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1 | 6505-6508 | Some of these families are manufactured for use as solvents
(i e , acetone) and for preparing materials like adhesives, paints, resins,
perfumes, plastics, fabrics, etc Rationalised 2023-24
229
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The common names of ketones are derived by naming two alkyl
or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group |
1 | 6506-6509 | e , acetone) and for preparing materials like adhesives, paints, resins,
perfumes, plastics, fabrics, etc Rationalised 2023-24
229
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The common names of ketones are derived by naming two alkyl
or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group The locations of
substituents are indicated by Greek letters, a a¢, b b¢ and so on
beginning with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group,
indicated as aa¢ |
1 | 6507-6510 | , acetone) and for preparing materials like adhesives, paints, resins,
perfumes, plastics, fabrics, etc Rationalised 2023-24
229
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The common names of ketones are derived by naming two alkyl
or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group The locations of
substituents are indicated by Greek letters, a a¢, b b¢ and so on
beginning with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group,
indicated as aa¢ Some ketones have historical common names,
the simplest dimethyl ketone is called acetone |
1 | 6508-6511 | Rationalised 2023-24
229
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The common names of ketones are derived by naming two alkyl
or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group The locations of
substituents are indicated by Greek letters, a a¢, b b¢ and so on
beginning with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group,
indicated as aa¢ Some ketones have historical common names,
the simplest dimethyl ketone is called acetone Alkyl phenyl
ketones are usually named by adding the name of acyl group as
prefix to the word phenone |
1 | 6509-6512 | The locations of
substituents are indicated by Greek letters, a a¢, b b¢ and so on
beginning with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group,
indicated as aa¢ Some ketones have historical common names,
the simplest dimethyl ketone is called acetone Alkyl phenyl
ketones are usually named by adding the name of acyl group as
prefix to the word phenone For example
(b) IUPAC names
The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
are derived from the names of the corresponding alkanes by
replacing the ending –e with –al and –one respectively |
1 | 6510-6513 | Some ketones have historical common names,
the simplest dimethyl ketone is called acetone Alkyl phenyl
ketones are usually named by adding the name of acyl group as
prefix to the word phenone For example
(b) IUPAC names
The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
are derived from the names of the corresponding alkanes by
replacing the ending –e with –al and –one respectively In case of
aldehydes the longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the
carbon of the aldehyde group while in case of ketones the
numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group |
1 | 6511-6514 | Alkyl phenyl
ketones are usually named by adding the name of acyl group as
prefix to the word phenone For example
(b) IUPAC names
The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
are derived from the names of the corresponding alkanes by
replacing the ending –e with –al and –one respectively In case of
aldehydes the longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the
carbon of the aldehyde group while in case of ketones the
numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group The
substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals
indicating their positions in the carbon chain |
1 | 6512-6515 | For example
(b) IUPAC names
The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
are derived from the names of the corresponding alkanes by
replacing the ending –e with –al and –one respectively In case of
aldehydes the longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the
carbon of the aldehyde group while in case of ketones the
numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group The
substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals
indicating their positions in the carbon chain The same applies to
cyclic ketones, where the carbonyl carbon is numbered one |
1 | 6513-6516 | In case of
aldehydes the longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the
carbon of the aldehyde group while in case of ketones the
numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group The
substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals
indicating their positions in the carbon chain The same applies to
cyclic ketones, where the carbonyl carbon is numbered one When
the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the suffix carbaldehyde
is added after the full name of the cycloalkane |
1 | 6514-6517 | The
substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals
indicating their positions in the carbon chain The same applies to
cyclic ketones, where the carbonyl carbon is numbered one When
the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the suffix carbaldehyde
is added after the full name of the cycloalkane The numbering of
the ring carbon atoms start from the carbon atom attached to the
aldehyde group |
1 | 6515-6518 | The same applies to
cyclic ketones, where the carbonyl carbon is numbered one When
the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the suffix carbaldehyde
is added after the full name of the cycloalkane The numbering of
the ring carbon atoms start from the carbon atom attached to the
aldehyde group The name of the simplest aromatic aldehyde
carrying
the
aldehyde
group
on
a
benzene
ring
is
benzenecarbaldehyde |
1 | 6516-6519 | When
the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the suffix carbaldehyde
is added after the full name of the cycloalkane The numbering of
the ring carbon atoms start from the carbon atom attached to the
aldehyde group The name of the simplest aromatic aldehyde
carrying
the
aldehyde
group
on
a
benzene
ring
is
benzenecarbaldehyde However, the common name benzaldehyde
is also accepted by IUPAC |
1 | 6517-6520 | The numbering of
the ring carbon atoms start from the carbon atom attached to the
aldehyde group The name of the simplest aromatic aldehyde
carrying
the
aldehyde
group
on
a
benzene
ring
is
benzenecarbaldehyde However, the common name benzaldehyde
is also accepted by IUPAC Other aromatic aldehydes are hence
named as substituted benzaldehydes |
1 | 6518-6521 | The name of the simplest aromatic aldehyde
carrying
the
aldehyde
group
on
a
benzene
ring
is
benzenecarbaldehyde However, the common name benzaldehyde
is also accepted by IUPAC Other aromatic aldehydes are hence
named as substituted benzaldehydes Rationalised 2023-24
230
Chemistry
Aldehydes
HCHO
Formaldehyde
Methanal
CH3CHO
Acetaldehyde
Ethanal
(CH3)2CHCHO
Isobutyraldehyde
2-Methylpropanal
g-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
3-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
CH3CH(OCH3)CHO
a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
2-Methoxypropanal
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Valeraldehyde
Pentanal
CH2=CHCHO
Acrolein
Prop-2-enal
Phthaldehyde
Benzene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde
m-Bromobenzaldehyde
3-Bromobenzaldehyde
Ketones
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ketone
Pentan-2-one
(CH3)2CHCOCH(CH3)2
Diisopropyl ketone
2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one
a-Methylcyclohexanone
2-Methylcyclohexanone
(CH3)2C=CHCOCH3
Mesityl oxide
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
Table 8 |
1 | 6519-6522 | However, the common name benzaldehyde
is also accepted by IUPAC Other aromatic aldehydes are hence
named as substituted benzaldehydes Rationalised 2023-24
230
Chemistry
Aldehydes
HCHO
Formaldehyde
Methanal
CH3CHO
Acetaldehyde
Ethanal
(CH3)2CHCHO
Isobutyraldehyde
2-Methylpropanal
g-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
3-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
CH3CH(OCH3)CHO
a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
2-Methoxypropanal
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Valeraldehyde
Pentanal
CH2=CHCHO
Acrolein
Prop-2-enal
Phthaldehyde
Benzene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde
m-Bromobenzaldehyde
3-Bromobenzaldehyde
Ketones
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ketone
Pentan-2-one
(CH3)2CHCOCH(CH3)2
Diisopropyl ketone
2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one
a-Methylcyclohexanone
2-Methylcyclohexanone
(CH3)2C=CHCOCH3
Mesityl oxide
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
Table 8 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Aldehydes and Ketones
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
The common and IUPAC names of some aldehydes and ketones are
given in Table 8 |
1 | 6520-6523 | Other aromatic aldehydes are hence
named as substituted benzaldehydes Rationalised 2023-24
230
Chemistry
Aldehydes
HCHO
Formaldehyde
Methanal
CH3CHO
Acetaldehyde
Ethanal
(CH3)2CHCHO
Isobutyraldehyde
2-Methylpropanal
g-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
3-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
CH3CH(OCH3)CHO
a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
2-Methoxypropanal
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Valeraldehyde
Pentanal
CH2=CHCHO
Acrolein
Prop-2-enal
Phthaldehyde
Benzene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde
m-Bromobenzaldehyde
3-Bromobenzaldehyde
Ketones
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ketone
Pentan-2-one
(CH3)2CHCOCH(CH3)2
Diisopropyl ketone
2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one
a-Methylcyclohexanone
2-Methylcyclohexanone
(CH3)2C=CHCOCH3
Mesityl oxide
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
Table 8 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Aldehydes and Ketones
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
The common and IUPAC names of some aldehydes and ketones are
given in Table 8 1 |
1 | 6521-6524 | Rationalised 2023-24
230
Chemistry
Aldehydes
HCHO
Formaldehyde
Methanal
CH3CHO
Acetaldehyde
Ethanal
(CH3)2CHCHO
Isobutyraldehyde
2-Methylpropanal
g-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
3-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
CH3CH(OCH3)CHO
a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
2-Methoxypropanal
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Valeraldehyde
Pentanal
CH2=CHCHO
Acrolein
Prop-2-enal
Phthaldehyde
Benzene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde
m-Bromobenzaldehyde
3-Bromobenzaldehyde
Ketones
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
Methyl n-propyl ketone
Pentan-2-one
(CH3)2CHCOCH(CH3)2
Diisopropyl ketone
2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one
a-Methylcyclohexanone
2-Methylcyclohexanone
(CH3)2C=CHCOCH3
Mesityl oxide
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
Table 8 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Aldehydes and Ketones
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
The common and IUPAC names of some aldehydes and ketones are
given in Table 8 1 or
3-Bromobenzenecarbaldehyde
Rationalised 2023-24
231
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The carbonyl carbon atom is sp
2-hybridised and forms three sigma (s)
bonds |
1 | 6522-6525 | 1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Aldehydes and Ketones
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
The common and IUPAC names of some aldehydes and ketones are
given in Table 8 1 or
3-Bromobenzenecarbaldehyde
Rationalised 2023-24
231
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The carbonyl carbon atom is sp
2-hybridised and forms three sigma (s)
bonds The fourth valence electron of carbon remains in its p-orbital
and forms a p-bond with oxygen by overlap with p-orbital of an oxygen |
1 | 6523-6526 | 1 or
3-Bromobenzenecarbaldehyde
Rationalised 2023-24
231
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The carbonyl carbon atom is sp
2-hybridised and forms three sigma (s)
bonds The fourth valence electron of carbon remains in its p-orbital
and forms a p-bond with oxygen by overlap with p-orbital of an oxygen In addition, the oxygen atom also has two non bonding electron pairs |
1 | 6524-6527 | or
3-Bromobenzenecarbaldehyde
Rationalised 2023-24
231
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The carbonyl carbon atom is sp
2-hybridised and forms three sigma (s)
bonds The fourth valence electron of carbon remains in its p-orbital
and forms a p-bond with oxygen by overlap with p-orbital of an oxygen In addition, the oxygen atom also has two non bonding electron pairs Thus, the carbonyl carbon and the three atoms attached to it lie in the
same plane and the p-electron cloud is above and below this plane |
1 | 6525-6528 | The fourth valence electron of carbon remains in its p-orbital
and forms a p-bond with oxygen by overlap with p-orbital of an oxygen In addition, the oxygen atom also has two non bonding electron pairs Thus, the carbonyl carbon and the three atoms attached to it lie in the
same plane and the p-electron cloud is above and below this plane The
bond angles are approximately 120° as expected of a trigonal coplanar
structure (Figure 8 |
1 | 6526-6529 | In addition, the oxygen atom also has two non bonding electron pairs Thus, the carbonyl carbon and the three atoms attached to it lie in the
same plane and the p-electron cloud is above and below this plane The
bond angles are approximately 120° as expected of a trigonal coplanar
structure (Figure 8 1) |
1 | 6527-6530 | Thus, the carbonyl carbon and the three atoms attached to it lie in the
same plane and the p-electron cloud is above and below this plane The
bond angles are approximately 120° as expected of a trigonal coplanar
structure (Figure 8 1) 8 |
1 | 6528-6531 | The
bond angles are approximately 120° as expected of a trigonal coplanar
structure (Figure 8 1) 8 1 |
1 | 6529-6532 | 1) 8 1 2 Structure of
the
Carbonyl
Group
π
Fig |
1 | 6530-6533 | 8 1 2 Structure of
the
Carbonyl
Group
π
Fig 8 |
1 | 6531-6534 | 1 2 Structure of
the
Carbonyl
Group
π
Fig 8 1 Orbital diagram for the formation of carbonyl group
The carbon-oxygen double bond is polarised due to higher
electronegativity of oxygen relative to carbon |
1 | 6532-6535 | 2 Structure of
the
Carbonyl
Group
π
Fig 8 1 Orbital diagram for the formation of carbonyl group
The carbon-oxygen double bond is polarised due to higher
electronegativity of oxygen relative to carbon Hence, the carbonyl
carbon is an electrophilic (Lewis acid), and carbonyl
oxygen, a nucleophilic (Lewis base) centre |
1 | 6533-6536 | 8 1 Orbital diagram for the formation of carbonyl group
The carbon-oxygen double bond is polarised due to higher
electronegativity of oxygen relative to carbon Hence, the carbonyl
carbon is an electrophilic (Lewis acid), and carbonyl
oxygen, a nucleophilic (Lewis base) centre Carbonyl
compounds have substantial dipole moments and are
polar than ethers |
1 | 6534-6537 | 1 Orbital diagram for the formation of carbonyl group
The carbon-oxygen double bond is polarised due to higher
electronegativity of oxygen relative to carbon Hence, the carbonyl
carbon is an electrophilic (Lewis acid), and carbonyl
oxygen, a nucleophilic (Lewis base) centre Carbonyl
compounds have substantial dipole moments and are
polar than ethers The high polarity of the carbonyl group
is explained on the basis of resonance involving a neutral
(A) and a dipolar (B) structures as shown |
1 | 6535-6538 | Hence, the carbonyl
carbon is an electrophilic (Lewis acid), and carbonyl
oxygen, a nucleophilic (Lewis base) centre Carbonyl
compounds have substantial dipole moments and are
polar than ethers The high polarity of the carbonyl group
is explained on the basis of resonance involving a neutral
(A) and a dipolar (B) structures as shown Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 |
1 | 6536-6539 | Carbonyl
compounds have substantial dipole moments and are
polar than ethers The high polarity of the carbonyl group
is explained on the basis of resonance involving a neutral
(A) and a dipolar (B) structures as shown Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 1
Write the structures of the following compounds |
1 | 6537-6540 | The high polarity of the carbonyl group
is explained on the basis of resonance involving a neutral
(A) and a dipolar (B) structures as shown Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 1
Write the structures of the following compounds (i) a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal
(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde
(iv) 4-Oxopentanal
(v) Di-sec |
1 | 6538-6541 | Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 1
Write the structures of the following compounds (i) a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal
(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde
(iv) 4-Oxopentanal
(v) Di-sec butyl ketone
(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone
Some important methods for the preparation of aldehydes
and ketones are as follows:
1 |
1 | 6539-6542 | 1
Write the structures of the following compounds (i) a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal
(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde
(iv) 4-Oxopentanal
(v) Di-sec butyl ketone
(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone
Some important methods for the preparation of aldehydes
and ketones are as follows:
1 By oxidation of alcohols
Aldehydes and ketones are generally prepared by oxidation of primary
and secondary alcohols, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) |
1 | 6540-6543 | (i) a-Methoxypropionaldehyde
(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal
(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde
(iv) 4-Oxopentanal
(v) Di-sec butyl ketone
(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone
Some important methods for the preparation of aldehydes
and ketones are as follows:
1 By oxidation of alcohols
Aldehydes and ketones are generally prepared by oxidation of primary
and secondary alcohols, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) 2 |
1 | 6541-6544 | butyl ketone
(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone
Some important methods for the preparation of aldehydes
and ketones are as follows:
1 By oxidation of alcohols
Aldehydes and ketones are generally prepared by oxidation of primary
and secondary alcohols, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) 2 By dehydrogenation of alcohols
This method is suitable for volatile alcohols and is of industrial
application |
1 | 6542-6545 | By oxidation of alcohols
Aldehydes and ketones are generally prepared by oxidation of primary
and secondary alcohols, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) 2 By dehydrogenation of alcohols
This method is suitable for volatile alcohols and is of industrial
application In this method alcohol vapours are passed over heavy
metal catalysts (Ag or Cu) |
1 | 6543-6546 | 2 By dehydrogenation of alcohols
This method is suitable for volatile alcohols and is of industrial
application In this method alcohol vapours are passed over heavy
metal catalysts (Ag or Cu) Primary and secondary alcohols give
aldehydes and ketones, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) |
1 | 6544-6547 | By dehydrogenation of alcohols
This method is suitable for volatile alcohols and is of industrial
application In this method alcohol vapours are passed over heavy
metal catalysts (Ag or Cu) Primary and secondary alcohols give
aldehydes and ketones, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) 3 |
1 | 6545-6548 | In this method alcohol vapours are passed over heavy
metal catalysts (Ag or Cu) Primary and secondary alcohols give
aldehydes and ketones, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) 3 From hydrocarbons
(i) By ozonolysis of alkenes: As we know, ozonolysis of alkenes
followed by reaction with zinc dust and water gives aldehydes,
8 |
1 | 6546-6549 | Primary and secondary alcohols give
aldehydes and ketones, respectively (Unit 7, Class XII) 3 From hydrocarbons
(i) By ozonolysis of alkenes: As we know, ozonolysis of alkenes
followed by reaction with zinc dust and water gives aldehydes,
8 2 |
1 | 6547-6550 | 3 From hydrocarbons
(i) By ozonolysis of alkenes: As we know, ozonolysis of alkenes
followed by reaction with zinc dust and water gives aldehydes,
8 2 1
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
and
Ketones
8 |
1 | 6548-6551 | From hydrocarbons
(i) By ozonolysis of alkenes: As we know, ozonolysis of alkenes
followed by reaction with zinc dust and water gives aldehydes,
8 2 1
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
and
Ketones
8 2
8 |
1 | 6549-6552 | 2 1
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
and
Ketones
8 2
8 2
8 |
1 | 6550-6553 | 1
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
and
Ketones
8 2
8 2
8 2
8 |
1 | 6551-6554 | 2
8 2
8 2
8 2
8 |
1 | 6552-6555 | 2
8 2
8 2
8 2 Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
232
Chemistry
ketones or a mixture of both depending on the substitution
pattern of the alkene (Unit 9, Class XI) |
1 | 6553-6556 | 2
8 2
8 2 Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
232
Chemistry
ketones or a mixture of both depending on the substitution
pattern of the alkene (Unit 9, Class XI) (ii) By hydration of alkynes: Addition of water to ethyne in the
presence of H2SO4 and HgSO4 gives acetaldehyde |
1 | 6554-6557 | 2
8 2 Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
232
Chemistry
ketones or a mixture of both depending on the substitution
pattern of the alkene (Unit 9, Class XI) (ii) By hydration of alkynes: Addition of water to ethyne in the
presence of H2SO4 and HgSO4 gives acetaldehyde All other
alkynes give ketones in this reaction (Unit 9, Class XI) |
1 | 6555-6558 | 2 Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
Preparation of Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
232
Chemistry
ketones or a mixture of both depending on the substitution
pattern of the alkene (Unit 9, Class XI) (ii) By hydration of alkynes: Addition of water to ethyne in the
presence of H2SO4 and HgSO4 gives acetaldehyde All other
alkynes give ketones in this reaction (Unit 9, Class XI) 1 |
1 | 6556-6559 | (ii) By hydration of alkynes: Addition of water to ethyne in the
presence of H2SO4 and HgSO4 gives acetaldehyde All other
alkynes give ketones in this reaction (Unit 9, Class XI) 1 From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium
on barium sulphate |
1 | 6557-6560 | All other
alkynes give ketones in this reaction (Unit 9, Class XI) 1 From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium
on barium sulphate This reaction is called Rosenmund reduction |
1 | 6558-6561 | 1 From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium
on barium sulphate This reaction is called Rosenmund reduction 2 |
1 | 6559-6562 | From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium
on barium sulphate This reaction is called Rosenmund reduction 2 From nitriles and esters
Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous chloride
in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which on hydrolysis give
corresponding aldehyde |
1 | 6560-6563 | This reaction is called Rosenmund reduction 2 From nitriles and esters
Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous chloride
in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which on hydrolysis give
corresponding aldehyde This reaction is called Stephen reaction |
1 | 6561-6564 | 2 From nitriles and esters
Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous chloride
in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which on hydrolysis give
corresponding aldehyde This reaction is called Stephen reaction Alternatively,
nitriles
are
selectively
reduced
by
diisobutylaluminium hydride, (DIBAL-H) to imines followed by
hydrolysis to aldehydes:
8 |
1 | 6562-6565 | From nitriles and esters
Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous chloride
in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which on hydrolysis give
corresponding aldehyde This reaction is called Stephen reaction Alternatively,
nitriles
are
selectively
reduced
by
diisobutylaluminium hydride, (DIBAL-H) to imines followed by
hydrolysis to aldehydes:
8 2 |
1 | 6563-6566 | This reaction is called Stephen reaction Alternatively,
nitriles
are
selectively
reduced
by
diisobutylaluminium hydride, (DIBAL-H) to imines followed by
hydrolysis to aldehydes:
8 2 2
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
Similarly, esters are also reduced to aldehydes with DIBAL-H |
1 | 6564-6567 | Alternatively,
nitriles
are
selectively
reduced
by
diisobutylaluminium hydride, (DIBAL-H) to imines followed by
hydrolysis to aldehydes:
8 2 2
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
Similarly, esters are also reduced to aldehydes with DIBAL-H 3 |
1 | 6565-6568 | 2 2
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
Similarly, esters are also reduced to aldehydes with DIBAL-H 3 From hydrocarbons
Aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde and its derivatives) are prepared
from aromatic hydrocarbons by the following methods:
(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene
Strong oxidising agents oxidise toluene and its derivatives to
benzoic acids |
1 | 6566-6569 | 2
Preparation
of
Aldehydes
Similarly, esters are also reduced to aldehydes with DIBAL-H 3 From hydrocarbons
Aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde and its derivatives) are prepared
from aromatic hydrocarbons by the following methods:
(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene
Strong oxidising agents oxidise toluene and its derivatives to
benzoic acids However, it is possible to stop the oxidation at
the aldehyde stage with suitable reagents that convert the methyl
group to an intermediate that is difficult to oxidise further |
1 | 6567-6570 | 3 From hydrocarbons
Aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde and its derivatives) are prepared
from aromatic hydrocarbons by the following methods:
(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene
Strong oxidising agents oxidise toluene and its derivatives to
benzoic acids However, it is possible to stop the oxidation at
the aldehyde stage with suitable reagents that convert the methyl
group to an intermediate that is difficult to oxidise further The
following methods are used for this purpose |
1 | 6568-6571 | From hydrocarbons
Aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde and its derivatives) are prepared
from aromatic hydrocarbons by the following methods:
(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene
Strong oxidising agents oxidise toluene and its derivatives to
benzoic acids However, it is possible to stop the oxidation at
the aldehyde stage with suitable reagents that convert the methyl
group to an intermediate that is difficult to oxidise further The
following methods are used for this purpose (a) Use of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2): Chromyl chloride oxidises
methyl group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis
gives corresponding benzaldehyde |
1 | 6569-6572 | However, it is possible to stop the oxidation at
the aldehyde stage with suitable reagents that convert the methyl
group to an intermediate that is difficult to oxidise further The
following methods are used for this purpose (a) Use of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2): Chromyl chloride oxidises
methyl group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis
gives corresponding benzaldehyde Rationalised 2023-24
233
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
This reaction is called Etard reaction |
1 | 6570-6573 | The
following methods are used for this purpose (a) Use of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2): Chromyl chloride oxidises
methyl group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis
gives corresponding benzaldehyde Rationalised 2023-24
233
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
This reaction is called Etard reaction (b) Use of chromic oxide (CrO3): Toluene or substituted toluene
is converted to benzylidene diacetate on treating with chromic
oxide in acetic anhydride |
1 | 6571-6574 | (a) Use of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2): Chromyl chloride oxidises
methyl group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis
gives corresponding benzaldehyde Rationalised 2023-24
233
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
This reaction is called Etard reaction (b) Use of chromic oxide (CrO3): Toluene or substituted toluene
is converted to benzylidene diacetate on treating with chromic
oxide in acetic anhydride The benzylidene diacetate can be
hydrolysed to corresponding benzaldehyde with aqueous acid |
1 | 6572-6575 | Rationalised 2023-24
233
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
This reaction is called Etard reaction (b) Use of chromic oxide (CrO3): Toluene or substituted toluene
is converted to benzylidene diacetate on treating with chromic
oxide in acetic anhydride The benzylidene diacetate can be
hydrolysed to corresponding benzaldehyde with aqueous acid (iii) By Gatterman – Koch reaction
When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon monoxide
and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium
chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives benzaldehyde or substituted
benzaldehyde |
1 | 6573-6576 | (b) Use of chromic oxide (CrO3): Toluene or substituted toluene
is converted to benzylidene diacetate on treating with chromic
oxide in acetic anhydride The benzylidene diacetate can be
hydrolysed to corresponding benzaldehyde with aqueous acid (iii) By Gatterman – Koch reaction
When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon monoxide
and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium
chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives benzaldehyde or substituted
benzaldehyde (ii) By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis
Side chain chlorination of toluene gives benzal chloride, which
on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde |
1 | 6574-6577 | The benzylidene diacetate can be
hydrolysed to corresponding benzaldehyde with aqueous acid (iii) By Gatterman – Koch reaction
When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon monoxide
and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium
chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives benzaldehyde or substituted
benzaldehyde (ii) By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis
Side chain chlorination of toluene gives benzal chloride, which
on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde This is a commercial method
of manufacture of benzaldehyde |
1 | 6575-6578 | (iii) By Gatterman – Koch reaction
When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon monoxide
and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium
chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives benzaldehyde or substituted
benzaldehyde (ii) By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis
Side chain chlorination of toluene gives benzal chloride, which
on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde This is a commercial method
of manufacture of benzaldehyde This reaction is known as Gatterman-Koch reaction |
1 | 6576-6579 | (ii) By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis
Side chain chlorination of toluene gives benzal chloride, which
on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde This is a commercial method
of manufacture of benzaldehyde This reaction is known as Gatterman-Koch reaction 1 |
1 | 6577-6580 | This is a commercial method
of manufacture of benzaldehyde This reaction is known as Gatterman-Koch reaction 1 From acyl chlorides
Treatment of acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium, prepared by the
reaction of cadmium chloride with Grignard reagent, gives ketones |
1 | 6578-6581 | This reaction is known as Gatterman-Koch reaction 1 From acyl chlorides
Treatment of acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium, prepared by the
reaction of cadmium chloride with Grignard reagent, gives ketones 8 |
1 | 6579-6582 | 1 From acyl chlorides
Treatment of acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium, prepared by the
reaction of cadmium chloride with Grignard reagent, gives ketones 8 2 |
1 | 6580-6583 | From acyl chlorides
Treatment of acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium, prepared by the
reaction of cadmium chloride with Grignard reagent, gives ketones 8 2 3
Preparation
of Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
234
Chemistry
2 |
1 | 6581-6584 | 8 2 3
Preparation
of Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
234
Chemistry
2 From nitriles
Treating a nitrile with Grignard reagent followed by hydrolysis yields
a ketone |
1 | 6582-6585 | 2 3
Preparation
of Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
234
Chemistry
2 From nitriles
Treating a nitrile with Grignard reagent followed by hydrolysis yields
a ketone Give names of the reagents to bring about the following
transformations:
(i) Hexan-1-ol to hexanal
(ii)
Cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone
(iii) p-Fluorotoluene to
(iv)
Ethanenitrile to ethanal
p-fluorobenzaldehyde
(v) Allyl alcohol to propenal
(vi)
But-2-ene to ethanal
(i) C5H5NH+CrO3Cl-(PCC)
(ii)
Anhydrous CrO3
(iii) CrO3 in the presence
(iv)
(Diisobutyl)aluminium
of acetic anhydride/
hydride (DIBAL-H)
1 |
1 | 6583-6586 | 3
Preparation
of Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
234
Chemistry
2 From nitriles
Treating a nitrile with Grignard reagent followed by hydrolysis yields
a ketone Give names of the reagents to bring about the following
transformations:
(i) Hexan-1-ol to hexanal
(ii)
Cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone
(iii) p-Fluorotoluene to
(iv)
Ethanenitrile to ethanal
p-fluorobenzaldehyde
(v) Allyl alcohol to propenal
(vi)
But-2-ene to ethanal
(i) C5H5NH+CrO3Cl-(PCC)
(ii)
Anhydrous CrO3
(iii) CrO3 in the presence
(iv)
(Diisobutyl)aluminium
of acetic anhydride/
hydride (DIBAL-H)
1 CrO2Cl2 2 |
1 | 6584-6587 | From nitriles
Treating a nitrile with Grignard reagent followed by hydrolysis yields
a ketone Give names of the reagents to bring about the following
transformations:
(i) Hexan-1-ol to hexanal
(ii)
Cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone
(iii) p-Fluorotoluene to
(iv)
Ethanenitrile to ethanal
p-fluorobenzaldehyde
(v) Allyl alcohol to propenal
(vi)
But-2-ene to ethanal
(i) C5H5NH+CrO3Cl-(PCC)
(ii)
Anhydrous CrO3
(iii) CrO3 in the presence
(iv)
(Diisobutyl)aluminium
of acetic anhydride/
hydride (DIBAL-H)
1 CrO2Cl2 2 HOH
(v) PCC
(vi)
O3/H2O-Zn dust
Example 8 |
1 | 6585-6588 | Give names of the reagents to bring about the following
transformations:
(i) Hexan-1-ol to hexanal
(ii)
Cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone
(iii) p-Fluorotoluene to
(iv)
Ethanenitrile to ethanal
p-fluorobenzaldehyde
(v) Allyl alcohol to propenal
(vi)
But-2-ene to ethanal
(i) C5H5NH+CrO3Cl-(PCC)
(ii)
Anhydrous CrO3
(iii) CrO3 in the presence
(iv)
(Diisobutyl)aluminium
of acetic anhydride/
hydride (DIBAL-H)
1 CrO2Cl2 2 HOH
(v) PCC
(vi)
O3/H2O-Zn dust
Example 8 1
Example 8 |
1 | 6586-6589 | CrO2Cl2 2 HOH
(v) PCC
(vi)
O3/H2O-Zn dust
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 |
1 | 6587-6590 | HOH
(v) PCC
(vi)
O3/H2O-Zn dust
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 |
1 | 6588-6591 | 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 |
1 | 6589-6592 | 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(C6H CH ) Cd + 2 CH
5
2 2
3 COCl
CH3
NO2
1 |
1 | 6590-6593 | 1
Example 8 1
Example 8 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(C6H CH ) Cd + 2 CH
5
2 2
3 COCl
CH3
NO2
1 CrO Cl
2
2
2 |
1 | 6591-6594 | 1
Example 8 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(C6H CH ) Cd + 2 CH
5
2 2
3 COCl
CH3
NO2
1 CrO Cl
2
2
2 H3O+
(iii)
C
C
H
Hg
2+, H SO
2
4
H C
3
(iv)
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 |
1 | 6592-6595 | 1
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(C6H CH ) Cd + 2 CH
5
2 2
3 COCl
CH3
NO2
1 CrO Cl
2
2
2 H3O+
(iii)
C
C
H
Hg
2+, H SO
2
4
H C
3
(iv)
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 2 Write the structures of products of the following reactions;
(i)
(ii)
3 |
1 | 6593-6596 | CrO Cl
2
2
2 H3O+
(iii)
C
C
H
Hg
2+, H SO
2
4
H C
3
(iv)
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 2 Write the structures of products of the following reactions;
(i)
(ii)
3 From benzene or substituted benzenes
When benzene or substituted benzene is treated with acid chloride in
the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, it affords the
corresponding ketone |
1 | 6594-6597 | H3O+
(iii)
C
C
H
Hg
2+, H SO
2
4
H C
3
(iv)
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 2 Write the structures of products of the following reactions;
(i)
(ii)
3 From benzene or substituted benzenes
When benzene or substituted benzene is treated with acid chloride in
the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, it affords the
corresponding ketone This reaction is known as Friedel-Crafts
acylation reaction |
1 | 6595-6598 | 2 Write the structures of products of the following reactions;
(i)
(ii)
3 From benzene or substituted benzenes
When benzene or substituted benzene is treated with acid chloride in
the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, it affords the
corresponding ketone This reaction is known as Friedel-Crafts
acylation reaction Rationalised 2023-24
235
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The physical properties of aldehydes and ketones are described as
follows |
1 | 6596-6599 | From benzene or substituted benzenes
When benzene or substituted benzene is treated with acid chloride in
the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, it affords the
corresponding ketone This reaction is known as Friedel-Crafts
acylation reaction Rationalised 2023-24
235
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The physical properties of aldehydes and ketones are described as
follows Methanal is a gas at room temperature |
1 | 6597-6600 | This reaction is known as Friedel-Crafts
acylation reaction Rationalised 2023-24
235
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The physical properties of aldehydes and ketones are described as
follows Methanal is a gas at room temperature Ethanal is a volatile liquid |
1 | 6598-6601 | Rationalised 2023-24
235
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The physical properties of aldehydes and ketones are described as
follows Methanal is a gas at room temperature Ethanal is a volatile liquid Other aldehydes and ketones are liquid or solid at room temperature |
1 | 6599-6602 | Methanal is a gas at room temperature Ethanal is a volatile liquid Other aldehydes and ketones are liquid or solid at room temperature The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than
hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses |
1 | 6600-6603 | Ethanal is a volatile liquid Other aldehydes and ketones are liquid or solid at room temperature The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than
hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses It is due to
weak molecular association in aldehydes and ketones arising out of the
dipole-dipole interactions |
1 | 6601-6604 | Other aldehydes and ketones are liquid or solid at room temperature The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than
hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses It is due to
weak molecular association in aldehydes and ketones arising out of the
dipole-dipole interactions Also, their boiling points are lower than those
of alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of intermolecular
hydrogen bonding |
1 | 6602-6605 | The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than
hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses It is due to
weak molecular association in aldehydes and ketones arising out of the
dipole-dipole interactions Also, their boiling points are lower than those
of alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of intermolecular
hydrogen bonding The following compounds of molecular masses 58
and 60 are ranked in order of increasing boiling points |
1 | 6603-6606 | It is due to
weak molecular association in aldehydes and ketones arising out of the
dipole-dipole interactions Also, their boiling points are lower than those
of alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of intermolecular
hydrogen bonding The following compounds of molecular masses 58
and 60 are ranked in order of increasing boiling points b |
1 | 6604-6607 | Also, their boiling points are lower than those
of alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of intermolecular
hydrogen bonding The following compounds of molecular masses 58
and 60 are ranked in order of increasing boiling points b p |
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