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adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) RNA also contains four bases, the first three bases are same as in DNA but the fourth one is uracil (U) A unit formed by the attachment of a base to 1¢ position of sugar is known as nucleoside In nucleosides, the sugar carbons are numbered as 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, etc
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7906-7909
RNA also contains four bases, the first three bases are same as in DNA but the fourth one is uracil (U) A unit formed by the attachment of a base to 1¢ position of sugar is known as nucleoside In nucleosides, the sugar carbons are numbered as 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, etc in order to distinguish these from the bases (Fig
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7907-7910
A unit formed by the attachment of a base to 1¢ position of sugar is known as nucleoside In nucleosides, the sugar carbons are numbered as 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, etc in order to distinguish these from the bases (Fig 10
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7908-7911
In nucleosides, the sugar carbons are numbered as 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, etc in order to distinguish these from the bases (Fig 10 5a)
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7909-7912
in order to distinguish these from the bases (Fig 10 5a) When nucleoside is linked to phosphoric acid at 5¢-position of sugar moiety, we get a nucleotide (Fig
1
7910-7913
10 5a) When nucleoside is linked to phosphoric acid at 5¢-position of sugar moiety, we get a nucleotide (Fig 10
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7911-7914
5a) When nucleoside is linked to phosphoric acid at 5¢-position of sugar moiety, we get a nucleotide (Fig 10 5)
1
7912-7915
When nucleoside is linked to phosphoric acid at 5¢-position of sugar moiety, we get a nucleotide (Fig 10 5) 10
1
7913-7916
10 5) 10 5
1
7914-7917
5) 10 5 2 Structure of Nucleic Acids Fig
1
7915-7918
10 5 2 Structure of Nucleic Acids Fig 10
1
7916-7919
5 2 Structure of Nucleic Acids Fig 10 5: Structure of (a) a nucleoside and (b) a nucleotide Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5¢ and 3¢ carbon atoms of the pentose sugar
1
7917-7920
2 Structure of Nucleic Acids Fig 10 5: Structure of (a) a nucleoside and (b) a nucleotide Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5¢ and 3¢ carbon atoms of the pentose sugar The formation of a typical dinucleotide is shown in Fig
1
7918-7921
10 5: Structure of (a) a nucleoside and (b) a nucleotide Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5¢ and 3¢ carbon atoms of the pentose sugar The formation of a typical dinucleotide is shown in Fig 10
1
7919-7922
5: Structure of (a) a nucleoside and (b) a nucleotide Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5¢ and 3¢ carbon atoms of the pentose sugar The formation of a typical dinucleotide is shown in Fig 10 6
1
7920-7923
The formation of a typical dinucleotide is shown in Fig 10 6 Rationalised 2023-24 299 Biomolecules A simplified version of nucleic acid chain is as shown below
1
7921-7924
10 6 Rationalised 2023-24 299 Biomolecules A simplified version of nucleic acid chain is as shown below Fig
1
7922-7925
6 Rationalised 2023-24 299 Biomolecules A simplified version of nucleic acid chain is as shown below Fig 10
1
7923-7926
Rationalised 2023-24 299 Biomolecules A simplified version of nucleic acid chain is as shown below Fig 10 6: Formation of a dinucleotide Fig
1
7924-7927
Fig 10 6: Formation of a dinucleotide Fig 10
1
7925-7928
10 6: Formation of a dinucleotide Fig 10 7: Double strand helix structure for DNA Information regarding the sequence of nucleotides in the chain of a nucleic acid is called its primary structure
1
7926-7929
6: Formation of a dinucleotide Fig 10 7: Double strand helix structure for DNA Information regarding the sequence of nucleotides in the chain of a nucleic acid is called its primary structure Nucleic acids have a secondary structure also
1
7927-7930
10 7: Double strand helix structure for DNA Information regarding the sequence of nucleotides in the chain of a nucleic acid is called its primary structure Nucleic acids have a secondary structure also James Watson and Francis Crick gave a double strand helix structure for DNA (Fig
1
7928-7931
7: Double strand helix structure for DNA Information regarding the sequence of nucleotides in the chain of a nucleic acid is called its primary structure Nucleic acids have a secondary structure also James Watson and Francis Crick gave a double strand helix structure for DNA (Fig 10
1
7929-7932
Nucleic acids have a secondary structure also James Watson and Francis Crick gave a double strand helix structure for DNA (Fig 10 7)
1
7930-7933
James Watson and Francis Crick gave a double strand helix structure for DNA (Fig 10 7) Two nucleic acid chains are wound about each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases
1
7931-7934
10 7) Two nucleic acid chains are wound about each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases The two strands are complementary to each other because the hydrogen bonds are formed between specific pairs of bases
1
7932-7935
7) Two nucleic acid chains are wound about each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases The two strands are complementary to each other because the hydrogen bonds are formed between specific pairs of bases Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine whereas cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine
1
7933-7936
Two nucleic acid chains are wound about each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases The two strands are complementary to each other because the hydrogen bonds are formed between specific pairs of bases Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine whereas cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine In secondary structure of RNA single stranded helics is present which sometimes foldsback on itself
1
7934-7937
The two strands are complementary to each other because the hydrogen bonds are formed between specific pairs of bases Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine whereas cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine In secondary structure of RNA single stranded helics is present which sometimes foldsback on itself RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions
1
7935-7938
Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine whereas cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine In secondary structure of RNA single stranded helics is present which sometimes foldsback on itself RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions They are named as messenger RNA (m-RNA), ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) and transfer RNA (t-RNA)
1
7936-7939
In secondary structure of RNA single stranded helics is present which sometimes foldsback on itself RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions They are named as messenger RNA (m-RNA), ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) and transfer RNA (t-RNA) Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Base Sugar Base n Base Rationalised 2023-24 300 Chemistry Har Gobind Khorana DNA Fingerprinting It is known that every individual has unique fingerprints
1
7937-7940
RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions They are named as messenger RNA (m-RNA), ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) and transfer RNA (t-RNA) Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Base Sugar Base n Base Rationalised 2023-24 300 Chemistry Har Gobind Khorana DNA Fingerprinting It is known that every individual has unique fingerprints These occur at the tips of the fingers and have been used for identification for a long time but these can be altered by surgery
1
7938-7941
They are named as messenger RNA (m-RNA), ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) and transfer RNA (t-RNA) Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Base Sugar Base n Base Rationalised 2023-24 300 Chemistry Har Gobind Khorana DNA Fingerprinting It is known that every individual has unique fingerprints These occur at the tips of the fingers and have been used for identification for a long time but these can be altered by surgery A sequence of bases on DNA is also unique for a person and information regarding this is called DNA fingerprinting
1
7939-7942
Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Base Sugar Base n Base Rationalised 2023-24 300 Chemistry Har Gobind Khorana DNA Fingerprinting It is known that every individual has unique fingerprints These occur at the tips of the fingers and have been used for identification for a long time but these can be altered by surgery A sequence of bases on DNA is also unique for a person and information regarding this is called DNA fingerprinting It is same for every cell and cannot be altered by any known treatment
1
7940-7943
These occur at the tips of the fingers and have been used for identification for a long time but these can be altered by surgery A sequence of bases on DNA is also unique for a person and information regarding this is called DNA fingerprinting It is same for every cell and cannot be altered by any known treatment DNA fingerprinting is now used (i) in forensic laboratories for identification of criminals
1
7941-7944
A sequence of bases on DNA is also unique for a person and information regarding this is called DNA fingerprinting It is same for every cell and cannot be altered by any known treatment DNA fingerprinting is now used (i) in forensic laboratories for identification of criminals (ii) to determine paternity of an individual
1
7942-7945
It is same for every cell and cannot be altered by any known treatment DNA fingerprinting is now used (i) in forensic laboratories for identification of criminals (ii) to determine paternity of an individual (iii) to identify the dead bodies in any accident by comparing the DNA’s of parents or children
1
7943-7946
DNA fingerprinting is now used (i) in forensic laboratories for identification of criminals (ii) to determine paternity of an individual (iii) to identify the dead bodies in any accident by comparing the DNA’s of parents or children (iv) to identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution
1
7944-7947
(ii) to determine paternity of an individual (iii) to identify the dead bodies in any accident by comparing the DNA’s of parents or children (iv) to identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information
1
7945-7948
(iii) to identify the dead bodies in any accident by comparing the DNA’s of parents or children (iv) to identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years
1
7946-7949
(iv) to identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years A DNA molecule is capable of self duplication during cell division and identical DNA strands are transferred to daughter cells
1
7947-7950
DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years A DNA molecule is capable of self duplication during cell division and identical DNA strands are transferred to daughter cells Another important function of nucleic acids is the protein synthesis in the cell
1
7948-7951
DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years A DNA molecule is capable of self duplication during cell division and identical DNA strands are transferred to daughter cells Another important function of nucleic acids is the protein synthesis in the cell Actually, the proteins are synthesised by various RNA molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA
1
7949-7952
A DNA molecule is capable of self duplication during cell division and identical DNA strands are transferred to daughter cells Another important function of nucleic acids is the protein synthesis in the cell Actually, the proteins are synthesised by various RNA molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA Hormones are molecules that act as intercellular messengers
1
7950-7953
Another important function of nucleic acids is the protein synthesis in the cell Actually, the proteins are synthesised by various RNA molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA Hormones are molecules that act as intercellular messengers These are produced by endocrine glands in the body and are poured directly in the blood stream which transports them to the site of action
1
7951-7954
Actually, the proteins are synthesised by various RNA molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA Hormones are molecules that act as intercellular messengers These are produced by endocrine glands in the body and are poured directly in the blood stream which transports them to the site of action In terms of chemical nature, some of these are steroids, e
1
7952-7955
Hormones are molecules that act as intercellular messengers These are produced by endocrine glands in the body and are poured directly in the blood stream which transports them to the site of action In terms of chemical nature, some of these are steroids, e g
1
7953-7956
These are produced by endocrine glands in the body and are poured directly in the blood stream which transports them to the site of action In terms of chemical nature, some of these are steroids, e g , estrogens and androgens; some are poly peptides for example insulin and endorphins and some others are amino acid derivatives such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
1
7954-7957
In terms of chemical nature, some of these are steroids, e g , estrogens and androgens; some are poly peptides for example insulin and endorphins and some others are amino acid derivatives such as epinephrine and norepinephrine Hormones have several functions in the body
1
7955-7958
g , estrogens and androgens; some are poly peptides for example insulin and endorphins and some others are amino acid derivatives such as epinephrine and norepinephrine Hormones have several functions in the body They help to maintain the balance of biological activities in the body
1
7956-7959
, estrogens and androgens; some are poly peptides for example insulin and endorphins and some others are amino acid derivatives such as epinephrine and norepinephrine Hormones have several functions in the body They help to maintain the balance of biological activities in the body The role of insulin in keeping the blood glucose level within the narrow limit is an example of this function
1
7957-7960
Hormones have several functions in the body They help to maintain the balance of biological activities in the body The role of insulin in keeping the blood glucose level within the narrow limit is an example of this function Insulin is released in response to the rapid rise in blood glucose level
1
7958-7961
They help to maintain the balance of biological activities in the body The role of insulin in keeping the blood glucose level within the narrow limit is an example of this function Insulin is released in response to the rapid rise in blood glucose level On the other hand hormone glucagon tends to increase the glucose level in the blood
1
7959-7962
The role of insulin in keeping the blood glucose level within the narrow limit is an example of this function Insulin is released in response to the rapid rise in blood glucose level On the other hand hormone glucagon tends to increase the glucose level in the blood The two hormones together regulate the glucose level in the blood
1
7960-7963
Insulin is released in response to the rapid rise in blood glucose level On the other hand hormone glucagon tends to increase the glucose level in the blood The two hormones together regulate the glucose level in the blood Epinephrine and norepinephrine mediate responses to external stimuli
1
7961-7964
On the other hand hormone glucagon tends to increase the glucose level in the blood The two hormones together regulate the glucose level in the blood Epinephrine and norepinephrine mediate responses to external stimuli Growth hormones and sex hormones play role in growth and development
1
7962-7965
The two hormones together regulate the glucose level in the blood Epinephrine and norepinephrine mediate responses to external stimuli Growth hormones and sex hormones play role in growth and development Thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland is an iodinated derivative of amino acid tyrosine
1
7963-7966
Epinephrine and norepinephrine mediate responses to external stimuli Growth hormones and sex hormones play role in growth and development Thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland is an iodinated derivative of amino acid tyrosine Abnormally low level of thyroxine leads 10
1
7964-7967
Growth hormones and sex hormones play role in growth and development Thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland is an iodinated derivative of amino acid tyrosine Abnormally low level of thyroxine leads 10 5
1
7965-7968
Thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland is an iodinated derivative of amino acid tyrosine Abnormally low level of thyroxine leads 10 5 3 Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids Har Gobind Khorana, was born in 1922
1
7966-7969
Abnormally low level of thyroxine leads 10 5 3 Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids Har Gobind Khorana, was born in 1922 He obtained his M
1
7967-7970
5 3 Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids Har Gobind Khorana, was born in 1922 He obtained his M Sc
1
7968-7971
3 Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids Har Gobind Khorana, was born in 1922 He obtained his M Sc degree from Punjab University in Lahore
1
7969-7972
He obtained his M Sc degree from Punjab University in Lahore He worked with Professor Vladimir Prelog, who moulded Khorana’s thought and philosophy towards science, work and effort
1
7970-7973
Sc degree from Punjab University in Lahore He worked with Professor Vladimir Prelog, who moulded Khorana’s thought and philosophy towards science, work and effort After a brief stay in India in 1949, Khorana went back to England and worked with Professor G
1
7971-7974
degree from Punjab University in Lahore He worked with Professor Vladimir Prelog, who moulded Khorana’s thought and philosophy towards science, work and effort After a brief stay in India in 1949, Khorana went back to England and worked with Professor G W
1
7972-7975
He worked with Professor Vladimir Prelog, who moulded Khorana’s thought and philosophy towards science, work and effort After a brief stay in India in 1949, Khorana went back to England and worked with Professor G W Kenner and Professor A
1
7973-7976
After a brief stay in India in 1949, Khorana went back to England and worked with Professor G W Kenner and Professor A R
1
7974-7977
W Kenner and Professor A R Todd
1
7975-7978
Kenner and Professor A R Todd It was at Cambridge, U
1
7976-7979
R Todd It was at Cambridge, U K
1
7977-7980
Todd It was at Cambridge, U K that he got interested in both proteins and nucleic acids
1
7978-7981
It was at Cambridge, U K that he got interested in both proteins and nucleic acids Dr Khorana shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1968 with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley for cracking the genetic code
1
7979-7982
K that he got interested in both proteins and nucleic acids Dr Khorana shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1968 with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley for cracking the genetic code 10
1
7980-7983
that he got interested in both proteins and nucleic acids Dr Khorana shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1968 with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley for cracking the genetic code 10 6 10
1
7981-7984
Dr Khorana shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1968 with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley for cracking the genetic code 10 6 10 6 10
1
7982-7985
10 6 10 6 10 6 10
1
7983-7986
6 10 6 10 6 10 6 10
1
7984-7987
6 10 6 10 6 10 6 Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Rationalised 2023-24 301 Biomolecules to hypothyroidism which is characterised by lethargyness and obesity
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6 10 6 10 6 Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Rationalised 2023-24 301 Biomolecules to hypothyroidism which is characterised by lethargyness and obesity Increased level of thyroxine causes hyperthyroidism
1
7986-7989
6 10 6 Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Rationalised 2023-24 301 Biomolecules to hypothyroidism which is characterised by lethargyness and obesity Increased level of thyroxine causes hyperthyroidism Low level of iodine in the diet may lead to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland
1
7987-7990
6 Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Hormones Rationalised 2023-24 301 Biomolecules to hypothyroidism which is characterised by lethargyness and obesity Increased level of thyroxine causes hyperthyroidism Low level of iodine in the diet may lead to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland This condition is largely being controlled by adding sodium iodide to commercial table salt (“Iodised” salt)
1
7988-7991
Increased level of thyroxine causes hyperthyroidism Low level of iodine in the diet may lead to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland This condition is largely being controlled by adding sodium iodide to commercial table salt (“Iodised” salt) Steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortex and gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females)
1
7989-7992
Low level of iodine in the diet may lead to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland This condition is largely being controlled by adding sodium iodide to commercial table salt (“Iodised” salt) Steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortex and gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) Hormones released by the adrenal cortex play very important role in the functions of the body
1
7990-7993
This condition is largely being controlled by adding sodium iodide to commercial table salt (“Iodised” salt) Steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortex and gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) Hormones released by the adrenal cortex play very important role in the functions of the body For example, glucocorticoids control the carbohydrate metabolism, modulate inflammatory reactions, and are involved in reactions to stress
1
7991-7994
Steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortex and gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) Hormones released by the adrenal cortex play very important role in the functions of the body For example, glucocorticoids control the carbohydrate metabolism, modulate inflammatory reactions, and are involved in reactions to stress The mineralocorticoids control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidney
1
7992-7995
Hormones released by the adrenal cortex play very important role in the functions of the body For example, glucocorticoids control the carbohydrate metabolism, modulate inflammatory reactions, and are involved in reactions to stress The mineralocorticoids control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidney If adrenal cortex does not function properly then one of the results may be Addison’s disease characterised by hypoglycemia, weakness and increased susceptibility to stress
1
7993-7996
For example, glucocorticoids control the carbohydrate metabolism, modulate inflammatory reactions, and are involved in reactions to stress The mineralocorticoids control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidney If adrenal cortex does not function properly then one of the results may be Addison’s disease characterised by hypoglycemia, weakness and increased susceptibility to stress The disease is fatal unless it is treated by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
1
7994-7997
The mineralocorticoids control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidney If adrenal cortex does not function properly then one of the results may be Addison’s disease characterised by hypoglycemia, weakness and increased susceptibility to stress The disease is fatal unless it is treated by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Hormones released by gonads are responsible for development of secondary sex characters
1
7995-7998
If adrenal cortex does not function properly then one of the results may be Addison’s disease characterised by hypoglycemia, weakness and increased susceptibility to stress The disease is fatal unless it is treated by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Hormones released by gonads are responsible for development of secondary sex characters Testosterone is the major sex hormone produced in males
1
7996-7999
The disease is fatal unless it is treated by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Hormones released by gonads are responsible for development of secondary sex characters Testosterone is the major sex hormone produced in males It is responsible for development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, facial hair, general physical constitution) and estradiol is the main female sex hormone
1
7997-8000
Hormones released by gonads are responsible for development of secondary sex characters Testosterone is the major sex hormone produced in males It is responsible for development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, facial hair, general physical constitution) and estradiol is the main female sex hormone It is responsible for development of secondary female characteristics and participates in the control of menstrual cycle
1
7998-8001
Testosterone is the major sex hormone produced in males It is responsible for development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, facial hair, general physical constitution) and estradiol is the main female sex hormone It is responsible for development of secondary female characteristics and participates in the control of menstrual cycle Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of fertilised egg
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7999-8002
It is responsible for development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, facial hair, general physical constitution) and estradiol is the main female sex hormone It is responsible for development of secondary female characteristics and participates in the control of menstrual cycle Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of fertilised egg Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions 10
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8000-8003
It is responsible for development of secondary female characteristics and participates in the control of menstrual cycle Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of fertilised egg Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions 10 6 Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body
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8001-8004
Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of fertilised egg Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions 10 6 Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body 10
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8002-8005
Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions Intext Questions 10 6 Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body 10 7 What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed
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8003-8006
6 Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body 10 7 What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed 10
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10 7 What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed 10 8 When RNA is hydrolysed, there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases obtained