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1 | 6490-6493 | A transmitting
antenna can most efficiently radiate waves having a wavelength of
about the same size as the antenna Visible radiation emitted by atoms
is, however, much longer in wavelength than atomic size 3 Infrared waves, with frequencies lower than those of visible light,
vibrate not only the electrons, but entire atoms or molecules of a
substance |
1 | 6491-6494 | Visible radiation emitted by atoms
is, however, much longer in wavelength than atomic size 3 Infrared waves, with frequencies lower than those of visible light,
vibrate not only the electrons, but entire atoms or molecules of a
substance This vibration increases the internal energy and
consequently, the temperature of the substance |
1 | 6492-6495 | 3 Infrared waves, with frequencies lower than those of visible light,
vibrate not only the electrons, but entire atoms or molecules of a
substance This vibration increases the internal energy and
consequently, the temperature of the substance This is why infrared
waves are often called heat waves |
1 | 6493-6496 | Infrared waves, with frequencies lower than those of visible light,
vibrate not only the electrons, but entire atoms or molecules of a
substance This vibration increases the internal energy and
consequently, the temperature of the substance This is why infrared
waves are often called heat waves 4 |
1 | 6494-6497 | This vibration increases the internal energy and
consequently, the temperature of the substance This is why infrared
waves are often called heat waves 4 The centre of sensitivity of our eyes coincides with the centre of the
wavelength distribution of the sun |
1 | 6495-6498 | This is why infrared
waves are often called heat waves 4 The centre of sensitivity of our eyes coincides with the centre of the
wavelength distribution of the sun It is because humans have evolved
with visions most sensitive to the strongest wavelengths from
the sun |
1 | 6496-6499 | 4 The centre of sensitivity of our eyes coincides with the centre of the
wavelength distribution of the sun It is because humans have evolved
with visions most sensitive to the strongest wavelengths from
the sun EXERCISES
8 |
1 | 6497-6500 | The centre of sensitivity of our eyes coincides with the centre of the
wavelength distribution of the sun It is because humans have evolved
with visions most sensitive to the strongest wavelengths from
the sun EXERCISES
8 1
Figure 8 |
1 | 6498-6501 | It is because humans have evolved
with visions most sensitive to the strongest wavelengths from
the sun EXERCISES
8 1
Figure 8 5 shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of
radius 12 cm, and separated by 5 |
1 | 6499-6502 | EXERCISES
8 1
Figure 8 5 shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of
radius 12 cm, and separated by 5 0 cm |
1 | 6500-6503 | 1
Figure 8 5 shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of
radius 12 cm, and separated by 5 0 cm The capacitor is being
charged by an external source (not shown in the figure) |
1 | 6501-6504 | 5 shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of
radius 12 cm, and separated by 5 0 cm The capacitor is being
charged by an external source (not shown in the figure) The
charging current is constant and equal to 0 |
1 | 6502-6505 | 0 cm The capacitor is being
charged by an external source (not shown in the figure) The
charging current is constant and equal to 0 15A |
1 | 6503-6506 | The capacitor is being
charged by an external source (not shown in the figure) The
charging current is constant and equal to 0 15A (a)
Calculate the capacitance and the rate of change of potential
difference between the plates |
1 | 6504-6507 | The
charging current is constant and equal to 0 15A (a)
Calculate the capacitance and the rate of change of potential
difference between the plates (b)
Obtain the displacement current across the plates |
1 | 6505-6508 | 15A (a)
Calculate the capacitance and the rate of change of potential
difference between the plates (b)
Obtain the displacement current across the plates (c)
Is Kirchhoff’s first rule (junction rule) valid at each plate of the
capacitor |
1 | 6506-6509 | (a)
Calculate the capacitance and the rate of change of potential
difference between the plates (b)
Obtain the displacement current across the plates (c)
Is Kirchhoff’s first rule (junction rule) valid at each plate of the
capacitor Explain |
1 | 6507-6510 | (b)
Obtain the displacement current across the plates (c)
Is Kirchhoff’s first rule (junction rule) valid at each plate of the
capacitor Explain FIGURE 8 |
1 | 6508-6511 | (c)
Is Kirchhoff’s first rule (junction rule) valid at each plate of the
capacitor Explain FIGURE 8 5
8 |
1 | 6509-6512 | Explain FIGURE 8 5
8 2
A parallel plate capacitor (Fig |
1 | 6510-6513 | FIGURE 8 5
8 2
A parallel plate capacitor (Fig 8 |
1 | 6511-6514 | 5
8 2
A parallel plate capacitor (Fig 8 6) made of circular plates each of radius
R = 6 |
1 | 6512-6515 | 2
A parallel plate capacitor (Fig 8 6) made of circular plates each of radius
R = 6 0 cm has a capacitance C = 100 pF |
1 | 6513-6516 | 8 6) made of circular plates each of radius
R = 6 0 cm has a capacitance C = 100 pF The capacitor is connected to
a 230 V ac supply with a (angular) frequency of 300 rad s–1 |
1 | 6514-6517 | 6) made of circular plates each of radius
R = 6 0 cm has a capacitance C = 100 pF The capacitor is connected to
a 230 V ac supply with a (angular) frequency of 300 rad s–1 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
214
(a)
What is the rms value of the conduction current |
1 | 6515-6518 | 0 cm has a capacitance C = 100 pF The capacitor is connected to
a 230 V ac supply with a (angular) frequency of 300 rad s–1 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
214
(a)
What is the rms value of the conduction current (b)
Is the conduction current equal to the displacement current |
1 | 6516-6519 | The capacitor is connected to
a 230 V ac supply with a (angular) frequency of 300 rad s–1 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
214
(a)
What is the rms value of the conduction current (b)
Is the conduction current equal to the displacement current (c)
Determine the amplitude of B at a point 3 |
1 | 6517-6520 | Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
214
(a)
What is the rms value of the conduction current (b)
Is the conduction current equal to the displacement current (c)
Determine the amplitude of B at a point 3 0 cm from the axis
between the plates |
1 | 6518-6521 | (b)
Is the conduction current equal to the displacement current (c)
Determine the amplitude of B at a point 3 0 cm from the axis
between the plates FIGURE 8 |
1 | 6519-6522 | (c)
Determine the amplitude of B at a point 3 0 cm from the axis
between the plates FIGURE 8 6
8 |
1 | 6520-6523 | 0 cm from the axis
between the plates FIGURE 8 6
8 3
What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength
10–10 m, red light of wavelength 6800 Å and radiowaves of wavelength
500m |
1 | 6521-6524 | FIGURE 8 6
8 3
What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength
10–10 m, red light of wavelength 6800 Å and radiowaves of wavelength
500m 8 |
1 | 6522-6525 | 6
8 3
What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength
10–10 m, red light of wavelength 6800 Å and radiowaves of wavelength
500m 8 4
A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction |
1 | 6523-6526 | 3
What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength
10–10 m, red light of wavelength 6800 Å and radiowaves of wavelength
500m 8 4
A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction What can you say about the directions of its electric and magnetic
field vectors |
1 | 6524-6527 | 8 4
A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction What can you say about the directions of its electric and magnetic
field vectors If the frequency of the wave is 30 MHz, what is its
wavelength |
1 | 6525-6528 | 4
A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction What can you say about the directions of its electric and magnetic
field vectors If the frequency of the wave is 30 MHz, what is its
wavelength 8 |
1 | 6526-6529 | What can you say about the directions of its electric and magnetic
field vectors If the frequency of the wave is 30 MHz, what is its
wavelength 8 5
A radio can tune in to any station in the 7 |
1 | 6527-6530 | If the frequency of the wave is 30 MHz, what is its
wavelength 8 5
A radio can tune in to any station in the 7 5 MHz to 12 MHz band |
1 | 6528-6531 | 8 5
A radio can tune in to any station in the 7 5 MHz to 12 MHz band What is the corresponding wavelength band |
1 | 6529-6532 | 5
A radio can tune in to any station in the 7 5 MHz to 12 MHz band What is the corresponding wavelength band 8 |
1 | 6530-6533 | 5 MHz to 12 MHz band What is the corresponding wavelength band 8 6
A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position
with a frequency of 10 9 Hz |
1 | 6531-6534 | What is the corresponding wavelength band 8 6
A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position
with a frequency of 10 9 Hz What is the frequency of the
electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator |
1 | 6532-6535 | 8 6
A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position
with a frequency of 10 9 Hz What is the frequency of the
electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator 8 |
1 | 6533-6536 | 6
A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position
with a frequency of 10 9 Hz What is the frequency of the
electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator 8 7
The amplitude of the magnetic field part of a harmonic
electromagnetic wave in vacuum is B0 = 510 nT |
1 | 6534-6537 | What is the frequency of the
electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator 8 7
The amplitude of the magnetic field part of a harmonic
electromagnetic wave in vacuum is B0 = 510 nT What is the
amplitude of the electric field part of the wave |
1 | 6535-6538 | 8 7
The amplitude of the magnetic field part of a harmonic
electromagnetic wave in vacuum is B0 = 510 nT What is the
amplitude of the electric field part of the wave 8 |
1 | 6536-6539 | 7
The amplitude of the magnetic field part of a harmonic
electromagnetic wave in vacuum is B0 = 510 nT What is the
amplitude of the electric field part of the wave 8 8
Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave
is E0 = 120 N/C and that its frequency is n = 50 |
1 | 6537-6540 | What is the
amplitude of the electric field part of the wave 8 8
Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave
is E0 = 120 N/C and that its frequency is n = 50 0 MHz |
1 | 6538-6541 | 8 8
Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave
is E0 = 120 N/C and that its frequency is n = 50 0 MHz (a) Determine,
B0,w, k, and l |
1 | 6539-6542 | 8
Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave
is E0 = 120 N/C and that its frequency is n = 50 0 MHz (a) Determine,
B0,w, k, and l (b) Find expressions for E and B |
1 | 6540-6543 | 0 MHz (a) Determine,
B0,w, k, and l (b) Find expressions for E and B 8 |
1 | 6541-6544 | (a) Determine,
B0,w, k, and l (b) Find expressions for E and B 8 9
The terminology of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
is given in the text |
1 | 6542-6545 | (b) Find expressions for E and B 8 9
The terminology of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
is given in the text Use the formula E = hn (for energy of a quantum
of radiation: photon) and obtain the photon energy in units of eV for
different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum |
1 | 6543-6546 | 8 9
The terminology of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
is given in the text Use the formula E = hn (for energy of a quantum
of radiation: photon) and obtain the photon energy in units of eV for
different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum In what way are
the different scales of photon energies that you obtain related to the
sources of electromagnetic radiation |
1 | 6544-6547 | 9
The terminology of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
is given in the text Use the formula E = hn (for energy of a quantum
of radiation: photon) and obtain the photon energy in units of eV for
different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum In what way are
the different scales of photon energies that you obtain related to the
sources of electromagnetic radiation 8 |
1 | 6545-6548 | Use the formula E = hn (for energy of a quantum
of radiation: photon) and obtain the photon energy in units of eV for
different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum In what way are
the different scales of photon energies that you obtain related to the
sources of electromagnetic radiation 8 10
In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates
sinusoidally at a frequency of 2 |
1 | 6546-6549 | In what way are
the different scales of photon energies that you obtain related to the
sources of electromagnetic radiation 8 10
In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates
sinusoidally at a frequency of 2 0 × 1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V m–1 |
1 | 6547-6550 | 8 10
In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates
sinusoidally at a frequency of 2 0 × 1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V m–1 (a)
What is the wavelength of the wave |
1 | 6548-6551 | 10
In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates
sinusoidally at a frequency of 2 0 × 1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V m–1 (a)
What is the wavelength of the wave (b)
What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field |
1 | 6549-6552 | 0 × 1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V m–1 (a)
What is the wavelength of the wave (b)
What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field (c)
Show that the average energy density of the E field equals the
average energy density of the B field |
1 | 6550-6553 | (a)
What is the wavelength of the wave (b)
What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field (c)
Show that the average energy density of the E field equals the
average energy density of the B field [c = 3 × 108 m s–1 |
1 | 6551-6554 | (b)
What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field (c)
Show that the average energy density of the E field equals the
average energy density of the B field [c = 3 × 108 m s–1 ]
Rationalised 2023-24 |
9 | 1-4 | Chapter Nine
RAY OPTICS
AND OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
9 1 INTRODUCTION
Nature has endowed the human eye (retina) with the sensitivity to detect
electromagnetic waves within a small range of the electromagnetic
spectrum Electromagnetic radiation belonging to this region of the
spectrum (wavelength of about 400 nm to 750 nm) is called light It is
mainly through light and the sense of vision that we know and interpret
the world around us |
9 | 2-5 | 1 INTRODUCTION
Nature has endowed the human eye (retina) with the sensitivity to detect
electromagnetic waves within a small range of the electromagnetic
spectrum Electromagnetic radiation belonging to this region of the
spectrum (wavelength of about 400 nm to 750 nm) is called light It is
mainly through light and the sense of vision that we know and interpret
the world around us There are two things that we can intuitively mention about light from
common experience |
9 | 3-6 | Electromagnetic radiation belonging to this region of the
spectrum (wavelength of about 400 nm to 750 nm) is called light It is
mainly through light and the sense of vision that we know and interpret
the world around us There are two things that we can intuitively mention about light from
common experience First, that it travels with enormous speed and second,
that it travels in a straight line |
9 | 4-7 | It is
mainly through light and the sense of vision that we know and interpret
the world around us There are two things that we can intuitively mention about light from
common experience First, that it travels with enormous speed and second,
that it travels in a straight line It took some time for people to realise that
the speed of light is finite and measurable |
9 | 5-8 | There are two things that we can intuitively mention about light from
common experience First, that it travels with enormous speed and second,
that it travels in a straight line It took some time for people to realise that
the speed of light is finite and measurable Its presently accepted value
in vacuum is c = 2 |
9 | 6-9 | First, that it travels with enormous speed and second,
that it travels in a straight line It took some time for people to realise that
the speed of light is finite and measurable Its presently accepted value
in vacuum is c = 2 99792458 × 108 m s–1 |
9 | 7-10 | It took some time for people to realise that
the speed of light is finite and measurable Its presently accepted value
in vacuum is c = 2 99792458 × 108 m s–1 For many purposes, it suffices
to take c = 3 × 108 m s–1 |
9 | 8-11 | Its presently accepted value
in vacuum is c = 2 99792458 × 108 m s–1 For many purposes, it suffices
to take c = 3 × 108 m s–1 The speed of light in vacuum is the highest
speed attainable in nature |
9 | 9-12 | 99792458 × 108 m s–1 For many purposes, it suffices
to take c = 3 × 108 m s–1 The speed of light in vacuum is the highest
speed attainable in nature The intuitive notion that light travels in a straight line seems to
contradict what we have learnt in Chapter 8, that light is an
electromagnetic wave of wavelength belonging to the visible part of the
spectrum |
9 | 10-13 | For many purposes, it suffices
to take c = 3 × 108 m s–1 The speed of light in vacuum is the highest
speed attainable in nature The intuitive notion that light travels in a straight line seems to
contradict what we have learnt in Chapter 8, that light is an
electromagnetic wave of wavelength belonging to the visible part of the
spectrum How to reconcile the two facts |
9 | 11-14 | The speed of light in vacuum is the highest
speed attainable in nature The intuitive notion that light travels in a straight line seems to
contradict what we have learnt in Chapter 8, that light is an
electromagnetic wave of wavelength belonging to the visible part of the
spectrum How to reconcile the two facts The answer is that the
wavelength of light is very small compared to the size of ordinary objects
that we encounter commonly (generally of the order of a few cm or larger) |
9 | 12-15 | The intuitive notion that light travels in a straight line seems to
contradict what we have learnt in Chapter 8, that light is an
electromagnetic wave of wavelength belonging to the visible part of the
spectrum How to reconcile the two facts The answer is that the
wavelength of light is very small compared to the size of ordinary objects
that we encounter commonly (generally of the order of a few cm or larger) In this situation, as you will learn in Chapter 10, a light wave can be
considered to travel from one point to another, along a straight line joining
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
222
FIGURE 9 |
9 | 13-16 | How to reconcile the two facts The answer is that the
wavelength of light is very small compared to the size of ordinary objects
that we encounter commonly (generally of the order of a few cm or larger) In this situation, as you will learn in Chapter 10, a light wave can be
considered to travel from one point to another, along a straight line joining
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
222
FIGURE 9 1 The incident ray, reflected ray
and the normal to the reflecting surface lie
in the same plane |
9 | 14-17 | The answer is that the
wavelength of light is very small compared to the size of ordinary objects
that we encounter commonly (generally of the order of a few cm or larger) In this situation, as you will learn in Chapter 10, a light wave can be
considered to travel from one point to another, along a straight line joining
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
222
FIGURE 9 1 The incident ray, reflected ray
and the normal to the reflecting surface lie
in the same plane FIGURE 9 |
9 | 15-18 | In this situation, as you will learn in Chapter 10, a light wave can be
considered to travel from one point to another, along a straight line joining
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
222
FIGURE 9 1 The incident ray, reflected ray
and the normal to the reflecting surface lie
in the same plane FIGURE 9 2 The Cartesian Sign Convention |
9 | 16-19 | 1 The incident ray, reflected ray
and the normal to the reflecting surface lie
in the same plane FIGURE 9 2 The Cartesian Sign Convention them |
9 | 17-20 | FIGURE 9 2 The Cartesian Sign Convention them The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays
constitutes a beam of light |
9 | 18-21 | 2 The Cartesian Sign Convention them The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays
constitutes a beam of light In this chapter, we consider the phenomena of reflection, refraction
and dispersion of light, using the ray picture of light |
9 | 19-22 | them The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays
constitutes a beam of light In this chapter, we consider the phenomena of reflection, refraction
and dispersion of light, using the ray picture of light Using the basic
laws of reflection and refraction, we shall study the image formation by
plane and spherical reflecting and refracting surfaces |
9 | 20-23 | The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays
constitutes a beam of light In this chapter, we consider the phenomena of reflection, refraction
and dispersion of light, using the ray picture of light Using the basic
laws of reflection and refraction, we shall study the image formation by
plane and spherical reflecting and refracting surfaces We then go on to
describe the construction and working of some important optical
instruments, including the human eye |
9 | 21-24 | In this chapter, we consider the phenomena of reflection, refraction
and dispersion of light, using the ray picture of light Using the basic
laws of reflection and refraction, we shall study the image formation by
plane and spherical reflecting and refracting surfaces We then go on to
describe the construction and working of some important optical
instruments, including the human eye 9 |
9 | 22-25 | Using the basic
laws of reflection and refraction, we shall study the image formation by
plane and spherical reflecting and refracting surfaces We then go on to
describe the construction and working of some important optical
instruments, including the human eye 9 2 REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
We are familiar with the laws of reflection |
9 | 23-26 | We then go on to
describe the construction and working of some important optical
instruments, including the human eye 9 2 REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
We are familiar with the laws of reflection The
angle of reflection (i |
9 | 24-27 | 9 2 REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
We are familiar with the laws of reflection The
angle of reflection (i e |
9 | 25-28 | 2 REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
We are familiar with the laws of reflection The
angle of reflection (i e , the angle between reflected
ray and the normal to the reflecting surface or
the mirror) equals the angle of incidence (angle
between incident ray and the normal) |
9 | 26-29 | The
angle of reflection (i e , the angle between reflected
ray and the normal to the reflecting surface or
the mirror) equals the angle of incidence (angle
between incident ray and the normal) Also that
the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to
the reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie
in the same plane (Fig |
9 | 27-30 | e , the angle between reflected
ray and the normal to the reflecting surface or
the mirror) equals the angle of incidence (angle
between incident ray and the normal) Also that
the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to
the reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie
in the same plane (Fig 9 |
9 | 28-31 | , the angle between reflected
ray and the normal to the reflecting surface or
the mirror) equals the angle of incidence (angle
between incident ray and the normal) Also that
the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to
the reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie
in the same plane (Fig 9 1) |
9 | 29-32 | Also that
the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to
the reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie
in the same plane (Fig 9 1) These laws are valid
at each point on any reflecting surface whether
plane or curved |
9 | 30-33 | 9 1) These laws are valid
at each point on any reflecting surface whether
plane or curved However, we shall restrict our
discussion to the special case of curved surfaces,
that is, spherical surfaces |
9 | 31-34 | 1) These laws are valid
at each point on any reflecting surface whether
plane or curved However, we shall restrict our
discussion to the special case of curved surfaces,
that is, spherical surfaces The normal in this case
is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface
at the point of incidence |
9 | 32-35 | These laws are valid
at each point on any reflecting surface whether
plane or curved However, we shall restrict our
discussion to the special case of curved surfaces,
that is, spherical surfaces The normal in this case
is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface
at the point of incidence That is, the normal is
along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to
the point of incidence |
9 | 33-36 | However, we shall restrict our
discussion to the special case of curved surfaces,
that is, spherical surfaces The normal in this case
is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface
at the point of incidence That is, the normal is
along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to
the point of incidence We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror
is called its pole while that of a spherical lens is called its optical centre |
9 | 34-37 | The normal in this case
is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface
at the point of incidence That is, the normal is
along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to
the point of incidence We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror
is called its pole while that of a spherical lens is called its optical centre The line joining the pole and the centre of curvature of the spherical
mirror is known as the principal axis |
9 | 35-38 | That is, the normal is
along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to
the point of incidence We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror
is called its pole while that of a spherical lens is called its optical centre The line joining the pole and the centre of curvature of the spherical
mirror is known as the principal axis In the case of spherical lenses, the
principal axis is the line joining the optical centre with its principal focus
as you will see later |
9 | 36-39 | We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror
is called its pole while that of a spherical lens is called its optical centre The line joining the pole and the centre of curvature of the spherical
mirror is known as the principal axis In the case of spherical lenses, the
principal axis is the line joining the optical centre with its principal focus
as you will see later 9 |
9 | 37-40 | The line joining the pole and the centre of curvature of the spherical
mirror is known as the principal axis In the case of spherical lenses, the
principal axis is the line joining the optical centre with its principal focus
as you will see later 9 2 |
9 | 38-41 | In the case of spherical lenses, the
principal axis is the line joining the optical centre with its principal focus
as you will see later 9 2 1 Sign convention
To derive the relevant formulae for
reflection by spherical mirrors and
refraction by spherical lenses, we must
first adopt a sign convention for
measuring distances |
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