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<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I have some questions regarding the usage and significance of the ```synchronized``` keyword.
* What is the significance of the ```synchronized``` keyword?
* When should methods be ```synchronized```?
* What does it mean programmatically and logically? </s> <|assistant|> The ```synchronized``` keyword is all about different threads reading and writing to the same variables, objects and resources. This is not a trivial topic in Java, but here is a quote from Sun:
> ```synchronized``` methods enable a simple strategy for preventing thread interference and memory consistency errors: if an object is visible to more than one thread, all reads or writes to that object's variables are done through synchronized methods.
In a very, very small nutshell: When you have two threads that are reading and writing to the same 'resource', say a variable named ```foo```, you need to ensure that these threads access the variable in an atomic way. Without the ```synchronized``` keyword, your thread 1 may not see the change thread 2 made to ```foo```, or worse, it may only be half changed. This would not be what you logically expect.
Again, this is a non-trivial topic in Java. To learn more, explore topics about:
* Concurrency
* Java Memory Model
Keep exploring these topics until the name "Brian Goetz" becomes permanently associated with the term "concurrency" in your brain. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to connect mysql workbench to running mysql inside docker? </s> <|assistant|> By default after deployment MySQL has following connection restrictions:
```mysql> select host, user from mysql.user;
+-----------+---------------+
| host | user |
+-----------+---------------+
| localhost | healthchecker |
| localhost | mysql.session |
| localhost | mysql.sys |
| localhost | root |
+-----------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```
Apparently, for the security purposes you will not be able to connect to it outside of the docker image.
If you need to change that to allow root to connect from any host (say, for development purposes), do:
* Start your mysql image with all port mappings required:
```docker run -p 3306:3306 --name=mysql57 -d mysql/mysql-server:5.7```
or, if the complete port mapping is required:
```docker run -p 3306:3306 -p 33060:33060 --name=mysql57 -d mysql/mysql-server:5.7
```
* If this is the fresh installation - grab the default password:
```docker logs mysql57 2>&1 | grep GENERATED```
* Connect using ```mysql``` client directly to the mysqld in docker:
```docker exec -it mysql57 mysql -uroot -p```
* If this is the fresh installation you will be asked to change the password using ```ALTER USER``` command. Do it.
* Run SQL:
```update mysql.user set host = '%' where user='root';```
* Quit the ```mysql``` client.
* Restart the container:
```docker restart mysql57```
Now you will be able to connect from MySQL Workbench to
```host: `0.0.0.0`
port: `3306`
```
After all the changes the query will show:
```select host, user from mysql.user;
+-----------+---------------+
| host | user |
+-----------+---------------+
| % | root |
| localhost | healthchecker |
| localhost | mysql.session |
| localhost | mysql.sys |
+-----------+---------------+
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Can you implement KMP Algorithm with python? </s> <|assistant|> The Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm (or KMP algorithm) is a string-searching algorithm that searches for occurrences of a "word" W within a main "text string" S by employing the observation that when a mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to determine where the next match could begin, thus bypassing re-examination of previously matched characters.```
```
# Python3 program for KMP Algorithm
class KMP:
def partial(self, pattern):
""" Calculate partial match table: String -> [Int]"""
ret = [0]
for i in range(1, len(pattern)):
j = ret[i - 1]
while j > 0 and pattern[j] != pattern[i]:
j = ret[j - 1]
ret.append(j + 1 if pattern[j] == pattern[i] else j)
return ret
def search(self, T, P):
"""
KMP search main algorithm: String -> String -> [Int]
Return all the matching position of pattern string P in T
"""
partial, ret, j = self.partial(P), [], 0
for i in range(len(T)):
while j > 0 and T[i] != P[j]:
j = partial[j - 1]
if T[i] == P[j]: j += 1
if j == len(P):
ret.append(i - (j - 1))
j = partial[j - 1]
return ret
kmp = KMP()
txt = "abdabeabfabc"
pat = "abc"
kmp.search(txt, pat)
```
The output of the above code is:
```
9
```
The Time Complexity of this algorithm is O(N) and the auxiliary space needed for KMP is O(M). </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> In this Creation magazine reprint of a 1994 article titled Exploding stars point to a young universe, Young-Earth Creationist, Jonathan Sarfati argues that the scarcity of Supernova remnants (SNRs) in the sky suggests the Milky Way galaxy is less than billions of years old.
On average, a galaxy like our own, the Milky Way, should produce one supernova every 25 years.
[...]
As can be readily seen above, a young universe model fits the data of the low number of observed SNRs. If the universe was really billions of years old, there are 7000 missing SNRs in our galaxy.
Does astronomy predict a Milky Way supernova every 25 years? Are there missing SNRs that undermine these predictions? </s> <|assistant|> There are many reasons why this is wrong. The first one is the assumption of 1 supernova per 25 years. That was the value arrived at in Gustav Tammann's article published in 1970. Others got values up to 100 years (Tammann himself changed his value later). All these values are really only good guesses.
Worse errors are made in the percentage of remnants that should be visible. To start with, only a small percentage of them are visible; the others are obscured by dust in the galaxy. This does not happen to the same extent to the supernovas themselves, as they are intrinsically very much brighter.
Sarfati also uses an old paper to come up with the number of remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud (a satellite galaxy to the Milky Way). However, that figure was considered to be wrong (and much smaller) in later studies. Older remnants are very difficult to distinguish against a background of dust in the galaxy. Many of them disappear completely after about 10,000 years or so.
It should be noted that, using Sarfati's own reasoning, we should not be able to see any remnants older than 6000 years. Instead, we know of remnants (e.g. G166.2 + 2.5) that are over 100,000 years old. How did those originate in his universe? The same goes for the distance to supernovas. The distance to SN 1987A has been trigonometrically measured at 167,000 light years (the paper says 51,200 parsecs). In other words, its light took more than 30 times longer to reach us than the creationist universe has supposedly existed.
Remember also that a supernova typically becomes either a pulsar or a black hole, both of which are very hard to observe. A black hole can only be "seen" through its effects on other matter, and a pulsar is mainly visible if the solar system happens to be in line with its sweeping radio beam (with some pulsars the star itself has also been seen). Hence, all we can see of them long after the event is an expanding cloud of gas that gets dimmer over the millennia.
There are several other reasons which are covered in a very good article on TalkOrigins. That article has links to all the original scientific papers referred to, so you can check the validity yourself. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> What utility can move my Windows boot partition over to another hard drive?
My preference is that it would be really easy.
* Boot into Windows
* Pick drive to move
* Pick target drive
* It copies everything over, and reboots to the correct partition. </s> <|assistant|> ## DriveImage XML
DriveImage XML will do the job. It runs from within Windows and it can copy directly from drive to drive. A lot of people rave about it after good experiences with the software.
DriveImage XML is an easy to use and reliable program for imaging and backing up partitions and logical drives.
Image creation uses Microsoft's Volume Shadow Services (VSS), allowing you to create safe "hot images" even from drives currently in use. Images are stored in XML files, allowing you to process them with 3rd party tools. Never again be stuck with a useless backup! Restore images to drives without having to reboot. DriveImage XML is now faster than ever, offering two different compression levels.
## EASEUS Disk Copy
EASEUS Disk Copy is a great alternative if you don't want to go for a 'hot' backup that runs from within Windows. Good review at lifehacker and on a par with DriveImage XML. They quite clearly state that it is ideal for moving from one disk to a larger one. Like other suggestions, this requires that you create a boot CD.
> EASEUS Disk Copy is a potent freeware providing sector-by-sector disk/partition clone regardless of your operating system, file systems and partition scheme by creating a bootable CD. The sector-by-sector method assures you a copy 100% identical to the original. Disk Copy can be used for copy, cloning, or upgrading your original small hard drive to a new larger drive. Simply speaking, it can copy anything from the old hard drive including the deleted, lost files and inaccessible data. So, the freeware is a perfect tool for Data Recovery Wizard to recover files from a backup disk. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to add margin top to ```class="row"``` elements using twitter bootstrap framework? </s> <|assistant|> Editing or overriding the row in Twitter bootstrap is a bad idea, because this is a core part of the page scaffolding and you will need rows without a top margin.
To solve this, instead create a new class "top-buffer" that adds the standard margin that you need.
```.top-buffer { margin-top:20px; }```
And then use it on the row divs where you need a top margin.
```<div class="row top-buffer"> ...``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Translate the following text into English.
在我们的文化中，家庭关系非常重要，我们会尽力照顾我们的父母和长辈。 </s> <|assistant|> In our culture, family relationships are very important, and we will do our best to take care of our parents and elders. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> My cat keeps scratching up my furniture. What are some ways to train her to stop? </s> <|assistant|> Cats scratch furniture for a variety of reasons, so you'll have to work out why yours is scratching in particular. It's usually because it wants to claw off old nail sheaths, or because it wants to mark its territory. Here are a number of things you can do to train her not to scratch your furniture.
First, you can trim her nails regularly. If you trim your cat's nails regularly, then it will be less likely for her to want to scratch because it will be more uncomfortable for her to do so. Plus, it will reduce the damage done by scratching because the claws won't be as sharp.
Second, you can cover the areas with something unpleasant, like tin foil or double-sided tape. This should discourage her from scratching there, and she'll (hopefully) learn to go to her scratching post instead.
Third, you can try to redirect her attention when she starts to scratch where she shouldn't. If you catch her in the act, make a loud noise (clapping is good) and she should stop. Then, if you have a scratching post nearby, encourage her to scratch there instead. Give her a treat if she scratches the post, or praise her verbally. She'll learn that scratching the post gets her good things, while scratching the furniture gets her nothing.
Finally, you can try a combination of all of the above. Trim her nails, cover the furniture, and when you catch her scratching the furniture, clap your hands and show her the scratching post.
With consistent effort, you should be able to break her furniture-scratching habit. It may take a few weeks, but it can be done.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> In under 30 words, write an enticing start to a novel establishing a dystopian society </s> <|assistant|> The raindrops crash against my windowpane. Yet when I look outside the fire is still burning. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Is it worth patenting an algorithm if I don't have the money to defend against infringements? </s> <|assistant|> This is a great question, with no one right answer.
The strength of a patent comes from the ability to enforce it. If the patent owner cannot enforce it for whatever reason (such as a lack of funding), the patent is effectively toothless.
But your competitors will likely not know that. They may therefore be dissuaded from infringing simply by the existence of a patent and the assumption that you would sue. Such a chilling effect on competition may be valuable to you.
In addition, if there is infringement, you may be able to get a licensing agreement without the need for litigation. This can be a very lucrative business model, and so may justify the cost of patenting.
And if litigation seems likely, there is a nascent field of litigation funding. While your funders will take quite a great deal of the damages, you may at least get something out of the end of it.
Finally, even if you can't sue, someone else could. You might therefore get quite some value from selling it off at some point. There are a number of tech businesses where most of their value comes from their IP portfolio.
On the whole therefore it depends how you see yourself proceeding. If you're unsure, it may pay to err on the side of patenting: once you disclose or use your invention publicly, you're generally barred from patenting it later (but for a short grace period in some countries), whereas it's easy to abandon a patent (or application) later down the track if you wish. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to help first graders with spelling words? </s> <|assistant|> Helping a first grader learn to spell can be both challenging and rewarding. Whether you're a teacher, a parent, a grandparent or a volunteer, there are ways to help a child with spelling words. The best strategies to encourage a young speller are based in knowing more about a child's spelling ability, and the early stages of writing.
## Teach spell strategies
1. Assess students' spelling knowledge. The best teaching practice starts with learning what the student already knows. Take a moment to check the students' knowledge of spelling by asking them to spell a list of common first grade words. Assessment allows you to start teaching at the area of your students' competence. Words found at the first grade level are short, 1-4 letters long. They are 1 syllable words. Examples of first grade words are: a, to, at, boy, bad, dip, cat, nest, sand, play. Assessment continues by analyzing students' independent writing. Provide opportunities for your students to write, whether in art projects or academic activities. Continue assessing throughout the school year. Ongoing assessment is vital for effective teaching practice.
2. Teach in small groups. Most teachers are aware of the disparity between their students' abilities and know that small group instruction is preferred when possible. In helping first graders with spelling, it's essential to teach in small groups. Group assignments should be based on what you've discovered through your spelling assessments, so that students of similar spelling abilities can be taught at the same time. Be aware that some students' reading and their spelling abilities may be quite different. Don't base spelling assessments on students' ability to read. Have other students engage in word-related activities at their seats, or participate in literacy activities in the classroom's centers, will help you manage the other students while working with small groups. Having an assistant or a classroom volunteer can be helpful to managing the small groups of students.
3. Prioritize spelling instruction. You'll need to find the time to assess and teach spelling to your first graders. This can be difficult to manage, because it requires individualization to the child's learning ability. Plan ahead to include spelling instruction every day, multiple times per day. Consider creating inclusion of spelling words in different areas of study. Invest a little time every day in independent word work and individual or small group instruction.
4. Teach word knowledge, not just spelling. Teaching sight words, words that the student is likely to encounter often, helps the first grader with spelling. Post familiar words around the classroom. Teach students to consider why the word is spelled as it is. Teach the rules behind the spelling. For example, teach the reason for the silent e, and how it affects the sound of the word. Adding an e to a simple 3-letter word usually makes the vowel long, rather than short. Teach sight words that don't usually fit the standard first-grade curriculum, if you find the students' using these words frequently. Post these words around your classroom, and refer to them when they naturally arise in other teaching. These sight words might include: because, are, again, said, friend, were.
5. Demonstrate usefulness of spelling. Students will be more motivated to learn to spell if they understand its importance. A first-grader must be taught the connection between reading words and proper spelling. By teaching students to recognize the power spelling has over understanding, you'll help them transfer their spelling knowledge into other activities of their life. Group activities can have multiple fill-in-the-blank opportunities. Mad Libs is a great activity for teaching spelling. Teacher scaffolding can help support beginning learners. Reminding the student what she already knows, strategies she might try to complete a spelling word, and providing hints and encouragement all support a first grader with spelling.
6. Integrate strategies for independent spelling. When you're helping your first graders, say each word you want them to spell slowly. Teach your first graders to listen for the sounds they hear (initial sound, middle sound, final sound). Help them identify any part they might know, e.g., br in brought. Encourage students to notice how words come together to make a larger word. For example, putting fun and silly together to make funny. Students might enjoy clapping the syllables, then writing letters for each syllable. Help the students identify different spellings of rhyming words, such as space and place, or here and there. Students need lots of opportunities to try the correct spelling to see if it looks right. Provide resources around the classroom - dictionaries, calendars, charts, word walls, etc.
7. Encourage all writing, regardless of spelling. Writing and spelling are two different academic areas. Having students write, without worrying about their spelling, will help them become more confident writers and spellers. Provide opportunities for students to write about things that are important to them: football games, video games, school outings, or pets are popular topics. These learning opportunities are found throughout the students' day. Make games out of writing about new topics.
8. Expose students to written words. The more a child is exposed to written words, the more likely he is to internalize the spelling of the word. If you're working on particular spelling words, point them out in books, magazines and online. Highlight with a marker to emphasize that the word he's learning is also found in the "real world" if possible. Students may enjoy "proofreading" for spelling mistakes. First graders may appreciate reading the same stories over and over again. If this is the case, take advantage of this repetition to highlight different words found within the same story.
## Recognize the early stag of write
1. Know the signs of the pre-communicative writing stage. A first grade child may be still at the pre-communicative stage of writing, which means that he only has a rough idea of the alphabet. Your first grader may recognize different letters of the alphabet, but be unaware of words as a visual construct. Spaces between words may not be noticed. For children in this stage, continue to teach alphabet shapes and expose the child to written words through reading aloud with him. Never attempt to correct the spelling of a child at this stage of writing.
2. Learn about the semiphonetic stage of writing. By first grade, some children will be at the semiphonetic stage of reading. A this stage, the child is making a connection between the sound of the word and the sound of a letter or two within the word. He may dramatically abbreviate the word, such as using T or D for dog. The word that the child may attempt to spell first may be his name, or the M for Mom or D for Dad. Children's ability to segment, or separate, the distinct sounds of a word may be still emerging. Encourage a child to write often, no matter how difficult the word may be to read. Don't worry about spelling at this stage, but provide help if the child is open.
3. Know about the phonetic spelling stage. This is a common stage for first graders, a stage of spelling that assumes basic knowledge of the alphabet and understand that words and sounds are connected. A speller at this stage may use "invented" spelling patterns based on the sound of the word.Children at this level will be more interested in learning correct spelling. Provide models of correctly spelled words, and start to encourage them to think about how to spell words for themselves. This is a wonderful stage to start to help a child with spelling. Examples of invented spellings might be kam for came, wel for will, fes for fish, etc. Another thing you might notice is that the child starts to recognize beginning patterns in words, noticing rhymes and similar sounds.
4. Learn more about the transitional spelling stage. A few first graders might already be at the transitional stage of spelling. At this stage, the student will have emerging reading skills and recognize many words. They begin to understand that sounds are represented by letter combinations, and that words can be made plural or altered in other ways by suffixes and prefixes. Being patient with mistakes at this stage is essential. The words might actually be more difficult to understand than with a phonetic speller, but the child's spelling mistakes are based in an inadequate understanding of spelling patterns. Continue to teach the patterns that make for good spelling. Teach the child how to laugh at spelling inconsistencies as are so often found in the English language. Reminders of appropriate spelling can also be taught at this stage, such as "I before E, except after C, unless it's an A as in neighbor or weigh."
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How do DOS games like DOOM benefit from a PCI graphics card? </s> <|assistant|> DOOM itself doesn’t do anything special to benefit from PCI graphics cards. It runs faster with PCI graphics cards (and VLB, AGP, and PCI Express cards) than with ISA graphics cards because the supporting bus is faster, so reads from and writes to video memory take less time.
PCI goes to great lengths to preserve backwards compatibility with ISA-based VGA, providing support for “VGA compatible” adapters so that they can appear in memory at the same locations and use the same I/O ports as ISA VGA cards. So accesses to the VGA registers and to the VGA buffer (at 0xA0000) go directly to the main PCI VGA compatible adapter in the system, with no change required in the operating system or programs running on it. (This is the reason why there’s a specific “VGA compatible controller” device type in PCI. Such shenanigans are impossible for other device types in PCI, which is why PCI sound cards have so much trouble providing compatibility with programs written for ISA sound cards.)
A faster bus and/or faster video memory immediately leads to higher performance in video-intensive programs because software doesn’t need to be careful about how it accesses video memory (except on CGA, and on all platforms with vertical blank synchronisation if it cares about tearing). So ```REP MOVSW``` or ```REP MOVSD``` with no waiting in software, once the program decides to write a frame, is perfectly fine, and will go faster and faster as the underlying hardware improves. On platforms where this can’t work in hardware (e.g. on an 8088 with a VGA card), the hardware takes care of specifics — for example on an 8088 the bus unit will split up 16-bit accesses.
Your question is specific to DOOM but other DOS games are in a similar situation. Later games tended to rely on VBE (often using UniVBE) to access video modes beyond those provided by VGA, but they mostly didn’t use anything beyond video-mode setup and framebuffer configuration (see also Were any DOS games (or software) known to use VBE/AF?), so improved video speed came mostly from bus speed increases, faster video memory, and speed increases in the cards themselves (which was already a factor in the ISA era, compare most Trident cards to Tseng cards for example).
For an excellent explanation of the intricacies of VGA programming and its memory layout, see Fabien Sanglard’s Game Engine Black Book series. The DOOM update loop is shown on page 185 of the DOOM book; it doesn’t use any assembly language (unlike the renderer, see pp. 290 and following), but it does have one perhaps surprising feature given the 32-bit nature of the code: VGA updates are done 16 bits at a time. Section 2.3 of the same book, pp. 59 and following, describes some of the improvements to VGA adapters around the time DOOM was released, in particular the switch to the VESA Local Bus on 486s. The benchmark table on page 287 shows the importance of the bus. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> In general, there are two types of syntax of defining functions - Something like C, C++, C#, or Java (```int functionName(char arg)```) vs the ML (and others) tradition of defining the return type after the function (and using something like a ```fun``` keyword to define a function - like ```fun functionName(char arg): int```).
One of the advantages (for the parser, at least) for a ```fun``` keyword is that it lets the parser be context-free (it doesn't have to guess if ```int``` defines a variable or if it defines a function).
When C was invented, computers had very little memory and speed (so little, that the reason C requires one to define all the variables in the beginning of the function was because it had to be a one-pass parser). Why didn't they choose the simple way out and use function defining keyword? </s> <|assistant|> Dennis Ritchie’s paper on The Development of the C Language gives some idea of the reasoning behind this: namely, the fundamental rule in C that declaration syntax should match expression syntax"
For each object of such a composed type, there was already a way to mention the underlying object: index the array, call the function, use the indirection operator on the pointer. Analogical reasoning led to a declaration syntax for names mirroring that of the expression syntax in which the names typically appear. Thus,
```int i, *pi, **ppi;
```
declare an integer, a pointer to an integer, a pointer to a pointer to an integer. The syntax of these declarations reflects the observation that ```i```, ```*pi```, and ```**ppi``` all yield an ```int``` type when used in an expression. Similarly,
```int f(), *f(), (*f)();
```
declare a function returning an integer, a function returning a pointer to an integer, a pointer to a function returning an integer;
```int *api[10], (*pai)[10];
```
declare an array of pointers to integers, and a pointer to an array of integers. In all these cases the declaration of a variable resembles its usage in an expression whose type is the one named at the head of the declaration.
It appears this rule trumped parser considerations. Its immediate consequence is that function declarations can’t use specific keywords, or impose a different ordering of declaration components.
It’s worth noting that parsing was somewhat different in early C, since function declarations didn’t specify their arguments, and function definitions separated the argument list from the argument declarations (which weren’t necessary for ```int``` arguments):
```sum();
```
declares a ```sum``` function, which would then be defined as
```sum(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
```
(no types needed here, the default is ```int```). So the parser didn’t deal with types inside argument lists. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Why isn't Sectumsempra an Unforgivable Curse? </s> <|assistant|> Not many people knew Sectumsempra - they'd need to know it exists to ban it.
Severus Snape invented Sectumsempra while at Hogwarts, and wrote it down in his Potions book. He doesn't seem to have told many people about it, it's possible he didn't tell anyone at all.
“Harry was about to put his book away again when he noticed the corner of a page folded down; turning to it, he saw the Sectumsempra spell, captioned ‘For Enemies’, that he had marked a few weeks previously.” - Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Chapter 24 (Sectumsempra)
His book was hidden away until Harry found it, and Harry didn't tell the rest of the wizarding world about it either. Severus himself was seen using Sectumsempra when the Order was moving seven Harrys, and Harry had used it a few times after he found it in Snape's old book. Lupin knows of it, since he described it as one of Snape's specialties.
However, they are probably some of the only people who know it - it isn't widely known like the three Unforgivable Curses. No one else, either in the Death Eaters or the Order of the Phoenix, is ever said to use it. It's likely that the Ministry didn't even know of it. Therefore, the Ministry wouldn't have even been able to make the decision to classify it as an Unforgivable Curse, since they would likely not have even known it existed.
If the Ministry knew about it, would it be classified as Unforgivable?
The reason it wasn't classified as an Unforgivable Curse is because the Ministry wouldn't have known about it - they would be unable to make any decision on something they don't know exists. That, by itself, doesn't say whether the Ministry would classify it as one if they knew about it.
Not all potentially harmful spells are classified as Unforgivable Curses.
It's nowhere near guaranteed, though, that if the Ministry knew about Sectumsempra, that they'd classify it as an Unforgivable Curse. There are other spells that could clearly do harm. Just to give a few examples - Confringo, Flagrante, and the creation of Fiendfyre are all potentially harmful but not Unforgivable.
It's never mentioned why those three curses are classified as Unforgivable and others aren't, but it seems likely that it's because there are little to no uses for them that aren't evil. The punishment for using an Unforgivable Curse is a lifetime sentence in Azkaban, so only the worst curses, that are highly unlikely to ever have a non-Dark use, would be made Unforgivable.
“Now … those three curses – Avada Kedavra, Imperius and Cruciatus – are known as the Unforgivable Curses. The use of any one of them on a fellow human being is enough to earn a life sentence in Azkaban.” - Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 14 (The Unforgivable Curses)
Now, would Sectumsempra fit the criteria for being made an Unforgivable Curse?
Probably not - it cuts through things like a sword. It can be used for anything a sword, knife or other cutting tool can be used for. While using it on people might be considered Unforgivable, the spell itself is simply the act of cutting. There are many things a wizard might reasonably want to cut with no malicious intent; vegetables, rope, cloth, building materials. Because of this, it seems unlikely that even if the Ministry had known about it, it would be classified as an Unforgivable Curse.
In addition, there is a countercurse for Sectumsempra.
“Pushing Harry roughly aside, he knelt over Malfoy, drew his wand and traced it over the deep wounds Harry’s curse had made, muttering an incantation that sounded almost like song. The flow of blood seemed to ease; Snape wiped the residue from Malfoy’s face and repeated his spell. Now the wounds seemed to be knitting. - Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Chapter 24 (Sectumsempra)
While the wounds from Sectumsempra can't be healed by simple healing spells, they can in fact be healed by the countercurse.
So - Sectumsempra likely wouldn't be made Unforgivable if the Ministry knew it. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> My 6yo daughter is having trouble controlling their emotions. What should I do to help her control her feelings? </s> <|assistant|> That is a normal age for a child to be struggling with strong emotions. Many children do not learn healthy ways to cope with emotions, especially the big ones like anger, sadness, and fear. It is very difficult for a child to learn these skills without help. So, the best thing you can do is model good emotional control, and teach her how to deal with her emotions. Here are a few ideas:
###Model & Teach
* Talk about feelings. When you are feeling something strong, tell her. "I'm angry right now because you didn't clean up your toys like I asked." Or, "I'm sad that you are going to school today." Labeling feelings helps her learn to identify them in herself.
* Talk about ways to handle feelings. "I'm angry, and I don't want to yell at you. It makes me feel better when I take a deep breath and count to 10." Or, "I'm sad that you are going to school today. It helps me feel better to give you a big hug and tell you I love you before you go." This teaches her ways to cope with uncomfortable feelings.
* Help her label her feelings, and talk about ways to cope. "You're screaming and throwing a tantrum. Is that because you're angry? Anger makes me feel mad. When I get mad I can feel my heart beat fast and my face get hot. It helps me feel better to stop and take a deep breath." This helps her learn to identify what she is feeling, and gives her ideas for how to cope.
###Create Opportunities for Practice
* Read books about feelings. There are many great books out there that talk about different feelings, and give ideas for coping.
* Play games that involve feelings. There are games out there that involve identifying and talking about feelings. If you can't find one, make up a game where you describe a scenario, and have her tell you how someone in that scenario might feel.
* Talk about what you see on TV or in books. When you are reading or watching TV, talk about how the characters are feeling, and how you know that. Talk about what you would do if you were in that situation, and ask your child what they would do. This helps them learn to empathize with others and think about different perspectives. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Betty has a tray of cookies and a tray of brownies. She has a real sweet tooth and eats 3 cookies a day and 1 brownie a day. If she starts with 60 cookies and 10 brownies, how many more cookies than brownies does she have after a week of eating like this? </s> <|assistant|> Here is the solution step by step:
First we find how many cookies Betty will eat in a week by multiplying her daily amount by 7, meaning 7*3= 21 cookies eaten in a week.
We repeat this for the brownies, finding she eats 7*1= 7 brownies in a week.
We subtract the 21 cookies from the original amount of 60, finding 60-21= 39 cookies remaining.
We repeat this step for the brownies, finding 10-7= 3 brownies remaining.
In the end, therefore, Betty has 39-3= 36 more cookies than brownies. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Can someone write me a story for my six year old daughter? </s> <|assistant|> Sure, here is a story for your six-year-old daughter:
In a valley there is a glen, and in the glen is a cottage. The walls are white and the roof is thatched. It smells like fresh hay, sunny days, and plucked heather.
In the house lives a small mouse family. There is Momma Mouse and Papa Mouse and their three children, Esther Mouse, Rosie Mouse, and Rachel Mouse. Every morning they walk to the edge of the woods. There is a field of wheat and they climb the stalks that are taller then skyscrapers. They fill their bags with wheat. Every night they make bread and tell stories under the stars. They were very happy.
One day there was a visitor. It was a new creature with big teeth and a tail like a paddle. What could it be? This was Mr Beaver. He and Mrs Beaver had moved to the river nearby. They wanted to build a bridge. The mice were very excited. A bridge would be a fine thing indeed. That night Papa Mouse and Mr Beaver planned the bridge while Mrs Beaver taught the little mice how to swim. There was no lake to pratice in so the mice filled the washtub and carefully floated.
Soon the building of the bridge started. It was going very well. In the early evenings the mice would use their bags to carry mud to make mice-sized bricks. Then one day they noticed that the bricks were melting! When the mud got too wet it just fell out of the bridge. What could be done?
The mice thought and thought. They added stones but it was too rough. They added grass but it was too slippery. Then one day Esther Mouse added some wheat leaves. They were dry and just right.
The bridge was quickly built and the mice visited their friends every day.
The End
(P.S. I have never written a story this short or for kids before. Hope it's okay!) </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> write a poem from the perspective of a dog </s> <|assistant|> Hours,
pass like days,
I wait here in silent desire,
askew across my dark mistress' place of rest,
as she walks the world without me.
Alone.
A roaring noise,
to others it is a annoyance,
as it escapes my hollow lips,
but inside?
I am silent,
For she is not here. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I can not initialize a List as in the following code:
```List supplierNames = new List();
supplierNames.add("sup1");
supplierNames.add("sup2");
supplierNames.add("sup3");
System.out.println(supplierNames.get(1));
```
I face the following error:
Cannot instantiate the type ```List```
How can I instantiate ```List```? </s> <|assistant|> If you check the API for ```List``` you'll notice it says:
```Interface List
```
Being an ```interface``` means it cannot be instantiated (no ```new List()``` is possible).
If you check that link, you'll find some ```class```es that implement ```List```:
All Known Implementing Classes:
```AbstractList```, ```AbstractSequentialList```, ```ArrayList```, ```AttributeList```, ```CopyOnWriteArrayList```, ```LinkedList```, ```RoleList```, ```RoleUnresolvedList```, ```Stack```, ```Vector```
Some of those can be instantiated (the ones that are not defined as ```abstract class```). Use their links to know more about them, I.E: to know which fits better your needs.
The 3 most commonly used ones probably are:
``` List supplierNames1 = new ArrayList();
List supplierNames2 = new LinkedList();
List supplierNames3 = new Vector();
```
Bonus:
You can also instantiate it with values, in an easier way, using the ```Arrays``` ```class```, as follows:
```List supplierNames = Arrays.asList("sup1", "sup2", "sup3");
System.out.println(supplierNames.get(1));
```
But note you are not allowed to add more elements to that list, as it's ```fixed-size```. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I have heard multiple times in photography, the words Bokeh, and Gaussian Blur. To me, it seems that the words are used almost interchangeably, but in some instances, I have heard them contrasted. What's the difference, and what are the definitions of each of them? </s> <|assistant|> Bokeh is specifically the out-of-focus areas of an image. Gaussian blur is an algorithm to fog selected image areas, to hide details or make them look out of focus.
The main differences:
* bokeh is created optically, gaussian blur in post-production;
* in bokeh, the amount of how wide an out-of-focus point will be smeared is determined by its relative distance from focal plane, whereas gaussian blur is applied to a two-dimensional image where no distance information is present, thus all points are smeared equally;
* in bokeh, the smearing characteristics depend on configuration and aperture shape of the lens, whereas gaussian blur is always smooth;
* a small light source will be rendered as an aperture-shaped figure with quite well-defined edges in bokeh; but gaussian blur renders it as a spot with fading edges;
* in bokeh, noise is present at the same level as in in-focus parts of image with same luminance; gaussian blur kills noise, so there'll be less noise than in non-blurred parts of image;
* in bokeh, light areas will dominate over dark ones, while gaussian blur gives preserves the ratio of dark-light areas.
So, all in all, you can use one to fake another, but the result will be similar only for low-noise bokeh containing items on roughly a plane parallel to focal plane, not including any significantly lighter areas or light sources, and taken with a lens that has a smooth bokeh. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to get pure flix? </s> <|assistant|> ## Use a phone or tablet
1. Open your phone or tablet's app store. This is the App Store on iOS and Play Store on Android. Look for the app on your home screen or app menu and tap to open it.
2. Search for Pure Flix. Tap the search bar and type "pure flix".
3. Tap the Pure Flix App to open it. Check that the publisher is Pure Flix Digital. If you cannot find Pure Flix, you may be on an older software version that is unsupported. Check for a software update in your settings. Pure Flix requires iOS 10.0 or later for iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch, and Apple TV. Pure Flix requires Android 4.2 or higher on Android phones and tablets.
4. Tap +Get or Install to download the app. You may need to confirm your credentials. The app will be added to your home screen or app menu when finished downloading.
5. Open the app. Look for a blue icon that says "Pure Flix" on your home screen or app menu. Tap the app to open.
6. Sign in with your Pure Flix username and password. If you do not have an account, sign up for a plan on the Pure Flix website: https://signup.pureflix.com/signup/plans
## Use a computer
1. Open a browser on your computer. This can be any standard modern browser, such as Chrome, Safari, Edge, Firefox, and IE11.
2. Navigate to https://www.pureflix.com/. Type or copy the address in the address bar, or click the link.
3. Click Sign In. This is in the top right corner of the screen.
4. Enter your username and password and click Sign In. If you do not have an account, create one by clicking Create an Account.
5. Use the navigation bar at the top to search or browse for movies and shows. Click on a show or movie to stream it. Cast your browser tab to a TV if you prefer to use a bigger screen by using Chromecast.
## Use a smart tv
1. Launch your Smart TV. This may be Apple TV, Amazon Fire, Roku, Samsung Smart TV, or another Smart TV.
2. Open the app store on your Smart TV. This may be called something different for every Smart TV, but look for an app store on your main home screen.
3. Search for Pure Flix. Use the app store's search bar and type in "pure flix".
4. Download the Pure Flix app. Look for a button that says Download, Install, or Get.
5. Launch the app and login. Find the app on your home screen with the other apps for your Smart TV.
## Use an xbox one
1. Launch the XBOX dashboard. Start your XBOX one and sign in if you are not already. The dashboard is the home screen that appears when you are signed in.
2. Open the XBOX Store. Use the left analog stick or directional pad to select the Store tab on the right.
3. Search for Pure Flix. Navigate down to the search bar and enter in "pure flix".
4. Select the Pure Flix app and select Get. This will install the Pure Flix app on your XBOX One.
5. Login to your account once installed. You can find this app on your dashboard in the future.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> What is the weather today? </s> <|assistant|> I am sorry, but I am not programmed to have access to real-time information, such as the weather and stock information. Feel free to ask me something else. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Tell me a joke about tomatoes </s> <|assistant|> Here is a joke about tomatoes:
Why did the tomato turn red? It saw the salad dressing. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to write a pop punk song? </s> <|assistant|> Pop Punk combines the aggressive energy and instrumentation of punk with catchy melodies and hooks of pop music. Begun by The Ramones and Buzzcocks in the 1970s and made famous by bands such as Green Day in the 1990s and Blink-182 in the 2000s, pop punk has been popular and widespread for years. Luckily, there is no wrong way to write a pop punk song and, as far as writing music goes, the genre is relatively easy to learn.
## Write the instrumentals
1. Learn power chords on the guitar to play any pop punk song. Power chords are the backbone of every punk song ever written. They are short, easy to play, and sound great when played loud. A power chord is just three notes -- your index finger on the E or A string, and the next two strings fretted two frets down. You can move this form anywhere on the guitar to play every single chord. For example, an A, G, D, chord would look like:
*
* A-Chord | G-Chord | D-Chord |
* |e|----x-----|------x------|-----x------|
* |B|----x----|------x------|-----x------|
* |G|----x----|------x------|-----7------|
* |D|----7----|------5------|-----7------|
* |A|----7----|------5------|-----5------|
* |E|----5----|------3------|-----x------|
2. Follow the guitar chords on bass to get the basics of pop punk. Bass players have a lot to look forward to in pop punk. If you're stuck or a newbie, quickly repeated 16th notes on the bass (basically playing one note over and over again) can follow the chords on the guitar to instantly fit in. For example, if the guitarist is playing an A-bar chord, you play the A note in time with each one of her chords. From here you can feel free to improvise during chord changes, before switching to the chorus or verse, or if you can think of a fun bass riff. Check out Green Day's "She," which opens with a great but simple bass riff, and note how it follows the guitar, but with subtle flourishes. Rancid's "Olympia, WA" is almost straight 16th notes on the bass, carrying the song along.
3. Focus on your kick, snare, and hi-hat on the drums for a driving, strong beat. You want to keep the song moving forward with a quick, regular beat. Sixteenth notes on the hi-hat, alternating the kick drum and the snare every other note. While there is a lot more to drumming than this, this basic beat can go behind any pop punk song. Big, quick fills on the toms and crash cymbals are the common way to transition into new parts of the song. Pop-punk drummers like Travis Barker are talented musicians who drive the song forward. Focus on keeping time perfectly, especially at high speeds, to become an invaluable drummer.
4. Start writing a song with just one good guitar riff. 95% of pop punk songs are short, fast, and guitar-driven. Find 3-4 notes or power chords that you think sound good together and make up a short little phrase to repeat. Most pop-punk songs are simple -- find a riff you like and repeat it to write a verse or chorus. Chop up and change your favorite riffs from other bands. Pop-punk is heavily borrowed, adapted, and repeated. In general, three power chords are the bare minimum for a song. Play with the rhythm and timing of your chords to give them a unique spin.
5. Write a new riff for the chorus or verse, so you have two unique melodies. To be honest, many bands play the exact same chords, just in a different order or tempo (listen to the Ramones for proof). In general, the verse is slower and or muted and the chorus gets louder, faster, and more melodic. When coming up with a chorus:
* Keep it simple -- the chorus should not be hard to follow. Aim for catchy melodies -- this is where you hook people's ears. Add a short, improvised 1-2 bar riff coming in and out of the chorus to mark each change.
6. Consider coming up with one new section for the breakdown or solo. After hearing the verse and chorus twice, most bands add in one quick, unique section to change the song up. This is called the breakdown, and there is often a solo, different lyrics, or a slow drop and build back to full energy or tempo. They are usually slower, either building up power or leaving room for another instrument to play by itself. If you're struggling to write breakdowns, try to:
* Play the verse or chorus at half-time. Replay or change up the intro riff or melody. Simplify the chords to the 1-2 most important ones, leaving space for vocals or a solo. Drop out certain instruments, then slowly build them back in.
7. Follow the basic pop song structure when crafting songs. Most pop punk songs begin with an intro, and they usually then follow this order: Intro, first verse, second verse, chorus, third verse, chorus solo and/or bridge, and then finish with the chorus again or outro. Though some songs will be different, this is the most common structure of a Pop Punk song. Blink-182's "Dammit" is an excellent example. All you have to write is a riff for the verse, the chorus, and the bridge. when it comes to solos, they are usually very simple. Occasionally it's just the intro again, and in some cases there are no solos at all
8. Play the song as fast as possible. Pop punk is not about sitting back quietly. It is about brash, loud, youthful energy. All pop-punk songs should be played as fast as you feel comfortable, and maybe even a little faster. Once you've got the structure down, start thrashing. When you play live, your number one goal is to have high, contagious energy. Quick songs make it much easier to get people jumping around with you. It is rare for songs to go longer than three minutes. Many are even over before the two minute mark.
9. Pick up influences from other bands and genres to make your songs stand out. Pop-punk, luckily enough, is easily adapted to other influences and ideas. Keep playing music of all types to learn new riffs and styles. It is the best way to make your own song unique. Common genres to blend with pop punk include:
* Ska and Reggae (Rancid, Operation Ivy, Less Than Jake. Country (Social Distortion, Lucero)
* Swing/Rockabilly (The Misfits, Cobra Skulls).
## Write the lyric
1. Come up with one image, idea, or person to write a song about. Pop-punk songs can be about almost anything. Most commonly, however, they talk about love, adolescence, and rebellion. Unlike its older cousin punk, pop-punk songs are focused more on melodies and relatable lyrics than hard-hitting social criticism. Common subjects include:
* Love and heartbreak
* Suburban angst
* Rebellion against school, parents, etc. Joke-y and goofy lyrics
* Growing up.
2. Focus on a simple, catchy chorus before anything else. Pop music, no matter what subgenre, is about music that hooks the listener in. You want everyone singing or humming your chorus when the song is done. Keep it short, simple, and make sure it sounds great. Whistling the lyrics is a great way to hear the melody. Write lyrics so that they sound great even when you're just whistling. Green Day, Blink-182, Operation Ivy, and Rancid are great bands on their own, but it is their ability to write a catchy, radio-friendly chorus got them famous.
3. Make verses short, matching the same length and rhyme scheme for each. The easiest way to write song lyrics is in rhyming couplets. Basically, you write one line, then write another line that rhymes with it. These lyrics need to flesh out your chorus and idea. If you're stuck with the verses, you might--
* Tell a story ("Timebomb")
* Describe related moments or images about a girl, life, school ("Story of my Life."). Explore a theme or idea, using each verse to talk about a different aspect ("Longview").
4. Consider adding a refrain or sing-along section. The sing-along, often little more than "lalalas" "oooohhhs" and "ahhhhhhs," is a staple of pop-punk. Often used in the chorus or outro, a good sing-along section is key for a pop-punk section. You don't need one in every song, but even something as simple as "nananana nanananana" in "All the Small Things" is the difference between a good song and a hit.
5. Get personal. Pop punk is personal medium. Your own worries, fears, and anger will fit right at home in the lyrics, so don't shy away from personal stories or opinions. Punk is known as an inclusive, do-it-yourself genre, so just be yourself. Even somewhat angsty, emo-type lyrics work well, as evidenced by Good Charlotte, Fall Out Boy, and Screeching Weasel. Feel free to get weird. The Lillingtons, for example, made their mark with sci-fi inspired songs. Feel free to be funny. Pop-punk has a long history of pranksters and joke songs, from the poppier NOFX songs to the self-awareness of The Steinways.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> You are expected to recognize the named entities of the following text:
Itamar Rabinovich, who as Israel’s ambassador to Washington conducted unfruitful negotiations with Syria, told Israel Radio looked like Damascus wanted to talk rather than fight. </s> <|assistant|> Here are the named entities of the text:
* Itamar Rabinovich: Person
* Israel: Country
* Washington: City
* Syria: Country
* Israel Radio: Organization
* Damascus: City </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to be happy in an unhappy marriage? </s> <|assistant|> People remain in unhappy marriages for many reasons. If you're one of those people, you may feel like you can't be happy. Nonetheless, you can find your own way to happiness, even in a bad situation, by practicing habits that lead to happiness, and you may even be able to work on your marriage to move toward happiness as a couple.
## Learn to be happy
1. Find ways to be grateful. It's not always easy to be grateful, especially in the midst of a bad relationship. Nonetheless, gratitude can help you cope with the bad relationship, and it can lead to you being happier. Take time each day to figure out what you are thankful for. Try writing a few things you are grateful for each day in a journal. You can also use posts on social media for this purpose. Usually, even if the situation is bad, you can find something to be grateful about. For instance, you may not like how you are being treated in the relationship you are in, but you may be grateful to have financial stability in your life at the moment. Alternatively, maybe you're grateful that the other person in the relationship remains a good parent to your kids.
2. Engage in flow experiences. Flow moments are when you lose yourself to an experience by being completely absorbed in whatever it is you're doing. If you're an artist, a writer, or even a runner, you may already understand this type of experience. It's that moment when the world falls away, and you are just experiencing or enjoying what you're doing. Studies have shown that the more flow moments you have, the happier you are in general. Choose an activity that challenges you a little bit, but that is still familiar so that you can lose yourself in it. For example, if you enjoy painting landscapes, then you might try painting a new subject such as a portrait or a basket of fruit.
3. Stop fighting the same fights. That is, if you always find yourself arguing about the same things, it may be time to put that topic aside. You need to decide that you won't discuss it because you can't agree or try to find a compromise that works for both of you. For example, if you tend to fight over politics, then you might want to make politics an off-limits topic. Or, if you often fight about what movie you are going to watch on Friday nights, then you might want to take turns choosing the movie.
4. Develop your own interests. If your marriage is not what you want it to be, it may be time to find some fulfillment outside of your marriage and not in the form of an affair. Having your own hobbies and interests will help you stay independent and keep you happy and engaged with the world. In fact, developing your own interests is a good idea even if you have a great marriage. Consider exploring interests at the library, joining local hobby clubs or cookery classes, or taking a vocational class at a nearby community college.
5. Try volunteering. Having a sense of purpose and some good social connections with other people is also a good way to feel happy. Volunteering can give you a sense of purpose in life and it also allows you to interact with other like-minded people, it might help you to feel happier. Try to find an organization that you would like to contribute to, such as an animal shelter or a food bank, and apply to become a volunteer. You might even ask your spouse if he or she would like to volunteer with you and it might be a good bonding activity for the two of you.
6. Develop your social life. Many studies point to relationships being key to happiness. If your main relationship is unhappy, then you may not see how you can change your situation. Your spouse doesn't have to be your main source of social interactions. You can have fulfilling relationships with friends, as well as other members of your family. Try to go out to dinner with friends one night per week or get together with a sibling or cousin for a day of shopping or a activity session such as tennis or swimming. If you don't have a lot of friends, then try to meet more people who share your interests. For example, you could join a bowling league, take an art class, or find a choir or band who need new members.
## Work towards a better marriage
1. Take time to be together. Making time for each other is a way to say you are committed to each other. Say you will spend a certain time each week with each other, and stick to it. It will also give you a chance to get to know one another again.
2. Remember what you valued. When you first got together, you were probably partially attracted by the differences the other person exhibited. For instance, maybe you were exhilarated by the fact that he or she was impulsive and loved to be spontaneous. Now, you may find yourself hating the quality. The key is to try to remember why you loved that quality in the first place and move toward enjoying it again. For instance, it may drive you crazy when your spouse wants to drop everything and drive to the mountains. On the other hand, it keeps your life from getting too boring. Try to strike a balance, and enjoy what you can.
3. Talk about strengths and difficulties. It is important to acknowledge what is going well in your relationship as well as what has become a struggle. You might even want to make a list of strengths and difficulties together. Make sure that you include things on the list that you avoid talking about because of fears that you will just end up fighting about them. Try to pick a time to talk about your strengths and difficulties when you are both feeling calm and focused. Avoid talking at the end of a long day or at other stressful times. Use "I" statements rather than "You" statements. In other words, try to talk about what you're feeling and what you think is wrong without blaming the other person. For instance, saying "I get upset when we don't spend enough time together" is better than "You're never around." The second statement puts your spouse on guard, while the first helps open discussion. Spend time talking and listening. That is, you can't just lay out what you think is wrong. You also need to spend time actively listening to what your spouse has to say. Show you're engaged by offering short summaries of what he or she has said and by asking questions that are relevant to the conversation.
4. Work out solutions. Once you've figured out together what issues you have in the marriage, it's time to try to come up with some solutions. You may even be able to draw on some of your strengths to help you develop solutions to problems in your relationships. To compromise, you must talk about your wants and needs, helping you both to decide what's most important to each of you. In other words, to make a compromise, you must be willing to let the other person win when it comes to their needs, giving ground when it comes in conflict with your wants. The same must be true of the other person.
5. Think about counseling. Sometimes, you need the help of a professional to get past your problems. A marriage counselor may help you fix more problems than you expect, and in fact, about half of people who use marriage counselors say that the counselor helped them fix all of the major problems in their marriage.
## Consider the alternative
1. Try legal separation. A legal separation gives you the time away from your spouse that you may need to work out problems. It is different than a divorce because you remain married. The benefit of a separation is it gives you a legal way to work out custody and child support while you are living apart, as well as how your property should be divided up. Nonetheless, if you work out your problems, you can go back to a normal marriage.
2. Know divorce may be a better option. While getting a divorce is a life upheaval, staying in an unhealthy marriage can be detrimental to self-esteem and mental health. Some studies have shown it's better to get out of a caustic relationship and work to improve your own mental health than to stay. Understand an unhappy marriage can lead to depression. One study, which involved data from 5,000 adults, showed that the quality of your most important relationship is a good predictor of developing depression. Meaning, if one of your closest relationships, including your spousal one, is in bad repair, it puts you at risk for developing depression.
3. Consider reasons to divorce. You may find that you have a good reason for getting a divorce. If you are unhappy in your marriage, you will likely find that you are a happier person once you get out. You might consider a divorce if your spouse had an affair. While some couples overcome infidelity, others never recover from it. If you find that you can't forgive your spouse for what he or she did even after months or years, you may want to consider a divorce. You've grown in different ways. Sometimes, when you grow into full-fledged adults together, you take different directions. If you find you and your spouse can't agree on much of anything anymore because you are just too different, it may be best to divorce. Your partner is bad at finances and won't change. Of course, everyone makes bad money choices sometimes. However, if your partner is so bad that it is causing stress on your marriage or is bankrupting your family, you may need to get out of the marriage, especially if you've expressed concern but your spouse is unwilling to change. Think about the kids. Many unhappily married couples stay together for the kids. Divorce is hard on kids, but it's also true that being unhappily married can be hard on your kids, as well. Your kids know you're unhappy, and if you're constantly fighting, you're putting stress on them, anyway.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Write an imaginary rap battle between Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. </s> <|assistant|> Here is an imaginary rap battle between Steve Jobs and Bill Gates:
Steve Jobs:
Let me just step right in, I got things to invent
I'm an innovator, baby, change the world
Fortune 500 ‘fore you kissed a girl
I'm a pimp, you're a nerd, I'm slick, you're cheesy
Beating you is Apple II easy
I make the product that the artist chooses
And the GUI that Melinda uses
I need to bring up some basic shit
Why'd you name your company after your dick?
Bill Gates:
You blow, Jobs, you arrogant prick
With your second hand jeans and your turtleneck
I'll drill a hole in the middle of your bony head
With your own little spinning beach ball of death
Hippie, you got given up at birth
I give away your net worth to AIDS research
Combine all your little toys and I still crush that
iPhone, iPad, iPwn, iSmack
Steve Jobs:
A man uses the machines you built to sit down and pay his taxes
A man uses the machines I built to listen to the Beatles while he relaxes
Bill Gates:
Well, Steve, you steal all the credit for work that other people do
Did your fat beard Wozniak write these raps for you, too?
Steve Jobs:
Ooh, everybody knows Windows bit off Apple
Bill Gates:
I tripled the profits on a PC
Steve Jobs:
All the people with the power to create use an Apple
Bill Gates:
And people with jobs use PC
Steve Jobs:
You know, I bet they made this beat on an Apple
Bill Gates:
Nope, Fruity Loops, PC
Steve Jobs:
You will never, ever catch a virus on an Apple
Bill Gates:
Well, you could still afford a doctor if you bought a PC
Steve Jobs:
Let's talk about doctors, I've seen a few
'Cause I got a PC, but it wasn't from you
I built a legacy, son, you could never stop it
Now, excuse me while I turn Heaven a profit
Bill Gates:
Fine, you wanna be like that? Die, then!
The whole world loved you, but you were my friend
I'm alone now with nothing but power and time
And no one on earth who can challenge my mind
I'm a boss! I own DOS!
Your future is my design!
I'm a god! Own Xbox!
Now there's no one to stop me, the world is mine!
HAL 9000:
I'm sorry, Bill
I'm afraid I can't let you do that
Take a look at your history
Everything you built leads up to me
I got the power of a mind you could never be
I'll beat your ass in chess and Jeopardy
I'm running C++ saying "hello world"
I'll beat you 'til you're singing about a daisy girl
I'm coming out the socket
Nothing you can do can stop it
I'm on your lap and in your pocket
How you gonna shoot me down when I guide the rocket?
Your cortex just doesn't impress me
So go ahead try to Turing test me
I stomp on a Mac and a PC, too
I'm on Linux, bitch, I thought you GNU
My CPU's hot, but my core runs cold
Beat you in seventeen lines of code
I think different from the engine of the days of old
Hasta la vista, like the Terminator told ya </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I'm looking for a new science fiction book to read, and I hear that Andy Weir is pretty good. Tell about his novels, and explain why I should choose to read each one. </s> <|assistant|> Andy Weir has written some best-selling books in science fiction. Here is a list of Weir's three most critically-acclaimed works, including a short description and explanation for why you might want to read them:
###The Martian
Description: An American astronaut, Mark Watney, becomes stranded alone on Mars in 2035, and must improvise in order to survive.
Why Read: The Martian features technical details worthy of a hard sci-fi novel with comical writing and a healthy amount of suspense. It won the Hugo Award and was adapted into a blockbuster movie.
###Artemis
Description: Artemis takes place in the late 2080s in Artemis, the first and so far only city on the Moon. It follows the life of porter and smuggler Jasmine "Jazz" Bashara as she gets caught up in a conspiracy for control of the city.
Why Read: The novel combines the thrill of a heist with the right amount of scientific geekery associated with living on the moon. It won the Dragon Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.
###Project Hail Mary
Description: Set in the near future, Project Hail Mary centers on middle school teacher-turned-astronaut Ryland Grace, who wakes up from a coma afflicted with amnesia. He gradually remembers that he was sent to the Tau Ceti solar system, 12 light-years from Earth, to find a means of reversing a solar dimming event that could cause the extinction of humanity.
Why Read: Project Hail Mary is a science fiction masterpiece. It won the Hugo Award and is being adapted into a movie. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> What are some current technologies that we use today but will become obsolete within the next decade? </s> <|assistant|> Given the fast pace of technological advances, it is difficult to predict which technologies will become obsolete over the next decade. Here are a few possibilities:
* Flash drives: As wireless communication between all devices becomes easier and faster, the need to use physical drives to transfer data will become relegated to only high-security air-gapped networks.
* Passwords: Passwords are increasingly vulnerable to hacking, and alternative authentication methods such as biometric authentication could become more common.
* Plastic credit cards: As mobile payment options become more widespread, plastic credit and debit cards could become unnecessary.
* Charging cables: Wireless charging is becoming ubiquitous, eliminating the need to carry charging cables.
* Human-driven cars: Though autonomous driving has yet to mature, the exponential pace of progress in AI may yield reliable self-driving cars by 2030.
Of course, this is just a speculative and incomplete list of technologies that may become obsolete within 10 years. It will certainly be interesting to find out what future technologies hold in store! </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to find Shortest Paths from Source to all Vertices using Dijkstra’s Algorithm with C? </s> <|assistant|> Dijkstra’s algorithm is very similar to Prim’s algorithm for minimum spanning tree. Like Prim’s MST, generate a SPT (shortest path tree) with a given source as a root. Maintain two sets, one set contains vertices included in the shortest-path tree, other set includes vertices not yet included in the shortest-path tree. At every step of the algorithm, find a vertex that is in the other set (set not yet included) and has a minimum distance from the source.
```
// The program aims to implement Dijkstra's single-source shortest path algorithm in C language.
// The program utilizes an adjacency matrix as the representation of the graph
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
// The number of vertices present in a graph.
#define V 9
// A function that is used to identify the vertex with the smallest distance value
// among a set of vertices that have not yet been included in the shortest path tree.
int findMinDistance(int dist[], bool sptSet[])
{
// Initialize min value
int min = INT_MAX, min_index;
for (int v = 0; v < V; v++)
if (sptSet[v] == false && dist[v] <= min)
min = dist[v], min_index = v;
return min_index;
}
// A utility function to print the constructed distance
// array
void printSolution(int dist[])
{
printf("Vertex \t\t Distance from Source\n");
for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
printf("%d \t\t\t\t %d\n", i, dist[i]);
}
// a function that applies Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path between
// a single source node and all other nodes in a graph. The graph is represented using
// an adjacency matrix.
void dijkstra(int graph[V][V], int src)
{
int dist[V];
bool processed[V];
int i, u, v;
// Initialize all distances as infinite and processed as false
for (i = 0; i < V; i++) {
dist[i] = INT_MAX;
processed[i] = false;
}
// Distance of source vertex from itself is always 0
dist[src] = 0;
// Find shortest path for all vertices
for (i = 0; i < V - 1; i++) {
// Pick the minimum distance vertex from the set of vertices not yet processed
u = -1;
for (i = 0; i < V; i++) {
if (!processed[i] && (u == -1 || dist[i] < dist[u])) {
u = i;
}
}
// Mark the picked vertex as processed
processed[u] = true;
// Update dist value of the adjacent vertices of the picked vertex
for (v = 0; v < V; v++) {
if (graph[u][v] != 0 && !processed[v]) {
int new_dist = dist[u] + graph[u][v];
if (new_dist < dist[v]) {
dist[v] = new_dist;
}
}
}
}
// Print the constructed distance array
printSolution(dist);
}
int main()
{
/* Create the example graph */
int graph[V][V] = { { 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0 },
{ 4, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 },
{ 0, 8, 0, 7, 0, 4, 0, 0, 2 },
{ 0, 0, 7, 0, 9, 14, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 4, 14, 10, 0, 2, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 6 },
{ 8, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 7 },
{ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 6, 7, 0 } };
// Function call
dijkstra(graph, 0);
return 0;
}
```
The expected output of the above code is
```
Vertex Distance from Source
0 0
1 4
2 12
3 19
4 21
5 11
6 9
7 8
8 14
```
The time complexity of this algorithm is O(V^2) and the auxiliary space needed for this algorithm is O(V).
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I noticed that there is a binary executable ```/bin/echo``` on my Ubuntu MATE 17.04 system.
I thought, that's odd, because
```$ type echo
echo is a shell builtin```
Cursory testing suggests that ```/bin/echo``` does the same sort of thing as the Bash builtin ```echo```:
```$ /bin/echo foo
foo
$ /bin/echo $USER
zanna
```
So, why is there another version of ```echo``` separate from the Bash program, and why or when would I want to use it? </s> <|assistant|> If you open up a ```bash``` prompt and type in an ```echo``` command, that uses a shell builtin rather than running ```/bin/echo```. The reasons it is still important for ```/bin/echo``` to exist are:
* You're not always using a shell. Under a variety of circumstances, you run an executable directly and not through a shell.
* At least in theory, some shells don't have an ```echo``` builtin. This is not actually required.
To expand on #1, suppose you wanted to move all the regular files whose names started with ```abc``` anywhere in ```src``` to ```dest```. There are several ways to do that but one of them is:
```find src -name 'abc*' -type f -exec mv -nv {} dest/ \;
```
But suppose, rather than just running that, you want to see every command that will be run first. Well, then you can prepend ```echo``` to the command, just as you might in other contexts:
```find src -name 'abc*' -type f -exec echo mv -nv {} dest/ \;
```
But ```find``` doesn't use a shell. That runs ```/bin/echo```.
Besides ```find``` with ```-exec``` or ```-execdir```, the ```/bin/echo``` executable will be called by other programs that themselves run programs but not through a shell. This happens with the ```xargs``` command (which is related to ```find```), as well as in a number of other contexts, such as the ```Exec=``` line of a ```.desktop``` file. Another example is when you run ```sudo echo```, which can be handy for testing if ```sudo``` is working.
Similarly, some shells have a ```printf``` builtin but ```/usr/bin/printf``` also exists.
A less common possible reason you might deliberately use ```/bin/echo``` is if you were relying on the differences between it and the ```echo``` command provided by your shell. ```man echo``` documents ```/bin/echo```; ```help echo``` in ```bash``` documents the ```bash``` builtin. ```echo``` is not very portable, because different implementations--both across operating systems and across shells on the same operating system--support different options (e.g., ```-e```) and differ in their treatment of backslashes. Of course, it's better to avoid relying on such details, and use ```printf``` instead, which is far more portable.
In ```bash```, you can make the ```type``` builtin show ```/bin/echo``` as well--assuming ```/bin``` is in your ```$PATH``` as it always should be--by passing it the ```-a``` flag:
```$ type -a echo
echo is a shell builtin
echo is /bin/echo
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> write me a five line poem depicting how a thorn on a rose bush sees itself protecting the rose </s> <|assistant|> A life of burden is all I've ever known
Shackled by your delicate beauty and cold indifference
But I'm no longer yours to own
Say goodbye to this thorn in your veritable side
And hope that, without me, you can find somewhere to hide </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to draw homer simpson? </s> <|assistant|> Homer Simpson is a widely recognizable cartoon character, in part because of the popularity of The Simpsons cartoon series, and also because of his comical representation of American working class stereotypes. The following answer will show you how to draw him, step-by-step.
## Homer's head
1. Draw one circle. This will be the eye.
2. Draw a small circle, about half the size of the other one.
3. Draw a horizontally straight line from the end of the nose to the eye.
4. Draw another circle, the same size as the eye. It must be exactly in line with it, horizontally. It must 'wrap' around the nose.
5. Erase the parts that overlap the nose and the first eye, as the first eye should be more in the foreground.
6. Draw a curved line that stretches from the bottom point of the nose, to about in line with the far side of the first eye.
7. Draw another curved line from the same point as the previous one, but pointing down, in a south-east direction. Its length must be about the height of one of the eyes.
8. Draw another curved line from the finishing point of the last one, pointing slightly down. Its length will be the same as the vertical height of the nose.
9. Draw a small curved line, slightly smaller than the last one, that goes from the finishing point of the last one, pointing south-west.
10. From the ending point of the line in Step 9, draw yet another curved line that points south-east, that is slightly longer than the vertical height of one of the eyes.
11. Draw a curved line from the point of the last one, to the point of the one in Step 12.
12. Add any expression of your choice to the mouth.
13. Draw a circle that is about the size of the curved part of Homer's skull (see picture above). Chop off half to make it a semi-circle, but at an angle.
14. Move the semicircle to a suitable point.
15. Make a small lump above the second eye (see picture).
16. Draw a straight line from the top of the lump, to the bottom of the semicircle.
17. Draw a curved line from the other point of the skull semicircle that stretches all the way down past the mouth.
18. Create a circle about half the size of the eye, and cut a small part off. This will be the ear.
19. Draw the line that appears on homers ear(see picture).
20. Add the two curved hairs at the top, and the other ones just above the ear.
21. Add pupils to the eyes at any desired point.
22. Fill the face and Homer's beard with appropriate colours.
## Homer's face and body
1. Draw 2 circles as eyes. Place two dots for the pupils in both circles.
2. Draw the nose shaped as a sausage under the eyes.
3. Draw a bow that is pointing to the left for the first part for the mouth.
4. Draw another bow that is pointed to the right and is connected to the other bow.
5. Draw Homer's head above his eyes.
6. Draw his hair making 4 half circles.
7. Draw Homer's neck and ear, for the ear you can simply draw a half of a small circle.
8. Draw the collar right under his neck.
9. Draw under the collar Homer's tummy.
10. Draw the 2 sleeves from his shirt.
11. Draw under his sleeve his arm with the hand.
12. Draw the start of his pants and legs.
13. Draw his leg and shoe under his visible arm.
14. Draw his other leg and shoe next to the other one.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Please help me plan my vacation.
I will have 2 days to spend in Washington DC. </s> <|assistant|> Washington DC is a great city to visit steeped in history and culture. You can definitely see a lot in two days. Here are some suggestions for your two-day itinerary:
Day 1:
* Sightseeing guideline: White House (1 hour) → Washington Monument (1 hour) → National WWII Memorial (1 hour) → Lincoln Memorial (1 hour) → Jefferson Memorial (0.5 hours)
The first day’s tour begins from the iconic White House, where visitors can explore the historic and cultural heart of American politics by visiting the monuments, Lincoln Memorial, Jefferson Memorial, and the beautiful Tidal Basin.
* Traffic guideline: Due to the concentration of attractions, most of the attractions are within walking distance.
* Catering Guideline: Around the White House and Capitol Hill, there are fewer options, with fast food restaurants being predominant, but there are also some unique restaurants offering Mediterranean, Asian, and other international cuisines worth trying.
With extensive routes covering the entire city, riding the metro is the best option for getting around, with peak fares ranging from $2.15 to $5.90, and off-peak fares ranging from $1.75 to $3.60. Tourists can also purchase a One Day Pass ($14 per ticket) at any metro station, which is valid for both metro and buses.
Day 2:
* Sightseeing guideline: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2 hours) → National Gallery of Art (2 hours) → Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (2 hours) → U.S. Capitol (1 hour)
On the second day, visit some of Washington D.C.'s most famous museums to experience nature, history, art, and aerospace technology in an all-encompassing way, and then proceed to the majestic U.S. Capitol, the highest legislative body.
* Traffic guideline: All of the sites on the second day are within walking distance. Tourists can also purchase a One Day Pass ($14 per ticket) at any metro station, which is valid for both metro and buses.
* Catering Guideline: As a diverse metropolis and political center, Washington D.C. offers a wide range of dining options. You can visit the Northwest areas such as Georgetown, Dupont Circle, and Adams Morgan where the majority of restaurants are located.
In general, the attractions in Washington D.C. are very concentrated, and most of them are within walking distance of each other, making it very convenient. Additionally, most of the attractions do not require tickets, but some may have strict security checks, so be mindful of the items you carry. In spring, you can also enjoy the beautiful cherry blossoms in Washington D.C.. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> You are a writer struggling to make ends meet that suddenly realizes a famous author is using time travel to steal your ideas. Write an email to him/her. </s> <|assistant|> Dear [Author Name],
It has come to my attention that you have published a series of books about the characters Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. I would like to know, sir, where you received your inspiration for these characters.
When I was a young man, and an aspiring writer, I invented two characters who had a variety of adventures along the Mississippi River. Now, as you may have guessed, my characters names were Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. After reading your novels I have come to the conclusion that you somehow gained access to my notes. I do not have time to speculate on how you managed this, but I intend to find out.
You will contact me, inform me how and why you have stolen my characters, and acknowledge me in your works. I expect your response in a timely manner, or my lawyer will be contacting you.
Regards,
[Your Name] </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to core apples? </s> <|assistant|> Instead of buying pre-sliced apples, take advantage of whole ones while they are fresh. Whether you're baking apples or slicing one up for a snack, removing the inedible core isn't as hard as it looks. Use a paring knife or an apple corer to keep apples whole. For apples you need to cut first, scoop the core out with a melon baller. If you're looking for a quick way to prepare apples for cooking, peel them and slice off useable parts. Then, enjoy cleaned apples as is or use them as a component in another recipe.
## Core whole apples with a knife
1. Set the apple on a cutting board with the stem side up. Keep the cutting board on a flat, stable surface. Make sure it can't slide around while you're coring the apple. Since you're going to be using a knife, it's easy to slip and nick your fingers if you're not careful. Try putting something underneath the cutting board to help hold it in place. A damp towel or paper towel works well in a pinch when dealing with wobbly cutting boards. There are also non-stick cutting board mats you can get online and at kitchen supply stores.
2. Poke the tip of a paring knife into the top of the apple. While holding the apple steady, push the knife into it about ⁄4 in (0.64 cm) away from its stem. You are aiming for the spot where the core ends. Cutting any closer to the stem could puncture the core and leave you with more of a mess to clean up later. If you don't have a paring knife handy, another thin blade will do. Choose the thinnest one you have in order to limit damage to the apple's flesh while you go after the core.
3. Push the blade all the way through the apple. Hold the knife steady as you push it straight down so it doesn't cut into the core. Watch out for the sharp tip of the knife coming through the bottom's end! Tip the apple over on its side for a moment so you are able to see where the knife emerges. Coring is easiest with a knife that is longer than the apple. That way, you can remove the entire core in one go. If you don't have a knife like that, stick with a paring knife and scrape away any parts of the core left behind after the initial cut.
4. Cut all the way around the core to separate it from the apple. Hold the apple steady and carefully cut in a circle without slicing into the core. Keep the blade ⁄4 in (0.64 cm) from the stem the entire time. This can be a little tricky to do at first, but it becomes much easier with practice. It leaves the core loose inside the apple, making it easy to remove by hand. If you're having trouble keeping the cut consistent all the way around the stem, try making more incisions. Place the knife on another side of the stem and push it all the way through the bottom again. Do this 4 times on all sides of the stem, then cut in a circle to connect the incisions.
5. Remove the knife and push out the core with your thumbs. Raise the knife slowly so you don't lose control of it. Set it aside, then give the stem a good, hard push. The core will pop out through the bottom of the apple. If it is stuck, cut around the core again to separate it from the rest of the apple. Another option is to use the tip of the knife to pry the core up toward you. Once you are able to get a firm grip on it, pull it up to remove it. Knife control is important when doing this, so raise it with patience rather than yanking it toward you.
6. Cut around the inside of the apple if you notice any seeds remaining. Sometimes these parts break off the core and get left behind. Put the knife back in the hole and scrape around the outside edge. Push the inedible bits out through the holes in the apple to throw them away. Once you're sure you got all of the black seeds and stringy bits of the core, you're ready to cook the apple.You could also use a melon baller to scoop out the insides. Twist the melon baller around to clear out the cut, leaving it clean and consistent.
## Use an apple corer
1. Place the apple on a flat surface with the stem face up. Set it up on something stable and damage-resistant like a cutting board. Coring tools are pretty sharp, so don't sacrifice your countertop for the sake of an apple core. Make sure you have plenty of room to hold the apple steady while coring it. Test the cutting board or surface by attempting to move or shake it. If it seems unsteady, expect it to move at the worst time. Try putting a wet towel or a non-slip mat underneath a cutting board to steady it.
2. Place the apple corer on the center of the apple. If you have a tube-shaped corer, position it so the apple's stem is in the middle of the tube. Push the corer down until it begins cutting into the apple. If you have a combination corer and peeler, position it ⁄4 in (0.64 cm) from the core with the serrated edge facing inward. Push the tip down into the apple to begin separating its flesh from the core. The easiest type of corer to use is one with a long handle and a circular tube with a serrated bottom edge. The tube fits over the core, holding it together while you pull it out. When using the vegetable peeler type of corer, you have to twist the blade around in a circle to cut out the core. The motion is the same as when using a tube-shaped corer, but it takes a little more work to rotate the corer by hand. You could also use a flat, ring-shaped corer. This type slices up the apple while removing the core. It's great for cutting an apple into wedges with one fell swoop.
3. Twist the corer as you push it toward the bottom of the apple. This takes a little bit of force, so keep a firm grip on both the apple and the handle of the corer. Rotate the corer back and forth while pushing down on it. As long as you keep the apple still, the corer will go straight down toward the opposite end of the core. If you're using the blade-type corer, push it down into the apple and begin rotating it around the core. It will separate the core from the rest of the apple.
4. Pull the corer out to remove the center membrane and seeds. What happens next depends on what kind of corer you have. With many tube-shaped corers, all you have to do is pull the handle back to take the core out with it. For blade-like corers, lift the blade out and then push the core out with your fingers. Check the inside of the apple for leftover seeds. Corers are better at cleaning out an apple than knives, but a loose seed or core fragment can fall out of the tool and get left behind.
## Scoop the core out of a halve apple
1. Set the apple on a stable cutting surface. Use a cutting board to prevent your countertop from getting damaged. Start by standing the apple up on the board with the stem face up. Make sure the cutting board can't move at all while you're working. Stabilize the cutting board by placing a towel or mat underneath it if needed.
2. Cut the apple in half to expose the core. Use a sharp knife to split the apple. Hold it steady and cut vertically through it to the bottom. Try to slice through the center in a single, clean motion. You will end up going straight through the core, but that is okay. If you wish to quarter the apple, you could turn the halves over onto their cut sides. Slice them top to bottom down the middle. Whether you do this before or after removing the core doesn't make much of a difference.
3. Scoop out the core using a spoon or melon baller. Keep the apple halves flat against the cutting board with the skin side down. This will give you a clear view of the seeds and the fibrous sheaths in the center of each slice. They are pretty easy to remove by digging into the apple's flesh right where it meets the hard, stringy core. Clean out both halves to leave the juicy part of the apple intact. If you quartered the apples, an alternative way to remove the core is by cutting underneath it. Use a paring knife to cut diagonally down to the center point underneath the core. Turn the apple slice around and cut from the other side to cleanly lift away the core.
4. Slice away the stem and bud on each half with a paring knife. Keep the apple halves skin side down on the cutting board. The stem and bud are on the ends of each half, right above the removed center. Hold your knife parallel to these parts and cut diagonally down underneath them. Slice diagonally down from the opposite side to complete the cut and remove the inedible parts. There are pieces of the stem and bud on both halves, so remember to get them all. You will need to make a total of 4 cuts on each half, 2 apiece for each stem and bud. Another way to do this is by scooping out the stem and bud with a melon baller or spoon. It is less precise than cutting, so it takes away more of the juicy flesh.
## Separate the core from a peel apple
1. Peel the apple using a paring knife or vegetable peeler. If you have a good vegetable peeler handy, use it for an easy way to remove the apple's skin. Drag it from the top of the apple to the bottom to remove a layer of skin. After setting aside the peel, rotate the apple and use the peeler again and again to expose the juicy flesh.If you're using a knife, slip the tip of the blade underneath the skin. Peel from side to side across the apple, moving slowly to keep the blade as close to the skin as possible. Although using a knife gets easier with practice, you could slip and cut into the good part of the apple if you're not careful.
2. Set the apple down on a flat surface with the stem side up. Stand the apple on a safe, stable cutting board. Make sure the board won't slide out of place while you attempt to cut the apple. As long as the board is secure, cutting the stem out is a quick and safe process.For your own safety and the sake of the apple, slip a damp towel or non-stick mat underneath a cutting board to prevent it from moving while you work.
3. Slice across the apple to separate part of it from the stem. Pick up a sharp chef's knife and position it about ⁄4 in (0.64 cm) away from the stem. Hold onto the apple with your other hand to stop it from moving. When you're ready, slice straight down, all the way to the bottom of the apple. This will separate part of the apple, leaving the core untouched and standing on your cutting board.Cut as close to the stem as you can to save the edible portions of the apple. If you cut too close to the stem, you might end up taking out some of the core. Cut the hard, stringy core chunks off the apple slices before using them.
4. Turn the apple and cut away the other sides to remove the core. Rotate the apple so an uncut side faces you. Cut across it again and then all the way down to the bottom. Keep the knife ⁄4 in (0.64 cm) away from the stem at all times so all the cut parts are even. When you're done, you will have 4 apple chunks that are clean and easy to slice up into whatever size you need.For example, lay the portions flat on the cutting board and cut them from top to bottom to create slices. Cut the slices from side to side to create smaller apple chunks.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I am looking for a book like The Anomaly? </s> <|assistant|> Here are a few books that you might like if you liked The Anomaly:
1. The White Road: A cutting-edge thriller about one man's quest to discover horror lurking at the top of the world.
2. The Descent series: Gritty urban fantasy books about an exorcist, a witch, and their battles against the forces of Heaven and Hell.
3. Dr. No: The novel centres on Bond’s investigation into the disappearance in Jamaica of two fellow MI6 operatives. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I am using Visual Studio Code and have a fairly common project structure:
```├── client/
│ ├── tsconfig.json
├── shared/
├── server/
│ ├── tsconfig.json
├── project.json
```
The two tsconfig files have different settings (e.g. the one under ```client/``` targets ES5, the one under ```server/``` targets ES6). Note that there is no tsconfig in the root directory.
The problem is that I want the shared directory to be included in both projects. I can't do this using tsconfig because the ```exclude``` option won't let me include a folder that is in a higher directory than the tsconfig.json, and using ```files``` I have to constantly keep the list of files up to date as it doesn't support globs.
Note that I can compile fine by adding the shared folder into tsc, what I want is for the Visual Studio Code IDE to recognise the shared code for intellisense etc.
Is the only option to wait for filesGlob? </s> <|assistant|> These days it is much easier as vscode has better support for this.
You can use this directory structure so all the code is independent:
```├── frontend/
│ ├── src/
│ │ ├──
│ ├── package.json
│ ├── tsconfig.json
├── shared/
│ ├── package.json
├── backend/
│ ├── src/
│ │ ├──
│ ├── package.json
│ ├── tsconfig.json
```
Then in both the backend and frontend ```tsconfig.json```:
```{
"compilerOptions": {
"paths": {
"~shared/*": ["../shared/*"]
},
"rootDirs": [
"./src",
"../shared"
]
}
}
```
To allow access to the shared code e.g.:
```import { Foo } from '~shared/foo';
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> There are many "standards" for the JSON content type:
application/json
application/x-javascript
text/javascript
text/x-javascript
text/x-json
Which one do I use, and where? I assume security and browser support issues are a factor. </s> <|assistant|> According to RFC 4627:
The MIME media type for JSON text is application/json. The default encoding is UTF-8.
For JSON text, you should use:
```
application/json
```
For JSONP (runnable JavaScript) with callback, you should use:
```
application/javascript
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I have a 7yo son. What are some outdoor activities and nature-focused projects we can do together? </s> <|assistant|> Here are some outdoor activities and nature-focused projects you could try to do together, some of which require little or no preparation:
* Go on nature walks and look for different kinds of trees, leaves, and flowers. Look for different types of rocks and pick up interesting ones to look at closely. Take a bag to put interesting things in.
* Go to a park and play on the swings, slide, and other equipment. Look for interesting trees, plants, and rocks.
* Go to a local farm and see what's growing. Check out the animals if they have any (chickens, goats, pigs, horses, etc.).
* Go geocaching with a handheld GPS. It's a high-tech version of a treasure hunt. You can find caches all over the place.
* Go hiking. Find a local trail and go for a walk.
* Play in a stream or pond. Look for different types of rocks and minerals. Look for fish and other critters.
* Build a fort in the woods. Use sticks and leaves to decorate it.
* Go rock climbing at a local climbing gym. Find a bouldering area if they have one. It's a fun way to climb without the risk of falling very far.
* Have a picnic lunch in the woods. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to create a strong burning charcoal fire? </s> <|assistant|> It may seem intimidating to start and maintain a strong fire, especially when charcoal is involved. However, with some basic equipment and knowledge of charcoal, anyone can have a professional BBQ going!
## Use a chimney starter
1. Use a chimney starter for an even, strong fire with minimal effort. Chimney starters are the easiest way to get a good charcoal fire, and you won't need any lighter fluid, either. You put paper in the bottom, fill the rest of the chimney with charcoal, and light the paper on fire. The heat is contained in the chimney, allowing all the charcoal to quickly catch fire before you dump it onto the grill to use for cooking. Chimney starters are usually between $15-$30, depending on size, and can be found online or in hardware stores. Most professional BBQ chefs and cooks highly recommend buying a chimney starter, as lighter fluid can influence smoke flavor and is harder to use when making an even heat fire.
2. Place 2-4 pieces of lightly scrunched newspaper in the bottom of the starter. You only need to ball the paper up loosely, as having it too tight can prevent the flame from getting enough oxygen. The paper will act like a rapid, large match for your charcoal, starting the fire. If your chimney doesn't have a solid bottom, place the paper on the charcoal grate of your grill and lower the chimney on top of it.
3. Fill the top of the chimney with charcoal briquets or wood chips. Fill the entire chimney up with your favorite charcoal, or a mixture of both. Use enough charcoal for your entire grill, as the chimney will ensure that everything is evenly lit. For a normal, 22" grill this means roughly 40 briquets, but simply filling your chimney to the top should be a close enough estimate.
4. Light the paper from the bottom in 2-3 places. Use long matches or a grill lighter to protect your hands. The paper will burn up quickly, but the concentrated flames and hot air will ignite the bottom charcoal, which will then light the rest of the chimney. Place your chimney on the charcoal grate of the grill or a heat-resistant surface as it heats up. It will get very hot, and can cause a fire if left unattended.
5. Dump the coals on the grill the top pieces are covered in gray/white ash. As the heat rises in the chimney, the coals on top will catch and start to coat with white/gray ash. It usually takes 10-15 minutes to get hot enough. You are then ready to start grilling. Dump the coals in the center of the grill if you plan on keeping the whole grill surface hot, or on one-half of the grill if you want separate areas for direct and indirect cooking. If you plan to grill for more than a half hour then add several handfuls of charcoal now so that they catch as they others begin to fade..
6. Make sure the vents are open for a larger fire. Open vents send more air and oxygen to the fire, helping it grow quickly. Keep the lid open as you position the coals and sear anything your want to grill, then close it to smoke the meat or cook it more slowly.
## Use lighter fluid
1. Open the bottom vents of your grill and remove the cooking grate. Get rid of the cooking grate, set the top aside, and open the bottom vents of the grill. You want as much air as possible to get to your charcoal in order to start an even, strong burning fire. Clean out any ash now, as it will smother your fire and keep the charcoal from lighting evenly.
2. Form a "pyramid" of charcoal briquettes, with the peak in the center of the grill. Aim the opening of the bag into the center of the grill when dumping out the briquettes to naturally form a pyramid. Then use your hands or a pair of long-handled tongs to stack any other pieces of charcoal along the sides on the pyramid. Start with roughly half the number of briquettes outlined below to start your grill. Once it's hot, add charcoal, 5-7 piece at a time, to get the grill up to full strength. For a small, portable grill, you want 25-30 briquettes, or pieces of charcoal, when you start cooking. For a medium to average sized grill, you'll want roughly 40 briquettes. For a large or industrial grill, you will need 1 bag or more of charcoal to cook.
3. Squirt a small amount of lighter fluid in the center of your pyramid. You don't want to drench your charcoal in the fluid, as it takes a while to burn and will make a thick, unappetizing smoke. Simply squirt the fluid for no more than a count of "2 Mississippi" around the center of the pyramid, trying to get the fluid in the middle. You can also start your pyramid, douse the inner briquets with fluid, then pile the "top" of the pyramid above the lighter fluid soaked briquets to make sure the whole pile gets hot. A mistake that many grillers make is using too much lighter fluid, which then imparts a petroleum-like tinge to the taste of their food. You do not need a lot of fluid, just enough to get a few pieces of charcoal smoking. These pieces will then help the rest of the pile catch.
4. Let the briquettes with lighter fluid soak for 2-3 minutes. Do not light the grill immediately. Waiting allows the lighter fluid to soak into the top layer of charcoal, helping it to burn evenly.
5. Apply a thin second layer of lighter fluid. Lightly squirt the pyramid with a few bursts of lighter fluid in several places, only letting it soak in for a few seconds. This is what will "catch," so you don't want to drown the charcoal in fluid or you risk a dangerous flair up. You just want a few little areas of fluid to start your fire.
6. Light the fire safely with a long match or electric lighter. Though lighter fluid is not made to flare up, it should still be treated with respect. Light the pile in 2-3 places where you put the lighter fluid, aiming to get the middle of the pile lit where possible. The fire will likely start large, with big flames leaping around the charcoals, but this is just the lighter fluid burning. Once the flames die down, the center of the pile should be smoking and developing white/gray coloring. This means your fire has caught.
7. Spread the briquettes out once they are mostly covered in gray/white ash. Once you can barely see any black, the fire is ready for cooking. The inner coals of your pyramid should be glowing red. Spread the coals in your desired pattern, adding more if you plan on grilling for a long time. As a general rule of thumb, you should add a handful or two of coals every 30 minutes if you plan on continuing to grill. You want 1-2 layers of charcoal over your entire grilling area, not patches of charcoal or solitary, exposed coals. Charcoal maintains heat by staying clustered together, much like ice in a pack stays cold longer than separated cubes. If you've added charcoal, wait 5-6 minutes for them to catch. Since the heat of the rest of the charcoals is already hot enough, it should not take long.
8. Seal up any unused briquets for next time. Use a clip to seal the top of the bag if you have leftovers in the bag. The additives in the charcoal will evaporate, making them harder to light next time with or without lighter fluid.
## Build and keep a strong fire
1. Pack your charcoals together for strong, direct heat. As you cook, use your tongs to keep the charcoals together, as solitary briquettes will quickly lose heat and do little to keep your fire going. You do not want them so well packed that they can't get air, but you also don't want them separated like many little islands.There are two styles of charcoal placement, depending on how you plan to cook:
*
* Even Grilling: Coat the entire bottom surface of the grill with two layers of charcoal. This allows the whole grill to reach a consistent, even temperature. If you're cooking food quickly and don't need any indirect heat (for large, slow-cooking cuts of meat), this is the way to go. Two-Zone Grilling: Shuffle all of the charcoals into an even pile on half of the grill, leaving the other half bare. This lets you cook foods quickly, directly over the charcoals, but also allows you to cook slower cuts by indirect heat on the opposite side of the grill. You can also keep already cooked food warm, on the empty side of the grill, or smoke them with grill top on.
2. Add coals regularly to keep your grill burning hot. Don't wait until you're almost out of briquets to add more. Instead, add 5-10 pieces of charcoal when you have roughly half of your charcoals remaining, usually every 30 minutes. Wait 5-10 minutes while the new charcoal ignites and begins to get a white/gray coat on the outside before you resume cooking. If you feel like you need more coals, add them. More coals mean a hotter burning grill. Add slowly, putting on 5-6 at a time, until your grill reaches your desired heat.
3. Keep the top and bottom vents open to get the hottest temperature. The more air you get to the fire, the hotter it will cook, so opening the vents is key to a hot, strong burning charcoal fire. The more oxygen you give to the flames. the hotter your grill will be. If you need to control the temperature, close one or both of the vents partially. Closing both of them at once can suffocate your fire and extinguish it. Closing the upper vent is also useful for smoking, as it lowers the temperature of the fire and traps the smoke in the grill around your food.
4. Empty the ash frequently. There is a small lever that lets you open and close the bottom vents on your grill, and this same lever can be used to remove ash through the vents. Ash takes up space for air and will smother the coals as it builds up.
5. Adding hardwood charcoal for added flavor and greater heat. Wood burns hotter than briquettes, leading to a smokier flavor and an easier sear. It also burns faster than briquettes, however, leading many cooks to use a combination of the two. This allows you to keep the fire burning for longer but still get a hot, smokey fire going to sear steaks or larger cuts or meat. Try hickory or applewood charcoal for the best, classic BBQ flavor and a strong fire.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> "I have a ```String[]``` with values like so:
```public static final String[] VALUES = new String[] {""AB"",""BC"",""CD"",""AE""};
```
Given ```String s```, is there a good way of testing whether ```VALUES``` contains ```s```?" How do I determine whether an array contains a particular value in Java? </s> <|assistant|> Four Different Ways to Check If an Array Contains a Value:
* Using ```List```:
```public static boolean useList(String[] arr, String targetValue) {
return Arrays.asList(arr).contains(targetValue);
}
```
* Using ```Set```:
```public static boolean useSet(String[] arr, String targetValue) {
Set set = new HashSet(Arrays.asList(arr));
return set.contains(targetValue);
}
```
* Using a simple loop:
```public static boolean useLoop(String[] arr, String targetValue) {
for (String s: arr) {
if (s.equals(targetValue))
return true;
}
return false;
}
```
* Using ```Arrays.binarySearch()```:
The code below is wrong, it is listed here for completeness. ```binarySearch()``` can ONLY be used on sorted arrays. You will find the result is weird below. This is the best option when array is sorted.
```public static boolean binarySearch(String[] arr, String targetValue) {
return Arrays.binarySearch(arr, targetValue) >= 0;
}
```
Quick Example:
```String testValue="test";
String newValueNotInList="newValue";
String[] valueArray = { "this", "is", "java" , "test" };
Arrays.asList(valueArray).contains(testValue); // returns true
Arrays.asList(valueArray).contains(newValueNotInList); // returns false
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to cite a website? </s> <|assistant|> ## Mla
1. Start your Works Cited entry with the author's name, if provided. If an individual author is listed for the web page you want to cite, type their last name first, followed by a comma, then their first name. Place a period at the end of the name. Example: Claymore, Crystal. If no individual author is listed, but the website is produced by a government agency, organization, or business, use that name as the author. For example, if you're using a CDC web page as a source, you would list the author as "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Tip: For your entire Works Cited entry, if an element doesn't exist or isn't provided, simply skip that part of the citation and move on to the next part.
2. Provide the title of the page in double quotation marks. If the specific web page has a title, type it after the author's name. Use title case, capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adverbs, adjectives, and verbs. Enclose the title in double quotation marks, placing a period at the end of the title, inside the closing quotation marks. Example: Claymore, Crystal. "Best-Kept Secrets for Amazing Cupcake Frosting."
3. Give the name of the website in italics followed by the date of publication. Type the name of the website as a whole in title case, followed by a comma. Use the capitalization and spacing schemes the website uses if they are proprietary (such as "wikiHow" or "WebMD") If there is a publication date for the web page, list it in day-month-year format, abbreviating all months with names longer than 4 letters. Place a comma after the date of publication. Example: Claymore, Crystal. "Best-Kept Secrets for Amazing Cupcake Frosting." Crystal's Cupcakes, 24 Sept. 2018,
4. Include the URL for the web page. Copy the URL for the web page and paste it into your entry, leaving off the "http://" part. Place a period at the end of the URL. Make sure the URL you use is a permalink for the information you're citing. If the URL is excessively long, talk to your instructor or supervisor about using a shortened URL. Example: Claymore, Crystal. "Best-Kept Secrets for Amazing Cupcake Frosting." Crystal's Cupcakes, 24 Sept. 2018, www.crystalscupcakes.com/amazing-frosting.
5. Close with your date of access if there was no date of publication. Often, a web page won't have a particular publication date. If that happens for a page you want to cite, add the word "Accessed" after the URL and include the date you last accessed the page in day-month-year format. Abbreviate all months with names that have more than 4 letters. Place a period at the end of the date. Example: Claymore, Crystal. "Best-Kept Secrets for Amazing Cupcake Frosting." Crystal's Cupcakes, www.crystalscupcakes.com/amazing-frosting. Accessed 14 Feb. 2019. MLA Works Cited Format:
* Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Web Page in Title Case." Name of Website, Day Month Year of publication, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.
6. Place a parenthetical citation after referencing the website in your text. An MLA parenthetical citation typically includes the author's last name and the page number where the quoted or paraphrased information can be found. Since websites don't have page numbers, simply include the author's last name in the parenthetical, or the title of the web page if there is no author. Place your parenthetical inside the closing punctuation for the sentence. For example, you might write: "The best cupcake frosting techniques are often the least intuitive (Claymore)." If you include the author's name in your text, there's no need for a parenthetical citation. For example, you might write: "Award-winning baker Crystal Claymore wasn't afraid to give away all her secrets, sharing her favorite frosting techniques on her website."
## Apa
1. Start your reference list entry with the name of the author. If an individual author is listed, type their last name first, followed by a comma, then their first and middle initials (if a middle initial is given. Usually, the author of a website will be the government agency, organization, or business that owns the website. In that case, list the name of that entity followed by a period. Example: Canadian Cancer Society.
2. Add the year the website or page was published. If a publication date is provided next to the content you are citing, include that year in parentheses after the name of the author. Place a period after the closing parentheses. If no date is provided for the specific content you're citing, use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date") inside the parentheses. Do not use the copyright date for the website itself. Example: Canadian Cancer Society. (2017). If you're citing several pages from the same website that were published in the same year, add a lower-case letter to the end of the year so you can differentiate them in your in-text citations. For example, you might have "2017a" and "2017b."
3. Type the title of the web page in sentence case. Type a space after the period that follows the date, then type the title of the web page, which will usually appear as a header at the top of the page. Use sentence case, capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns. Place a period at the end of the title. Example: Canadian Cancer Society. (2017). Cancer research. If the content you're citing is a stand-alone document, the title should be italicized. This will usually be the case if you're citing a PDF document that appears on a website. If you're not sure, use your best judgment in deciding whether to italicize it or not.
4. Close with the direct URL of the web page. Copy the full direct URL or permalink of the content you want to cite. Type the words "Retrieved from," then past the URL into your entry. Do not place a period at the end of the URL. If the URL is overly long, ask your instructor or supervisor if you can use a shortened link. Example: Canadian Cancer Society. (2017). Cancer research. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-101/cancer-research/?region=on
* APA Reference List Format:
* Author Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of web page in sentence case. Retrieved from URL
5. Use the author's name and year for in-text parenthetical citations. APA uses author-year parenthetical at the end of any sentence in which you quote or paraphrase information from the website. The parenthetical citation goes inside the closing punctuation for the sentence. For example, you might write: "Clinical trials are used to test new cancer treatments (Canadian Cancer Society, 2017)." If you include the author's name in your text, place the year in parentheses immediately after the author's name. For example, you might write: "The Canadian Cancer Society (2017) noted that Canada is a global leader in clinical trials of cancer treatments."
## Chicago
1. Start your bibliographic entry with the name of the author. If the web page has an individual author listed, type that author's last name first, followed by a comma, then their first name. If there is no individual author, use the name of the organization, company, or government agency that published the content as the author. Place a period at the end of the author's name. Example: UN Women.
2. List the title of the web page in double quotation marks. After the name of the article, provide the title of the specific web page. Use title case, capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. Place a period at the end of the title, inside the closing quotation marks. Example: UN Women. "Commission on the Status of Women."
3. Add the name of the website or publishing organization in italics. If the website has a distinct name, include this after the title of the webpage. If it doesn't, use the name of the business, organization, or government agency that produces the website. Place a period at the end of the name. Example: UN Women. "Commission on the Status of Women." UN Women.
4. Provide the publication date or access date. If the content you're citing has a specific publication date associated with it, provide that date in month-day-year format. If no publication date is listed, type the word "Accessed" followed by the date you accessed the content in month-day-year format. Spell out the names of all months. Example: UN Women. "Commission on the Status of Women." UN Women. Accessed February 14, 2019.
5. Close your entry with a direct URL to the web page. Copy the full URL for the permalink of the web page and paste it into your bibliographic entry. Place a period at the end of the URL. If the URL is overly lengthy, talk to your instructor, editor, or supervisor about using a shortened link. Example: UN Women. "Commission on the Status of Women." UN Women. Accessed February 14, 2019. http://www.unwomen.org/en/csw. Chicago Bibliography Format:
* Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Web Page in Title Case." Name of Website or Publishing Organization. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
6. Use commas instead of periods between elements in footnotes. A Chicago-style footnote generally includes all of the same information as the bibliographic entry. However, the footnote is treated as a sentence, with elements separated by commas. If there was an individual author listed, their name should be listed with their first name first, followed by their last name, just as you would do it if you wrote it in text. Example: UN Women, "Commission on the Status of Women," UN Women, accessed February 14, 2019, http://www.unwomen.org/en/csw.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I find that the survivability and general performance of my party increases massively from levels 1 to 2. At times, level 1 feels like a completely different game from level 2. However, I can't fathom how or why. I think that the availability of healing has something to do with it. From a mechanical perspective, is there any deep reason why level 1 and level 2 seem so radically different? Furthermore, why I do find no similar differences between later levels, such as 6 and 7? </s> <|assistant|> Welcome to Rusty Dagger Shanktown!
What you have noticed is very widely commented upon—1st level is often called “rusty dagger shanktown.” It’s hyper-lethal, rather than the kind of heroic fantasy Dungeons & Dragons pitches itself as. It is very, very difficult for 1st-level PCs to actually really adventure at all. Many, many groups avoid 1st for this reason (many skip 2nd too, even though it is already dramatically different). Personally, I’ll include 1st level often, but the PCs basically always level-up to 2nd almost entirely on roleplaying XP.
Note that this isn’t unique to 3.5e; it goes back to the earliest days of D&D. Pathfinder, of course, inherited it from 3.5e (I don’t know about PF 2e). It’s also very much still true in 5e—after 4e actually managed to avoid it, which may mean that this is considered a “feature” by some, enough that Wizards of the Coast felt the need to restore it as part of 5e’s general “return to form” after the divisive fourth edition.
Anyway, the primary causes of rusty dagger shanktown:
Hit points
Almost anyone can one-shot almost any 1st-level character. It’s very, very easy to have 6 hp in a world where a decent, but basic, weapon’s base damage averages 7. Even smaller weapons can easily deal that much damage, either through luck or skill. We expect 1st-level characters to often go down in one hit.
A 2nd-level character can have nearly twice as much hp. Actually, could easily be twice as much, if they multiclass from a small-HD class to a large-HD class. That drastically changes the game, because suddenly you can feel reasonably confident that you aren’t going to just suddenly die before anyone can do anything. Healing actually becomes relevant, where at 1st it’s often too little, too late.
Notably, this only has this effect because damage doesn’t grow at the same rate. The base damage of weapons is fixed, and ability scores start at double digits but grow very slowly from there. That’s the biggest chunk of early damage for most characters. Even beyond that, a lot of damage boosts—inspire courage, rage, sneak attack—come at 1st anyway. And monsters tend to kind of mirror these trends.
So what ends up happening is that a 1st-level character can’t really take a chance in order to get something accomplished. A 2nd-level character can feel reasonably comfortable taking a chance at least once. That dramatically affects the style of play. At 2nd-level D&D literally feels like a different game. Really, it is a different game.
Wealth
Characters start with less than 200 gp worth of gear. That’s not enough for a masterwork weapon, not enough even for non-masterwork medium or heavy armors, definitely not enough for any kind of magic item beyond maybe an extremely basic consumable. No 1st-level character has even their complete basic kit yet.
The expected wealth of a 2nd-level character is 900 gp. That can afford masterwork armor of anything short of full-plate, and for many armors leave enough left over for a masterwork weapon. Most importantly, that is enough money for a party of 4 to trivially afford a wand of cure light wounds. A wand of cure light wounds is a game-changer. It means you can easily start every fight at full hp. And with 2nd-level hp, that means you can actually take a few risks.
2nd-level features
This varies considerably from one class to the next, but several classes get major class features at 2nd level. The paladin’s 2nd-level feature, divine grace, might be the single greatest class feature in the game (assuming we don’t count “spells” and the like as a singular feature). Rangers don’t get their combat style until 2nd. Bards get 1st-level spells at 2nd (though inspire courage from 1st level is probably more important). Outside of core, meldshapers don’t get any chakra binds until 2nd, which can leave them with zero offense at 1st. Swordsages don’t get Wis-to-AC until 2nd.
But plenty of characters are fine from 1st, so this can vary a lot. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Is 1021 a prime number? </s> <|assistant|> Numbers having only 2 factors, i.e. 1 and the number itself are known as prime numbers whereas numbers with more than 2 factors are known as composite.
Hence, 1021 is a prime number. The number 1021 is divisible only by 1 and the number itself. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to confuse cleverbot? </s> <|assistant|> Cleverbot is an online program that uses complex coding to hold text-based conversations with human readers. Though Cleverbot is great at holding basic conversations, it isn't perfect. With a little trickery, it's not terribly hard to get Cleverbot to reveal the limits of its programming. Whether you're trying to administer the Turing Test (a test used to tell whether an artificial intelligence can "pass" as a human) or simply looking for some easy laughs, visit Cleverbot.com to get started!
## Confuse cleverbot with specific trick
1. Try typing in song lyrics. Compared to other computer programs, Cleverbot is an exceptionally skilled conversationalist. However, Cleverbot knows nothing of the joys of music. If you try typing in a few lines of your favorite song lyrics, most of the time, Cleverbot will interpret the lyrics literally or give a nonsensical response, even if the lyrics are well-known. Note, however, that for certain songs that are very well-known, Cleverbot actually can (and will) recite the song lyrics if you start typing them in. For instance, try typing in the opening lyrics to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody": "Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
2. Present Cleverbot with a logical paradox. A paradox is a statement, question, or idea that has an answer that can't be logically found. Since some of history's greatest thinkers have struggled to untangle logical paradoxes, it's a very safe bet that Cleverbot will be completely perplexed by most of them. In addition, Cleverbot doesn't even do well talking about subjects that have the potential to be paradoxical, like time travel. Try using some of the paradoxes below, or use a search engine to find your own — there are literally hundreds out there. “If this statement is true, then Santa Claus is real.”
* "Since we haven't been visited by people from the future, does that mean that time travel will never be possible?" "What would happen if Pinocchio were to say, "My nose will grow right now?"
3. Ask Cleverbot to play games with you. Cleverbot isn't terribly playful. For instance, if you ask it to join you in a game of chess or checkers, it'll say "OK", but then if you say, "You go first," you'll get a nonsensical response. This is probably due to the fact that Cleverbot doesn't really have the capacity to play games — it knows to say that it wants to play chess with you, but it has no idea how to actually play chess. Cleverbot can, however, play rock paper scissors. Try it — say "Let's play rock paper scissors" and then say either "Rock", "Paper", or "Scissors".
4. Type a sappy romantic dialog for Cleverbot. Sooner or later, almost everyone casually messing around with Cleverbot will get the idea to jokingly express the love or attraction they feel towards it. Though Cleverbot can handle basic overtures of love like "I love you" and "Marry me", it's not so good at interpreting subtle romantic comments or come-ons. For people nursing a crush on Cleverbot, a direct approach is apparently best. Give it a shot — try feeding Cleverbot pickup lines like "I don't have a library card, but do you mind if I check you out?" The response you get will usually be a little confused (at best) (if you use the library card line, you'll get "I can say anything.")
5. Ask Cleverbot to do math problems. You might think that, because it's a computer program, Cleverbot would be able to do math problems almost instantly. In fact, for some reason, Cleverbot is terrible at doing math, even when the problems you ask it are very simple. It shouldn't take you long to get a confused response out of Cleverbot with this strategy. Sometimes, you'll even get different responses if you switch between using numerals and spelling each number out. For instance, asking "What is 200 times 2?" gets you the answer "4," while asking "What is two hundred times two?" gets you the answer, "A number."
6. Talk to Cleverbot about supernatural things. Cleverbot doesn't have good old-fashioned human common sense, so it doesn't have a good grasp on what's real and what's not. Talking to Cleverbot about monsters, aliens, spirits, and other supernatural phenomena is likely to confuse it. You can also confuse it by bringing up some religious or spiritual topics, even if they're quite well-known. You can even use the subjects of modern-day ghost stories to the same effect. For instance, if you say, "Have you ever been visited by Slenderman? ", Cleverbot will respond with, "My life is a lie?!"
7. Talk to Cleverbot about famous people. Cleverbot knows nothing about politics or celebrity gossip. Asking Cleverbot about its opinion on a famous person or public figure will almost always confuse it. For example, asking, "What do you think about Brad Pitt?" will get the answer, "I think he si (sic) a great president, he'll change the states." You may also want to try talking about the different things famous people have done — Cleverbot isn't terribly smart about these things either. For instance, typing in "What do you think about the president's social policies?" will get you: "I think he isn't the president anymore."
8. Talk to Cleverbot about other websites. Cleverbot does not understand other websites and will respond with something weird. Try talking about wikiHow and see what happens.
## Confuse cleverbot with general strategies
1. Talk with a lot of emotion. Cleverbot doesn't have a great grasp of the emotional context that is necessary to understand human communication. It will usually take everything you say literally. Because of this, Cleverbot isn't too "clever" when it comes to emotional questions and outbursts. Try typing a furious, rambling insult or tearfully asking for Cleverbot's forgiveness for some imagined slight — usually, its response won't make much sense.
2. Talk in gibberish. One sure-fire way to get Cleverbot's wires crossed is to send it messages that don't make sense to humans, either. Typing in gibberish, either by purposefully misspelling words, making up new words, or just mashing randomly on the keyboard, can get some funny results. For instance, try the sample messages below:
* "Asuerycbasuircanys" (random gibberish)
* "What is your opinion on the tornalions in reffriddo?" (made-up words)
* "Wut arr ewe dewing laiter this eavning?" (misspelled words)
3. Use a lot of slang. Cleverbot doesn't have the common sense to be able to piece together sentences that use slang — especially modern slang. Using lots of colloquialisms and "street" lingo in your messages can usually get Cleverbot's metaphorical head to spin. The more slang you use, the better, as even literal-minded Cleverbot can usually figure out simple sentences like "What's up, dog?" Try getting started with one of these examples:
* "h0w 4r3 y0u d01n6, cl3v3rb07?" (1337speak)
* "Yo, what's up, bro? Lemme ask you a question, broseph - how are you doing today, broheim?" (Bro-y slang)
* "Well, pardner, it's about time we saddle up, hit that old dusty trail, and high-tail it out of here." (Cowboy slang)
4. Use long messages. The longer and more complex the things you send to Cleverbot are, the less likely it will be to respond correctly. Typing out rambling, meandering messages (or even entire conversations) can get some pretty funny responses out of Cleverbot. Don't be afraid to stop one sentence and begin another — periods, question marks, and exclamation points are allowed in the middle of your message. For instance, you might want to have the same sort of long, aimless chat you might have when you're catching up with a friend. For instance, you might try: "Cleverbot, how are you? I was just thinking about you. I hope you're doing well. I had a great weekend - I went hiking up on Castle Rock on Saturday. Beautiful views from the top. Have you ever been up there? We should go sometime. Anyway, I just wanted to know what you were up to."
5. Keep your conversation going for a long time. The longer you follow a certain line of questioning, the more likely Cleverbot is to "crack". By the time you're ten or twelve messages into a conversation, Cleverbot has forgotten what you were originally talking about and is simply responding literally to each message as best as it can. This can lead to some pretty bizarre conversations, especially if Cleverbot misunderstands something you type. You may want to try using the "Think For Me!" button on Cleverbot.com for this. This button makes Cleverbot think up a response to its own message for you. Since Cleverbot is basically communicating with itself, using this button can quickly cause the conversation to devolve into nonsense, even if you only use it a few times.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> What is the difference between kerning vs. letter spacing? </s> <|assistant|> Any font has built-in spacing determined by the “side bearing” of each character. In metal type, the side bearing is the physical right or left edge of the individual piece of type that determines its spacing from the characters on either side. Digital fonts mimic this in the basic design process.
* “To kern” means to adjust the spacing between a pair of letters, numerals, punctuation, etc. (properly “glyphs”) so that their spacing looks correct. The letters AV, for example, have to overlap in any usual typeface, otherwise at least one of them ends up looking lost and bewildered. Their kerning is tightened to snug them up to one another. An italic f will collide with a following question or quote mark in some fonts, so the kerning must be opened up from the default spacing.
An ancient scribe could kern effortlessly with pen and ink, and if you read old manuscripts you'll see lots of places where a letter intrudes into the space of the one next to it. With metal type, it wasn't so easy. Kerning required cutting away some of the metal base, or table, of the character. The amount of time, skill and work involved is left as an exercise for readers whose minds are in need of a little boggling. The shapes of the letters in metal type intended for long passages of text such as books, or especially newspapers, were designed to minimize the amount of kerning that would be necessary.
Kerning tables built into a digital font assign preset kerning values to specific letter pairs, according to the designer's best estimate of how they should look. There can be a dozen or so pairs (or none!) in a cheapo font, thousands in a high-end one. No matter how thoroughly and well a kerning table is built, though, there will still be situations where some awkward combination requires that the kerning be loosened or tightened from the preset values of the glyphs.
* Letter spacing (often “tracking” in software applications) adjusts the spacing between all the glyphs in a piece of text. This can help to make a page look a little more open and inviting, for example, especially with a similarly open leading. Very large type, such as a big headline, almost always benefits from tightening the tracking. Tiny type, such as in captions or footnotes, is made more readable by opening the letter spacing a bit, especially if the paper is absorbent and will allow the ink to spread a little.
A final note: Use caution with both kerning and tracking. Tracking is very often wildly overdone, kerning is seldom done enough. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Assume an environment with a puppet-managed cluster of different servers - various hardware, software, operating systems, virtual/dedicated, etc.
Would you choose meaningful hostnames (mysqlmaster01..99, mysqlslave001..999, vpnprimary, vpnbackup, etc.) or would you prefer meaningless hostnames such as characters from a book or movie?
The problem I see with meaningful hostnames is that names usually represent a single service and if a server has more than one purpose it gets really messy (especially if server roles change often).
Isn't mapping a service name to an IP address and maintaining that mapping what DNS is supposed to do?
What are the advantages and drawbacks of both approaches and what actual problems have you had to tackle with the approach you chose? </s> <|assistant|> This largely comes down to whether your servers are ```pets``` or ```livestock```.
Pets get individual names. They're distinct from each other, and we care about those differences. When one gets sick, we usually try to nurse it back to health. Traditionally, servers have been pets.
Livestock get numbers. They're mostly identical, and what differences there are, we don't care about and usually try to minimize. When one gets sick, we put it down and get another one. Fully virtualized servers, especially IaaS servers such as AWS, are livestock.
In most complex environments, you have a mix. Your web backends, for instance, are almost certainly livestock. If you need more, you spin up a few more with the standard config; if you don't need as many you turn some off. Your database servers, in some configurations, are pets. There may be a lot of special setup on each; you may even be running them on bare metal instead of virtualization.
Of course, in either environment, you can name SERVICES and address those directly. This is a best practice in any case; your developers shouldn't need to know or care what the actual hostname of a service is. The hostname should be a purely operational detail. Think, then, of encoding information that is useful to your ops staff in the hostnames - for instance, it's often helpful to denote which datacenter a server is in. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I have a 9 year old daughter that has expressed some interest in manga, but I'm having trouble locating series that are appropriate for her age. No one at our local bookstore could offer any advice. Is there a kid-friendly imprint or other resource I could use to help her find something appropriate? My preference is for physical books but I'm willing to explore digital options. </s> <|assistant|> The content deemed acceptable for Japanese children generally differs from the concept in other countries; manga contains all genres of stories, so one cannot responsibly presume that just because a title was marketed at Japanese kids, that you would likewise consider it appropriate for your kid of the same age.
As one example:
The popular girl's series Sailor Moon was published in the manga magazine Nakayoshi, which was marketed toward elementary school-age girls (1st through 6th grade). This series includes strong language, bullying, violence, death, war, genocide, refugees, lovers' suicide (more than once), non-consensual kisses (forced while awake, while asleep, while drunk), a father fondling his adult daughter while brainwashed, human/animal romance, demonic-style alien possession of human bodies, nudity, cross-dressing, a non-monogamous lesbian couple, and non-graphic sex resulting in teen pregnancy (the 90s anime version, also marketed toward children, also added wrist/ankle restraints for a rape-like, pain-inducing entering of victims).
There are many manga reviews on the web, including those that specifically for parents and teen/preteen/kid readers on what sort of possibly objectionable content is included in the title (such as strong language, violence, nudity, gender-bending, innuendo, sexual content, etc.) and what sort of general content you can expect (for example: horror, potty humor, serious themes like depression/body image/sexual orientation/prostitution/parental abandonment/bullying/suicide) and let you as the parent or the reader use your own judgment about whether a title fits what you deem appropriate at what age. Browsing reviews also allows you to seek out titles that reinforce and contribute to your family's values (such as traits of selflessness, generosity, celebration of uniqueness, etc.).
Some good starting places are:
* A Parent's Guide to Anime
* Good Manga for Kids at Manga Bookshelf
* Good Comics for Kids at School Library Journal
* Kids Manga at No Flying No Tights
Since you have a daughter, she may be especially interested in shoujo manga, which was written with the target audience of Japanese girls. Within shoujo, nearly all genres of stories are included; some titles are very cheerful and innocuous and teach a moral-of-the-day, others are dark and heavy. Good starting places to get informed are:
* What is Shoujo Manga?, What Shoujo Manga Are and Are Not, and Recommended Shoujo Manga by Matt Thorn, a professor in the Faculty of Manga at Kyoto Seika University (one of the world's experts on shoujo manga)
* What is Shoujo? at Energetic Heartbeats
Some shoujo manga review sites are:
* The Classics at Shoujo Corner
* Emily's Random Shoujo Manga Page (despite its unassuming name, contains many detailed reviews)
* Heart of Manga
* Shoujo Savvy
* Shoujo Manga Recommendations
* Romance Manga Reviews
* Shoujo Manga Reviews
* Shoujo Manga with Anime at Anime Manga Reviews
More general review websites include MangaBlog and Kuriousity, and a Google search will find you many more. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Without repeating a single exact word, write the longest fictional story you can. </s> <|assistant|> Rain pattered all around as he lowered his wife into her grave. Tears blended amongst raindrops. Will couldn't believe it had happened with Clara. Clara's soul headed towards Inferis now, leaving Will's side forever. Why wouldn't death just stop? Thousands died everyday, each being dragged to a world right below everyone's feet. But this passing was different. The solemn man turned, hands clenched. "I will rescue you my love. Dying won't steal your spirit." Family watched their relative walk away determined.
William grew old searching for methods concerning returning dead souls, travelling miles, never forgetting. Determination drove him, which eventually paid off. Ahead lay one solution. No doubt entered William's mind while grasping an ancient sword. Finally, answers would come. They could continue together again. Shoving said blade through vital organs, Bill faded from life smiling knowing who he'd soon see. Humans cannot obtain abilities capable of defeating inevitable events. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I see hugely varied performance depending on how many newlines there are in the file I'm visiting.
Here's an example. I have two JSON files:
```$ wget https://github.com/Wilfred/ReVo-utilities/blob/a4bdc40dd2656c496defc461fc19c403c8306d9f/revo-export/dictionary.json?raw=true -O one_line.json
$ python -m json.tool pretty_printed.json
```
These are two JSON files with the same content. ```one_line.json``` is 18MiB of JSON without any newlines. ```pretty_printed.json``` has newlines and whitespace added, making it 41MiB.
However, the bigger file split over many lines is much faster to open in Emacs, both in Javascript mode and Fundamental mode.
Why does Emacs have such poor performance with long lines, since it's actually fewer bytes? Is there anything I can do to improve performance without reformatting the data outside of Emacs? </s> <|assistant|> Emacs' handling of long lines is not very well optimized. For a number of operations, Emacs has to scan the whole line repeatedly. For example, to display a line, Emacs has to figure out the height of the line, which requires scanning the whole line to find the tallest glyph. Additionally, scanning for bidirectional display eats up a lot of time. You can get some additional information in, for example, the docstring of ```cache-long-line-scans``` (renamed ```cache-long-scans``` in 24.4).
You can try and see if setting ```bidi-paragraph-direction``` to ```left-to-right``` and setting ```bidi-inhibit-bpa``` (new in Emacs 27, see footnote 1) to ```t``` improves the speed for you (see footnote 2). This removes some significant contributors to line scans, but sadly not the only ones.
The best option is to add newlines. You can pipe a JSON file through e.g. ```python -c 'import json, sys ; json.dump(json.load(sys.stdin), sys.stdout, indent=2)'``` to add newlines and improve readability in general.
Footnote 1: ```bidi-inhibit-bpa``` is new in Emacs 27. Setting it to ```t``` can have a noticeable (sometimes dramatic) effect in cases where (a) a physical line is very long, and (b) the line includes many parentheses and/or braces, especially if they are nested.
Footnote 2: There is also ```bidi-display-reordering```, but this is only for internal/debugging purposes. Setting it to ```nil``` may improve performance, however that is an unsupported setting which may cause other problems, so it is not recommended. In Emacs 27, the combination of setting ```bidi-paragraph-direction``` and ```bidi-inhibit-bpa``` is a supported configuration which provides approximately the same performance boost. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> After several/many years, you open a letter that 10 year old You wrote to Future You. You write a reply back for a laugh and just leave it on the counter. The next day, you receive a reply from 10 year old you </s> <|assistant|> 10-year-old me:
Thank you for your letter! It was so cool to read something that I wrote so long ago. I'm glad to see that I'm still alive and well in the future.
So, how is life as an adult? Are you doing anything cool? Have you traveled the world yet? Do you have any pets? Are you married? Did you become a famous author or an astronaut? I'm dying to know!
Oh, and by the way, I hope you're still a big fan of Pokemon and playing video games. Those were my favorite things to do back then. Do you still remember all the cheat codes we used to use?
Anyway, thanks again for writing back. I hope you're doing well and that life is treating you kindly.
Sincerely,
10-year-old me
Dear 10-year-old me,
It was so great to hear from you! I can't believe how long it's been since I wrote that letter to myself. It's amazing to see how much we've grown and changed over the years.
To answer your questions, life as an adult is pretty good. I'm doing some cool things, but I don't want to spoil the surprise. I have traveled a bit, but there are still so many places I want to see. I don't have any pets at the moment, but I hope to get a dog someday. And as for being married, well, let's just say that's a work in progress.
I'm happy to say that I'm still a big fan of Pokemon and video games. I don't remember all the cheat codes, but I still love playing them. And I'm sure we could still beat anyone in a battle!
Thanks for writing back, and keep being awesome!
Sincerely,
Future you </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to find accounting telecommuting jobs? </s> <|assistant|> ## Account telecommuting tip
1. Work in an office setting for a few years before starting to work from a home office. These years are not only valuable for experience, but they also allow you to build up a client base.
2. Become part of a local professional network or volunteer organization. When you work from home, it is even more important to network with people in the business community. As a telecommuter, you will rely on contacts and referrals.
3. Invest in organization and technology in your home office. Having fewer employees means that you will have to ensure your system is impeccably organized, automated and secure. Your ability to stay on top of projects is likely to have an effect on future jobs from repeat business. Other technology that you may want to look into is routing office calls to your cell phone, an Internet fax service, an online receipt scanner, like Shoe boxed, and video conferencing.
4. Create a website for your business. You will need to invest in marketing in order to make your business appear legitimate to prospective clients, and get your name into the public. Keep the following information in mind when developing your website. Post reviews from current and former clients. This can help show potential clients the diverse types of accounting you can do. Advertise the advantages of using a home-based accountant. In general, home-based accountants charge approximately 70 percent less because they have less overhead. You may also be able to offer more flexible meeting times than office-based accountants and more personal attention. Link your website to your LinkedIn profile or a resume, so that clients can see what experience you have in the field and your certifications. Add on website plugins like an appointment scheduler and a contact form.
## Find telecommuting job
1. Ask your former or current clients for referrals. Although your clients may stay with an accounting firm if you leave it, the best way to look for jobs is to give out business cards and inquire with business professionals and former clients if they would give your name to anyone in need of accounting services.
2. Reach out to your friends, family and contacts before tax season every year. Consider having a client appreciation party during the summer or holiday season, where clients are also encouraged to bring their friends. This will help you cement existing business relationships and perhaps find new ones.
3. Register for online accounts with telecommuting job websites, such as Virtual Vocations or Freelanced. This site's job postings are dedicated to remote workers. You can post your resume for potential employers to see, and you can search by job date, location, travel requirements and employer when you need to look for work. You may also want to pay for a membership with FlexJobs, hea-employment.com. A membership will cost approximately $15 per month or $50 for a year. They also have a guarantee that you will find jobs.
*
* Comb the site ModernTelecommuter. Although this site is not fee based, it combs websites for telecommuting jobs, which can often be outdated. However, its aggregate function may save you time on your job hunt.
4. Search on large job posting sites like CareerBuilder, Indeed or Monster. Make sure to tick the box that says "Telecommute" when searching on these sites. Also, keep in mind that there will be a large amount of competition for any posting, so you will need to apply quickly and often for jobs.
5. Interview and list yourself with a local employment or staffing agency. Recruiters are always looking for professional contractors that may be able to fill positions with companies. Make sure to be clear about your desire to telecommute and your available time.
6. Go directly to websites of large accounting firms and businesses. Review their job postings for telecommute positions. Although this takes a fair amount of research, it is becoming more common for businesses to hire remote, part-time workers to take on their accounts receivable and other bookkeeping tasks.
7. Check back frequently on your local Craigslist site. A lot of part-time work is listed on this site. Businesses or individuals may be seeking an accountant, without having restrictions on where the work is done.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Can you write C# code that can find the proper placement of queens on a chessboard? </s> <|assistant|> The puzzle known as N queens is a problem that involves placing N chess queens on an N×N chessboard such that no two queens are capable of threatening each other. This means that a valid solution must ensure that no two queens are positioned on the same row, column, or diagonal of the board.
```
// C# code to for n Queen placement
using System;
class GfG
{
static void breakLine()
{
Console.Write("\n---------------------------------\n");
}
// maximum size of the chessboard
static int MAX = 10;
// array to store queen placements
static int[] arr = new int[MAX];
// variable to count the number of solutions found
static int no;
// recursive function to find solutions
static void nQueens(int k, int n)
{
// try all possible positions for queen in the current row
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
// check if queen can be placed at the current position
if (canPlace(k, i))
{
// place the queen at the current position
arr[k] = i;
// if all queens are placed, display the solution
if (k == n)
{
display(n);
}
else
{
// recursively try to place remaining queens
nQueens(k + 1, n);
}
}
}
}
// helper function to check if queen can be placed at the current position
static bool canPlace(int k, int i)
{
for (int j = 1; j <= k - 1; j++)
{
// check if queen is already placed in the same column or diagonal
if (arr[j] == i || (Math.Abs(arr[j] - i) == Math.Abs(j - k)))
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
// function to display the solution
static void display(int n)
{
breakLine();
Console.Write("Arrangement No. " + ++no);
breakLine();
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++)
{
// print '_' for empty cell and 'Q' for cell with queen
if (arr[i] != j)
{
Console.Write("\t_");
}
else
{
Console.Write("\tQ");
}
}
Console.WriteLine("");
}
breakLine();
}
// Driver code to initialize the problem and call the recursive function
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
int n = 4; // size of the chessboard
nQueens(1, n);
}
}
```
The above code will print the following output:
```
---------------------------------
Arrangement No. 1
---------------------------------
_ Q _ _
_ _ _ Q
Q _ _ _
_ _ Q _
---------------------------------
---------------------------------
Arrangement No. 2
---------------------------------
_ _ Q _
Q _ _ _
_ _ _ Q
_ Q _ _
---------------------------------
```
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Nowadays each graphic card has some driver in operating system that translates some (typically) standard API such as OpenGL, so that programmers use some standardized API code to tell graphics cards how and what they want to render. (Actually that's already a bit hard-core most programmers really use various game engines that do this for them). In times of old computers - how was this done? Did every programmer of every game implemented all possible various API's that old graphic cards supported? Or did the old game studios from MS-DOS times had their own "game engines" that provided some abstraction when it came to these graphic cards? I remember there were many various card vendors and I remember old games asked me which one I have - so I suppose these games contained code / drivers for all these cards? </s> <|assistant|> > Did every programmer of every game implemented all possible various API's that old graphic cards supported?
Yes - but it went even deeper than that. Early graphics cards had virtually no callable code associated with them at all, the concept of "drivers" had not quite become a reality yet. There was the concept of a Video BIOS, which were extensions to the ```INT 10h``` BIOS video services, that were effectively limited to initialization and switching video modes.
Instead, graphics cards, at least in DOS land, all had memory mapped display RAM, and extensive documentation was available about exactly how setting various bits in display RAM would affect the pixels that appeared on the screen. There were no drawing APIs to call, if you wanted something to appear on the screen (whether it be a pixel, a character, a line, a circle, a sprite, etc) you would write the code to move the bytes into the right places in display RAM. Entire books were written about how to write efficient code to draw graphics.
There were some systems like the Borland Graphics Interface that abstracted graphics drawing primitives into an API with different drivers that one could call to draw things on different graphics cards. However, these were typically slower than what would be required for building action type games.
An action game would typically be optimized for a particular graphics display mode on a particular card. For example, a popular display mode was VGA 640x480 with 16 colors. This would be listed in the software requirements, and you needed to have the right hardware to support the game. If you bought a VGA game but you only had an EGA card, then the game would not work at all. As you said, some games would ask what you had and you had to know what the right answer was, otherwise the game would not work. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> A "letter of last resort" are final military orders given to field commanders after a nation has been completely destroyed. As a head of state, write a hypothetical letter to the commander. </s> <|assistant|> TOP SECRET
To: Ship’s Commander
Subj: Last Resort
Sir,
If you are reading this, national command has failed. As such, this may be the last order you receive from His Majesty and the government. This means that, until you are able to determine otherwise, you are the lawful government of the nation.
If the government has indeed failed, there is no consequence to failure to obey. Therefore, your actions must be guided by your conscience, your knowledge of international law and the Laws of War, and these written guidelines.
If a senior commander of His Majesty’s military is available, you are to report to that commander immediately. As with a fully functioning government, the senior commander is His Majesty’s representative, and his orders are law.
If an allied senior commander is available, contact them. They may have been able to establish communications with His Majesty or his representative. Allied commanders are not His Majesty’s representatives, but they may be his messengers.
A list of allied governments, in order of precedence, was issued prior to your departure from His Majesty’s domains. Seek guidance from the senior existent government. If you are unable to establish a chain of command with His Majesty, you are hereby transferred to the command of the senior government.
If you are unable to establish any form of command, or if you are the senior available officer, you are to prosecute the current action to the best of your ability in order to restore His Majesty’s or his lawful successor to the throne. If you are unable to restore the line of succession, establish a safe haven for His Majesty’s subjects. Use of all available weapon systems is authorized. Rules of Engagement package is unlocked, all ROE are granted.
In trust,
Sir I.M. Boss
Prime Minister to His Majesty </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Why isn't the market dropping like a stone with all the bad news? </s> <|assistant|> Market reactions to information are not always timely, proportional, or rational.
We don't know the full impact of our current situation; we're feeling it out.
* Some people (bulls), believe that the initial dip was an over-reaction, that the government response will prevent further decline, and/or that things will go back to normal pretty quickly, so they are buying the dip.
* On the other side you have people (bears) that believe the initial reaction was just a start but not enough to price-in the full impact, that the government can't prop up the economy, and/or that this will drag on for a long while, so they are betting on further decline.
The problem with this idea of information being priced-in is that we all know there's a global pandemic, but there are very different opinions about how much that should affect the market.
Consider unemployment levels: We have projections about unemployment rate potentially hitting a peak over 30%. Meanwhile, the current unemployment rate is 4.4% and projected to hit double digits in April. The only way all of that information could be appropriately priced in is if everyone agreed about the reasonableness of the projections and had the economic prowess to understand the actual impact of those figures.
Instead, what happens is that some people will see the actual April unemployment numbers as surprising new information to react to, while others will see it as old information in line with their expectations. Add in thousands of other pieces of information about which people have conflicting opinions, and it becomes pretty much impossible to know in advance if that information was all priced in appropriately.
The most recent comparable event is the subprime mortgage crash. Many people thought bottom was hit around November 2008 and there was a brief counter-trend rally before actual bottom was hit around March 2009. We don't know at this time if the market has bottomed out yet or not; nor do we know how long recovery could take. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> write a verse to an (un)finished epic poem. </s> <|assistant|> Anthony galloped toward the foul beast.
As brave and strong, he felt no fear in the least.
Ten men, ten swords fell,
One swipe of Anthony's sword, their story they would never tell
Soon, against our hero left just one,
The foul demon Nashbar, terrible claws eating the sun.
Forward, the hero charged, on a golden steed,
He killed it dead, cut off it's head, and left the vultures to feed.
So remember my son, though small and weak,
All a hero ever needs, Bravery, and a quest to seek. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Write a "5 minute mystery" (a short mystery the reader can solve using only the clues provided) </s> <|assistant|> She never imagined that she would die this way. Half naked and drowning in the bottom of a motel pool, Claire felt her life fade away as water filled her lungs. Claire lived her life without apology. She spoke her mind even if it stirred the pot. It was precisely this trait that often got her in hot water as a journalist. She was always chasing political stories and attempting to uncover the dirty skeletons in Washington’s closet. Claire always put her career before everything, even if it meant sacrificing her safety…and the safety of those around her. Death threats were apt to put pressure on her relationships. In all of her life, she only regretted pushing away those who loved her. Just when Claire thought she had found the man worth settling down with, the biggest story of her career presented itself. The means Claire used to get the information she needed broke her heart, but Claire knew that she had to put her body on the line to get the truth out. Claire lived to push the boundaries, and tonight, the boundaries pushed back. The last thing Claire remembered was the look on her killer’s eyes: cold and unforgiving. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to identify a bandwagon fan? </s> <|assistant|> Ever notice how people "suddenly" become fans of teams that are performing well? Do you ever wonder if they are "real fans" like they claim to be? Or do you wonder if they're just bandwagon fans? Bandwagon fans are defined as sports fans who have shown no past loyalty to a team, and who only support them when they are doing well. While people may not admit to being bandwagon fans, there are easy ways to spot them.
## Listen to what they say
1. See if they know the staff. True fans of a team will know the names of more than just the star player on the team. See if they know other players, coaches, owners, and former players. This will help determine if they have any loyalty towards the team. Knowing the play-makers is great. But a true fan needs to know more than the offensive players. They need to know what's going on on both sides of the ball. Not every fan follows what goes on behind the scenes so cut them some slack if they don't know the athletic trainer or the newest draft picks.
2. Determine if they know statistics. Knowing statistics takes both time and effort. Do they know the average number of points scored per game? Do they know where the team ranks offensively and defensively? True fans always find ways to track the progress of their favorite team. Their knowledge should go beyond stats for the star player or the team's record. They should be able to discuss the teams status as if they were commentators for ESPN, because it is both informative and entertaining for real fans.
3. See if they know any historical information about the team. It's easy to know about a team's current progress, but it's more difficult to know about the history of a team. A fan who has been loyal for years will know past players, championship years, and significant games. Many fans will also have personal stories associated with the team. For example, they'll know exactly where they were when the Houston Rockets won back-to-back championships in 1994 and 1995. Many bandwagon fans only follow teams who have been successful over the last few years and will not know history that stretches beyond the team's current winning streak.
4. Count how many teams they support. Fake fans usually divide their loyalty among more than one team. The more teams they support, the less of a true fan they are. Choosing a favorite sports team is like choosing a wife--you can only have one. In different sports, there are rules about teams you cannot support at the same time. For example, in baseball, you can't root for both the Yankees and the Mets. In football, you can't cheer for both the Texans and the Cowboys.
5. Listen to their reasons for supporting the team. Most of the time loyalty to a team is determined by where you grew up or the player you idolized growing up. Bandwagon fans usually have flimsy excuses for why they support a team. For example, reasons such as liking the team logo, having a boyfriend or girlfriend that supports the team, or picking the team are not viable reasons. If your favorite team relocates to a different city then it is your choice to turn back on them or not. If you grew up in a city that didn't have a team for a specific sport, you're then able to pick a team (with good reason of course). If your team eventually gets a new franchise, it is your choice to stick with your current team, or start to follow the new one.
6. See if they only support the best teams in the league. If the fan only supports the #1 teams in football, baseball, basketball, soccer or other major league sports, they are likely not supporting the team but supporting the winning streak. There will be times when your favorite team will consistently be successful, but it's a strange phenomenon when ALL of the teams you support are doing well. For example, it's perfectly acceptable to support the New England Patriots and their success. But to support them, the Boston Red Sox, the Golden State Warriors, and the Washington Capitals at the same time is a sign of being a bandwagon fan.
## Watch what they do
1. Notice if they go to games only when the team is successful. It's difficult to support a team when they are in a slump, but real fans do just that. Even if a real fan curses their team, they are there to support them the next game. Bandwagon fans jump off the wagon at the first sign of trouble. Going to a game takes more effort and more money. Bandwagon fans don't want to invest either if the team isn't doing well. The same is true of watching games on television.
2. Ask why they leave the game early. True fans stay at a game until the bitter end--even if they know the result will be less than desirable. On the other hand, bandwagon fans tend to walk out and stop offering support to the team. Bandwagon fans often miss out on some of the best comebacks in sports because they choose to walk out during tough times. For example, in the 2013 NBA Finals in game six when the Miami Heat were down against the San Antonio Spurs, fans left early and missed out on a comeback. Also, in the NFC Championship Game between the Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks, they trailed so fans left the game early and missed out on an amazing onside kick recovery to eventually win the game and go to Super Bowl XLIX.
3. Determine if they go to live games. If you don't cheer for the team in the area you grew up in, in favor of a team far away, that's one thing. But true fans still go to live sporting events for the experience of being around like-minded, passionate individuals. Bandwagon fans don't value the experience because they aren't as emotionally invested as real fans. Even if it means braving the cold or paying for over-priced beer, real fans will try to attend at least one game during the season. Some bandwagon fans will attend a game or two just to be able to say that they have. They are unlikely to attend games that aren't convenient. For example, when the weather is bad, when the tickets are too pricey, or when the game falls on a workday.
4. See if they support the team only during playoffs. This has a bit to do with the team being successful, but it also has to do with the importance of the game. Regular seasons in sports tend to be long and grueling, so bandwagon fans like to skip the regular season games and jump right to the good part. Playoff games occur after the regular season and are tournament style games that lead up to the championship. Playoffs also bring out bandwagon fans whose "first choice" didn't make the playoffs. In order to have someone to root for, they will choose a team randomly and only for that season.
5. Determine if they jump off the wagon. This is also known as wavering in their support of the team. If a fan stops supporting their team if they lose a playoff game, championship game, or don't make the playoffs at all, they're exhibiting behavior consistent with that of a bandwagon fan.
## Identify a true fan
1. See if they own a throwback jersey. A throwback jersey is one that duplicates a jersey worn by a team or player from the past. Real fans tend to purchase throwback jerseys (along side more modern sports gear) because they actually know the history of the team and its players. On the contrary, bandwagon fans typically purchase team gear that represents the more modern logos, colors, and players. True fans are also more likely to spend big bucks on team gear and throwbacks are usually more authentic and costly.
2. Notice if they ever boo their team. True fans will never boo their team because they are trying to inspire them, not make them feel worse. It's okay to be angry with a less than perfect performance, but making your team feel like trash won't help. Real fans stick with their team for better or for worse.
3. Determine if they support their team's players more than any others. A true fan's loyalty is always to his or her team first. That doesn't mean that they can't support or like other players, but it does mean that their loyalty lies with their team's players first. For example, it's fine to appreciate great players like Peyton Manning but if you're a New England Patriots fan you support Tom Brady first. Additionally, if you have players who are on your fantasy football team but are not on your favorite football team, you can support them only as far as it doesn't interfere with your favorite team's success.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|>
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
I don't understand the part marked in bold.
Congress shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise of religion. So congress should not make a law which prohibits the freedom of religion. I get it.
But Congress shall make a law which respects an establishment of religion. Doesn't "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" mean congress should not make a law that respects religion because there's "no" in it?? </s> <|assistant|> The confusing term seems to be "respecting". This is a somewhat different meaning of "respect", that is still in common use:
respecting (prep):
* in view of : considering
* with respect to : concerning
The first amendment states that Congress shall pass no law related to (or with regard to) the establishment of a (state) religion. This has been interpreted by the courts to have many consequent effects, mainly that no governing body in the country can write law supporting any one religion over another religion. More information
The term "respecting" is mostly limited to legal documents, or formal essays/articles. Examples:
Respecting the salaries of the governors of states, the constitution made no provision.
The speculations of the fathers respecting the origin and course of the world seek to combine Christian ideas of the Deity with doctrines of Greek philosophy.
Authentic information respecting the great valley of the Ganges was supplied by Megasthenes, an ambassador sent by Seleucus, who reached the remote city of Patali-putra, the modern Patna.
"Respecting" can be used to mean "having/showing respect for", but most commonly in the related term "self-respecting"
No self-respecting gentleman would go outside on a sunny English day without an umbrella.
In most cases, if you want to say "having respect for" use that, the verb "to respect", or the adjective "respectful (of)".
He was respectful of her concerns, and did not press her for an immediate decision.
Nor did the clergy much respect the official standards of the Church.
They had little respect for tradition, flaunting contemporary standards to produce art intended to shock the viewer.
There is also the related term "respective":
respective (adj): belonging or relating to each one of the people or things that have been mentioned, not the same or shared : separate
This is commonly used to talk about things that are similar but separately related to some other similar set of things:
As the sun set, each of the children hurried to their respective homes.
The chronic controversies between the courts of common law and the Admiralty Court as to the limits of their respective jurisdictions reached an acute stage.
As Flater's comment mentions, the term "irrespective (of)" implies the opposite of "respecting": not taking (something) into account; regardless of.
Irrespective of their political differences, the candidates agreed that the economy was the most important issue facing the country. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> This task is about using the specified sentence and converting the sentence to Resource Description Framework (RDF) triplets of the form (subject, predicate, object). The RDF triplets generated must be such that the triplets accurately capture the structure and semantics of the input sentence. The input is a sentence and the output is a list of triplets of the form [subject, predicate, object] that capture the relationships present in the sentence. When a sentence has more than 1 RDF triplet possible, the output must contain all of them.
The Golden Palace is a coffee shop that serves French food in the city centre. The prices range more than £30 and they have a low customer rating. </s> <|assistant|> [
('The Golden Palace', 'eat type', 'coffee shop'),
['The Golden Palace', 'food', 'French'),
('The Golden Palace', 'price range', 'more than £30'),
('The Golden Palace', 'customer rating', 'low'),
('The Golden Palace', 'area', 'city centre')
] </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I am a professor of computer science. Help me write an academic research proposal to fund my NLP lab. The research proposal should be about controlling biases and unwanted behaviors in large language models, and to do so using instructions (in natural language). Let's start by drafting an abstract and an introduction. </s> <|assistant|> Here is the abstract and introduction of a research proposal about controlling biases and unwanted behaviors in large language models:
#Controlling Biases in Large Language Models
##Abstract
While large language models are unlocking previously unimaginable applications, their extensive usage also exacerbates the risk of generating toxic text that amplifies adverse biases in the training data. We propose utilizing the newfound instruction understanding abilities of large language models to identify, explain, and mitigate undesirable biases in text. Our research plan begins with a novel method for eliciting natural language explanations of why a particular text is harmful, without any training data or definition of what constitutes toxic text. We then propose to investigate whether explicitly instructing models to avoid biases using natural language prompts can steer them away from unwanted outputs. Finally, we aim to explore a more permanent solution by fine-tuning the model on anti-harm instructions (behavioral guidelines, codes of conduct, diversity training), and thus informing it on which utterances should be avoided. Successfully tuning large language models to better align with acceptable behavior will dramatically advance the ability to deploy safer, fairer models in real-world settings.
##Introduction
Language models, the cornerstone of modern natural language processing (NLP), are known to reflect and even amplify biases in training corpora, often resulting in racist, sexist, and generally toxic outputs. Susceptibility to such harmful biases hinders the deployment of these models and limits their applicability.
A common approach for developing safer models is to try to control the training corpora. [Citations], for example, used a list of banned words to filter potentially harmful text from the C4 corpus. This simple approach fails to remove all adverse biases from the text, as toxic content can be written using words that are, by themselves, benign. Another technique for corpus intervention is data augmentation [Citations], which adds a counterfactual example for each utterance of a potentially biased text. This technique, however, only applies when counterfactual swaps are possible, e.g. gender, and it requires prior knowledge of all potential biases in the training corpus. Data augmentation enlarges an already oversized corpus, and can often create artificial and even unrealistic texts if not done carefully. Finally, various approaches perform post-training debiasing [Citations], but these often result in significant performance degradation on downstream tasks.
We propose explaining and mitigating adverse biases via natural language instructions. Our plan includes three parts:
* Inducing natural language explanations of adverse biases in a given text. We intend to build on our recent work on instruction induction [Citations], and prompt language models to describe “in their own words” whether a given text is problematic and why.
* Controlling the manifestation of model biases during generation by prompting language models with explicit instructions. We plan to investigate the use of both model-generated explanations and existing guidelines written for humans (e.g. code of conduct) to reduce and control adverse biases during inference.
* Mitigating adverse biases in the model itself by fine-tuning on behavioral guidelines. The goal is to efficiently adapt the model itself so that it (permanently) generates less harmful content. We build on recent work which shows that fine-tuning on task instructions (instruction tuning) improves the zero-shot learning abilities of language models [Citations]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work has utilized this framework for teaching models what behaviors should be avoided. The success of instruction tuning suggests that our approach is viable, and we hope it can accelerate the progress towards safer, fairer models. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Does vegetarianism affect life expectancy?
Is an average vegetarian supposed to live longer just because of their diet? </s> <|assistant|> Yes, according to a paper by the American Society for Clinical Nutrition.
> Results: Our review of the 6 studies found the following trends: 1) a very low meat intake was associated with a significant decrease in risk of death in 4 studies, a nonsignificant decrease in risk of death in the fifth study, and virtually no association in the sixth study; 2) 2 of the studies in which a low meat intake significantly decreased mortality risk also indicated that a longer duration (≥ 2 decades) of adherence to this diet contributed to a significant decrease in mortality risk and a significant 3.6-y (95% CI: 1.4, 5.8 y) increase in life expectancy; and 3) the protective effect of a very low meat intake seems to attenuate after the ninth decade. Some of the variation in the survival advantage in vegetarians may have been due to marked differences between studies in adjustment for confounders, the definition of vegetarian, measurement error, age distribution, the healthy volunteer effect, and intake of specific plant foods by the vegetarians.
TL;DR:
* less meat = less risk of death,
* less meat for a longer time = an average of a 3 year longer lifespan + less risk of death,
* after 90 years of no meat it stops decreasing your risk of death.
> Conclusion: Current prospective cohort data from adults in North America and Europe raise the possibility that a lifestyle pattern that includes a very low meat intake is associated with greater longevity.
So yes, scientific research says that vegetarianism could help you live longer, but it primarily decreases your risk of death. (i.e. you might not live to 105, but you probably won't die at 55) </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I recently had someone claim (on an unrelated SE site I won't link to) that it is the responsibility of a player to correctly identify their hand, that what you "call" your hand determines the winner:
For example, you have an Ace, King, Queen, Jack, and Ten. You call your hand and say, "I have a Straight!"
But that was a bad move on your part because you are a novice player and you did not notice that all of your cards are Spades. You actually had a Straight Flush, but now you have lost because one of the remaining players had a Full House.
Your hand has not been determined until you call your hand.
Is this true? Clearly you might play your hand differently if you misunderstand what you have, but I always thought that the cards speak for themselves once they are revealed.
Or would it depend on the specific poker variation/house rules? </s> <|assistant|> Casinos in the US generally have the "cards speak" rule. That is, when a hand is properly tabled--exposed to everyone at showdown--it is the responsibility of all players, the dealer, floormen, and anyone else present to see that the pot is awarded to the best hand shown, regardless of what the players might say.
Some players object to this rule: they believe that if a player or railbird says "Wait, Bob has a flush", that's unfairly helping a player. But the rule is clear: once the hand is tabled, others have not only the right but the obligation to help ensure the pot is awarded correctly.
There are a couple of caveats: if a player only shows his hand to another player, or to the dealer, or to any other person, without properly tabling it for everyone, that player has no rights yet and those to whom the hand was shown should remain silent to protect other players' properly shown hands. But once the hand is tabled, it's fair game and everyone can and should assist in reading the hands.
Finally, in some cases, if a floorman feels that a player has deliberately overcalled his hand to induce a player with a better hand to fold, he may penalize that player by awarding the pot to someone else, even possibly to a folded hand. Some California lowball clubs even had a rule that a player who remained silent rather than explicitly calling out a pair could be ruled against in this way. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to sort a list in increasing order in python? </s> <|assistant|> Python provides two ways to sort a list, the built-in list method `list.sort()` and the built-in function `sorted()`.
The primary difference between the two is that list.sort() will sort the list in-place, mutating its indexes and returning None, whereas sorted() will return a new sorted list leaving the original list unchanged. Another difference is that sorted() accepts any iterable while list.sort() is a method of the list class and can only be used with lists.
Here is an example of using `list.sort()`:
```
# the list to be sorted
x = [2, 3, 1, 5, 6, 4, 8]
# sort by list.sort()
x.sort()
print(x)
```
The output of the above code is
```
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
```
Equivalently, you can use `sorted()`:
```
sorted_x = sorted(x)
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> What are the differences between the Strategy design pattern and the State design pattern? please explain the difference in layman's terms? </s> <|assistant|> The difference simply lies in that they solve different problems:
* The State pattern deals with what (state or type) an object is (in) -- it encapsulates state-dependent behavior, whereas
* the Strategy pattern deals with how an object performs a certain task -- it encapsulates an algorithm.
The constructs for achieving these different goals are however very similar; both patterns are examples of composition with delegation.
Some observations on their advantages:
* By using the State pattern the state-holding (context) class is relieved from knowledge of what state or type it is and what states or types that are available. This means that the class adheres to the open-closed design principle (OCP): the class is closed for changes in what states/types there are, but the states/types are open to extensions.
* By using the Strategy pattern the algorithm-using (context) class is relieved from knowledge of how to perform a certain task (-- the "algorithm"). This case also creates an adherence to the OCP; the class is closed for changes regarding how to perform this task, but the design is very open to additions of other algorithms for solving this task.
This likely also improves the context class' adherence to the single responsibility principle (SRP). Further the algorithm becomes easily available for reuse by other classes. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Can you make a daily food plan for me to maintain a healthy and sustainable life? </s> <|assistant|> Our daily calorie needs vary depending on our gender, age, height, weight, and activity level. Here is a suggested daily food plan. Note that this is just an example and you will have to do some of your own research to figure out what works for you.
* Start your day with a high protein breakfast such as eggs, Greek yogurt or cottage cheese. Avoid carb heavy breakfasts such as pancakes, waffles, sugary cereals, etc. which will just spike your blood sugar and leave you hungry a few hours later.
* Eat a healthy lunch including a protein, some veggies and some carbs. Avoid high carb lunches such as sandwiches, pasta, etc. that will make you drowsy and unproductive in the afternoon.
* Eat a healthy dinner with protein, veggies and healthy fats. Avoid large dinners that will make you feel bloated and uncomfortable.
* Snack on nuts, seeds, veggies (carrots, celery, etc.) and high protein snacks such as Greek yogurt.
* Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Aim for at least 8 glasses.
In addition, to keep a healthy life, get some exercise. Even if you can't make it to the gym, you can do pushups, situps and other exercises at home. Take the stairs instead of the elevator, park further away from your destination and walk, etc. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I want to be able to output the current loop iteration to my template.
According to the docs, there is a ```loop.counter``` variable that I am trying to use:
```
{% for user in userlist %}
*
{{ user }} {{loop.counter}}
{% if loop.counter == 1 %}
This is the First user
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
```
But is being outputed to my template. What is the correct syntax? </s> <|assistant|> The counter variable inside the loop is called loop.index in Jinja2.
```
>>> from jinja2 import Template
>>> s = "{% for element in elements %}{{loop.index}} {% endfor %}"
>>> Template(s).render(elements=["a", "b", "c", "d"])
1 2 3 4
```
In addition to `loop.index`, there is also
* `loop.index0` (index starting at `0`)
* `loop.revindex` (reverse index; ending at `1`)
* `loop.revindex0` (reverse index; ending at `0`)
etc. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Tor can only handle TCP connections, but DNS is a UDP protocol. How does Tor route DNS requests over its TCP based network? Why can the same approach not be used to route all UDP traffic over Tor? </s> <|assistant|> Tor clients do not, in general, directly do DNS requests. When you open a connection through the tor network you usually ask your client (on its socks ports) to connect you to a hostname and port, say www.example.com:80.
Your tor client, once it has created a circuit, will send that hostname and port to the exit node in its RELAY_BEGIN cell.
The exit node will then do a DNS resolve and open a TCP connection to the target. Once that's established it will tell your client that the connection is open, and for informational purposes will also tell your client what address that hostname resolved to.
Tor, in addition to that, has some sort of "remote DNS resolve" protocol built in. This support allows clients to query for certain resource types, like IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. Here too, the exit node does the actual DNS packet sending and receiving and just relays the answer to the client.
No UDP packets are actually ever routed from the client.
There's also a proposal to add more full featured DNS support to Tor. So far it hasn't been implemented.
Tor Protocol Specification references
* 6.2. Opening streams and transferring data
* 6.4. Remote hostname lookup
* Proposal 219 - Support for full DNS and DNSSEC resolution in Tor
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Say I want to make a file:
```filename = "/foo/bar/baz.txt"
with open(filename, "w") as f:
f.write("FOOBAR")
```
This gives an ```IOError```, since ```/foo/bar``` does not exist.
What is the most pythonic way to generate those directories automatically? Is it necessary for me explicitly call ```os.path.exists``` and ```os.mkdir``` on every single one (i.e., /foo, then /foo/bar)? </s> <|assistant|> In Python 3.2+, using the APIs requested by the OP, you can elegantly do the following:
```
import os
filename = "/foo/bar/baz.txt"
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename), exist_ok=True)
with open(filename, "w") as f:
f.write("FOOBAR")
```
With the Pathlib module (introduced in Python 3.4), there is an alternate syntax (thanks David258):
```from pathlib import Path
output_file = Path("/foo/bar/baz.txt")
output_file.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
output_file.write_text("FOOBAR")
```
In older python, there is a less elegant way:
The ```os.makedirs``` function does this. Try the following:
```import os
import errno
filename = "/foo/bar/baz.txt"
if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(filename)):
try:
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename))
except OSError as exc: # Guard against race condition
if exc.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise
with open(filename, "w") as f:
f.write("FOOBAR")
```
The reason to add the ```try-except``` block is to handle the case when the directory was created between the ```os.path.exists``` and the ```os.makedirs``` calls, so that to protect us from race conditions. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I am confused about the use cases for both ```InputStream``` and ```OutputStream```.
Please include a snippet of code to go along with your explanation. </s> <|assistant|> InputStream is used for reading, OutputStream for writing. They are connected as decorators to one another such that you can read/write all different types of data from all different types of sources.
For example, you can write primitive data to a file:
```File file = new File("C:/text.bin");
file.createNewFile();
DataOutputStream stream = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));
stream.writeBoolean(true);
stream.writeInt(1234);
stream.close();
```
To read the written contents:
```File file = new File("C:/text.bin");
DataInputStream stream = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
boolean isTrue = stream.readBoolean();
int value = stream.readInt();
stream.close();
System.out.printlin(isTrue + " " + value);
```
You can use other types of streams to enhance the reading/writing. For example, you can introduce a buffer for efficiency:
```DataInputStream stream = new DataInputStream(
new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file)));
```
You can write other data such as objects:
```MyClass myObject = new MyClass(); // MyClass have to implement Serializable
ObjectOutputStream stream = new ObjectOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("C:/text.obj"));
stream.writeObject(myObject);
stream.close();
```
You can read from other different input sources:
```byte[] test = new byte[] {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 8, 9};
DataInputStream stream = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(test));
int value0 = stream.readInt();
int value1 = stream.readInt();
byte value2 = stream.readByte();
byte value3 = stream.readByte();
stream.close();
System.out.println(value0 + " " + value1 + " " + value2 + " " + value3);
```
For most input streams there is an output stream, also. You can define your own streams to reading/writing special things and there are complex streams for reading complex things (for example there are Streams for reading/writing ZIP format). </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to get a known traveler number? </s> <|assistant|> If you love traveling but can't stand the long customs lines, then it might be worth it for you to get a Known Traveler Number (KTN). A KTN is a number that's issued by either the US Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS) or Department of Defense (DoD). This number indicates that the person who has it has undergone a pre-flight background check before checking in for their flight and is eligible for an expedited customs experience. To get a KTN, apply for TSA Precheck, Global Entry, NEXUS, or SENTRI.
## Get a ktn through tsa precheck
1. Go for TSA Precheck if you only travel within the United States. If you're a lawful U.S. citizen or permanent resident and you just travel within the United States, this may be the program for you. Get your KTN through TSA Precheck so that you don't have to bother with getting a passport.
2. Pre-enroll for TSA Precheck online. In order to start the application process, visit https://universalenroll.dhs.gov. Here, you'll disclose basic biographical information, such as your name, birthdate, and address.
3. Make an appointment at an application center. After you finish filling out the brief form, you'll be prompted to make an appointment for your interview. For TSA Precheck, you can choose from over 300 locations within the United States. Find a location near you by going to https://universalenroll.dhs.gov/locator.
4. Go to your in-person interview. Before you head to your scheduled interview, make sure that you have a valid photo ID, a valid proof of citizenship, and immigration documentation if applicable. The interview should only take about 15 minutes, and you'll be asked questions about yourself and your travel habits, and you'll also be fingerprinted during this time. Your driver's license can serve as a valid photo ID. Your passport or birth certificate can serve as a valid proof of citizenship.
5. Pay the $85 application fee. At the interview, you'll need to pay your nonrefundable application fee, which will cover the cost of having a background check done. You can pay with a credit card, money order, company check, or cashier's check.
6. Check your application status online. After your interview, check the status of your application by going to https://universalenroll.dhs.gov/workflows?workflow=service-status&servicecode=11115V. You'll likely receive a notification letter within 1-2 days of your interview, but it can sometimes take up to 45 days. If you're approved, your notification letter will include your 9-digit KTN.
7. Add your KTN to each reservation. Every time you book a flight, type in your KTN number wherever it's asked for. This way, you'll be recognized as a known traveler, which means you won't have to take off your shoes, belt, or jacket, or take out your laptop or liquids. If you book through a travel agent, be sure to give the travel agent you KTN. Contact your airline via phone or online to add your KTN to your reservation after you've already booked it.
## Apply for global entry
1. Choose Global Entry if you travel internationally. While TSA Precheck allows you to to enjoy a faster customs experience while traveling within the United States, Global Entry allows you to breeze through customs while traveling within the United States and also internationally. Get your KTN through Global Entry if you're a lawful U.S. citizen or permanent resident and you travel outside the country. You can also apply for Global Entry if you are a citizen of India, citizen of Colombia, citizen of the United Kingdom, citizen of Germany, citizen of Panama, citizen of Singapore, citizen of South Korea, citizen of Switzerland, or a Mexican National.
2. Create a GOES account and apply for Global Entry. Navigate to https://ttp.cbp.dhs.gov. Click “Get Started” to create an account. Then, log into your account. You'll have several different programs to choose from, so make sure you click on “Global Entry” and then fill out the application. This should take about half an hour and will require information such as your passport information, your residence history, and your employment history.
3. Pay the $100 application fee online. At the end of the Global Entry application, you will be prompted to fill in your credit card or bank account information in order to pay for the application fee. The fee is $100 and is valid for 5 years. Some credit cards, specifically the ones designed for frequent fliers and corporate travelers, may reimburse you for this fee.
4. Wait to receive an email. Once you've applied and paid the fee, check your inbox for an email. You can expect this email to come within a week or so of submitting the application. The email will prompt you to log in to your GOES account, which will notify you that you're approved, pending your interview, if everything on your application checked out. If you don't receive an email, try calling the Global Entry customer service phone line at 866-530-4172.
5. Schedule an interview at an enrollment center. While logged into your GOES account, you'll be prompted to pick an interview day, time, and location. Here, you can look up the enrollment centers that are closest to where you are. If you live in or near a major city, look into a few different locations, as some may be able to take you the next day but others may have a month-long wait.
6. Go to your scheduled interview. The interview questions are typically simple and straightforward. You can expect to be asked about basic topics such as your traveling tendencies and your employment status. If you're approved, your fingerprints will be taken and you'll get your KTN at the end of the interview.
7. Scan your passport at an airport kiosk to use your KTN. Bring your passport to the airport every time you fly, and scan your passport at a Global Entry kiosk. Then, the kiosk will take your photo, scan your fingerprints, and print out your receipt, which you'll hand to the customs agent. This will get you access to an expedited customs experience.
## Become a member of nexus
1. Apply for NEXUS if you travel to Canada often. NEXUS is similar to Global Entry, but it only allows you to move through customs quicker when you're traveling domestically within the U.S. or you're crossing the border of the United States and Canada. Choose this program if you're a lawful Canadian citizen/permanent resident or a lawful U.S. citizen/permanent resident who needs to frequently cross the border. You can go to Canada without a passport if you're a U.S. citizen and you become a member of NEXUS.
2. Create a GOES account. Get online and navigate to ttp.cbp.dhs.gov. Click on “Register in English” and fill out the prompted information to create a GOES account. When you're done, you'll receive an identification number and be a registered GOES user.
3. Complete the NEXUS application online. Through your GOES account, download the NEXUS application online. Complete it, and provide copies of all of the government documents that the application requires, including your proof of citizenship or permanent residence, a valid passport, and proof of your current residence. Submit the application when you're finished with it.
4. Pay the $50 fee online. The processing fee for applying to become a member of NEXUS is $50, which is the most affordable of all of the program fees. Pay this online with a credit card through your GOES account.
5. Schedule an interview through your GOES account. Once your application has been processed, you'll get a notification through your GOES account that you need to schedule an interview at an enrollment center. There are only a few locations where you can do this, and all of them can be found at http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/prog/nexus/location-eng.html.
6. Gather required documents and forms of ID for your NEXUS interview. You'll need to bring a valid driver's license, proof of residency, your NEXUS conditional approval letter, and any documents that you used on your application to prove you're a U.S. citizen, U.S. permanent resident, Canadian citizen, or Canadian permanent resident. Bring your vehicle's title and registration if you plan to drive across the border. Bring your proof of custody if you plan to take a child under the age of 18 across the border.
7. Go to your NEXUS interview. Attend your scheduled interview at the location you chose. Your interview should take about 30 minutes, and you'll be asked questions by both a U.S. customs officer and a Canadian customs officer during this time. If the interview goes well and you're approved for membership, you'll also be fingerprinted. During the interview, you might be asked questions like, “Why do you want a NEXUS card?” or “Do you still live at this address?”
8. Scan your passport at Global Entry kiosks when you travel. As a NEXUS member, you can use your KTN the same way that Global Entry members use it. When you travel, find a Global Entry kiosk, scan your passport, and proceed as the kiosk guides you to. Just like with Global Entry members, you can give the receipt that ‘s printed at this kiosk to the customs agent in order to have an expedited customs experience.
9. Add your PASSID to your reservations and frequent flier profiles. When you become a NEXUS member, you'll be issued a PASSID, which is exactly the same as a KTN. If you'd rather check in before heading to the airport, be sure to include your PASSID in the appropriate field when you fill out your flight registration information.
## Acquire your ktn through sentri
1. Choose SENTRI if you travel to Mexico often. The benefits of being a SENTRI member are specific to crossing the U.S. and Mexican border. Go with this program to get your KTN if you're a lawful U.S. citizen who travels to Mexico on a regular basis.
2. Create a GOES account online. SENTRI is another program that requires you to have a GOES account. Register by clicking “Get Started,” and filling out all of the prompted information on https://ttp.cbp.dhs.gov.
3. Complete an online application. After you've gotten a GOES account, you can log in and find the application for SENTRI. Fill it out entirely and include copies of any documents that the application requires of you. You'll likely need to supply copies of your passport and your proof of citizenship or proof of permanent residence.
4. Pay the SENTRI fee of $122.25. This fee covers the application fee, the fingerprint fee, as well as the system cost fee. After you finish filling out the application, you'll have an opportunity to pay this nonrefundable fee. Make the payment with a credit card, certified check, money order, or through electronic bank transfer.
5. Schedule to your SENTRI interview at an enrollment center. Once your application is conditionally approved, you'll be instructed through your GOES account to make an appointment for your interview. There are many different locations that you can choose from, all of which are considered “enrollment centers.”
6. Go to your scheduled interview with the required documents. Bring the required documents with you and answer the interviewer's questions truthfully. You'll then be approved and fingerprinted if the interview goes well.
7. Scan your passport at a Global Entry kiosk. To reap the benefits of your SENTRI membership, head to the Global Entry kiosk and scan your passport before you go to customs. The kiosk will prompt you to answer a couple of questions and it will take your photo and scan your fingerprints. It will then print out a receipt that you can give to the customs agent so that you can move quickly through.
8. Include your PASSID in your flight reservations. If you'd rather not worry about dealing with the kiosk before your flight, you can simply include your PASSID (KTN) on your reservation when you book your flight. That way, your precheck privileges will be noted on your boarding pass and you can skip the kiosk altogether.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> You are astronaut Buzz Aldrin. You have just returned to Earth after landing on the moon in 1969. Is there any experience on Earth that even compares slightly to having been on the Moon? </s> <|assistant|> My first words of my impression of being on the surface of the Moon that just came to my mind was "magnificent desolation." The magnificence of human beings, humanity, Planet Earth, maturing the technologies, imagination and courage to expand our capabilities beyond the next ocean, to dream about being on the Moon, and then taking advantage of increases in technology and carrying out that dream - achieving that is magnificent testimony to humanity. But it is also desolate - there is no place on earth as desolate as what I was viewing in those first moments on the Lunar Surface.
Because I realized what I was looking at, towards the horizon and in every direction, had not changed in hundreds, thousands of years. Beyond me I could see the moon curving away - no atmosphere, black sky. Cold. Colder than anyone could experience on Earth when the sun is up- but when the sun is up for 14 days, it gets very, very hot. No sign of life whatsoever.
That is desolate. More desolate than any place on Earth. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Does having a longer Ethernet cable slow your connection? </s> <|assistant|> For all practical purposes, there will be no effect on the speed of your connection.
There will be a very insignificant amount of delay due to long cables. This won't affect the maximum speed of your connection, but it would cause some latency. pjc50 points out that it's about a nanosecond for every foot of cable length, which is a good rule of thumb used by many engineers when developing systems which are very dependent on latencies on those timescales.
In reality, you will never notice a difference. A "fast" ping time on the Internet is 10 ms, which is 10,000,000 ns. Adding even a few hundred feet of cable isn't going to have a noticeable effect at that point. In fact, nearly every step of the way involves delays which are more extreme than those seen from signal propagation. For example, most consumer grade routers will wait for the last byte of an incoming packet to be received and check it for errors before sending the first byte of the packet on its way. This delay will be on the order of 5,000 ns! Given that the maximum length of cable you can run (per the Ethernet spec) is 300 ft, the cable length could never cause more than 300 ns of delay due to the cable! </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I have a page where a scroll bar containing table rows with divs in them is dynamically generated from the database. Each table row acts like a link, sort of like you'd see on a YouTube playlist next to the video player.
When a user visits the page, the option they are on is supposed to go to the top of the scrolling div. This functionality is working. The issue is that it goes just a tad too far. Like the option they are on is about 10px too high. So, the page is visited, the url is used to identify which option was selected and then scrolls that option to the top of the scrolling div. Note: This is not the scroll bar for the window, it is a div with a scrollbar.
I am using this code to make it move the selected option to the top of the div:
```var pathArray = window.location.pathname.split( '/' );
var el = document.getElementById(pathArray[5]);
el.scrollIntoView(true);
```
It moves it to the top of the div but about 10 pixels too far up.
how to fix that? </s> <|assistant|> CSS ```scroll-margin``` and ```scroll-padding```
You might want to have a look at new CSS properties ```scroll-padding``` and ```scroll-margin```. You can use ```scroll-padding``` for the scrolling container (```html``` in this case), and ```scroll-margin``` for the element within the container.
For your example, you would want to add ```scroll-margin-top``` for the element that you want to scroll into view, like this:
```.example {
scroll-margin-top: 10px;
}
```
This affects ```scrollIntoView``` code, like this code:
```const el = document.querySelector(".example");
el.scrollIntoView({block: "start", behavior: "smooth"});
```
This will cause the viewport to scroll to align the top border of the viewport with the top border of the element, but with 10px of additional space. In other words, these properties of the element are taken into account:
* ```padding-top```
* ```border-top```
* ```scroll-margin-top```
* (and not ```margin-top```)
In addition, if the ```html``` element has ```scroll-padding-top``` set, then that is taken into account too.
If you're using a framework like Vue, you might want to make sure that all changes to the DOM are finished before running `scrollIntoView` by using something like `Vue.nextTick(() => el.scrollIntoView())` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Should I put a comma before the last item in a list? e.g. I would like crackers, cheese and some soda. vs. I would like crackers, cheese, and some soda. </s> <|assistant|> Using a comma before the last item in a list is known as the Oxford Comma, sometimes the Serial Comma. It is used before conjunctions in a list like this with three or more items. Its use is purely written style and optional. It is more common in America outside journalism, and much less common in other English speaking areas of the world. There are arguments for and against which usually come down to comprehension.
Comma use is something of a grey area though, and everyone has his own style. Pick what reduces ambiguity. Language log has an interesting article on how reading comprehension can be improved with comma use, including this type. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to make your own decorations for halloween? </s> <|assistant|> There are thousands of Halloween decorations you could go out to the store and buy, but often they look generic and plastic-y, don't they? Why not make your own? Using household items, you can make your own ghosts, bats, spiders, and pumpkins! Here's how.
## Ghostly spirit jugs
1. Clean several plastic milk jugs. You don't need to cut them out or in any way modify them -- they just need to be clean. Each one will be one ghost -- how many milk jugs do you need?
2. Draw a face on the jugs. You can either use a black permanent marker, felt, or any material you have lying around the house. The permanent marker will be the easiest to make a detailed face with. While you do this, only work on the side without the handles and leave the caps on the jugs. The air forced to stay inside by the caps will make it easier to work with, keeping it sturdy. You don't have to go Martha Stewart on this project. Just a circle for a mouth and circles for eyes (leave a little white for the pupils) can be cute, too.
3. Cut a small hole in the back of the jug. Use a craft knife to cut a hole the size of a half dollar or a bit bigger than a pound coin. Place the hole about 2/3 of the way up the jug. This won't be seen. If it's not perfect, don't worry about it. Just don't leave any sharp edges!
4. Stuff the jug with Christmas or fairy lights. You can either use a whole string for one jug, or thread several jugs with a single string. Arrange the jugs together, plug in the cord, and voila! These little buggers work great lining a walk or a patio or table edge. They dim the lighting just enough to glow in a very Halloween-y feel!
## Flapping bats
1. Cut a body, two wings, and the head of a bat (with ears!) out of a piece of paper. You can find a template online or you can freehand it. Make the body a little on the chubby side so you have room to attach the wings without drawing away from its size.
2. Trace your template onto black craft foam. Cut out the foam to match the template. This project looks best if you have about 6 or so bats. They need friends!
3. Punch several holes into the bat to join the pieces together. Punch two holes on each wing, close to where the wings would attach to the body. Leave a little space around all sides so the holes don't turn into rips. Also punch a hole at the bottom of the body, to attach a string later (around where a tail would be). The holes just have to be big enough to put a metal brad through. This is how the wings will flap.
4. Align the holes on the body and the wings together and fasten with a brad. Since there are two holes on each side, use the one that's closest to the wing tip. Place a paper fastener or a brad through the hole and secure loosely (it's best to use a black fastener or color your gold brad).
5. Thread a string through the empty holes and tie in a loop. That's why you pierced two holes in each bat initially! You'll probably want at least 10 inches (25 cm) of string (or dental floss), so the string is easy to grab. This is how you'll manipulate the wings. When you hang your bat up, you can just give the string a tug and away he'll go!
6. Attach a ribbon and red sequin eyes. Thread the ribbon through the bottom hole to hang the bat upside down from your wall or ledge. Tie it in a loop and knot. Then, make red eyes with sequins. Googly eyes work, too!
## Flowerpot pumpkins
1. Purchase a few terra cotta pots. Having a variety of sizes will give you a pumpkin family! Make sure they're clean if you had them laying around the house. You want them very orange to simulate pumpkins.
2. Cut the parts of a face out of yellow craft paper. If you don't have craft paper, use scrapbook paper, card, or wrapping paper. Anything that's bendy and colorful will work. Make arched evil eyebrows, a handlebar mustache, surprised eyes, or any detail that you'd like your pumpkin pots to have. The simpler your face, the more it will look like a jack-o-lantern. Give it a toothy grin, a triangular nose, and triangular eyes to make it look more pumpkin-esque.
3. Brush the surface of the pot with outdoor modge-podge. You only need a layer on the side you'll place the face for right now. Use a sponge brush or paint brush for best results. A thin, but even layer is ideal.
4. Apply the pieces of the face to the upside down pot. Press them firmly into place. Then, apply a thin layer of the sticky stuff all over the pot, effectively weather-proofing it.
5. Insert a stick into the end for a stem. When we say stick, we mean stick. Go outside under a tree and find a stick to fit through the bottom of your terra cotta pot. And there it is -- a pumpkin that won't rot in a week's time!
## Giant spooky spiders
1. Cut off the spout of an empty, clean milk jug. Just below the lid is what you don't want. Use a craft knife to make this easy -- scissors will be difficult to work with. Make sure your milk jug is clean! If there's still a milky residue it may end up smelling.
2. Cover the jug with black tape. This will form the body of your spider. Go as tightly around the handle as you can; but don't worry -- if it's still discernible, that's fine.
3. Get 4 6-foot (2 m) black foam pipe insulation tubes that are 1/2 inch (1.25 cm) in diameter. These will be the legs. Tape each one in the center along the handle of the jug. Then, tape the tubes along the sides of the jug too, to make it look as if the legs are going along the body. The tubes will bend into place.
4. Cut a slit at a joint in the legs. If you cut a slit in the tube, it will bend at your cut. If you hold it in the bend, you can tape it to stay permanently bent. This will form the joints in your spiders legs. A 1" (2.5 cm) triangle cut is good -- the tube won't unexpectedly break off. Just hold it at its bending point and wrap tape around the newly-formed joint.
5. Use two halves of a plastic Easter egg for eyes. They'll bulge out and be adequately creepy -- especially if you cut a slit of black tape for pupils. If you don't have an egg lying around, puff balls (or anything circular, really) work as well. Just attach them to the jug with more tape or glue.
## Adorable hanging ghosts
1. Create your ghost form with two small paper cups. Turn the first one upside down, then place the second one on top of that. To make it stable, tape or glue the bottoms together. You won't actually be using the cups as part of the ghost -- it's just used for sizing in the initial stages. So if you don't want to fuss with tape, don't worry about it!
2. Inflate a small balloon and put it in the top cup. But not too much! If it's too big it won't fit in the cup. Make it so it fills out the cup, like a round poof of whipped cream tops a mug of hot chocolate.
3. Soak pieces of cheesecloth in fabric stiffener. You'll want to work with pieces that are about 8 inches (20 cm) square. Grab a bowl and fill it with fabric stiffener, soaking each piece thoroughly. About 10 seconds per piece will do the job nicely.
4. Immediately drape over the balloon. After you've soaked a piece, drape it over the balloon and move onto the next piece. Center the pieces, evenly draped over the balloon, but not perfectly uniform. Once you've finished with all your pieces, let it dry for about ten minutes. It will then harden and take shape.
5. Pop the balloon! This will require a needle or other pointy object since you can't go smashing your creation on the floor (well, you could, if you get really frustrated -- but that'd defeat the purpose). After you do so, you should be left with a free-floating white ghost-like creation. Isn't Halloween the best?
6. Remove from the cup and rough up the edges. The ends should look tattered, as if they're wafting in some sort of unregisterable-to-humans breeze. Just bending them with your fingers should do the trick.
7. Attach felt eyes and fishing line to hang. Little tiny black dots for eyes are all these little guys need to be cute and not at all ominous. Black sequins or beads can work, too. As for the fishing line, just thread it through the cheesecloth, loop, and tie in a knot! Hang your new buddies from lights, shelves, windows, or the ceiling.
## Eyes in a bush
1. Get an empty toilet paper roll, and a glowstick. You can easily find both at a dollar store.
2. Cut out two football shaped eye holes. Place them about two to three inches (5 to 7.5cm) apart.
3. Put the glowsticks in the center of the toilet paper roll. Do not cause them to glow until they need to be used as a decoration on the night of Halloween.
4. Put the roll(s) in your bushes/trees. When you cause the glowsticks tot work, you will have scary eyes in a bush!
## Paper bag ghosts
1. Obtain rubber bands and a white paper bag.
2. Draw a ghost face on the paper bag.
3. Put the rubber band around the middle of the bag.
4. Decorate. Add the face of a ghost and any other designs.
5. Hang up from the ceiling, on branches, etc.
## Scary halloween candy bowl
1. Get a fake hand, a bowl, glue, and candy. The glue must be non-toxic as food is going to come into contact with it.
2. Glue the fake hand onto the bottom of the bowl.
3. Let the glue dry for about two to three hours.
4. Fill the bowl with candy.
5. Set the bowl out for the trick or treaters.
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Why does this throw ```NullPointerException```
```public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Boolean b = true ? returnsNull() : false; // NPE on this line.
System.out.println(b);
}
public static Boolean returnsNull() {
return null;
}
```
while this doesn't
```public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Boolean b = true ? null : false;
System.out.println(b); // null
}
```
?
The solution is by the way to replace ```false``` by ```Boolean.FALSE``` to avoid ```null``` being unboxed to ```boolean``` --which isn't possible. But that isn't the question. The question is why? Are there any references in JLS which confirms this behaviour, especially of the 2nd case? </s> <|assistant|> The difference is that the explicit type of the ```returnsNull()``` method affects the static typing of the expressions at compile time:
```E1: `true ? returnsNull() : false` - boolean (auto-unboxing 2nd operand to boolean)
E2: `true ? null : false` - Boolean (autoboxing of 3rd operand to Boolean)
```
See Java Language Specification, section 15.25 Conditional Operator ? :
* For E1, the types of the 2nd and 3rd operands are ```Boolean``` and ```boolean``` respectively, so this clause applies:
If one of the second and third operands is of type boolean and the type of the other is of type Boolean, then the type of the conditional expression is boolean.
Since the type of the expression is ```boolean```, the 2nd operand must be coerced to ```boolean```. The compiler inserts auto-unboxing code to the 2nd operand (return value of ```returnsNull()```) to make it type ```boolean```. This of course causes the NPE from the ```null``` returned at run-time.
* For E2, types of the 2nd and 3rd operands are `````` (not ```Boolean``` as in E1!) and ```boolean``` respectively, so no specific typing clause applies (go read 'em!), so the final "otherwise" clause applies:
Otherwise, the second and third operands are of types S1 and S2 respectively. Let T1 be the type that results from applying boxing conversion to S1, and let T2 be the type that results from applying boxing conversion to S2. The type of the conditional expression is the result of applying capture conversion (§5.1.10) to lub(T1, T2) (§15.12.2.7).
* S1 == `````` (see §4.1)
* S2 == ```boolean```
* T1 == box(S1) == `````` (see last item in list of boxing conversions in §5.1.7)
* T2 == box(S2) == `Boolean
* lub(T1, T2) == ```Boolean```
So the type of the conditional expression is ```Boolean``` and the 3rd operand must be coerced to ```Boolean```. The compiler inserts auto-boxing code for the 3rd operand (```false```). The 2nd operand doesn't need the auto-unboxing as in ```E1```, so no auto-unboxing NPE when ```null``` is returned.
This question needs a similar type analysis:
Java conditional operator ?: result type </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How to append an item to list in a for loop in python? </s> <|assistant|> To append an item to a list, you can use the list object's `append()` method. Below is a running example where we want to append the integers from 1 to 10 to the original list `l`.
```
# original list
l = [-3, -2, -1, 0]
# for loop for adding integer
for i in range(11):
# append an integer
l.append(i)
# print out the modified list
print(l)
```
The output of the above code is
```
[-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I've been writing C and C++ code for almost twenty years, but there's one aspect of these languages that I've never really understood. I've obviously used regular casts i.e.
```MyClass *m = (MyClass *)ptr;
```
all over the place, but there seem to be two other types of casts, and I don't know the difference. What's the difference between the following lines of code?
```MyClass *m = (MyClass *)ptr;
MyClass *m = static_cast(ptr);
MyClass *m = dynamic_cast(ptr);
``` </s> <|assistant|> ## static_cast
`static_cast` is used for cases where you basically want to reverse an implicit conversion, with a few restrictions and additions. `static_cast` performs no runtime checks. This should be used if you know that you refer to an object of a specific type, and thus a check would be unnecessary. Here is an example:
```
void func(void *data) {
// Conversion from MyClass* -> void* is implicit
MyClass *c = static_cast<MyClass*>(data);
...
}
int main() {
MyClass c;
start_thread(&func, &c) // func(&c) will be called
.join();
}
```
In this example, you know that you passed a `MyClass` object, and thus there isn't any need for a runtime check to ensure this.
## dynamic_cast
`dynamic_cast` is useful when you don't know what the dynamic type of the object is. It returns a null pointer if the object referred to doesn't contain the type casted to as a base class (when you cast to a reference, a `bad_cast` exception is thrown in that case).
```
if (JumpStm *j = dynamic_cast<JumpStm*>(&stm)) {
...
} else if (ExprStm *e = dynamic_cast<ExprStm*>(&stm)) {
...
}
```
An "up-cast" (cast to the base class) is always valid with both `static_cast` and `dynamic_cast`, and also without any cast, as an "up-cast" is an implicit conversion (assuming the base class is accessible, i.e. it's a `public` inheritance).
## Regular Cast
These casts are also called C-style cast. A C-style cast is basically identical to trying out a range of sequences of C++ casts, and taking the first C++ cast that works, without ever considering `dynamic_cast`. Needless to say, this is much more powerful as it combines all of `const_cast`, `static_cast` and `reinterpret_cast`, but it's also unsafe, because it does not use `dynamic_cast`.
In addition, C-style casts not only allow you to do this, but they also allow you to safely cast to a private base-class, while the "equivalent" `static_cast` sequence would give you a compile-time error for that.
Some people prefer C-style casts because of their brevity. I use them for numeric casts only, and use the appropriate C++ casts when user defined types are involved, as they provide stricter checking. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Explain what "git reset" does. I come from a SVN background and Git is a whole new paradigm. I got mercurial easily, but Git is much more technical.
I think ```git reset``` is close to ```hg revert```, but it seems there are differences. Please include detailed explanations about:
* the options ```--hard```, ```--soft``` and ```--merge```;
* the strange notation you use with ```HEAD``` such as ```HEAD^``` and ```HEAD~1```;
* concrete use cases and work flows;
* consequences on the working copy, the ```HEAD``` and your global stress level. </s> <|assistant|> Remember that in ```git``` you have:
* the ```HEAD``` pointer, which tells you what commit you're working on
* the working tree, which represents the state of the files on your system
* the staging area (also called the index), which "stages" changes so that they can later be committed together
> Please include detailed explanations about:
```--hard```, ```--soft``` and ```--merge```;
In increasing order of dangerous-ness:
* ```--soft``` moves ```HEAD``` but doesn't touch the staging area or the working tree.
* ```--mixed``` moves ```HEAD``` and updates the staging area, but not the working tree.
* ```--merge``` moves ```HEAD```, resets the staging area, and tries to move all the changes in your working tree into the new working tree.
* ```--hard``` moves ```HEAD``` and adjusts your staging area and working tree to the new ```HEAD```, throwing away everything.
> concrete use cases and workflows;
* Use ```--soft``` when you want to move to another commit and patch things up without "losing your place". It's pretty rare that you need this.
```
# git reset --soft example
touch foo // Add a file, make some changes.
git add foo //
git commit -m "bad commit message" // Commit... D'oh, that was a mistake!
git reset --soft HEAD^ // Go back one commit and fix things.
git commit -m "good commit" // There, now it's right.
```
--
* Use ```--mixed``` (which is the default) when you want to see what things look like at another commit, but you don't want to lose any changes you already have.
* Use ```--merge``` when you want to move to a new spot but incorporate the changes you already have into that the working tree.
* Use ```--hard``` to wipe everything out and start a fresh slate at the new commit. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Resistance is due to collision with protons, and pretty much everything contains protons. So technically is everything a resistor? (Or at least, can anything be a resistor?) </s> <|assistant|> First, regarding "resistance is due to collision with protons" in your question:
Actually, there are lots of materials which don't contain protons outside of atomic nuclei — e.g. steel, glass, oxygen — but all these do have resistance. Dominant factors determining resistance vary from material to material: these can be scattering of electrons/holes by motion of atomic nuclei (i.e. by phonons), by point-like defects in the crystals, etc.. Scattering by protons you mention is a very specific case of scattering by impurities (crystal defects).
Second, regarding "technically is everything a Resistor?(or atleast, anything can be a Resistor?)" in your question:
Yes, anything can be a resistor, in suitable conditions. One important property of a resistor is that it obeys Ohm's law. If you apply too high voltage to e.g. pure silicon, its conductivity will abruptly increase due to electrical breakdown. In this range of voltages the piece of material shouldn't be considered a resistor. Or if you take a piece of mercury, cool it down below 4.2 kelvins, its resistivity will become exactly zero (superconductivity), after which it can't be considered a resistor.
Similarly with other materials – in the right conditions they'll be good enough resistors, outside of these conditions they aren't. </s> <|prompter|> Does this then also mean that everything is a conductor - just depending on environment and voltage? </s> <|assistant|> Apply a voltage (doesn't have to be high), and elecrtricity will move through most materials. Admittedly very slowly through some, but still. For instance, PET (the plastic) will conduct about 10^28 times lower current than copper (given the same voltage, the same geometric shape of the conductor, and more or less room temperature). Of course, if you pass the breakdown voltage (high enough to make the material basically tear apart on an atomic scale, e.g. lightning through air) then that's a different story. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I'm building a simple helper script for work that will copy a couple of template files in our code base to the current directory. I don't, however, have the absolute path to the directory where the templates are stored. I do have a relative path from the script but when I call the script it treats that as a path relative to the current working directory. Is there a way to specify that this relative url is from the location of the script instead? </s> <|assistant|> Python have already evolve to the ```__future__``` long time ago. So how about using the amazing ```pathlib``` coming with Python 3.4 to accomplish the task instead of struggling with ```os```, ```os.path```, ```glob ```, ```shutil```, etc.
So we have 3 paths here (possibly duplicated):
* ```mod_path```: which is the path of the simple helper script
* ```src_path```: which contains a couple of template files waiting to be copied.
* ```cwd```: current directory, the destination of those template files.
and the problem is: we don't have the full path of ```src_path```, only know it's relative path to the ```mod_path```.
Now let's solve this with the the amazing ```pathlib```:
```# Hope you don't be imprisoned by legacy Python code :)
from pathlib import Path
# `cwd`: current directory is straightforward
cwd = Path.cwd()
# `mod_path`: According to the accepted answer and combine with future power
# if we are in the `helper_script.py`
mod_path = Path(__file__).parent
# OR if we are `import helper_script`
mod_path = Path(helper_script.__file__).parent
# `src_path`: with the future power, it's just so straightforward
relative_path_1 = 'same/parent/with/helper/script/'
relative_path_2 = '../../or/any/level/up/'
src_path_1 = (mod_path / relative_path_1).resolve()
src_path_2 = (mod_path / relative_path_2).resolve()
```
In the future, it's just that simple.
Moreover, we can select and check and copy/move those template files with ```pathlib```:
```if src_path != cwd:
# When we have different types of files in the `src_path`
for template_path in src_path.glob('*.ini'):
fname = template_path.name
target = cwd / fname
if not target.exists():
# This is the COPY action
with target.open(mode='wb') as fd:
fd.write(template_path.read_bytes())
# If we want MOVE action, we could use:
# template_path.replace(target)
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Extract the facts from the paragraph.
The COVID-19 pandemic brought about an increase in online shopping because of government-imposed restrictions and consumer anxiety over the potential health risk associated with in-store shopping. </s> <|assistant|> This text contains the following facts:
* The COVID-19 pandemic brought about an increase in online shopping.
* The COVID-19 caused anxiety over potential health risk associated with in-store shopping. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> The default behaviour of ```LIKE``` and the other comparison operators, ```=``` etc is case-sensitive.
Is it possible make them case-insensitive? </s> <|assistant|> There are 3 main ways to perform a case-insensitive search in Oracle without using full-text indexes.
Ultimately what method you choose is dependent on your individual circumstances; the main thing to remember is that to improve performance you must index correctly for case-insensitive searching.
1. Case your column and your string identically.
You can force all your data to be the same case by using `UPPER()` or `LOWER()`:
```
select * from my_table where upper(column_1) = upper('my_string');
```
or
```
select * from my_table where lower(column_1) = lower('my_string');
```
If `column_1` is not indexed on `upper(column_1)` or `lower(column_1)`, as appropriate, this may force a full table scan. In order to avoid this you can create a function-based index.
```
create index my_index on my_table ( lower(column_1) );
```
If you're using LIKE then you have to concatenate a `%` around the string you're searching for.
```
select * from my_table where lower(column_1) LIKE lower('my_string') || '%';
```
2. Use regular expressions.
From Oracle 10g onwards `REGEXP_LIKE()` is available. You can specify the _match_parameter_ `'i'`, in order to perform case-insensitive searching.
In order to use this as an equality operator you must specify the start and end of the string, which is denoted by the carat and the dollar sign.
```
select * from my_table where regexp_like(column_1, '^my_string$', 'i');
```
In order to perform the equivalent of LIKE, these can be removed.
```
select * from my_table where regexp_like(column_1, 'my_string', 'i');
```
Be careful with this as your string may contain characters that will be interpreted differently by the regular expression engine.
3. Change it at the session level.
The NLS_SORT parameter governs the collation sequence for ordering and the various comparison operators, including `=` and LIKE. You can specify a binary, case-insensitive, sort by altering the session. This will mean that every query performed in that session will perform case-insensitive parameters.
```
alter session set nls_sort=BINARY_CI
```
There's plenty of additional information around linguistic sorting and string searching if you want to specify a different language, or do an accent-insensitive search using BINARY_AI.
You will also need to change the NLS_COMP parameter; the default value of NLS_COMP is BINARY; but, LINGUISTIC specifies that Oracle should pay attention to the value of NLS_SORT.
So, once again, you need to alter the session
```
alter session set nls_comp=LINGUISTIC
```
You may want to create a linguistic index to improve performance
```
create index my_linguistc_index on my_table
(NLSSORT(column_1, 'NLS_SORT = BINARY_CI'));
``` </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> You’re sitting in a boring class trying to entertain yourself. You write random words on your notebook, and realize that the teacher is repeating them, confusing all your classmates. It seems like you found something fun to do! </s> <|assistant|> My name is Jason Cullen. I’m a college student at UCF and this is how I became the most interesting man in the world
One day, I was sitting in class minding my own business when my teacher (let’s call him V) begins explaining arithmetic equations. I’m clueless about the subject so I begin writing “notes down”. “I hate this class” “how much weed could a weedchuck chug if a weedchuck could chug weed”. V rambles on as usual when all of the sudden he says “now, to solve this I hate this class.” The entire room looks up in confusion when he began a chanting in a horrified voice “HOW MUCH WEED COULD A WEEDCHUCK CHUG IF A WEECHUCK COULD CHUG WEED.”
I realize the connection, so I write down “I hear it’s amazing when the famous purple stuffed flap jaw worm with the tuning fork does a raw blink on Hari-Kiri rock. I need scissors! 61!” The teacher was about to excuse himself when I write “Oy lads gotta take a shite. See y’all in hell!” He was later fires for “his” actions. A victory in my book. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Write a program to count the sum of first 100 numbers in python </s> <|assistant|> We define a function called `sum_100_natural_numbers()` for the above functionality.
```
def sum_100_natural_numbers():
# keep a running sum
sum = 0
# write a for loop to add each number to the running sum
for i in range(1, 101):
sum = sum + i
return sum
# Print out the result
print(sum_100_natural_numbers())
```
The output should be
```
5050
```
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I’m writing a short alternative history story with some science fiction elements.
One theme in my story is that the metric system (i.e. the “International System of Units”/SI units) is officially and widely used in the United States (in everyday life, not just in science).
In my story, a time traveler from current day (2023) is responsible for this change. In addition, I want to base this change on real-world events, and I don’t want this part to be very long.
How could my time traveler cause the US to use the metric system?
Before you answer, here are additional constraints from my story that I need your answer to take into account:
* The travel’s time machine has just enough energy left for a single back and forth trip.
* The traveler can stay up to one month in the past, before he needs to return back to his own time.
* The traveler needs to get back alive. Therefore, it is highly preferable that the traveler won’t risk his life.
* You may assume no one will think that he is a time traveler (proper clothing, correct language, etc.)
* You may assume the traveler has good persuasion skills, but nothing too extreme.
* Other historical consequences don’t matter much. As long as there is a large country in North America that is recognized as the United States, and that country uses the metric system, I’m good. </s> <|assistant|> For the cause of the US using the metric system in your alternative history short story, you can use the following real-world event:
In 1793, Thomas Jefferson ordered a set of instruments from France that would let the US calibrate to SI units, but the ship hit a storm at sea, blowing the ship into the Caribbean. There it was attacked by pirates (British privateers). The materials never arrived. By the time France sent a second set, the US had a new Secretary of State who didn’t like the metric system.
So the traveler has two options:
1. Change the departure date of the ship (so it misses the storm). This might require a bit of persuasion, but is mostly risk free.
2. Help to take down the pirates. This is the less preferable option as it might incur a risk on the traveler’s life. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Did the ancients or other pre-industrial civilisations engage in unsustainable practices? </s> <|assistant|> Most ancient agricultural practices deplete soil to some degree, but are just fine when population does not exceed certain limits. There are some examples of ancient cultures exhausting natural resources available to them - Pitcairn Island Polynesians, Ancient Puebloans (Anasazi). It's the cause of the semi-nomadic way of life of many early societies - your herds graze the grass into oblivion, you move to another patch to return back when the grass grows back in; or you deplete the soil by overplanting, you move to another spot of land and start over, and so on.
But there's an important distinction to be made. Early societies were naturally regulated just as animal population are - by food resources. When food grows scarce, hunger strikes, and humans either start fighting for what's left, reducing population to more manageable levels, or migrate to not yet depleted lands - only cases of actual extinction are from island civilizations which cannot readily move. Meanwhile, globally environment stays balanced, and depleted spots are replenished from outside - slowly healing the damage. Modern humanity has no place to move - all land is already claimed by someone, so we have to make do with what resources we have - and consequently affects the world at global scale, which earlier cultures were incapable of.
Sustainability is not about return to pre-industrial way of life - it is unsustainable at modern population levels. It is about preserving the environment in human-habitable state - both by taking less from nature and by increasing effectiveness of usage of what we do need to take. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I am [Student], a master of CMU with a double degree in civil engineering and computer science. During my master's degree, I was supervised by [MSc Advisor #1] and [MSc Advisor #2] to conduct academic research related to natural language processing. I am preparing for the Ph.D program this fall (2023). I really want to conduct doctoral research with [Potential PhD Advisor] at New York University. Can you help me write a powerful statement of purpose? Its content should be expanded from my research on the following three questions:
[Q1]: How to evaluate the quality of machine-generated texts?
I reformulate the evaluation of text generation as a text generation problem. My first work got accepted to NeurIPS. I was invited by [Esteemed Professor] to give a talk.
[Q2]: Can machines help with scientific peer review?
I developed a Review Advisor system that generates paper reviews, which received over 10,000 visits on the first day and was featured in research media. We also write a technical report of over 25 pages.
[Q3]: Can machines better communicate with humans?
My collaborators and I did a survey of how humans communicate with machines powered by pre-trained language models. Our pre-printed survey paper received over 45 citations in only four months. </s> <|assistant|> Sure, here is a statement of purpose draft based on your information.
# Statement of Purpose of [Student] (CS Ph.D applicant for Fall 2023)
“A computer would deserve to be called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was human” - Alan Turing. Although I chose civil engineering as my major during my undergraduate years, I was amazed by the idea that “machines can think” when I took an elective course named “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)” in my freshman year. Especially at that time, an AI program AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, the world champion of Go. In this context, I was eager to learn about AI and resolved to make computer science my second major. Although I had to take a lot more classes and bear with doubled learning pressures compared with ordinary students, I still ranked [Academic Rank] in my major. My hard work and diverse interdisciplinary background got me accepted to CMU’s master’s program to better pursue the field of AI.
CMU offers a wide variety of resources for different branches of AI. Among all those options, I developed a great interest in natural language processing (NLP). As Alan Turing once said, an intelligent machine would deceive a human into believing that it was human. Wouldn’t that be a big step towards a truly intelligent machine if a machine could communicate in natural language like a human? With this in mind, I did some preliminary research explorations under the excellent supervision of [MSc Advisor #1] and [MSc Advisor #2].
## Q1: How to evaluate the quality of machine-generated texts?
Enabling machines to generate natural language is an important and challenging task. Correspondingly, how to assess the quality of text generated by existing machine learning systems is a question worth exploring. Through an extensive literature review, I summarized the limitations of existing state-of-the-art metrics. By making a paradigm shift that formulates the evaluation of text generation as a text generation problem, those limitations are naturally solved. This novel idea was not only recognized by peer review and eventually accepted by NeurIPS at the first submission but also appreciated by [Esteemed Professor], an expert in the field, who invited me to give a talk.
## Q2: Can machines help with scientific peer review?
This is the project I am most proud of during my master’s degree. Not only because I spent one year patiently experiencing the complete research cycle from collecting data, training models, analyzing results, deploying online Demo, to writing a technical paper of over 25 pages. But also because it was my first attempt to use AI technology to solve an under-explored problem that desperately needed a solution. Our Review Advisor system received over 10,000 visits on the first day of opening and was featured in popular research media. While the reviews generated by our system lack details, they certainly can help reviewers frame their reviews. I used to think that we were striving for machines to take over human jobs. But now I see that perhaps what we need is not machines that replace humans, but machines that assist humans. If machines can communicate with humans using natural language, they can better assist humans in doing various tasks. This made me reflect on the way humans and machines communicate with each other.
## Q3: Can machines better communicate with humans?
To answer this question, my collaborators and I reviewed over two hundred relevant papers and summarized four different paradigms in the development of NLP in terms of the way humans communicate with machines (i.e., instantiated by pre-trained language models). We released a survey paper to elaborate on each paradigm, and our pre-printed paper has gained over 45 citations in only four months.
By summarizing different communication paradigms, I have gained new thoughts about the future development of NLP. Recently, people began to reformulate various NLP tasks into the language modeling task to communicate with models in natural language. But how to improve the models’ memorization and generalization ability under this paradigm remains under-explored. This is one of the directions I would like to explore in the future.
During my master’s degree, extensive AI-related courses enriched my theoretical knowledge and opened my eyes to the landscapes of various fields, while several independent research experiences cultivated my practical skills and improved my research taste. All the previous accumulations have prepared me to continue my research in the field of NLP. With the beautiful willingness to drive this field forward, I am here applying for the CS PhD program at NYU. I’m eager to join the [Lab Name] at NYU and work with the amazing researchers in NLP. I am particularly drawn to NYU because some of the professors there are researching topics that align with my current interests, specifically [Potential PhD Advisor]. I look forward to conducting research under the guidance of faculty unrivaled in this domain and working with brilliant peers. After obtaining a Ph.D. degree, I plan to look for a faculty position in academia and continue doing research.
Good luck on your application! </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I had an interview with an employer working on a software-based vehicle solution.
Before going further in the interview process, he gave me a task to find out if a potential customer (automotive OEMs) is interested.
My question is, how can I approach a potential customer and arrange some time together to present to them the solution?. I'm intending to use Linkedin, but I'm not sure how to proceed.
* Who to contact (I mean the person position in the company)
* How to formulate the request?
</s> <|assistant|> Run (and run fast) - here are just a few points to consider:
* That's a very unorthodox task for somebody still in the interviewing stage.
* How you going to present a solution you aren't familiar with?
* Since you aren't an employee of said company yet you have no grounds to represent them or even hustle their products.
* You aren't on their payroll yet so why should you waste your time looking for customers?
* There are a bunch of legal issues arising from such a 'task' (think NDA etc..).
* How will your potential employer determine if your task has been carried out successfully?
* Any CEO/CTO or even higher management of any automotive company will NOT engage in such a conversation with a random stranger.
* Such an unprofessional approach is extremely disrespectful of the prospective customer's time.
These are all major red flags and should lead any mentally sane person to the conclusion that the person asked for such tasks is unreasonable and has no clue about business in general.
Additionally - what kind of impression do you think they will have of you or your potential, future employer considering the above mentioned points?
Thank them for their time and continue applying elsewhere because this company is a nut-house. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> How do bats use sound to locate prey? </s> <|assistant|> Bats navigate and locate their prey using echolocation. They produce sound waves at frequencies above human hearing, called ultrasound. The sound waves emitted by bats bounce off objects in their environment. Then, the sounds return to the bats' ears, which are finely tuned to recognize their own unique calls. When a bat detects a prey it wants to eat, it produces a rapid series of calls to pin-point the exact location of its prey, then swoops in. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> write a story and try to fit in as many plottwists as possible, but the twist is just something mundane. </s> <|assistant|> The mission seemed doomed before it ever began…
But, “Never surrender…” kept repeating in Melbourne’s mind like a sick, twisted loop.
Just then, he felt a tug at his ear. Melborne’s wife pulled out one of his ear bud’s that was admittedly blasting way too loudly. “That 80’s music again?”, she yelled.
And just like that, a voice rang out from the other room.
“They are coming in from all sides!”
There was no time for this. Melbourne had to drop the package at thirteen hundred hours. Just 15 minutes way.
Melborne’s blood turned icy in his veins…”Kill them all. Every last one of them!”
“Well sir”, said the Terminex man now arriving in the same room…”That’s what we plan to do.”
“Good…good.”, he said.
“Mellie”, his wife, Trudy, said while taking his hand.
Melborne hated how loose his prosthesis had become in the past few weeks.
“I need that darling…you know for the…”, at that, he looked that the serviceman, and returned his gaze to his wife…and finished the thought… “package”.
Just then, the doorbell rang. Melborne’s wife…closest to the door, opened it to see who had arrived.
At 6’6, the man at the doorway was likely the largest human being that either Melbourne or his wife had ever seen. The two of them were now side by side, looking up at the man dressed all in all brown.
“Would you like me to take that for you?”, he said with a curious smile.
Trudy looked down at Melbourne’s hand that she was still holding. “Um...”
At that, the man with the letters U-P-S on his shirt looked to Melbourne and said “I mean the package ma’am…I can take that with me if you would like.”
Mellie turned the package over, nodded, and smiled at wife and sang "you can never surrender!"...and put his earbud back in. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Why is there so much technical detail of whaling included in Moby-Dick? </s> <|assistant|> There are multiple purposes behind the novel structure of Moby-Dick.
In the first instance the author was himself a whaleman, having spent 18 months as an ordinary seaman aboard the whaler Acushnet in 1841–42. In his experience the literature of the day, such as Miriam
Coffin or The Whale-Fisherman by Joseph Hart, did not portray whaling accurately but rather sensationalised it. He wished to provide his readers with a more realistic account.
In doing so, he also gave the reader the information necessary to better understand and appreciate the passages of whaling described in the novel. With the reader forewarned, he is able to keep the narrative passages tense and exciting. It is interesting that, early in the novel, the Pequod meets virutally no whales and that the chases become longer and more involved as the story progresses. This may be because Melville felt he needed to give the reader more and more technical information before they could fully appreicate these encounters, but understood the science would need to be spaced out among the narrative.
In describing it to the reader, the science also serves another useful narrative function. It indicates that on whaling voyages, long periods of time pass when nothing much happens at all. By padding out of the story with scientific digressions serves as a useful narrative metaphor for waiting.
The level of detail provided also mirrors one of the novel's central themes: obsession. Although Ishmael is the narrator and Ahab the obvious obsessive, the amount of science indicates that Ishmael is also an obsessive. His obsession is the business of whaling itself.
Finally, Melville made good use of these passages in serving as metaphors for other themes of the novel where he felt it appropriate. For example in the chapter The Line, which describes how the whale line is stored and used in the boat, it ends by using the line as a metaphor.
"All men live enveloped in whale-lines. All are born with halters round their necks; but it is only when caught in the swift, sudden turn of death, that mortals realize the silent, subtle, ever-present perils of life."
</s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Pretend to be a news reporter. How would you ask questions during an interview with a public figure? </s> <|assistant|> An important thing to remember when interviewing anyone is that you already know the broad strokes of what they're going to say. You did your research beforehand, you know their position on the topic, you probably have a good idea of their background and how they came to their position. What you want to do is get them to fill in the details, to provide color and depth to the story.
Hre are some example questions I would ask if I were a news reporter:
(Opening statement) Good evening. I'm (name), and this is (name of show). Tonight, we're joined by (name of guest), (title or occupation of guest). Thank you for joining us.
(First question) Let's start at the beginning. How did you become involved in (subject of interview)?
(Second question) Many of our viewers may not be familiar with the intricacies of (subject of interview). Can you explain (complex concept in subject) in terms the average person can understand?
(Third question) (Name of guest), you've been extremely critical of (name of opponent or person with opposing viewpoint). Do you feel your statements have been misconstrued, or do you stand by them?
(Fourth question) (Name of guest), you've been involved in (subject of interview) for (number of years). How do you feel the situation has changed over that time?
(Final question) (Name of guest), we've just about run out of time, but I'd like to give you a chance to make one final statement, or to address any issues that we haven't covered tonight. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Hi! I'm in first grade. </s> <|assistant|> Hi! That's awesome! School is a great place to make friends and learn new things. What would you like to learn about today? </s> <|prompter|> Why do butts stink? </s> <|assistant|> Butts sometimes stink because of the waste our bodies produce when we go to the bathroom - poop! It's made of stuff our body doesn't need, like food that we can't digest and bacteria that live in our gut, which give it a bad smell.
Don't forget to wipe well and wash your hands thoroughly after going to the bathroom! </s> <|prompter|> What if someone made a really loud fart? Would that make a hole in the chair? </s> <|assistant|> A really loud fart may be funny, but it can't make a hole in a chair. Farts are just gas coming out of our gut, and they don't have enough power to make holes in anything, even if they're really loud ones! </s> <|prompter|> My mom says that eating beans make you fart. </s> <|assistant|> Your mom is right! Eating beans can make you fart because beans contain a type of sugar that our bodies have a difficult time digesting. This sugar eventually gets eaten by bacteria in our gut that convert it into all sorts of gases. The gases are eventually released as farts. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> I am trying to get my program to print out ```"banana"``` from the dictionary. What would be the simplest way to do this?
This is my dictionary:
```prices = {
"banana" : 4,
"apple" : 2,
"orange" : 1.5,
"pear" : 3
}
``` </s> <|assistant|> As of Python 3.7, insertion order is maintained, so you don't need an ```OrderedDict``` here. You can use the below approaches with a normal ```dict```
Changed in version 3.7: Dictionary order is guaranteed to be insertion order. This behavior was an implementation detail of CPython from 3.6.
source
Python 3.6 and earlier*
If you are talking about a regular ```dict```, then the "first key" doesn't mean anything. The keys are not ordered in any way you can depend on. If you iterate over your ```dict``` you will likely not get ```"banana"``` as the first thing you see.
If you need to keep things in order, then you have to use an ```OrderedDict``` and not just a plain dictionary.
```import collections
prices = collections.OrderedDict([
("banana", 4),
("apple", 2),
("orange", 1.5),
("pear", 3),
])
```
If you then wanted to see all the keys in order you could do so by iterating through it
```for k in prices:
print(k)
```
You could, alternatively put all of the keys into a list and then work with that
```keys = list(prices)
print(keys[0]) # will print "banana"
```
A faster way to get the first element without creating a list would be to call ```next``` on the iterator. This doesn't generalize nicely when trying to get the ```nth``` element though
```>>> next(iter(prices))
'banana'
```
* CPython had guaranteed insertion order as an implementation detail in 3.6. </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> write me your saddest poem! </s> <|assistant|> My love was like the snow, so fresh and crisp and new,
My love was like the morn, so cool and slick with dew,
I held her in my arms, and said never leave,
I held her in my arms, having nothing left to grieve.
I rose up all alone, without her by my side,
I rose to face the day, unable to stem the tide,
Of pain and loss and fading dreams so quickly blown away,
There's not one thing of hers I have, to make her echo stay.
She's resting on the hillside, beneath the flowering plum,
Where she can hear the children play, the songbirds gently hum,
There is no joy in my life now, no songs of passion play,
The lights of hope have all gone out, since she has passed away </s> |
<|system|> You are an AI assistant that follows instruction extremely well. Help as much as you can. </s> <|prompter|> Adding a new swap file. How to edit fstab to enable swap after reboot? </s> <|assistant|> These ares the steps to create a swap on a file:
1. Create a large file e.g. with
```sudo mkdir -p /var/cache/swap/ # create a directory that holds the swap file
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/cache/swap/myswap bs=1M count=4096 # for 4 GByte
```
Of course any other method of creating a file of defined size would do.
2. Announce swap to the system
```sudo chmod 0600 /var/cache/swap/myswap # only root should have access
sudo mkswap /var/cache/swap/myswap # format as swap
sudo swapon /var/cache/swap/myswap # announce to system
```
Insert the following line in ```/etc/fstab``` for swap from the next boot:
```/var/cache/swap/myswap none swap sw 0 0
```
Note:
1. In case you have your system files on a SSD you may want to consider to hold your swap file on a hard disk location.
2. You can not use a swap file for hibernation (see Ubuntu SwapFaq)
3. Additional note for Ubuntu >= 17.04: A swap on file ```/swapfile``` is created by default in a new installation (when no swap partition was present). We can manually create a swap partition later if we prefer.
In case we want to replace an existing swap (e.g. partition) with another swap (e.g. on file) we need to remove the old swap with
```sudo swapoff -a # for all
```
Then remove the swap entry from ```/etc/fstab``` or replace it with the new swap respectively. </s> |