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1 | 6390-6393 | How
these waves are transmitted and received is described in Chapter 15 8 4 2 Microwaves
Microwaves (short-wavelength radio waves), with frequencies in the
gigahertz (GHz) range, are produced by special vacuum tubes (called
klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes) |
1 | 6391-6394 | 8 4 2 Microwaves
Microwaves (short-wavelength radio waves), with frequencies in the
gigahertz (GHz) range, are produced by special vacuum tubes (called
klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes) Due to their short wavelengths,
they are suitable for the radar systems used in aircraft navigation |
1 | 6392-6395 | 4 2 Microwaves
Microwaves (short-wavelength radio waves), with frequencies in the
gigahertz (GHz) range, are produced by special vacuum tubes (called
klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes) Due to their short wavelengths,
they are suitable for the radar systems used in aircraft navigation Radar
also provides the basis for the speed guns used to time fast balls, tennis-
serves, and automobiles |
1 | 6393-6396 | 2 Microwaves
Microwaves (short-wavelength radio waves), with frequencies in the
gigahertz (GHz) range, are produced by special vacuum tubes (called
klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes) Due to their short wavelengths,
they are suitable for the radar systems used in aircraft navigation Radar
also provides the basis for the speed guns used to time fast balls, tennis-
serves, and automobiles Microwave ovens are an interesting domestic
application of these waves |
1 | 6394-6397 | Due to their short wavelengths,
they are suitable for the radar systems used in aircraft navigation Radar
also provides the basis for the speed guns used to time fast balls, tennis-
serves, and automobiles Microwave ovens are an interesting domestic
application of these waves In such ovens, the frequency of the microwaves
is selected to match the resonant frequency of water molecules so that
energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the kinetic energy of
the molecules |
1 | 6395-6398 | Radar
also provides the basis for the speed guns used to time fast balls, tennis-
serves, and automobiles Microwave ovens are an interesting domestic
application of these waves In such ovens, the frequency of the microwaves
is selected to match the resonant frequency of water molecules so that
energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the kinetic energy of
the molecules This raises the temperature of any food containing water |
1 | 6396-6399 | Microwave ovens are an interesting domestic
application of these waves In such ovens, the frequency of the microwaves
is selected to match the resonant frequency of water molecules so that
energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the kinetic energy of
the molecules This raises the temperature of any food containing water Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
210
8 |
1 | 6397-6400 | In such ovens, the frequency of the microwaves
is selected to match the resonant frequency of water molecules so that
energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the kinetic energy of
the molecules This raises the temperature of any food containing water Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
210
8 4 |
1 | 6398-6401 | This raises the temperature of any food containing water Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
210
8 4 3 Infrared waves
Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules |
1 | 6399-6402 | Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
210
8 4 3 Infrared waves
Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules This band
lies adjacent to the low-frequency or long-wave length end of the visible
spectrum |
1 | 6400-6403 | 4 3 Infrared waves
Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules This band
lies adjacent to the low-frequency or long-wave length end of the visible
spectrum Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves |
1 | 6401-6404 | 3 Infrared waves
Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules This band
lies adjacent to the low-frequency or long-wave length end of the visible
spectrum Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves This
is because water molecules present in most materials readily absorb
infrared waves (many other molecules, for example, CO2, NH3, also absorb
infrared waves) |
1 | 6402-6405 | This band
lies adjacent to the low-frequency or long-wave length end of the visible
spectrum Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves This
is because water molecules present in most materials readily absorb
infrared waves (many other molecules, for example, CO2, NH3, also absorb
infrared waves) After absorption, their thermal motion increases, that is,
they heat up and heat their surroundings |
1 | 6403-6406 | Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves This
is because water molecules present in most materials readily absorb
infrared waves (many other molecules, for example, CO2, NH3, also absorb
infrared waves) After absorption, their thermal motion increases, that is,
they heat up and heat their surroundings Infrared lamps are used in
physical therapy |
1 | 6404-6407 | This
is because water molecules present in most materials readily absorb
infrared waves (many other molecules, for example, CO2, NH3, also absorb
infrared waves) After absorption, their thermal motion increases, that is,
they heat up and heat their surroundings Infrared lamps are used in
physical therapy Infrared radiation also plays an important role in
maintaining the earth’s warmth or average temperature through the
greenhouse effect |
1 | 6405-6408 | After absorption, their thermal motion increases, that is,
they heat up and heat their surroundings Infrared lamps are used in
physical therapy Infrared radiation also plays an important role in
maintaining the earth’s warmth or average temperature through the
greenhouse effect Incoming visible light (which passes relatively easily
through the atmosphere) is absorbed by the earth’s surface and re-
radiated as infrared (longer wavelength) radiations |
1 | 6406-6409 | Infrared lamps are used in
physical therapy Infrared radiation also plays an important role in
maintaining the earth’s warmth or average temperature through the
greenhouse effect Incoming visible light (which passes relatively easily
through the atmosphere) is absorbed by the earth’s surface and re-
radiated as infrared (longer wavelength) radiations This radiation is
trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour |
1 | 6407-6410 | Infrared radiation also plays an important role in
maintaining the earth’s warmth or average temperature through the
greenhouse effect Incoming visible light (which passes relatively easily
through the atmosphere) is absorbed by the earth’s surface and re-
radiated as infrared (longer wavelength) radiations This radiation is
trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour Infrared detectors are used in Earth satellites, both for military purposes
and to observe growth of crops |
1 | 6408-6411 | Incoming visible light (which passes relatively easily
through the atmosphere) is absorbed by the earth’s surface and re-
radiated as infrared (longer wavelength) radiations This radiation is
trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour Infrared detectors are used in Earth satellites, both for military purposes
and to observe growth of crops Electronic devices (for example
semiconductor light emitting diodes) also emit infrared and are widely
used in the remote switches of household electronic systems such as TV
sets, video recorders and hi-fi systems |
1 | 6409-6412 | This radiation is
trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour Infrared detectors are used in Earth satellites, both for military purposes
and to observe growth of crops Electronic devices (for example
semiconductor light emitting diodes) also emit infrared and are widely
used in the remote switches of household electronic systems such as TV
sets, video recorders and hi-fi systems 8 |
1 | 6410-6413 | Infrared detectors are used in Earth satellites, both for military purposes
and to observe growth of crops Electronic devices (for example
semiconductor light emitting diodes) also emit infrared and are widely
used in the remote switches of household electronic systems such as TV
sets, video recorders and hi-fi systems 8 4 |
1 | 6411-6414 | Electronic devices (for example
semiconductor light emitting diodes) also emit infrared and are widely
used in the remote switches of household electronic systems such as TV
sets, video recorders and hi-fi systems 8 4 4 Visible rays
It is the most familiar form of electromagnetic waves |
1 | 6412-6415 | 8 4 4 Visible rays
It is the most familiar form of electromagnetic waves It is the part of the
spectrum that is detected by the human eye |
1 | 6413-6416 | 4 4 Visible rays
It is the most familiar form of electromagnetic waves It is the part of the
spectrum that is detected by the human eye It runs from about
4 × 1014 Hz to about 7 × 1014
Hz or a wavelength range of about 700 –
400 nm |
1 | 6414-6417 | 4 Visible rays
It is the most familiar form of electromagnetic waves It is the part of the
spectrum that is detected by the human eye It runs from about
4 × 1014 Hz to about 7 × 1014
Hz or a wavelength range of about 700 –
400 nm Visible light emitted or reflected from objects around us provides
us information about the world |
1 | 6415-6418 | It is the part of the
spectrum that is detected by the human eye It runs from about
4 × 1014 Hz to about 7 × 1014
Hz or a wavelength range of about 700 –
400 nm Visible light emitted or reflected from objects around us provides
us information about the world Our eyes are sensitive to this range of
wavelengths |
1 | 6416-6419 | It runs from about
4 × 1014 Hz to about 7 × 1014
Hz or a wavelength range of about 700 –
400 nm Visible light emitted or reflected from objects around us provides
us information about the world Our eyes are sensitive to this range of
wavelengths Different animals are sensitive to different range of
wavelengths |
1 | 6417-6420 | Visible light emitted or reflected from objects around us provides
us information about the world Our eyes are sensitive to this range of
wavelengths Different animals are sensitive to different range of
wavelengths For example, snakes can detect infrared waves, and the
‘visible’ range of many insects extends well into the utraviolet |
1 | 6418-6421 | Our eyes are sensitive to this range of
wavelengths Different animals are sensitive to different range of
wavelengths For example, snakes can detect infrared waves, and the
‘visible’ range of many insects extends well into the utraviolet 8 |
1 | 6419-6422 | Different animals are sensitive to different range of
wavelengths For example, snakes can detect infrared waves, and the
‘visible’ range of many insects extends well into the utraviolet 8 4 |
1 | 6420-6423 | For example, snakes can detect infrared waves, and the
‘visible’ range of many insects extends well into the utraviolet 8 4 5 Ultraviolet rays
It covers wavelengths ranging from about 4 × 10–7 m (400 nm) down to
6 × 10–10m (0 |
1 | 6421-6424 | 8 4 5 Ultraviolet rays
It covers wavelengths ranging from about 4 × 10–7 m (400 nm) down to
6 × 10–10m (0 6 nm) |
1 | 6422-6425 | 4 5 Ultraviolet rays
It covers wavelengths ranging from about 4 × 10–7 m (400 nm) down to
6 × 10–10m (0 6 nm) Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is produced by special
lamps and very hot bodies |
1 | 6423-6426 | 5 Ultraviolet rays
It covers wavelengths ranging from about 4 × 10–7 m (400 nm) down to
6 × 10–10m (0 6 nm) Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is produced by special
lamps and very hot bodies The sun is an important source of ultraviolet
light |
1 | 6424-6427 | 6 nm) Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is produced by special
lamps and very hot bodies The sun is an important source of ultraviolet
light But fortunately, most of it is absorbed in the ozone layer in the
atmosphere at an altitude of about 40 – 50 km |
1 | 6425-6428 | Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is produced by special
lamps and very hot bodies The sun is an important source of ultraviolet
light But fortunately, most of it is absorbed in the ozone layer in the
atmosphere at an altitude of about 40 – 50 km UV light in large quantities
has harmful effects on humans |
1 | 6426-6429 | The sun is an important source of ultraviolet
light But fortunately, most of it is absorbed in the ozone layer in the
atmosphere at an altitude of about 40 – 50 km UV light in large quantities
has harmful effects on humans Exposure to UV radiation induces the
production of more melanin, causing tanning of the skin |
1 | 6427-6430 | But fortunately, most of it is absorbed in the ozone layer in the
atmosphere at an altitude of about 40 – 50 km UV light in large quantities
has harmful effects on humans Exposure to UV radiation induces the
production of more melanin, causing tanning of the skin UV radiation is
absorbed by ordinary glass |
1 | 6428-6431 | UV light in large quantities
has harmful effects on humans Exposure to UV radiation induces the
production of more melanin, causing tanning of the skin UV radiation is
absorbed by ordinary glass Hence, one cannot get tanned or sunburn
through glass windows |
1 | 6429-6432 | Exposure to UV radiation induces the
production of more melanin, causing tanning of the skin UV radiation is
absorbed by ordinary glass Hence, one cannot get tanned or sunburn
through glass windows Welders wear special glass goggles or face masks with glass windows
to protect their eyes from large amount of UV produced by welding arcs |
1 | 6430-6433 | UV radiation is
absorbed by ordinary glass Hence, one cannot get tanned or sunburn
through glass windows Welders wear special glass goggles or face masks with glass windows
to protect their eyes from large amount of UV produced by welding arcs Due to its shorter wavelengths, UV radiations can be focussed into very
narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASIK (Laser-
assisted in situ keratomileusis) eye surgery |
1 | 6431-6434 | Hence, one cannot get tanned or sunburn
through glass windows Welders wear special glass goggles or face masks with glass windows
to protect their eyes from large amount of UV produced by welding arcs Due to its shorter wavelengths, UV radiations can be focussed into very
narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASIK (Laser-
assisted in situ keratomileusis) eye surgery UV lamps are used to kill
germs in water purifiers |
1 | 6432-6435 | Welders wear special glass goggles or face masks with glass windows
to protect their eyes from large amount of UV produced by welding arcs Due to its shorter wavelengths, UV radiations can be focussed into very
narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASIK (Laser-
assisted in situ keratomileusis) eye surgery UV lamps are used to kill
germs in water purifiers Ozone layer in the atmosphere plays a protective role, and hence its
depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) gas (such as freon) is a matter
of international concern |
1 | 6433-6436 | Due to its shorter wavelengths, UV radiations can be focussed into very
narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASIK (Laser-
assisted in situ keratomileusis) eye surgery UV lamps are used to kill
germs in water purifiers Ozone layer in the atmosphere plays a protective role, and hence its
depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) gas (such as freon) is a matter
of international concern Rationalised 2023-24
211
Electromagnetic
Waves
8 |
1 | 6434-6437 | UV lamps are used to kill
germs in water purifiers Ozone layer in the atmosphere plays a protective role, and hence its
depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) gas (such as freon) is a matter
of international concern Rationalised 2023-24
211
Electromagnetic
Waves
8 4 |
1 | 6435-6438 | Ozone layer in the atmosphere plays a protective role, and hence its
depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) gas (such as freon) is a matter
of international concern Rationalised 2023-24
211
Electromagnetic
Waves
8 4 6 X-rays
Beyond the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies the X-ray
region |
1 | 6436-6439 | Rationalised 2023-24
211
Electromagnetic
Waves
8 4 6 X-rays
Beyond the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies the X-ray
region We are familiar with X-rays because of its medical applications |
1 | 6437-6440 | 4 6 X-rays
Beyond the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies the X-ray
region We are familiar with X-rays because of its medical applications It
covers wavelengths from about 10–8 m (10 nm) down to 10–13 m
(10–4 nm) |
1 | 6438-6441 | 6 X-rays
Beyond the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies the X-ray
region We are familiar with X-rays because of its medical applications It
covers wavelengths from about 10–8 m (10 nm) down to 10–13 m
(10–4 nm) One common way to generate X-rays is to bombard a metal
target by high energy electrons |
1 | 6439-6442 | We are familiar with X-rays because of its medical applications It
covers wavelengths from about 10–8 m (10 nm) down to 10–13 m
(10–4 nm) One common way to generate X-rays is to bombard a metal
target by high energy electrons X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in
medicine and as a treatment for certain forms of cancer |
1 | 6440-6443 | It
covers wavelengths from about 10–8 m (10 nm) down to 10–13 m
(10–4 nm) One common way to generate X-rays is to bombard a metal
target by high energy electrons X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in
medicine and as a treatment for certain forms of cancer Because X-rays
damage or destroy living tissues and organisms, care must be taken to
avoid unnecessary or over exposure |
1 | 6441-6444 | One common way to generate X-rays is to bombard a metal
target by high energy electrons X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in
medicine and as a treatment for certain forms of cancer Because X-rays
damage or destroy living tissues and organisms, care must be taken to
avoid unnecessary or over exposure 8 |
1 | 6442-6445 | X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in
medicine and as a treatment for certain forms of cancer Because X-rays
damage or destroy living tissues and organisms, care must be taken to
avoid unnecessary or over exposure 8 4 |
1 | 6443-6446 | Because X-rays
damage or destroy living tissues and organisms, care must be taken to
avoid unnecessary or over exposure 8 4 7 Gamma rays
They lie in the upper frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum
and have wavelengths of from about 10–10m to less than 10–14m |
1 | 6444-6447 | 8 4 7 Gamma rays
They lie in the upper frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum
and have wavelengths of from about 10–10m to less than 10–14m This
high frequency radiation is produced in nuclear reactions and
also emitted by radioactive nuclei |
1 | 6445-6448 | 4 7 Gamma rays
They lie in the upper frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum
and have wavelengths of from about 10–10m to less than 10–14m This
high frequency radiation is produced in nuclear reactions and
also emitted by radioactive nuclei They are used in medicine to destroy
cancer cells |
1 | 6446-6449 | 7 Gamma rays
They lie in the upper frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum
and have wavelengths of from about 10–10m to less than 10–14m This
high frequency radiation is produced in nuclear reactions and
also emitted by radioactive nuclei They are used in medicine to destroy
cancer cells Table 8 |
1 | 6447-6450 | This
high frequency radiation is produced in nuclear reactions and
also emitted by radioactive nuclei They are used in medicine to destroy
cancer cells Table 8 1 summarises different types of electromagnetic waves, their
production and detections |
1 | 6448-6451 | They are used in medicine to destroy
cancer cells Table 8 1 summarises different types of electromagnetic waves, their
production and detections As mentioned earlier, the demarcation between
different regions is not sharp and there are overlaps |
1 | 6449-6452 | Table 8 1 summarises different types of electromagnetic waves, their
production and detections As mentioned earlier, the demarcation between
different regions is not sharp and there are overlaps TABLE 8 |
1 | 6450-6453 | 1 summarises different types of electromagnetic waves, their
production and detections As mentioned earlier, the demarcation between
different regions is not sharp and there are overlaps TABLE 8 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Type
Wavelength range
Production
Detection
Radio
> 0 |
1 | 6451-6454 | As mentioned earlier, the demarcation between
different regions is not sharp and there are overlaps TABLE 8 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Type
Wavelength range
Production
Detection
Radio
> 0 1 m
Rapid acceleration and
Receiver’s aerials
decelerations of electrons
in aerials
Microwave
0 |
1 | 6452-6455 | TABLE 8 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Type
Wavelength range
Production
Detection
Radio
> 0 1 m
Rapid acceleration and
Receiver’s aerials
decelerations of electrons
in aerials
Microwave
0 1m to 1 mm
Klystron valve or
Point contact diodes
magnetron valve
Infra-red
1mm to 700 nm
Vibration of atoms
Thermopiles
and molecules
Bolometer, Infrared
photographic film
Light
700 nm to 400 nm
Electrons in atoms emit
The eye
light when they move from
Photocells
one energy level to a
Photographic film
lower energy level
Ultraviolet
400 nm to 1nm
Inner shell electrons in
Photocells
atoms moving from one
Photographic film
energy level to a lower level
X-rays
1nm to 10–3 nm
X-ray tubes or inner shell
Photographic film
electrons
Geiger tubes
Ionisation chamber
Gamma rays
<10–3 nm
Radioactive decay of the
-do-
nucleus
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
212
SUMMARY
1 |
1 | 6453-6456 | 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Type
Wavelength range
Production
Detection
Radio
> 0 1 m
Rapid acceleration and
Receiver’s aerials
decelerations of electrons
in aerials
Microwave
0 1m to 1 mm
Klystron valve or
Point contact diodes
magnetron valve
Infra-red
1mm to 700 nm
Vibration of atoms
Thermopiles
and molecules
Bolometer, Infrared
photographic film
Light
700 nm to 400 nm
Electrons in atoms emit
The eye
light when they move from
Photocells
one energy level to a
Photographic film
lower energy level
Ultraviolet
400 nm to 1nm
Inner shell electrons in
Photocells
atoms moving from one
Photographic film
energy level to a lower level
X-rays
1nm to 10–3 nm
X-ray tubes or inner shell
Photographic film
electrons
Geiger tubes
Ionisation chamber
Gamma rays
<10–3 nm
Radioactive decay of the
-do-
nucleus
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
212
SUMMARY
1 Maxwell found an inconsistency in the Ampere’s law and suggested the
existence of an additional current, called displacement current, to remove
this inconsistency |
1 | 6454-6457 | 1 m
Rapid acceleration and
Receiver’s aerials
decelerations of electrons
in aerials
Microwave
0 1m to 1 mm
Klystron valve or
Point contact diodes
magnetron valve
Infra-red
1mm to 700 nm
Vibration of atoms
Thermopiles
and molecules
Bolometer, Infrared
photographic film
Light
700 nm to 400 nm
Electrons in atoms emit
The eye
light when they move from
Photocells
one energy level to a
Photographic film
lower energy level
Ultraviolet
400 nm to 1nm
Inner shell electrons in
Photocells
atoms moving from one
Photographic film
energy level to a lower level
X-rays
1nm to 10–3 nm
X-ray tubes or inner shell
Photographic film
electrons
Geiger tubes
Ionisation chamber
Gamma rays
<10–3 nm
Radioactive decay of the
-do-
nucleus
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
212
SUMMARY
1 Maxwell found an inconsistency in the Ampere’s law and suggested the
existence of an additional current, called displacement current, to remove
this inconsistency This displacement current is due to time-varying electric
field and is given by
0
d
d
di
Φt
ε
Ε
=
and acts as a source of magnetic field in exactly the same way as conduction
current |
1 | 6455-6458 | 1m to 1 mm
Klystron valve or
Point contact diodes
magnetron valve
Infra-red
1mm to 700 nm
Vibration of atoms
Thermopiles
and molecules
Bolometer, Infrared
photographic film
Light
700 nm to 400 nm
Electrons in atoms emit
The eye
light when they move from
Photocells
one energy level to a
Photographic film
lower energy level
Ultraviolet
400 nm to 1nm
Inner shell electrons in
Photocells
atoms moving from one
Photographic film
energy level to a lower level
X-rays
1nm to 10–3 nm
X-ray tubes or inner shell
Photographic film
electrons
Geiger tubes
Ionisation chamber
Gamma rays
<10–3 nm
Radioactive decay of the
-do-
nucleus
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
212
SUMMARY
1 Maxwell found an inconsistency in the Ampere’s law and suggested the
existence of an additional current, called displacement current, to remove
this inconsistency This displacement current is due to time-varying electric
field and is given by
0
d
d
di
Φt
ε
Ε
=
and acts as a source of magnetic field in exactly the same way as conduction
current 2 |
1 | 6456-6459 | Maxwell found an inconsistency in the Ampere’s law and suggested the
existence of an additional current, called displacement current, to remove
this inconsistency This displacement current is due to time-varying electric
field and is given by
0
d
d
di
Φt
ε
Ε
=
and acts as a source of magnetic field in exactly the same way as conduction
current 2 An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves |
1 | 6457-6460 | This displacement current is due to time-varying electric
field and is given by
0
d
d
di
Φt
ε
Ε
=
and acts as a source of magnetic field in exactly the same way as conduction
current 2 An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves An electric charge
oscillating harmonically with frequency n, produces electromagnetic waves
of the same frequency n |
1 | 6458-6461 | 2 An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves An electric charge
oscillating harmonically with frequency n, produces electromagnetic waves
of the same frequency n An electric dipole is a basic source of
electromagnetic waves |
1 | 6459-6462 | An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves An electric charge
oscillating harmonically with frequency n, produces electromagnetic waves
of the same frequency n An electric dipole is a basic source of
electromagnetic waves 3 |
1 | 6460-6463 | An electric charge
oscillating harmonically with frequency n, produces electromagnetic waves
of the same frequency n An electric dipole is a basic source of
electromagnetic waves 3 Electromagnetic waves with wavelength of the order of a few metres were
first produced and detected in the laboratory by Hertz in 1887 |
1 | 6461-6464 | An electric dipole is a basic source of
electromagnetic waves 3 Electromagnetic waves with wavelength of the order of a few metres were
first produced and detected in the laboratory by Hertz in 1887 He thus
verified a basic prediction of Maxwell’s equations |
1 | 6462-6465 | 3 Electromagnetic waves with wavelength of the order of a few metres were
first produced and detected in the laboratory by Hertz in 1887 He thus
verified a basic prediction of Maxwell’s equations 4 |
1 | 6463-6466 | Electromagnetic waves with wavelength of the order of a few metres were
first produced and detected in the laboratory by Hertz in 1887 He thus
verified a basic prediction of Maxwell’s equations 4 Electric and magnetic fields oscillate sinusoidally in space and time in an
electromagnetic wave |
1 | 6464-6467 | He thus
verified a basic prediction of Maxwell’s equations 4 Electric and magnetic fields oscillate sinusoidally in space and time in an
electromagnetic wave The oscillating electric and magnetic fields, E and
B are perpendicular to each other, and to the direction of propagation of
the electromagnetic wave |
1 | 6465-6468 | 4 Electric and magnetic fields oscillate sinusoidally in space and time in an
electromagnetic wave The oscillating electric and magnetic fields, E and
B are perpendicular to each other, and to the direction of propagation of
the electromagnetic wave For a wave of frequency n, wavelength l,
propagating along z-direction, we have
E = Ex (t) = E0 sin (kz – w t )
= E0 sin 2
2
0
π
π
z
t
E
z
Tt
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
sin
B = By(t) = B0 sin (kz – w t)
= B
z
t
B
z
Tt
0
0
2
2
sin
sin
π
π
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
They are related by E0/B0 = c |
1 | 6466-6469 | Electric and magnetic fields oscillate sinusoidally in space and time in an
electromagnetic wave The oscillating electric and magnetic fields, E and
B are perpendicular to each other, and to the direction of propagation of
the electromagnetic wave For a wave of frequency n, wavelength l,
propagating along z-direction, we have
E = Ex (t) = E0 sin (kz – w t )
= E0 sin 2
2
0
π
π
z
t
E
z
Tt
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
sin
B = By(t) = B0 sin (kz – w t)
= B
z
t
B
z
Tt
0
0
2
2
sin
sin
π
π
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
They are related by E0/B0 = c 5 |
1 | 6467-6470 | The oscillating electric and magnetic fields, E and
B are perpendicular to each other, and to the direction of propagation of
the electromagnetic wave For a wave of frequency n, wavelength l,
propagating along z-direction, we have
E = Ex (t) = E0 sin (kz – w t )
= E0 sin 2
2
0
π
π
z
t
E
z
Tt
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
sin
B = By(t) = B0 sin (kz – w t)
= B
z
t
B
z
Tt
0
0
2
2
sin
sin
π
π
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
They are related by E0/B0 = c 5 The speed c of electromagnetic wave in vacuum is related to m0 and e0 (the
free space permeability and permittivity constants) as follows:
0
0
1/
c
µ ε
= |
1 | 6468-6471 | For a wave of frequency n, wavelength l,
propagating along z-direction, we have
E = Ex (t) = E0 sin (kz – w t )
= E0 sin 2
2
0
π
π
z
t
E
z
Tt
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
sin
B = By(t) = B0 sin (kz – w t)
= B
z
t
B
z
Tt
0
0
2
2
sin
sin
π
π
λ
ν
λ
−
=
−
They are related by E0/B0 = c 5 The speed c of electromagnetic wave in vacuum is related to m0 and e0 (the
free space permeability and permittivity constants) as follows:
0
0
1/
c
µ ε
= The value of c equals the speed of light obtained from
optical measurements |
1 | 6469-6472 | 5 The speed c of electromagnetic wave in vacuum is related to m0 and e0 (the
free space permeability and permittivity constants) as follows:
0
0
1/
c
µ ε
= The value of c equals the speed of light obtained from
optical measurements Light is an electromagnetic wave; c is, therefore, also the speed of light |
1 | 6470-6473 | The speed c of electromagnetic wave in vacuum is related to m0 and e0 (the
free space permeability and permittivity constants) as follows:
0
0
1/
c
µ ε
= The value of c equals the speed of light obtained from
optical measurements Light is an electromagnetic wave; c is, therefore, also the speed of light Electromagnetic waves other than light also have the same velocity c in
free space |
1 | 6471-6474 | The value of c equals the speed of light obtained from
optical measurements Light is an electromagnetic wave; c is, therefore, also the speed of light Electromagnetic waves other than light also have the same velocity c in
free space The speed of light, or of electromagnetic waves in a material medium is
given by
1/
v
µ ε
=
where m is the permeability of the medium and e its permittivity |
1 | 6472-6475 | Light is an electromagnetic wave; c is, therefore, also the speed of light Electromagnetic waves other than light also have the same velocity c in
free space The speed of light, or of electromagnetic waves in a material medium is
given by
1/
v
µ ε
=
where m is the permeability of the medium and e its permittivity 6 |
1 | 6473-6476 | Electromagnetic waves other than light also have the same velocity c in
free space The speed of light, or of electromagnetic waves in a material medium is
given by
1/
v
µ ε
=
where m is the permeability of the medium and e its permittivity 6 The spectrum of electromagnetic waves stretches, in principle, over an
infinite range of wavelengths |
1 | 6474-6477 | The speed of light, or of electromagnetic waves in a material medium is
given by
1/
v
µ ε
=
where m is the permeability of the medium and e its permittivity 6 The spectrum of electromagnetic waves stretches, in principle, over an
infinite range of wavelengths Different regions are known by different
names; g-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible rays, infrared rays,
microwaves and radio waves in order of increasing wavelength from 10–2 Å
or 10–12 m to 106 m |
1 | 6475-6478 | 6 The spectrum of electromagnetic waves stretches, in principle, over an
infinite range of wavelengths Different regions are known by different
names; g-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible rays, infrared rays,
microwaves and radio waves in order of increasing wavelength from 10–2 Å
or 10–12 m to 106 m They interact with matter via their electric and magnetic fields which set
in oscillation charges present in all matter |
1 | 6476-6479 | The spectrum of electromagnetic waves stretches, in principle, over an
infinite range of wavelengths Different regions are known by different
names; g-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible rays, infrared rays,
microwaves and radio waves in order of increasing wavelength from 10–2 Å
or 10–12 m to 106 m They interact with matter via their electric and magnetic fields which set
in oscillation charges present in all matter The detailed interaction and
so the mechanism of absorption, scattering, etc |
1 | 6477-6480 | Different regions are known by different
names; g-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible rays, infrared rays,
microwaves and radio waves in order of increasing wavelength from 10–2 Å
or 10–12 m to 106 m They interact with matter via their electric and magnetic fields which set
in oscillation charges present in all matter The detailed interaction and
so the mechanism of absorption, scattering, etc , depend on the wavelength
of the electromagnetic wave, and the nature of the atoms and molecules
in the medium |
1 | 6478-6481 | They interact with matter via their electric and magnetic fields which set
in oscillation charges present in all matter The detailed interaction and
so the mechanism of absorption, scattering, etc , depend on the wavelength
of the electromagnetic wave, and the nature of the atoms and molecules
in the medium Rationalised 2023-24
213
Electromagnetic
Waves
POINTS TO PONDER
1 |
1 | 6479-6482 | The detailed interaction and
so the mechanism of absorption, scattering, etc , depend on the wavelength
of the electromagnetic wave, and the nature of the atoms and molecules
in the medium Rationalised 2023-24
213
Electromagnetic
Waves
POINTS TO PONDER
1 The basic difference between various types of electromagnetic waves
lies in their wavelengths or frequencies since all of them travel through
vacuum with the same speed |
1 | 6480-6483 | , depend on the wavelength
of the electromagnetic wave, and the nature of the atoms and molecules
in the medium Rationalised 2023-24
213
Electromagnetic
Waves
POINTS TO PONDER
1 The basic difference between various types of electromagnetic waves
lies in their wavelengths or frequencies since all of them travel through
vacuum with the same speed Consequently, the waves differ
considerably in their mode of interaction with matter |
1 | 6481-6484 | Rationalised 2023-24
213
Electromagnetic
Waves
POINTS TO PONDER
1 The basic difference between various types of electromagnetic waves
lies in their wavelengths or frequencies since all of them travel through
vacuum with the same speed Consequently, the waves differ
considerably in their mode of interaction with matter 2 |
1 | 6482-6485 | The basic difference between various types of electromagnetic waves
lies in their wavelengths or frequencies since all of them travel through
vacuum with the same speed Consequently, the waves differ
considerably in their mode of interaction with matter 2 Accelerated charged particles radiate electromagnetic waves |
1 | 6483-6486 | Consequently, the waves differ
considerably in their mode of interaction with matter 2 Accelerated charged particles radiate electromagnetic waves The
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is often correlated with the
characteristic size of the system that radiates |
1 | 6484-6487 | 2 Accelerated charged particles radiate electromagnetic waves The
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is often correlated with the
characteristic size of the system that radiates Thus, gamma radiation,
having wavelength of 10–14 m to 10–15 m, typically originate from an
atomic nucleus |
1 | 6485-6488 | Accelerated charged particles radiate electromagnetic waves The
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is often correlated with the
characteristic size of the system that radiates Thus, gamma radiation,
having wavelength of 10–14 m to 10–15 m, typically originate from an
atomic nucleus X-rays are emitted from heavy atoms |
1 | 6486-6489 | The
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is often correlated with the
characteristic size of the system that radiates Thus, gamma radiation,
having wavelength of 10–14 m to 10–15 m, typically originate from an
atomic nucleus X-rays are emitted from heavy atoms Radio waves
are produced by accelerating electrons in a circuit |
1 | 6487-6490 | Thus, gamma radiation,
having wavelength of 10–14 m to 10–15 m, typically originate from an
atomic nucleus X-rays are emitted from heavy atoms Radio waves
are produced by accelerating electrons in a circuit A transmitting
antenna can most efficiently radiate waves having a wavelength of
about the same size as the antenna |
1 | 6488-6491 | X-rays are emitted from heavy atoms Radio waves
are produced by accelerating electrons in a circuit A transmitting
antenna can most efficiently radiate waves having a wavelength of
about the same size as the antenna Visible radiation emitted by atoms
is, however, much longer in wavelength than atomic size |
1 | 6489-6492 | Radio waves
are produced by accelerating electrons in a circuit A transmitting
antenna can most efficiently radiate waves having a wavelength of
about the same size as the antenna Visible radiation emitted by atoms
is, however, much longer in wavelength than atomic size 3 |
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