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9 | 539-542 | 2 cm 9 5 4 Combination of thin lenses in contact
Consider two lenses A and B of focal length f1 and
f2 placed in contact with each other |
9 | 540-543 | 9 5 4 Combination of thin lenses in contact
Consider two lenses A and B of focal length f1 and
f2 placed in contact with each other Let the object
be placed at a point O beyond the focus of the first
lens A (Fig |
9 | 541-544 | 5 4 Combination of thin lenses in contact
Consider two lenses A and B of focal length f1 and
f2 placed in contact with each other Let the object
be placed at a point O beyond the focus of the first
lens A (Fig 9 |
9 | 542-545 | 4 Combination of thin lenses in contact
Consider two lenses A and B of focal length f1 and
f2 placed in contact with each other Let the object
be placed at a point O beyond the focus of the first
lens A (Fig 9 19) |
9 | 543-546 | Let the object
be placed at a point O beyond the focus of the first
lens A (Fig 9 19) The first lens produces an image
at I1 |
9 | 544-547 | 9 19) The first lens produces an image
at I1 Since image I1 is real, it serves as a virtual
object for the second lens B, producing the final
image at I |
9 | 545-548 | 19) The first lens produces an image
at I1 Since image I1 is real, it serves as a virtual
object for the second lens B, producing the final
image at I It must, however, be borne in mind that
formation of image by the first lens is presumed
only to facilitate determination of the position of the
final image |
9 | 546-549 | The first lens produces an image
at I1 Since image I1 is real, it serves as a virtual
object for the second lens B, producing the final
image at I It must, however, be borne in mind that
formation of image by the first lens is presumed
only to facilitate determination of the position of the
final image In fact, the direction of rays emerging
from the first lens gets modified in accordance with
the angle at which they strike the second lens |
9 | 547-550 | Since image I1 is real, it serves as a virtual
object for the second lens B, producing the final
image at I It must, however, be borne in mind that
formation of image by the first lens is presumed
only to facilitate determination of the position of the
final image In fact, the direction of rays emerging
from the first lens gets modified in accordance with
the angle at which they strike the second lens Since the lenses are thin,
we assume the optical centres of the lenses to be coincident |
9 | 548-551 | It must, however, be borne in mind that
formation of image by the first lens is presumed
only to facilitate determination of the position of the
final image In fact, the direction of rays emerging
from the first lens gets modified in accordance with
the angle at which they strike the second lens Since the lenses are thin,
we assume the optical centres of the lenses to be coincident Let this
central point be denoted by P |
9 | 549-552 | In fact, the direction of rays emerging
from the first lens gets modified in accordance with
the angle at which they strike the second lens Since the lenses are thin,
we assume the optical centres of the lenses to be coincident Let this
central point be denoted by P For the image formed by the first lens A, we get
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
(9 |
9 | 550-553 | Since the lenses are thin,
we assume the optical centres of the lenses to be coincident Let this
central point be denoted by P For the image formed by the first lens A, we get
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
(9 27)
For the image formed by the second lens B, we get
1
2
1
1
1
v
v
f
−
=
(9 |
9 | 551-554 | Let this
central point be denoted by P For the image formed by the first lens A, we get
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
(9 27)
For the image formed by the second lens B, we get
1
2
1
1
1
v
v
f
−
=
(9 28)
Adding Eqs |
9 | 552-555 | For the image formed by the first lens A, we get
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
(9 27)
For the image formed by the second lens B, we get
1
2
1
1
1
v
v
f
−
=
(9 28)
Adding Eqs (9 |
9 | 553-556 | 27)
For the image formed by the second lens B, we get
1
2
1
1
1
v
v
f
−
=
(9 28)
Adding Eqs (9 27) and (9 |
9 | 554-557 | 28)
Adding Eqs (9 27) and (9 28), we get
1
2
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
f
−
=
+
(9 |
9 | 555-558 | (9 27) and (9 28), we get
1
2
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
f
−
=
+
(9 29)
If the two lens-system is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of
focal length f, we have
FIGURE 9 |
9 | 556-559 | 27) and (9 28), we get
1
2
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
f
−
=
+
(9 29)
If the two lens-system is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of
focal length f, we have
FIGURE 9 19 Image formation by a
combination of two thin lenses in contact |
9 | 557-560 | 28), we get
1
2
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
f
−
=
+
(9 29)
If the two lens-system is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of
focal length f, we have
FIGURE 9 19 Image formation by a
combination of two thin lenses in contact EXAMPLE 9 |
9 | 558-561 | 29)
If the two lens-system is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of
focal length f, we have
FIGURE 9 19 Image formation by a
combination of two thin lenses in contact EXAMPLE 9 7
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
238
EXAMPLE 9 |
9 | 559-562 | 19 Image formation by a
combination of two thin lenses in contact EXAMPLE 9 7
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
238
EXAMPLE 9 8
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
so that we get
1
2
1
1
1
f
f
f
=
+
(9 |
9 | 560-563 | EXAMPLE 9 7
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
238
EXAMPLE 9 8
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
so that we get
1
2
1
1
1
f
f
f
=
+
(9 30)
The derivation is valid for any number of thin lenses in contact |
9 | 561-564 | 7
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
238
EXAMPLE 9 8
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
so that we get
1
2
1
1
1
f
f
f
=
+
(9 30)
The derivation is valid for any number of thin lenses in contact If
several thin lenses of focal length f1, f2, f3, |
9 | 562-565 | 8
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
so that we get
1
2
1
1
1
f
f
f
=
+
(9 30)
The derivation is valid for any number of thin lenses in contact If
several thin lenses of focal length f1, f2, f3, are in contact, the effective
focal length of their combination is given by
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
f
f
f
f
=
+
+
+ …
(9 |
9 | 563-566 | 30)
The derivation is valid for any number of thin lenses in contact If
several thin lenses of focal length f1, f2, f3, are in contact, the effective
focal length of their combination is given by
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
f
f
f
f
=
+
+
+ …
(9 31)
In terms of power, Eq |
9 | 564-567 | If
several thin lenses of focal length f1, f2, f3, are in contact, the effective
focal length of their combination is given by
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
f
f
f
f
=
+
+
+ …
(9 31)
In terms of power, Eq (9 |
9 | 565-568 | are in contact, the effective
focal length of their combination is given by
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
f
f
f
f
=
+
+
+ …
(9 31)
In terms of power, Eq (9 31) can be written as
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
(9 |
9 | 566-569 | 31)
In terms of power, Eq (9 31) can be written as
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
(9 32)
where P is the net power of the lens combination |
9 | 567-570 | (9 31) can be written as
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
(9 32)
where P is the net power of the lens combination Note that the sum in
Eq |
9 | 568-571 | 31) can be written as
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
(9 32)
where P is the net power of the lens combination Note that the sum in
Eq (9 |
9 | 569-572 | 32)
where P is the net power of the lens combination Note that the sum in
Eq (9 32) is an algebraic sum of individual powers, so some of the terms
on the right side may be positive (for convex lenses) and some negative
(for concave lenses) |
9 | 570-573 | Note that the sum in
Eq (9 32) is an algebraic sum of individual powers, so some of the terms
on the right side may be positive (for convex lenses) and some negative
(for concave lenses) Combination of lenses helps to obtain diverging or
converging lenses of desired magnification |
9 | 571-574 | (9 32) is an algebraic sum of individual powers, so some of the terms
on the right side may be positive (for convex lenses) and some negative
(for concave lenses) Combination of lenses helps to obtain diverging or
converging lenses of desired magnification It also enhances sharpness
of the image |
9 | 572-575 | 32) is an algebraic sum of individual powers, so some of the terms
on the right side may be positive (for convex lenses) and some negative
(for concave lenses) Combination of lenses helps to obtain diverging or
converging lenses of desired magnification It also enhances sharpness
of the image Since the image formed by the first lens becomes the object
for the second, Eq |
9 | 573-576 | Combination of lenses helps to obtain diverging or
converging lenses of desired magnification It also enhances sharpness
of the image Since the image formed by the first lens becomes the object
for the second, Eq (9 |
9 | 574-577 | It also enhances sharpness
of the image Since the image formed by the first lens becomes the object
for the second, Eq (9 25) implies that the total magnification m of the
combination is a product of magnification (m1, m 2, m 3, |
9 | 575-578 | Since the image formed by the first lens becomes the object
for the second, Eq (9 25) implies that the total magnification m of the
combination is a product of magnification (m1, m 2, m 3, ) of individual
lenses
m = m1 m2 m3 |
9 | 576-579 | (9 25) implies that the total magnification m of the
combination is a product of magnification (m1, m 2, m 3, ) of individual
lenses
m = m1 m2 m3 (9 |
9 | 577-580 | 25) implies that the total magnification m of the
combination is a product of magnification (m1, m 2, m 3, ) of individual
lenses
m = m1 m2 m3 (9 33)
Such a system of combination of lenses is commonly used in designing
lenses for cameras, microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments |
9 | 578-581 | ) of individual
lenses
m = m1 m2 m3 (9 33)
Such a system of combination of lenses is commonly used in designing
lenses for cameras, microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments Example 9 |
9 | 579-582 | (9 33)
Such a system of combination of lenses is commonly used in designing
lenses for cameras, microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments Example 9 8 Find the position of the image formed by the lens
combination given in the Fig |
9 | 580-583 | 33)
Such a system of combination of lenses is commonly used in designing
lenses for cameras, microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments Example 9 8 Find the position of the image formed by the lens
combination given in the Fig 9 |
9 | 581-584 | Example 9 8 Find the position of the image formed by the lens
combination given in the Fig 9 20 |
9 | 582-585 | 8 Find the position of the image formed by the lens
combination given in the Fig 9 20 FIGURE 9 |
9 | 583-586 | 9 20 FIGURE 9 20
Solution Image formed by the first lens
1
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
1
1
1
1
30
10
v −
=
−
or
v1 = 15 cm
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
239
FIGURE 9 |
9 | 584-587 | 20 FIGURE 9 20
Solution Image formed by the first lens
1
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
1
1
1
1
30
10
v −
=
−
or
v1 = 15 cm
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
239
FIGURE 9 21 A ray of light passing through
a triangular glass prism |
9 | 585-588 | FIGURE 9 20
Solution Image formed by the first lens
1
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
1
1
1
1
30
10
v −
=
−
or
v1 = 15 cm
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
239
FIGURE 9 21 A ray of light passing through
a triangular glass prism EXAMPLE 9 |
9 | 586-589 | 20
Solution Image formed by the first lens
1
1
1
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
1
1
1
1
30
10
v −
=
−
or
v1 = 15 cm
Rationalised 2023-24
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
239
FIGURE 9 21 A ray of light passing through
a triangular glass prism EXAMPLE 9 8
The image formed by the first lens serves as the object for the second |
9 | 587-590 | 21 A ray of light passing through
a triangular glass prism EXAMPLE 9 8
The image formed by the first lens serves as the object for the second This is at a distance of (15 – 5) cm = 10 cm to the right of the second
lens |
9 | 588-591 | EXAMPLE 9 8
The image formed by the first lens serves as the object for the second This is at a distance of (15 – 5) cm = 10 cm to the right of the second
lens Though the image is real, it serves as a virtual object for the
second lens, which means that the rays appear to come from it for
the second lens |
9 | 589-592 | 8
The image formed by the first lens serves as the object for the second This is at a distance of (15 – 5) cm = 10 cm to the right of the second
lens Though the image is real, it serves as a virtual object for the
second lens, which means that the rays appear to come from it for
the second lens 2
1
1
1
10
10
v −
= −
or
v2 = ¥
The virtual image is formed at an infinite distance to the left of the
second lens |
9 | 590-593 | This is at a distance of (15 – 5) cm = 10 cm to the right of the second
lens Though the image is real, it serves as a virtual object for the
second lens, which means that the rays appear to come from it for
the second lens 2
1
1
1
10
10
v −
= −
or
v2 = ¥
The virtual image is formed at an infinite distance to the left of the
second lens This acts as an object for the third lens |
9 | 591-594 | Though the image is real, it serves as a virtual object for the
second lens, which means that the rays appear to come from it for
the second lens 2
1
1
1
10
10
v −
= −
or
v2 = ¥
The virtual image is formed at an infinite distance to the left of the
second lens This acts as an object for the third lens 3
3
3
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
or
3
1
1
1
30
v =
+
∞
or
v3 = 30 cm
The final image is formed 30 cm to the right of the third lens |
9 | 592-595 | 2
1
1
1
10
10
v −
= −
or
v2 = ¥
The virtual image is formed at an infinite distance to the left of the
second lens This acts as an object for the third lens 3
3
3
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
or
3
1
1
1
30
v =
+
∞
or
v3 = 30 cm
The final image is formed 30 cm to the right of the third lens 9 |
9 | 593-596 | This acts as an object for the third lens 3
3
3
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
or
3
1
1
1
30
v =
+
∞
or
v3 = 30 cm
The final image is formed 30 cm to the right of the third lens 9 6 REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM
Figure 9 |
9 | 594-597 | 3
3
3
1
1
1
v
u
f
−
=
or
3
1
1
1
30
v =
+
∞
or
v3 = 30 cm
The final image is formed 30 cm to the right of the third lens 9 6 REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM
Figure 9 21 shows the passage of light through
a triangular prism ABC |
9 | 595-598 | 9 6 REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM
Figure 9 21 shows the passage of light through
a triangular prism ABC The angles of incidence
and refraction at the first face AB are i and r1,
while the angle of incidence (from glass to air) at
the second face AC is r2 and the angle of refraction
or emergence e |
9 | 596-599 | 6 REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM
Figure 9 21 shows the passage of light through
a triangular prism ABC The angles of incidence
and refraction at the first face AB are i and r1,
while the angle of incidence (from glass to air) at
the second face AC is r2 and the angle of refraction
or emergence e The angle between the emergent
ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ
is called the angle of deviation, d |
9 | 597-600 | 21 shows the passage of light through
a triangular prism ABC The angles of incidence
and refraction at the first face AB are i and r1,
while the angle of incidence (from glass to air) at
the second face AC is r2 and the angle of refraction
or emergence e The angle between the emergent
ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ
is called the angle of deviation, d In the quadrilateral AQNR, two of the angles
(at the vertices Q and R) are right angles |
9 | 598-601 | The angles of incidence
and refraction at the first face AB are i and r1,
while the angle of incidence (from glass to air) at
the second face AC is r2 and the angle of refraction
or emergence e The angle between the emergent
ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ
is called the angle of deviation, d In the quadrilateral AQNR, two of the angles
(at the vertices Q and R) are right angles Therefore, the sum of the other angles of the
quadrilateral is 180° |
9 | 599-602 | The angle between the emergent
ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ
is called the angle of deviation, d In the quadrilateral AQNR, two of the angles
(at the vertices Q and R) are right angles Therefore, the sum of the other angles of the
quadrilateral is 180° ÐA + ÐQNR = 180°
From the triangle QNR,
r1 + r2 + ÐQNR = 180°
Comparing these two equations, we get
r1 + r2 = A
(9 |
9 | 600-603 | In the quadrilateral AQNR, two of the angles
(at the vertices Q and R) are right angles Therefore, the sum of the other angles of the
quadrilateral is 180° ÐA + ÐQNR = 180°
From the triangle QNR,
r1 + r2 + ÐQNR = 180°
Comparing these two equations, we get
r1 + r2 = A
(9 34)
The total deviation d is the sum of deviations at the two faces,
d = (i – r1 ) + (e – r2 )
that is,
d = i + e – A
(9 |
9 | 601-604 | Therefore, the sum of the other angles of the
quadrilateral is 180° ÐA + ÐQNR = 180°
From the triangle QNR,
r1 + r2 + ÐQNR = 180°
Comparing these two equations, we get
r1 + r2 = A
(9 34)
The total deviation d is the sum of deviations at the two faces,
d = (i – r1 ) + (e – r2 )
that is,
d = i + e – A
(9 35)
Thus, the angle of deviation depends on the angle of incidence |
9 | 602-605 | ÐA + ÐQNR = 180°
From the triangle QNR,
r1 + r2 + ÐQNR = 180°
Comparing these two equations, we get
r1 + r2 = A
(9 34)
The total deviation d is the sum of deviations at the two faces,
d = (i – r1 ) + (e – r2 )
that is,
d = i + e – A
(9 35)
Thus, the angle of deviation depends on the angle of incidence A plot
between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence is shown in
Fig |
9 | 603-606 | 34)
The total deviation d is the sum of deviations at the two faces,
d = (i – r1 ) + (e – r2 )
that is,
d = i + e – A
(9 35)
Thus, the angle of deviation depends on the angle of incidence A plot
between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence is shown in
Fig 9 |
9 | 604-607 | 35)
Thus, the angle of deviation depends on the angle of incidence A plot
between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence is shown in
Fig 9 22 |
9 | 605-608 | A plot
between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence is shown in
Fig 9 22 You can see that, in general, any given value of d, except for
i = e, corresponds to two values i and hence of e |
9 | 606-609 | 9 22 You can see that, in general, any given value of d, except for
i = e, corresponds to two values i and hence of e This, in fact, is expected
from the symmetry of i and e in Eq |
9 | 607-610 | 22 You can see that, in general, any given value of d, except for
i = e, corresponds to two values i and hence of e This, in fact, is expected
from the symmetry of i and e in Eq (9 |
9 | 608-611 | You can see that, in general, any given value of d, except for
i = e, corresponds to two values i and hence of e This, in fact, is expected
from the symmetry of i and e in Eq (9 35), i |
9 | 609-612 | This, in fact, is expected
from the symmetry of i and e in Eq (9 35), i e |
9 | 610-613 | (9 35), i e , d remains the same if i
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
240
and e are interchanged |
9 | 611-614 | 35), i e , d remains the same if i
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
240
and e are interchanged Physically, this is related
to the fact that the path of ray in Fig |
9 | 612-615 | e , d remains the same if i
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
240
and e are interchanged Physically, this is related
to the fact that the path of ray in Fig 9 |
9 | 613-616 | , d remains the same if i
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
240
and e are interchanged Physically, this is related
to the fact that the path of ray in Fig 9 21 can be
traced back, resulting in the same angle of
deviation |
9 | 614-617 | Physically, this is related
to the fact that the path of ray in Fig 9 21 can be
traced back, resulting in the same angle of
deviation At the minimum deviation Dm, the
refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel
to its base |
9 | 615-618 | 9 21 can be
traced back, resulting in the same angle of
deviation At the minimum deviation Dm, the
refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel
to its base We have
d = Dm, i = e which implies r1 = r2 |
9 | 616-619 | 21 can be
traced back, resulting in the same angle of
deviation At the minimum deviation Dm, the
refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel
to its base We have
d = Dm, i = e which implies r1 = r2 Equation (9 |
9 | 617-620 | At the minimum deviation Dm, the
refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel
to its base We have
d = Dm, i = e which implies r1 = r2 Equation (9 34) gives
2r = A or r = 2
A
(9 |
9 | 618-621 | We have
d = Dm, i = e which implies r1 = r2 Equation (9 34) gives
2r = A or r = 2
A
(9 36)
In the same way, Eq |
9 | 619-622 | Equation (9 34) gives
2r = A or r = 2
A
(9 36)
In the same way, Eq (9 |
9 | 620-623 | 34) gives
2r = A or r = 2
A
(9 36)
In the same way, Eq (9 35) gives
Dm = 2i – A, or i = (A + Dm)/2
(9 |
9 | 621-624 | 36)
In the same way, Eq (9 35) gives
Dm = 2i – A, or i = (A + Dm)/2
(9 37)
The refractive index of the prism is
2
21
1
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
m
A
D
n
n
n
+A
=
=
(9 |
9 | 622-625 | (9 35) gives
Dm = 2i – A, or i = (A + Dm)/2
(9 37)
The refractive index of the prism is
2
21
1
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
m
A
D
n
n
n
+A
=
=
(9 38)
The angles A and Dm can be measured experimentally |
9 | 623-626 | 35) gives
Dm = 2i – A, or i = (A + Dm)/2
(9 37)
The refractive index of the prism is
2
21
1
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
m
A
D
n
n
n
+A
=
=
(9 38)
The angles A and Dm can be measured experimentally Equation
(9 |
9 | 624-627 | 37)
The refractive index of the prism is
2
21
1
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
m
A
D
n
n
n
+A
=
=
(9 38)
The angles A and Dm can be measured experimentally Equation
(9 38) thus provides a method of determining refractive index of the
material of the prism |
9 | 625-628 | 38)
The angles A and Dm can be measured experimentally Equation
(9 38) thus provides a method of determining refractive index of the
material of the prism For a small angle prism, i |
9 | 626-629 | Equation
(9 38) thus provides a method of determining refractive index of the
material of the prism For a small angle prism, i e |
9 | 627-630 | 38) thus provides a method of determining refractive index of the
material of the prism For a small angle prism, i e , a thin prism, Dm is also very small, and
we get
(
)
21
/2
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
/2
m
m
A
D
A
D
n
A
A
+
+
=
≃
Dm = (n21–1)A
It implies that, thin prisms do not deviate light much |
9 | 628-631 | For a small angle prism, i e , a thin prism, Dm is also very small, and
we get
(
)
21
/2
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
/2
m
m
A
D
A
D
n
A
A
+
+
=
≃
Dm = (n21–1)A
It implies that, thin prisms do not deviate light much 9 |
9 | 629-632 | e , a thin prism, Dm is also very small, and
we get
(
)
21
/2
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
/2
m
m
A
D
A
D
n
A
A
+
+
=
≃
Dm = (n21–1)A
It implies that, thin prisms do not deviate light much 9 7 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
A number of optical devices and instruments have been designed utilising
reflecting and refracting properties of mirrors, lenses and prisms |
9 | 630-633 | , a thin prism, Dm is also very small, and
we get
(
)
21
/2
sin[(
)/2]
sin[
/2]
/2
m
m
A
D
A
D
n
A
A
+
+
=
≃
Dm = (n21–1)A
It implies that, thin prisms do not deviate light much 9 7 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
A number of optical devices and instruments have been designed utilising
reflecting and refracting properties of mirrors, lenses and prisms Periscope, kaleidoscope, binoculars, telescopes, microscopes are some
examples of optical devices and instruments that are in common use |
9 | 631-634 | 9 7 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
A number of optical devices and instruments have been designed utilising
reflecting and refracting properties of mirrors, lenses and prisms Periscope, kaleidoscope, binoculars, telescopes, microscopes are some
examples of optical devices and instruments that are in common use Our eye is, of course, one of the most important optical device the nature
has endowed us with |
9 | 632-635 | 7 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
A number of optical devices and instruments have been designed utilising
reflecting and refracting properties of mirrors, lenses and prisms Periscope, kaleidoscope, binoculars, telescopes, microscopes are some
examples of optical devices and instruments that are in common use Our eye is, of course, one of the most important optical device the nature
has endowed us with We have already studied about the human eye in
Class X |
9 | 633-636 | Periscope, kaleidoscope, binoculars, telescopes, microscopes are some
examples of optical devices and instruments that are in common use Our eye is, of course, one of the most important optical device the nature
has endowed us with We have already studied about the human eye in
Class X We now go on to describe the principles of working of the
microscope and the telescope |
9 | 634-637 | Our eye is, of course, one of the most important optical device the nature
has endowed us with We have already studied about the human eye in
Class X We now go on to describe the principles of working of the
microscope and the telescope 9 |
9 | 635-638 | We have already studied about the human eye in
Class X We now go on to describe the principles of working of the
microscope and the telescope 9 7 |
9 | 636-639 | We now go on to describe the principles of working of the
microscope and the telescope 9 7 1 The microscope
A simple magnifier or microscope is a converging lens of small focal length
(Fig |
9 | 637-640 | 9 7 1 The microscope
A simple magnifier or microscope is a converging lens of small focal length
(Fig 9 |
9 | 638-641 | 7 1 The microscope
A simple magnifier or microscope is a converging lens of small focal length
(Fig 9 23) |
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