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1 | 7818-7821 | Apart from these early contributions, it is generally acknowledged that the
true origin of the science of probability lies in the correspondence between two
great men of the seventeenth century, Pascal (1623-1662) and Pierre de Fermat
(1601-1665) A French gambler, Chevalier de Metre asked Pascal to explain
some seeming contradiction between his theoretical reasoning and the
observation gathered from gambling In a series of letters written around 1654,
Pascal and Fermat laid the first foundation of science of probability Pascal solved
the problem in algebraic manner while Fermat used the method of combinations |
1 | 7819-7822 | A French gambler, Chevalier de Metre asked Pascal to explain
some seeming contradiction between his theoretical reasoning and the
observation gathered from gambling In a series of letters written around 1654,
Pascal and Fermat laid the first foundation of science of probability Pascal solved
the problem in algebraic manner while Fermat used the method of combinations Great Dutch Scientist, Huygens (1629-1695), became acquainted with the
content of the correspondence between Pascal and Fermat and published a first
book on probability, "De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae" containing solution of many
interesting rather than difficult problems on probability in games of chances |
1 | 7820-7823 | In a series of letters written around 1654,
Pascal and Fermat laid the first foundation of science of probability Pascal solved
the problem in algebraic manner while Fermat used the method of combinations Great Dutch Scientist, Huygens (1629-1695), became acquainted with the
content of the correspondence between Pascal and Fermat and published a first
book on probability, "De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae" containing solution of many
interesting rather than difficult problems on probability in games of chances The next great work on probability theory is by Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705),
in the form of a great book, "Ars Conjectendi" published posthumously in 1713
by his nephew, Nicholes Bernoulli |
1 | 7821-7824 | Pascal solved
the problem in algebraic manner while Fermat used the method of combinations Great Dutch Scientist, Huygens (1629-1695), became acquainted with the
content of the correspondence between Pascal and Fermat and published a first
book on probability, "De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae" containing solution of many
interesting rather than difficult problems on probability in games of chances The next great work on probability theory is by Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705),
in the form of a great book, "Ars Conjectendi" published posthumously in 1713
by his nephew, Nicholes Bernoulli To him is due the discovery of one of the most
important probability distribution known as Binomial distribution |
1 | 7822-7825 | Great Dutch Scientist, Huygens (1629-1695), became acquainted with the
content of the correspondence between Pascal and Fermat and published a first
book on probability, "De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae" containing solution of many
interesting rather than difficult problems on probability in games of chances The next great work on probability theory is by Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705),
in the form of a great book, "Ars Conjectendi" published posthumously in 1713
by his nephew, Nicholes Bernoulli To him is due the discovery of one of the most
important probability distribution known as Binomial distribution The next
remarkable work on probability lies in 1993 |
1 | 7823-7826 | The next great work on probability theory is by Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705),
in the form of a great book, "Ars Conjectendi" published posthumously in 1713
by his nephew, Nicholes Bernoulli To him is due the discovery of one of the most
important probability distribution known as Binomial distribution The next
remarkable work on probability lies in 1993 A |
1 | 7824-7827 | To him is due the discovery of one of the most
important probability distribution known as Binomial distribution The next
remarkable work on probability lies in 1993 A N |
1 | 7825-7828 | The next
remarkable work on probability lies in 1993 A N Kolmogorov (1903-1987) is
credited with the axiomatic theory of probability |
1 | 7826-7829 | A N Kolmogorov (1903-1987) is
credited with the axiomatic theory of probability His book, ‘Foundations of
probability’ published in 1933, introduces probability as a set function and is
considered a ‘classic |
1 | 7827-7830 | N Kolmogorov (1903-1987) is
credited with the axiomatic theory of probability His book, ‘Foundations of
probability’ published in 1933, introduces probability as a set function and is
considered a ‘classic ’ |
1 | 7828-7831 | Kolmogorov (1903-1987) is
credited with the axiomatic theory of probability His book, ‘Foundations of
probability’ published in 1933, introduces probability as a set function and is
considered a ‘classic ’ —�
�
�
�
�—
© NCERT
not to be republished |
1 | 1-4 | Chapter One
ELECTRIC CHARGES
AND FIELDS
1 1 INTRODUCTION
All of us have the experience of seeing a spark or hearing a crackle when
we take off our synthetic clothes or sweater, particularly in dry weather Have you ever tried to find any explanation for this phenomenon Another
common example of electric discharge is the lightning that we see in the
sky during thunderstorms |
1 | 2-5 | 1 INTRODUCTION
All of us have the experience of seeing a spark or hearing a crackle when
we take off our synthetic clothes or sweater, particularly in dry weather Have you ever tried to find any explanation for this phenomenon Another
common example of electric discharge is the lightning that we see in the
sky during thunderstorms We also experience a sensation of an electric
shock either while opening the door of a car or holding the iron bar of a
bus after sliding from our seat |
1 | 3-6 | Have you ever tried to find any explanation for this phenomenon Another
common example of electric discharge is the lightning that we see in the
sky during thunderstorms We also experience a sensation of an electric
shock either while opening the door of a car or holding the iron bar of a
bus after sliding from our seat The reason for these experiences is
discharge of electric charges through our body, which were accumulated
due to rubbing of insulating surfaces |
1 | 4-7 | Another
common example of electric discharge is the lightning that we see in the
sky during thunderstorms We also experience a sensation of an electric
shock either while opening the door of a car or holding the iron bar of a
bus after sliding from our seat The reason for these experiences is
discharge of electric charges through our body, which were accumulated
due to rubbing of insulating surfaces You might have also heard that
this is due to generation of static electricity |
1 | 5-8 | We also experience a sensation of an electric
shock either while opening the door of a car or holding the iron bar of a
bus after sliding from our seat The reason for these experiences is
discharge of electric charges through our body, which were accumulated
due to rubbing of insulating surfaces You might have also heard that
this is due to generation of static electricity This is precisely the topic we
are going to discuss in this and the next chapter |
1 | 6-9 | The reason for these experiences is
discharge of electric charges through our body, which were accumulated
due to rubbing of insulating surfaces You might have also heard that
this is due to generation of static electricity This is precisely the topic we
are going to discuss in this and the next chapter Static means anything
that does not move or change with time |
1 | 7-10 | You might have also heard that
this is due to generation of static electricity This is precisely the topic we
are going to discuss in this and the next chapter Static means anything
that does not move or change with time Electrostatics deals with
the study of forces, fields and potentials arising from
static charges |
1 | 8-11 | This is precisely the topic we
are going to discuss in this and the next chapter Static means anything
that does not move or change with time Electrostatics deals with
the study of forces, fields and potentials arising from
static charges 1 |
1 | 9-12 | Static means anything
that does not move or change with time Electrostatics deals with
the study of forces, fields and potentials arising from
static charges 1 2 ELECTRIC CHARGE
Historically the credit of discovery of the fact that amber rubbed with
wool or silk cloth attracts light objects goes to Thales of Miletus, Greece,
around 600 BC |
1 | 10-13 | Electrostatics deals with
the study of forces, fields and potentials arising from
static charges 1 2 ELECTRIC CHARGE
Historically the credit of discovery of the fact that amber rubbed with
wool or silk cloth attracts light objects goes to Thales of Miletus, Greece,
around 600 BC The name electricity is coined from the Greek word
Rationalised 2023-24
2
Physics
elektron meaning amber |
1 | 11-14 | 1 2 ELECTRIC CHARGE
Historically the credit of discovery of the fact that amber rubbed with
wool or silk cloth attracts light objects goes to Thales of Miletus, Greece,
around 600 BC The name electricity is coined from the Greek word
Rationalised 2023-24
2
Physics
elektron meaning amber Many such pairs of materials were known which
on rubbing could attract light objects like straw, pith balls and bits of
papers |
1 | 12-15 | 2 ELECTRIC CHARGE
Historically the credit of discovery of the fact that amber rubbed with
wool or silk cloth attracts light objects goes to Thales of Miletus, Greece,
around 600 BC The name electricity is coined from the Greek word
Rationalised 2023-24
2
Physics
elektron meaning amber Many such pairs of materials were known which
on rubbing could attract light objects like straw, pith balls and bits of
papers It was observed that if two glass rods rubbed with wool or silk cloth
are brought close to each other, they repel each other [Fig |
1 | 13-16 | The name electricity is coined from the Greek word
Rationalised 2023-24
2
Physics
elektron meaning amber Many such pairs of materials were known which
on rubbing could attract light objects like straw, pith balls and bits of
papers It was observed that if two glass rods rubbed with wool or silk cloth
are brought close to each other, they repel each other [Fig 1 |
1 | 14-17 | Many such pairs of materials were known which
on rubbing could attract light objects like straw, pith balls and bits of
papers It was observed that if two glass rods rubbed with wool or silk cloth
are brought close to each other, they repel each other [Fig 1 1(a)] |
1 | 15-18 | It was observed that if two glass rods rubbed with wool or silk cloth
are brought close to each other, they repel each other [Fig 1 1(a)] The
two strands of wool or two pieces of silk cloth, with which the rods were
rubbed, also repel each other |
1 | 16-19 | 1 1(a)] The
two strands of wool or two pieces of silk cloth, with which the rods were
rubbed, also repel each other However, the glass rod and wool attracted
each other |
1 | 17-20 | 1(a)] The
two strands of wool or two pieces of silk cloth, with which the rods were
rubbed, also repel each other However, the glass rod and wool attracted
each other Similarly, two plastic rods rubbed with cat’s fur repelled each
other [Fig |
1 | 18-21 | The
two strands of wool or two pieces of silk cloth, with which the rods were
rubbed, also repel each other However, the glass rod and wool attracted
each other Similarly, two plastic rods rubbed with cat’s fur repelled each
other [Fig 1 |
1 | 19-22 | However, the glass rod and wool attracted
each other Similarly, two plastic rods rubbed with cat’s fur repelled each
other [Fig 1 1(b)] but attracted the fur |
1 | 20-23 | Similarly, two plastic rods rubbed with cat’s fur repelled each
other [Fig 1 1(b)] but attracted the fur On the other hand, the plastic
rod attracts the glass rod [Fig |
1 | 21-24 | 1 1(b)] but attracted the fur On the other hand, the plastic
rod attracts the glass rod [Fig 1 |
1 | 22-25 | 1(b)] but attracted the fur On the other hand, the plastic
rod attracts the glass rod [Fig 1 1(c)] and repel the silk or wool with
which the glass rod is rubbed |
1 | 23-26 | On the other hand, the plastic
rod attracts the glass rod [Fig 1 1(c)] and repel the silk or wool with
which the glass rod is rubbed The glass rod repels the fur |
1 | 24-27 | 1 1(c)] and repel the silk or wool with
which the glass rod is rubbed The glass rod repels the fur These seemingly simple facts were established from years of efforts
and careful experiments and their analyses |
1 | 25-28 | 1(c)] and repel the silk or wool with
which the glass rod is rubbed The glass rod repels the fur These seemingly simple facts were established from years of efforts
and careful experiments and their analyses It was concluded, after many
careful studies by different scientists, that there were only two kinds of
an entry which is called the electric charge |
1 | 26-29 | The glass rod repels the fur These seemingly simple facts were established from years of efforts
and careful experiments and their analyses It was concluded, after many
careful studies by different scientists, that there were only two kinds of
an entry which is called the electric charge We say that the bodies like
glass or plastic rods, silk, fur and pith balls are electrified |
1 | 27-30 | These seemingly simple facts were established from years of efforts
and careful experiments and their analyses It was concluded, after many
careful studies by different scientists, that there were only two kinds of
an entry which is called the electric charge We say that the bodies like
glass or plastic rods, silk, fur and pith balls are electrified They acquire
an electric charge on rubbing |
1 | 28-31 | It was concluded, after many
careful studies by different scientists, that there were only two kinds of
an entry which is called the electric charge We say that the bodies like
glass or plastic rods, silk, fur and pith balls are electrified They acquire
an electric charge on rubbing There are two kinds of electrification and
we find that (i) like charges repel and (ii) unlike charges attract each
other |
1 | 29-32 | We say that the bodies like
glass or plastic rods, silk, fur and pith balls are electrified They acquire
an electric charge on rubbing There are two kinds of electrification and
we find that (i) like charges repel and (ii) unlike charges attract each
other The property which differentiates the two kinds of charges is called
the polarity of charge |
1 | 30-33 | They acquire
an electric charge on rubbing There are two kinds of electrification and
we find that (i) like charges repel and (ii) unlike charges attract each
other The property which differentiates the two kinds of charges is called
the polarity of charge When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod acquires one kind of
charge and the silk acquires the second kind of charge |
1 | 31-34 | There are two kinds of electrification and
we find that (i) like charges repel and (ii) unlike charges attract each
other The property which differentiates the two kinds of charges is called
the polarity of charge When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod acquires one kind of
charge and the silk acquires the second kind of charge This is true for
any pair of objects that are rubbed to be electrified |
1 | 32-35 | The property which differentiates the two kinds of charges is called
the polarity of charge When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod acquires one kind of
charge and the silk acquires the second kind of charge This is true for
any pair of objects that are rubbed to be electrified Now if the electrified
glass rod is brought in contact with silk, with which it was rubbed, they
no longer attract each other |
1 | 33-36 | When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod acquires one kind of
charge and the silk acquires the second kind of charge This is true for
any pair of objects that are rubbed to be electrified Now if the electrified
glass rod is brought in contact with silk, with which it was rubbed, they
no longer attract each other They also do not attract or repel other light
objects as they did on being electrified |
1 | 34-37 | This is true for
any pair of objects that are rubbed to be electrified Now if the electrified
glass rod is brought in contact with silk, with which it was rubbed, they
no longer attract each other They also do not attract or repel other light
objects as they did on being electrified Thus, the charges acquired after rubbing are lost when the charged
bodies are brought in contact |
1 | 35-38 | Now if the electrified
glass rod is brought in contact with silk, with which it was rubbed, they
no longer attract each other They also do not attract or repel other light
objects as they did on being electrified Thus, the charges acquired after rubbing are lost when the charged
bodies are brought in contact What can you conclude from these
observations |
1 | 36-39 | They also do not attract or repel other light
objects as they did on being electrified Thus, the charges acquired after rubbing are lost when the charged
bodies are brought in contact What can you conclude from these
observations It just tells us that unlike charges acquired by the objects
neutralise or nullify each other’s effect |
1 | 37-40 | Thus, the charges acquired after rubbing are lost when the charged
bodies are brought in contact What can you conclude from these
observations It just tells us that unlike charges acquired by the objects
neutralise or nullify each other’s effect Therefore, the charges were named
as positive and negative by the American scientist Benjamin Franklin |
1 | 38-41 | What can you conclude from these
observations It just tells us that unlike charges acquired by the objects
neutralise or nullify each other’s effect Therefore, the charges were named
as positive and negative by the American scientist Benjamin Franklin By convention, the charge on glass rod or cat’s fur is called positive and
that on plastic rod or silk is termed negative |
1 | 39-42 | It just tells us that unlike charges acquired by the objects
neutralise or nullify each other’s effect Therefore, the charges were named
as positive and negative by the American scientist Benjamin Franklin By convention, the charge on glass rod or cat’s fur is called positive and
that on plastic rod or silk is termed negative If an object possesses an
electric charge, it is said to be electrified or charged |
1 | 40-43 | Therefore, the charges were named
as positive and negative by the American scientist Benjamin Franklin By convention, the charge on glass rod or cat’s fur is called positive and
that on plastic rod or silk is termed negative If an object possesses an
electric charge, it is said to be electrified or charged When it has no charge
it is said to be electrically neutral |
1 | 41-44 | By convention, the charge on glass rod or cat’s fur is called positive and
that on plastic rod or silk is termed negative If an object possesses an
electric charge, it is said to be electrified or charged When it has no charge
it is said to be electrically neutral FIGURE 1 |
1 | 42-45 | If an object possesses an
electric charge, it is said to be electrified or charged When it has no charge
it is said to be electrically neutral FIGURE 1 1 Rods: like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other |
1 | 43-46 | When it has no charge
it is said to be electrically neutral FIGURE 1 1 Rods: like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
3
A simple apparatus to detect charge on a body is the gold-leaf
electroscope [Fig |
1 | 44-47 | FIGURE 1 1 Rods: like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
3
A simple apparatus to detect charge on a body is the gold-leaf
electroscope [Fig 1 |
1 | 45-48 | 1 Rods: like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
3
A simple apparatus to detect charge on a body is the gold-leaf
electroscope [Fig 1 2(a)] |
1 | 46-49 | Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
3
A simple apparatus to detect charge on a body is the gold-leaf
electroscope [Fig 1 2(a)] It consists of a vertical metal rod housed in a
box, with two thin gold leaves attached to its bottom end |
1 | 47-50 | 1 2(a)] It consists of a vertical metal rod housed in a
box, with two thin gold leaves attached to its bottom end When a charged
object touches the metal knob at the top of the rod, charge flows on to
the leaves and they diverge |
1 | 48-51 | 2(a)] It consists of a vertical metal rod housed in a
box, with two thin gold leaves attached to its bottom end When a charged
object touches the metal knob at the top of the rod, charge flows on to
the leaves and they diverge The degree of divergance is an indicator of
the amount of charge |
1 | 49-52 | It consists of a vertical metal rod housed in a
box, with two thin gold leaves attached to its bottom end When a charged
object touches the metal knob at the top of the rod, charge flows on to
the leaves and they diverge The degree of divergance is an indicator of
the amount of charge Try to understand why material bodies acquire charge |
1 | 50-53 | When a charged
object touches the metal knob at the top of the rod, charge flows on to
the leaves and they diverge The degree of divergance is an indicator of
the amount of charge Try to understand why material bodies acquire charge You know that
all matter is made up of atoms and/or molecules |
1 | 51-54 | The degree of divergance is an indicator of
the amount of charge Try to understand why material bodies acquire charge You know that
all matter is made up of atoms and/or molecules Although normally the
materials are electrically neutral, they do contain charges; but their charges
are exactly balanced |
1 | 52-55 | Try to understand why material bodies acquire charge You know that
all matter is made up of atoms and/or molecules Although normally the
materials are electrically neutral, they do contain charges; but their charges
are exactly balanced Forces that hold the molecules together, forces that
hold atoms together in a solid, the adhesive force of glue, forces associated
with surface tension, all are basically electrical in nature, arising from the
forces between charged particles |
1 | 53-56 | You know that
all matter is made up of atoms and/or molecules Although normally the
materials are electrically neutral, they do contain charges; but their charges
are exactly balanced Forces that hold the molecules together, forces that
hold atoms together in a solid, the adhesive force of glue, forces associated
with surface tension, all are basically electrical in nature, arising from the
forces between charged particles Thus the electric force is all pervasive and
it encompasses almost each and every field associated with our life |
1 | 54-57 | Although normally the
materials are electrically neutral, they do contain charges; but their charges
are exactly balanced Forces that hold the molecules together, forces that
hold atoms together in a solid, the adhesive force of glue, forces associated
with surface tension, all are basically electrical in nature, arising from the
forces between charged particles Thus the electric force is all pervasive and
it encompasses almost each and every field associated with our life It is
therefore essential that we learn more about such a force |
1 | 55-58 | Forces that hold the molecules together, forces that
hold atoms together in a solid, the adhesive force of glue, forces associated
with surface tension, all are basically electrical in nature, arising from the
forces between charged particles Thus the electric force is all pervasive and
it encompasses almost each and every field associated with our life It is
therefore essential that we learn more about such a force To electrify a neutral body, we need to add or remove one kind of
charge |
1 | 56-59 | Thus the electric force is all pervasive and
it encompasses almost each and every field associated with our life It is
therefore essential that we learn more about such a force To electrify a neutral body, we need to add or remove one kind of
charge When we say that a body is charged, we always refer to this
excess charge or deficit of charge |
1 | 57-60 | It is
therefore essential that we learn more about such a force To electrify a neutral body, we need to add or remove one kind of
charge When we say that a body is charged, we always refer to this
excess charge or deficit of charge In solids, some of the electrons, being
less tightly bound in the atom, are the charges which are transferred
from one body to the other |
1 | 58-61 | To electrify a neutral body, we need to add or remove one kind of
charge When we say that a body is charged, we always refer to this
excess charge or deficit of charge In solids, some of the electrons, being
less tightly bound in the atom, are the charges which are transferred
from one body to the other A body can thus be charged positively by
losing some of its electrons |
1 | 59-62 | When we say that a body is charged, we always refer to this
excess charge or deficit of charge In solids, some of the electrons, being
less tightly bound in the atom, are the charges which are transferred
from one body to the other A body can thus be charged positively by
losing some of its electrons Similarly, a body can be charged negatively
by gaining electrons |
1 | 60-63 | In solids, some of the electrons, being
less tightly bound in the atom, are the charges which are transferred
from one body to the other A body can thus be charged positively by
losing some of its electrons Similarly, a body can be charged negatively
by gaining electrons When we rub a glass rod with silk, some of the
electrons from the rod are transferred to the silk cloth |
1 | 61-64 | A body can thus be charged positively by
losing some of its electrons Similarly, a body can be charged negatively
by gaining electrons When we rub a glass rod with silk, some of the
electrons from the rod are transferred to the silk cloth Thus the rod gets
positively charged and the silk gets negatively charged |
1 | 62-65 | Similarly, a body can be charged negatively
by gaining electrons When we rub a glass rod with silk, some of the
electrons from the rod are transferred to the silk cloth Thus the rod gets
positively charged and the silk gets negatively charged No new charge is
created in the process of rubbing |
1 | 63-66 | When we rub a glass rod with silk, some of the
electrons from the rod are transferred to the silk cloth Thus the rod gets
positively charged and the silk gets negatively charged No new charge is
created in the process of rubbing Also the number of electrons, that are
transferred, is a very small fraction of the total number of electrons in the
material body |
1 | 64-67 | Thus the rod gets
positively charged and the silk gets negatively charged No new charge is
created in the process of rubbing Also the number of electrons, that are
transferred, is a very small fraction of the total number of electrons in the
material body 1 |
1 | 65-68 | No new charge is
created in the process of rubbing Also the number of electrons, that are
transferred, is a very small fraction of the total number of electrons in the
material body 1 3 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Some substances readily allow passage of electricity through them, others
do not |
1 | 66-69 | Also the number of electrons, that are
transferred, is a very small fraction of the total number of electrons in the
material body 1 3 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Some substances readily allow passage of electricity through them, others
do not Those which allow electricity to pass through them easily are
called conductors |
1 | 67-70 | 1 3 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Some substances readily allow passage of electricity through them, others
do not Those which allow electricity to pass through them easily are
called conductors They have electric charges (electrons) that are
comparatively free to move inside the material |
1 | 68-71 | 3 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Some substances readily allow passage of electricity through them, others
do not Those which allow electricity to pass through them easily are
called conductors They have electric charges (electrons) that are
comparatively free to move inside the material Metals, human and animal
bodies and earth are conductors |
1 | 69-72 | Those which allow electricity to pass through them easily are
called conductors They have electric charges (electrons) that are
comparatively free to move inside the material Metals, human and animal
bodies and earth are conductors Most of the non-metals like glass,
porcelain, plastic, nylon, wood offer high resistance to the passage of
electricity through them |
1 | 70-73 | They have electric charges (electrons) that are
comparatively free to move inside the material Metals, human and animal
bodies and earth are conductors Most of the non-metals like glass,
porcelain, plastic, nylon, wood offer high resistance to the passage of
electricity through them They are called insulators |
1 | 71-74 | Metals, human and animal
bodies and earth are conductors Most of the non-metals like glass,
porcelain, plastic, nylon, wood offer high resistance to the passage of
electricity through them They are called insulators Most substances
fall into one of the two classes stated above* |
1 | 72-75 | Most of the non-metals like glass,
porcelain, plastic, nylon, wood offer high resistance to the passage of
electricity through them They are called insulators Most substances
fall into one of the two classes stated above* When some charge is transferred to a conductor, it readily gets
distributed over the entire surface of the conductor |
1 | 73-76 | They are called insulators Most substances
fall into one of the two classes stated above* When some charge is transferred to a conductor, it readily gets
distributed over the entire surface of the conductor In contrast, if some
charge is put on an insulator, it stays at the same place |
1 | 74-77 | Most substances
fall into one of the two classes stated above* When some charge is transferred to a conductor, it readily gets
distributed over the entire surface of the conductor In contrast, if some
charge is put on an insulator, it stays at the same place You will learn
why this happens in the next chapter |
1 | 75-78 | When some charge is transferred to a conductor, it readily gets
distributed over the entire surface of the conductor In contrast, if some
charge is put on an insulator, it stays at the same place You will learn
why this happens in the next chapter This property of the materials tells you why a nylon or plastic comb
gets electrified on combing dry hair or on rubbing, but a metal article
*
There is a third category called semiconductors, which offer resistance to the
movement of charges which is intermediate between the conductors and
insulators |
1 | 76-79 | In contrast, if some
charge is put on an insulator, it stays at the same place You will learn
why this happens in the next chapter This property of the materials tells you why a nylon or plastic comb
gets electrified on combing dry hair or on rubbing, but a metal article
*
There is a third category called semiconductors, which offer resistance to the
movement of charges which is intermediate between the conductors and
insulators Rationalised 2023-24
4
Physics
like spoon does not |
1 | 77-80 | You will learn
why this happens in the next chapter This property of the materials tells you why a nylon or plastic comb
gets electrified on combing dry hair or on rubbing, but a metal article
*
There is a third category called semiconductors, which offer resistance to the
movement of charges which is intermediate between the conductors and
insulators Rationalised 2023-24
4
Physics
like spoon does not The charges on metal leak through
our body to the ground as both are conductors of
electricity |
1 | 78-81 | This property of the materials tells you why a nylon or plastic comb
gets electrified on combing dry hair or on rubbing, but a metal article
*
There is a third category called semiconductors, which offer resistance to the
movement of charges which is intermediate between the conductors and
insulators Rationalised 2023-24
4
Physics
like spoon does not The charges on metal leak through
our body to the ground as both are conductors of
electricity However, if a metal rod with a wooden or plastic
handle is rubbed without touching its metal part, it shows
signs of charging |
1 | 79-82 | Rationalised 2023-24
4
Physics
like spoon does not The charges on metal leak through
our body to the ground as both are conductors of
electricity However, if a metal rod with a wooden or plastic
handle is rubbed without touching its metal part, it shows
signs of charging 1 |
1 | 80-83 | The charges on metal leak through
our body to the ground as both are conductors of
electricity However, if a metal rod with a wooden or plastic
handle is rubbed without touching its metal part, it shows
signs of charging 1 4 BASIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC
CHARGE
We have seen that there are two types of charges, namely
positive and negative and their effects tend to cancel each
other |
1 | 81-84 | However, if a metal rod with a wooden or plastic
handle is rubbed without touching its metal part, it shows
signs of charging 1 4 BASIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC
CHARGE
We have seen that there are two types of charges, namely
positive and negative and their effects tend to cancel each
other Here, we shall now describe some other properties
of the electric charge |
1 | 82-85 | 1 4 BASIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC
CHARGE
We have seen that there are two types of charges, namely
positive and negative and their effects tend to cancel each
other Here, we shall now describe some other properties
of the electric charge If the sizes of charged bodies are very small as
compared to the distances between them, we treat them
as point charges |
1 | 83-86 | 4 BASIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC
CHARGE
We have seen that there are two types of charges, namely
positive and negative and their effects tend to cancel each
other Here, we shall now describe some other properties
of the electric charge If the sizes of charged bodies are very small as
compared to the distances between them, we treat them
as point charges All the charge content of the body is
assumed to be concentrated at one point in space |
1 | 84-87 | Here, we shall now describe some other properties
of the electric charge If the sizes of charged bodies are very small as
compared to the distances between them, we treat them
as point charges All the charge content of the body is
assumed to be concentrated at one point in space 1 |
1 | 85-88 | If the sizes of charged bodies are very small as
compared to the distances between them, we treat them
as point charges All the charge content of the body is
assumed to be concentrated at one point in space 1 4 |
1 | 86-89 | All the charge content of the body is
assumed to be concentrated at one point in space 1 4 1 Additivity of charges
We have not as yet given a quantitative definition of a
charge; we shall follow it up in the next section |
1 | 87-90 | 1 4 1 Additivity of charges
We have not as yet given a quantitative definition of a
charge; we shall follow it up in the next section We shall
tentatively assume that this can be done and proceed |
1 | 88-91 | 4 1 Additivity of charges
We have not as yet given a quantitative definition of a
charge; we shall follow it up in the next section We shall
tentatively assume that this can be done and proceed If
a system contains two point charges q1 and q2, the total
charge of the system is obtained simply by adding
algebraically q1 and q2 , i |
1 | 89-92 | 1 Additivity of charges
We have not as yet given a quantitative definition of a
charge; we shall follow it up in the next section We shall
tentatively assume that this can be done and proceed If
a system contains two point charges q1 and q2, the total
charge of the system is obtained simply by adding
algebraically q1 and q2 , i e |
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