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True about blood transfusion reaction -a) Complement mediated severe haemolysisb) Renal blood flow is decreasedc) Transfusion should not be stoppedd) Death is not seen | null | 2 | ac | ab | ad | bc | Medicine | null | 0dff9055-671f-458e-8eaa-4d92d0ba6577 | multi |
Raygat's test is based on: | Hydrostatic test/ Raygat's test: Principle: Specific gravity of lung before respiration is 1.04-1.05 and it becomes 0.94-0.95 after respiration. This makes the respired lung to float. Procedure: Dissect out the fetal lungs & Put into a trough of water and observe. Liver is used as control Inference: If they sink--unrespired lung. If they float--remove them from water, cut into small pieces and then squeeze or compress firmly between sponges, and again put into water. If they sink--unrespired lung. If they float--respired lung. Explanation: Floatation observed for second time is because of residual air that remains in the lungs which cannot be squeezed out by pressing, if the fetus has breathed after bih. | 2 | Weight of lung | Specific gravity of lung | Consistency of lung | Volume of lungs | Forensic Medicine | Infant deaths & child abuse | c0a15c33-0d57-467f-9c65-766a5fdc9317 | single |
What is a percentage of endothelial cell loss during Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty – | Endothelial cell loss is a known phenomenon of endothelial keratoplasty (including DSAEK).
I am not sure about the answer as various studies have given different values at a different time (post-operatively).
First read following statements which are supporting my answer:-
"Current modifications of EK such as DSAEK have shown a significantly higher cell loss at just 6-12 months after DSAEK surgery".
–Corneal endothelial transplant
"Reports of endothelial cell loss have been very variable from as high as 50% at 6 months to 26% after 2 years in the Busin series. Other reports suggest that there is no difference between cell loss with a 40% loss at 1 year for both PLK and PK and a recent study comparing endothelial cell loss in historic PK Vs DSAEK or other PLK techniques showed no measurable difference".
–Cornea & External eye disease
"The 12-month cell loss for 2 diagnoses (Pseudophakic/aphakic corneal edema and Fush's dystrophy) was comparable, i.e. 41% and 37%.
–Internet
"One-year endothelial cell loss after DSAEK is 15 - 40% (average 27%)".
—XXIV Annual Meeting European Eye Bank Association
"There have been several publications showing endothelial cell loss to be in the range of 24-50% at 12-24 months post DSAEK".
Now read the statements, which have different values at different post-operative period:
"The 1, 3, and 5-year endothelial cell losses derived from the models after DSAEK were 56%, 66%, and 73%, respectively and after THPK were 24%, 50% and 64% respectively".
"The 5-year endothelial cell loss after DSEK compared favourably with that measured after penetrating Keratoplasty in the cornea donor study (53% Vs 70%)".
"At 1-year post DSAEK, Bahar et al. published 36% cell loss, Busin et al. reported 24% cell loss; Covert and Koening published 57% and Gorovoy et al. 40%. At 2 years, the rate of endothelial cell loss is between 41% (Price & Price) and 36% (Terry et al).
However, amongst the given options, option 'c' fits best in all the data mentioned above. | 3 | 0 – 5% | 10 – 20% | 30 – 40% | 50 – 60% | Ophthalmology | null | 2c02e114-541a-4ec5-a4b5-3d14e042736b | single |
About scurvy, all are true EXCEPT: September 2012 | Ans. C i.e. Raised serum alkaline phosphataseScurvyBleeding into skin & joints,Wimberger sign,Pseudoparalysis etc. | 3 | Subperiosteal hematomas with tenderness | Separation of epiphysis | Raised serum alkaline phosphatase | Gingival bleeding | Pediatrics | null | 35ec19f6-5e5d-4a7e-8c23-545321d97d56 | multi |
Nitric oxide is synthesized from which amino acid: | NO is also called as Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF). NO (nitric oxide) is synthesized from arginine by enzyme NOS (Nitric oxide synthase) in the endothelial cells. It requires 5 cofactors:- NADPH FAD FMN Heme and Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). The vasodilator - nitroglycerin also enters smooth muscle cells, where its metabolism also leads to the formation of NO. NO synthase :-There are three isoforms of NOS (Nitric oxide synthase) 1. nNOS - neuronal 2. iNOS- inducible 3. eNOS- endothelial EC no. 1 (oxido-reductase) Mono oxygenase (one oxygen is added in substrate) Usually belongs to EC no 4 but NO synthase is an exception. | 1 | Arginine | Serine | Threonine | Lysine | Biochemistry | Classification and metabolism of amino acids | 062fef8a-aafa-46ed-9dc5-4a4ab8392943 | single |
For spinal anesthesia, lignocaine is used as | Lignocaine is used as 5% (heavy) for spinal anaesthesia. | 4 | 0.5 % solution | 1 % solution | 2 % solution | 5% solution | Microbiology | All India exam | 43af16ba-8587-45f1-a166-bc772e57066d | single |
Post dislocation of hip leads to which attitude of the lower leg: | B i.e. Adduction , internal rotation and flexion | 2 | Adduction, external rotation and flexion | Adduction, internal rotation and flexion | Abduction, external rotation and flexion | Abduction, internal rotation and flexion | Surgery | null | 13b2ef45-5d34-434f-b222-e917e1921288 | single |
Regarding rheumatoid ahritis, all of the following statements are true except- | Rheumatoid nodules occur almost exclusively in RF or ACPA positive patients, usually in extensor tendons . Theyare frequently asymptomatic but some may be complicated by ulceration and secondary infection . Ref Davidsons 23e p1023,1024 | 3 | The cricoarytenoid joint may be involved | HLA-D4 and HLA-DR4 are positive in patients with seropositive rheumatoid ahritis | Subcutaneous nodules are more frequent in seronegative patients | Diffuse intestinal fibrosis and pneumonitis may occur | Medicine | Immune system | f61ec5c8-8e69-408a-ac50-00d4e5b666a0 | multi |
Difference between rantidine & cimetidine is - | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ranitidine is 5 times more potent than cimetidine o Ranitidine has several desirable features compared to cimetidine:5 times more potent than cimetidine.No antiandrogenic action, does not increase prolactin secretion or spare estradiol from hepatic metabolism - no effect on male sexual function or gynaecomastia.Lesser permeability into brain.Less marked inhibition of hepatic metabolism of other drugs.Overall incidence of side - effects is lower. | 1 | Ranitidine is 5 times more potent than cimetidine | Cimetidine is 5 times more potent than ranitidine. | Ranitidine has androgenic action | Ranitidine more markedly inhibits hepatic metabolism | Pharmacology | G.I.T | 2c41fd2e-8f64-46b3-9bb8-a33ee60b4a85 | single |
In a slow sand filter, the element responsible for yielding bacteria-free water is the - | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Vital layer | 2 | Valve | Vital layer | Supernatant water | Under-drainage system | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | e560e0c6-fc39-47d8-b789-c953a61efb3e | single |
Name the intrauterine contraceptive device: | Above image is of Multiload-375 -- Device is available in a sterilized sealed packet with an applicator. There is no introducer and no plunger. It has 375 mm2 surface area of copper wire wound around its veical stem. Replacement is every 5 years. | 2 | CuT 200 | Multiload 375 | CuT 380A | LNG-IUS | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Contraceptives | 85331ecd-bbaa-4892-8c55-74cd64e10b90 | single |
A father forced his relictant son to bring a glass of water and the child dropped the glass on the way. This is an example of | Passive aggression is an immature defense mechanism where a person indirectly expresses anger towards others. | 3 | Reaction formation | Denial | Passive aggression | Acting out | Psychiatry | null | 37fe1e93-be97-41aa-837e-392ad0809b2d | single |
NOT a feature of Horner's syndrome | (A) Exophthalmos # HORNER'S SYNDROME:> Enophthalmos, Ptosis, Miosis, & Ipsilateral loss of sweating (Anhydrosis)> Malignant pleural effusion often leads to dyspnea.> Pancoast's (or superior sulcus tumor) syndrome results from local extension of a tumor growing in the apex of the lung with involvement of the eighth cervical and first and second thoracic nerves, with shoulder pain that characteristically radiates in the ulnar distribution of the arm, often with radiologic destruction of the first and second ribs.> Often Horner's syndrome & Pancoast's syndrome coexist. | 1 | Exophthalmos | Ptosis of upper eyelid | Miosis | Anhydrosis | Medicine | Miscellaneous | d77edfcc-8984-42cc-97f2-682507eeb943 | single |
The most impoant sign of significance of renal aery stenosis on an angiogram is: | B i.e. Presence of collaterals | 2 | A percentage diameter stenosis >70% | Presence of collaterals | A systolic pressure gradient >20 mmHg across the lesion | Post stenotic dilatation of the renal aery | Radiology | null | e9e7b47c-c666-4daa-9f0d-7075b21ed848 | single |
Which of the following lies lateral to sheath of femoral hernia? | Femoral vein lies lateral to sheath of femoral hernia.Femoral sheath - funnel shaped sleeve of fascia enclosing upper 3-4 cm of femoral vessels. The sheath is divided into three compaments by septa- Lateral compament - femoral aery and femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve Intermediate compament- femoral vein Medial compament - Also known as Femoral canal - Contains lymph node of Cloquet Femoral hernia - The femoral canal is an area of potential weakness in the abdominal wall through which abdominal contents may bulge out forming a femoral hernia. It is more common in females. So lateral to femoral canal lies femoral vein. | 3 | Femoral aery | lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh | Femoral vein | Femoral nerve | Anatomy | Lower limb 1 | 1debc3e3-2d02-4055-b2e1-a49d8ea312b5 | single |
The 5α reductase inhibitor that has been found to be effective both in benign prostatic hypertrophy and male pattern baldness is: | null | 2 | Flutamide | Finasteride | Prazosin | Minoxidil | Pharmacology | null | 7132274a-faee-4d43-a48b-9c9e9568cc1e | multi |
Iron and folic acid supplement during pregnancy: | Ans. (b) 100mg iron + 500mcg folic acidRef: D.C. Dutta 8th ed. / 241* Adult iron+folic acid tablet given in pregnancy: 1 tab/ day x 100 days* Kids iron+folic acid tablet given: 1 tab/day x 100 days per year- 0 to 5 years of age.Iron and Folic acid tablet content IronFolic acidAdult tab100mg500mcgKids tab (l/5th)20mg100mcg | 2 | 500 mg iron +100 meg folic acid | 100 mg iron + 500 mcg folic acid | 100 mg iron +100 meg folic acid | 20 mg iron +100 meg folic acid | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Diet in Pregnancy | ab70d7e7-dac3-4527-be68-8eaff74a6fd7 | single |
Carvallo's sign is seen in | Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1548 A prominent RV pulsation along the left parasternal region and a blowing holosystolic murmur along the lower left sternal margin, which may be intensified during inspiration (Carvallo's sign) and reduced during expiration or the strain phase of the Valsalva maneuver, are characteristic findings. The murmur of TR may sometimes be confused with that of MR unless attention is paid to its variation during the respiratory cycle and the extent of RV enlarge- ment is appreciated. | 1 | Tricuspid stenosis | Mitral stenosis | Aoic stenosis | Aoic regurgitation | Medicine | C.V.S | d0f14d2e-5dc1-4de3-915f-28c6e1e4060d | multi |
A newborn baby who was apparently healthy at bih develops aspiration pneumonia in the first two days of life. All attempts to feed the infant cause it to cough and choke. Which of the following abnormalities is the most likely cause of the infant's difficulties? | The infant probably has esophageal atresia, which is typically caused by posterior detion of the tracheoesophageal septum. Attempts at feeding cause fluid to spill into the trachea, and secondarily cause aspiration pneumonia. Emergent surgical correction is usually required. Bronchogenic cysts are centrally located cysts that are often asymptomatic and may be associated with cysts of other organs. Congenital pulmonary cysts are often multiple and located in the lung periphery without connection to the bronchi; they are vulnerable to infection and rupture complicated by pneumothorax and/or hemoptysis. Pulmonary immaturity produces progressive difficulty in breathing beginning in the first few hours of life. Ref: Thilo E.H., Rosenberg A.A. (2012). Chapter 2. The Newborn Infant. In W.W. Hay, Jr., M.J. Levin, R.R. Deterding, J.J. Ross, J.M. Sondheimer (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics, 21e. | 3 | Bronchogenic cysts | Congenital pulmonary cysts | Posterior detion of the tracheoesophageal septum | Pulmonary immaturity | Pediatrics | null | 67bcc5c3-13c7-4c58-8295-96148dbc9fdb | multi |
Under the Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme, amount of monthly pension is: | Under the Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme, amount of monthly pension is Rs. 200 for BPL persons aged between 18 to 59 years with multiple disabilities. Ref: Health policies and programmes in India, D.K. Taneja 11th edition page: 393 | 1 | Rs. 200 | Rs. 450 | Rs. 500 | Rs. 600 | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | fa625f89-2e09-42f4-80e4-bfbeb951fd70 | single |
Epigenetic deals with genetic modifications that do not alter the sequence of DNA. All of the following can detect epigenetic modification except: | Ans. a. HPLC (Ref: Robbins 9/e p180, 319-320 8/e p180-181)Methylation specific PCR, Bisulphite method and ChlP on Chip can detect epigenetic modification but not the HPLC.'Epigenetics is defined as the study of heritable chemical modification of DNA or chromatin that does not alter the DNA sequence itself Examples of such modification include the methylation of DNA, and the methylation and acetylation of histones. Since traditional Sanger sequencing alone cannot detect DNA methylation; other techniques have been developed to uncover these chemical modifications. One common approach is to treat genomic DNA with sodium bisulfite, a chemical that converts unmethylated cytosines to uracil, white methylated cytosines are protected from modification. An assay termed methylation-specific PCR uses two PCR primer sets to analyze single DNA loci: one to detect a DNA sequence with unmethylated cytosines (which are converted to uracils after bisulfite treatment) and the other to detect DNA sequences with methylated cytosines (which remain cytosines after bisulfite treatment).Additional techniques are evolving that provide a genome-wide snapshot of epigenetically altered DNA. These techniques are based on the ability to detect histone modifications such as methylation and acetylation (which, like DNA methylation, are important regulators of gene expression) by using antibodies against specifically modified histones. Such antibodies can be used to pull down bound DNA sequences, a method termed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). These pulled- down sequences can be amplified and analyzed by hybridizing to microarrays ('ChIP on Chip') or sequencing ('ChIP- Seq') to map epigenetically modified genes throughout the genome. - Robbins 8/e p180 Isolation of cells of the immune response* Use the correct number of cells: 1 x 106 x to 10 x 106* Collect biological replicates of cells* Choose an appropriate control for antibody specificity (knockout or RNAi knockdown)Fragmentation by sonication or MNase treatment* Shear chromatin to a size range of ~ 150-300 bp* Sonicate chromatin extracts for non-histone proteinsSonication conditions should be determined empirically for each cell typeTreat chromatin extracts with MNase for analysis of histone modificationsDo not overdigest chromatinChIP analysis of histone modifications, transcription factors or epigenetic regulators* Select antibody: monoclonal versus polyclonal* Choose reference control (Input or IgG)* Perform ChIP with established protocols* Purify DNALibrary construction* Do end repair and adapter ligation* Perform PCR using primers compatible with sequencing platformAvoid overamplifying DNA Sequencing* Determine sequencing depth on the basis of the prevalence of binding throughout the genome: more sequencing tags may be needed for diffuse signals (such as H3K27me3)* Perform single-end or paired-end sequencingEpigenetic AlterationsEpigenetics is defined as the study of heritable chemical modification of DNA or chromatin that does not alter the DNA sequence itself.Examples of such modification include the methylation of DNA. and the methylation and acetylation of histonesQ.Since traditional Sanger sequencing alone cannot detect DNA methylation, other techniques have been developed to uncover these chemical modifications.One common approach is to treat genomic DNA with sodium bisulfite, a chemical that converts unmethylated cytosines to uracil, while methylated cytosines are protected from modificationQ.An assay termed methylation-specific PCR uses two PCR primer sets to analyze single DNA loci: one to detect a DNA sequence with unmethylated cytosines (which are converted to uracils after bisulfite treatment) and the other to detect DNA sequences with methylated cytosinesQ (which remain cytosines after bisulfite treatment).Additional techniques are evolving that provide a genome-wide snapshot of epigenetically altered DNA.These techniques are based on the ability to detect histone modifications such as methylation and acetylation (which, like DNA methylation, are important regulators of gene expression) by using antibodies against specifically modified histones. Such antibodies can be used to pull down bound DNA sequences, a method termed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChlP).These pulled-down sequences can be amplified and analyzed by hybridizing to microarrays ('ChlP on Chip') or sequencing ('ChIP-Seq') to map epigenetically modified genes throughout the genome. | 1 | HPLC | Methylation specific PCR | Bisulphite method | ChIP on Chip | Biochemistry | Molecular Biology Techniques | 77295292-d28a-43fd-a1f8-79d4ddadb539 | multi |
Cutaneous sign of diabetes mellitus are all except | Ans: d (Angiokeratomas)Ref: IADVL, 3rd ed. vol. 2 pg. 1369- 1371Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum is a manifestation of Fabry's disease. All others are dermatological manifestations of diabetes mellitus.Skin manifestations of diabetis mellitus: Diabetic dermopathy Pigmented pretibial papules Shin spots Necrobiosis lipoidicaClear cell syringoma Diabetic bullae Xanthoma rubeosis | 4 | Necrobiosis lipoidica | Carotinosis | Shin spots (granuloma annulare) | Angiokeratomas | Skin | Miscellaneous | 404aed9d-7bb7-4437-aa22-432f9fd368cf | multi |
Recurrent aboion occurs in a woman, USG abdomen shows a non-echoic region in the central pa of the uterus. What is the probable diagnosis | Septate uterus is most common It causes about 25% of spontaneous first trimester aboions 6% second trimester aboions Ref: Shaw Gynecology 17 e pg 72. | 2 | Arcuate uterus | Septate uterus | Bicornuate uterus | Unicornuate uterus | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Congenital malformations | d8c67c14-63a4-4fb2-b360-b301b0e803ab | single |
If somebody develops resistance to INH, patient will develop simultaneously resistance to which drug? | Ref: KD Tripathi, 7th ed. pg. 767* Rifampicin is considered as effective as isoniazid. This agent is active against slow and intermittently dividing bacterium (spurters).* If someone develops resistance to INH, they are most likely to develop resistance to rifampicin as well.* In MDR-TB, there is resistance to INH and rifampicin. | 2 | Streptomycin | Rifampicin | Ethambutol | Pyrazinamide | Pharmacology | Anti Microbial | 056c803e-5f6e-49c9-b17f-392735994496 | single |
Exotropia occurs due to | Answer- A. Third nerve palsyCauses and associations ofexotropia (Divegent squint)Third nerve palsyCongenitalPrevious strabismus surgeryThyroidophthalmopathyIatrogenic trauma following retinal detachment surgery | 1 | Third nerve palsy | Optic neuritis | Abducens injury | Papilloedema | Ophthalmology | null | ac8446c1-742b-4dcd-ac1d-026bb92a2538 | single |
Urethritis in males is not caused by: | Hemophilus ducreyi causes soft sore/chancroid. Chocolate agar withIsoVitale Xis used for its culture. Infectious causes of urethritis- Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis Trichomonas vaginalis Mycoplasma genitalium Herpes simplex virus Adenovirus | 1 | H. ducreyi | Trichomonas | Chlamydia | Gonococcus | Microbiology | NEET Jan 2020 | 96621723-f722-4e8d-93a1-e62e0a39fed4 | single |
Snowstorm appearance of knee joint with multiple loose bodies is seen in? | ANSWER: (D) Synovial chondromatosisREF: The Journal of bone and joint surgery: British volume: Volume 71, Pages 549-912, http:// www.springerlink.com/content/17m54n357304205m/Snowstorm knee:Seen in Synovial chondromatosisTraumatic etiologyJoint effusionNumerous brilliant white rice-grain size free bodies in arthroscopy (not radiographically) | 4 | chondromalacia patellae | Ewings sarcoma of knee joint | Fracture involving articular surface | Synovial chondromatosis | Orthopaedics | Synovial Chondromatosis | 94eb2c5c-47e3-498b-b844-6d662014c143 | single |
Treatment of metastatic disease in retinoblastoma is – | Treatment of choice for metastasis is chemotherapy. | 1 | Chemotherapy | Enucleation | Radiotherapy | Cryo | Ophthalmology | null | 24c528bb-2715-43d4-aa2c-e723e13eefe1 | single |
Absolute contraindication to ECT is: | There are no absolute contraindications for ECT. Earlier, raised intracranial tension and space occupying lesions were considered as absolute contraindications, hence the best answer here is brain tumor. | 2 | Glaucoma | Brain tumor | Aoic aneurism | MI | Psychiatry | Miscellaneous | 52960709-acbb-403b-a468-8c74bfede83b | single |
The various habits of the lips can be divided into following, except: | The various habits of the lips can be divided into following:
Lip sucking
Lip thrust
Lip insufficiency | 4 | Lip sucking | Lip thrust | Lip insufficiency | None of the above | Dental | null | ca6ac6e2-e13f-438d-a28f-a89716bff6a0 | multi |
Xanthoproteic reaction is due to the formation of | Nitric acid is a powerful oxidising agent and reacts with organic matter to produce trinitrophenol, liberating nitrogen monoxide (xanthoproteic reaction). | 1 | Trinitrophenol | Mononitrophenol | Nitric acid | Pyrocathechol | Forensic Medicine | Toxicology - 1 | fbb3deb9-d186-4fca-a2f6-c683691a77b6 | single |
What is the paial pressure for carbon-di-oxide in the expired air? | Paial pressure of CO2 in expired air (PE CO2) - 32 mm Hg Carbon-di-oxide: Paial pressure of CO2 in inspired air (Pi CO2) 0.3 mm Hg Paial pressure of CO2 in alveolar blood (PA CO2) 40 mm Hg Paial pressure of CO2 in expired air (PE CO2) 32 mm Hg. | 4 | 0.3 mm Hg | 158 mm Hg | 40 mm Hg | 32 mm Hg | Physiology | null | 336d6710-2c3b-464c-b745-316ef660b7d4 | single |
Marker for malignant melanoma is- | S 100 | 4 | Cytokeratin | MBN-45 | Alpha FP | S 100 | Unknown | null | fd3b4865-96ee-4346-b8f8-46f878075362 | single |
A 62 year old male patient presented with signs and symptoms of stroke. MR angiography revealed thrombus in the posterior cerebral aery. All of the following structures may be affected by the lesion except | The poserior cerebral aery (PCA) does not supply the pons The branches of the posterior cerebral aery are : Coical branches Occipital lobe- Visual coex Temporal lobe- medial and inferolateral surfaces Central branches Thalamus Subthalamus Lentiform nucleus Midbrain Pineal gland Superior and inferior colliculi Medial and lateral geniculate bodies Choroidal branches : Choroid plexus of Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Ref: Snell's Clinical neuroanatomy 8th edition Pgno: 467 | 3 | Choroid plexus of III ventricle | Midbrain | Pons | Lentiform nucleus | Anatomy | Brain | b7a1e9ec-cfa6-451b-bb40-83af2b9e55c9 | multi |
Features of Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) include all of the following EXCEPT: | FEATURES of ankylosing spondilitis- enthesitis and this ultimately leads to joint ankylosis Both bony as well as fibrous ankylosis occurs in AS Marginal syndesmophytes are seen on X-ray Roos test is used for thoracic outlet syndrome. | 3 | Fibrous ankylosis is pa of pathogenesis of AS | Bony ankylosis is pa of pathogenesis of AS | Roos test is used to test for Sacroilitis | Marginal syndesmophytes are seen on X-ray | Orthopaedics | Metabolic disorders - 1 | a111b250-b7aa-4349-b008-b44985b375df | multi |
Wood&;s lamp is made up of - | WOOD'S LAMP Hand held device used to diagnose various dermatological conditions. It is a mercury vapour long wave,ultraviolet lamp with an inbuilt wood's filter made of barium silicate with 9% nickel oxide. Opaque to all wavelengths except those between 320 nm and 400 nm with a peak at 365 nm.Flourescence occurs when wood's light is absorbed and radiation of longer wavelengths is emitted.Examination done in dark room. Tinea capitis-greenish fluorescence extent of pigmentation. Epidermal/dermal bacterial infection- pseudomonas infection yellowish-greeen fluorescence diagnosis of prophyria- reddish fluorescence in urine iadvl textbook of dermatology page 109 | 4 | 9% nickel oxide with 6% BuSO4 | 9% nickel oxide with 9% BuSO4 | % nickel oxide with 6% BuSO4 | 9% nickel oxide with barium silicate | Dental | miscellaneous | b00b9bcf-ea36-4896-b68a-43c968c0a12a | single |
Method used for acid fast staining - | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ziehl Neelsen Acid fast stainingo After staining with aniline dye, acid fast organisms resist decolourisation with acids,o Method most commonly used is modified Ziehl Neelsen.Smear stained by carbolfuschin|Decolourization by 20% sulphuric acid|Counterstaining by methylene blueAcid fast organismsNon acid fast organismsRetain fiischin (red colour)Take colour of methylene blue (blue colour)Acid fastness depends uponMycolic acid Integrity of cell wall | 2 | Robertson's method | Ziehl Neelsen | Silver imprignation method | Dark ground illumination | Microbiology | Culture media and method | 560baa5c-aee5-47ee-b496-e73dbf07061c | single |
Wof are components of Waldeyer&;s ring | WALDEYER'S RING Scattered throughout the pharynx in its subepithelial layer is the lymphoid tissue which is aggregated at places to form masses, collectively called Waldeyer's ring. The masses are: 1. Nasopharyngeal tonsil or the adenoids 2. Palatine tonsils or simply the tonsils 3. Lingual tonsil 4. Tubal tonsils (in fossa of Rosenmuller) 5. Lateral pharyngeal bands 6. Nodules (in posterior pharyngeal wall). Ref:- Dhingra; pg num:-238,239 | 4 | Lingual tonsil | Nasopharyngeal tonsil | Tubal tonsil | All of the above | ENT | Pharynx | d9e0f6a9-d329-4d53-a29b-6aaecd7b87b0 | multi |
The embrasure areas in the following areas are continuous | null | 1 | Labial and Lingual | Lingual and Occlusal | Incisal and Occlusal | Labial and Occlusal | Dental | null | 36808fb1-0369-42af-8c61-c9fdf99315cd | single |
Lysine is deficient in: | Maize | 1 | Maize | Wheat | Fish | Egg | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | 5568012e-7fa4-4a54-b893-9539140e661d | single |
Treatment of choice in a postmenopausal lady with atypical endometrial hyperplasia is ; | Hysterectomy | 2 | Estrogens | Hysterectomy | Progestogens | Radiotherapy | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | bda9fc2c-5048-4457-8da6-25ff247f3785 | single |
During angiogenesis recruitment of pericytes and peri-endothelial cells is due to - | Angiogenesis
o Blood vessels formation in adults is known as angiogenesis or neovascularization. It can occur by two ways:-
1. Angiogenesis from pre-existing blood vessels
The major steps in this process are
i. Vasodilatation by NO, and VEGF-induced increased permeability of the pre-existing vessel.
ii. Proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane by metalloproteinases (MMPs) and disruption of cell-to-cell contact between endothelial cells by plasminogen activator.
iii. Migration of endothelial cells towards angiogenic stimulus.
iv. Proliferation of endothelial cells, just behind the leading front of migrating cells.
v. Maturation of endothelial cells.
vi. Recruitment of periendothelial cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells) to form the mature cells.
2. Angiogenesis from endothelial precursor cells (EPCs)
EPCs can be recruited from the bone marrow into tissues to initiate angiogenesis. Growth factors involved in the process of angiogenesis
o VEGF is the most important growth factor in adult tissues undergoing angiogenesis.
o The most important receptor for VEGF is VEGFR-2, a tyrosine kinase receptor.
o VEGF induces the migration of EPCs in the bone marrow, and enhances the proliferation and differentiation of these cells at sites of angiogenesis.
o FGF 2 can also stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation and migration.
o Newly formed vessels are fragile and need to become stabilized, which requires the recruitment
of pericytes and smooth muscle cells (peri-endothelial cells). Angiopoietin 1 and 2 (Ang 1 & 2), PDGF and TGF-fl participate in stabilization process.
Remember
o VEGF transcription is regulated by the transcription factor HIF, which is induced by hypoxia. | 4 | VEGF&PDGF | TGF, VEFG& PDGF | VEGF, IL-2, IL-6 | Angiopoietins, TGF & PDGF | Pathology | null | 865e224d-6ed4-466d-a3f1-3782175cb1d7 | single |
Basal cell carcinoma is seen in most commonly in which pa of the eyelid? | (Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 384)*Basal cell carcinoma is the commonest malignant tumor to the lids (90%) usually seen in elderly people *It is locally malignant and involves most commonly lower lid (50%) followed by medial canthus (25%), upper lid (10-15%) and outer canthus"Basal cell carcinoma is seen in the lower lid near the inner canthus usually | 3 | Upper medial | Upper lateral | Lower medial | Lower lateral | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility and squint | 582e2447-317b-4a3d-b1fb-d78b8996026c | single |
Field instrument used to measure bih weight:- | - Field instrument to measure bih weight is Salter's Spring balance (kind of sling balance on which child is hung) - Average bih weight = 2.8kg - According to WHO, Low bih weight = < 2.5kg Very Low bih weight = < 1.5 Kg Extremely Low bih weight = < 1 Kg - Bih weight Doubles by 5 months Triples by 12 months Quadruples by 2yrs | 1 | Salter's spring balance | Electronic weighing scale | Mass produced balance scale | Roberval balance | Social & Preventive Medicine | Paediatric Care in RCH: BW, BL, PEM, Breast Feeding | 1ea9eb09-a49d-4b71-8574-b62ffc2c7d2e | single |
In a drive for swachta abhiyaan, few group of young social activist markers cleaned sewers, after that they complain of fever, headaches. On examination, a non-catalase, non-glucose fermenting organism is isolated.
Which of the following is most likely responsible: | Leptospirosis
Leptospira organisms are found in damp environments and affect people working there, like
Stagnant water (sewer workers)
Wet soil (agricultural workers)
Mine workers
Infected person can develop mild febrile illness, headache to jaundice and renal failure. Human acts as an end host of these organisms. | 2 | Pseudomonas | Leptospira | Chlamydia | Actinomyces | Microbiology | null | 5be2b87e-b926-442e-849c-61f186610c4a | single |
In the perspective of the busy life schedule in the modern society, the accepted minimum period of sexual cohabitation resulting in no offspring for a couple to be declared infeile is: | 90% of couple who are cohabiting for at least one year with out contraception will have a conception. This is on monthly conception rates of 20 - 25 % in normal young couples attempting pregnancy. | 1 | One year | One and a half-year | Two years | Three year | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Infeility (Eggs'plantation!) | 1acbff0e-52ea-4563-976a-f34b6e7bcd7e | single |
What is the percentage of immunoglobulins present in proteins? | Immunoglobulins constitute 20 to 25% of total serum proteins. Based on physiochemical and antigenic differences, five classes of immunoglobulins have been recognized: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p93) | 4 | 5% | 10% | 15% | 20% | Anatomy | All India exam | c3e6d311-90e8-417d-86c1-34c36879ca92 | single |
Perinatal mortality is expressed in terms of – | null | 2 | Deaths/1000 total births | Deaths/1000 live births | Deaths/10000 total births | Deaths/10000 live births | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | 2d4e0e42-cba5-4600-b636-6465edb2f23b | single |
A male neonate born with protrusion over anterior abdominal wall .This protrusion was diagnosed to be omphalococle. how do you distinguish this protrusion from gastroschisis and say it as omhalocolle, because in an omphalocorle | null | 2 | Not covered by a sac | Associated with some or complete malrotation of bowel | A detect in abdominal musculature | Associated with an umbilicus attached to the abdominal walk musculature. | Surgery | null | 563754d0-4aef-4c16-b2ed-ef222d6c6626 | multi |
Which of the following is not a feature of hallucination: September2010 | Ans. D: Always pathologicalA hallucination, in the broadest sense of the word, is a perception in the absence of a stimulus.In a stricter sense, hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality -- visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. | 4 | It can occur in any sensory modality | It is independent of will of observer | It is defined as perception occurring without external stimulation | Always pathological | Psychiatry | null | d54a7b8c-7eb0-42c7-97a4-4875c99fa08d | multi |
Tapir Nose is Complication of | null | 3 | Atropic Rhinitis | Rhinosporidiosis | Rhinoscleroma | Syphilis | ENT | null | 08c77273-8068-424b-9cde-efeb2d4436fd | single |
A child with 3 years age presents with weakness with Hb level <5 gm/100 ml. History of joint swelling and bleeding spot were present. What would be causative organism? | Signs and Symptoms Most children with hookworm infections have no signs or symptoms. However, especially when the infection is long term, it can cause iron deficiency and anemia (low red blood cells) because of bleeding from the bowel wall where the worm is attached. Other symptoms include mild diarrhea and stomach cramps. An itchy, red skin rash (ground itch) can appear on the feet where the larvae entered the body. Lung inflammation with cough, wheezing, and fever rarely occur while the larvae migrate through the lungs. Several weeks after exposure to this hookworm, a loss of appetite and weight loss may occur. Chronic infections can lead to poor nutrition. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition | 1 | Hook worm | Round worm | Whip worm | Pin worm | Pediatrics | Genetic and genetic disorders | c9ed49a3-a6a1-4b0a-a9c6-817ec562ac34 | single |
For the following side effects, select the most likely medication to cause them.Disinterest in food with protein/calorie malnutrition. | Tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs are both effective treatments for depression, but their side-effect profiles are different. Tricyclics can promote weight gain while weight loss is more common with SSRIs. | 1 | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | mineral oil | diuretics | INH | Medicine | Drugs | 4130a05e-eb37-434b-bedb-93fdbe6d68d1 | single |
Second constriction of oesophagus lies at the level of | (A) (Where aortic arch Crosses) (282-BDC-16(tm))CONSTRICTIONSNormally the oesophagus shows 4 constrictions at the following levels1. At its beginning 15 cm/6 inch form the incisor teeth where it is crossed by cricopharyngeus muscles2. Where it is crossed by the aortic arch, 22,5cm /19 inch from the incisor teeth3. Where it is crossed by the left bronchus, 27.5cm /11 inch from the incisor teeth4. Where it pierces the diaphragm 37.5 cm/15 inch from the incisor teethOESOPHAGUS* About 25 cm long (10 inch)* The pharyngo-oesophageal junction is the commoned part of the alimentary canal except for the vermiform appendix* It passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra to join the stomachImportant features of esophagus* Epithelium is stralified squamous non * keratinized epithelium* Muscularis mucosa contains only longitudinal layer and no circular layer* Mucosa is the toughest and strongest layer *** Serosa is absent* Muscmaris extern is made up skeletal muscle fibre only in the upper ihird, smooth muscle only in the lower third and both types of muscle fibres in middle third. At uppen end the longitudinal coat split into two bundles and the triangular interval between them is called Laimer's triangle which is filled with circular muscle fibers* Extent of esophagus is -C6 -T i j* Trachea bifurcates at carina, at the level of lower border of T4 or T4-T5 disc spaces* Oesophageal opening transmits1. Oesophagus2. Gastric or vagus nerve3. Oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery. With some oesophageal veins* Arterial supply- Upper third -inferior thyroid artery **- Middle third - Oesophageal branches of the ** descending thoracic aorta- Lower third - Left gastric artery ** | 1 | Where aortic arch crosses | Bronchi | Pharynx | Where esophagus pierces the diaphragm | Anatomy | Thorax | 829b3331-e0cb-4fdd-b2a1-a37c2bcdb44b | single |
Magnitude of action potential is determined by: | Maximum magnitude is determined by equilibrium potential of Na+ ion. | 1 | Na+ | Mg++ | K++ | Ca++ | Physiology | null | 7b2dfe85-f51c-48c2-b03d-da9e2d0402df | single |
Indications of prophylactic cholecystectomy are all except | Diabetes Mellitus Patients with diabetes may have a higher incidence of gallstones from the indirect effects of the metabolic syndrome, obesity, and a family history of gallstones No data show worse evolution of asymptomatic cholelithiasis in diabetes, and prophylactic cholecystectomy in asymptomatic gallstones carriers with diabetes is not recommended Ref: Blumga 5th edition Pgno : 486 | 1 | Diabetes | Hemoglobinopathy | Gallstone size >3 cm | Porcelain GB | Anatomy | G.I.T | dcff52be-fb5b-4119-9e1e-12ed61aa183a | multi |
The source of apo-E and apo C-II for the chylomicrons is: | Newly secreted or "nascent" chylomicrons and ApoB-48 apolipoprotein. HDL acts as a reservoir of lipoproteins and provide ApoE and ApoC to nascent chylomicrons to form mature chylomicrons. | 4 | VLDL | IDL | LDL | HDL | Biochemistry | Lipoproteins | 8eb47f53-07d8-4291-a3d3-8cda69a612af | single |
All of the following are true about loop diuretics except: | Loop diuretics lead to hypocalcemia and hypomagnesimia. | 4 | They are called as "high ceiling" diuretics | They act on Na+.K+.2Cl- symporter | They can cause hyperuricemia | Loop diuretics lead to hypercalcemia and hypomagnesimia | Pharmacology | null | 3ddc3460-5a43-4ec3-a662-d07e2e54b9bb | multi |
Panic attack is associated with a disturbance in all of the following neurotransmitters except - | The major neurotransmitter systems that have been implicated in panic disorder are those for norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA.
"An abnormal dopaminergic function has been hypothesized to be involved as an etiological factor in panic disorder as well as migraine" | 2 | Serotonine | Glutamate | GABA | Dopamine | Psychiatry | null | bfab5237-0add-4277-91a5-b99c7f9f2846 | multi |
A 6 year old boy has been complaining of headache, ignoring to see the objects on the side for 4 months. On Examination, he is not mentally retarded, his grades at school are good & visual acuity is diminished in both the eyes, visual chaing showed significant field defect. CT scan of the head showed suprasellar mass with calcification. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis? | B i.e. Craniopharyngioma | 2 | Astrocytoma | Craniopharyngioma | Pituitary adenoma | Meningioma | Radiology | null | 50f67ace-0c4b-435b-89bc-e827d452a3d2 | multi |
All-trans-retinoic acid is used in treatment of | Ref: Harrison 17th/389,447 All-trans-retinoic acid is used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. | 1 | Acute promyelocytic leukemia | A.L.L | CML | Transient myeloproliferative disorder | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | 69edd63e-db0c-457e-b9d2-fe3487f00ed5 | multi |
All of the following are the risk factors for carcinoma gallbladder except: | Risk Factors of Carcinoma Gallbladder Gallstones >3 cm Porcelain gallbladder Anomalous pancreatobiliary junction Choledochal cysts Adenomatous polyps Primary sclerosing cholangitis Obesity Salmonella typhi infection | 3 | Primary sclerosing cholangitis | Porcelain gallbladder | Multiple 2 cm gallstones | Choledochal cyst | Surgery | Gallbladder | 93332766-20ca-4544-86e5-3c56cda3fb0f | multi |
Chances of blindness in diabetic patient as compared to non-diabetic patient is ? | Answer- D. 25 timesThe gravity of this problem is highlighted by the finding that individual with DM are 25 times more likely to become legally blind than individuals without DM. | 4 | 5 times | 10 times | 15 times | 25 times | Medicine | null | e18bd66d-8c4d-4358-89b0-00301f0a700e | single |
Tyrosine is required for the synthesis of all of the following except: | Ans. A. MelatoninMelatonin is a hormone, synthesized by pineal gland. The amino acid required is tryptophan. It is also called N-acetyl 5- methoxy serotonin. Melatonin is involved in circadian rhythms.Epinephrine, Nor-epinephrine and thyroxine are all synthesized by Tyrosine. | 1 | Melatonin | Epinephrine | Norepinephrine | Thyroxine | Biochemistry | Proteins and Amino Acids | 531c4517-9ab0-4a28-bdcc-3a5912e257a6 | multi |
Impulses generated in the taste buds of the tongue reach the cerebral cortex via the: | Functions of the Thalamus:
The main functions of the thalamus are as follows:
It is a sensory integration and relay station of all the sensory pathways except for the olfactory pathway which is projected directly to the cerebral cortex without being relayed in the thalamus.
The impulses from taste buds of tongue reach the cerebral cortex via this relay station.
It is capable of recognition, though poorly, of pain, thermal and some tactile sensations at its own level | 1 | Thalamus | Internal capsule | Cervical spinal nerve | Trigeminal nerve | Anatomy | null | 929b389f-e394-4d2f-9d48-91db03b96b06 | single |
Sinusitis in children is commoner in which sinus: | The commonest sinus involved was ethmoidal in children and mixed sinus pathology in adults. The majority of patients responded to medical treatment. CONCLUSION: Orbital complications of sinusitis are commoner in children than adults and have orable prognosis. | 3 | Frontal | Maxillary | Ethmoid | Sphenoid | ENT | null | fc439d5e-6a9b-462d-8527-232aec8fcbc5 | single |
Most common of all psychiatric disorders are - | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Anxiety disorder o Anxiety disorders are the most common of all psychiatric illnesses. According to DSM-IV-TR following are anxiety disorder :-Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.Agoraphobia with or without panic disorder.Specific phobia.Social phobia.Obsessive - compulsive disorder.Post traumatic stress disorder.Generalized anxiety disorder. | 1 | Anxiety disorder | Schizophrenia | Depression | Mania | Psychiatry | Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 5248b4b5-2deb-4adc-ab4d-d41c31102213 | multi |
What is the sequence which a retrovirus follows on entering a host cell - | when virus infect a cell viral RNA is transcribed by enzyme first into ssDNA then to dsDNA REF:MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHA NARAYANAN NINTH EDITION PAGE.571 | 1 | RNA-DNA-RNA | RNA-DNA | DNA-RNA | DNA-RNA-DNA | Microbiology | Virology | b8a1b4f3-ca06-47fa-b855-c85bae70ea96 | single |
The most appropriate drug used for chelation therapy in beta thalassemia major is - | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Oral deferiprone Desferrioxamine is poorly absorbed from GIT and hence not recommended for oral administration, although it continues to be the chelating agent of choice for parentral administration. o Deferiprone is a recently introduced orally active iron chelating agent meant to be used as an alternative to injected desferrioxamine. o Oral Deferiprone is prefered over oral desferrioxamine. Remember o For acute iron poisoning desferioxamine is the DOC. o For chronic iron overload, e.g. thalassemia, oral deferipone is the DOC. | 2 | Oral desderrioxamine | Oral deferiprone | Intramuscular EDTA | Oral Succimer | Pharmacology | null | 3f55b982-8941-49d5-bd19-ef0fd3cc1f91 | single |
Which one of the following is true about follicular carcinoma of thyroid? | follicullar carcinoma is not a common thyroid cancer,occurance is 10-15%. it spreads mainly through blood into bones,lungs ,liver FNAC is inconclusive , because capsular and angioinvasion which can&;t be detected by FNAC It is a well localised, nonmobile, soft, fluctuant and pulsatile secondaries in the skull ref ;(page no;482) 5th edition of SRB&;S Manual of SURGERY | 3 | Is the most common thyroid cancer | Is readily diagnosed by FNAC | More commonly spreads through hematogenous route | Is commonly seen as multifocal | Surgery | Endocrinology and breast | 6ac82513-491e-4e32-aaed-b2958813a286 | multi |
ORS plus Zinc | Zinc supplementation with ORS therapy reduce Duration of diarrhea Severity of acute and persistent diarrhea Volume of diarrhea | 3 | Reduces infection | Antispasmodic | Reduces duration of diarrhea | Enhance sodium absorption | Social & Preventive Medicine | Miscellaneous | db01c4bb-8f25-44df-ba91-db4327751497 | single |
Torsade-de-pointes is caused by - | null | 3 | Hypermagnesemia | Metabolic acidosis | Hypomagnesemia | Metabolic alkalosis | Medicine | null | 05c54937-6292-4fe2-871c-1fa911582938 | single |
Tooth with hyperemia will give response to electric pul tester? | null | 1 | Low reading than control teeth | High reading than control teeth | Electric pulp testing is not very significant in hyperemia. | False negative response. | Dental | null | 6a9fb89e-a996-4f79-b0a3-87c0f1ff73d8 | multi |
Drug of choice for preventing Fetal Toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy is - | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Spiramycin * Classic congenital toxoplasmosis is characterized by the tetrad described by Sabin in 1942: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification and convulsion.Signs such as intracranial calcification, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, and severe intrauterine growth restriction strongly suggest in utero infection in the presence of documented maternal infection.* Maternal-fetal transmission occurs between 1 and 4 months following placental colonization by tachyzoites* There are 2 goals of drug therapy for toxoplasmosis, depending on whether or not fetal infection has occurred. If maternal infection has occurred but the fetus is not infected, Spiramycin is used for fetal prophylaxis (to prevent spread of organisms across the placenta from mother to fetus). Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is concentrated in but does not readily cross the placenta, and therefore is not reliable for treatment of fetal infection. Use is aimed at preventing vertical transmission of the parasite to the fetus, and it is indicated only before fetal infection* It is given at a dose of 1 g (3 million U) orally every 8 hours.lt will be prescribed for the duration of the pregnancy if the amniotic fluid polymerase chain reaction is reported negative for T. gondii.* If fetal infection has been confirmed or is highly suspected, pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine are used for treatment. Pyrimethamine is a folic acid antagonist that acts synergistically with sulfonamides. This drug should not be used in the first trimester because it is potentially teratogenic. It produces a reversible, dose related depression of the bone marrow and therefore must be combined with folinic acid. The combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine results in a significant decrease in disease severity. | 3 | Pyrimethamine | Sulfadiazine | Spiramycin | Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Miscellaneous (Gynae) | 63d27494-2c11-4570-8d16-ec5141691843 | single |
SIADH true is all except - | Water retention also occurs in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH). In this condition, an endogenous source of ADH (either cerebral or tumour-derived) promotes water retention by the kidney in the absence of an appropriate physiological stimulus (Box 16.13). The clinical diagnosis requires the patient to be euvolaemic, with no evidence of cardiac, renal or hepatic disease potentially associated with hyponatraemia. Other non-osmotic stimuli that cause release of ADH (pain, stress, nausea) should also be excluded. Suppoive laboratory findings are shown in Box 16.13. In this situation, plasma concentrations of sodium, chloride, urea and uric acid are low with a correspondingly reduced osmolality. Urine osmolality, which should physiologically be maximally dilute (approximately 50 mmol/kg) in the face of low plasma osmolality, is higher than at least 100 mmol/kg and indeed is typically higher than the plasma osmolality. The urine sodium concentration is typically high (> 30 mmol/L), consistent with euvolaemia and lack of compensatory factors promoting sodium retention. Plasma and urine electrolytes and osmolality (Box 16.14) are usually the only tests required to classify the hyponatraemia. Doubt about clinical signs of ECF volume may be resolved with measurement of plasma renin activity. Measurement of ADH is not generally helpful in distinguishing between these categories of hyponatraemia. This is because ADH is activated both in hypovolaemic states and in most chronic hypervolaemic states, as the impaired circulation in those disorders activates ADH release through non-osmotic mechanisms. Indeed, these disorders may have higher circulating ADH levels than patients with SIADH. The only disorders listed in Box 16.12 in which ADH is suppressed are primary polydipsia and iatrogenic water intoxication, where the hypo-osmolar state inhibits ADH release from the pituitary. The treatment of hyponatraemia is critically dependent on its rate of development, severity and underlying cause. If hyponatraemia has developed rapidly (over hours to days), and there are signs of cerebral oedema such as obtundation or convulsions, sodium levels should be restored to normal rapidly by infusion of hypeonic (3%) sodium chloride. A common approach is to give an initial bolus of 100 mL, which may be repeated once or twice over the initial hours of observation, depending on the neurological response and rise in plasma sodium. On the other hand, rapid correction of hyponatraemia that has developed slowly (over weeks to months) can be hazardous, since brain cells adapt to slowly developing hypo-osmolality by reducing the intracellular osmolality, thus maintaining normal cell volume. DAVIDSON'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE 22nd EDITION PAGE NO-438 | 3 | Serum Na can be less than 135 meq\/1 | Urine sodium is normal or slightly low | Vaptans are new FDA approved drugs for its Rx | Water loading test can be used | Medicine | Endocrinology | 8543fcc9-1cc2-4c3e-b243-40831de2cd2e | multi |
Shoe polish like smell is seen in: | Ans. d. Nitrobenzene (Ref: Reddy 33/e p507; Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. General Principles/p 174)Shoe polish like smell is seen in Nitrobenzene."Nitrobenzene is an oily yellow to yellow-brown liquid that smells like bitter almonds or shoe polish. Nitrobenzene dissolves only slightly in water and easily in other chemicals. It is man-made. The most common exposure is at workplaces that use nitrobenzene to produce dyes, drugs, pesticides or some types of rubber. "Characteristic Odours produced by ToxinsOdourToxinsAcrid (Pear smell)* ParaldehydeQ, Chloral hydrateQBitter almonds* CyanideQBurnt rope* Marijuana (Cannabis)QDisinfectant* Phenol (Carbolic acid), CreosoteGarlic* PhosphorusQ, Tellurium, Thallium* Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)Fish or raw liver (Musty)* Zinc phosphideQ. Aluminum phosphideQKerosene like* OrganophosphateMint* Methylsalicylate (Oil of Wintergreen), MentholMothballs* Naphthalene, Camphor, p-dichlorobenzenePepper* o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (Tear gas)Rotten eggs* Hydrogen sulphideQ, Carbon disulphideQ* Mercaptans DisulfiramQ, N -acetyIcysteineQShoe polish* NitrobenzeneVinegar* Acetic acidQ; Hydrofluoric acid | 4 | Mercaptans | Lacquer | Paraldehyde | Nitrobenzene | Forensic Medicine | Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques | decdf4d8-8556-4421-80e0-acd8c8c1baf5 | single |
A woman assaulted by neighbor was brought to you in the emergency depament with fracture of middle tooth. Injury was extended medially to the mouth and there was also contusion to bilateral leg. What is the nature of the injury | Ans. a. Grievous injury Fracture or dislocation of a bone or a tooth constitute Grevious injury. Grevious Injury (Sec 320 IPC) Emasculation Permanent privation of either eyedeg Permanent privation of either ear Privation of any member (pa, organ or limb) or joint Permanent disfiguration of head or facedeg Fracture or dislocation of a bone or a toothdeg Destruction or permanent impairing of powers of any member or joint Any hu which endangers life, or which causes the sufferer to be, during the space of 20 days, in severe body pain, or unable to follow his daily routinedeg. | 1 | Grievous injury | Simple injury | Dangerous injury | Assault | Forensic Medicine | null | 08f630be-f2c9-469b-8ca5-39232e75f2b7 | multi |
True statement about Rheumatic fever in childrena) Polyarthritisb) Caused by α hemolytic streptococcic) Most common valve involvement is Mitrald) Erythema marginatum is common in face | null | 3 | bc | cd | ac | ab | Medicine | null | 426531cb-500e-4dcb-9c39-e17f28ca0e1b | multi |
Protein requirement for 2 year old child (per day)- | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 20 gm GroupageProtein/davInfant0-6 month6-12 month2.05/kg1.65,'TegChildren1-3 year4-6 year7-9 year10-12 year13-15 gm22 gm30 gm41 gm54 gm65-70 gm | 3 | 10 gm | 15 gm | 20 gm | 25 gm | Pediatrics | Nutritional Requirements | 1f068645-17fb-4fa6-8aa5-95d0b07875f4 | single |
The cardiac silhouette can have an "egg on side" appearance in | Transposition of great vessels (TGA) is defined as aoa arising from the right ventricle and pulmonary aery from the left ventricle. In patients with TGA, the oxygenated pulmonary venous blood recirculates in the lungs whereas the systemic venous blood recirculates in the systemic circulation. The pulmonary aery saturation is thus always higher than the aoic saturation. Survival depends on the mixing available between the two circulations. Patients of complete TGA with intact ventricular septum are cyanotic at bih. Since the interatrial communication results in poor mixing, the neonates present with rapid breathing and congestive failure secondary to hypoxemia within the first week of life. Physical examination shows severe cyanosis, congestive failure, normal first sound, single second sound and an insignificant grade one to two ejection systolic murmur. The electrocardiogram shows right axis detion and right ventricular hyperophy. The thoracic roentgenogram shows cardiomegaly with a narrow base and plethoric lung fields. The cardiac silhouette can have an "egg on side" appearance: The right upper lung fields appear more plethoric than other areas. The thymic shadow is often absent. Patients of TGA with VSD have increased pulmonary blood flow; mixing at the ventricular level determines the severity of cyanosis. They develop congestive failure around 4-10 weeks of age. Physical findings consist of cyanosis, cardiomegaly, congestive failure, normal first sound, single or normally split second sound and grade II-IV ejection systolic murmur. Apical third sound gallop or a mid-diastolic rumble may be present. Electrocardiogram shows right axis detion with biventricular, right ventricular or left ventricular hyperophy. Chest X-ray shows cardiomegaly, plethoric lung fields and features of pulmonary venous hypeension. The aerial switch operation is now established as the treatment of choice for TGA, Prostaglandin El can help reduce cyanosis in selected cases by keeping the PDA open. Interim palliation can be accomplished through a balloon atrial septostomy. Reference: Essential Paediatrics; O.P. Ghai; Page no: 425 | 4 | VSD | PDA | TOF | Transposition of Great Vessels | Pediatrics | C.V.S | 160f1ef7-451b-4362-bd71-97c72fcc8140 | single |
Characteristic features of benign prostate hyperophy include all of the following except : | Radiological features of BPH: 'Slit-like' elongated and compressed urethra Smooth filling defect/ indentation in bladder floor Periurethral and subvesical enlargement is very pronounced may produce rounded defect in floor mimicking Foley's balloon. Floor of bladder elevated and trigone pushed upwards, with distal ureteral 'J' or 'Fish Hook' deformity. Trabeculations and distension of bladder Bladder pseudodiveiculi and calculi Bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter may occur. On the IVU study the enlarged prostate gland (P) elevates the bladder floor and causes a J-hooking (fish-hooking) deformity of the distal ureters (arrow). | 2 | Increased trabeculations in bladder | Enlargement of lateral lobes of prostate | 'J' shaped/ 'fish hook' distal ureters | Bilateral hydronephrosis | Radiology | Genitourinary radiology | 48012e3a-8b20-4a99-adb1-44ffecbc5331 | multi |
Oakley-Fulthorpe procedure is: | *Various immunodiffusion test *Single diffusion in one dimension - Oudin procedure *Double diffusion in one dimension - Oakley fulthorpe procedure *Single diffusion in two dimensions - Radial immunodiffusion *Double diffusion in two dimensions - Ouchterlony procedure | 2 | Single diffusion in one dimension | Double diffusion in one dimension | Single diffusion in two dimensions | Double diffusion in two dimensions | Microbiology | Immunology | dce5e747-b0ce-4ffc-9aee-0594fb49832b | single |
Priapism is seen in | The Spanish fly (Cantharis vesicatoria, blister beetle) is 2 x 0.6 cm in dimensions. Active principle: Cantharidin.Action: It is locally irritant and nephrotoxic agent Priapism in males and aboion in pregnant females may occur. The patient becomes prostrated with convulsions, and coma preceding death. TreatmentGastric lavage, demulcents (but not fat) and symptomatic treatment. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine ; 5th ed; Page no: 486 | 4 | Rat poisoning | Arsenic poisoning | Sildenafil poisoning | Cantharide poisoning | Forensic Medicine | Poisoning | f90c434f-e5b9-4ea7-9428-545613b30160 | single |
Gene duplication plays an impoant role in the evolution of aEUR' | mRNA (most likely) Gene duplications are impoant forces of genome evolution which change genome size and lead to the evolution of new gene functions. Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene; it may occur as an error inhomologous recombination, a retrotransposition event, or duplication of an entire chromosome. The second copy of the gene is often free from selective pressure-- that is, mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. Thus it accumulates mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations of organisms. This freedom from consequences allows for the mutation of novel genes that could potentially increase the fitness of the organism or code for a new function. The two genes that exist after a gene duplication event are called paralogs and usually code for proteins with a similar function and/or structure. By contrast, ohologous genes are ones which code for proteins with similar functions but exist in different species | 1 | >m Rna | >r Rna | >t Rna | >hn Rna | Biochemistry | null | 5688761c-3708-47e0-b31f-7dde6725f9cc | single |
Upper motor neuron lesion is characterized by:March 2013 | Ans. A i.e. Weakness and spasticity | 1 | Weakness and Spasticity | Fasciculations | Rigidity | Localized muscle atrophy | Medicine | null | 6b95a78c-0e68-406d-b046-a9a2de340f73 | single |
Surgical staging of ovarian Ca all done except; | <p> Steps of surgical laparotomy in ovarian carcinoma; Ascites and peritoneal washing for cytology Systematic exploration of abdomen and pelvis Biopsy of suspicious areas Sampling of diaphragm Infracolic omentectomy Pelvic and paraoic node evaluation Careful documentation of operative findings Reference : textbook of gynaecology Sheila balakrishnan, 2nd edition, pg no :278 <\p> | 3 | Peritoneal washing | Peritoneal biopsy | Omental biopsy | Palpation of organs | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Gynaecological oncology | a8e09095-c640-4ad2-95b0-10d8a7addf3c | multi |
Lardaceous spleen is due to deposition of amyloid in: | Amyloidosis of the spleen may be inapparent grossly or may cause moderate to marked splenomegaly (up to 800 g). Two patterns of deposition is seen:- The deposits limited to the splenic follicles, producing tapioca-like granules on gross inspection, designated sago spleen. The deposits involves the red pulp,Fusion of the early deposits gives rise to large, maplike areas of amyloidosis, creating what has been designated lardaceous spleen. | 1 | Sinusoids of red pulp | White pulp | Pencillary aery | Splenic trabeculae | Pathology | Amyloidosis | b7f8aa21-0452-4046-9aa2-564858bcc8ac | single |
Wide pulse pressure is seen in | Wide pulse pressure is when SBP increases by more than 50%. It is seen in:
Aortic regurgitation
PDA
Anemia
Beri beri
Hyperthyroidism
Fever
Complete heart block
AV shunts | 1 | Beri beri | Cardiac tamponade | Diarrhea | Aortic stenosis | Medicine | null | fda98ccd-14a1-443b-af07-6b913c213125 | single |
The following virus can be grown only in suckling mice- | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Coxsackie virus . It is necessary to employ suckling mice for the isolation of coxsackie viruses. . Inoculation is usually made by intracerebral, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal route. . Adult mice are not susceptible. | 1 | Coxsackie virus | Rhinovirus | Echovirus | Poliovirus | Microbiology | null | 609e8a20-afff-498a-ba3c-628539f52f87 | single |
Nephrocalcinosis is seen in all except : | Medullary cystic kidney Nephrocalcinosis Conditions associated with nephrocalcinosis are :- . Hyper ox aluri a . Hyperparathyroidism . Prolonged immobilization . Hypervitaminosis D . Hypophosphatemic rickets excessive bone destruction in metastatic . Coical necrosis malignancies (such as multiple myeloma) . Cushing syndrome . Hypehyroidism . Hyperuricosuria . Excessive calcium intake . Renal candidiasis (milk alkali syndrome) . Sarcoidosis . Renal tubular acidosis (distal) . Medullary sponge kidney Nephrocalcinosis is a diffuse deposition of calcium salts in the interstitium of the kidney. Symptoms The earliest functional defect is the inability to produce a concentrated urine. Other tubular defects such as tubular acidosis and salt losing nephritis might occur. It is radiologically demonstrated by small opacities in the renal papillae. | 4 | Sarcoidosis | Distal A | Milk alkali syndrome | Medullary cystic kidney | Surgery | null | 6063d451-2bd5-4845-b7b8-a96af73c5e26 | multi |
Which of the following relaxes bronchial smooth muscles? | Introduction. A major symptom of asthma is an excessive contraction of airway smooth muscle cells (SMCs) which results in airway hyper-reactivity. To allete this acute and chronic airway constriction, b-adrenergic agonists, that relax SMCs, are commonly administered Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:331,332,333 | 4 | Cold air | Leukotriene | Ach | VIP | Physiology | Respiratory system | de407aa5-cffe-4942-b3e0-29f4fe42d610 | single |
Progestase has to be replaced after : | The US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved effective life is only 1 year. The contraceptive effectiveness of the progestase is similar to that of Cu IUDs; it reduces menstrual loss but has to be replaced every year. | 1 | 1 year | 5 years | 3 years | 6 months | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Contraceptives | 6f86c247-7bbf-466e-a661-d1cb8166c428 | single |
Cholesterol is a(an) | Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 146 | 3 | Ester | Phospholipid | Sterol | Lipoprotein | Biochemistry | Metabolism of lipid | d774c3c1-1b99-4ab0-a11a-2bd0d7e324dd | single |
Most common site of metastasis in skeleton ? | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Veebrae Metastasis Metastatic bone disease is the commonest malignancy of bones and is much more common than primary bone tumors. The commonest sites for bone metastases are veebrae (most common), pelvis, the proximal half of the femur and the humerus. Extremities distal to elbow and knee are least commonly involved sites. Spread is usually the blood stream; occasionally, visceral tumors spread directly into adjacent bones e.g., the pelvis and ribs. Ceain tumors are known to be common sources of bone metastasis. The following primary tumors are the most common to metastasize in the bone; breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. The commonest source of metastatic bone disease is carcinoma of the breast. In males most common source is prostate carcinoma. Bladder and uterine carcinomas are less common sources. In children, skeletal metastases originate from neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and osteosarcoma. | 3 | Femur | Tibia | Veebrae | Skull | Surgery | null | 2c44b9bc-cd20-4d45-8316-ffa96090d427 | single |
All are features of hyperparathyroidism except? | Hyperparathyroidism leads to increase PTH. PTH increases serum calcium by increasing dietary absorption of vitamin D3. It also ensures that the proximal convoluted tubule sta losing phosphate in urine leading to decreased serum phosphate. The increase in serum calcium leads to deposition of calcium in kidney parenchyma forming calcium phosphate stones. The increased level of calcium also leads to constipation. Therefore severe abdominal pain is a feature of hyperparathyroidism. Renal Colic is due to stones and severe constipation. Diarrhea is not seen with hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism. | 3 | Increase serum calcium | Decreased serum phosphate | Diarrhea | Nephrocalcinosis | Medicine | Disorders of Parathyroid Gland | 3bd36de6-f1e1-48e7-9aa7-801ed574996c | multi |
FALSE statement about polyaeritis nodosa (PAN) is: | Polyaeritis nodosa (PAN) It is a multisystem, necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium-sized muscular aeries. Involvement of the renal and visceral aeries is characteristic. PAN does not involve pulmonary aeries, although bronchial vessels may be involved; Granulomas, significant eosinophilia, and an allergic diathesis are not observed. Ref: Harrisons principles of internal medicine, 18th edition, Page: 2794. | 3 | It is a necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium-sized muscular aeries | Involvement of the renal and visceral aeries is characteristic. | PAN does not involve pulmonary aeries and bronchial vessels | Granulomas, significant eosinophilia, and are not observed. | Pathology | null | 838cb05e-381c-4068-ac8d-48562f2537d8 | multi |
The neurotransmitter agent that is normally released in the SA node of the heart in response to increased blood pressure is: | null | 1 | Acetylcholine | Dopamine | Adrenaline | Noradrenaline | Pharmacology | null | e34e4075-74b5-468b-8bcd-aa72c8f9f08e | multi |
A 60-year-old woman, Sridevi presents with a murmur suggestive of mitral stenosis and an echocardiography confirmed a mass attached to the fossa ovalis of the left atrial septum. What is the most likely diagnosis? | Atrial myxoma is the most common benign cardiac tumor. It usually presents with symptoms of valvular obstruction (mural or tricuspid valve). It is attached by a pedicle to the fossa ovalis of the left atrial septum. It is treated by resection. | 1 | Cardiac myxoma | Endocarditis | Lymphoma | Metastatic cancer to the hea | Surgery | Thorax And Mediastinum | 17708270-9c5f-4627-b93e-4c208cd16d1f | single |
The cardiac output can be determined by all except | Methods to determine the Cardiac output
Flowmeter
Cardiometer
- Indirect method- Used in humans
Fick’s principle method
Indicator dilution method
Thermodilution method
Doppler echocardiography
Cineradiography | 2 | Fick's principle | V/Q ratio | Echocardiography | Thermodilution | Physiology | null | ebe49d4a-5da2-4e90-bf40-abcdb92486bf | multi |
Headache is commonly seen with which anti-anginal drug? | Nitrates produce headache because of vasodilatation of meningeal vessels. Ref katzung 12th ed. | 2 | Beta blockers | Nitrates | Trimetazidine | Potassium channel openers | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | b61806f0-89b9-401c-ace3-632027592cd8 | single |
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