing Cemetery. The line proceeded south for five miles along an undeveloped right-of-way owned by the railroad, which would later become 164th Street, to what is now Normal Road, a few blocks north of Hillside Avenue. The line ran short distances west to a point between Parsons Boulevard and 153rd Street, south to 90th Avenue, and west to Washington Street (later 160th Street) ending at Jamaica Avenue in Downtown Jamaica. The line shared a terminal at 160th Street and Jamaica Avenue with the trolley lines of the Long Island Electric Railway, which operated streetcar lines to Far Rockaway, Brooklyn, and Belmont Park. On Sundays, a shuttle service ran to take passengers from Downtown Flushing to Flushing Cemetery. #### College Point Line The College Point line, consisting of two tracks, began in Flushing at a T-junction on Broadway and Lawrence Street with the Flushing–Jamaica Line and the Corona Line traveling west along Broadway (Northern Boulevard). It ran north along Lawrence Street, the College Point Causeway, and 122nd Street (all part of the modern College Point Boulevard) to 14th Road (northbound) or 15th Avenue (southbound). It then ran west to 110th Street and 14th Avenue at the edge of the East River. The line served the College Point Ferry or 99th Street Ferry, which ran to East 99th Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan. ### Current bus service The current Q65 service begins at the College Point Line's terminal at 110th Street and 14th Avenue, and follows the former trolley route to Northern Boulevard. After running on Main Street and Kissena Boulevard, interchanging with the IRT Flushing Line subway at Flushing–Main Street, Long Island Rail Road's Port Washington Branch at Flushing–Main Street, and several other bus routes, it proceeds east along the former trolley route, and south along 164th Street to Hillside Avenue. It turns west on Hillside Avenue, then south on Parsons Boulevard, merging with the parallel and routes (also former Queens Surface routes). The routes proceed south to Jamaica Avenue, then west to Sutphin Boulevard. All three routes terminate at Sutphin Boulevard and 94th Avenue, underneath the Jamaica station for the LIRR and AirTrain JFK, and adjacent to the Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport subway station. During weekday rush-hours, the Q65 employs limited-stop service in both directions. Limited-stop buses make all stops north of 25th Road and College Point Boulevard. ## History ### Streetcar operations On July 26, 1886, the Flushing and College Point Street Railway was incorporated, with the intent of building what became the College Point Line. The then-villages of Flushing and College Point granted franchises to the company in summer 1887, with the provision of only employing overhead trolley wire for five years before switching to battery power. The line began operation on April 7, 1891, running on batteries instead of overhead wire. Because of the expenses of battery power, the railroad went bankrupt and was sold at auction on April 4, 1892. The line was later equipped with overhead wire, improving profits and patronage. On December 31, 1896, the line became part of the New York and Queens County Railway system. The New York & North Shore Railway Company was organized on March 13, 1897, as a subsidiary to the New York and Queens County Railway. At the end of the month, it proposed several new routes including the Flushing–Jamaica Line. The franchise for the line was awarded on December 31, 1897. Construction began in 1898 and continued through 1899. Service on the line began on December 2, 1899. Earlier that year on October 13, the Long Island Electric Railway (LIER), operators of the Jamaica−Far Rockaway Line, was purchased by the company. Track connections at 160th Street had been built during the construction of the Flushing–Jamaica Line in order to facilitate service between the two lines. On March 12, 1900, through service on the combined routes began between Flushing and Far Rockaway. This service ended on August 1, 1901 after the LIER was bought out by the Hogan Brothers, a group of trolley line surveyors who worked on both the Flushing and Far Rockaway lines. During the month of May in 1902, the Flushing–Jamaica Line was bought out by the parent New York and Queens company, through several complex proceedings and reorganizations. In 1906, it became part of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The 99th Street Ferry in College Point ceased service in 1913. In 1923, the line went into bankruptcy and the IRT relinquished ownership. By the mid-1920s, the Flushing–Jamaica Line was double tracked. On October 2, 1928, several months after the opening of the Flushing–Main Street subway station, Flushing–Jamaica through service was extended to College Point. ### Decline and conversion to bus service Around this time, many streetcar lines in Queens and the rest of the city began to be replaced by buses, particularly after the unification of city's three primary transit companies in June 1940. Many local civic organizations had been campaigning for a bus route along the Flushing–Jamaica Line, and the removal of the trolley route that ran in close proximity to private houses. The administration of Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, and New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, also desired to use the right-of-way to build the planned Grand Central Parkway (this highway would instead be built along the western end of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park). The College Point trolley, meanwhile, was cited for noise disturbances. On December 18, 1936, the New York City Board of Estimate voted to motorize the trolley franchises of the New York and Queens County Railway. Bus service between Flushing − Main Street and 160th Street in Jamaica began on July 1, 1937 under the designation "Q-65". On July 2, the railroad turned over the right-of-way of the Flushing–Jamaica Line between Flushing Cemetery and Jamaica to the city in order to create a proper 164th Street. Buses fully replaced trolley service on the Flushing–Jamaica Line on August 10, 1937. Initially, the route ran along Kissena Boulevard and Bowne Street between Horace Harding Boulevard and 46th Avenue, with 164th Street impassible by vehicles through Kissena Park. Service on the College Point trolley was abandoned on August 23 of that year, replaced by buses between 110th Street and Flushing. The Flushing-Jamaica buses were rerouted onto 164th Street after the road was paved and opened on August 10, 1938. The company's stock and property were transferred to its subsidiary Queens-Nassau Transit Lines company, which operated the buses. By 1940, the Q65 route ran between College Point and Jamaica. That year, the company applied for an extension of the route north along 122nd Street (College Point Boulevard), which was never implemented. Queens-Nassau would become the Queens Transit Corporation in 1957. The bus company would become Queens-Steinway Transit Corporation in 1986, and Queens Surface Corporation in 1988. In 2004, the southern termini of the Q65, Q25, and Q34 were moved west one block along Jamaica Avenue, from 160th Street to Parsons Boulevard. ### MTA takeover On February 27, 2005, the MTA Bus Company took over the operations of the Queens Surface routes, part of the city's takeover of all the remaining privately operated bus routes. Under the MTA, the Q25, Q34, and Q65 were extended from Jamaica Avenue to the Jamaica LIRR station on Sutphin Boulevard in 2007. Also in 2007, bidirectional limited-stop service was introduced on the Q65 during rush hours between Jamaica and Flushing–Main Street. On April 15, 2013, Q65 Limited service began skipping two stops along College Point Boulevard, at 26th Avenue and the Whitestone Expressway, due to low ridership. In 2014, the 164th Street corridor along with the Parsons/Kissena corridor and Main Street corridor were evaluated for a potential Select Bus Service (SBS) route between Flushing and Jamaica. The Q65 Limited was not selected for conversion; the Q44 Limited became the on November 29, 2015, and the Q25 Limited was studied for future conversion. In September 2015, as part of the Northeast Queens Bus Study, it was suggested to modify a small portion of the Q65 route near Flushing Cemetery, taking it off Bowne Street and moving it onto the wider Parsons Boulevard. In September 2016, because Q65 buses frequently detoured to avoid traffic on the narrow 14th Road, the Q65 was rerouted to run via 14th Avenue in College Point. Six bus stops on 14th Road were discontinued and replaced by three stops on 14th Avenue. In December 2019, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Queens bus network. As part of the redesign, the Q65 bus would have become a "neighborhood" route called the QT65. Rather than serve Flushing and College Point, the QT65 would have continued north along 160th Street to Beechhurst. The redesign was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020, and the original draft plan was dropped due to negative feedback. A revised plan was released in March 2022. As part of the new plan, the Q65 would still run to Flushing, but service to College Point would be replaced by an extension of the Q27 bus. The Q65 would also be extended south to Liberty Avenue and Farmers Boulevard in St. Albans, Queens, providing local service for the Q83 bus along Liberty Avenue, where the Q83 would run nonstop.	[ "## Route description", "### Streetcar route", "#### Flushing–Jamaica Line", "#### College Point Line", "### Current bus service", "## History", "### Streetcar operations", "### Decline and conversion to bus service", "### MTA takeover" ]	2,551	35,751
66,916,511	Island No. 2	1,154,221,680	Island in California	[ "Islands of Northern California", "Islands of Solano County, California", "San Pablo Bay" ]	Island No. 2 is a mostly-submerged island in Solano County, California. Formerly swampland, it was reclaimed into productive farmland, and became the subject of lengthy legal disputes in the early 20th century. Since then, it has become again submerged, and is now part of the Napa-Sonoma Marshes Wildlife Area. ## Geography Island No. 2 is in the Napa River, upstream of San Pablo Bay (an embayment of San Francisco Bay). Its coordinates are , and the United States Geological Survey measured its elevation as 3 ft (0.91 m) in 1981. As part of the Napa-Sonoma Marshes Wildlife Area (in which it is designated Napa River Unit Pond 2), the area is "regularly used by hunters, fishermen, bird watchers, photographers, and hikers". ## History Many of the islands at the mouth of the Napa River were first discovered by Europeans in an 1823 Spanish expedition led by Francisco Castro. The land became part of the new state of California upon its 1850 statehood, at which time it was used mostly to hunt waterfowl. This land was reclaimed, and the swamps drained, at some point in the mid-to-late-1800s; Island No. 2 was contained within Survey No. 115. By the end of the 19th century, "most marshland in the [area] was diked, drained, and being used for livestock grazing and farmland". Island No. 2, along with Island No. 1, Green Island and Tubbs Island, are labeled on a 1902 USGS map of the area. In the early 1900s, Island No. 2 (like the neighboring Island No. 1, also known as "Cross Island") was owned by L.E. Cross. Later, it came into the possession of David T. Hanbury, an "English scion" and millionaire who owned several breweries and wineries in England and California. Hanbury farmed the land, and had "men over on the Island". On October 21, 1908, the island was deeded to David's wife Marie Eleanor Hanbury, a "former Benicia hello girl". On December 29, in what the Napa Weekly Journal described as "one of the most interesting documents ever placed on record in Napa County", a mortgage on Island No. 2 was executed by Marie "with the utmost secrecy"; David was unable to sign the document "owing to illness". At the time, the 867-acre (351 ha) island had an estimated value between \$80,000 and \$125,000 (\$ and \$ in ). The Weekly Journal hypothesized that the mortgage had been executed in order to pay the Hanburys’ debts in Vallejo. Later, on the morning of January 19, 1909, the Napa County Recorder's office recorded a deed in which David Hanbury sold Island No. 2 to his brother John McKenzie Hanbury, of London, for a sum of \$10 (\$ in ). This deed had been executed in San Francisco on January 8, 1908; it was, however, entered into the county record nearly a month after the transfer of the island to Marie. Around February 1909, David fractured a rib while "endeavoring to get into a bath tub at Island No. 2". David claimed that the deed transferring the island to his brother "was either obtained from him under the influence of drugs or was a forgery", saying that "it is at least odd that, if it was made more than a year ago, it was not recorded until after the genuine deed to the property which I made to my wife". In February, he and Marie Eleanor left for England; the Napa Journal said that "while it was reported that the trip was made for the benefit of the husband's health, it was believed that the real purpose was to reach an amicable understanding with the brother in Old England". David engaged an attorney, Hiram Johnson, to "establish the validity of [his] wife's deed to the property". On December 4, John's claims to the island were dismissed. By 1910, divorce proceedings between David T. Hanbury and Marie Eleanor were underway; the Napa Weekly Journal said that during these proceedings "the title to the famous island passed rapidly from Hanbury to his wife, then to his brother John, the English brewer, and again to the Napa Bank, and all around the circle again". By May, they had "[settled] their marital troubles" and gone to live in Santa Cruz. On May 22, 1910, Marie Eleanor gave birth to a son, David Mackenzie Hanbury. David T. Hanbury died in October 1910, at the White Sulphur Springs in Solano County, having gone there for treatment of his poor health. In February 1911, his estate was appraised; Island No. 2 was valued at \$34,680 (\$ in ). In 1914, a Stockton company leased Island No. 2 and planned "extensive cultivation of the area". In 1916, W.L. Williamson and F. Henritty were arrested on charges of disturbing the peace, after a "quarrel over a lease on Island No. 2". By 1920, the island was again in legal dispute; David Mackenzie was at that point half owner of the island (held in trust by the Anglo-California Trust Company). William Banta, David Mackenzie's uncle and legal guardian, was sued by the British members of the family for ownership of Island No. 2 and other properties in the estate. The island was put up for public auction in June 1925. In November 1926, some interest in the property was sold from Ellen Weinstein, Estelle Meyer and others to a Z.S. Israelsky. In December 1927, another notice of guardian's sale was issued, again for Island No. 2 being sold by its owner David Mackenzie Hanbury. In February 1928, a transaction was recorded in which the Anglo-California Trust Company sold Island No. 2 to a Nat Boas; on the same day, Nat Boas also acquired Z.S. Israelsky's interest in said property. In 1927, construction started on a bascule bridge connecting to Island No. 2 from Vallejo; a cofferdam was placed in April, and construction was "nearly finished" by September. By 1928, there existed a Hanbury Island Gun Club on the island, at which were located a "handsome new club house with 8 bedrooms, a huge club room, kitchen, pantry, showers, lavatories and all other modern conveniences" in addition to "a keeper's cottage, outhouses, blinds, ponds, levees, etc". While Island No. 2 had been shown as dry land surrounded by levees in 1916 USGS maps, by 1942 it is shown as having significant amounts of marsh and water in its interior. By 1949, its interior is shown as almost entirely marshlands, although the "Lachman Club" remains on its northwest side. This remains the case in 1951, but by 2012 no club is shown, and the island is shown as completely submerged. In the 1990s, Island No. 2 became part of the Napa-Sonoma Marshes Wildlife Area, managed by the California Department of Fish and Game.	[ "## Geography", "## History" ]	1,579	1,908
35,618,944	Wilhelmina FitzClarence, Countess of Munster	1,163,661,938	British peeress and novelist	[ "1830 births", "1906 deaths", "19th-century British novelists", "19th-century British short story writers", "19th-century British women writers", "19th-century British writers", "20th-century British novelists", "20th-century British women writers", "British autobiographers", "British countesses", "British horror writers", "British short story writers", "British women novelists", "British women short story writers", "English people of Dutch descent", "FitzClarence family", "People from Montrose, Angus", "Schuyler family", "Van Cortlandt family", "Women autobiographers", "Women horror writers" ]	Wilhelmina FitzClarence, Countess of Munster (née Kennedy-Erskine; 27 June 1830 – 9 October 1906) was a British peeress and novelist. Her mother, Lady Augusta FitzClarence, was an illegitimate daughter of William IV of the United Kingdom; Wilhelmina, also known as Mina, was born the day after William's succession as monarch. She travelled as a young girl throughout Europe, visiting the courts of France and Hanover. In 1855, Mina married her first cousin William FitzClarence, 2nd Earl of Munster; they would have nine children, including the 3rd and 4th Earls of Munster. The Earl and Countess of Munster lived at Palmeira Square in Brighton. Later in life, Lady Munster became a novelist and short story writer. In 1889, she released her first novel, Dorinda; a second, A Scotch Earl, followed two years later. The year 1896 saw the publication of Ghostly Tales, a collection of tales on the supernatural which have largely been forgotten today. Lady Munster also produced an autobiography entitled My Memories and Miscellanies, which was released in 1904. She died two years later. ## Family and early life Wilhelmina "Mina" Kennedy-Erskine was born on 27 June 1830 in Dun House, Montrose, Scotland. She was the second child of the Hon. John Kennedy-Erskine and his wife Lady Augusta FitzClarence, an illegitimate daughter of William IV (who became monarch the day before Mina's birth). Her father, the second son of the 13th Earl of Cassilis, was a captain with the 16th Lancers and an equerry to King William before dying in 1831 at the age of 28. Her paternal grandmother, Anne Watts, was a descendant of the Schuyler family, the Van Cortlandt family (including Stephanus Van Cortlandt), and the Delancey family of British North America. Mina lived with her widowed mother and two siblings in a "charming brick house" on the River Thames called Railshead, which was next door to a house owned by her paternal grandparents. King William visited the family often and was quite fond of Mina; on one occasion, he visited to comfort his daughter when three- or four-year-old Mina nearly died of a "very dangerous brain fever". The Kennedy-Erskines also often visited Windsor Castle during the king's reign. Five years after Kennedy-Erskine's death, Lady Augusta married Lord Frederick Gordon-Hallyburton, a decision that displeased her first husband's parents. The decision led to Lady Augusta's departure from Railshead. In 1837 she became State Housekeeper at Kensington Palace after the death of her sister, Lady De L'Isle. Mina lived there until she married. She and her sister Millicent enjoyed music and had a particular love for the Italian soprano Marietta Alboni. The sisters' Italian singing-master secretly arranged for a meeting with Alboni, but the encounter did not go well; the singer discovered that they were the daughters of the "housekeeper", and, assuming that they were not ladies, departed soon after. In the late 1840s, Mina travelled through Europe with her family so that they might "learn languages and finish [their] education". The trip started in 1847, when Mina journeyed to Dresden due to her mother's desire for her daughters to learn German. From 1847 to 1849, she and her family lived in Paris near the Arc de Triomphe, and were kindly received by the French Royal Family headed by Louis Philippe I and Queen Marie Amelie. They left soon after the king and queen's fall from power, as the city had suddenly become unsafe for those of their rank. In 1850, they visited the court of Hanover and were received by Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover and his family; later that year, they returned to Kensington Palace and Mina and Millicent came out in society. ## Marriage Mina married her first cousin William FitzClarence, 2nd Earl of Munster at Wemyss Castle on 17 April 1855 in a double wedding in which her sister Millicent married James Hay Erskine Wemyss. Like Mina, FitzClarence was a grandchild of William IV; at a young age, he had succeeded his father the 1st Earl, who served as a governor of Windsor Castle and constable of the Round Tower until his suicide in 1842. The FitzClarences travelled to Hamburg immediately after the wedding, visiting local schlosses and the family of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (who later married The Princess Helena). Their first child, Edward, was born within a year. The couple would have nine children, four of whom outlived their mother: - Edward, Viscount FitzClarence (29 March 1856 – 1870) - Hon. Lionel Frederick Archibald (24 July 1857 – 24 March 1863) - Geoffrey FitzClarence, 3rd Earl of Munster (18 July 1859 – 2 February 1902); died without issue - Hon. Arthur Falkland Manners (18 October 1860 – 1861) - Aubrey FitzClarence, 4th Earl of Munster (7 June 1862 – 1 January 1928); died without issue - Hon. William George (17 September 1864 – 4 October 1899); married Charlotte Elizabeth Williams - Hon. Harold Edward (15 November 1870 – 28 August 1926); married Frances Isabel Eleanor Keppel; their son was the 5th Earl of Munster - Lady Lillian Adelaide Katherine Mary (10 December 1873 – 15 July 1948); married Captain William Arthur Boyd - Lady Dorothea Augusta (5 May 1876 – 1942); married Major Chandos Brydges Lee-Warner The Earl and Countess of Munster lived at Palmeira Square in Brighton. According to an article in contemporary women's magazine The Lady's Realm, the Countess lived a very quiet life. In 1897, the magazine reported that she had lived in retirement in Brighton for the past thirty-five years. Her attachment to the city, the article suggested, was due to childhood memories of visiting there with King William. The article also stated that because Lord Munster's health was failing, the Countess was living in "comparative seclusion", though her lifestyle was also attributed to a love of a "quiet, literary, and artistic life". She died on 9 October 1906, having been widowed five years. ## Literary career Later in life, Lady Munster became a novelist and short story writer, writing under the title the Countess of Munster. At the age of nearly sixty, she published two novels; her first, Dorinda, in 1889, and her second, A Scotch Earl, in 1891. The plot of Dorinda centred on a young woman who eventually kills herself after stealing works of art from her friends. Oscar Wilde noted Munster's skill in writing Dorinda; he compared the "exceedingly clever" novel's eponymous heroine to "a sort of well-born" Becky Sharp, and praised the author's ability "to draw ... in a few sentences the most lifelike portraits of social types and social exceptions". In 1888, an article by Munster about ballad singing appeared in The Woman's World, a Victorian women's magazine edited by Wilde. A Scotch Earl, which centred on a vulgar Scottish nobleman named Lord Invergordon, was less well received by contemporaries. The Spectator published a critical review soon after its publication which suggested that the novel's showering of "contempt upon the society of wealth and rank" was close to Republicanism or Socialism. The review criticised A Scotch Earl for lacking "any merits of construction or style", and added that Lady Munster was "not and never will be a capable novelist". In 1896, Munster released Ghostly Tales, a collection of stories "written in a manner similar to accounts of true hauntings". Lady's Realm considered her stories to be based on fact. A positive review of Ghostly Tales was published in the Saturday Review in 1897, in which the stories were described as "entertaining and dramatic", but it was noted that not all were based on supernatural events. Hugh Lamb included the Countess's "surprisingly grim" story "The Tyburn Ghost" in his 1979 edited volume Tales from a Gas-Lit Graveyard. He wrote at the time that Lady Munster's works had been "completely overlooked by bibliophiles and anthologists since her death". Lamb deemed this regrettable, as he considered Ghostly Tales "possibly her best work" and one of the "truly representative collections of Victorian ghost stories". Lamb also included another of her stories, "The Page-Boy's Ghost", in a 1988 anthology. However, modern author and editor Douglas A. Anderson has called the Countess's stories "standard, melodramatic fare", which are "perfectly forgettable". In 1904, Lady Munster produced an autobiography entitled My Memories and Miscellanies. In its foreword, she explained that "some valued friends" convinced her to write it, despite her reluctance, because her "long life" had witnessed "not a few interesting events". The book was called her "chief work" in The Manchester Guardian at the time of her death in 1906. The Countess wrote the entire book by memory, and expressed regret that she had given up her journal writing as a young girl after someone else improperly read it. The autobiography included several recounted sightings of the female ghost "Green Jean" at Wemyss Castle; Lady Munster claimed that several members of her family, including Millicent, saw the ghost while staying there. ## Ancestry ## Descendants Their seventh son was Harold Edward FitzClarence, father of Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster.	[ "## Family and early life", "## Marriage", "## Literary career", "## Ancestry", "## Descendants" ]	2,146	18,062
47,585,715	Italian cruiser Partenope	1,168,683,309	Torpedo cruiser of the Italian Royal Navy	[ "1889 ships", "Maritime incidents in 1918", "Partenope-class cruisers", "Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia", "Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I", "World War I cruisers of Italy", "World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea" ]	Partenope was a torpedo cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) in the 1880s, the lead ship of her class, which included seven other vessels. The ship was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia; she was laid down in June 1888, was launched in December 1889, and was completed in September 1890. Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes, which were supported by a battery of ten small-caliber guns. Partenope spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet, where she was primarily occupied with training exercises. In 1906–1908, she was converted into a minelayer, losing her torpedo tubes. During the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, she provided gunfire support to Italian forces in Libya. She was used to lay a series of minefields in the Adriatic Sea after Italy entered World War I in 1915. In March 1918, Partenope was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine UC-67 off Bizerte. ## Design The Partenope-class cruisers were derivatives of the earlier, experimental Goito-class cruisers, themselves based on the preceding cruiser Tripoli. The class marked a temporary shift toward the ideas of the Jeune École in Italian naval thinking. The doctrine emphasized the use of small, torpedo-armed craft to destroy expensive ironclads. Partenope was 73.1 meters (239 ft 10 in) long overall and had a beam of 8.22 m (27 ft) and an average draft of 3.48 m (11 ft 5 in). She displaced 821 long tons (834 t) normally. The ship had a short forecastle deck that terminated at the conning tower. She had a crew of between 96 and 121 personnel. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple-expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller. Steam was supplied by four coal-fired locomotive boilers, which were vented through two widely spaced funnels. Specific figures for Partenope's engine performance have not survived, but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18.1 to 20.8 knots (33.5 to 38.5 km/h; 20.8 to 23.9 mph) at 3,884 to 4,422 indicated horsepower (2,896 to 3,297 kW). The ship had a cruising radius of about 1,800 nautical miles (3,300 km; 2,100 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Partenope was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm (4.7 in) /40 gun placed on the forecastle. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a secondary battery of six 57 mm (2.2 in) /43 guns mounted singly. She was also equipped with three 37 mm (1.5 in) /20 guns in single mounts. Her primary offensive weapon was her five 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes. The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1.6 in (41 mm) thick; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate. ## Service history Partenope was laid down on 8 June 1888 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia (Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia), and was launched on 23 December 1889. After fitting-out work was completed, the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 11 September 1890. Throughout the first decade of her career, Partenope primarily served with the main Italian fleet in the 2nd Division, which was usually kept in reserve. The reserve ships were typically only kept in service for three months of the year for annual training maneuvers, while the 1st Division was on active status for nine months per year. In 1893, Partenope was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet, along with the ironclad Enrico Dandolo and the protected cruiser Vesuvio. By 1895, the 2nd Division consisted of the ironclads Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria, along with Partenope. Partenope joined the ironclads Re Umberto, Sardegna, Ruggiero di Lauria, and Andrea Doria and the cruisers Stromboli and Etruria for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895. All of the ships, save Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria, joined an international naval demonstration in late 1895 off Crete during a period of tension between Greece and the Ottoman Empire that culminated in the Greco-Turkish War. Partenope joined the 2nd Division of the active fleet in 1897, which also included Andrea Doria, the armored cruiser Marco Polo, the protected cruisers Etna, Stromboli, and Liguria, and the torpedo cruiser Urania and Caprera. By 1899, the division consisted of the ironclads Affondatore, Castelfidardo, and Sicilia and her sister ship Urania in addition to Partenope. During 1901, Partenope was joined by the ironclads Enrico Dandolo, Andrea Doria, and Francesco Morosini, the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto, and three torpedo boats. By 1904, the Italian fleet had expanded enough to increase the 1st Division to the 1st Squadron; this unit spent seven months in commission for training and five in reserve. Partenope was transferred to the new unit, along with her sister Minerva. The 1st Squadron included six battleships, four other cruisers, and nine destroyers. Between 1906 and 1908, the ship was modernized and converted into a minelayer. She received new oil-fired boilers and had her armament reduced to two 3 in (76 mm) guns, four 57 mm guns and two 37 mm guns. Partenope's speed was reduced to 17.05 knots (31.58 km/h; 19.62 mph) on 2,481 ihp (1,850 kW). The ship was now equipped to carry sixty naval mines, with a bank of thirty mines on a platform on each side of the ship. At the start of the Italo-Turkish War in September 1911, Partenope was attached to the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron of the Italian fleet. By this time, she was being used as a minelayer. On 9 November, she, the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto, the protected cruiser Liguria, and the torpedo boat Cigno provided critical gunfire support that broke a series of Ottoman attacks on the city of Tripoli. A month later, Partenope, Liguria, and the torpedo boats Dardo and Euro conducted a series of bombardments on the ports of Zuwarah, Misrata, and Argub. Partenope then returned to Tripoli, where she continued providing gunfire support to the defending Italian garrison there. She and the ironclads Sardegna and Re Umberto bombarded the oasis at Taguira, though no Turkish forces were present. The Italians then sent a garrison to protect the oasis. Italy had declared neutrality at the start of World War I, but by July 1915, the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers. Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, the Italian naval chief of staff, believed that the threat from Austro-Hungarian submarines and naval mines in the narrow waters of the Adriatic was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way. Instead, Revel decided to implement a blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the main fleet, while smaller vessels, such as the MAS boats, conducted raids on Austro-Hungarian ships and installations. Partenope was initially used to lay a series of defensive minefields, along with her sister Minerva and the cruiser Goito, in support of this strategy. On 24 March 1918, the German U-boat UC-67 torpedoed and sank Partenope north of Bizerte, Tunisia, at coordinates .	[ "## Design", "## Service history" ]	1,759	9,332
53,647,280	Charmayne James	1,163,724,501	American barrel racer	[ "1970 births", "21st-century American women", "American barrel racers", "American female equestrians", "Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees", "Living people", "People from Boerne, Texas", "People from Union County, New Mexico", "ProRodeo Hall of Fame inductees", "Sportspeople from Greater San Antonio" ]	Charmayne James (born June 23, 1970) is an American former professional rodeo cowgirl who specialized in barrel racing. In her career, She won 11 Women’s Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) barrel racing world championships, the most in history. She won ten consecutive world championships from 1984 to 1993, and then a final one in 2002. She qualified for the National Finals Rodeo (NFR) 19 times and also won seven NFR barrel racing average titles in 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1993, and 2002. James retired her horse, Gills Bay Boy, nicknamed Scamper, whom she won the bulk of her titles with, in 1993 after winning her tenth world championship. James herself would retire from barrel racing in 2002 after winning her 11th world championship. Scamper was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1996. James was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in 1992 and the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 2017. The August 2017 induction ceremony was ProRodeo's 38th annual event, and marked the first time in the event's history that the class of inductees included barrel racers from the WPRA. ## Early history Charmayne James, born June 23, 1970, in Boerne, Texas, was raised in Clayton, New Mexico. She was three years old when she first started riding horses, and by age six she was running barrels. Her recollection of barrel racing is that it was the only thing she ever wanted to do. She began her rodeo career at a young age when she joined the Rabbit Ear 4-H Club. Prior to 2019, barrel racing was the only event women competed in at Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) events, and is second only to bull riding as the most popular event. As a young girl, James rode Bardo in barrel racing competition. They had competed in amateur rodeos for about two years before Bardo shattered a bone in his leg, and had to be euthanized. James considered Bardo her best friend, which made finding a replacement for him difficult. She eventually set her sights on Gills Bay Boy, an American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) registered gelding her father had purchased as a four-year-old for \$1,100 to sort feedlot cattle. In the beginning, James encountered some behavioral issues with the horse, but over time, she was able to train him for barrel racing competition. He became widely known as Scamper, a nickname originating from a comment her father made while watching them run barrels: "He sure wants to scamper around those barrels." ## ProRodeo career By the end of 1983, James and Scamper had competed on the amateur circuit for approximately three years, and advanced to the pro circuit. James filled her permit for the WPRA following a win at a competition in Dodge City, Kansas. "Filling a permit" is when a contestant fulfills the requirements to become a WPRA card holder, which includes purchasing a permit and earning a minimum dollar amount at sanctioned rodeos. As a card holder, a contestant is allowed to compete in finals events and gain official ranking. In 1984, the pair began their first season competing at the professional level, and by season's end, James had won \$53,499.00 and two championship titles, including 1984 WPRA World Champion Barrel Racer and NFR Barrel Racing Average Champion. She was also named 1984 WPRA Rookie of the Year. In 1985, the pair earned \$93,847 and their 2nd WPRA world championship title. They did it again in 1986, winning their 3rd WPRA world championship title and NFR Average with total earnings of \$151,969, achieving professional rodeo's highest earnings ever in a single-event season. Another first came in 1987 at the NFR where the team won their 4th world championship with earnings exceeding \$120,000. That same year, James became the first woman ever to wear the No. 1 back number in a National Finals Rodeo. The back number indicates a contestant's ranking in money earnings at the end of the regular season. In 1988, the pair won their 5th world championship with earnings of \$130,540—the most money earned that year by anyone in professional rodeo competition, exceeding the earnings won by the men's all-around world champion. In 1989, Scamper sustained a cut to his coronet band at the beginning of the NFR. James recalled how the wound forced her to change Scamper's normal conditioning routine, which cost the pair a few wins in the go-rounds but they still won the world championship title with \$96,651 in season earnings. In 1993, the pair qualified again for the NFR, with James having her sights set on a tenth WPRA world championship title. She recalled how anxious she felt under such pressure, and that she wanted to win so she could retire Scamper undefeated while he was still in his prime. The pair won both the 1993 NFR and WPRA world championship titles, securing Scamper's place in barrel racing history. In 1992, James was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame, honoring not only her multiple consecutive wins, but also topping the men in earnings. James returned to barrel racing in 1992 riding her new horse Cruising on Six, nicknamed Cruiser, and won her 11th WPRA World Barrel Racing Championship title. Guy Clifton, sports writer for the Reno Gazette-Journal and ESPN.com remarked: "Anybody that doubted her abilities, she just proved her abilities by winning with another horse." ### The bridleless win In 1985, James and Scamper qualified for the NFR and won five go-rounds at the event. James recalled that it was Friday the 13th during the 7th go-round of the barrel racing competition when Scamper's bridle fell off his head during the run. As James and Scamper came in, Scamper caught his bridle on the gate, dislodging the Chicago screws that secure the bit and reins to the headstall. With no screws to keep the bridle intact, the headstall fell off the horse's head after rounding the first barrel, and was hanging from the horse's mouth as they ran toward the second barrel. James did what she could to keep the bit in his mouth, but had to turn his head loose as they approached the third barrel. Rounding the third barrel, Scamper spit the bit out of his mouth causing the bridle to drop to his chest, but he was intensely focused on the home stretch and kept running. All James had to control him was a single rein around his neck. The pair crossed the timer clocking in at 14.4 seconds, winning the round and the 1985 World Barrel Racing Championship. ## Retirement James retired Scamper in 1993, except for an occasional race, and he died on July 4, 2012, at age 35. Scamper received the 1992 AQHA Silver Spur Award which is "the equine world's equivalent of the Academy Award". James announced her retirement from competition in 2003 after winning a record 11 WPRA World Championships. She began hosting barrel racing clinics. She also has trained horses for cutting and team roping as well as barrel racing. On December 6, 2004, James got married in the small town of Athens, Texas, which is about 1+1⁄2 hours outside Dallas. The groom was her long-time friend and business manager, Tony Garritano. The couple has two sons together. When James is not traveling to teach in her barrel racing clinics, she spends her time at home in Boerne, Texas. She splits her time between raising her sons or working with her colts. She came out of retirement to compete in RFD-TV's The American, referred to as the "world's richest one day rodeo", whose inaugural event was held in 2014. The event is held every year in February at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, and televised nationally on RFD-TV. In 2016, she again stepped out of retirement as a member of Elite Rodeo Athletes (ERA) to compete in "the inaugural ERA Premier Tour against 87 other world-class athletes that represent 135 world championship titles", held May 20–21 at Tingley Coliseum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. ## Clayton Since breeding Scamper was not an option for genetic inheritability, James spent several years researching the possibility of cloning. She chose ViaGen, an animal genetics corporation based in Austin, Texas, to perform the cloning procedure for \$150,000. James registered the resulting colt born in 2006 with the American DNA Registry under the name Clayton, who is an identical genetic match to Scamper. James chose a surrogate mare to be the dam of the colt and receive the cloned embryo. At age two, James started Clayton as a breeding stallion. She offered his services to the public at a fee of \$4,000. Clayton sired healthy progeny, many of whom have inherited Scamper's genetics. Of special note, the AQHA does not register cloned horses; however, breed registration is not required to compete in barrel racing or other PRCA and WPRA sanctioned rodeo events. ## Career earnings The NFR takes place on 10 consecutive days. At the end of the NFR, there are two barrel racing champions: the World Champion, who completed the year by earning the most money during the season and the finals combined; and the Average champion, who won the NFR by having the best aggregate time. It is possible the two champions may be the same person. The WPRA has recorded the following earnings for James: - 1984 – \$53,499 - 1985 – \$93,847 - 1986 – \$151,969 - 1986 – Leading money earner in professional rodeo - 1987 – 1987 – \$120,002 - 1988 – \$130,540 - 1989 – \$96,651 - 1990 – \$130,328 - 1990 – Charmayne crosses the million-dollar milestone - 1991 – \$92,403 - 1992 – \$110,867 - 1993 – \$103,609 - 1995 – \$50,345 - 1996 – \$49,995 - 1997 – \$54,442 - 1998 – \$116,325 - 1999 – \$88,520 - 2000 – \$146,000 - 2001 – \$129,270 - 2002 – \$186,405 ## Honors - 2017 ProRodeo Hall of Fame - 2016 New Mexico Sports Hall of Fame - 2011 Texas Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame - 2002 Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame - 1999 St. Paul Rodeo Hall of Fame - 1996 "Scamper" inducted into ProRodeo Hall of Fame - 1992 National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame - 1988 Ellensburg Rodeo Hall of Fame - 1986 Panhandle Sports Hall of Fame, Amarillo, Texas	[ "## Early history", "## ProRodeo career", "### The bridleless win", "## Retirement", "## Clayton", "## Career earnings", "## Honors" ]	2,443	6,184
2,217,651	KELO-TV	1,172,418,058	CBS/MyNetworkTV affiliate in Sioux Falls, South Dakota	[ "1953 establishments in South Dakota", "CBS network affiliates", "Ion Mystery affiliates", "Ion Television affiliates", "MyNetworkTV affiliates", "Nexstar Media Group", "Television channels and stations established in 1953", "Television stations in Sioux Falls, South Dakota" ]	KELO-TV (channel 11) is a television station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States, affiliated with CBS and MyNetworkTV. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, and maintains studios on Phillips Avenue in downtown Sioux Falls; its transmitter is located near Rowena, South Dakota. KELO-TV is broadcast by three high-power semi-satellites—KDLO-TV in Florence (channel 3, serving Watertown), KPLO-TV in Reliance (channel 6, serving Pierre), and KCLO-TV in Rapid City (channel 15). These transmitters and others, together branded as the KELOLAND Media Group, broadcast KELO programs to all of South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, and northwestern Iowa, an area the station calls "KELOLAND". In the Sioux Falls media market—including central and eastern South Dakota—KELO-TV has long been the dominant television station in ratings and local news coverage. It was the first in South Dakota, beginning broadcasting in May 1953, and was built by Midcontinent Broadcasting, owner of KELO (1320 AM); originally an affiliate of NBC, it switched to CBS in 1957. KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV were built in the mid-1950s, expanding the station's geographic reach, while an expansion to Rapid City took place in the early 1980s. Young Broadcasting acquired the KELO television stations in 1996. Mergers and acquisitions in the 2010s resulted in ownership passing from Young to Media General to Nexstar. ## History ### Midcontinent ownership In May 1950, Midcontinent Broadcasting, owner of KELO (1320 AM), filed the first application to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a television station in South Dakota. The application would not be considered for several years, as the FCC was in the midst of a four-year freeze on the grant of new TV station applications, but no opposition was received when the freeze was lifted in April 1952, and KELO-TV received a construction permit on November 20, 1952. Construction proceeded quickly, though a change in the antenna specified required a different type of tower than was originally specified. Renovations were made to the existing KELO radio studios at 8th Street and Phillips Avenue, which had been planned for future television use. KELO-TV began broadcasting on May 20, 1953, after putting on a test pattern the day before; it was a primary affiliate of NBC, matching KELO radio, though it also carried programs from CBS, ABC, and DuMont. There were no television cameras or local studio programs because they were too expensive; it was two years before the station had its own cameras. Power was increased in 1954, extending service to many rural areas outside of Sioux Falls, and the station also became interconnected with network coaxial cable to make live broadcasts possible. Midcontinent partner Joe L. Floyd became nationally recognized for his advertising in trade publications, designed to help KELO radio and television court sponsors and their programs: the ads featured Floyd smoking a cigar with the tagline, "I'm Joe Floyd. I consider myself a helluva salesman." The ads were recognizable enough that mention of them was made in Broadcasting magazine's obituary upon his death in 1992. Shortly after, in late 1954, Midcontinent began applying for additional full-power stations in eastern South Dakota as part of a strategy to increase the station's audience. In December 1954, it applied to build KDLO-TV at Florence to serve Watertown; that station began broadcasting on September 28, 1955. This occurred even though KELO-TV had lost its original tower in a storm and needed temporary facilities just to send its programs to Florence. KELO then filed in April 1956 to move channel 6 from Pierre to Reliance; fending off overtures from other stations in the area, the construction permit was approved in December 1956, and KPLO-TV began broadcasting on July 12, 1957. The addition of these facilities expanded the coverage area and vaulted Sioux Falls into the top 100 media markets in the United States, making the KELO stations highly profitable. KELO-TV and its satellites perfectly matched the flow of goods through South Dakota, which centered on Sioux Falls, boosting advertising revenues; this would not be the case when Midcontinent attempted to replicate the formula with WKOW-TV in Madison, Wisconsin, where Madison was not the state's primary merchandising hub. These new transmitters brought growing audiences to KELO-TV's local programming. In 1955, Midcontinent sent Dave Dedrick to the other station it owned at the time, WMIN-TV in Minneapolis. That station, also on channel 11, had a Captain 11 children's show. Dedrick, who also served as a weatherman for KELO, shadowed the children's host in Minneapolis, then returned to Sioux Falls to start his own Captain 11. In Sioux Falls, the program ran for 41 years, enduring decades of changes in children's television and Dedrick's own struggles with alcoholism, before his retirement in December 1996, culminating a 52-year involvement with KELO radio and television. One local program was shared between two stations: The Big Bowl, a bowling program in which Sioux Falls contestants faced off against those from Sioux City, Iowa, produced by that city's KVTV/KCAU-TV. KELO radio and television switched their primary affiliations to CBS beginning in September 1957, though they remained NBC primary affiliates through June 1958 and KELO-TV continued to provide programs from all networks. CBS had made a good offer at the same time that NBC denied Floyd an increase in network compensation fees for carrying its programming, fees that Floyd felt justified based on the station's performance. New studios were built at 13th and Phillips streets in 1959. The station received competition when KSOO-TV (channel 13, now KSFY-TV) began in July 1960 as the new NBC affiliate. A full-time ABC affiliate was not broadcast in the region until 1967, when KCAU-TV in Sioux City switched from CBS. It did so in part because KELO-TV was building a 2,000 feet (610 m) broadcast tower at Rowena in collaboration with KSOO-TV. The Sioux City station advertised in the Argus Leader in Sioux Falls, staking a claim to be the ABC affiliate for both Sioux City and Sioux Falls. Local programs were telecast in color from KELO-TV for the first time in September 1968. A guy wire on the KELO–KSOO tower at Rowena was clipped by a North Central Airlines airplane on June 24, 1968, and collapsed; the aircraft landed safely on one engine. KELO-TV reverted to its former site near Shindler, South Dakota, for 11 months while the Rowena tower was rebuilt; litigation promoted by Midcontinent against North Central Airlines related to damages from the reduced coverage area stretched into January 1975. That month, on January 11, the Rowena mast toppled again, this time in an ice storm; KSFY-TV, with no backup facility, found itself suddenly unable to air Super Bowl IX, and arrangements were made for KELO to telecast the contest. Again, KELO-TV broadcast from the Shindler tower until December, when the replacement was put into service. Ice storms have since felled other towers used by KELO-TV's satellites; KDLO-TV lost its tower in 1977 and again in December 2022, while KPLO-TV lost its tower on Medicine Butte in 2010 and did not broadcast for two months. While Midcontinent had first received and surrendered a permit for a Rapid City TV station in 1954 and then obtained an option on a transmitter site in Rapid City in 1962, KELO-TV did not expand to western South Dakota until September 1981, when it launched KPLO-TV translator K15AC. This brought CBS programming back to the area; the last full-time CBS affiliate in that market had been KRSD-TV, which closed in February 1976. K15AC was upgraded to a full-power station as KCLO-TV in November 1988. KCLO-TV initially aired programming on an hour delay from KELO in order to timeshift it for the Mountain Time Zone, unlike the translator, but this practice was abandoned permanently in January 1991 amid the Gulf War. ### Young Broadcasting ownership On January 12, 1996, Midcontinent Media announced that it had sold KELO-TV and its satellites to Young Broadcasting for \$50 million. Young assumed control on May 31, 1996; it laid off 13 employees, stating that KELO-TV was overstaffed for a station of its market size. In 1999, the station was given the National Association of Broadcasters Friend in Need Television Award for outstanding service in the face of natural disasters after helping lead efforts to rebuild tornado-ravaged Spencer, South Dakota. KELO-TV along with KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV started a second subchannel, UTV (renamed KELOXTRA in 2021), with the market's UPN affiliation on March 15, 2004. UPN programs had been seen in Sioux Falls on KCPO-LP (channel 26); while the change technically increased the coverage area of UPN programming, it made it a digital-only service as opposed to analog KCPO-LP. This limited the number of viewers who could tune in at the time, as not everyone had digital-capable TVs in 2004. UTV became the MyNetworkTV affiliate in Sioux Falls in 2006; The CW went to WB affiliate KWSD-TV, owned by Rapid Broadcasting. UTV is not broadcast in Rapid City; in that market, the MyNetworkTV affiliation went to Rapid-owned KKRA-LP when the network launched in 2006. ### Media General and Nexstar ownership On June 6, 2013, Young Broadcasting announced that it would merge with Media General. The merger was approved by the FCC on November 8, after Media General shareholders approved the merger a day earlier; it was completed on November 12. Media General was in turn acquired by Nexstar Broadcasting Group in a sale announced in January 2016 and completed on January 17, 2017. ## News operation KELO-TV is the longstanding local news leader in the Sioux Falls market, with ratings that have often outdistanced KSFY and KDLT combined. When ruling on a merger of KSFY and KDLT, the FCC found that KELO had the majority of advertising revenue and substantial majority of news viewers in the market. It long saw itself as competing with the Argus Leader newspaper, not the other local stations. The first local newscasts on KELO-TV—before the station had its own cameras—were produced with a method Floyd called "live film". The evening news was filmed in the afternoon, developed, and then played back at the transmitter site. A simulated phone call created an opening for a live announcer on site to insert the current weather information into the program. The news department expanded over time. In addition to its 6 and 10 p.m. evening newscasts, KELO added its first morning news, the half-hour Good Morning KELO-Land, in 1977. The Early News, the station's first 5 p.m. local newscast, debuted in 1982; it would be another 40 years before the station added a newscast at 4 p.m. in 2022. The station was the first in the market to present closed captioning in local newscasts in 1991, and it followed close behind KSFY-TV in obtaining a satellite newsgathering truck (in 1988) and in producing its local newscasts in high definition (in 2011). KELO-TV also had considerable stability in news personalities. Steve Hemmingsen co-anchored the station's local news from 1975 to 2000, estimating he presented some 18,000 newscasts by the time of his retirement. For much of that time, he was teamed with Doug Lund, who served 32 years from 1974 to 2006. Jim Burt, who had begun sports play-by-play at KELO radio in 1948 and crossed over to television when channel 11 went on the air, was the last remaining original employee of channel 11 when he retired in 1987. KELO began the deployment of regional Doppler weather radar units in 1997, with two sites in Huron and Beresford. A third radar at Wall was installed in 2001. ## Technical information ### Subchannels The stations' signals are multiplexed: ### Analog-to-digital conversion KELO-TV began broadcasting its digital signal on March 6, 2003. This followed work at Rowena to prepare the tower to broadcast digital service for KELO-TV and KSFY-TV. KELO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 32 to VHF channel 11 for post-transition operations. KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV did not provide digital service until the transition date. ## Rebroadcasters KELO-TV rebroadcasts programming over three full-service television station licenses, which operate as semi-satellites; two of these licenses, KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV, each operate a separately licensed translator to extend their respective signals. ### Translators of KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV - ' Aberdeen (translates KDLO-TV) - ' Pierre (translates KPLO-TV)	[ "## History", "### Midcontinent ownership", "### Young Broadcasting ownership", "### Media General and Nexstar ownership", "## News operation", "## Technical information", "### Subchannels", "### Analog-to-digital conversion", "## Rebroadcasters", "### Translators of KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV" ]	2,885	34,666
53,779,043	Typhoon Skip	1,171,924,389	Pacific typhoon in 1988	[ "1988 Pacific typhoon season", "1988 in the Philippines", "Tropical cyclones in 1988", "Typhoons", "Typhoons in the Philippines" ]	Typhoon Skip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yoning, was the final of three tropical cyclones in 1988 to directly impact the Philippines in a two-week time frame. Several areas of disturbed weather developed within the monsoon trough around November 1. One area situated to the south of Guam gradually became better organized, and by late November 3, the system was upgraded into a tropical depression, and a tropical storm later that day. Steady deepening ensued as Skip veered west and the cyclone was upgraded into a typhoon on November 5. The next day, Skip attained its maximum intensity of 145 km/h (90 mph). Shortly after its peak, weakening ensued as the storm tracked across the Philippines. This trend continued once the cyclone entered the South China Sea, initially as a severe tropical storm late on November 7. Slowing down in forward motion, Skip briefly turned west-northwest, then west and finally turned west-southwest before dissipating on November 12. Typhoon Skip brought widespread impact to much of the already battered country. On Cebu island, almost 20,000 people were trapped in floodwaters. Along the slope of the Mayon Volcano, 2,600 people had to be evacuated due to a landslide. On the remote island of Palawan, 74 people were killed. Elsewhere, most towns in the Capiz province on Panay Island were flooded. Two people were killed and more than 700 people were evacuated from the Aklan province. In the Iloilo province, on the eastern portion of Panay Island, almost 40 villages were under water and nearby roads were impassable. Seventeen homes were demolished, and two people were confirmed to have been killed because of a landslide in Pasacao in the province of Camarines Sur. Throughout the city, ten people perished. Throughout the province, up to 27 people died and at least 20 others were hurt. In the suburbs of Manila, thirteen people drowned, all in three suburbs, but city proper itself avoided the worst impact from Skip. Overall, 237 people were killed as a result of the typhoon while 35 other people were injured. Throughout the country, damaged totaled \$131.8 million (1988 USD). ## Meteorological history The first of two tropical cyclones to form in the basin during November 1988, Typhoon Skip originated from the winter-time monsoon trough dominated by easterly trade winds, a common signal of a La Nina event. Several areas of low pressure developed along the axis of the monsoonal trough. On November 1, an area of disturbed weather was noted near the Philippines; however, this would spawn Tropical Storm Tess instead. The next day, a second area of convection was noticed on weather satellite around 670 km (415 mi) southwest of Guam. At 00:00 UTC on November 3, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started tracking the system. Several hours later, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) followed suit. Satellite pictures at the time showed a well-defined center of circulation at the lower levels of the atmosphere and distinct curved banding features. Based on satellite images, intensity estimates of 55 km/h (35 mph), the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) at 07:00 UTC. Four hours later, the TCFA was re-issued. That evening, following an increase in satellite intensity estimates, both the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, the latter of which named it Skip. Skip, while taking the course of a typical "straight runner", the storm made its closest approach to Yap, passing around 100 km (60 mi) to the south. Tropical Storm Skip steadily intensified over a period of several days. Early November 4, the JMA upgraded Skip into a severe tropical storm. Six hours later, the JTWC estimated that Skip attained typhoon intensity, and the following morning, the JMA followed suit. At noon on November 5, the JTWC reported that Skip attained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), equivalent to a low-end Category 3 hurricane on the United States Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS). The same day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also started to follow the storm and assigned it with the local name Yoning. Continuing westward, the JTWC suggested that the typhoon attained winds equal to a Category 4 hurricane on the SSHWS at 00:00 UTC on November 6. At 06:00 UTC, the JTWC increased the intensity of Skip to 230 km/h (145 mph), just shy of super typhoon intensity. Six hours later, the JMA reported that Skip reached its peak intensity, with winds of 145 km/h (90 mph) and a barometric pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg). Early on November 7, Skip made landfall over Samar in the eastern Philippines. During the evening of November 7, Skip emerged into the South China Sea as a typhoon and severe tropical storm, according to both the JTWC and JMA respectively. Following a decrease in forward speed, Skip moved west-northwest to the south of a subtropical ridge for the next four days. By early November 10, the JTWC assessed the intensity at 155 km/h (95 mph) while the JMA reported winds of 95 km/h (60 mph). Rapid weakening then began; however, and the JTWC downgraded Skip to a tropical storm later that day. After Skip turned towards the southwest, the JTWC stopped tracking the system early on November 11. After turning west on November 11, and then finally moved to the northwest, Skip dissipated while the center was still offshore, about 220 km (140 mi) east-southeast of Danang on November 12. The remnants of Typhoon Skip continued the linger over the Gulf of Tonkin before fully dissipating. ## Preparations On November 6, storm warnings were posted in Samar, Leyte, and much of the Visayas chain, as well as, for the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon, which was just reeling from the effects of Typhoon Ruby and Tropical Storm Tess, in preparation for the typhoon. The next day, this alert was expanded into the northeastern provinces of Mindanao Island. Simultaneously, a lower level alert was issued for half of Luzon, including the capital of Manila. Small crafts were ordered to stay at port. Philippine Airlines canceled 75 domestic flights as the storm approached. The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) suspended all passenger ship service to ports in the Visayas Islands on November 6, stranding thousands of passengers in Manila and other major ports throughout the nation. Select Military Airlift Command flights to Japan and the United States left early to avoid the core of the typhoon. The city of Manila ordered all schools to close for a day. ## Impact and aftermath Across the Leyte island, the storm knocked nearly 200,000 people without power and caused \$400,000 (1988 USD) in damages. On Cebu island, in San Jose, 80% of the city was under water at the height of the storm. One person was killed in Cebu City. Island-wide, almost 20,000 people were trapped in floodwaters. Along the slope of the Mayon Volcano, landslides triggered by heavy rains forced 2,600 people to be evacuated from the slopes of the volcano. All roads were impassible and thirty-nine people were killed in Tablas Island. Elsewhere, three people drowned on Marinduque island. Two fatalities occurred in Tacloban. Two others were killed in Agusan. Skip triggered widespread flooding on the island of Palawan, especially on the southern part of the remote island. There, seventy four people were killed and ninety-five were initially listed missing. In a small hamlet of Gilligan on the island of Palawan, the Philippine Red Cross reported that 900 people lost their lives; however, authorities insisted only eight people were killed and that Tropical Storm Tess brought far worse impacts to the region. Nearby, eight casualties occurred in Mindoro. At least 10 small fishing boats went missing off Negros. Moreover, 14 of the 16 towns in Capiz province–located on Panay Island to the southeast of Manila–were flooded, resulting in hundreds of families being evacuated to schools and churches. Greater than 700 people were evacuated from low-lying areas of the Aklan province, where two people perished. In the Iloilo province, on the eastern part of Panay Island, close to 40 villages were under water. Roads around the provincial capital, Iloilo City, were impassible and two major bridges were washed away. Two major bridges were swept away by the typhoon. Throughout Panay Island, eight fatalities were reported, seven of which were drownings while another person was electrocuted by a downed power line. Seventeen homes were demolished, 23 people were buried, and ten bodies were recovered on a landslide in Pasacao in the province of Camarines Sur. Throughout the city, ten people, six of whom were children, were killed. Elsewhere in Camarines Sur, two children died in a tornado. Province-wide, 19 to 27 people perished and at minimum 20 were wounded. Unlike during Ruby, Manila avoided the inner core of Typhoon Skip, though there were reports of waist-high water in some neighborhoods, forcing residents to use wooden planks and tires to navigate the floodwaters. However, the suburb of Pasig, already inundated by Typhoon Ruby a couple weeks prior, faced additional flooding, resulting in the deaths of seven children. Throughout the metro area, thirteen people drowned, all in three suburbs. A freighter, the Sea Runner, sank in port on Bohol Island due to strong winds and heavy waves from Skip. All 17 crewmen escaped. However, the ship's cargo of 11,250 bags of cement was lost. Nineteen crewmen fled in a life raft when the tanker Ethane ran aground off a small island 110 mi (175 km) south of Manila. A passenger ship, the Sampaguita, sunk just offshore Zamboanga City in the extreme southern portion of the country but all passengers and crew were reported safe. Two small ships, however, were rendered missing. In all, the storm directly affected 3,027,601 people, or 318,968 families. Nationwide, 146 people were injured. Infrastructure damage totaled \$106.2 million (1988 USD), while damage to agriculture accumulated to \$16.5 million and damage totaled \$8.9 million in private properties. Overall, Skip was responsible for \$131.8 million in damage. Additionally, 144,136 people or 28,824 families were evacuated to shelters as a result of the flooding. In all, 237 people were killed due to Typhoon Skip. Since many roads in the devastated area were impassable, officials were forced to ferry relief goods to stranded residents by small boats and military helicopters. The Canadian Red Cross donated CD\$5,000, while the city of Ottawa donated CD\$150,000. ## See also - Typhoon Skip (1985) – a 1985 tropical cyclone that crossed between the Western and Central Pacific basins - Typhoons in the Philippines	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Preparations", "## Impact and aftermath", "## See also" ]	2,377	31,068
31,856,921	The Wrong Goodbye (Gossip Girl)	1,138,452,621	null	[ "2011 American television episodes", "Gossip Girl (season 4) episodes", "Television episodes about Jews and Judaism" ]	"The Wrong Goodbye" is the 87th episode of The CW television series Gossip Girl. It is also the 22nd and final episode of the fourth season. The episode was directed by Patrick Norris and the second finale in the series written by Joshua Safran. This also marks the second time that the show filmed a scene in California. "The Wrong Goodbye" aired on the CW in the United States on May 16, 2011, and was viewed live by an audience of 1.36 million Americans. Despite the low ratings, the episode garnered positive reviews from reviewers and critics. "The Wrong Goodbye" picks up where the previous episode had left off. Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) looks for a missing Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) who has been held hostage by an unstable Russell Thorpe (Michael Boatman). An erratic Charlie Rhodes (Kaylee DeFer) escapes the humiliation of being rejected by Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley). Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) and Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr) reluctantly join forces after discovering the secret behind Charlie's behavior. Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg) unexpectedly turns up at the event looking for trouble. Jessica Szohr makes her final appearance as Vanessa Abrams; her exit was noted as her highlight of season 4, with many critics praising Szhor's acting in her phone conversation with Dan. This episode also marks Connor Paolo's final appearance as Eric van der Woodsen until the series finale. ## Plot After discovering that Charlie has not been taking her medication, Serena and Vanessa reluctantly team up to find her. Chuck, Nate, Vanessa, and Serena soon encircle Dan, exclaiming that they need something from him. Chuck asks him where Blair is while Serena and Vanessa ask for Charlie's whereabouts. One of Blair's old friends reveals that Blair left the party. While accompanying Chuck to their apartment to look for Blair, Nate confesses that he told Raina (Tika Sumpter) everything behind her mother's death. Chuck reprimands Nate until Raina interrupts them to apologize. Blair is held hostage by Russell in Chuck's hotel. Pretending to escape, she calls Chuck on her phone, revealing her location. Russell explains his reason for kidnapping Blair: to burn down the hotel with her in it. A drunk Charlie is seen dancing wildly until Dan confronts her, but she escapes. Serena greets Headmistress Queller (Jan Maxwell), who expresses her concern with Serena's choice of staying in New York City, having hoped that Serena would find her place outside of the Upper East Side. Georgina offers her aid in their scheme but Dan, Vanessa, and Serena reject her help, going their separate ways to find Charlie. At Chuck's hotel, Chuck saves Blair while Raina stops her father. With the police arriving, Chuck offers Blair a limo ride, and a homesick Raina breaks up with Nate, intending to return to Chicago. Chuck proposes avoiding the Constance party by going to a bar mitzvah in a similar fashion to Death Takes a Holiday, which Blair accepts. Chuck and Blair have sex while Prince Louis (Hugo Becker) waits for Blair at Constance. While looking for Charlie at the loft, Vanessa spots Dan's novel and reads it. Dan calls her and is upset that she has been reading the novel, which she suggests that he publish despite the possible backlash. Realizing that he no longer cares about writing, Vanessa steals the novel after Dan angrily dismisses her. Serena stops Charlie from jumping off a window and Charlie expresses her envy towards Serena, aspiring to be like her until Serena admits her personal flaws to Charlie, who comforts her. Dan and Nate find Charlie and Serena and return to the party. Charlie makes a suspicious call to her mother and piques Georgina's interest, who gives her her number. Blair finds herself in a dilemma as her feelings for Chuck have resurfaced, arriving at the party to inform Louis of her decision but Chuck interrupts her, informing him that he has their blessing. Blair confronts Chuck for making a decision for her, but the two eventually settle their issues, and he lets her go. Three weeks later, Blair travels to Monaco to spend the summer with Louis while Serena goes to Montecito, Charlie departs for Miami, Chuck and Nate decide to travel together, and Lily (Kelly Rutherford) tells the family that her house arrest will end by autumn. Dan decides to spend summer in The Hamptons with Eric (Connor Paolo) and tells Rufus (Matthew Settle) that he has moved on from writing. Vanessa has Dan's novel published and leaves for Spain. While in California, Serena runs into a man who has been trying to convert one of her favorite novels into a movie, but finds herself being given a job instead. In Miami, Carol (Sheila Kelley) pays Charlie, who is actually a con artist named Ivy that was hired to gain access to her daughter's trust fund. Ivy's bag shows that she has stolen money from Carol and plans on returning to New York. A later scene shows a positive pregnancy test in a trash can at Blair's bathroom being thrown out by Dorota (Zuzanna Szadkowski). ## Production "The Wrong Goodbye" is the second part of the two-part season finale. Gossip Girl executive producer, Joshua Safran notes that the most important returning character of the show was Georgina Sparks and discussed working on a two-part season finale for the first time on the show. > "I think that it's really fun. It's always fun to have Georgina around. She justs stirs the pot in a major way. She sort of threads through all the major stories [...] sort of like a witness until she injects herself. And of course, returning to Constance, you can't return without Georgina.[...] So a lot of things are in play and a lot of things are happening [...], since we've never done a two-parter before, we wanted to load the gun with as many bullets as possible." Following her role in Green Lantern, news surfaced of Blake Lively leaving the show to further her acting career in Hollywood. IOL notes "Despite all talk of career trajectories and fanbase, Blake insists her choices are made through far simpler criteria and when asked about playing in a comic-book film says: 'It’s not really a suitable question because the decisions I make on parts come from a more emotional place. It has to be a character I connect with or someone I can have empathy with.'" New York Magazine and various media periodicals have also noted the possibility of Lively leaving the show. Serena and Georgina's dresses were designed by Jenny Packham and Marchesa, respectively. Blair wore an Alexis Mabille dress while Chuck wore a Ralph Lauren suit. ### Casting Oscar-nominated director David O. Russell made a cameo appearance in the show. Actor Ethan Peck reportedly landed a role in the show. Both stars were seen filming with Blake Lively in California. Peck made his debut in the season finale together with Russell. Tony Award-winning actress Jan Maxwell reprised her role as Headmistress Queller for the season finale. Hugo Becker remained ambiguous on whether he would be joining the series as a recurring or regular cast member during an interview with Zap2it, stating "the answer is in the finale." and hinted the possibility of a recurring role. Cecily von Ziegesar makes a cameo appearance during the finale and filmed her scenes with Lively. ### Music The Airborne Toxic Event made a special appearance as the band for the Constance Billard Alumni party, playing the song "Changing" from their sophomore album, All at Once. The band announced that they would performing in the finale on their website. ## Reception The Wrong Goodbye received positive reviews from critics and garnered an audience of 1.36 million viewers. New York Magazine drew out the references from past seasons and commented on how the season finale was written. "The Last Episode of the Fourth Season of the Greatest Show of Our Time felt in many ways like it might have been written to end the series, what with the many This Is Your Life moments (such as the return of Georgina Sparks and Blair's old minions Izzy and Kati), the wry references to episodes past, the wrapping up of story lines (including the revelation that Dan has been secretly novelizing his observations of the Upper East Side for the entire time we've thought we've "known" him), and the meaningful departure of its most marketable star to none other than Hollywood." Critical praise went to the storyline twist behind Charlie's identity, citing her as "the big “shocker” of the Gossip Girl finale" and the cameo appearance of Gossip Girl author, Cecily von Ziegesar. Television Without Pity included the episode in its gallery of "Season Finales 2011: The Best and Worst", declaring the finale as one of the best and stating that it "had a lot of storylines pay off" and "was our own little version of a fairy tale." Television Without Pity and Steve Marsi of TV Fanatic praised the return of Georgina, stating "Michelle had some of the show's funniest dialogue in a long time. She and Jack Bass have really made the last two weeks for me. It was great to have her back." When reviewing the final scene, Marsi commended the appearance of the positive pregnancy test to the audience, calling it "Quite the cliffhanger to leave us with after a finale that was already pretty darn entertaining. The show went out on a high note and next season could be even better." New York Magazine commented on the pregnancy test, insisting that "we’re pretending that positive pregnancy test didn’t exist." The Los Angeles Times' Judy Berman praised the finale, stating "[...] this year went out with a bang. I had my doubts and reservations, largely concerning Blair and Chuck, but I am surprised and pleased to report that I found the end of "Gossip Girl" Season 4 both exciting and satisfying." The return of Georgina Sparks was well-received as with Serena's development, with Berman citing Serena's confession with Charlie before she could plunge to her death. "This debacle, along with the events of this season in general, seems to have given S some perspective. Friends, she apologizes to Nate and Dan for leading them on and confesses to Charlie that her decision-making skills leave something to be desired! Even if lazy writing results in Serena falling into old habits next season, it's a pretty gratifying moment." Berman also questioned Vanessa's motive behind publishing Dan's novel "[...]it's impossible to know whether she's trying to do her old friend one last favor or profit from stirring up more drama in his life. Considering that Jessica Szohr won't be returning to the show in the fall, we may never find out." Berman also complimented the casting of director David O Russell calling it "one of the show's most delightfully random cameos ever". New York Magazine labeled Chuck and Blair's relationship as the "Longest-Delayed Breakup" of the season, adding that "the big news was that Blair and Prince Louis are somehow still together and engaged, with the wedding scheduled for November sweeps. We feel comfortable assuming that by then, Chuck will have regrouped enough to break things up more definitively."	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "### Casting", "### Music", "## Reception" ]	2,340	14,734
616,379	Cephalic Carnage	1,131,435,255	American death metal band	[ "1992 establishments in Colorado", "American grindcore musical groups", "American technical death metal musical groups", "Deathgrind musical groups", "Heavy metal musical groups from Colorado", "Musical groups established in 1992", "Musical groups from Denver", "Musical quintets", "Relapse Records artists" ]	Cephalic Carnage is an American death metal band formed in Denver, Colorado in 1992. The band comprises vocalist Lenzig Leal, guitarists Steve Goldberg and Brian Hopp, drummer John Merryman and bassist Nick Schendzielos. Cephalic Carnage has released six studio albums and toured in North America, Europe and Japan. Cephalic Carnage play a technically proficient deathgrind style, progressively experiment with other genres, and incorporate songs of joke nature into their albums, such as parodies of black metal or metalcore. They refer themselves as "rocky mountain hydro grind". ## History ### Conforming to Abnormality, Exploiting Dysfunction (1992–2001) Cephalic Carnage formed in Denver, Colorado, in 1992 by vocalist Lenzig Leal, former drummer Anthony Chavez, and guitarist Zac Joe. The trio recorded a demo EP titled Scrape My Lungs in 1993, but then took a break until 1996, when they recruited drummer John Merryman, guitarist Steve Goldberg and bassist Doug Williams. Merryman also collaborated with Secret Chiefs 3. Soon after the reformation, their second demo EP Fortuitous Oddity was released. During 1997, Cephalic Carnage financed its own tour across the United States. In 1998, the band caught the attention of Italian record label Headfucker Records, which released the band's debut album Conforming to Abnormality that year. Williams left in 1999 and joined Origin. He was replaced by Jawsh Mullen, and the band toured at the Milwaukee Metalfest in 1998, the Dallas Grindfest, the Ohio Deathfest and the Denver Hatefest in 1999. In 2000, Cephalic Carnage signed to the American heavy metal record label Relapse Records and released its second album Exploiting Dysfunction, which included a tour with Napalm Death and The Dillinger Escape Plan. ### Lucid Interval and Anomalies (2002–2006) Lucid Interval, the band's third album, was recorded in early 2002 and released in August that year. The band toured a month later in Canada and subsequently in the U.S. with German thrash metal veterans Kreator and Destruction. In May 2003, the band undertook the "North American Contamination" tour alongside Mastodon and others. That September, Cephalic Carnage and Madball supported Hatebreed on the North American "Rise of Brutality" tour. In September 2004, the band recorded its next album, Anomalies, with producer Dave Otero. Darren Doane directed a promotional music video for "Dying Will Be the Death of Me", which premiered at MTV's Headbangers Ball. The song parodies American metalcore with its music, lyrics and vocals. In March 2005, Anomalies was released, and the band toured in North America once again. Mullen exited in January 2006 to prioritize his education and other acts, and the band soon found replacement Nick Schendzielos. In March, the band's recording studio was robbed. They played several shows in the United States in April, and an extensive European tour followed in June with Darkest Hour. ### Xenosapien (2007–2009) The band recorded its next studio album between November and December 2006, and its release was set for May 2007 under the title Xenosapien. In March 2007, the band supported Brujeria on U.S. dates and subsequently embarked on "Xenosapien World Tour", which started in continental Europe on May 4, continued in United Kingdom and Ireland in May and resumed in the "Summer Slaughter" trek (dubbed the "Summer's Laughter" by band members) across the U.S. throughout June and July along with Decapitated among others. The band also filmed a music video for the song "Endless Cycle of Violence". On November 20, 2007, the band's van was robbed. Their "recent earnings from the tour (close to \$4,000), a laptop with more than \$2,000 in music-software programs loaded, an iPod and various personal items" were stolen. Cephalic Carnage reissued Conforming to Abnormality under Relapse Records on April 29, 2008. Cephalic Carnage participated in a "mini-tour" of Japan in May 2009, performing in Osaka, Nagoya and Tokyo. In June 2009, Cephalic Carnage, along with Cattle Decapitation and Withered, pulled out of the Blackenedfest tour due to organization problems and said they were "getting on with writing the next full length, (...) as well as finishing construction of our late night poutine stand, where we will serve country-fried giraffe eggs and your favorite French-Canadian specialty." In October 2009, the band released a music video for the song "Vaporized" while writing a new album and announced a planned concert DVD entitled Live at Your Mom's House. ### Misled by Certainty (2010–present) Cephalic Carnage began recording their new album, Misled by Certainty, in May 2010. It was released August 31, 2010 by Relapse Records. They also reissued Lucid Interval on September 13, 2011. ## Musical style AllMusic describes the style of Cephalic Carnage as "crazy concoction of truly experimental grindcore, death metal, and jazz". Their music varies from death-grind, technical death metal, occasional surf rock, instrumental, to flamenco interludes or violin-and-sax ambient jams. Their early style is typically progressive and technically proficient, with some comedic songs. Their later work developed into a more experimental, complex direction. Cephalic Carnage is also known for its humorous songs. Popmatters points out some examples: "On past albums, the band has taken satirical swipes at the overtly image-oriented black metal ("Black Metal Sabbath") and the oversaturated, angst-ridden metalcore sound ("Dying Will Be the Death of Me"), and even in live settings, they're not above taking the odd spontaneous piss-take to bring some levity to a situation. One notorious YouTube clip has a fight starting in the pit at a Cephalic show in Toronto, and in an inspired moment, the band launches into a rousing excerpt from "Eye of the Tiger", to a raucous ovation from the kids." ## Members ### Current members - Lenzig Leal – lead vocals (1992–present) - John Merryman – drums (1996–present) - Steve Goldberg – rhythm guitar (1996–present) - Nick Schendzielos – bass, backing vocals (2006–present) - Brian Hopp – lead guitar (2010–present) ### Former members - Anthony Chavez - drums (1992-1995) - Zac Joe – lead guitar (1992–2010) - Doug Williams – bass (1996–1998) - Jawsh Mullen – bass (1998–2006) ### Timeline ## Discography ### Studio albums - Conforming to Abnormality (1998) - Exploiting Dysfunction (2000) - Lucid Interval (2002) - Anomalies (2005) - Xenosapien (2007) - Misled by Certainty (2010) ### Extended plays - Halls of Amenti (2002) - Digital Carnage (2005) ### Demos - Scrape My Lungs (1994) - Fortuitous Oddity (1996) - Promo 1997 (1997) ### Splits - Cephalic Carnage / Adnauseam (1998) - Impaled / Cephalic Carnage (1999) - Perversion... and the Guilt After / Version 5.Obese (2002) - HF Seveninches Collection Vol. 1 (2008)	[ "## History", "### Conforming to Abnormality, Exploiting Dysfunction (1992–2001)", "### Lucid Interval and Anomalies (2002–2006)", "### Xenosapien (2007–2009)", "### Misled by Certainty (2010–present)", "## Musical style", "## Members", "### Current members", "### Former members", "### Timeline", "## Discography", "### Studio albums", "### Extended plays", "### Demos", "### Splits" ]	1,701	22,720
67,114,347	2021 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game	1,153,745,744	null	[ "2020–21 NCAA Division I women's basketball season", "2021 in sports in Texas", "April 2021 sports events in the United States", "Arizona Wildcats women's basketball", "Basketball competitions in San Antonio", "College sports tournaments in Texas", "NCAA Division I women's basketball championship games", "Stanford Cardinal women's basketball", "Women's sports in Texas" ]	The 2021 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game was the final game of the 2021 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament, when the Stanford Cardinal defeated the Arizona Wildcats to become the national champions for the 2020–21 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The game was played on April 4, 2021, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. ## Participants The 2021 championship game was the seventh to feature two teams from the same conference and the first to feature two teams from the Pac-12 Conference. Stanford and Arizona met twice during the regular season, with Stanford winning both meetings. The Cardinal recorded an 81–74 win on the road on January 1, 2021, and defeated the Wildcats again at home, 62–48, on February 22, 2021. The championship game was the 86th meeting all-time between the teams, with Stanford leading the series 71–14. Regardless of the game's result, the winner was guaranteed to have been first national champion from the Pac-12 Conference since Stanford in 1992. ### Arizona Arizona, led by fifth-year head coach Adia Barnes, finished the regular season with a record of 15 wins and 4 losses (15–4), including wins over three teams ranked in the AP top 25 poll. The Wildats recorded a 13–4 conference record, earning them the No. 2 seed in the Pac-12 tournament, where they defeated No. 7 seed Washington State in the quarterfinals but fell in the semifinals to No. 3 seed UCLA. They were awarded an at-large invitation to the NCAA tournament, given to teams that did not win their conference tournament but receive invites to the NCAA tournament anyway, and received the No. 3 seed in the Mercado Regional. In the tournament, they defeated No. 14 seed Stony Brook and No. 11 seed BYU to reach their second Sweet Sixteen. With their next win, against No. 2 seed Texas A&M, Arizona advanced to the Elite Eight for the first time in program history, where they then defeated No. 4 seed Indiana to reach the Final Four. In the Final Four, Arizona led wire-to-wire in an upset of No. 1 UConn to reach their first national championship. ### Stanford Stanford, led by 35th-year head coach Tara VanDerveer, finished the regular season with a record of 22–2, including wins over five ranked teams. The Cardinal recorded a 19–2 conference record, earning them the No. 1 seed in the Pac-12 tournament, where they defeated No. 8 seed USC, No. 5 seed Oregon State, and No. 3 seed UCLA en route to their 14th Pac-12 tournament championship. By virtue of winning their conference tournament, they were awarded an automatic invitation to the NCAA tournament, where they received a No. 1 seed and were placed into the Alamo Regional. In the NCAA tournament, they defeated No. 16 seed Utah Valley and No. 8 seed Oklahoma State to reach the Sweet Sixteen for the 27th time in program history. The Cardinal then defeated No. 5 seed Missouri State and No. 2 seed Louisville to win the Alamo Regional and reach their 14th Final Four. In the Final Four, Stanford defeated fellow No. 1 seed South Carolina by one point to reach their fifth title game; they entered seeking their third national championship. ## Starting lineups ## Game summary The game, played at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, began at 5:00 p.m. CDT. Shortly after tip-off, Stanford quickly took control of the contest. Both teams led briefly early in the first quarter before Lexie Hull took the lead for the Cardinal with 7:57 to play; they retained that lead for the remainder of the quarter, going on a 12–0 run and forcing the Wildcats to take an early timeout. The teams then traded two-point field goals before Trinity Baptiste scored a three-pointer to cut the Cardinal lead to 16–8; those points were the last of the quarter. Arizona started the second quarter well, scoring twice to cut the lead to four before the teams traded shots. The Wildcats went on a run of their own from the late first quarter to the start of the second, a 12–2 span that put Arizona down by just one. Ashten Prechtel's layup with 6:21 on the clock put an end to the run, but a pair of free throws by Shaina Pellington shortly thereafter cut the Cardinal lead to one. Some moments later, a Pellington layup gave Arizona their first lead since the game was 3–2 in the first quarter. From there, the remainder of the half was controlled by the Cardinal, as they sparked an 11–0 run that put them up by ten before an Arizona layup and free throw cut the deficit to seven, where it remained until the buzzer. The teams played evenly for much of the third quarter; entering up seven, Stanford traded baskets with Arizona before a pair of layups put the Cardinal up by 11. Aari McDonald quickly made a three-pointer and a pair of free throws to cut the lead to six, but Stanford responded with a couple of two-point baskets of their own to reestablish their double-digit lead. Over the remainder of the quarter, Arizona forced several turnovers on a 9–2 run to bring the margin down to three. Stanford started the final quarter strongly, making three field goals in the first three minutes to extend their lead to eight. Aari McDonald made a three-pointer, to which Cameron Brink responded with a dunk, before Arizona's offense converted several shots to cut the margin to a single point. With 2:24 to play, Stanford's Haley Jones completed a three-point play to make the score 54–50. From there, the only points scored were three free throws by Aari McDonald; despite a turnover on a shot clock violation by Stanford with six seconds left, the Wildcats were unable to overcome the one-point deficit, giving Stanford their third national title and first since 1992. With Tara VanDerveer having been Stanford's head coach since 1985 (taking the 1995–96 season off to coach the US women's national team at the 1996 Summer Olympics) and thus having coached all three of the program's national title teams, the 29-year gap between her most recent national titles is the longest in NCAA Division I history for a head coach in any sport. ## Media coverage The Championship Game was televised in the United States by ESPN. ## See also - 2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball championship game - 2021 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament	[ "## Participants", "### Arizona", "### Stanford", "## Starting lineups", "## Game summary", "## Media coverage", "## See also" ]	1,413	18,447
26,189,120	Peter Prevc	1,159,741,706	Slovenian ski jumper	[ "1992 births", "21st-century Slovenian people", "FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping", "Living people", "Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics", "Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics", "Olympic bronze medalists for Slovenia", "Olympic gold medalists for Slovenia", "Olympic medalists in ski jumping", "Olympic silver medalists for Slovenia", "Olympic ski jumpers for Slovenia", "Prevc family", "Ski jumpers at the 2010 Winter Olympics", "Ski jumpers at the 2014 Winter Olympics", "Ski jumpers at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "Ski jumpers at the 2022 Winter Olympics", "Skiers from Kranj", "Slovenian male ski jumpers", "World record setters in ski flying" ]	Peter Prevc (; born 20 September 1992) is a Slovenian ski jumper. He won the 2016 Ski Jumping World Cup overall title and four Olympic medals, including gold at the 2022 Winter Olympics in the mixed team event. He also won the 2016 Four Hills Tournament and 2016 Ski Flying World Championships, three consecutive Ski Flying World Cup overall titles (2014, 2015, and 2016), silver and bronze medals at the 2013 Ski Jumping World Championships, bronze at the 2014 Ski Flying World Championships, and bronze and silver with the Slovenian national team at the 2011 Ski Jumping and 2018 Ski Flying World Championships, respectively. A specialist in ski flying, Prevc is a former world record holder and the first athlete in history to land a jump of 250 metres (820 ft), which remains the Slovenian national distance record. In 2015, in Planica, Prevc became one of the few ski jumpers in history to achieve a "perfect jump", with all five judges awarding him the maximum style points of 20. In the following year, Prevc achieved the most individual World Cup competition wins in a single season – 15 – which is also a record. Prevc was named Slovenian Sportsman of the Year for four consecutive years between 2013 and 2016. In March 2016, he was voted Athlete of the Month by the United States Sports Academy and also ranked third in the Athlete of the Year voting for 2016. ## Early life Prevc was born in Kranj to Božidar and Julijana Prevc; the family has since been living in the village of Dolenja Vas. He has two brothers and two sisters and is the oldest of five children. Both his brothers, Domen and Cene, and one of his sisters, Nika, are also FIS Ski Jumping World Cup jumpers. His father owns a furniture business and is also an international ski jumping referee. When younger, he trained cross-country skiing and also tried ski jumping. His mother is a librarian. Prevc attended the first half of his elementary school education in Selca, the second half in Železniki, and gymnasium in Kranj. At the age of nine, Prevc started training in ski jumping at the Bregarca K25 hill, located in Dolenja Vas. At the Junior World Ski Championships in February 2009, he finished 6th in the individual and 5th in the team event. ## Professional career ### 2009–10 to 2012–13: World Cup debut and early seasons Prevc made his World Cup debut in the 2009–10 season, finishing 22nd in Lillehammer, Norway, on 5 December 2009. In January 2010, at the Junior World Championships, Prevc won silver at the individual and bronze at the team event. In February 2010, he was a member of the Slovenian team at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, where he finished 7th in the individual normal hill and 16th in the individual large hill. Together with Robert Kranjec, Primož Pikl, and Mitja Mežnar, Prevc finished 8th in the team large hill event. He finished the World Cup season in the 35th place in the overall standings. In the 2010–11 season, Prevc first participated at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 in Oslo. Together with Kranjec, Jernej Damjan, and Jurij Tepeš, he won a bronze medal at the team large hill. At the end of the year, the ski jumping team was voted the Slovenian Sports Team of the Year by the Association of Slovene sports journalists. In March 2011, Prevc made his ski flying debut in Planica. In the sky flying team event, Prevc won his first World Cup podium, third place. In the overall standings, he finished the season in 24th place. In the 2011–12 season, Prevc recorded four top 10 finishes. In February, Prevc was a member of the team that won the first-ever World Cup team victory for Slovenia at the ski flying team event in Oberstdorf, together with Kranjec, Tepeš, and Jure Šinkovec. Prevc jumped 225.5 meters (which would equal the hill record) in the one-series event but fell hard after the landing and injured his shoulder. He needed surgery which meant he had to finish the season early and also missed out the Ski Flying World Championships in Vikersund. Although he missed the last five events of the season, Prevc finished 15th in the overall standings. In the 2012–13 season, Prevc won three World Cup team events in Zakopane, Willingen, and Planica. At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 in Val di Fiemme, Prevc won a silver medal at the individual large hill event and a bronze medal at the individual normal hill event. At the season's last two events in Planica, Prevc reached his first two individual World Cup podiums, a second and a third place. He finished the season 7th in the overall standings. At the end of the year, Prevc was voted the Slovenian Sportsman of the Year for the first time. ### 2013–14 and 2014–15: The runner-up In the 2013–14 season, Prevc recorded his first individual World Cup win in Kulm. Prevc won the season's ski flying title with second place at the same venue since there were only two scheduled ski flying events. He went on to win in Sapporo, which brought him to the top of the World Cup overall standings for the first time in his career, where he remained for the next couple of events. At the end of the season, he finished second in the overall rankings after Kamil Stoch of Poland. Prevc also won the last world cup event of the season in Planica, accumulating three wins and eleven podiums in total, which was his most successful season until then. At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, Prevc won a silver medal at the normal hill event and a bronze medal at the large hill event. At the FIS Ski Flying World Championships 2014, he took bronze after the last two out of four jumps were cancelled. The 2014–15 season was very successful for Prevc, with three wins and eleven more podiums in the World Cup. In addition, he won two team events and one third place with the Slovenian team. On 14 February 2015, Prevc set a new ski flying world record in Vikersund with a 250 m (820 ft) jump; this record was beaten the following day with a 251.5 metres (825 ft) jump by Anders Fannemel. On 20 March in Planica, Prevc achieved a "perfect jump" with all style referees awarding him maximum 20 points. At the same event, he also set a new hill record with 248.5 m. Prevc spent a couple of weeks at the top of the standings during the season. In the end, he had the same number of points as Severin Freund of Germany, but the overall title went to Freund because of the higher number of victories during the season (9 for Freund and 3 for Prevc). Prevc defended the ski flying title. At the 2015 World Championships, Prevc finished fourth on the large hill, thirteenth on the normal hill, and sixth with the Slovenian team at the team event. Prevc took two third places at the 2014–15 Four Hills Tournament, which secured him a third place in the overall tournament standing. ### 2015–16: The record-breaking season In the 2015–16 season, Prevc won 15 out of 29 World Cup events, the Four Hills Tournament, and the overall and ski flying titles. On 19 December in Engelberg, Peter and his younger brother Domen Prevc both finished on the podium as the first pair of brothers in World Cup history. With three wins and one third place, Prevc won the 2016 Four Hills Tournament, thus becoming the second Slovenian ski jumper to win the Tournament after Primož Peterka in the 1996–97 season. On 16 January at the Ski Flying World Championships in Kulm, Prevc became the ski flying world champion. The event consisted of three rounds, as the fourth round was cancelled because of strong wind. He set two hill records during the competition. On 14 February in Vikersund, Prevc won the event despite sliding upon landing (he remained on his feet nevertheless), which rarely happens in ski jumping. By winning the second event in Almaty on 28 February, Prevc secured his first World Cup title, six events before the end of the season. At the end of the season, Prevc broke several statistical records. He won the highest number of points, victories, and podium finishes in a single season (2303 points, 15 victories, and 22 podiums in total, the previous records being 2083 points, 13 victories, and 20 podiums by Gregor Schlierenzauer from the 2008–09 season). Other records include the point difference between the first and the second in the overall standings (813), the best average of points per event (79.4), and the highest number of points in the Four Hills Tournament (1139.4). By winning the ski flying title, Prevc became the first ski jumper to win the title for three years in a row. ### 2016–17 At the first event of the 2016–17 season in Ruka, Finland, Prevc, who was leading after the first series, fell upon landing in the second series and finished third. His brother Domen scored his first World Cup victory on that occasion. Throughout December, Prevc was struggling with his jumps, fell again upon landing at the first event in Engelberg and did not reach the final round at the second event. After the Four Hill Tournament, where he finished 14th, Prevc skipped the events in Wisla. Following the break, his results started to improve again. Prevc was the best individual in the team event in Zakopane, where the Slovenian team finished third. The team event in Willingen saw, for the first time, all three Prevc brothers representing Slovenia; together with Tepeš, they finished fourth. On 11 February, he won his only event of the season in Sapporo; it was a double win with Maciej Kot. Prevc's best result at the World Championships was a fourth place in the mixed event. He collected five more top 10 World Cup finishes by the end of the season. He finished 9th in the overall and 5th both in the sky flying and in the inaugural Raw Air standings. ## Major tournament results ### Winter Olympics ### FIS Nordic World Ski Championships ### FIS Ski Flying World Championships ## World Cup results ### Standings ### Individual wins ### Individual starts ## Awards and nominations	[ "## Early life", "## Professional career", "### 2009–10 to 2012–13: World Cup debut and early seasons", "### 2013–14 and 2014–15: The runner-up", "### 2015–16: The record-breaking season", "### 2016–17", "## Major tournament results", "### Winter Olympics", "### FIS Nordic World Ski Championships", "### FIS Ski Flying World Championships", "## World Cup results", "### Standings", "### Individual wins", "### Individual starts", "## Awards and nominations" ]	2,357	29,824
3,310,762	Doomsday (Doctor Who)	1,173,864,220	Episode of Doctor Who	[ "2006 British television episodes", "Cybermen television stories", "Dalek television stories", "Doctor Who stories set on Earth", "Fiction about supernovae", "Television episodes about parallel universes", "Television episodes set in London", "Television episodes set in Norway", "Television shows written by Russell T Davies", "Tenth Doctor episodes" ]	"Doomsday" is the thirteenth and final episode in the second series of the revival of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was first broadcast on 8 July 2006 and is the conclusion of a two-part story; the first part, "Army of Ghosts", was broadcast on 1 July 2006. The two-part story features the Daleks, presumed extinct after the events of the 2005 series' finale, and the Cybermen, who appeared in a parallel universe in the 2006 episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". Both species unexpectedly arrive on Earth at the conclusion of "Army of Ghosts". The episode marks the first conflict between the Daleks and the Cybermen in Doctor Who's 43-year history; the concept of the two species appearing on-screen together was first proposed in 1967, but was vetoed by Terry Nation, the creator of the Daleks. The episode also features Billie Piper's last appearance in the lead companion role as Rose Tyler; the final regular appearance of Noel Clarke as Rose's ex-boyfriend and previous companion Mickey Smith; and the first appearance of Catherine Tate as Donna Noble, the companion in the following episode, the fourth series and the sixtieth anniversary specials. The episode and its predecessor were filmed between November 2005 and January 2006, alongside the episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". Set mainly in the One Canada Square skyscraper in Canary Wharf, the episode's plot consists mostly of the Daleks and Cybermen waging a global war, with humanity on the verge of extinction in the cataclysm. The Tenth Doctor (David Tennant), the Tyler family, and Mickey Smith fight for their lives trying to reverse the situation. They are successful, but at an emotional cost to the Doctor and Rose, as they are left in separate universes. The episode is one of the most popular Doctor Who episodes since the show's revival. It was nominated, along with "Army of Ghosts", for the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form; the award was won by the fourth episode in the series, "The Girl in the Fireplace". It shared the revived series' highest Audience Appreciation rating of 89 with "The Parting of the Ways", "Silence in the Library", and "Forest of the Dead" until 28 June 2008—"The Stolen Earth" gained an AI rating of 91—and is favoured by most critics for both the Dalek–Cyberman conflict and the farewell scene between the Doctor and Rose. ## Plot In the Torchwood Institute's sphere chamber in One Canada Square, four Daleks known as the Cult of Skaro have emerged from the Void ship, along with the Genesis Ark, a prison ship built by the Time Lords to imprison the Daleks. The Cybermen who took control of Torchwood confront Dalek Thay, offering an alliance. It declines, killing two Cybermen. The Cyber Leader declares war on the Daleks. A strike team takes the Tenth Doctor to the parallel Earth to meet with Pete Tyler. The Doctor theorises that millions of Cybermen coming through from the parallel Earth to the Earth in the Doctor's universe is beginning the process that will lead to both planets falling into the Void. The Doctor explains that Pete is dead in his universe, but Pete's wife Jackie is alive. In the sphere chamber, the Doctor allows the Cybermen to enter and attack the Daleks. Mickey accidentally activates the Ark while escaping with the Doctor, Pete and Rose. Dalek Sec takes the Ark outside. Pete saves Jackie from the Cybermen and the two embrace. The Doctor then takes everyone to the control room. Outside, the Ark opens. Millions of Daleks pour out and begin killing humans and Cybermen on the ground. The Doctor explains that if he opens the breach and reverses it, anyone who has travelled between the two separate worlds will be pulled in, including Rose, Mickey and Pete. The Doctor sends them along with Jackie to the parallel Earth. Rose jumps back to help the Doctor. The Doctor and Rose open the breach and hang on to magnetic clamps as the Cybermen and Daleks are pulled into the Void, but Dalek Sec escapes using a temporal shift. Rose loses her grip and starts to fall towards the Void, but at the last second, Pete transports Rose back to the parallel Earth as the breach is closed. Some time later, Rose has a dream where she hears the Doctor's voice calling her. Rose, her parents, and Mickey follow the voice to a remote bay in Norway where the Doctor sends a holographic message through one last small breach between universes. Rose breaks down in tears and tells the Doctor that she loves him; before the Doctor can finish his reply, the breach seals completely and the Doctor's image disappears. In the TARDIS, a mysterious woman in a wedding dress appears in front of the Doctor. ## Production ### Conception The concept of the Daleks and Cybermen appearing together on screen is not new; in December 1967, the BBC approached Terry Nation to have both races in a serial, but Nation vetoed this idea. The concept came to Davies while mapping out the 2006 series: the story would both serve to resurrect the popular Daleks and provide a suitable exit for Piper, who had decided to leave Doctor Who after two series. "Doomsday" is the first episode in the history of Doctor Who where the Cybermen and the Daleks appear on-screen together; Cybermen and Daleks were both featured in The Five Doctors and "Army of Ghosts", but in separate scenes. The two-part finale was originally going to take place in Cardiff on the time rift, which was the focus of the episodes "The Unquiet Dead" and "Boom Town". When Torchwood was commissioned in 2005, Davies decided to base the spin-off in Cardiff and relocate "Army of Ghosts" and "Doomsday" to Canary Wharf in London. An item of discussion between the production staff was over who would rescue Rose; Davies and Julie Gardner wanted Pete to rescue her, while Clarke and Phil Collinson wanted Mickey. The role was ultimately given to Pete, to emphasise that he had accepted Rose as a surrogate daughter. The Doctor's intended reply to Rose was also discussed; Davies, who left the reply unspecified, stated he didn't know when asked by Collinson on the episode's commentary track, and Gardner vehemently believed the Doctor would reciprocate Rose's love. Some elements of the story were inspired by Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy. Pullman was "flattered" by the references in the episode, and compared Davies' actions to his own practice of referencing works. ### Filming To ensure that Clarke and Dingwall were available for filming, the story was filmed in the season's third production block with "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". Filming for the story started on 2 November 2005 on location in Kennington, London, but did not become the primary focus of the production crew until 29 November, when filming began on the scenes in and around the sphere chamber. The scenes of the Tyler family residence in Pete's World were filmed at Coedarhydyglyn on 21 November, and the subsequent scene of the Tylers driving through Norway was filmed at Bridgend on 6 December. Scenes in the lever room, the main setting for the story, were filmed on 12–15 December 2005 and 3–5 January 2006. Greenscreen work for Rose being sucked into the void took place on 13 January, and the skirmish between the military and Cybermen on the bridge was filmed on 15 January. Other location shooting took place at the Coal Exchange and Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff Bay. The penultimate scene of the episode, the Doctor's farewell to Rose, was filmed on 16 January 2006 at Southerndown beach in the Vale of Glamorgan, which was the last day of filming for Clarke and Dingwall. The shoot was rather emotional, to the point there were several tears on set. The last scene of "Doomsday", Catherine Tate's appearance in the TARDIS as Donna Noble (credited as "The Bride"), was filmed on 31 March during the wrap party. To ensure the secrecy of Rose's departure and Tate's appearance, only Piper and Tennant were given scripts of the departure scene, and director Graeme Harper was not informed of the final scene until the last possible second. ### Music As well as using existing music, such as the themes for the Daleks, Cybermen, and Rose, Murray Gold specially composed a piece of music for Rose's farewell entitled "Doomsday", which featured vocal work from Melanie Pappenheim. Instead of using the swelling violins that Davies and the rest of the production team had expected, Gold took a minimalist approach. When pitching the track to the production team, Gold described the track as representing Rose's unbridled energy and determination as she searches for the Doctor. He later said, "I wanted to get that kind of throbbing, sort of hurt sound of quite emotional rock, because I thought that's what Rose would do if she was hurting and ran up to her bedroom and locked herself in her room and had a good old cry, really." The piece uses the same vocal work from "Rose", when Rose first enters the TARDIS, thus creating a bookend effect. It is a favourite among fans and of executive producer Julie Gardner, and is one of the reasons, along with Pappenheim's overall contribution and the "Song for Ten" from "The Christmas Invasion", that the soundtrack of both series was released several months later. ## Broadcast, reception, and legacy ### Broadcast and pre-airing media blackout To protect as much information concerning the episode as possible, the final scene of "Army of Ghosts" was withheld from all pre-screeners given to reviewers. The BBC website's Fear Forecasters, a panel who rate the episodes, were not allowed to see "Doomsday" before its airing, and access to copies was restricted; the website thus does not have a Fear Forecast for the episode. Despite this, the Dalek Sec prop, which had been previously unused in the series, had invaded the stage at the 2006 BAFTA Television Awards while the production team were collecting an award. A similar moratorium would be placed on the following series' finale, "Last of the Time Lords". The episode's finalised average viewing figure was 8.22 million viewers and was, excepting World Cup games, the second most-watched television programme of the week, behind an episode of Coronation Street, and eighth most-watched overall. The companion episode of Doctor Who Confidential gained just over one million viewers, making it the second most watched programme on a non-terrestrial channel that week. The ratings for the episode were higher than the following World Cup match between Germany and Portugal, which had a million fewer viewers. ### Critical reception and later release "Doomsday" is one of the most popular episodes of the revived Doctor Who. It gained an audience Appreciation Index (AI) of 89, which was the highest figure for nearly two years—it was later surpassed by "The Stolen Earth", which had an AI of 91—and is the first episode of Doctor Who to receive a perfect 10 rating on IGN, who congratulated Davies on making an action-packed episode so emotional. Television Without Pity gave the episode an A+ rating. The Stage commented that the Dalek–Cybermen conflict was the "only thing worth watching" at the weekend, overshadowing even the World Cup Final, and that the parting scene was "beautifully written and movingly played," with "not a dry eye in the universe". Dek Hogan of Digital Spy felt that the episode was "beautifully balanced and with moments of high excitement and touching poignancy" and that the single oil tear shed by the Cyberman version of Hartman was a "nice touch". He criticised Catherine Tate's appearance as being unnecessary to end the episode and for "breaking the mood". Stephen Brook of The Guardian thought that the episode was "a highpoint of the modern series, highly emotional, scary and genuinely exciting", while Rose's departure was "brilliantly handled". He positively compared the episode's plot of a war between "the greatest monsters in the programme history" against the film Alien vs. Predator. After its initial airing, the episode was released on DVD, with "Fear Her" and "Army of Ghosts", on 25 September 2006. It was first aired on CBC Television on 19 February 2007. The story ("Army of Ghosts" and "Doomsday") was one of three from the second series of Doctor Who to be nominated for the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form; the other stories nominated were "School Reunion" and "The Girl in the Fireplace", the latter winning the award. In a 2014 poll by SFX, 90,000 readers voted the farewell scene between the Doctor and Rose as the greatest sci-fi moment ever.	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "### Conception", "### Filming", "### Music", "## Broadcast, reception, and legacy", "### Broadcast and pre-airing media blackout", "### Critical reception and later release" ]	2,737	39,791
1,325,895	SR N15X class	1,171,654,506	Design of British 4-6-0 steam locomotives converted from 4-6-4 tank locomotives	[ "4-6-0 locomotives", "Railway locomotives introduced in 1934", "Scrapped locomotives", "Southern Railway (UK) locomotives", "Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain" ]	The SR N15X class or Remembrance class were a design of British 4-6-0 steam locomotives converted in 1934 by Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway from the large LB&SCR L class 4-6-4 tank locomotives that had become redundant on the London–Brighton line following electrification. It was hoped that further service could be obtained from these locomotives on the Southern's Western Section, sharing the duties of the N15 class locomotives. The locomotives were named after famous Victorian engineers except for Remembrance, which was the LBSCR's memorial locomotive for staff members who died in the First World War. In their new form the locomotives were similar in outline to the N15 class, though suffered from the expectation amongst crews that they were an improved version of this type. Despite this, their ability to accelerate well was put to good use on cross-country trains between main lines. The class saw service into nationalisation in 1948. All had been withdrawn by 1957, with none preserved. ## Background With the impending electrification of the Southern Railway's Central Section (the former LB&SCR lines), the question arose as to what to do with the relatively new and powerful LB&SCR designs. Maunsell looked at the possibility of converting the LB&SCR “Remembrance” or L Class 4-6-4 tanks built by L. B. Billinton between 1914 and 1922. These Baltics had proved to be capable machines on the Brighton line, although their relatively low boiler pressure (170 psi or 1.17 MPa), the excessive difference between "first valve" and "second valve" on the regulator, and more particularly their small (8 in or 203 mm) piston valves in relation to their large (21 in or 533 mm) cylinders were a significant limitation, precluding their use on any other part of the Southern system. The limited coal and water capacity also limited their range, though adequate for the short runs on the Brighton line. The decision was taken to rebuild them into more conventional 4-6-0 tender locomotives. ## Conversion All seven of the Billinton L Class locomotives entered Eastleigh works in 1934 for rebuilding, each leaving the works the same year. Conversion into the 4-6-0 tender type, entailed removing the trailing bogie, water tanks, and bunker, shortening the mainframes and fitting new cabs; these were of the side-window variety already used on the Lord Nelson class. At the same time there was a revision of the locomotives' front end arrangement incorporating a "King Arthur" N15 type of blast pipe and chimney; boiler pressure was increased to 180 psi (1.24 MPa), whilst the piston diameter was marginally decreased from 22 in (559 mm) to 21 in (533 mm). The class received 5,000 imperial gallons (23,000 L; 6,000 US gal) bogie tenders from Robert Urie's S15 class and Southern-type smoke deflectors on either side of the smokebox. The result was classified N15X, the suffix corresponding to the old LBSCR designation for a rebuilt/modified locomotive. The conversion process created a locomotive that was similar in appearance to the N15 "King Arthur" class as modified by Maunsell in the 1920s. ### Naming the locomotives Two of the locomotives retained their original names: number 2333 Remembrance and 2329 Stephenson, whilst the other members of the L class, were newly named after famous railway engineers. The new locomotive names were suggested by Maunsell's assistant, Harry Holcroft, and were distributed as thus: 2327 Trevithick, 2328 Hackworth, 2329 Stephenson, 2330 Cudworth, 2331 Beattie, 2332 Stroudley, 2333 Remembrance 2333 Remembrance retained its name as it had been the LBSCR's designated memorial to employees lost in the First World War. However the original LBSCR nameplates were straight for water tank mounting, necessitating new rounded plates to fit over the central wheel splashers (see colour plate in infobox above). ## Operational details The rebuilding caused a certain amount of controversy among footplate crews, with some maintaining that one could not make so many changes and have a reliable locomotive at the end of the process. The class suffered on the South Western section from the expectation that they were an improved version of the N15 "King Arthur" class. Once this misconception was overcome, the class came into their own on the Basingstoke services, where their ability to accelerate well was put to good use. However, the rebuilds gained a reputation for rough riding and relatively poor efficiency when compared to the N15s, and were dissimilar in performance to the original L class locomotives, making them unpopular with crews. Because of this, the class was used on secondary duties, cross-country and inter-regional trains around Basingstoke rather than the heavy London to Exeter expresses for which they were intended. Several of the class were loaned to the Great Western Railway between 1942 and 1944 to assist in bolstering freight power, of which there was an acute shortage on that railway during the Second World War. The class saw use after nationalisation in 1948, but with increasing numbers of Bulleid Pacifics able to take over their duties the Remembrance class began to be withdrawn from service during the mid-1950s. Hackworth was the first to be withdrawn, in 1955, and finally Beattie in 1957. The early withdrawal of the class ensured that none were preserved. ## Accidents and incidents - In 1940, No. 2328 Hackworth was at the Nine Elms shed when it and LSWR T14 No. 458 and four LSWR Class N15 express engines which included 751 Etarre, No. 755 The Red Knight, No. 775 Sir Agravaine, and No. 776 Sir Galagars suffered air raid damage. The T14 engine was scrapped while the other engines were eventually repaired. - On 23 December 1955, locomotive No. 32327 Trevithick was hauling a passenger train that ran into the rear of another at Woking, Surrey. The locomotive was deemed beyond economic repair and was scrapped at Eastleigh Works, Hampshire. ## Livery and numbering ### Southern Under Southern ownership, the "Remembrances" were originally painted in Maunsell's Olive Green livery as seen above, with "Southern" and the locomotive's number on the tender tank. Wartime service under the Southern saw the locomotives painted in black livery with "Sunshine Yellow" lettering. Numbers allocated to the locomotives were 2327 to 2333. After the war, the locomotives were turned out in Bulleid's Southern Railway Malachite Green livery with "Sunshine Yellow" lettering. ### British Railways After nationalisation in 1948, the locomotives' initial livery was a slightly modified Southern Malachite Green livery, where "British Railways" replaced "Southern" in "Sunshine Yellow" lettering on the tender sides. From 1949, the class was turned out in British Railways mixed-traffic black livery with red and cream lining. The British Railways crest was placed on the tender water tank sides. Numbering was in the 32xxx series, as numbers 32327 to 32333.	[ "## Background", "## Conversion", "### Naming the locomotives", "## Operational details", "## Accidents and incidents", "## Livery and numbering", "### Southern", "### British Railways" ]	1,593	3,349
38,006,757	I Got a Boy (song)	1,171,955,875	null	[ "2013 singles", "2013 songs", "Billboard Korea K-Pop number-one singles", "Gaon Digital Chart number-one singles", "Girls' Generation songs", "Korean-language songs", "SM Entertainment singles", "Songs written by Will Simms", "Songs written by Yoo Young-jin" ]	"I Got a Boy" is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls' Generation for their fourth Korean-language studio album of the same name. It was released on January 1, 2013, by S.M. Entertainment and KT Music. Produced by the group's long-time collaborator Yoo Young-jin and Will Simms, the song is described as a hybrid of various genres including bubblegum pop, dance, and electropop. "I Got a Boy" was met with critical acclaim from music critics, who praised its eclectic sound and noted it as a "phenomenon" that could challenge popular Western artists like Katy Perry or One Direction. It was a commercial success domestically, debuting at top of the Gaon Digital Chart and has sold over 1.3 million digital copies in South Korea in 2013. Internationally, the single peaked at number 98 on the Japan Hot 100 and number 3 on the US World Digital Songs. A music video for the song was filmed in October 2012. It features hip hop-inspired dance moves choreographed by Nappytabs. It won the award for Video of the Year at the first YouTube Music Awards in 2013, which generated much attention for beating other popular nominees like Justin Bieber and Psy despite the fact that the group was considered lesser-known to the Western audience at the time. ## Background and composition “I Got a Boy” was composed and arranged by European composers Will Simms, Sarah Lundbäck Bell, Anne Judith Wik, and South Korean composer Yoo Young-jin, with the Korean lyrics written by Yoo Young-jin, who is also the group’s longtime collaborator. The song was recorded at S.M. Entertainment studio, SM Booming System, and was produced by Will Simms and Yoo Young-jin. The song was almost given to Missy Elliott before it was acquired by SM, where the A&R team “came up with various ideas by editing the song day and night.” Girls' Generation member Tiffany said the song's eclectic structure was in part inspired by the group's managers, who encouraged them to release bolder music that suited them more as they aged, saying, “We had discussed that we wanted to do something more challenging. This felt like it was it, because I had never heard anything like it yet. The song is a song that keeps giving.” "I Got a Boy" is a K-pop and dubstep-type song that is described as an eclectic mix of various genres. According to U.S. magazine Billboard, the track features elements of electropop and minimal drum and bass. The song also features nine distinct tonal shifts in the song, with Lundbäck Bell saying that SM Entertainment wanted it to sound like a musical showtune song, adding, "They said they really wanted to make the song into a musical feel, in the storyline. Because they really wanted the song to be about a girl that meets a boy and all her friends are telling her, like, ‘You’re an idiot. What can you see in this boy? He’s not good for you,’ and she's like ‘Well, I got a boy.’” On reviewing I Got a Boy album for the same publication, Jeff Benjamin noted dubstep elements on the song. Meanwhile, Rolling Stone's Nick Catucci opined that "I Got a Boy" was made up of a range of genres from minimal R&B to "high-BPM" dance. Writing for Time, Douglas Wolk described the track as a "monomaniacally charming" hybrid of bubblegum pop, dubstep, and hard rock. Meanwhile, AllMusic's David Jefferies characterized "I Got a Boy" as a mix of dubstep, EDM, and pop-rap. The song was composed in the key of E minor, with a tempo of 98 beats per minute. ## Music video and promotion On January 1, 2013, Girls' Generation performed "I Got a Boy" for the first time on their MBC comeback special Girls’ Generation’s Romantic Fantasy. To further promote the song, the group appeared on several South Korean shows in 2013 including Mnet's M! Countdown, KBS' Music Bank, MBC's Music Core, and SBS's Inkigayo. The music video for the song was directed by Hong Won-ki for Zanybros, and was choreographed by Nappytabs, who had worked with the group's labelmates TVXQ and BoA. It aired on Mnet and was released on S.M. Entertainment's YouTube channel on January 1, 2013. According to MTV's Liza Darwin, the costumes featured in the music video included streetwear fashion such as Kenzo x Opening Ceremony, Adidas Collection by Jeremy Scott and printed leggings; Stüssy's "Good Vibe" T-shirt, Obey's "OG Basic" crewneck, and Joyrich varsity jacket. In the sleepover scene, the girls are seen wearing clothes by UK independent label Lazy Oaf, such as a Batman shirt, a "fruity" T-shirt, and a "pizza crewneck". The fashion style in the visual was hailed as "a kaleidoscopic streetwear explosion", and the music video itself "a fashion whirlwind ... jam-packed with rad clothes". Clyde Barretto from Prefix magazine opined that the video was "more colorful than a rainbow" and featured "alluring" and "bombastic" dance moves. The video became an instant success on YouTube, achieving over 20 million views within six days and becoming the fastest K-pop video to achieve such a feat at its time of release. It reached 200 million views on November 3, 2017, and has since amassed over 247 million views on YouTube as of September 2021. ## Critical reception "I Got a Boy" received critical acclaim from music critics. The Los Angeles Times music critic Randall Roberts called it a "scattered anthem" and a "gleefully chaotic" song that could "indicate pop music's future trajectory." Billboard K-Town columnist Jeff Benjamin praised the song as "one of the most-forward thinking lead pop singles heard in any country" for its intense mix of different sounds and melodies, and commended Girls’ Generation for "[setting] the bar truly high for pop in 2013." Staff writers of Entertainment Weekly picked "I Got a Boy" as Girls' Generation "key track" and recommended the group as one of the fifteen "artists to watch" in 2013. Rolling Stone's contributor Nick Catucci described the song as a "musical gymnastics routine." Upon reviewing I Got a Boy album for AllMusic, David Jefferies named "I Got a Boy" a highlight on the album. Time named "I Got a Boy" the 5th best song on their Top 10 Songs of the Year list, calling it a "pop phenomenon" that rivals the likes of One Direction and Katy Perry. In August 2014, Pitchfork Media's Jakob Dorof listed the song as part of his 20 Essential K-Pop Songs Lists, writing that "I Got a Boy" helped "prove the adventurousness of K-pop’s listenership," and believed it was "perhaps the most structurally variable mega-hit since 'Bohemian Rhapsody'." In 2017, Billboard named the song number 21 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time. At the end of 2019, the publication named the song as one of the 100 songs that defined the 2010s as well as their fifth best K-pop song of the 2010s. ## Accolades The song was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards. The music video for "I Got a Boy" won the award for Video of the Year at the first YouTube Music Awards, held on November 3, 2013, at Pier 36 in New York City. Following the event, Girls' Generation received a considerable amount of negative feedback from Western audience as the group was not well known in the United States compared to other nominees for the same category including Psy, Justin Bieber and Lady Gaga. As a result of the controversial event, the music video gained 86,000 views on the awards day, up from 25,000 the day before. The following five days, it achieved an increase of 327% in viewership. ## Commercial performance "I Got a Boy" was a domestic success; it debuted atop the South Korean Gaon Singles Chart on the week commencing December 30, 2013, selling 319,824 copies within its first week of release. The following week, the single dropped to number four, selling 242,803 copies. The single sold over 1.35 million copies in South Korea in 2013, becoming the 13th best-selling single of the year in the country. On the K-pop Hot 100, "I Got a Boy" debuted at number 36 on the week of January 12, 2013. The following week, the single charted at number one on the chart and remained its peak for a further week. Furthermore, the song hit number 1 on 3 different main charts on Gaon: digital chart, streaming chart, download chart in January chart. It was also a success on South Korea's music programs, achieving the top spot on M Countdown (three consecutive weeks), and Music Bank (three consecutive weeks). Internationally, "I Got a Boy" became the fourth best-selling K-pop single in the United States in 2013, behind Psy's "Gangnam Style" and "Gentleman" and Big Bang's "Fantastic Baby". ## Credits Credits adapted from I Got a Boy album liner notes. ### Studio - SM Booming System – recording, mixing, digital editing - Sonic Korea – mastering ### Personnel - SM Entertainment – executive producer - Lee Soo-man – producer - Girls' Generation – vocals - Taeyeon – background vocals - Jessica – background vocals - Tiffany – background vocals - Seohyun – background vocals - Sunny – background vocals - Yoo Young-jin – producer, Korean lyrics, composition, arrangement, vocal directing, background vocals, recording, mixing, digital editing, music and sound supervisor - Yang Geun-young – background vocals - Will Simms – producer, composition, arrangement - Sarah Lundbäck Bell – composition, arrangement - Anne Judith Wik – composition, arrangement - Jeon Hoon – mastering - Kim Young-min – executive supervisor ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Monthly charts ### Year-end charts	[ "## Background and composition", "## Music video and promotion", "## Critical reception", "## Accolades", "## Commercial performance", "## Credits", "### Studio", "### Personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Monthly charts", "### Year-end charts" ]	2,210	34,427
8,723,506	Adamson Tannehill	1,173,869,294	American politician (1750–1820)	[ "1750 births", "1820 deaths", "American Presbyterians", "American people of Scottish descent", "Burials at Allegheny Cemetery", "Continental Army officers from Maryland", "Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania", "Drinking establishment owners", "People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution", "Politicians from Pittsburgh" ]	Adamson Tannehill (May 23, 1750 – December 23, 1820), an American soldier, politician, and civic leader, is representative of the United States’ founding generation whose members were active participants in the early military and political events of their country's establishment. Born in Frederick County, Maryland, Tannehill was among the first volunteers to join the newly established Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, serving from 1775 until 1781. He achieved the rank of captain and commander of the army's longest serving rifle unit. After the war, Tannehill and members of his family settled in Pittsburgh, his last military posting of the conflict. He was active in the Pennsylvania state militia, eventually rising to the rank of major general in 1811. Moreover, Tannehill served as brigadier general of United States Volunteers in the War of 1812. He was an early leading citizen of Pittsburgh and a distinguished Pennsylvania politician who held several local, state, and national appointed and elected offices, notably including one term as a Democratic-Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1813 to 1815. He also served on the founding boards of civic and state organizations. Tannehill died in 1820 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was buried at the First Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh and later reinterred in Allegheny Cemetery. ## Early years Adamson Tannehill was born May 23, 1750, in Frederick County, Maryland, the oldest of nine children born to John Tannehill, owner of a tobacco plantation, and Rachel Adamson. John Tannehill's great-great grandfather, William Tannehill, Sr., emigrated to Maryland from Kilmarnock, Scotland, in 1658. Adamson Tannehill's maternal grandfather took a special interest in the grandchild who bore his name, and he provided "such pecuniary assistance as to secure a fine education" for Adamson. Little else is known of Adamson's earliest years. No known portraits of Tannehill exist; however, family records indicate that as an adult he “was six feet in height, well proportioned and of commanding appearance.” At the age of 25, he enlisted in one of the first American military units to form when the war with Great Britain started in the spring of 1775. ## Revolutionary War service Tannehill served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, initially as a sergeant in Capt. Thomas Price's Independent Rifle Company, one of the original ten independent companies of riflemen from the frontier regions of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia authorized by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. He received his commission dated January 1, 1776, as a third lieutenant while serving at the siege of Boston. In June 1776 Tannehill and his company were incorporated into the newly organized Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, at which time he advanced to second lieutenant. Later that year, a large portion of his regiment was captured or killed at the Battle of Fort Washington on northern Manhattan Island. However, those members of the unit not taken in the battle, including Tannehill, continued to serve actively in the Continental Army, participating in the Battles of Trenton and Princeton, and in the spring of 1777 they were administratively attached to the 11th Virginia Regiment due to the diminishment of their rifle regiment. Tannehill was promoted to first lieutenant on May 18, 1777, and the following month he was attached to the newly organized Provisional Rifle Corps commanded by Col. Daniel Morgan, which played a major role in the Battles of Saratoga and a peripheral role in the Battle of Monmouth. He returned to the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment (his permanent unit) in mid-1778 when Lt. Col. Moses Rawlings, the regiment's commander who had been exchanged from British captivity earlier that year, was marshaling the remnants of his unit and recruiting new members while stationed at Fort Frederick, Maryland. In early 1779 Tannehill and the regiment were assigned to Fort Pitt of present-day western Pennsylvania where they supplemented other Continental forces engaged in the defense of frontier settlements from Indian raids. Tannehill advanced to the rank of captain on July 29, 1779, and he commanded the regiment in late 1780. He was discharged from service on January 1, 1781, when his unit was disbanded as a result of Congress's major 1781 reorganization of the Continental Army. Tannehill was admitted as an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati in the state of Maryland when it was established in 1783. ## Later military and political career After his Revolutionary War service, Tannehill settled in the frontier area of Fort Pitt (later the site of Pittsburgh), as did a number of other Revolutionary War officers, including his younger brother Lt. Josiah Tannehill. He initially engaged in agricultural pursuits and was a tavern owner and vintner. From 1784 until about 1795, Tannehill owned and operated the riverfront Green Tree Tavern (and inn) and resided in the adjacent house, both located midblock between Market and Wood Streets in Pittsburgh. In about 1795, he moved to Grove Hill, a house on Grant’s Hill just northeast of early Pittsburgh; a building on his Grove Hill property, known as "the Bowery," was popular as a local center for political meetings. This pavilion was also the site of large annual social gatherings where citizens of early Pittsburgh came together each Fourth of July to celebrate their country's birth. Tannehill lived at Grove Hill until his death in 1820. Tannehill was active in the state militia, serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Westmoreland County militia starting in 1788 by order of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, and in 1794, assisting in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion, which arose in western Pennsylvania during the presidency of George Washington. On August 3, 1811, Pennsylvania Governor Simon Snyder promoted Tannehill to major general of the Pennsylvania militia division from Allegheny, Armstrong, and Indiana counties. Soon thereafter during the War of 1812, Tannehill was elected brigadier general of a brigade comprising four infantry and rifle regiments of Pennsylvania volunteers in United States (federal) service; his military duties during the conflict lasted from September 25 to December 31, 1812. Tannehill began public service no later than 1794 when the borough of Pittsburgh was established. That year, he was appointed president of the Pittsburgh Fire Company and elected one of three surveyors of Pittsburgh. Sometime before 1794, Tannehill was appointed an Allegheny County justice of the peace. In October 1800, Tannehill was temporarily removed from his office of justice of the peace after being convicted of extortion related to an event that occurred five years before in which he was alleged to have charged two shillings more than was allowed by law for two probates. Although he was quickly reinstated to office in January 1801 by Governor Thomas McKean, the former chief justice of Pennsylvania, and subsequently held several prominent elected and appointed public offices, Tannehill believed the charges against him, likely born out of the contentious political conditions of the time, had marred his reputation. He vehemently disclaimed any guilt for the rest of his life — his resentment toward "two of the most unprincipled scoundrels who ever appeared before a Court of Justice" and their "false swearing and vile slander" was still strong 15 years later when he wrote his will. Following these charges, he served as a founding member of the board of directors of the Pittsburgh branch of the Bank of Pennsylvania (first bank established in Pittsburgh and first one west of the Allegheny Mountains), starting in 1804. He was then appointed by the Pennsylvania legislature as one of five turnpike commissioners for the state starting in 1811. Meanwhile, outside of political office, Tannehill, a Presbyterian, served (since 1787) as a trustee of the first Presbyterian church in Pittsburgh. ## U.S. House of Representatives The high point of Tannehill's active political career was his election as a Democratic-Republican to the Thirteenth U.S. Congress on October 13, 1812. Tannehill was elected to serve Pennsylvania's newly established 14th congressional district with 48 percent of the vote, defeating Federalist John Woods and Democratic-Republican John Wilson, who received 39.3 and 12.7 percent of the vote, respectively. Tannehill served from March 4, 1813, to March 3, 1815, and as a U.S. Representative, Tannehill cast a total of 322 votes, and missed 30. Tannehill ran for reelection on October 11, 1814, again as a Democratic-Republican. However, he lost his reelection bid, receiving 49.5 percent of the vote in his district; his opponent, John Woods, who he had defeated two years earlier, won with 50.5 percent of the vote. ## Later life and death Following his tenure in Congress, Tannehill served as president of the Pittsburgh branch of the Bank of the United States starting in 1817. Tannehill died near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on December 23, 1820, aged 70 years, 7 months. He was survived by his wife, Agness M. Tannehill, and his ward, Sydney Tannehill Mountain. Adamson and Agness Tannehill had no children. Tannehill was interred in the churchyard of the First Presbyterian Church and reinterred in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh in 1849. His 1820 obituary relates that "his remains were accompanied to the grave by a large concourse of his fellow citizens and were interred with military funeral honors by two...Volunteer Corps" of western Pennsylvania.	[ "## Early years", "## Revolutionary War service", "## Later military and political career", "## U.S. House of Representatives", "## Later life and death" ]	2,066	6,863
27,821,898	Mike Avery	1,172,565,342	American athletic director, soccer coach, and former player	[ "1968 births", "American Professional Soccer League players", "American expatriate men's soccer players", "American expatriate sportspeople in Sweden", "American men's soccer players", "American soccer coaches", "Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes men's soccer coaches", "Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes women's soccer coaches", "Calumet College of St. Joseph people", "College athletic directors in the United States", "Division 2 (Swedish football) players", "Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden", "Indiana Invaders players", "Living people", "Men's association football utility players", "National Premier Soccer League coaches", "Soccer players from San Jose, California", "USL League Two coaches", "USL League Two players", "Valparaiso Crusaders men's soccer coaches", "Westmont Warriors men's soccer players" ]	Mike Avery (born September 19, 1968) is an American athletic director, soccer coach, and former player who played as a midfielder or forward. He is the head coach and sporting director of USL League Two club Fort Wayne FC. A native of San Jose, California, Avery played collegiately at Westmont College. The Warriors won four Golden State Athletic Conference titles during his time at the school and thrice qualified for the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics tournament. After graduating, he spent four years at the senior level, split between Real Santa Barbara and Askims IK. Avery also had a spell as a player-coach with Indiana Invaders. Avery went into coaching in 1994, spending three years as the men's head coach at Bethel and being named the first head coach in the history of the Pilots' women's program. He spent three years as the director of soccer at Cal State San Bernardino, coaching both the men's and women's teams at times during that spell. Avery was then an NCAA Division I assistant for the next seven years, spending six years at Notre Dame and one at Louisville. In 2007, Avery was named as the head coach at Valparaiso. He is the all-time winningest head coach in Crusader history, spending 13 years in the position before the program was discontinued by the university. After leaving Valpo, Avery moved to the senior level for the first time and was named as the inaugural head coach in Fort Wayne FC history. ## Playing career ### College Born on September 19, 1968 in San Jose, California, Avery began playing soccer at the age of four with his neighborhood team, Las Pulgas. He went on to play at Westmont College between 1986 and 1989. During his time at the school, the Warriors appeared in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) national tournament three times. As a freshman, Avery tallied six goals and six assists in 24 appearances as Westmont won the Golden State Athletic Conference (GSAC) during their first year in the conference. The Warriors repeated as conference champions in 1987, with Avery chipping in seven goals and 11 assists from 21 appearances on his way to an all-GSAC nod. As a junior, he tallied four goals and six assists from 23 games and was again named all-GSAC as Westmont won their third consecutive conference title. He put up eight goals and 11 assists in 24 games as a senior, with the Warriors winning another GSAC title and making a run to the semifinals of the NAIA Tournament. Avery was named an Honorable Mention All-American following the season, capping off a career in which he scored 25 goals in 92 appearances for Westmont and was named to the NAIA All-Far West team four times. ### Senior career Following his graduation from Westmont, Avery turned professional by signing for Real Santa Barbara in the American Professional Soccer League and played for the club during their final season of existence. After the club folded, Avery moved to Sweden and appeared with Askims IK. In later years, he also spent time in the Premier Development League with Indiana Invaders, playing as well as serving in an undisclosed coaching role with the club. ## Coaching career Avery began his coaching career as an assistant coach at Westmont, his alma mater. Following his time in Sweden, he returned to the United States to pursue a master's degree in kinesiology at Midwestern State University. While studying for the degree, he also served as an assistant coach for the men's soccer team. ### 1994–1999: Early head coaching jobs In the fall of 1994, Avery was hired to his first head coaching position, getting the job at Bethel College in Indiana. He turned down an offer to be an assistant at Stanford, saying that he wanted "to work in a Christian atmosphere." He spent three seasons in charge of the Pilots, racking up a record of 42-21-4. In Avery's first year, the Pilots finished with a 10-9-1 record, including a 9–0 victory over Lake Erie in his first match in charge. In 1995, the Pilots finished with 15 victories, their most since 1989; Avery was named as the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) North Central Region Coach of the Year and Mid-Central College Conference (MCCC) Coach of the Year. He repeated as MCCC Coach of the Year in 1996 as the Pilots posted the best record in program history at 17-4-1. Avery also took charge of the Bethel women's soccer team in 1996 as the first head coach in program history. In 1997, Avery was hired as the director of soccer at California State University, San Bernardino. In his first year with the Coyotes, he was in charge of the men's program. Avery earned his first victory at CSUSB on September 20, after six consecutive losses to start the season, with a 2–1 victory over Midwestern State. During Avery's tenure, the Coyote men's program improved their record each season. He tallied a record of 17-39-2 during his three years in charge of the team. In both 1998 and 1999, Avery also was the head coach of the women's soccer team at CSUSB. His first victory with the Coyote women came on September 9, 1998, a 2–1 win on the road against Cal State Bakersfield. In both of Avery's seasons in charge, the Coyote women finished with eight victories as he departed with a record of 16-22-2. ### 2000–2006: Division I assistant roles Following the 1999 season, Avery was offered an assistant coaching position at the University of Notre Dame, on the staff of Mike Berticelli. However, Berticelli died on January 25, 2000, shortly after Avery had resigned at Cal State San Bernardino. Nearly two months later, on March 17, 2000, new Irish head coach Chris Apple officially confirmed that Avery would still be joining the staff at Notre Dame. Avery spent six years at the school, one year under Apple and five years under Bobby Clark. He, Clark, and Brian Wiese were named as the 2004 Big East Conference Coaching Staff of the Year. As a recruiter, Avery helped bring 11 All-Americans to Notre Dame, as well as 2006 Hermann Trophy winner Joseph Lapira. On March 3, 2006, Avery accepted a job as the head assistant and recruiting coordinator at the University of Louisville under head coach Ken Lolla. In his lone season with the Cardinals, Louisville qualified for the Big East Conference Men's Soccer Tournament for the first time in the program's history. ### 2007–2019: Head coach at Valparaiso On January 18, 2007, Avery was hired as the head coach at Valparaiso University; he became the third coach in the history of the Crusaders men's soccer team. He joined his wife, Carin, at Valpo; she had been on the staff of the Crusaders' volleyball team since 1999. Avery's first match in charge ended in a 2–1 defeat to North Carolina State on August 31; one week later, he earned his first win with Valpo with a 3–0 victory over IPFW. The Crusaders won four matches on the season and did so while conceding 28 goals, the third-fewest allowed in a single season in Valpo history. In 2008, Avery ran 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometres) in five months to raise money for lights at Eastgate Field and new equipment for the program. That year, the Crusaders picked up their first victory over a ranked program in six seasons, defeating no. 25 Bradley on September 12 at the ProRehab Aces Soccer Classic. The following season, Valpo finished in third place in the Horizon League and tallied a winning record for the first time under Avery, winding up 10-7-2. After a nine-win season in 2010, Avery and the Crusaders won the 2011 Horizon League regular season title, the school's first team title since joining the conference. After the Crusaders finished 9-6-5, Avery was tabbed as the league's Coach of the Year. The Crusaders ended up with a losing record over the next two seasons, however, finishing with a 6-9-4 record in 2012 and a mark of 5-8-5 in 2013. In 2014, Valpo received votes in the National Soccer Coaches Association of America national poll, doing so for the first time in school history. That mark came the same week that the Crusaders defeated no. 7 Michigan State by a 1–0 scoreline, the highest-ranked opponent that Valpo had ever beaten. Later that season, Valpo earned a no. 25 ranking in the TopDrawerSoccer.com poll, the first time the Crusaders ever earned a top-25 national ranking. Avery's team went 8-5-6 on the season, with the .579 winning percentage tied as the best mark in program history. That campaign was followed by two more winning seasons, as the Crusaders tallied seven wins in 2015 and tied the school record with a 10-win season in 2016. Avery became the all-time winningest coach in Crusader history on September 16, 2017. With a 3–2 victory on the road against Drake, he earned his 77th victory and surpassed Mis' Mrak for the Crusader record. Earlier that season, the men's soccer team had played Valparaiso's first game as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC), tallying a 2–1 victory over Loyola on September 1. In 2018, Avery led the Crusaders to a third-place finish in the MVC regular season; it was the highest conference finish by a Crusader program since joining the Valley. The Crusaders finished with their worst record under Avery in 2019, ending with a 4-13-1 record. On November 13, Valpo was defeated by Drake in the quarterfinals of the Missouri Valley Conference Men's Soccer Tournament. The 2–1 defeat was the final match in program history. One week later, the university discontinued the men's soccer program. Avery left as the program leader in wins, picking up 91 over his 13 seasons in charge, and led the program to nine of the 10 best defensive seasons in Crusader history. ### 2020–present: Fort Wayne FC On February 14, 2020, Avery was hired as the first head coach in Fort Wayne FC history. The National Premier Soccer League expansion club had previously agreed to terms with a coach "with past experience playing in the Premier League", but were unable to complete the deal due to visa issues. Avery had previously assisted the club during its open tryouts earlier that year. Before he took charge of a game, the 2020 NPSL season was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and on October 29 the club announced a move to USL League Two. Fort Wayne's inaugural match took place on May 9, 2021, ending in a 3–0 defeat against Oakland County FC. After opening the season winless in six games, Avery tallied his and the club's first victory on June 11 with a 3–1 win over Toledo Villa. Fort Wayne's inaugural season ended with a 1-8-5 record and an eighth-place finish in the Great Lakes Division. On August 31, the club announced that Avery signed a contract extension as head coach through the 2022 USL League Two season and also appointed him as sporting director. ## Administrative career Avery was named as the athletic director at Calumet College of St. Joseph (CCSJ) on February 26, 2021. Although he had never before held a position in athletic administration, Avery had been a faculty member at Bethel College; California State University, San Bernardino; and Valparaiso University while coaching at those schools. During his time at CCSJ, Avery made one coaching hire: promoting Marcus Jefferson as head coach of the Crimson Wave men's basketball team in May. He also helped the school start a sprint football team as a founding member of the Midwest Sprint Football League. On August 31, 2021, Avery stepped down from his position at CCSJ in order to accept a promotion to sporting director and head coach at Fort Wayne FC. When he was hired at Calumet College, Avery agreed with the school and the soccer club that the sides would sit down at the end of the 2021 USL League Two season and discuss his future path. He decided to continue at Fort Wayne and therefore resigned from his position at CCSJ. ## Personal life Avery's wife, Carin, is the head volleyball coach at Valparaiso. The two met in 1996 when they were both working at Bethel. The couple have two sons: Alex, who was born the day before the Mid-Continent Conference volleyball tournament in 2003, and Kasongo, who was adopted from Africa. ## Career statistics ## Honors Westmont - Golden State Athletic Conference (regular season): 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Valparaiso - Horizon League (regular season): 2011 Individual - NAIA All-Far West team: 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 - All-Golden State Athletic Conference: 1987, 1988 - NAIA Honorable Mention All-America: 1989 - NCCAA North Central Region Coach of the Year: 1995 - Mid-Central College Conference Coach of the Year: 1995, 1996 - Horizon League Coach of the Year: 2011 ## See also - List of people from San Jose, California	[ "## Playing career", "### College", "### Senior career", "## Coaching career", "### 1994–1999: Early head coaching jobs", "### 2000–2006: Division I assistant roles", "### 2007–2019: Head coach at Valparaiso", "### 2020–present: Fort Wayne FC", "## Administrative career", "## Personal life", "## Career statistics", "## Honors", "## See also" ]	2,962	13,012
51,584,447	Mikhail Timofeyevich Romanov	1,110,980,016	Red Army major general	[ "1891 births", "1943 deaths", "Communist Party of the Soviet Union members", "Imperial Russian Army personnel", "Military personnel from Nizhny Novgorod", "Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner", "Russian Provisional Government military personnel", "Russian military personnel of World War I", "Soviet major generals", "Soviet military personnel killed in World War II", "Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War", "Soviet prisoners of war" ]	Mikhail Timofeyevich Romanov (Russian: Михаил Тимофеевич Романов; 3 November 1891 – 13 December 1941) was a Red Army major general. Romanov served with the Imperial Russian Army in World War I and joined the Red Army; he held command positions during the Russian Civil War. In 1939, Romanov became commander of the 185th Rifle Division. He attended courses at the Military Academy of the General Staff and became commander of the 172nd Rifle Division. Romanov led the division in the Siege of Mogilev and was taken prisoner during the Soviet breakout attempt. He was sent to the Hammelburg POW camp and died there in December 1941. ## Early life, World War I, and Russian Civil War Romanov was born on 3 November 1891 in Nizhny Novgorod, the son of a craftsman. His father died when Romanov was fifteen, after the latter graduated from the city school. To support his mother and sister, he worked as a craftsman. In September 1915 he was mobilized as part of a militia call-up into the Imperial Russian Army, becoming a ratnik 2-go razryada (2nd class warrior) in the 153rd Separate Reserve Battalion, stationed in Kungur. Transferred to the 139th Reserve Battalion at Shadrinsk in February 1916, Romanov graduated from a warrant officers' preparatory course there prior to instruction at the Chistopol Warrant Officer School beginning in late March. After graduating from the school in August, Romanov was assigned to the 243rd Reserve Regiment in Nikolayevskoy sloboda as a junior unter-ofitser. He was again transferred to the 50th Reserve Regiment in Rzhev during January 1917, where he served successively as a platoon commander, assistant company commander, and company commander. Romanov lived with his wife Marya Yefimovna in Rzhev, while the latter worked as a telegraphist. In the aftermath of the February Revolution Romanov became a member of the regimental committee. Romanov was sent to the frontline army in November 1917 as a replacement to the 4th Rifle Regiment of the 1st Caucasus Rifle Division, being elected assistant battalion commander upon his arrival, after the October Revolution. With the same regiment, he subsequently served as chief of staff of a consolidated detachment responsible for the defense of Jakobstadt. As the army disintegrated, Romanov went on leave in January 1918 and was demobilized as a podporuchik a month later. Returning to Rzhev, Romanov joined the Red Army there on 5 June and became a company commander in the 4th Karachev Rifle Regiment of the 2nd Tver Rifle Division. The regiment was relocated to Zubtsov in October, where it was reorganized as a special purpose battalion in the 1st Rifle Division; Romanov became head of the battalion school. The battalion was sent to the Eastern Front in May 1919, fighting against the White Army at Samara, Orenburg, and Akhtubinsk. Injured in a train derailment at the Aim rail siding on 30 October, he became head of the regimental school of the 2nd Tatar Rifle Regiment of the 1st Separate Volga Tatar Rifle Brigade in the 1st Army at Atkarsk following the disbandment of the battalion school. With the regiment, Romanov was sent to fight against the Basmachi in Fergana Oblast during November, serving in actions at Aralsk, Tashkent, and Andijan, where he was wounded in the head in May 1920. Andrey Yeryomenko wrote that Romanov had met Mikhail Frunze while in the hospital. For his leadership of the regimental school in the campaign Romanov was made assistant regimental commander, and upon his recovery from 7 June commanded the regiment, which later became the 11th Turkestan Rifle Regiment of the 4th Turkestan Rifle Division. ## Interwar period Romanov's regiment was transferred to Verniy after the suppression of the Basmachi revolt. In October 1923, he left Central Asia for the Higher Rifle-Tactics Courses for the Improvement of the Red Army Infantry Command Cadre. After graduating in August 1924, he became commander of the 50th Rifle Regiment of the 17th Rifle Division in Nizhny Novgorod. Romanov served on the division staff from January 1925, initially as head of drill but then as chief of the operations department from October and chief of supply from August 1927, simultaneously serving in the latter position for the Gorokhovets military camps. While in Nizhny Novgorod, Marya Yefimovna gave birth to two sons, Vsevold (born 1922) and Yury (born 1923), and a daughter, Rimna, in 1927. He transferred to command the 18th Rifle Regiment of the 6th Rifle Division at Livny in May 1931. He served as acting commander of the 55th Rifle Division at Kursk from June 1938, becoming its assistant commander in December. Romanov took command of the 185th Rifle Division, one of the new divisions formed during the expansion of the Red Army, at Belgorod in August 1939. He accompanied the division when it moved to Minsk in the Belorussian Special Military District during May 1940 and to Lithuania in August as part of the 11th Rifle Corps of the 8th Army in the Baltic Special Military District. During the year, Romanov was promoted to Major General and became a Communist Party of the Soviet Union member. After graduating from a six-month commander improvement course at the Military Academy of the General Staff beginning in December, he became commander of the 172nd Rifle Division in March 1941. ## World War II When Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June, the 172nd was stationed at the Tesnitskoye Military Camp near Tula. In late June and early July, the division was rushed to the Belarusian city of Mogilev, where it became part of the 61st Rifle Corps of the 13th Army of the Western Front. There, Romanov organized the defense of the western bank of the Dnieper, blocking the Minsk–Mogilev and Mogilev–Bobruisk roads. As well as his own unit, Romanov ultimately controlled forces from the 110th Rifle Division, regiments or remnants of the 132nd, 137th, 160th, and 143rd Rifle Divisions, in addition to the remnants of the 20th Mechanized Corps; these formed the core of the city's defense. Immediately after it arrived, the city was besieged by German troops, whose first attack was made by elements of the 3rd Panzer Group against the division on 3 July. The defenders managed to repulse the attack and successive German attempts to cross the Dnieper, but were gradually worn down after 23 days in encirclement. On the night of 26 to 27 July 61st Rifle Corps commander Major General Fyodor Bakunin ordered a breakout attempt after the garrison ran out of ammunition. Romanov was severely wounded in his left shoulder during the breakout. His column joined up with a German convoy under the cover of darkness but was spotted and destroyed. Romanov hid under the straw in a wagon and was sheltered by a peasant family in the village of Barsuki, 32 kilometers west of the city. He was captured there on 22 September and sent to the Lupolovo prisoner-of-war camp after being treated at a German hospital in Mogilev, according to an interrogation report written by a Police Regiment Centre officer. Within weeks, Romanov was transferred to the Hammelburg POW camp, dying of his wound there on 3 December 1941. He was erroneously reported by the testimony of released former Soviet prisoners of war to have died in July 1943. Romanov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 9 August 1941 for his leadership during the siege. He was survived by his wife, but his eldest son also died in the war. ## Legacy A street in Mogilev was renamed in honor of Romanov in 1966; a bust of him was unveiled in the city in 2014.	[ "## Early life, World War I, and Russian Civil War", "## Interwar period", "## World War II", "## Legacy" ]	1,797	12,015
5,248,863	HMS Hector (1862)	1,045,475,478	British lead ship of Hector-class	[ "1862 ships", "Hector-class ironclads", "Ships built in Govan", "Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom" ]	HMS Hector was the lead ship of the Hector-class armoured frigates ordered by the Royal Navy in 1861. Upon completion in 1864, she was assigned to the Channel Fleet. The ship was paid off in 1867 to refit and be re-armed. Upon recommissioning in 1868, she was assigned as the guard ship of the Fleet Reserve in the southern district until 1886. She usually served as Queen Victoria's guard ship when the sovereign was resident at her vacation home on the Isle of Wight. Hector was paid off in 1886 and hulked in 1900 as a storage ship before being sold for scrap in 1905. ## Design and description The Hector-class ironclads, like their immediate predecessors, the Defence-class, were designed as smaller and cheaper versions of the Warrior-class armoured frigates. They were modified versions of the Defence-class ships with additional armour and more powerful engines. HMS Hector was 280 feet 2 inches (85.4 m) long between perpendiculars. She had a beam of 56 feet 5 inches (17.2 m) and a draft of 26 feet (7.9 m). The ship was 300 long tons (300 t) overweight and displaced 7,000 long tons (7,100 t). The hull was subdivided by watertight transverse bulkheads into 92 compartments and had a double bottom underneath the engine and boiler rooms. The ships were designed with a very low centre of gravity and had a metacentric height of 4 feet 6 inches (1.4 m). While handy in manoeuvering, they rolled quite badly. ### Propulsion Hector had one 2-cylinder horizontal return connecting rod steam engine made by Robert Napier and Sons driving a single 20-foot (6.1 m) propeller. Six boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 22 psi (152 kPa; 2 kgf/cm<sup>2</sup>). The engine produced a total of 3,256 indicated horsepower (2,428 kW). During sea trials on 23 February 1864, Hector had a maximum speed of 12.36 knots (22.89 km/h; 14.22 mph). The ship carried 450 long tons (460 t) of coal, enough to steam 800 nautical miles (1,500 km; 920 mi) at full speed. Hector was the first British ironclad to have her machinery made by her builders. The ship was barque-rigged and had a sail area of 24,500 square feet (2,276 m<sup>2</sup>). Her funnel was semi-retractable to reduce wind resistance while under sail alone. She was designed to allow the ship's propeller to be hoisted up into the stern of the ship to reduce drag while under sail, but the hoisting gear was never fitted. ### Armament The armament of the Hector-class ships was intended to be 32 smoothbore, muzzle-loading 68-pounder guns, 15 on each side on the main deck and one each fore and aft as chase guns on the upper deck. This was modified during construction to four rifled 110-pounder breech-loading guns and twenty-four 68-pounders. The breech-loading guns were a new design from Armstrong and much was hoped for them. To partially alleviate their overweight condition, the ships were not fully armed and only received four 110-pounders on the upper deck and twenty 68-pounders on the main deck behind armour. Firing tests carried out in September 1861 against an armoured target, however, proved that the 110-pounder was inferior to the 68-pounder smoothbore gun in armour penetration and repeated incidents of breech explosions during the Battles for Shimonoseki and the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863–1864 caused the navy to withdraw the gun from service shortly afterwards. The 7.9-inch (201 mm) solid shot of the 68-pounder gun weighed approximately 68 pounds (30.8 kg) while the gun itself weighed 10,640 pounds (4,826 kg). The gun had a muzzle velocity of 1,579 ft/s (481 m/s) and had a range of 3,200 yards (2,900 m) at an elevation of 12°. The 7-inch (178 mm) shell of the 110-pounder Armstrong breech-loader weighed 107–110 pounds (48.5–49.9 kg). It had a muzzle velocity of 1,150 ft/s (350 m/s) and, at an elevation of 11.25°, a maximum range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m). The 110-pounder gun weighed 9,520 pounds (4,318 kg). All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells. Hector was rearmed during her 1867–1868 refit with sixteen 7-inch and two 8-inch (203 mm) rifled muzzle-loading guns. The two 8-inch guns were mounted on the quarterdeck where they could be fought in all weathers and four 7-inch guns were also fitted on the upper deck. The remaining twelve 7-inch guns were carried on the main deck. The shell of the 15-calibre 8-inch gun weighed 175 pounds (79.4 kg) while the gun itself weighed 9 long tons (9.1 t). It had a muzzle velocity of 1,410 ft/s (430 m/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 9.6 inches (244 mm) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle. The 16-calibre 7-inch gun weighed 6.5 long tons (6.6 t) and fired a 112 pounds (50.8 kg) shell. It was credited with the nominal ability to penetrate 7.7-inch (196 mm) armour. ### Armour The Hector-class ships had a wrought-iron waterline armour belt, 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick, that covered 216 feet (65.8 m) amidships and left the bow and stern unprotected. To protect against raking fire the belt was closed off by 4.5-inch transverse bulkheads at each end at lower deck level. The armour extended to 5 feet 8 inches (1.7 m) below the waterline. The main deck was protected by a strake of armour that ran the full length of the ship. Amidships, it was 4.5-inch thick for a length of 216 feet and tapered to a thickness of 2.5 inches (64 mm) to the ends of the ship. The armour was backed by 18 inches (460 mm) of teak. The lack of armour at the stern meant that the steering gear was very vulnerable. ## Service HMS Hector was laid down on 8 March 1861 by Robert Napier and Sons at their shipyard in Govan. She was launched on 26 September 1862 and commissioned on 22 February 1864. She cost £294,000 to build, including a payment of £35,000 to her builders who had underestimated their costs. She served with the Channel Fleet until 1867, when she was paid off to be re-armed and to refit. She formed part of the Southern Reserve Fleet between 1868 until 1886; during this time her only military activity occurred when she was detailed to service in the Particular Service Squadron under the command of Admiral Hornsby during the Russian war scare of June–August 1878. Hector was assigned as Queen Victoria's guard ship nearly every summer during this period when the Queen, and her family, were in residence in Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. She was paid off at Portsmouth in 1886 and remained there, partly dismantled, until 1900 when she briefly became part of the torpedo school HMS Vernon as a store hulk. Hector became the first British warship to have wireless telegraphy installed when she conducted the first trials of the new equipment for the Royal Navy. The ship was sold for scrap in 1905.	[ "## Design and description", "### Propulsion", "### Armament", "### Armour", "## Service" ]	1,713	11,963
159,159	Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.	1,165,680,470	null	[ "-ismist Recordings albums", "1996 albums", "Death metal albums by American artists", "Demo albums", "Slipknot (band) albums" ]	Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat. is the first album recorded by American heavy metal band Slipknot, and their only release with original lead vocalist Anders Colsefni. The album was limited to 1,000 copies, with distribution beginning on October 31, 1996. The band sold the last 386 units through -ismist Recordings in 1997. The album has become sought after by fans since Slipknot's rise to fame, and original copies have sold for up to \$1,000. Despite originally being deemed Slipknot's debut album, Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat. was later considered a demo by the band, who have included the majority of its songs on subsequent releases, albeit usually in radically altered forms. The record was recorded in Des Moines, Iowa over a period of four months and features many musical influences including funk, jazz, and disco which are not apparent in later material. Many of the lyrics and the album's title are inspired by the role-playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse. According to Allmusic, the songs contain a stronger "emphasis on non-traditional songwriting" and melodic themes than the band's later material. ## Recording and production In late 1995, Slipknot and producer Sean McMahon entered SR Audio, a studio in the band's hometown of Des Moines, Iowa to work on what they intended to be their debut album. Retrospectively, McMahon said that the band was "driven" because they spent the majority of their time in the studio for the four months it took to produce the album. Slipknot self-financed the production, which came to an estimated \$40,000. The band expressed how much of a learning process this time was, being the first time they had recorded their music, specifically the challenge of capturing additional percussion elements. The band aimed for a tribal sound, but encountered problems including minuscule timing errors. However, during this period, Slipknot refined their percussive sound by experimenting with erecting walls to isolate the drums and rearranging parts. In February 1996, during the mixing process, guitarist Donnie Steele decided to leave the band for religious reasons and as a result, Craig Jones joined the band to fill the spot. However, the band realized that they were incorporating too many media samples on their recordings and could not replicate these sounds live. To solve this problem, Jones abandoned his position on guitar and moved to his current position as a sampler—at that point Mick Thomson stepped in to join as guitarist. Originally, the band had planned to include twelve tracks on the CD, two of which – "Fur" and "Part of Me" – already appeared on their first demo in 1995. In the end, Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat. was released with only eight tracks. The band threw a release party at The Safari, a club in Des Moines where the band played many of their earliest gigs. ## Musical and lyrical themes Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat. is a mix of genres centered on nu metal and death metal; it is the band's most experimental release and differs significantly from the heavier style for which the band became known. One of the band's initial aims was to mix many genres of music to achieve their own style; an early incarnation of the band was called "Meld" based upon this. However, tracks such as "Slipknot", "Some Feel" and "Only One" feature a heavy metal influence, specifically in the guitars. Tracks such as "Tattered & Torn", "Killers Are Quiet" and "Gently" also include the slow, cerebral angst buildup style that the band retained in some of their more recent work. The album implements elements of jazz and funk, although "Confessions" is the only track on the album led by these styles. "Do Nothing/Bitchslap" could be considered the album's most complex song, combining both of these styles and even elements of disco. The album title and the majority of the lyrics are references to the role-playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse. Vocalist Anders Colsefni and percussionist Shawn Crahan shared a mutual interest in the game, which largely influenced the band. Colsefni said: "The attraction was being able to play a different person", declaring that this was the essence of Slipknot. ## Artwork The artwork shows a metal cage, made by Shawn Crahan, with Joey Jordison sitting inside of it. This cage was named "Patiently Awaiting the Jigsaw Flesh" by Joey Jordison, as whenever they carried the cage, someone got cut brutally. It was also known as the "Death Cage" and was a part of the stage show during the release party of the album. Willing "victims" sat inside of it while the band played. ## Legacy The original pressing of the album was limited to 1000 copies. Since the band's rise to fame in 1999, it has been a sought-after rarity for Slipknot fans. Upon its initial release, the band distributed the album independently, handing them out to fans, radio stations, and record labels. On June 13, 1997, -ismist Recordings took over the distribution of the remaining 386 copies of the album. These original pressings have since grown in value considerably. Due to the large amount of interest in the album and the low numbers of originals, there have been many bootlegged versions of the album sold including CD, MP3 and even vinyl. The barcode of the original CD is the number "742617000027", which later went on to become the name for the opening track of their first official release, Slipknot. As part of the Nu Metal Mayhem tour with Waylon Reavis, taking place in Australia and New Zealand in October 2023, Anders Colsefni will perform the album in its entirety. ## Track listing ## Personnel Slipknot - Joey Jordison – drums - Paul Gray – bass, backing vocals - Shawn "Clown" Crahan – percussion, backing vocals - Anders Colsefni – lead vocals, additional percussion - Donnie Steele – lead guitar - Josh "Gnar" Brainard – rhythm guitar, backing vocals	[ "## Recording and production", "## Musical and lyrical themes", "## Artwork", "## Legacy", "## Track listing", "## Personnel" ]	1,293	30,883
34,267,889	Roger de Valognes	1,133,669,669	12th-century Anglo-Norman nobleman	[ "1140s deaths", "Anglo-Normans", "De Valognes family", "People from Benington, Hertfordshire", "Year of birth unknown" ]	Roger de Valognes (died c. 1141–42) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman who held lands around Benington in Hertfordshire, a tenure that made Roger the feudal baron of Benington. In 1136 he was a supporter of King Stephen of England's seizure of the English throne from Matilda, the daughter of the previous king, Henry I. Roger built Benington Castle and gave lands to Binham Priory in the early part of Stephen's reign, but was dead by 1142. His barony passed to his first two sons in succession and his third son became a royal official in Scotland. ## Early life Roger was the son of Peter de Valognes. Peter was a tenant-in-chief in Domesday Book with lands in East Anglia and was a Norman from Valognes. Roger had a brother William, and two sisters. A Walter de Valognes was related to Roger, as Roger called Walter a nepos in a charter. This usually means nephew, but it may indicate a grandson or more distant relative. ## During Stephen's reign Roger succeeded to his father's estates near Bennington after 1109, and by holding these lands he is generally considered to be a feudal baron. He appears on documents connected with Stephen's first Easter court held in 1136, where Roger is listed along with the other barons supporting Stephen's succession to the throne. Roger built the stone Benington Castle with a keep at Benington, Hertfordshire in 1136, on a site where his father had erected a motte-and-bailey castle. Roger issued a confirmation charter to Binham Priory, founded by his father, that is slightly unusual in that it mentions a "decree that where there is no son the daughters divide their father's land by the spindles, nor can the elder take from the younger half of the inheritance by violence or injury". This charter was discussed by William Stubbs, who dated the charter to shortly before 1141. Later historians have attempted to discover which king issued the decree, with general consensus deciding on King Henry I of England. The historian Pauline Stafford has related this decree to Henry's attempts to have his daughter Matilda succeed him on the throne of England, and sees this charter as recording this important step taken by the king towards that goal. A further unusual feature of this charter is that it mentions the negotiations that took place prior to the issuing of the charter, in this case, where Theobald of Bec persuaded Roger to be more generous than he had originally intended with the grant. ## Marriage and children Roger married Agnes, a sister of Pain fitzJohn and daughter of John fitzRichard. They had five sons – Peter, Robert, Philip, Geoffrey, and John. They also had a daughter, Cecily, who married Henry of Essex. Agnes survived Roger and died after 1185. She never remarried. ## Death and legacy Roger died around 1141 or 1142. His heir to his lands was first his eldest son Peter, who died without children in 1158. The lands then passed to Roger's second son Robert. The third son, Philip de Valognes, became the first hereditary chamberlain of Scotland, an office that remained in his family.	[ "## Early life", "## During Stephen's reign", "## Marriage and children", "## Death and legacy" ]	683	35,894
28,499,937	West Hendford Cricket Ground	1,137,650,839	Cricket ground in Somerset	[ "1874 establishments in England", "1944 disestablishments in England", "Cricket grounds in Somerset", "Defunct cricket grounds in England", "Defunct greyhound racing venues in the United Kingdom", "Defunct sports venues in Somerset", "Demolished sports venues in the United Kingdom", "Sports venues completed in 1874", "Sports venues demolished in 1944", "Sports venues in Yeovil" ]	West Hendford Cricket Ground was a first-class cricket ground in Yeovil, Somerset. The land for the ground was first leased by Yeovil Cricket Club in 1874 and was also used for a range of other sports, most significantly hosting Yeovil Rugby Club in the 1890s and then again from 1935 until the ground was closed. Significant improvements were made to the ground during the 1930s, including the opening of a new pavilion jointly funded by the Rugby and Cricket clubs. The ground was demolished in 1944 when Westland Aircraft extended their factory, and both Yeovil Cricket Club and Rugby Club moved to Johnson Park. Between 1935 and 1939, the ground hosted five annual Somerset County Cricket Club matches in July or August, the first of which nearly broke a county record for ticket sales on the gate. Somerset won only one of the five matches, the 1936 contest against Worcestershire. ## History Yeovil and County Cricket Club was formed in 1865 and was the first attempt at setting up a county cricket team for Somerset. The attempt was unsuccessful, and the club broke up. In 1874, the club was re-formed with the lesser remit, as Yeovil Cricket Club. As part of the club's resuscitation, the committee purchased the use of a field in West Hendford in Yeovil, from a local farmer, Mr Brook. The field, part of Key Farm, was leased for £10. There is record of a match being played on the ground the following year between two sets of members of the Yeovil Cricket Club. During the late 19th century, the ground was used for other sports as well as cricket; it had a grass athletics track, and also hosted Yeovil Football Club, who at the time played both association and rugby football. The football club played at West Hendford on an irregular basis during the late 19th century, but returned in 1935, by which time they only played rugby, and had changed their name accordingly to Yeovil Rugby Club. In 1895, the cricket club committee announced that there was provision for a longer lease, of five or seven years, and that they would make improvements to the ground to enable it to host first-class cricket. The ground was also used for field hockey in the early 20th-century, hosting a Yeovil Hockey Club. In 1932 the ground hosted greyhound racing after it switched from Barwick Fields. The racing was organised by the Salisbury Greyhound Race Club and the racing was Independent (unaffiliated to a governing body). Somerset County Cricket Club played their first of five annual first-class matches on the ground in 1935. The match, against Surrey, was a significant event in the town, and a series of festivities were arranged to run alongside the three-day contest, including a dance and a smoking concert. Entry for the match, which took place from 17 to 19 August was one shilling, and attracted over 5,000 people, raising around £400. Surrey won the match by eight wickets. The takings from this match helped the Yeovil Cricket Club make further improvements to the ground, expanding it and adding further seating. The following year, Somerset played Worcestershire at the ground, in what the Western Gazette described as "Yeovil Cricket Festival". The captain of Yeovil Cricket Club, Richard Southcombe, was included in the Somerset team, which won the match by 170 runs. The takings were slightly lower than the previous year due to poor weather, but still described as "gratifying". In 1937, Sussex beat Somerset at the ground, in a match that once again drew a crowd of around 5,000. The Yorkshire Evening Post described the wicket as "crumbling" towards the end of the match, favouring the bowlers. In 1938 Hampshire visited, and the report in the Western Daily Press lamented the state of the wicket, which meant that the game, like the three first-class matches at the ground before it, was completed in two days, rather than the scheduled three. That winter, a new pavilion costing £550 was erected on the ground for the shared use of the cricket club and the rugby club. The final first-class match on the ground was played in July 1939 against Lancashire, but torrential rain limited the match to only three hours of play. The takings for the full three days of the match were only £87, and the Taunton Courier estimated that the losses for the match could be hundreds of pounds. Despite the weather, almost 2,000 people attended the match, and the Taunton Courier report praised the alterations that had been made to the ground; the removal of a hedge made the ground lighter, while the ground itself had been well looked after, and drained quickly. The Second World War suspended the County Championship from 1940 to 1945, and during that time, Westland Aircraft took over the ground to expand their factory, and informed Yeovil Cricket Club that it was no longer available, forcing them to search for a new ground in 1946. They eventually relocated to the newly opened Johnson Park in 1948. The rugby club also moved to Johnson Park, amalgamating itself into Yeovil Sports Club. After a short break, Somerset County Cricket Club returned to Yeovil, playing fourteen fixtures at Johnson Park between 1951 and 1970, and eight matches at Westlands Sports Ground from 1971 to 1978. ## Records During its limited use as a first-class cricket ground, only one century was scored on the ground, by Jim Parks. During the 1937 match, he scored 140 runs for Sussex. The most wickets taken by a bowler in a match at West Hendford was achieved in 1938, when Hampshire's Stuart Boyes took twelve wickets, including nine in the first innings. Somerset's only success on the ground was in 1936 against Worcestershire, who they dismissed for 60 runs in the first innings, and 77 in the second.	[ "## History", "## Records" ]	1,271	16,349
36,225,675	Imperial Gift	1,147,297,738	Donation of aircraft by Britain after World War I	[ "Military history of British India", "Royal Australian Air Force", "Royal Canadian Air Force", "Royal New Zealand Air Force", "South African Air Force" ]	The Imperial Gift was the donation of aircraft from surplus stocks in Britain after World War I to the dominions of the British Empire: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and India. On 29 May 1919, the Cabinet of the United Kingdom agreed to give 100 aircraft to the dominions in addition to replacements for aircraft donated to Britain during the war. These aircraft formed the core of newly established air forces in several dominions. In Canada, the 100 British-supplied aircraft, supplemented by another 20, were used to establish the Canadian Air Force in 1920 and Royal Canadian Air Force from 1924. Australia's 100 aircraft, supplemented by an additional 28, were used to establish the Royal Australian Air Force in 1921. New Zealand initially refused the Imperial Gift but later accepted a reduced allotment of 34 aircraft. Most were loaned to private aviation companies, but were returned to government control in the mid-1920s and used to establish the New Zealand Permanent Air Force. South Africa's 100 Imperial Gift aircraft, supplemented by another 13, led to the establishment of the South African Air Force in 1920. The colonial government of India accepted 100 aircraft but did not use them to establish an Indian air force. Twenty were allocated to the Royal Air Force, while 80 were used by various civil government departments or sold to private operators. ## Background Following the First World War, the Royal Air Force had an estimated 20,000 surplus aircraft or more, many still in production at the end of the war. Sir Hugh Trenchard, Chief of the Air Staff, argued for the establishment of air forces in the Dominions. He further argued that a coordinated uniform approach to organising and equipping these air forces was essential to facilitate the air component of the defence of the empire. This proposal was taken up by the Secretary of State for Air, John Edward Bernard Seely, who described it as being "an opportunity of giving assistance to Dominions which will be valued by them and which should be of great use in the general interest of the defence of the Empire by Air." The British Cabinet approved the proposal on 29 May 1919, though it chose to widen it by offering aircraft to the colonial governments as well as those of the Dominions. These governments were notified of the offer on 4 June. ## Canada While 22,812 Canadian military personnel had served in the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) and RAF, Canadian air services were not created and did not operate as an independent military force until nearly the end of the war. With 1 Squadron and 2 Squadron of the Canadian Air Force established at Upper Heyford in Britain during August 1918 and the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service, established for home defence in September 1918, Canadian units had only reached operational status by the end of hostilities and never saw combat. In 1919, when the Canadian Air Board Director of Flying Operations, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Leckie studied the types that were being offered, he specified aircraft that would be suitable for civil operations as the peacetime force would undertake a number of roles that involved surveillance, fire-fighting and mapping. Although combat aircraft were offered from the large stock of surplus aircraft, Canada's share of the Imperial Gift mainly consisted of the following 114 "multi-purpose" aircraft, although a small number of fighters were also included: - 62 × Avro 504 trainers - 10 × Airco DH.4 bombers - 12 × Airco DH.9A bombers - 12 × Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a fighters - 8 × Felixstowe F.3 patrol flying boats - 2 × Curtiss H.16 patrol flying boats - 2 × Bristol F.2B Fighter two seat fighters - 2 × Sopwith Snipe fighters - 1 × Fairey IIIc patrol seaplane The final deliveries included six non-rigid airships, several kite balloons and additional obsolete aircraft (possibly for ground instructional purposes), including two Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2Cs, and single examples of a Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2D and a Vickers F.B.9, along with some replacement airframes. These brought the total to 120 aircraft. In addition to the aircraft, numerous spares were sent, including engines and ancillary equipment such as cameras and seaplane beaching gear, along with 300 support vehicles consisting of motor transports, trailers and motorcycles. The value of the Imperial Gift was about \$5 million, more money than the Canadian government spent on aviation from 1919 to 1923. The Imperial Gift aircraft formed the basis of the postwar Canadian Air Force (CAF), later the Royal Canadian Air Force. In 1920, the Canadian Air Board sponsored a project to conduct the first Trans-Canada flight to determine the feasibility of such flights for air mail and passenger services. Rivière du Loup to Winnipeg was flown by Leckie and Major Basil Hobbs in a Felixstowe F.3 and the remainder of the relay was completed using several of the CAF's DH-9As. All aircraft were part of the Imperial Gift. Although not considered suitable for the harsh Canadian weather, the Imperial Gift aircraft soldiered on into the 1930s. The last aircraft in service, an Avro 504K, was only retired in 1934. ## Australia The Imperial Gift to Australia originally consisted of 100 aircraft, spare engines, tools, motor transport and 13 transportable hangars shipped in over 19,000 packing cases. An additional 28 aircraft were provided at the same time to replace aircraft donated by the people of Australia to Great Britain during the First World War. Australia's aircraft allotment consisted of: - 35 × Avro 504K trainers - 35 × Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a fighters - 30 × Airco DH.9A bombers - 28 × Airco DH.9 bombers On 30 June 1919, the Australian Army Service Corps recommended the creation of a temporary Australian Air Corps (AAC) formed into two wings (one wing to meet the needs of the Navy and the other for the Army). The Imperial Gift enabled the formation of the Royal Australian Air Force on 31 March 1921. An Air Board, answering to the Minister for Defence, would administer the new service. Imperial Gift aircraft were shipped to Australia in 1919, assembled upon delivery in 1920 and served for up to 10 years. Airco DH.9A A1-17/F2779 was the longest serving Imperial Gift aircraft, being written off on 4 February 1930. The only original surviving Imperial Gift aircraft in Australia are Avro 504K A3-4/H2174, stored at the Treloar Technology Centre (Canberra) and S.E.5a A2-4/C1916, exhibited in the ANZAC Hall of the main Australian War Memorial displays in the Australian War Memorial. ## New Zealand At first the New Zealand Government refused the Imperial Gift, but later accepted 34 aircraft and 42 aero engines: - 21 × Avro 504K trainers - 9 × Airco DH.9 bombers - 2 × Bristol F.2B Fighter two seat fighters - 2 × Airco DH.4 bombers The F.2Bs, DH-4s and one Avro 504K were retained for government use, and the balance were issued on loan as transports and training aircraft to civil aviation companies between 1920 and 1924. By the mid-1920s, all of the private firms involved had collapsed, and surviving aircraft were taken back by the government to constitute the New Zealand Permanent Air Force. All Imperial Gift aircraft in military service were either wrecked, scrapped or burnt and nothing has survived. ## South Africa South Africa was the second country after Britain to establish an air force independent from army or naval control on 1 February 1920. The South African Air Force's (SAAF) share of the Imperial Gift was: - 48 × Airco DH.9 bombers - 30 × Avro 504 trainers - 22 × Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a fighters - 10 × Airco DH.4 bombers The 10 DH-4s were war loss replacements sponsored by the Over-Seas Club of London. An additional DH-9 was donated by the city of Birmingham. The SAAF's initial fleet was completed by two Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s left over from Allister Miller's wartime recruitment campaign and handed over to the Union Defence Force in October 1919. No records have been found of the B.E.2s being used after 1919. The ancillary equipment and materials from the donation included 20 steel hangars, 30 portable wood and canvas Bessonneau hangars, radio and photographic equipment, complete engine and airframe workshops with tools, trucks, tenders, trailers, 50,000 imp gal (230,000 L; 60,000 US gal) of engine oils and 20,000 imp gal (91,000 L; 24,000 US gal) of paints, varnishes and dope. The total value of the donation was estimated at £2,000,000. An offer of four Type Zero airships was turned down due to doubts about their usability above 6,000 ft (1,800 m) and the expense of replacing the envelopes, which were estimated to have a useful life of only three months in the harsh South African sunshine. The first batch of aircraft arrived in South Africa in September 1919 at the Artillery Depot at Roberts Heights, Pretoria where an Air Depot was established on 1 January 1920. The combined facility was then known as the Aircraft and Artillery Depot. Two Avro 504s were sold for £1,563-11s-8d to the South African Aerial Transport Company in 1920. A 23.5 morgen (20.1 hectare) piece of land two miles east of Roberts Heights was acquired for an aerodrome and named Zwartkop after a nearby hill. No. 1 Flight was formed at Zwartkop Air Force Station on 26 April 1920, equipped with DH-9s. After the formation of a second flight, 1 Squadron was established in early 1922. The SAAF Museum's Pretoria branch is housed in six of the original steel hangars. ## India India's share of the Imperial Gift was: - 60 × Airco DH.9 bombers - 40 × Avro 504 trainers Unlike other recipients, India did not use the gift to establish a national air force. The RAF in India received 20 Avro 504s for military use. The rest went to various colonial government departments and entities, or were sold to commercial and private operators. The remains of three DH-9s were discovered in 1995 in disused elephant stables at the palace of the Maharajah of Bikaner. Taken to the Imperial War Museum (IWM) in the UK, parts of all three were used to restore one of the aircraft, with the addition of an engine the IWM had in storage. It is on display at the IWM's Duxford facility.	[ "## Background", "## Canada", "## Australia", "## New Zealand", "## South Africa", "## India" ]	2,360	13,730
5,891,529	Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies	1,090,083,473	Naming scheme for assigning generic, or nonproprietary, names to monoclonal antibodies	[ "Chemical nomenclature", "Monoclonal antibodies" ]	The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic, or nonproprietary, names to monoclonal antibodies. An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus. Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells, often artificially, and so share the same target object. They have a wide range of applications including medical uses. This naming scheme is used for both the World Health Organization's International Nonproprietary Names (INN) and the United States Adopted Names (USAN) for pharmaceuticals. In general, word stems are used to identify classes of drugs, in most cases placed word-finally. All monoclonal antibody names assigned until 2021 end with the stem -mab; newer names have different stems. Unlike most other pharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts (morphemes) depending on structure and function. These are officially called substems and sometimes erroneously infixes, even by the USAN Council itself. The scheme has been revised several times: in 2009, in 2017, in 2021, and in 2022. ## Components ### Stem Until 2021, the stem -mab was used for all monoclonal antibodies as well as for their fragments, as long as at least one variable domain (the domain that contains the target binding structure) was included. This is the case for antigen-binding fragments and single-chain variable fragments, among other artificial proteins. The new scheme, published in November 2021, divides antibodies into four groups: Group 1 uses the stem -tug for full-length unmodified immunoglobulins, those that might occur as such in the immune system. Group 2 has the stem -bart for full-length antibodies artificial, which contain one or more engineered regions (at least one point mutation). Group 3 uses -mig for multi-immunoglobulins of any length, comprising bispecific and multispecific monoclonal antibodies. Finally, group 4 assigns the stem -ment for monospecific antibody fragments without an Fc region. Other antibody parts (such as Fc regions) and antibody mimetics use different naming schemes. ### Substem for source For antibodies named until early 2017, the substem preceding the stem denotes the animal from which the antibody was obtained. The first monoclonal antibodies were produced in mice (substem -o-, yielding the ending -omab; usually Mus musculus, the house mouse) or other non-human organisms. Neither INN nor USAN has ever been requested for antibodies from rats (theoretically -a-), hamsters (-e-) and primates (-i-). These non-human antibodies are recognized as foreign by the human immune system and may be rapidly cleared from the body, provoke an allergic reaction, or both. To avoid this, parts of the antibody can be replaced with human amino acid sequences, or pure human antibodies can be engineered. If the constant region is replaced with the human form, the antibody is termed chimeric and the substem used was -xi-. Part of the variable regions may also be substituted, in which case it is called humanized and -zu- was used; typically, everything is replaced except the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), the three loops of amino acid sequences at the outside of each variable region that bind to the target structure; although some other residues may have to remain non-human in order to achieve good binding. Partly chimeric and partly humanized antibodies used -xizu-. These three substems did not indicate the foreign species used for production. Thus, the human/mouse chimeric antibody basiliximab ends in -ximab just as does the human/macaque antibody gomiliximab. Purely human antibodies used -u-. Rat/mouse hybrid antibodies can be engineered with binding sites for two different antigens. These drugs, termed trifunctional antibodies, had the substem -axo-. Newer antibody names omit this part of the name. ### Substem for target The substem preceding the source of the antibody refers to the medicine's target. Examples of targets are tumors, organ systems like the circulatory system, or infectious agents like bacteria or viruses. The term target does not imply what sort of action the antibody exerts. Therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic agents are not distinguished by this nomenclature. In the naming scheme as originally developed, these substems mostly consist of a consonant, a vowel, then another consonant. The final letter may be dropped if the resulting name would be difficult to pronounce otherwise. Examples include -ci(r)- for the circulatory system, -li(m)- for the immune system (lim stands for lymphocyte) and -ne(r)- for the nervous system. The final letter is usually omitted if the following source substem begins with a consonant (such as -zu- or -xi-), but not all target substems are used in their shortened form. -mul-, for example, is never reduced to -mu- because no chimeric or humanized antibodies targeting the musculoskeletal system ever received an INN. Combination of target and source substems resulted in endings like -limumab (immune system, human) or -ciximab (circulatory system, chimeric, consonant r dropped). New and shorter target substems were adopted in 2009. They mostly consist of a consonant, plus a vowel which is omitted if the source substem begins with a vowel. For example, human antibodies targeting the immune system receive names ending in -lumab instead of the old -limumab. Some endings like -ciximab remained unchanged. The old system employed seven different substems for tumor targets, depending on the type of tumor. Because many antibodies are investigated for several tumor types, the new convention only has -t(u)-. With the source substem being discontinued in 2017, the need for dropping the target substem's final vowel disappeared. ### Prefix The prefix carries no special meaning. It should be unique for each medicine and contribute to a well-sounding name. This means that antibodies with the same source and target substems are only distinguished by their prefix. Even antibodies targeting exactly the same structure are differently prefixed, such as the adalimumab and golimumab, both of which are TNF inhibitors but differ in their chemical structure. ### Additional words A second word following the name of the antibody indicates that another substance is attached, which is done for several reasons. - An antibody can be PEGylated (attached to molecules of polyethylene glycol) to slow down its degradation by enzymes and to decrease its immunogenicity; this is shown by the word pegol as in alacizumab pegol. - A cytotoxic agent can be linked to an anti-tumor antibody for drug targeting purposes. The word vedotin, for example, stands for monomethyl auristatin E which is toxic by itself but predominantly affects cancer cells if used in conjugates like glembatumumab vedotin. - A chelator for binding a radioisotope can be attached. Pendetide, a derivative of pentetic acid, is used for example in capromab pendetide to chelate indium-111. If the drug contains a radioisotope, the name of the isotope precedes the name of the antibody. Consequently, indium (<sup>111</sup>In) capromab pendetide is the name for the above example including indium-111. ### Overview ## History Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō discovered in 1890 that diphtheria and tetanus toxins were neutralized in the bloodstream of animals by substances they called antitoxins, which were specific for the respective toxin. Behring received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their find in 1901. A year after the discovery, Paul Ehrlich used the term antibodies (German Antikörper) for these antitoxins. The principle of monoclonal antibody production, called hybridoma technology, was published in 1975 by Georges Köhler and César Milstein, who were awarded the 1984 Medicine Nobel Prize for their discovery together with Niels Kaj Jerne. Muromonab-CD3 was the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for clinical use in humans, in 1986. The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the system of International Nonproprietary Names in 1950, with the first INN list being published three years later. The stem -mab for monoclonal antibodies was proposed around 1990, and the current system with target and source substems was developed between 1991 and 1993. Due to the collaboration between the WHO and the United States Adopted Names Council, antibody USANs have the same structure and are largely identical to INNs. Until 2009, more than 170 monoclonal antibodies received names following this nomenclature. In October 2008, the WHO convoked a working group to revise the nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies, to meet challenges discussed in April the same year. This led to the adoption of the new target substems in November 2009. In spring 2010, the first new antibody names were adopted. In April 2017, at the WHO's 64th Consultation on International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances, it was decided to drop the source substem and from that meeting onwards, it is no longer used in new antibody names. The revised nomenclature was published in May 2017. The difficulty in capturing the complexity and subtleties of the many methods by which antibody drugs can be produced is one of the reasons that the INN dropped the source substem, as is the need for creating more clearly distinguishable names. The 2021 revision, published in November 2021, replaced the hitherto universal stem -mab with four distinct stems depending on the basic structure. Also, the target substem -li- for immunomodulating antibodies was split into substems for immunosuppressive (-pru-) and immunostimulatory antibodies (-sto-) and those targeting allergens (-ler-). ## Examples ### 1980s - The monoclonal antibody muromonab-CD3, approved for clinical use in 1986, was named before these conventions took effect, and consequently its name does not follow them. Instead, it is a contraction from "murine monoclonal antibody targeting CD3". ### Convention until 2009 - Adalimumab is a drug targeting TNF alpha. Its name can be broken down into ada-lim-u-mab. Therefore, the drug is a human monoclonal antibody targeting the immune system. If adalimumab had been named between 2009 and 2017, it would have been adalumab (ada-li-u-mab). After 2017, it would be adalimab (ada-li-mab). - Abciximab is a commonly used medication to prevent platelets from clumping together. Broken down into ab-ci-xi-mab, its name shows the drug to be a chimeric monoclonal antibody used on the cardiovascular system. This and the following two names would look the same if the 2009 convention were applied. - The name of the breast cancer medication trastuzumab can be analyzed as tras-tu-zu-mab. Therefore, the drug is a humanized monoclonal antibody used against a tumor. - Alacizumab pegol is a PEGylated humanized antibody targeting the circulatory system. - Technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) pintumomab and technetium (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) nofetumomab merpentan are radiolabeled antibodies, merpentan being a chelator that links the antibody nofetumomab to the radioisotope technetium-99m. - Rozrolimupab is a polyclonal antibody. Broken down into rozro-lim-u-pab, its name shows the drug to be a human polyclonal antibody (-pab) acting on the immune system. ### Convention from 2009 to 2017 - Olaratumab is an antineoplastic. Its name is composed of the components olara-t-u-mab. This shows that the drug is a human monoclonal antibody acting against tumors. - The name of benralizumab, a drug designed for the treatment of asthma, has the components benra-li-zu-mab, marking it as a humanized antibody acting on the immune system. ### Convention from 2017 to 2021 - Belantamab mafodotin (belan-ta-mab) is also an antineoplastic. It is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent that is chemically related to monomethyl auristatin E. ## See also - List of monoclonal antibodies - Monoclonal antibody therapy	[ "## Components", "### Stem", "### Substem for source", "### Substem for target", "### Prefix", "### Additional words", "### Overview", "## History", "## Examples", "### 1980s", "### Convention until 2009", "### Convention from 2009 to 2017", "### Convention from 2017 to 2021", "## See also" ]	2,769	20,963

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