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1 | 6705-6708 | 4
Example 8 4
An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an
orange-red precipitate with 2,4-DNP reagent and gives yellow
precipitate on heating with iodine in the presence of sodium
hydroxide It neither reduces Tollens’ or Fehlings’ reagent, nor does
it decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent On drastic oxidation
with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular
formula C7H6O2 |
1 | 6706-6709 | 4
An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an
orange-red precipitate with 2,4-DNP reagent and gives yellow
precipitate on heating with iodine in the presence of sodium
hydroxide It neither reduces Tollens’ or Fehlings’ reagent, nor does
it decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent On drastic oxidation
with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular
formula C7H6O2 Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the
reactions involved |
1 | 6707-6710 | It neither reduces Tollens’ or Fehlings’ reagent, nor does
it decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent On drastic oxidation
with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular
formula C7H6O2 Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the
reactions involved (A) forms 2,4-DNP derivative |
1 | 6708-6711 | On drastic oxidation
with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B) having molecular
formula C7H6O2 Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the
reactions involved (A) forms 2,4-DNP derivative Therefore, it is an aldehyde or a ketone |
1 | 6709-6712 | Identify the compounds (A) and (B) and explain the
reactions involved (A) forms 2,4-DNP derivative Therefore, it is an aldehyde or a ketone Since it does not reduce Tollens’ or Fehling reagent, (A) must be a ketone |
1 | 6710-6713 | (A) forms 2,4-DNP derivative Therefore, it is an aldehyde or a ketone Since it does not reduce Tollens’ or Fehling reagent, (A) must be a ketone (A) responds to iodoform test |
1 | 6711-6714 | Therefore, it is an aldehyde or a ketone Since it does not reduce Tollens’ or Fehling reagent, (A) must be a ketone (A) responds to iodoform test Therefore, it should be a methyl ketone |
1 | 6712-6715 | Since it does not reduce Tollens’ or Fehling reagent, (A) must be a ketone (A) responds to iodoform test Therefore, it should be a methyl ketone The molecular formula of (A) indicates high degree of unsaturation, yet
it does not decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent |
1 | 6713-6716 | (A) responds to iodoform test Therefore, it should be a methyl ketone The molecular formula of (A) indicates high degree of unsaturation, yet
it does not decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent This indicates
the presence of unsaturation due to an aromatic ring |
1 | 6714-6717 | Therefore, it should be a methyl ketone The molecular formula of (A) indicates high degree of unsaturation, yet
it does not decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent This indicates
the presence of unsaturation due to an aromatic ring Compound (B), being an oxidation product of a ketone should be a
carboxylic acid |
1 | 6715-6718 | The molecular formula of (A) indicates high degree of unsaturation, yet
it does not decolourise bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent This indicates
the presence of unsaturation due to an aromatic ring Compound (B), being an oxidation product of a ketone should be a
carboxylic acid The molecular formula of (B) indicates that it should
be benzoic acid and compound (A) should, therefore, be a
monosubstituted aromatic methyl ketone |
1 | 6716-6719 | This indicates
the presence of unsaturation due to an aromatic ring Compound (B), being an oxidation product of a ketone should be a
carboxylic acid The molecular formula of (B) indicates that it should
be benzoic acid and compound (A) should, therefore, be a
monosubstituted aromatic methyl ketone The molecular formula of
(A) indicates that it should be phenyl methyl ketone (acetophenone) |
1 | 6717-6720 | Compound (B), being an oxidation product of a ketone should be a
carboxylic acid The molecular formula of (B) indicates that it should
be benzoic acid and compound (A) should, therefore, be a
monosubstituted aromatic methyl ketone The molecular formula of
(A) indicates that it should be phenyl methyl ketone (acetophenone) Reactions are as follows:
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(iii) Oxidation of methyl ketones by haloform reaction:
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group
linked to the carbonyl carbon atom (methyl ketones)
are oxidised by sodium hypohalite to sodium salts of
corresponding carboxylic
acids having one carbon
atom less than that of
carbonyl compound |
1 | 6718-6721 | The molecular formula of (B) indicates that it should
be benzoic acid and compound (A) should, therefore, be a
monosubstituted aromatic methyl ketone The molecular formula of
(A) indicates that it should be phenyl methyl ketone (acetophenone) Reactions are as follows:
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(iii) Oxidation of methyl ketones by haloform reaction:
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group
linked to the carbonyl carbon atom (methyl ketones)
are oxidised by sodium hypohalite to sodium salts of
corresponding carboxylic
acids having one carbon
atom less than that of
carbonyl compound The
methyl
group
is
converted to haloform |
1 | 6719-6722 | The molecular formula of
(A) indicates that it should be phenyl methyl ketone (acetophenone) Reactions are as follows:
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(iii) Oxidation of methyl ketones by haloform reaction:
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group
linked to the carbonyl carbon atom (methyl ketones)
are oxidised by sodium hypohalite to sodium salts of
corresponding carboxylic
acids having one carbon
atom less than that of
carbonyl compound The
methyl
group
is
converted to haloform This oxidation does not
affect a carbon-carbon
double bond, if present
in the molecule |
1 | 6720-6723 | Reactions are as follows:
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
(iii) Oxidation of methyl ketones by haloform reaction:
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group
linked to the carbonyl carbon atom (methyl ketones)
are oxidised by sodium hypohalite to sodium salts of
corresponding carboxylic
acids having one carbon
atom less than that of
carbonyl compound The
methyl
group
is
converted to haloform This oxidation does not
affect a carbon-carbon
double bond, if present
in the molecule Iodoform reaction with sodium hypoiodite is also used for detection
of CH3CO group or CH3CH(OH) group which produces CH3CO group
on oxidation |
1 | 6721-6724 | The
methyl
group
is
converted to haloform This oxidation does not
affect a carbon-carbon
double bond, if present
in the molecule Iodoform reaction with sodium hypoiodite is also used for detection
of CH3CO group or CH3CH(OH) group which produces CH3CO group
on oxidation Rationalised 2023-24
241
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
4 |
1 | 6722-6725 | This oxidation does not
affect a carbon-carbon
double bond, if present
in the molecule Iodoform reaction with sodium hypoiodite is also used for detection
of CH3CO group or CH3CH(OH) group which produces CH3CO group
on oxidation Rationalised 2023-24
241
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
4 Reactions due to a-hydrogen
Acidity of aaaaa-hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones: The aldehydes
and ketones undergo a number of reactions due to the acidic nature
of a-hydrogen |
1 | 6723-6726 | Iodoform reaction with sodium hypoiodite is also used for detection
of CH3CO group or CH3CH(OH) group which produces CH3CO group
on oxidation Rationalised 2023-24
241
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
4 Reactions due to a-hydrogen
Acidity of aaaaa-hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones: The aldehydes
and ketones undergo a number of reactions due to the acidic nature
of a-hydrogen The acidity of a-hydrogen atoms of carbonyl compounds is due
to the strong electron withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group and
resonance stabilisation of the conjugate base |
1 | 6724-6727 | Rationalised 2023-24
241
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
4 Reactions due to a-hydrogen
Acidity of aaaaa-hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones: The aldehydes
and ketones undergo a number of reactions due to the acidic nature
of a-hydrogen The acidity of a-hydrogen atoms of carbonyl compounds is due
to the strong electron withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group and
resonance stabilisation of the conjugate base (i) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one
a-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali
as catalyst to form b-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or b-hydroxy
ketones (ketol), respectively |
1 | 6725-6728 | Reactions due to a-hydrogen
Acidity of aaaaa-hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones: The aldehydes
and ketones undergo a number of reactions due to the acidic nature
of a-hydrogen The acidity of a-hydrogen atoms of carbonyl compounds is due
to the strong electron withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group and
resonance stabilisation of the conjugate base (i) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one
a-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali
as catalyst to form b-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or b-hydroxy
ketones (ketol), respectively This is known as Aldol reaction |
1 | 6726-6729 | The acidity of a-hydrogen atoms of carbonyl compounds is due
to the strong electron withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group and
resonance stabilisation of the conjugate base (i) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one
a-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali
as catalyst to form b-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or b-hydroxy
ketones (ketol), respectively This is known as Aldol reaction The name aldol is derived from the names of the two
functional groups, aldehyde and alcohol, present in the products |
1 | 6727-6730 | (i) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one
a-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali
as catalyst to form b-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or b-hydroxy
ketones (ketol), respectively This is known as Aldol reaction The name aldol is derived from the names of the two
functional groups, aldehyde and alcohol, present in the products The aldol and ketol readily lose water to give a,b-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds which are aldol condensation products
and the reaction is called Aldol condensation |
1 | 6728-6731 | This is known as Aldol reaction The name aldol is derived from the names of the two
functional groups, aldehyde and alcohol, present in the products The aldol and ketol readily lose water to give a,b-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds which are aldol condensation products
and the reaction is called Aldol condensation Though ketones
give ketols (compounds containing a keto and alcohol groups),
the general name aldol condensation still applies to the reactions
of ketones due to their similarity with aldehydes |
1 | 6729-6732 | The name aldol is derived from the names of the two
functional groups, aldehyde and alcohol, present in the products The aldol and ketol readily lose water to give a,b-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds which are aldol condensation products
and the reaction is called Aldol condensation Though ketones
give ketols (compounds containing a keto and alcohol groups),
the general name aldol condensation still applies to the reactions
of ketones due to their similarity with aldehydes Rationalised 2023-24
242
Chemistry
(ii) Cross aldol condensation: When aldol condensation is carried
out between two different aldehydes and / or ketones, it is called
cross aldol condensation |
1 | 6730-6733 | The aldol and ketol readily lose water to give a,b-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds which are aldol condensation products
and the reaction is called Aldol condensation Though ketones
give ketols (compounds containing a keto and alcohol groups),
the general name aldol condensation still applies to the reactions
of ketones due to their similarity with aldehydes Rationalised 2023-24
242
Chemistry
(ii) Cross aldol condensation: When aldol condensation is carried
out between two different aldehydes and / or ketones, it is called
cross aldol condensation If both of them contain a-hydrogen
atoms, it gives a mixture of four products |
1 | 6731-6734 | Though ketones
give ketols (compounds containing a keto and alcohol groups),
the general name aldol condensation still applies to the reactions
of ketones due to their similarity with aldehydes Rationalised 2023-24
242
Chemistry
(ii) Cross aldol condensation: When aldol condensation is carried
out between two different aldehydes and / or ketones, it is called
cross aldol condensation If both of them contain a-hydrogen
atoms, it gives a mixture of four products This is illustrated
below by aldol reaction of a mixture of ethanal and propanal |
1 | 6732-6735 | Rationalised 2023-24
242
Chemistry
(ii) Cross aldol condensation: When aldol condensation is carried
out between two different aldehydes and / or ketones, it is called
cross aldol condensation If both of them contain a-hydrogen
atoms, it gives a mixture of four products This is illustrated
below by aldol reaction of a mixture of ethanal and propanal Ketones can also be used as one component in the cross aldol
reactions |
1 | 6733-6736 | If both of them contain a-hydrogen
atoms, it gives a mixture of four products This is illustrated
below by aldol reaction of a mixture of ethanal and propanal Ketones can also be used as one component in the cross aldol
reactions 5 |
1 | 6734-6737 | This is illustrated
below by aldol reaction of a mixture of ethanal and propanal Ketones can also be used as one component in the cross aldol
reactions 5 Other reactions
(i) Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an
a-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
(disproportionation) reaction on heating with concentrated alkali |
1 | 6735-6738 | Ketones can also be used as one component in the cross aldol
reactions 5 Other reactions
(i) Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an
a-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
(disproportionation) reaction on heating with concentrated alkali In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to
alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt |
1 | 6736-6739 | 5 Other reactions
(i) Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an
a-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
(disproportionation) reaction on heating with concentrated alkali In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to
alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt D
D
Rationalised 2023-24
243
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
(ii) Electrophilic substitution reaction: Aromatic aldehydes and ketones
undergo electrophilic substitution at the ring in which the carbonyl
group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group |
1 | 6737-6740 | Other reactions
(i) Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an
a-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
(disproportionation) reaction on heating with concentrated alkali In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to
alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt D
D
Rationalised 2023-24
243
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
(ii) Electrophilic substitution reaction: Aromatic aldehydes and ketones
undergo electrophilic substitution at the ring in which the carbonyl
group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 |
1 | 6738-6741 | In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to
alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt D
D
Rationalised 2023-24
243
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
(ii) Electrophilic substitution reaction: Aromatic aldehydes and ketones
undergo electrophilic substitution at the ring in which the carbonyl
group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 4
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in
nucleophilic addition reactions |
1 | 6739-6742 | D
D
Rationalised 2023-24
243
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
(ii) Electrophilic substitution reaction: Aromatic aldehydes and ketones
undergo electrophilic substitution at the ring in which the carbonyl
group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 4
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in
nucleophilic addition reactions (i)
Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone |
1 | 6740-6743 | Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
Intext Questions
8 4
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in
nucleophilic addition reactions (i)
Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone (ii)
Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone |
1 | 6741-6744 | 4
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in
nucleophilic addition reactions (i)
Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone (ii)
Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone Hint: Consider steric effect and electronic effect |
1 | 6742-6745 | (i)
Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone (ii)
Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone Hint: Consider steric effect and electronic effect 8 |
1 | 6743-6746 | (ii)
Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone Hint: Consider steric effect and electronic effect 8 5
Predict the products of the following reactions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
In chemical industry aldehydes and ketones are used as solvents,
starting materials and reagents for the synthesis of other products |
1 | 6744-6747 | Hint: Consider steric effect and electronic effect 8 5
Predict the products of the following reactions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
In chemical industry aldehydes and ketones are used as solvents,
starting materials and reagents for the synthesis of other products Formaldehyde is well known as formalin (40%) solution used to preserve
biological specimens and to prepare bakelite (a phenol-formaldehyde
resin), urea-formaldehyde glues and other polymeric products |
1 | 6745-6748 | 8 5
Predict the products of the following reactions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
In chemical industry aldehydes and ketones are used as solvents,
starting materials and reagents for the synthesis of other products Formaldehyde is well known as formalin (40%) solution used to preserve
biological specimens and to prepare bakelite (a phenol-formaldehyde
resin), urea-formaldehyde glues and other polymeric products Acetaldehyde is used primarily as a starting material in the manufacture
of acetic acid, ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, polymers and drugs |
1 | 6746-6749 | 5
Predict the products of the following reactions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
In chemical industry aldehydes and ketones are used as solvents,
starting materials and reagents for the synthesis of other products Formaldehyde is well known as formalin (40%) solution used to preserve
biological specimens and to prepare bakelite (a phenol-formaldehyde
resin), urea-formaldehyde glues and other polymeric products Acetaldehyde is used primarily as a starting material in the manufacture
of acetic acid, ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, polymers and drugs Benzaldehyde is used in perfumery and in dye industries |
1 | 6747-6750 | Formaldehyde is well known as formalin (40%) solution used to preserve
biological specimens and to prepare bakelite (a phenol-formaldehyde
resin), urea-formaldehyde glues and other polymeric products Acetaldehyde is used primarily as a starting material in the manufacture
of acetic acid, ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, polymers and drugs Benzaldehyde is used in perfumery and in dye industries Acetone and
ethyl methyl ketone are common industrial solvents |
1 | 6748-6751 | Acetaldehyde is used primarily as a starting material in the manufacture
of acetic acid, ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, polymers and drugs Benzaldehyde is used in perfumery and in dye industries Acetone and
ethyl methyl ketone are common industrial solvents Many aldehydes
and ketones, e |
1 | 6749-6752 | Benzaldehyde is used in perfumery and in dye industries Acetone and
ethyl methyl ketone are common industrial solvents Many aldehydes
and ketones, e g |
1 | 6750-6753 | Acetone and
ethyl methyl ketone are common industrial solvents Many aldehydes
and ketones, e g , butyraldehyde, vanillin, acetophenone, camphor, etc |
1 | 6751-6754 | Many aldehydes
and ketones, e g , butyraldehyde, vanillin, acetophenone, camphor, etc are well known for their odours and flavours |
1 | 6752-6755 | g , butyraldehyde, vanillin, acetophenone, camphor, etc are well known for their odours and flavours 8 |
1 | 6753-6756 | , butyraldehyde, vanillin, acetophenone, camphor, etc are well known for their odours and flavours 8 5
8 |
1 | 6754-6757 | are well known for their odours and flavours 8 5
8 5
8 |
1 | 6755-6758 | 8 5
8 5
8 5
8 |
1 | 6756-6759 | 5
8 5
8 5
8 5
8 |
1 | 6757-6760 | 5
8 5
8 5
8 5 Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
244
Chemistry
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
HCOOH
Formic acid
Methanoic acid
CH3COOH
Acetic acid
Ethanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH
Propionic acid
Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH
Butyric acid
Butanoic acid
(CH3)2CHCOOH
Isobutyric acid
2-Methylpropanoic acid
HOOC-COOH
Oxalic acid
Ethanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-COOH
Malonic acid
Propanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)2-COOH
Succinic acid
Butanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)3-COOH
Glutaric acid
Pentanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)4-COOH
Adipic acid
Hexanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH
Tricarballylic acid
Propane-1, 2, 3-
or carballylic acid
tricarboxylic acid
Carboxylic Acids
Carbon compounds containing a carboxyl functional group, –COOH are
called carboxylic acids |
1 | 6758-6761 | 5
8 5
8 5 Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
244
Chemistry
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
HCOOH
Formic acid
Methanoic acid
CH3COOH
Acetic acid
Ethanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH
Propionic acid
Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH
Butyric acid
Butanoic acid
(CH3)2CHCOOH
Isobutyric acid
2-Methylpropanoic acid
HOOC-COOH
Oxalic acid
Ethanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-COOH
Malonic acid
Propanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)2-COOH
Succinic acid
Butanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)3-COOH
Glutaric acid
Pentanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)4-COOH
Adipic acid
Hexanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH
Tricarballylic acid
Propane-1, 2, 3-
or carballylic acid
tricarboxylic acid
Carboxylic Acids
Carbon compounds containing a carboxyl functional group, –COOH are
called carboxylic acids The carboxyl group, consists of a carbonyl group
attached to a hydroxyl group, hence its name carboxyl |
1 | 6759-6762 | 5
8 5 Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
244
Chemistry
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
HCOOH
Formic acid
Methanoic acid
CH3COOH
Acetic acid
Ethanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH
Propionic acid
Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH
Butyric acid
Butanoic acid
(CH3)2CHCOOH
Isobutyric acid
2-Methylpropanoic acid
HOOC-COOH
Oxalic acid
Ethanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-COOH
Malonic acid
Propanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)2-COOH
Succinic acid
Butanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)3-COOH
Glutaric acid
Pentanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)4-COOH
Adipic acid
Hexanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH
Tricarballylic acid
Propane-1, 2, 3-
or carballylic acid
tricarboxylic acid
Carboxylic Acids
Carbon compounds containing a carboxyl functional group, –COOH are
called carboxylic acids The carboxyl group, consists of a carbonyl group
attached to a hydroxyl group, hence its name carboxyl Carboxylic acids
may be aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) depending on the group,
alkyl or aryl, attached to carboxylic carbon |
1 | 6760-6763 | 5 Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Uses of
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
Rationalised 2023-24
244
Chemistry
Structure
Common name
IUPAC name
HCOOH
Formic acid
Methanoic acid
CH3COOH
Acetic acid
Ethanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH
Propionic acid
Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH
Butyric acid
Butanoic acid
(CH3)2CHCOOH
Isobutyric acid
2-Methylpropanoic acid
HOOC-COOH
Oxalic acid
Ethanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-COOH
Malonic acid
Propanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)2-COOH
Succinic acid
Butanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)3-COOH
Glutaric acid
Pentanedioic acid
HOOC -(CH2)4-COOH
Adipic acid
Hexanedioic acid
HOOC -CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH
Tricarballylic acid
Propane-1, 2, 3-
or carballylic acid
tricarboxylic acid
Carboxylic Acids
Carbon compounds containing a carboxyl functional group, –COOH are
called carboxylic acids The carboxyl group, consists of a carbonyl group
attached to a hydroxyl group, hence its name carboxyl Carboxylic acids
may be aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) depending on the group,
alkyl or aryl, attached to carboxylic carbon Large number of carboxylic
acids are found in nature |
1 | 6761-6764 | The carboxyl group, consists of a carbonyl group
attached to a hydroxyl group, hence its name carboxyl Carboxylic acids
may be aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) depending on the group,
alkyl or aryl, attached to carboxylic carbon Large number of carboxylic
acids are found in nature Some higher members of aliphatic carboxylic
acids (C12 – C18) known as fatty acids, occur in natural fats as esters of
glycerol |
1 | 6762-6765 | Carboxylic acids
may be aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) depending on the group,
alkyl or aryl, attached to carboxylic carbon Large number of carboxylic
acids are found in nature Some higher members of aliphatic carboxylic
acids (C12 – C18) known as fatty acids, occur in natural fats as esters of
glycerol Carboxylic acids serve as starting material for several other
important organic compounds such as anhydrides, esters, acid chlorides,
amides, etc |
1 | 6763-6766 | Large number of carboxylic
acids are found in nature Some higher members of aliphatic carboxylic
acids (C12 – C18) known as fatty acids, occur in natural fats as esters of
glycerol Carboxylic acids serve as starting material for several other
important organic compounds such as anhydrides, esters, acid chlorides,
amides, etc Since carboxylic acids are amongst the earliest organic compounds to
be isolated from nature, a large number of them are known by their
common names |
1 | 6764-6767 | Some higher members of aliphatic carboxylic
acids (C12 – C18) known as fatty acids, occur in natural fats as esters of
glycerol Carboxylic acids serve as starting material for several other
important organic compounds such as anhydrides, esters, acid chlorides,
amides, etc Since carboxylic acids are amongst the earliest organic compounds to
be isolated from nature, a large number of them are known by their
common names The common names end with the suffix –ic acid and
have been derived from Latin or Greek names of their natural sources |
1 | 6765-6768 | Carboxylic acids serve as starting material for several other
important organic compounds such as anhydrides, esters, acid chlorides,
amides, etc Since carboxylic acids are amongst the earliest organic compounds to
be isolated from nature, a large number of them are known by their
common names The common names end with the suffix –ic acid and
have been derived from Latin or Greek names of their natural sources For example, formic acid (HCOOH) was first obtained from red ants
(Latin: formica means ant), acetic acid (CH3COOH) from vinegar (Latin:
acetum, means vinegar), butyric acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH) from rancid
butter (Latin: butyrum, means butter) |
1 | 6766-6769 | Since carboxylic acids are amongst the earliest organic compounds to
be isolated from nature, a large number of them are known by their
common names The common names end with the suffix –ic acid and
have been derived from Latin or Greek names of their natural sources For example, formic acid (HCOOH) was first obtained from red ants
(Latin: formica means ant), acetic acid (CH3COOH) from vinegar (Latin:
acetum, means vinegar), butyric acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH) from rancid
butter (Latin: butyrum, means butter) In the IUPAC system, aliphatic carboxylic acids are named by
replacing the ending –e in the name of the corresponding alkane with –
oic acid |
1 | 6767-6770 | The common names end with the suffix –ic acid and
have been derived from Latin or Greek names of their natural sources For example, formic acid (HCOOH) was first obtained from red ants
(Latin: formica means ant), acetic acid (CH3COOH) from vinegar (Latin:
acetum, means vinegar), butyric acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH) from rancid
butter (Latin: butyrum, means butter) In the IUPAC system, aliphatic carboxylic acids are named by
replacing the ending –e in the name of the corresponding alkane with –
oic acid In numbering the carbon chain, the carboxylic carbon is
numbered one |
1 | 6768-6771 | For example, formic acid (HCOOH) was first obtained from red ants
(Latin: formica means ant), acetic acid (CH3COOH) from vinegar (Latin:
acetum, means vinegar), butyric acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH) from rancid
butter (Latin: butyrum, means butter) In the IUPAC system, aliphatic carboxylic acids are named by
replacing the ending –e in the name of the corresponding alkane with –
oic acid In numbering the carbon chain, the carboxylic carbon is
numbered one For naming compounds containing more than one
carboxyl group, the alkyl chain leaving carboxyl groups is numbered
and the number of carboxyl groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, etc |
1 | 6769-6772 | In the IUPAC system, aliphatic carboxylic acids are named by
replacing the ending –e in the name of the corresponding alkane with –
oic acid In numbering the carbon chain, the carboxylic carbon is
numbered one For naming compounds containing more than one
carboxyl group, the alkyl chain leaving carboxyl groups is numbered
and the number of carboxyl groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, etc to the name
of parent alkyl chain |
1 | 6770-6773 | In numbering the carbon chain, the carboxylic carbon is
numbered one For naming compounds containing more than one
carboxyl group, the alkyl chain leaving carboxyl groups is numbered
and the number of carboxyl groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, etc to the name
of parent alkyl chain The position of –COOH groups are indicated by the
arabic numeral before the multiplicative prefix |
1 | 6771-6774 | For naming compounds containing more than one
carboxyl group, the alkyl chain leaving carboxyl groups is numbered
and the number of carboxyl groups is indicated by adding the
multiplicative prefix, dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, etc to the name
of parent alkyl chain The position of –COOH groups are indicated by the
arabic numeral before the multiplicative prefix Some of the carboxylic
acids along with their common and IUPAC names are listed in Table 8 |
1 | 6772-6775 | to the name
of parent alkyl chain The position of –COOH groups are indicated by the
arabic numeral before the multiplicative prefix Some of the carboxylic
acids along with their common and IUPAC names are listed in Table 8 3 |
1 | 6773-6776 | The position of –COOH groups are indicated by the
arabic numeral before the multiplicative prefix Some of the carboxylic
acids along with their common and IUPAC names are listed in Table 8 3 8 |
1 | 6774-6777 | Some of the carboxylic
acids along with their common and IUPAC names are listed in Table 8 3 8 6
8 |
1 | 6775-6778 | 3 8 6
8 6
8 |
1 | 6776-6779 | 8 6
8 6
8 6
8 |
1 | 6777-6780 | 6
8 6
8 6
8 6
8 |
1 | 6778-6781 | 6
8 6
8 6
8 6
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Table 8 |
1 | 6779-6782 | 6
8 6
8 6
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Table 8 3 Names and Structures of Some Carboxylic Acids
8 |
1 | 6780-6783 | 6
8 6
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Table 8 3 Names and Structures of Some Carboxylic Acids
8 6 |
1 | 6781-6784 | 6
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Table 8 3 Names and Structures of Some Carboxylic Acids
8 6 1
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
245
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Benzoic acid
Benzenecarboxylic acid
(Benzoic acid)
Phenylacetic acid
2-Phenylethanoic acid
Phthalic acid
Benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylic
acid
In carboxylic acids, the bonds to the carboxyl carbon lie in one plane
and are separated by about 120° |
1 | 6782-6785 | 3 Names and Structures of Some Carboxylic Acids
8 6 1
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
245
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Benzoic acid
Benzenecarboxylic acid
(Benzoic acid)
Phenylacetic acid
2-Phenylethanoic acid
Phthalic acid
Benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylic
acid
In carboxylic acids, the bonds to the carboxyl carbon lie in one plane
and are separated by about 120° The carboxylic carbon is less
electrophilic than carbonyl carbon because of the possible resonance
structure shown below:
8 |
1 | 6783-6786 | 6 1
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
245
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Benzoic acid
Benzenecarboxylic acid
(Benzoic acid)
Phenylacetic acid
2-Phenylethanoic acid
Phthalic acid
Benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylic
acid
In carboxylic acids, the bonds to the carboxyl carbon lie in one plane
and are separated by about 120° The carboxylic carbon is less
electrophilic than carbonyl carbon because of the possible resonance
structure shown below:
8 6 |
1 | 6784-6787 | 1
Nomenclature
Rationalised 2023-24
245
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Benzoic acid
Benzenecarboxylic acid
(Benzoic acid)
Phenylacetic acid
2-Phenylethanoic acid
Phthalic acid
Benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylic
acid
In carboxylic acids, the bonds to the carboxyl carbon lie in one plane
and are separated by about 120° The carboxylic carbon is less
electrophilic than carbonyl carbon because of the possible resonance
structure shown below:
8 6 2
Structure
of Carboxyl
Group
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 |
1 | 6785-6788 | The carboxylic carbon is less
electrophilic than carbonyl carbon because of the possible resonance
structure shown below:
8 6 2
Structure
of Carboxyl
Group
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 6
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i)
Ph CH2CH2COOH
(ii)
(CH3)2C=CHCOOH
(iii)
COOH
CH3
(iv)
Some important methods of preparation of carboxylic acids are as follows |
1 | 6786-6789 | 6 2
Structure
of Carboxyl
Group
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 6
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i)
Ph CH2CH2COOH
(ii)
(CH3)2C=CHCOOH
(iii)
COOH
CH3
(iv)
Some important methods of preparation of carboxylic acids are as follows 1 |
1 | 6787-6790 | 2
Structure
of Carboxyl
Group
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
Intext Question
8 6
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i)
Ph CH2CH2COOH
(ii)
(CH3)2C=CHCOOH
(iii)
COOH
CH3
(iv)
Some important methods of preparation of carboxylic acids are as follows 1 From primary alcohols and aldehydes
Primary alcohols are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids with common
oxidising agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in
neutral, acidic or alkaline media or by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
and chromium trioxide (CrO3) in acidic media (Jones reagent) |
1 | 6788-6791 | 6
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i)
Ph CH2CH2COOH
(ii)
(CH3)2C=CHCOOH
(iii)
COOH
CH3
(iv)
Some important methods of preparation of carboxylic acids are as follows 1 From primary alcohols and aldehydes
Primary alcohols are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids with common
oxidising agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in
neutral, acidic or alkaline media or by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
and chromium trioxide (CrO3) in acidic media (Jones reagent) 8 |
1 | 6789-6792 | 1 From primary alcohols and aldehydes
Primary alcohols are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids with common
oxidising agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in
neutral, acidic or alkaline media or by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
and chromium trioxide (CrO3) in acidic media (Jones reagent) 8 7
8 |
1 | 6790-6793 | From primary alcohols and aldehydes
Primary alcohols are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids with common
oxidising agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in
neutral, acidic or alkaline media or by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
and chromium trioxide (CrO3) in acidic media (Jones reagent) 8 7
8 7
8 |
1 | 6791-6794 | 8 7
8 7
8 7
8 |
1 | 6792-6795 | 7
8 7
8 7
8 7
8 |
1 | 6793-6796 | 7
8 7
8 7
8 7 Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
+
Jones reagent
Rationalised 2023-24
246
Chemistry
Carboxylic acids are also prepared from aldehydes by the use of
mild oxidising agents (Section 8 |
1 | 6794-6797 | 7
8 7
8 7 Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
+
Jones reagent
Rationalised 2023-24
246
Chemistry
Carboxylic acids are also prepared from aldehydes by the use of
mild oxidising agents (Section 8 4) |
1 | 6795-6798 | 7
8 7 Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
+
Jones reagent
Rationalised 2023-24
246
Chemistry
Carboxylic acids are also prepared from aldehydes by the use of
mild oxidising agents (Section 8 4) 2 |
1 | 6796-6799 | 7 Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Methods of
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
of Carboxylic
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
Acids
+
Jones reagent
Rationalised 2023-24
246
Chemistry
Carboxylic acids are also prepared from aldehydes by the use of
mild oxidising agents (Section 8 4) 2 From alkylbenzenes
Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by vigorous oxidation of
alkyl benzenes with chromic acid or acidic or alkaline potassium
permanganate |
1 | 6797-6800 | 4) 2 From alkylbenzenes
Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by vigorous oxidation of
alkyl benzenes with chromic acid or acidic or alkaline potassium
permanganate The entire side chain is oxidised to the carboxyl group
irrespective of length of the side chain |
1 | 6798-6801 | 2 From alkylbenzenes
Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by vigorous oxidation of
alkyl benzenes with chromic acid or acidic or alkaline potassium
permanganate The entire side chain is oxidised to the carboxyl group
irrespective of length of the side chain Primary and secondary alkyl
groups are oxidised in this manner while tertiary group is not affected |
1 | 6799-6802 | From alkylbenzenes
Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by vigorous oxidation of
alkyl benzenes with chromic acid or acidic or alkaline potassium
permanganate The entire side chain is oxidised to the carboxyl group
irrespective of length of the side chain Primary and secondary alkyl
groups are oxidised in this manner while tertiary group is not affected Suitably substituted alkenes are also oxidised to carboxylic acids
with these oxidising reagents |
1 | 6800-6803 | The entire side chain is oxidised to the carboxyl group
irrespective of length of the side chain Primary and secondary alkyl
groups are oxidised in this manner while tertiary group is not affected Suitably substituted alkenes are also oxidised to carboxylic acids
with these oxidising reagents 3 |
1 | 6801-6804 | Primary and secondary alkyl
groups are oxidised in this manner while tertiary group is not affected Suitably substituted alkenes are also oxidised to carboxylic acids
with these oxidising reagents 3 From nitriles and amides
Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the presence of
H
+ or OH
as catalyst |
1 | 6802-6805 | Suitably substituted alkenes are also oxidised to carboxylic acids
with these oxidising reagents 3 From nitriles and amides
Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the presence of
H
+ or OH
as catalyst Mild reaction conditions are used to stop the
reaction at the amide stage |
1 | 6803-6806 | 3 From nitriles and amides
Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the presence of
H
+ or OH
as catalyst Mild reaction conditions are used to stop the
reaction at the amide stage 4 |
1 | 6804-6807 | From nitriles and amides
Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the presence of
H
+ or OH
as catalyst Mild reaction conditions are used to stop the
reaction at the amide stage 4 From Grignard reagents
Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) to form salts of
carboxylic acids which in turn give corresponding carboxylic acids
after acidification with mineral acid |
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