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9 | 239-242 | For example,
turpentine and water Mass density of
turpentine is less than that of water but
its optical density is higher If n 21 is the refractive index of medium 2 with
respect to medium 1 and n12 the refractive index
of medium 1 with respect to medium 2, then it
should be clear that
12
21
1
n
=n
(9 11)
It also follows that if n 32 is the refractive index
of medium 3 with respect to medium 2 then n 32 =
n 31 × n 12, where n 31 is the refractive index of
medium 3 with respect to medium 1 |
9 | 240-243 | Mass density of
turpentine is less than that of water but
its optical density is higher If n 21 is the refractive index of medium 2 with
respect to medium 1 and n12 the refractive index
of medium 1 with respect to medium 2, then it
should be clear that
12
21
1
n
=n
(9 11)
It also follows that if n 32 is the refractive index
of medium 3 with respect to medium 2 then n 32 =
n 31 × n 12, where n 31 is the refractive index of
medium 3 with respect to medium 1 Some elementary results based on the laws of
refraction follow immediately |
9 | 241-244 | If n 21 is the refractive index of medium 2 with
respect to medium 1 and n12 the refractive index
of medium 1 with respect to medium 2, then it
should be clear that
12
21
1
n
=n
(9 11)
It also follows that if n 32 is the refractive index
of medium 3 with respect to medium 2 then n 32 =
n 31 × n 12, where n 31 is the refractive index of
medium 3 with respect to medium 1 Some elementary results based on the laws of
refraction follow immediately For a rectangular
slab, refraction takes place at two interfaces (air-
glass and glass-air) |
9 | 242-245 | 11)
It also follows that if n 32 is the refractive index
of medium 3 with respect to medium 2 then n 32 =
n 31 × n 12, where n 31 is the refractive index of
medium 3 with respect to medium 1 Some elementary results based on the laws of
refraction follow immediately For a rectangular
slab, refraction takes place at two interfaces (air-
glass and glass-air) It is easily seen from Fig |
9 | 243-246 | Some elementary results based on the laws of
refraction follow immediately For a rectangular
slab, refraction takes place at two interfaces (air-
glass and glass-air) It is easily seen from Fig 9 |
9 | 244-247 | For a rectangular
slab, refraction takes place at two interfaces (air-
glass and glass-air) It is easily seen from Fig 9 9
that r2 = i1, i |
9 | 245-248 | It is easily seen from Fig 9 9
that r2 = i1, i e |
9 | 246-249 | 9 9
that r2 = i1, i e , the emergent ray is parallel to the
incident ray—there is no deviation, but it does
suffer lateral displacement/shift with respect to the
incident ray |
9 | 247-250 | 9
that r2 = i1, i e , the emergent ray is parallel to the
incident ray—there is no deviation, but it does
suffer lateral displacement/shift with respect to the
incident ray Another familiar observation is that
the bottom of a tank filled with water appears to be
raised (Fig |
9 | 248-251 | e , the emergent ray is parallel to the
incident ray—there is no deviation, but it does
suffer lateral displacement/shift with respect to the
incident ray Another familiar observation is that
the bottom of a tank filled with water appears to be
raised (Fig 9 |
9 | 249-252 | , the emergent ray is parallel to the
incident ray—there is no deviation, but it does
suffer lateral displacement/shift with respect to the
incident ray Another familiar observation is that
the bottom of a tank filled with water appears to be
raised (Fig 9 10) |
9 | 250-253 | Another familiar observation is that
the bottom of a tank filled with water appears to be
raised (Fig 9 10) For viewing near the normal direction, it can be shown
that the apparent depth (h1) is real depth (h 2) divided by the refractive
index of the medium (water) |
9 | 251-254 | 9 10) For viewing near the normal direction, it can be shown
that the apparent depth (h1) is real depth (h 2) divided by the refractive
index of the medium (water) 9 |
9 | 252-255 | 10) For viewing near the normal direction, it can be shown
that the apparent depth (h1) is real depth (h 2) divided by the refractive
index of the medium (water) 9 4 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium
at the interface, it is partly reflected back into the same medium and
partly refracted to the second medium |
9 | 253-256 | For viewing near the normal direction, it can be shown
that the apparent depth (h1) is real depth (h 2) divided by the refractive
index of the medium (water) 9 4 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium
at the interface, it is partly reflected back into the same medium and
partly refracted to the second medium This reflection is called the internal
reflection |
9 | 254-257 | 9 4 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium
at the interface, it is partly reflected back into the same medium and
partly refracted to the second medium This reflection is called the internal
reflection When a ray of light enters from a denser medium to a rarer medium,
it bends away from the normal, for example, the ray AO1 B in Fig |
9 | 255-258 | 4 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium
at the interface, it is partly reflected back into the same medium and
partly refracted to the second medium This reflection is called the internal
reflection When a ray of light enters from a denser medium to a rarer medium,
it bends away from the normal, for example, the ray AO1 B in Fig 9 |
9 | 256-259 | This reflection is called the internal
reflection When a ray of light enters from a denser medium to a rarer medium,
it bends away from the normal, for example, the ray AO1 B in Fig 9 11 |
9 | 257-260 | When a ray of light enters from a denser medium to a rarer medium,
it bends away from the normal, for example, the ray AO1 B in Fig 9 11 The incident ray AO1 is partially reflected (O1C) and partially transmitted
(O1B) or refracted, the angle of refraction (r) being larger than the angle of
incidence (i) |
9 | 258-261 | 9 11 The incident ray AO1 is partially reflected (O1C) and partially transmitted
(O1B) or refracted, the angle of refraction (r) being larger than the angle of
incidence (i) As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of
FIGURE 9 |
9 | 259-262 | 11 The incident ray AO1 is partially reflected (O1C) and partially transmitted
(O1B) or refracted, the angle of refraction (r) being larger than the angle of
incidence (i) As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of
FIGURE 9 10 Apparent depth for
(a) normal, and (b) oblique viewing |
9 | 260-263 | The incident ray AO1 is partially reflected (O1C) and partially transmitted
(O1B) or refracted, the angle of refraction (r) being larger than the angle of
incidence (i) As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of
FIGURE 9 10 Apparent depth for
(a) normal, and (b) oblique viewing FIGURE 9 |
9 | 261-264 | As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of
FIGURE 9 10 Apparent depth for
(a) normal, and (b) oblique viewing FIGURE 9 9 Lateral shift of a ray refracted
through a parallel-sided slab |
9 | 262-265 | 10 Apparent depth for
(a) normal, and (b) oblique viewing FIGURE 9 9 Lateral shift of a ray refracted
through a parallel-sided slab Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
230
refraction, till for the ray AO3, the angle of
refraction is p/2 |
9 | 263-266 | FIGURE 9 9 Lateral shift of a ray refracted
through a parallel-sided slab Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
230
refraction, till for the ray AO3, the angle of
refraction is p/2 The refracted ray is bent
so much away from the normal that it
grazes the surface at the interface between
the two media |
9 | 264-267 | 9 Lateral shift of a ray refracted
through a parallel-sided slab Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
230
refraction, till for the ray AO3, the angle of
refraction is p/2 The refracted ray is bent
so much away from the normal that it
grazes the surface at the interface between
the two media This is shown by the ray
AO3 D in Fig |
9 | 265-268 | Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
230
refraction, till for the ray AO3, the angle of
refraction is p/2 The refracted ray is bent
so much away from the normal that it
grazes the surface at the interface between
the two media This is shown by the ray
AO3 D in Fig 9 |
9 | 266-269 | The refracted ray is bent
so much away from the normal that it
grazes the surface at the interface between
the two media This is shown by the ray
AO3 D in Fig 9 11 |
9 | 267-270 | This is shown by the ray
AO3 D in Fig 9 11 If the angle of incidence
is increased still further (e |
9 | 268-271 | 9 11 If the angle of incidence
is increased still further (e g |
9 | 269-272 | 11 If the angle of incidence
is increased still further (e g , the ray AO4),
refraction is not possible, and the incident
ray is totally reflected |
9 | 270-273 | If the angle of incidence
is increased still further (e g , the ray AO4),
refraction is not possible, and the incident
ray is totally reflected This is called total
internal reflection |
9 | 271-274 | g , the ray AO4),
refraction is not possible, and the incident
ray is totally reflected This is called total
internal reflection When light gets
reflected by a surface, normally some
fraction of it gets transmitted |
9 | 272-275 | , the ray AO4),
refraction is not possible, and the incident
ray is totally reflected This is called total
internal reflection When light gets
reflected by a surface, normally some
fraction of it gets transmitted The
reflected ray, therefore, is always less
intense than the incident ray, howsoever
smooth the reflecting surface may be |
9 | 273-276 | This is called total
internal reflection When light gets
reflected by a surface, normally some
fraction of it gets transmitted The
reflected ray, therefore, is always less
intense than the incident ray, howsoever
smooth the reflecting surface may be In
total internal reflection, on the other hand,
no transmission of light takes place |
9 | 274-277 | When light gets
reflected by a surface, normally some
fraction of it gets transmitted The
reflected ray, therefore, is always less
intense than the incident ray, howsoever
smooth the reflecting surface may be In
total internal reflection, on the other hand,
no transmission of light takes place The angle of incidence corresponding to an angle of refraction 90°,
say ÐAO3N, is called the critical angle (ic ) for the given pair of media |
9 | 275-278 | The
reflected ray, therefore, is always less
intense than the incident ray, howsoever
smooth the reflecting surface may be In
total internal reflection, on the other hand,
no transmission of light takes place The angle of incidence corresponding to an angle of refraction 90°,
say ÐAO3N, is called the critical angle (ic ) for the given pair of media We
see from Snell’s law [Eq |
9 | 276-279 | In
total internal reflection, on the other hand,
no transmission of light takes place The angle of incidence corresponding to an angle of refraction 90°,
say ÐAO3N, is called the critical angle (ic ) for the given pair of media We
see from Snell’s law [Eq (9 |
9 | 277-280 | The angle of incidence corresponding to an angle of refraction 90°,
say ÐAO3N, is called the critical angle (ic ) for the given pair of media We
see from Snell’s law [Eq (9 10)] that if the relative refractive index of the
refracting medium is less than one then, since the maximum value of sin
r is unity, there is an upper limit to the value of sin i for which the law
can be satisfied, that is, i = ic such that
sin ic = n 21
(9 |
9 | 278-281 | We
see from Snell’s law [Eq (9 10)] that if the relative refractive index of the
refracting medium is less than one then, since the maximum value of sin
r is unity, there is an upper limit to the value of sin i for which the law
can be satisfied, that is, i = ic such that
sin ic = n 21
(9 12)
For values of i larger than ic, Snell’s law of refraction cannot be
satisfied, and hence no refraction is possible |
9 | 279-282 | (9 10)] that if the relative refractive index of the
refracting medium is less than one then, since the maximum value of sin
r is unity, there is an upper limit to the value of sin i for which the law
can be satisfied, that is, i = ic such that
sin ic = n 21
(9 12)
For values of i larger than ic, Snell’s law of refraction cannot be
satisfied, and hence no refraction is possible The refractive index of denser medium 1 with respect to rarer medium
2 will be n12 = 1/sinic |
9 | 280-283 | 10)] that if the relative refractive index of the
refracting medium is less than one then, since the maximum value of sin
r is unity, there is an upper limit to the value of sin i for which the law
can be satisfied, that is, i = ic such that
sin ic = n 21
(9 12)
For values of i larger than ic, Snell’s law of refraction cannot be
satisfied, and hence no refraction is possible The refractive index of denser medium 1 with respect to rarer medium
2 will be n12 = 1/sinic Some typical critical angles are listed in Table 9 |
9 | 281-284 | 12)
For values of i larger than ic, Snell’s law of refraction cannot be
satisfied, and hence no refraction is possible The refractive index of denser medium 1 with respect to rarer medium
2 will be n12 = 1/sinic Some typical critical angles are listed in Table 9 1 |
9 | 282-285 | The refractive index of denser medium 1 with respect to rarer medium
2 will be n12 = 1/sinic Some typical critical angles are listed in Table 9 1 FIGURE 9 |
9 | 283-286 | Some typical critical angles are listed in Table 9 1 FIGURE 9 11 Refraction and internal reflection
of rays from a point A in the denser medium
(water) incident at different angles at the interface
with a rarer medium (air) |
9 | 284-287 | 1 FIGURE 9 11 Refraction and internal reflection
of rays from a point A in the denser medium
(water) incident at different angles at the interface
with a rarer medium (air) A demonstration for total internal reflection
All optical phenomena can be demonstrated very easily with the use of a
laser torch or pointer, which is easily available nowadays |
9 | 285-288 | FIGURE 9 11 Refraction and internal reflection
of rays from a point A in the denser medium
(water) incident at different angles at the interface
with a rarer medium (air) A demonstration for total internal reflection
All optical phenomena can be demonstrated very easily with the use of a
laser torch or pointer, which is easily available nowadays Take a glass
beaker with clear water in it |
9 | 286-289 | 11 Refraction and internal reflection
of rays from a point A in the denser medium
(water) incident at different angles at the interface
with a rarer medium (air) A demonstration for total internal reflection
All optical phenomena can be demonstrated very easily with the use of a
laser torch or pointer, which is easily available nowadays Take a glass
beaker with clear water in it Add a few drops of milk or any other
suspension to water and stir so that water becomes a little turbid |
9 | 287-290 | A demonstration for total internal reflection
All optical phenomena can be demonstrated very easily with the use of a
laser torch or pointer, which is easily available nowadays Take a glass
beaker with clear water in it Add a few drops of milk or any other
suspension to water and stir so that water becomes a little turbid Take
a laser pointer and shine its beam through the turbid water |
9 | 288-291 | Take a glass
beaker with clear water in it Add a few drops of milk or any other
suspension to water and stir so that water becomes a little turbid Take
a laser pointer and shine its beam through the turbid water You will
find that the path of the beam inside the water shines brightly |
9 | 289-292 | Add a few drops of milk or any other
suspension to water and stir so that water becomes a little turbid Take
a laser pointer and shine its beam through the turbid water You will
find that the path of the beam inside the water shines brightly TABLE 9 |
9 | 290-293 | Take
a laser pointer and shine its beam through the turbid water You will
find that the path of the beam inside the water shines brightly TABLE 9 1 CRITICAL ANGLE OF SOME TRANSPARENT MEDIA WITH RESPECT TO AIR
Substance medium
Refractive index
Critical angle
Water
1 |
9 | 291-294 | You will
find that the path of the beam inside the water shines brightly TABLE 9 1 CRITICAL ANGLE OF SOME TRANSPARENT MEDIA WITH RESPECT TO AIR
Substance medium
Refractive index
Critical angle
Water
1 33
48 |
9 | 292-295 | TABLE 9 1 CRITICAL ANGLE OF SOME TRANSPARENT MEDIA WITH RESPECT TO AIR
Substance medium
Refractive index
Critical angle
Water
1 33
48 75
Crown glass
1 |
9 | 293-296 | 1 CRITICAL ANGLE OF SOME TRANSPARENT MEDIA WITH RESPECT TO AIR
Substance medium
Refractive index
Critical angle
Water
1 33
48 75
Crown glass
1 52
41 |
9 | 294-297 | 33
48 75
Crown glass
1 52
41 14
Dense flint glass
1 |
9 | 295-298 | 75
Crown glass
1 52
41 14
Dense flint glass
1 62
37 |
9 | 296-299 | 52
41 14
Dense flint glass
1 62
37 31
Diamond
2 |
9 | 297-300 | 14
Dense flint glass
1 62
37 31
Diamond
2 42
24 |
9 | 298-301 | 62
37 31
Diamond
2 42
24 41
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
231
Shine the beam from below the beaker such that it strikes at the
upper water surface at the other end |
9 | 299-302 | 31
Diamond
2 42
24 41
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
231
Shine the beam from below the beaker such that it strikes at the
upper water surface at the other end Do you find that it undergoes partial
reflection (which is seen as a spot on the table below) and partial refraction
[which comes out in the air and is seen as a spot on the roof; Fig |
9 | 300-303 | 42
24 41
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
231
Shine the beam from below the beaker such that it strikes at the
upper water surface at the other end Do you find that it undergoes partial
reflection (which is seen as a spot on the table below) and partial refraction
[which comes out in the air and is seen as a spot on the roof; Fig 9 |
9 | 301-304 | 41
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
231
Shine the beam from below the beaker such that it strikes at the
upper water surface at the other end Do you find that it undergoes partial
reflection (which is seen as a spot on the table below) and partial refraction
[which comes out in the air and is seen as a spot on the roof; Fig 9 12(a)] |
9 | 302-305 | Do you find that it undergoes partial
reflection (which is seen as a spot on the table below) and partial refraction
[which comes out in the air and is seen as a spot on the roof; Fig 9 12(a)] Now direct the laser beam from one side of the beaker such that it strikes
the upper surface of water more obliquely [Fig |
9 | 303-306 | 9 12(a)] Now direct the laser beam from one side of the beaker such that it strikes
the upper surface of water more obliquely [Fig 9 |
9 | 304-307 | 12(a)] Now direct the laser beam from one side of the beaker such that it strikes
the upper surface of water more obliquely [Fig 9 12(b)] |
9 | 305-308 | Now direct the laser beam from one side of the beaker such that it strikes
the upper surface of water more obliquely [Fig 9 12(b)] Adjust the
direction of laser beam until you find the angle for which the refraction
above the water surface is totally absent and the beam is totally reflected
back to water |
9 | 306-309 | 9 12(b)] Adjust the
direction of laser beam until you find the angle for which the refraction
above the water surface is totally absent and the beam is totally reflected
back to water This is total internal reflection at its simplest |
9 | 307-310 | 12(b)] Adjust the
direction of laser beam until you find the angle for which the refraction
above the water surface is totally absent and the beam is totally reflected
back to water This is total internal reflection at its simplest Pour this water in a long test tube and shine the laser light from top,
as shown in Fig |
9 | 308-311 | Adjust the
direction of laser beam until you find the angle for which the refraction
above the water surface is totally absent and the beam is totally reflected
back to water This is total internal reflection at its simplest Pour this water in a long test tube and shine the laser light from top,
as shown in Fig 9 |
9 | 309-312 | This is total internal reflection at its simplest Pour this water in a long test tube and shine the laser light from top,
as shown in Fig 9 12(c) |
9 | 310-313 | Pour this water in a long test tube and shine the laser light from top,
as shown in Fig 9 12(c) Adjust the direction of the laser beam such that
it is totally internally reflected every time it strikes the walls of the tube |
9 | 311-314 | 9 12(c) Adjust the direction of the laser beam such that
it is totally internally reflected every time it strikes the walls of the tube This is similar to what happens in optical fibres |
9 | 312-315 | 12(c) Adjust the direction of the laser beam such that
it is totally internally reflected every time it strikes the walls of the tube This is similar to what happens in optical fibres Take care not to look into the laser beam directly and not to point it
at anybody’s face |
9 | 313-316 | Adjust the direction of the laser beam such that
it is totally internally reflected every time it strikes the walls of the tube This is similar to what happens in optical fibres Take care not to look into the laser beam directly and not to point it
at anybody’s face 9 |
9 | 314-317 | This is similar to what happens in optical fibres Take care not to look into the laser beam directly and not to point it
at anybody’s face 9 4 |
9 | 315-318 | Take care not to look into the laser beam directly and not to point it
at anybody’s face 9 4 1 Total internal reflection in nature and
its technelogical applications
(i)
Prism: Prisms designed to bend light by 90° or by 180° make use of
total internal reflection [Fig |
9 | 316-319 | 9 4 1 Total internal reflection in nature and
its technelogical applications
(i)
Prism: Prisms designed to bend light by 90° or by 180° make use of
total internal reflection [Fig 9 |
9 | 317-320 | 4 1 Total internal reflection in nature and
its technelogical applications
(i)
Prism: Prisms designed to bend light by 90° or by 180° make use of
total internal reflection [Fig 9 13(a) and (b)] |
9 | 318-321 | 1 Total internal reflection in nature and
its technelogical applications
(i)
Prism: Prisms designed to bend light by 90° or by 180° make use of
total internal reflection [Fig 9 13(a) and (b)] Such a prism is also
used to invert images without chxanging their size [Fig |
9 | 319-322 | 9 13(a) and (b)] Such a prism is also
used to invert images without chxanging their size [Fig 9 |
9 | 320-323 | 13(a) and (b)] Such a prism is also
used to invert images without chxanging their size [Fig 9 13(c)] |
9 | 321-324 | Such a prism is also
used to invert images without chxanging their size [Fig 9 13(c)] In the first two cases, the critical angle ic for the material of the prism
must be less than 45° |
9 | 322-325 | 9 13(c)] In the first two cases, the critical angle ic for the material of the prism
must be less than 45° We see from Table 9 |
9 | 323-326 | 13(c)] In the first two cases, the critical angle ic for the material of the prism
must be less than 45° We see from Table 9 1 that this is true for both
crown glass and dense flint glass |
9 | 324-327 | In the first two cases, the critical angle ic for the material of the prism
must be less than 45° We see from Table 9 1 that this is true for both
crown glass and dense flint glass (ii) Optical fibres: Nowadays optical fibres are extensively used for
transmitting audio and video signals through long distances |
9 | 325-328 | We see from Table 9 1 that this is true for both
crown glass and dense flint glass (ii) Optical fibres: Nowadays optical fibres are extensively used for
transmitting audio and video signals through long distances Optical
fibres too make use of the phenomenon of total internal reflection |
9 | 326-329 | 1 that this is true for both
crown glass and dense flint glass (ii) Optical fibres: Nowadays optical fibres are extensively used for
transmitting audio and video signals through long distances Optical
fibres too make use of the phenomenon of total internal reflection Optical fibres are fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz
fibres |
9 | 327-330 | (ii) Optical fibres: Nowadays optical fibres are extensively used for
transmitting audio and video signals through long distances Optical
fibres too make use of the phenomenon of total internal reflection Optical fibres are fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz
fibres Each fibre consists of a core and
cladding |
9 | 328-331 | Optical
fibres too make use of the phenomenon of total internal reflection Optical fibres are fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz
fibres Each fibre consists of a core and
cladding The refractive index of the
material of the core is higher than that
of the cladding |
9 | 329-332 | Optical fibres are fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz
fibres Each fibre consists of a core and
cladding The refractive index of the
material of the core is higher than that
of the cladding When a signal in the form of light is
directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable
angle, it undergoes repeated total internal
reflections along the length of the fibre and
finally comes out at the other end (Fig |
9 | 330-333 | Each fibre consists of a core and
cladding The refractive index of the
material of the core is higher than that
of the cladding When a signal in the form of light is
directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable
angle, it undergoes repeated total internal
reflections along the length of the fibre and
finally comes out at the other end (Fig 9 |
9 | 331-334 | The refractive index of the
material of the core is higher than that
of the cladding When a signal in the form of light is
directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable
angle, it undergoes repeated total internal
reflections along the length of the fibre and
finally comes out at the other end (Fig 9 14) |
9 | 332-335 | When a signal in the form of light is
directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable
angle, it undergoes repeated total internal
reflections along the length of the fibre and
finally comes out at the other end (Fig 9 14) Since light undergoes total internal
reflection at each stage, there is no
appreciable loss in the intensity of the light
signal |
9 | 333-336 | 9 14) Since light undergoes total internal
reflection at each stage, there is no
appreciable loss in the intensity of the light
signal Optical fibres are fabricated such
that light reflected at one side of inner
surface strikes the other at an angle larger
than the critical angle |
9 | 334-337 | 14) Since light undergoes total internal
reflection at each stage, there is no
appreciable loss in the intensity of the light
signal Optical fibres are fabricated such
that light reflected at one side of inner
surface strikes the other at an angle larger
than the critical angle Even if the fibre is
bent, light can easily travel along its length |
9 | 335-338 | Since light undergoes total internal
reflection at each stage, there is no
appreciable loss in the intensity of the light
signal Optical fibres are fabricated such
that light reflected at one side of inner
surface strikes the other at an angle larger
than the critical angle Even if the fibre is
bent, light can easily travel along its length Thus, an optical fibre can be used to act as
an optical pipe |
9 | 336-339 | Optical fibres are fabricated such
that light reflected at one side of inner
surface strikes the other at an angle larger
than the critical angle Even if the fibre is
bent, light can easily travel along its length Thus, an optical fibre can be used to act as
an optical pipe A bundle of optical fibres can be put to
several uses |
9 | 337-340 | Even if the fibre is
bent, light can easily travel along its length Thus, an optical fibre can be used to act as
an optical pipe A bundle of optical fibres can be put to
several uses Optical fibres are extensively
used for transmitting and receiving
FIGURE 9 |
9 | 338-341 | Thus, an optical fibre can be used to act as
an optical pipe A bundle of optical fibres can be put to
several uses Optical fibres are extensively
used for transmitting and receiving
FIGURE 9 12
Observing total internal
reflection in water with
a laser beam (refraction
due to glass of beaker
neglected being very
thin) |
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