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705-708
1 Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride 1 2 Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride 1
1
706-709
1 2 Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride 1 3 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2
1
707-710
2 Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride 1 3 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2 6H2O in 4
1
708-711
1 3 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2 6H2O in 4 3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0
1
709-712
3 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2 6H2O in 4 3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0 5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL
1
710-713
6H2O in 4 3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0 5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL 1
1
711-714
3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0 5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL 1 4 Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2
1
712-715
5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL 1 4 Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2 5 kg of 0
1
713-716
1 4 Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2 5 kg of 0 25 molal aqueous solution
1
714-717
4 Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2 5 kg of 0 25 molal aqueous solution 1
1
715-718
5 kg of 0 25 molal aqueous solution 1 5 Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1
1
716-719
25 molal aqueous solution 1 5 Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1 202 g mL-1
1
717-720
1 5 Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1 202 g mL-1 Rationalised 2023-24 6 Chemistry Every solid does not dissolve in a given liquid
1
718-721
5 Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1 202 g mL-1 Rationalised 2023-24 6 Chemistry Every solid does not dissolve in a given liquid While sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not
1
719-722
202 g mL-1 Rationalised 2023-24 6 Chemistry Every solid does not dissolve in a given liquid While sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not
1
720-723
Rationalised 2023-24 6 Chemistry Every solid does not dissolve in a given liquid While sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not It is observed that polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar solutes in non- polar solvents
1
721-724
While sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not It is observed that polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar solutes in non- polar solvents In general, a solute dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are similar in the two or we may say like dissolves like
1
722-725
On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not It is observed that polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar solutes in non- polar solvents In general, a solute dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are similar in the two or we may say like dissolves like When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration increases in solution
1
723-726
It is observed that polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar solutes in non- polar solvents In general, a solute dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are similar in the two or we may say like dissolves like When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration increases in solution This process is known as dissolution
1
724-727
In general, a solute dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are similar in the two or we may say like dissolves like When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration increases in solution This process is known as dissolution Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and get separated out of solution
1
725-728
When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration increases in solution This process is known as dissolution Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and get separated out of solution This process is known as crystallisation
1
726-729
This process is known as dissolution Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and get separated out of solution This process is known as crystallisation A stage is reached when the two processes occur at the same rate
1
727-730
Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and get separated out of solution This process is known as crystallisation A stage is reached when the two processes occur at the same rate Under such conditions, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal to the solute particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium is reached
1
728-731
This process is known as crystallisation A stage is reached when the two processes occur at the same rate Under such conditions, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal to the solute particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium is reached Solute + Solvent ⇌ Solution (1
1
729-732
A stage is reached when the two processes occur at the same rate Under such conditions, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal to the solute particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium is reached Solute + Solvent ⇌ Solution (1 10) At this stage the concentration of solute in solution will remain constant under the given conditions, i
1
730-733
Under such conditions, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal to the solute particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium is reached Solute + Solvent ⇌ Solution (1 10) At this stage the concentration of solute in solution will remain constant under the given conditions, i e
1
731-734
Solute + Solvent ⇌ Solution (1 10) At this stage the concentration of solute in solution will remain constant under the given conditions, i e , temperature and pressure
1
732-735
10) At this stage the concentration of solute in solution will remain constant under the given conditions, i e , temperature and pressure Similar process is followed when gases are dissolved in liquid solvents
1
733-736
e , temperature and pressure Similar process is followed when gases are dissolved in liquid solvents Such a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature and pressure is called a saturated solution
1
734-737
, temperature and pressure Similar process is followed when gases are dissolved in liquid solvents Such a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature and pressure is called a saturated solution An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature
1
735-738
Similar process is followed when gases are dissolved in liquid solvents Such a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature and pressure is called a saturated solution An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature The solution which is in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute is the saturated solution and contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent
1
736-739
Such a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature and pressure is called a saturated solution An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature The solution which is in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute is the saturated solution and contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent Thus, the concentration of solute in such a solution is its solubility
1
737-740
An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature The solution which is in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute is the saturated solution and contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent Thus, the concentration of solute in such a solution is its solubility Earlier we have observed that solubility of one substance into another depends on the nature of the substances
1
738-741
The solution which is in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute is the saturated solution and contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent Thus, the concentration of solute in such a solution is its solubility Earlier we have observed that solubility of one substance into another depends on the nature of the substances In addition to these variables, two other parameters, i
1
739-742
Thus, the concentration of solute in such a solution is its solubility Earlier we have observed that solubility of one substance into another depends on the nature of the substances In addition to these variables, two other parameters, i e
1
740-743
Earlier we have observed that solubility of one substance into another depends on the nature of the substances In addition to these variables, two other parameters, i e , temperature and pressure also control this phenomenon
1
741-744
In addition to these variables, two other parameters, i e , temperature and pressure also control this phenomenon Effect of temperature The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature changes
1
742-745
e , temperature and pressure also control this phenomenon Effect of temperature The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature changes Consider the equilibrium represented by equation 1
1
743-746
, temperature and pressure also control this phenomenon Effect of temperature The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature changes Consider the equilibrium represented by equation 1 10
1
744-747
Effect of temperature The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature changes Consider the equilibrium represented by equation 1 10 This, being dynamic equilibrium, must follow Le Chateliers Principle
1
745-748
Consider the equilibrium represented by equation 1 10 This, being dynamic equilibrium, must follow Le Chateliers Principle In general, if in a nearly saturated solution, the dissolution process is endothermic (Dsol H > 0), the solubility should increase with rise in temperature and if it is exothermic (Dsol H < 0) the solubility should decrease
1
746-749
10 This, being dynamic equilibrium, must follow Le Chateliers Principle In general, if in a nearly saturated solution, the dissolution process is endothermic (Dsol H > 0), the solubility should increase with rise in temperature and if it is exothermic (Dsol H < 0) the solubility should decrease These trends are also observed experimentally
1
747-750
This, being dynamic equilibrium, must follow Le Chateliers Principle In general, if in a nearly saturated solution, the dissolution process is endothermic (Dsol H > 0), the solubility should increase with rise in temperature and if it is exothermic (Dsol H < 0) the solubility should decrease These trends are also observed experimentally Effect of pressure Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids
1
748-751
In general, if in a nearly saturated solution, the dissolution process is endothermic (Dsol H > 0), the solubility should increase with rise in temperature and if it is exothermic (Dsol H < 0) the solubility should decrease These trends are also observed experimentally Effect of pressure Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids It is so because solids and liquids are highly incompressible and practically remain unaffected by changes in pressure
1
749-752
These trends are also observed experimentally Effect of pressure Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids It is so because solids and liquids are highly incompressible and practically remain unaffected by changes in pressure Many gases dissolve in water
1
750-753
Effect of pressure Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids It is so because solids and liquids are highly incompressible and practically remain unaffected by changes in pressure Many gases dissolve in water Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water
1
751-754
It is so because solids and liquids are highly incompressible and practically remain unaffected by changes in pressure Many gases dissolve in water Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water It is this dissolved oxygen which sustains all aquatic life
1
752-755
Many gases dissolve in water Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water It is this dissolved oxygen which sustains all aquatic life On the other hand, hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is highly soluble in water
1
753-756
Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water It is this dissolved oxygen which sustains all aquatic life On the other hand, hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is highly soluble in water Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected by pressure and 1
1
754-757
It is this dissolved oxygen which sustains all aquatic life On the other hand, hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is highly soluble in water Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected by pressure and 1 3
1
755-758
On the other hand, hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is highly soluble in water Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected by pressure and 1 3 1 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 1
1
756-759
Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected by pressure and 1 3 1 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 1 3
1
757-760
3 1 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 1 3 2 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid Rationalised 2023-24 7 Solutions temperature
1
758-761
1 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 1 3 2 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid Rationalised 2023-24 7 Solutions temperature The solubility of gases increase with increase of pressure
1
759-762
3 2 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid Rationalised 2023-24 7 Solutions temperature The solubility of gases increase with increase of pressure For solution of gases in a solvent, consider a system as shown in Fig
1
760-763
2 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid Rationalised 2023-24 7 Solutions temperature The solubility of gases increase with increase of pressure For solution of gases in a solvent, consider a system as shown in Fig 1
1
761-764
The solubility of gases increase with increase of pressure For solution of gases in a solvent, consider a system as shown in Fig 1 1 (a)
1
762-765
For solution of gases in a solvent, consider a system as shown in Fig 1 1 (a) The lower part is solution and the upper part is gaseous system at pressure p and temperature T
1
763-766
1 1 (a) The lower part is solution and the upper part is gaseous system at pressure p and temperature T Assume this system to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium, i
1
764-767
1 (a) The lower part is solution and the upper part is gaseous system at pressure p and temperature T Assume this system to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium, i e
1
765-768
The lower part is solution and the upper part is gaseous system at pressure p and temperature T Assume this system to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium, i e , under these conditions rate of gaseous particles entering and leaving the solution phase is the same
1
766-769
Assume this system to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium, i e , under these conditions rate of gaseous particles entering and leaving the solution phase is the same Now increase the pressure over the solution phase by compressing the gas to a smaller volume [Fig
1
767-770
e , under these conditions rate of gaseous particles entering and leaving the solution phase is the same Now increase the pressure over the solution phase by compressing the gas to a smaller volume [Fig 1
1
768-771
, under these conditions rate of gaseous particles entering and leaving the solution phase is the same Now increase the pressure over the solution phase by compressing the gas to a smaller volume [Fig 1 1 (b)]
1
769-772
Now increase the pressure over the solution phase by compressing the gas to a smaller volume [Fig 1 1 (b)] This will increase the number of gaseous particles per unit volume over the solution and also the rate at which the gaseous particles are striking the surface of solution to enter it
1
770-773
1 1 (b)] This will increase the number of gaseous particles per unit volume over the solution and also the rate at which the gaseous particles are striking the surface of solution to enter it The solubility of the gas will increase until a new equilibrium is reached resulting in an increase in the pressure of a gas above the solution and thus its solubility increases
1
771-774
1 (b)] This will increase the number of gaseous particles per unit volume over the solution and also the rate at which the gaseous particles are striking the surface of solution to enter it The solubility of the gas will increase until a new equilibrium is reached resulting in an increase in the pressure of a gas above the solution and thus its solubility increases Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent which is known as Henry’s law
1
772-775
This will increase the number of gaseous particles per unit volume over the solution and also the rate at which the gaseous particles are striking the surface of solution to enter it The solubility of the gas will increase until a new equilibrium is reached resulting in an increase in the pressure of a gas above the solution and thus its solubility increases Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent which is known as Henry’s law The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution
1
773-776
The solubility of the gas will increase until a new equilibrium is reached resulting in an increase in the pressure of a gas above the solution and thus its solubility increases Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent which is known as Henry’s law The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution Dalton, a contemporary of Henry, also concluded independently that the solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of partial pressure of the gas
1
774-777
Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent which is known as Henry’s law The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution Dalton, a contemporary of Henry, also concluded independently that the solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of partial pressure of the gas If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility, then it can be said that the mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution
1
775-778
The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution Dalton, a contemporary of Henry, also concluded independently that the solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of partial pressure of the gas If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility, then it can be said that the mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” and is expressed as: p = KH x (1
1
776-779
Dalton, a contemporary of Henry, also concluded independently that the solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of partial pressure of the gas If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility, then it can be said that the mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” and is expressed as: p = KH x (1 11) Here KH is the Henry’s law constant
1
777-780
If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility, then it can be said that the mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” and is expressed as: p = KH x (1 11) Here KH is the Henry’s law constant If we draw a graph between partial pressure of the gas versus mole fraction of the gas in solution, then we should get a plot of the type as shown in Fig
1
778-781
The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” and is expressed as: p = KH x (1 11) Here KH is the Henry’s law constant If we draw a graph between partial pressure of the gas versus mole fraction of the gas in solution, then we should get a plot of the type as shown in Fig 1
1
779-782
11) Here KH is the Henry’s law constant If we draw a graph between partial pressure of the gas versus mole fraction of the gas in solution, then we should get a plot of the type as shown in Fig 1 2
1
780-783
If we draw a graph between partial pressure of the gas versus mole fraction of the gas in solution, then we should get a plot of the type as shown in Fig 1 2 Different gases have different KH values at the same temperature (Table 1
1
781-784
1 2 Different gases have different KH values at the same temperature (Table 1 2)
1
782-785
2 Different gases have different KH values at the same temperature (Table 1 2) This suggests that KH is a function of the nature of the gas
1
783-786
Different gases have different KH values at the same temperature (Table 1 2) This suggests that KH is a function of the nature of the gas It is obvious from equation (1
1
784-787
2) This suggests that KH is a function of the nature of the gas It is obvious from equation (1 11) that higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid
1
785-788
This suggests that KH is a function of the nature of the gas It is obvious from equation (1 11) that higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid It can be seen from Table 1
1
786-789
It is obvious from equation (1 11) that higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid It can be seen from Table 1 2 that KH values for both N2 and O2 increase with increase of temperature indicating that the solubility of gases Fig
1
787-790
11) that higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid It can be seen from Table 1 2 that KH values for both N2 and O2 increase with increase of temperature indicating that the solubility of gases Fig 1
1
788-791
It can be seen from Table 1 2 that KH values for both N2 and O2 increase with increase of temperature indicating that the solubility of gases Fig 1 1: Effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas
1
789-792
2 that KH values for both N2 and O2 increase with increase of temperature indicating that the solubility of gases Fig 1 1: Effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas The concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to the pressure on the gas above the solution
1
790-793
1 1: Effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas The concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to the pressure on the gas above the solution Fig
1
791-794
1: Effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas The concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to the pressure on the gas above the solution Fig 1
1
792-795
The concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to the pressure on the gas above the solution Fig 1 2: Experimental results for the solubility of HCl gas in cyclohexane at 293 K
1
793-796
Fig 1 2: Experimental results for the solubility of HCl gas in cyclohexane at 293 K The slope of the line is the Henry’s Law constant, KH
1
794-797
1 2: Experimental results for the solubility of HCl gas in cyclohexane at 293 K The slope of the line is the Henry’s Law constant, KH Rationalised 2023-24 8 Chemistry increases with decrease of temperature
1
795-798
2: Experimental results for the solubility of HCl gas in cyclohexane at 293 K The slope of the line is the Henry’s Law constant, KH Rationalised 2023-24 8 Chemistry increases with decrease of temperature It is due to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters
1
796-799
The slope of the line is the Henry’s Law constant, KH Rationalised 2023-24 8 Chemistry increases with decrease of temperature It is due to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters Henry’s law finds several applications in industry and explains some biological phenomena
1
797-800
Rationalised 2023-24 8 Chemistry increases with decrease of temperature It is due to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters Henry’s law finds several applications in industry and explains some biological phenomena Notable among these are: · To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure
1
798-801
It is due to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters Henry’s law finds several applications in industry and explains some biological phenomena Notable among these are: · To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure · Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air at high pressure underwater
1
799-802
Henry’s law finds several applications in industry and explains some biological phenomena Notable among these are: · To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure · Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air at high pressure underwater Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood
1
800-803
Notable among these are: · To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure · Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air at high pressure underwater Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases
1
801-804
· Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air at high pressure underwater Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood
1
802-805
Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood This blocks capillaries and creates a medical condition known as bends, which are painful and dangerous to life
1
803-806
When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood This blocks capillaries and creates a medical condition known as bends, which are painful and dangerous to life If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water
1
804-807
This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood This blocks capillaries and creates a medical condition known as bends, which are painful and dangerous to life If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0