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380089363579077994	Punta Cana International Airport	Punta Cana International airport - wikipedia Punta Cana International airport Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Punta Cana International Airport Aeropuerto Internacional Punta Cana IATA : PUJ ICAO : MDPC Summary Airport type Public - private Owner / Operator Punta Cana Resort and Club / Grupo Punta Cana Serves Punta Cana , Higuey Location Punta Cana in La Altagracia Province , Dominican Republic Opened December 17 , 1983 Elevation AMSL 40 ft / 12.2 m Coordinates 18 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 21 ′ 07 '' W / 18.56667 ° N 68.35194 ° W / 18.56667 ; - 68.35194 Coordinates : 18 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 21 ′ 07 '' W / 18.56667 ° N 68.35194 ° W / 18.56667 ; - 68.35194 Website www.puntacanainternationalairport.com Map MDPC Location of airport in Dominican Republic Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 08 / 26 10,171 3,100 Asphalt , concrete 09 / 27 10,171 3,100 Asphalt , concrete Statistics ( 2017 ) Passengers 7,331,415 Aircraft Operations ( 2013 ) 54,060 Source : Banco Central República Dominicana Runway 08 / 26 All traffic . Runway 09 / 27 Light traffic only . Punta Cana International Airport ( IATA : PUJ , ICAO : MDPC ) is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana , eastern Dominican Republic . The airport is built in a traditional Dominican style with open - air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds . Grupo PuntaCana built the airport , which was designed by architect Oscar Imbert , and inaugurated it in December 1983 . It became the first privately owned international airport in the world . A number of scheduled and charter airlines fly to Punta Cana ; more than 6.3 million passengers ( arrivals and departures combined ) pass through the terminals , moved by almost 60,000 commercial aircraft operations . The operators of the airport , Corporación Aeroportuaria del Este , S.A. ( a private corporation run by Puntacana Resort and Club ) , expanded the facility in November 2011 with a new runway and air traffic control tower designed to support the robust growth of travel to the region . In 2014 , the airport accounted for 60 % of all air arrivals in the Dominican Republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Former airstrip 1.2 Planning and construction 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000s 2 Facilities 2.1 Terminals 2.2 Expansion projects 2.3 U.S. preclearance 3 Airlines and destinations 3.1 Passenger 4 Statistics 5 Accidents and incidents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aerial view Apron view Check - in area Former airstrip ( edit ) The history of aviation in the Punta Cana region started in 1971 , when Grupo PuntaCana built its first hotel and a small airstrip where aircraft could land . There were no terminals and no runway ; it was just a flat piece of land . The only problem was that the area was very secluded from the rest of the Dominican Republic . Also , many more people were starting to go to Punta Cana for vacation , with more and more small cabins being built . Since there were no roads nor harbors , the only way to get into Punta Cana was by air . In the late 1970s a road was built , to connect the area with the capital of that province , Higüey . Tourists from various countries started to come in . They had to pass through Las Américas International Airport in Santo Domingo , then take a short flight in a single - engine plane to Punta Cana . The airstrip itself had significant problems , such as having a very short runway and still no terminal . This meant passengers would exit their plane and be directed onto a road to be picked up to ride to their hotel , which was inconvenient . Grupo PuntaCana knew it needed a real airport . Planning and construction ( edit ) In late 1974 , Grupo PuntaCana started to plan the first private international airport . However , the local government disapproved of the new airport . After eight full years of arguing with the province , a contract was made to begin construction on the new airport . The airport would be built were the old airstrip stood . In early 1981 planning started on the airport . Oscar Imbert ( son of General Imbert ) was chosen to as architect . He wanted the terminal architecture to be based on Native American Taines and Arawak structures . At the same time , he wanted to give the passengers a paradise feeling . The problem is that the planners did not want to pay for expensive air conditioning . The solution to this problem was to build the terminal in such a way that the coastal breezes from the Caribbean Sea would come in and cool down the passengers . The terminal building was planned to have fronds of cane palms of the roof , and for the walls , stone from the nearby jungles . For the columns , they would use eucalyptus logs . Construction on the new airport started in early 1982 , and the small airstrip had to close down . To substitute for the loss , a small concrete airstrip was made into a temporary airport . This strip would turn into a runway when the airport opened . Since the terminal was small and there was not a lot of construction needed , the terminal was completed in under four months . The runway and tarmac took a long time since there were not many construction workers building the airport . The area was secluded , which dissuaded many construction workers from trying to build the airport . However , after eight years of persuading the government , and two more years of construction , the airport began operations on December 17 , 1983 . 1980s ( edit ) The airport started out with a 5,000 - foot runway , which could fit larger propeller planes . The building was 300 square meters in area , and could assist 150 passengers every hour and a half . The small control tower began to be used . In January 1984 , Punta Cana had its first international flight from San Juan , Puerto Rico operated by the local airline Prinair . The aircraft was a small double turbo propeller aircraft with 20 passengers . In its first year , 1984 , it received 2,976 passengers With a proper airport , many new hotels were built during this time period . However , now that there were more hotels , more people wanted to fly to Punta Cana . There was an increased demand to bring jet aircraft to Punta Cana . This led to the airport 's first expansion in 1987 . The runway was expanded to 7,500 feet , along with a small expansion of the terminal . The tarmac was expanded to accommodate jet aircraft . The terminal was renovated and more check - in stands were built . This expansion allowed many more aircraft to land at the airport . The small control tower was also renovated , with new radar systems added . However , large jet aircraft did not fly to Punta Cana until the early 1990s . During this time , new airlines from around the Caribbean started to fly here . The second expansion was added in 1988 , in which a new taxiway was added so it could be easier to get off the runway and onto the tarmac. 1989 was also when the first private jets started to fly to the airport . There were only about four airlines in 1988 . All of these small airlines were regional , coming from different parts of the Caribbean . Towards the end of 1989 , another expansion started to expand the runway to 10,171 feet . This expansion was completed in late 1990 . 1990s ( edit ) The 1990s brought a major change to the airport . Now that the runway was 10,171 feet , long - haul jets could fly there . In late 1992 , the airline Condor Flugdienst acquired several new Boeing 767s . During this time , the airline was expanding rapidly . One of its new destinations was Punta Cana . The planes would fly from Frankfurt on a 10 - hour flight . This became the first route from Europe , and the first long - haul route in the airport 's history . Around the same time , LTU International started a route from Berlin . Also , many airlines around the Caribbean stopped operations to the airport , since now there were long - haul flights . In 1993 , the airline Hapag - Lloyd Flug began a route from Düsseldorf . Air Transat began a route from Montréal , which became the first route from Canada . In 1994 , American Airlines started operations to Miami International Airport . The same year , Lauda Air began operations from Vienna . The Dutch wanted a route to Punta Cana , so in January 1995 , Martinair began operations from Amsterdam Schiphol . ATA Airlines started to fly to Midway International Airport in early 1996 . In October 1996 , the Chilean airline Lan Chile began to fly 767s from Bogota and Santiago . Over time , more airlines from Europe , Canada , and the US began operations to Punta Cana . In 1997 , three more airlines were added . There was increasing demand for an expansion , as the tarmac was not big enough to fit all of the new jet aircraft . This was becoming a major problem , as new airlines could not introduce new routes unless the airport expanded . In 1998 , two new airlines began operations . Towards the end of 1998 , the tarmac was extremely busy and dangerous , since the aircraft had to taxi on the runway itself , turn and then take off . There was a high risk of a collision on the runway if two planes were on it at the same time . Sometimes the narrow taxiways were so full , some airplanes had to wait 20 minutes before beginning to taxi to the runway . During 1999 , only one airline started to fly there , because the small airport was too crowded . As the number of passengers only escalated , Grupo PuntaCana began to plan a massive expansion . The expansion began in late 1999 , and ended in late 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) In 2000 , there was a major expansion : the terminal was expanded twice its original size and was renovated again , there was a long taxiway added to prevent a collision on the runway , and the tarmac was expanded and renovated to fit six aircraft . This expansion was completed in 2001 . By then one more airline was added , and by 2001 , two more . During this time , Punta Cana was changing ; malls and roads were being built , along with brand new hotels . Now , many people were flying to Punta Cana , and once again the airport was crowded by 2002 . A new parking lot was built along with the new Punta Cana Village . That year , no new airlines flew there . By 2003 , there was a small expansion of the terminal and the tarmac was expanded to allow seven passenger airplanes to park at the airport . This was also the year the Grupo Puntacana had begun the planning of a second runway . In 2004 , there was a second expansion on the tarmac to allow many more aircraft to fly there . This was also when older airlines started to cease operations to the airport . By 2005 , only 15 airlines flew to the airport . That same year , the construction of a second runway was approved , and planning on the runway started . Facilities ( edit ) Terminals ( edit ) The airport has five terminals : International Terminals A and B for international passenger travel ; FBO Terminal , located west of terminal B , for executive general aviation , both national and international ; National Terminal , located east of the FBO terminal , for national charter and general aviation ; and VIP Terminal , located east of Terminal A , a private terminal including an aircraft parking apron . Punta Cana International Airport serves 96 cities in 28 countries . Terminal B was built to hold larger aircraft like the Airbus A380 along with seven airbridges , one being for the Airbus A380 . This new terminal was completed in 2014 and can comfortably accommodate 6,500 travelers daily and over 2 million travelers annually . Expansion projects ( edit ) Punta Cana 's airport operators completed an airport expansion project in November 2011 , which included a new runway and a control tower equipped with modern radio and air traffic control equipment . There are also a new Terminal Approach Radar Control facility and a new Automated Weather Observation Station ( AWOS ) . This new facility provides a back - up to the National Radar System located in Santo Domingo . A second international terminal which opened in 2014 is designed to accommodate about 6,500 passengers daily . The operators plan to open a third terminal and renovate runway 09 / 27 while also constructing a cargo terminal . US preclearance ( edit ) Plans were underway for a U.S. Customs and Border Protection preclearance station to be opened at the airport by the end of summer 2009 ; however , this has not yet begun . According to Frank Rainieri , president of Grupo Puntacana , negotiations have re-opened ( as of June 2015 ) and he anticipates that this airport will be the first in Latin America to offer such preclearance service . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Aerolíneas Argentinas Buenos Aires -- Ezeiza Air Antilles Express Seasonal : Pointe - à - Pitre Air Canada Seasonal : Halifax , Ottawa Air Canada Rouge Montreal -- Trudeau , Toronto -- Pearson Air Caraibes Paris -- Orly Air Europa Madrid Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Air Transat Montréal -- Trudeau , Québec City , Toronto -- Pearson Seasonal : Calgary , Edmonton , Fredericton , Halifax , Hamilton , London ( ON ) , Moncton , Ottawa , Regina , Saskatoon , Sault Ste . Marie , St. John 's , Thunder Bay , Vancouver , Windsor , Winnipeg American Airlines Charlotte , Miami , Philadelphia Seasonal : Boston , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , New York -- JFK Apple Vacations Charter : Cincinnati Seasonal charter : Boston , Cleveland , Detroit , Lansing , Milwaukee , Pittsburgh , St. Louis Avianca Bogotá Avianca Ecuador Charter : Quito Avianca Peru Lima Azur Air Moscow -- Domodedovo , St. Petersburg Azur Air ( Germany ) Charter : Düsseldorf British Airways London -- Gatwick Condor Düsseldorf , Frankfurt , Munich Copa Airlines Panama City Copa Airlines Colombia Panama City Delta Air Lines Atlanta , New York -- JFK Seasonal : Boston , Detroit , Minneapolis / St. Paul Edelweiss Air Zürich Eurowings Cologne / Bonn ( ends 27 October 2018 ) Seasonal : Düsseldorf , Munich ( begins May 4 , 2018 ) Evelop Airlines Madrid French Bee Paris -- Orly Frontier Airlines Chicago -- O'Hare , Philadelphia Gol Transportes Aéreos São Paulo -- Guarulhos I - Fly Seasonal charter : Moscow -- Vnukovo JetBlue Airways Boston , Fort Lauderdale , New York -- JFK , San Juan LATAM Brasil Brasília LATAM Chile Miami , Santiago de Chile LATAM Perú Lima LOT Polish Airlines Seasonal charter : Warsaw -- Chopin Magni Seasonal charter : Monterrey Nordwind Seasonal charter : Moscow -- Sheremetyevo Orbest Seasonal : Lisbon , Madrid Rutaca Airlines Caracas Rossiya Airlines Seasonal Charter : Moscow -- Vnukovo Servicios Aéreos Profesionales Charter : Antigua , Aruba , Barbados , Curaçao , Holguin , Pointe - à - Pitre , Port of Spain , St. Maarten , Santo Domingo -- Las Américas , Varadero Southwest Airlines Atlanta , Baltimore , Chicago -- Midway , Fort Lauderdale Spirit Airlines Fort Lauderdale Sun Country Airlines Seasonal : Dallas / Fort Worth , Minneapolis / St. Paul Sunwing Airlines Montreal - Trudeau , Québec City , Toronto - Pearson Seasonal : Calgary , Edmonton , Halifax , Hamilton , Kitchener , Mont - Joli , Ottawa , Vancouver , Winnipeg TAME Charter : Quito Thomas Cook Airlines Manchester ( UK ) Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia Charter : Copenhagen , Stockholm -- Arlanda Travel Service Polska Seasonal charter : Warsaw -- Chopin TUI Airways Manchester Seasonal : Birmingham , Bristol , London -- Gatwick TUI fly Belgium Brussels TUI fly Netherlands Seasonal : Amsterdam Seasonal charter : Katowice , Poznań , Warsaw United Airlines Houston -- Intercontinental , Newark Seasonal : Chicago -- O'Hare , Washington -- Dulles Vacation Express Charter : Cincinnati Seasonal charter : Atlanta , Austin ( begins May 28 , 2018 ) , Baltimore , Buffalo , Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cleveland , Columbus -- Glenn , Dallas / Fort Worth , Detroit , Houston -- Intercontinental , Indianapolis , Kansas City , Nashville , New Orleans , Newark , Pittsburgh , Tampa Wamos Air Madrid WestJet Toronto -- Pearson Wingo Bogota XL Airways France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Seasonal : Bordeaux , Lyon , Nantes , Toulouse Statistics ( edit ) Busiest international routes from PUJ ( 2017 ) Rank City Passengers Carriers Toronto - Pearson 479,743 Air Canada Rouge , Air Transat , Sunwing Airlines , Westjet New York -- JFK 410,886 American Airlines , Delta Air Lines , JetBlue Atlanta 380,133 Delta Air Lines , Southwest Airlines , Vacation Express Moscow ( Domodedovo , Sheremetyevo , Vnukovo ) 350,000 Azur Air , I - Fly , Nordwind , Rossiya 5 Panama City 342,964 Copa Airlines 6 Miami 321,755 American Airlines , LATAM Chile 7 Montreal 302,008 Air Canada , Air Transat , Sunwing Airlines 8 Lima 253,739 Avianca Peru , LATAM Perú , Latin American Wings 9 Newark 235,750 United Airlines , Vacation Express 10 Charlotte 231,409 American Airlines 11 Paris - Charles de Gaulle 231,343 Air France , XL Airways 12 Philadelphia 190,865 American Airlines , Frontier Airlines 13 Chicago - O'Hare 178,639 American Airlines , Frontier Airlines , United Airlines , Vacation Express 14 Bogota 162,036 Avianca , Wingo 15 London - Gatwick 142,784 British Airways , TUI Airways 16 Baltimore 135,461 Southwest Airlines , Vacation Express 17 San Juan 129,254 JetBlue 18 Dusseldorf 95,373 Air Berlin , Condor Flugdienst , Eurowings 19 Buenos Aires 79,081 Aerolineas Argentinas 20 Frankfurt 76,604 Condor Flugdienst 21 Cologne 76,418 Eurowings 22 Washington - Dulles 75,772 United Airlines 23 Brussels 74,347 TUI fly Belgium 24 Boston 68,540 American Airlines , Apple Vacations , JetBlue 25 Minneapolis 67,864 Delta Airlines , Sun Country Airlines 26 São Paulo 60,187 Gol Transportes Aereos 27 Munich 53,754 Condor Flugdienst , Eurowings 28 St. Petersburg 52,344 Azur Air 29 Zurich 47,734 Edelweiss Air 30 Birmingham 41,152 TUI Airways Accidents and incidents ( edit ) On October 13 , 2014 , the engine of a Jetstream Bae 32 aircraft belonging to Air Century Airlines caught fire while landing after a charter flight from Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in San Juan , Puerto Rico . The airplane crew declared an emergency and landed the aircraft at 20 : 45 local time , after a 49 - minute flight , but the plane was destroyed in a subsequent fire . There were no injuries among the 13 passengers and two crew members . See also ( edit ) List of the busiest airports in Dominican Republic List of the busiest airports in the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grupo PuntaCana '' . GrupoPuntaCana.com.do . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.puntacanainternationalairport.com/assets/punta-cana-tech-data-fact-sheet_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` -- Airport Information '' . Puntacanainternationalairport.com . ^ Jump up to : Major , Brian ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` North Americans Drove Dominican Republic 's Record 2014 Tourism Growth '' . travAlliancemedia . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Airport , Punta Cana International . `` The Official Website of Punta Cana International AirportDominican Republic flights to Punta Cana International Airport '' . www.PuntaCanaInternationalAirport.com . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PUJ is ready to inaugurate modern , convenient air travel with Terminal B '' . Puntacana Blogs . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Busiest Dominican airport to have U.S. Customs , Immigration station , Nuevo Diario reports Archived 8 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . from the Dominican Times retrieved 25 July 2008 Jump up ^ Bavaro News ; Year X ; edition 287 ; page 4 ^ Jump up to : `` airtransat adds new nonstop sectors for W17 '' . Routes Online . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condor Flugdienst GmbH press release : Even more Caribbean : Condor starts long - haul flights from Düsseldorf '' 19 September 2017 Jump up ^ 2018 . `` Eurowings verlegt Langstrecke von Köln nach Düsseldorf '' . rp-online.de . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/274888/eurowings-adds-dusseldorf-caribbean-routes-in-w17/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/273710/eurowings-outlines-new-s18-long-haul-routes/ Jump up ^ 2017 , UBM ( UK ) Ltd . `` Southwest expands Ft . Lauderdale international routes from Nov 2017 '' . RoutesOnline.com . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://patch.com/texas/north-austin/austin-airport-launch-nonstop-service-punta-cana-dominican-republic Jump up ^ http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article164543847.html Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.jac.gob.do/transparencia/images/docs/estadisticas/Informe%20Estad%C3%ADstico%20sobre%20el%20Transporte%20A%C3%A9reo%20en%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Dominicana%202016.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Se incendia avión que despegó desde San Juan '' . El Nuevo Dia . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Punta Cana International Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airport information for MDPC at World Aero Data . Data current as of October 2006 . ( hide ) Airports in the Dominican Republic International Barahona La Romana -- International Puerto Plata Punta Cana Samaná -- Arroyo Barril Samaná -- El Catey Santiago Santo Domingo -- Las Américas Santo Domingo -- La Isabela Domestic Constanza Dajabón Montecristi Pedernales Sabana de la Mar San Juan de la Maguana San Pedro Military San Isidro Air Base Field Azua Boca Chica Consuelo Consuelo -- Batey Anita Cotuí -- Angelina Cotuí -- San Miguel El Valle Enriquillo Esperanza Higüey Jimani La Romana -- La Caleta La Vega -- El Ponton Montecristi -- Walterio Monte Plata San Cristobal San Pedro -- Ingenio Quisqueya Closed Herrera International Airport Samaná -- El Portillo Santiago Municipal Airport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punta_Cana_International_Airport&oldid=835691790 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in La Altagracia Province Airports in the Dominican Republic Airports established in 1984 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017 All articles needing style editing Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Тоҷикӣ Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 05 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the airport code for punta cana	[ "Punta Cana International Airport (IATA: PUJ, ICAO: MDPC) is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana, eastern Dominican Republic. The airport is built in a traditional Dominican style with open-air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds. Grupo PuntaCana[1] built the airport, which was designed by architect Oscar Imbert, and inaugurated it in December 1983. It became the first privately owned international airport in the world.[2]", "Punta Cana International Airport (IATA: PUJ, ICAO: MDPC) is a privately owned commercial airport in Punta Cana, eastern Dominican Republic. The airport is built in a traditional Dominican style with open-air terminals with their roofs covered in palm fronds. Grupo PuntaCana[1] built the airport, which was designed by architect Oscar Imbert, and inaugurated it in December 1983. It became the first privately owned international airport in the world.[2]" ]	[ "PUJ", "MDPC" ]
9179882241627421288	Return to normalcy	Return to normalcy - Wikipedia Return to normalcy Jump to : navigation , search Harding called for `` A Return to Normalcy . '' Return to normalcy , a return to the way of life before World War I , was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding 's campaign slogan for the election of 1920 . Although detractors of the time tried to belittle the word `` normalcy '' as a neologism as well as a malapropism , saying that it was poorly coined by Harding ( as opposed to the more accepted term normality ) , there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857 . Harding 's promise was to return the United States ' prewar mentality , without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people . To sum up his points , he stated : `` America 's present need is not heroics , but healing ; not nostrums , but normalcy ; not revolution , but restoration ; not agitation , but adjustment ; not surgery , but serenity ; not the dramatic , but the dispassionate ; not experiment , but equipoise ; not submergence in internationality , but sustainment in triumphant nationality . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 1920 election 2 See also 3 References 4 External links 1920 election ( edit ) Harding 's position attracted support and was important during the United States presidential election , 1920 , which he won with 60.3 % of the popular vote . During the campaign , Harding addressed the issue of the word 's origin , claiming that `` normalcy '' but not `` normality '' appeared in his dictionary : I have noticed that word caused considerable news editors to change it to `` normality '' . I have looked for `` normality '' in my dictionary and I do not find it there . `` Normalcy '' , however , I did find , and it is a good word . See also ( edit ) Creeping normalcy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` normalcy '' , Answers.com . Jump up ^ The Mavens ' Word of the Day : normalcy , June 25 , 1999 , randomhouse.com . Jump up ^ `` Return to Normalcy '' , teachingamericanhistory.org Jump up ^ `` Election of 1920 : Republican and the Return to Normalcy '' . Jump up ^ Kory Stamper ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Obama did n't use improper grammar . Cut him and other public figures a break '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up normalcy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Normalcy '' , The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , 3rd ed. , edited by E.D. Hirsch , Jr. , et al. Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 22647 - 8 . `` A Time for Normalcy '' by Evan Jenkins , Columbia Journalism Review , January / February 2002 . This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_normalcy&oldid=839953251 '' Categories : American political neologisms United States presidential domestic programs United States politics stubs Vocabulary and usage stubs United States history stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 20 : 04 . About Wikipedia	who called for a return to normalcy following the war	[ "Return to normalcy, a return to the way of life before World War I, was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan for the election of 1920. Although detractors of the time tried to belittle the word \"normalcy\" as a neologism as well as a malapropism, saying that it was poorly coined by Harding (as opposed to the more accepted term normality), there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857.[1][2] Harding's promise was to return the United States' prewar mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people. To sum up his points, he stated:" ]	[ "Warren G. Harding" ]
3495136235138399326	Chief Justice of the United States	Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia Chief justice of the United States Chief Justice of the United States Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court Incumbent John Roberts since September 29 , 2005 United States Supreme Court Federal judiciary of the United States Style Mr. Chief Justice ( informal ) Your Honor ( when addressed in court ) The Honorable ( formal ) Status Chief Justice Head of a court system Highest judicial officer Member of Supreme Court Judicial Conference Administrative Office of the Courts Seat Supreme Court Building , Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ( September 26 , 1789 ) Website www.supremecourt.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and thus the head of the United States federal court system , which functions as the judicial branch of the nation 's federal government . The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices ; the other eight have the title of Associate Justice . The Chief Justice , as the highest judicial officer in the country , serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . The Chief Justice is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States and , in that capacity , appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts . By law , the Chief Justice is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and , by custom , is elected chancellor of the board . The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments . When the court renders an opinion , the Chief Justice -- when in the majority -- decides who writes the court 's opinion . The Chief Justice also has significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meetings . In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States , which has occurred twice , the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate . Additionally , the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice ( although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular ) . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 persons have served as chief justice . The first was John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) . Four -- Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan Fiske Stone , and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately . Contents 1 Origin , title , and appointment to office 2 Duties 2.1 Impeachment trials 2.2 Seniority 2.3 Oath of office 2.4 Other duties 3 Disability or vacancy 4 List of Chief Justices 4.1 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin , title , and appointment to office ( edit ) John Jay , by Gilbert Stuart The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice , but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 : `` When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside . '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office . Article III , Section 1 , which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court , refers to all members of the Court simply as `` judges . '' The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1866 , at the urging of Salmon P. Chase , Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States . The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888 . The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866 , and remains as originally created . The chief justice , like all federal judges , is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once in office , a justice 's tenure ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . Since 1789 , 15 presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to the position . The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress ; the current ( 2018 ) annual salary is $267,000 , which is slightly higher than that of associate justices , which is $255,300 . The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition ; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice , it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom . There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court . Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with , and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice . Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice : Edward Douglass White in 1910 , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 , and William Rehnquist in 1986 . A fourth , Abe Fortas , was nominated to the position in 1968 , but was not confirmed . As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice , Fortas remained an associate justice . Similarly , when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796 , but declined the office , he too remained on the Court . Two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice . John Rutledge was the first . President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795 . However , his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate , and he left office and the Court . In 1933 , former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice . Additionally , in December 1800 , former chief justice John Jay was nominated and confirmed to the position a second time , but ultimately declined it ; opening the way for the appointment of John Marshall . Duties ( edit ) Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court , the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill . Impeachment trials ( edit ) Article I , section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate . Two Chief Justices , Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist , have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton . Both presidents were subsequently acquitted . Seniority ( edit ) John Marshall , the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice . Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices . Traditionally , the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares ( first among equals ) -- that is , the chief justice is the highest - ranking and foremost member of the Court , regardless of that officeholder 's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice . This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court 's culture and norms and , thus , influence how it functions . The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari , to decide whether to hear or deny each case . The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it . While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda , in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court . Nonetheless , a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles ; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari . Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature , his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice . Additionally , he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them . The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority . Thus , when the chief justice is in the majority , he always assigns the opinion . Early in his tenure , Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige . In doing so , Marshall would often write the opinions himself , and actively discouraged dissenting opinions . Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice : one justice writes an opinion for the majority , and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not , whether concurring or dissenting . The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power , as this enables him to influence the historical record . He `` may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition , to an ideologically amenable colleague , or to himself . '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion ; two justices in the same majority , given the opportunity , might write very different majority opinions . A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion , which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come . Additionally , the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices . He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion . Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired . It is reported that : Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned , and even vilified in some quarters , for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment . Indeed , Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition , cast `` phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position , and declined to express a position at conference . Oath of office ( edit ) The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States . This is a tradition , rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular , simply that it be taken by the president . Law empowers any federal and state judge , as well as notaries public ( such as John Calvin Coolidge , Sr . ) , to administer oaths and affirmations . William Rehnquist ( left ) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1986 , as his wife , Natalie , holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan ( far right ) looks on . If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated , the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court . Seven times , someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President . Robert Livingston , as Chancellor of the State of New York ( the state 's highest ranking judicial office ) , administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration ; there was no Chief Justice of the United States , nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration . William Cushing , an associate justice of the Supreme Court , administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793 . Calvin Coolidge 's father , a notary public , administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding . This , however , was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling , Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office . On November 22 , 1963 , after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Judge Sarah T. Hughes , a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane . In addition , the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices , whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president . Other duties ( edit ) Since the tenure of William Howard Taft , the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals . The Chief Justice also : Serves as the head of the federal judiciary . Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts . The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules , which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court ( subject to disapproval by Congress under the Congressional Review Act ) , to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts . Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools . Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) , a `` secret court '' which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies ( primarily the F.B.I. ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States . ( see 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ) . Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation , a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts . Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents , and by custom as the Chancellor , of the Smithsonian Institution . Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress . Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other `` office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats , the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions . Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty ( also known as the Treaty of London of 1794 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis , and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy . As described above , the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress . Disability or vacancy ( edit ) Under 28 USC , when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions , or that office is vacant , the duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act , until the disability or vacancy ends , as chief justice . Clarence Thomas is the most senior associate justice . List of Chief justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice : Chief Justice Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Prior position John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington Acting United States Secretary of State ( 1789 -- 1790 ) John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions ( 1791 -- 1795 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1789 -- 1791 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days United States Senator from Connecticut ( 1789 -- 1796 ) John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days John Adams 4th United States Secretary of State ( 1800 -- 1801 ) 5 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1833 -- 1834 ) 6 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days Abraham Lincoln 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1861 -- 1864 ) 7 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Presiding officer , Ohio constitutional convention ( 1873 ) 8 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days Grover Cleveland President , Illinois State Bar Association ( 1886 ) Illinois State Representative ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 9 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1894 -- 1910 ) 10 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 11 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th United States Secretary of State ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1910 -- 1916 ) 12 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1925 -- 1941 ) 13 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 14 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) 15 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 16 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1972 -- 1986 ) 17 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003471400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 331 days George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start date given here for each chief justice is the day they took the oath of office , and the end date is the day of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process . See also ( edit ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Agencies : Office of the Chief Justice , 1789 -- present '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillion , Barry J. ; Rutkus , Denis Steven ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Supreme Court Nominations , 1789 to 2017 : Actions by the Senate , the Judiciary Committee , and the President '' ( PDF ) . fas.org ( Federation of American Scientists ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pettys , Todd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Choosing a Chief Justice : Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court ? '' . Journal of Law & Politics . The University of Iowa College of Law . 22 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 281 . SSRN 958829 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judiciary '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank B. ; Lindquist , Stefanie ( June 2006 ) . `` The decisional significance of the Chief Justice '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Law School . 154 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1707 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy R. ; Spriggs II , James F. ; Wahlbeck , Paul J. ( June 2005 ) . `` Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Law & Society Review . Law and Society Association , through Wiley . 39 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 377 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations : Presidential Oaths of Office '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Coolidge 's autobiography '' . Historicvermont.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Swearing - In Ceremony , Part 5 of 6 '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Legacy : A Brief History of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . March 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 28 U.S. Code § 3 -- Vacancy in office of Chief Justice ; disability LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Google Books . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ; cases ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Current nominations For Associate Justice : Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States&oldid=853928658 '' Categories : Chief Justices of the United States Legal professions Supreme Court of the United States people 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 21 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who is the head of the supreme court	[ "Chief Justice of the United States\nSeal of the U.S. Supreme Court\nIncumbentJohn Robertssince September 29, 2005\nUnited States Supreme CourtFederal judiciary of the United StatesStyle\nMr. Chief Justice(informal)Your Honor(when addressed in court)The Honorable(formal)Status\nChief JusticeHead of a court systemHighest judicial officerMember of\nSupreme CourtJudicial ConferenceAdministrative Office of the CourtsSeat\nSupreme Court Building, Washington, D.C.Appointer\nThe Presidentwith Senate advice and consentTerm length\nLife tenureConstituting instrument\nUnited States ConstitutionFormation\nMarch 4, 1789(229 years ago) (1789-03-04)First holder\nJohn Jayas Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (September 26, 1789)Website\nwww.supremecourt.gov" ]	[ "John Roberts" ]
-5030220149413520561	List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality	List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality - wikipedia List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality Jump to : navigation , search The Victoria Cross This is a list of recipients of the Victoria Cross by nationality . This list does not include the Victoria Cross awarded to the American Unknown Soldier of World War I Tomb of the Unknowns , buried in Arlington National Cemetery . He was awarded the VC posthumously in 1921 . This gesture reciprocated the award of the Medal of Honor to the British Unknown Warrior . The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is a military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British armed forces . A small number of Commonwealth countries still participate in the British ( Imperial ) honours system and would still be eligible to make Victoria Cross recommendations for their service personal but none of these countries have ever been awarded the Victoria Cross . The last occasion a Commonwealth country was awarded the Victoria Cross was in 1969 during the Vietnam War and today all Commonwealth countries whose armed forces had been awarded the Victoria Cross under the British honours systems have their own honours systems and their own orders , decorations and medals . The Victoria Cross takes precedence over all other British orders , decorations and medals and may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and although civilians under military command are eligible for the award none has been awarded since 1879 . The Victoria Cross has often been presented to the recipient during an investiture by the British monarch . The last award of the reign of King George VI and all awards of the reign of the present Queen with the exception of the two posthumous awards to the Australian Army during the Vietnam War have been presented by Queen Elizabeth II . The VC has been awarded on 1358 occasions to 1355 individual recipients . The original Royal Warrant and all warrants to this day contain both expulsion and restoration clauses . Eight recipients between 1861 and 1908 had their awards rescinded and although no award has ever been restored the names of the eight are included in the list . The original warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously . Between 1857 and 1901 , twelve notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived . In a partial reversal of policy for the South African War 1899 - 1902 , the next of kin of three of the soldiers were sent medals by registered post in 1902 . In the same gazette the first three posthumous awards were awarded and also sent to the next of kin . In 1907 , the posthumous policy was reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men . The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous . For a short time in the middle 1800s , the VC was awarded for actions taken not in the face of the enemy . Six were awarded at this time for actions taken not in the face of the enemy . ( Campbell Mellis Douglas was one of these recipients . ) Until 1921 the Victoria Cross could not be awarded to women , and to this day no VC has been awarded to members of that gender . With the approval of Queen Victoria , Elizabeth Weber Harris was awarded a gold VC for her valour in nursing cholera - ridden soldiers in India in 1869 . Most Commonwealth countries have now created their own honours systems . Since 1991 , three Commonwealth countries ; Australia , Canada and New Zealand have created their own operational gallantry awards . In each case , their highest award for most conspicuous bravery was named in honour of the British ( Imperial ) Victoria Cross ; the Victoria Cross for Australia , the Victoria Cross ( Canada ) and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand . One Victoria Cross for New Zealand was awarded to Willie Apiata on 26 July 2007 ; four Victoria Crosses for Australia have been awarded to Mark Donaldson , Ben Roberts - Smith , Daniel Keighran and Cameron Baird . All five awards were for actions in Afghanistan . As these are separate medals , they are not included in this list . Recipients are described in the following list by nationality ( birthplace ) or ( citizenship ) or ( county of service ) or ( uncertain ) or in the case of New Zealand born Captain Alfred John Shout of the Australian Army by both ( birthplace ) and ( county of service ) . The country lists are compiled differently with the Australian list only being members of the Australian forces , the Canadian list being members of the Canadian forces including Danish Thomas Dinesen who served in Canadian Army plus others who are considered by Canadians as Canadian recipients while the English list only includes a few of the many English born recipients who were decorated as members of Commonwealth and Indian forces . There have been 1355 individual recipients including the American unknown who is not listed but the list has 1356 names including Alfred John Shout and another listed twice . Recipients by nationality ( edit ) Rows highlighted in orange contain links to separate pages which contain the recipients of countries with over 75 recipients This along with the * , indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously Name Nationality Date of action Conflict Unit Place of action Notes Hutcheson , Bellenden Bellenden Hutcheson American 1918 First World War 75th Bn Canadian Expeditionary Force Drocourt - Quéant Support Line , France Metcalf , William William Metcalf American 1918 First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force Arras , France Mullin , George George Mullin American 1917 First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force Passchendaele , Belgium Seeley , William William Seeley American 1864 Bombardment of Shimonoseki HMS Euryalus Shimonoseki , Japan Zengel , Raphael Raphael Zengel American 1918 First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force Warvillers , France AAA Australia List of 91 Australian recipients AAA AAA AA01 AAA Carton de Wiart , Adrian Adrian Carton de Wiart Belgian 1916 First World War BB004 4th Dragoon Guards La Boiselle , France Hodge , Samuel Samuel Hodge British Virgin Islander 1866 Gambia Campaign BB004 4th West India Regiment Tubabecelong , Gambia AAB Canada List of 96 Canadian recipients AAB AAB AA02 AAB Bruce , William William Bruce Channel Islander 1914 First World War BB059 59th Scinde Rifles Givenchy , France Halliday , Lewis Lewis Halliday Channel Islander 1900 Boxer Rising Royal Marine Light Infantry Peking , China Home , Duncan Duncan Home Channel Islander 1857 Indian Mutiny Bengal Sappers and Miners Delhi , India Ingouville , George George Ingouville Channel Islander 1855 Crimean War HMS Arrogant Vyborg , Russia Le Patourel , Herbert Herbert Le Patourel Channel Islander 1942 Second World War Hampshire Regiment Tebourba , Tunisia Le Quesne , Ferdinand Ferdinand Le Quesne Channel Islander 1889 British rule in Burma Royal Army Medical Corps Voklaak , Burma McCrea , John John McCrea Channel Islander 1881 Basuto Gun War BB001 1st Cape Mounted Yeomanry Tweefontein , South Africa McReady - Diarmid , Allastair Allastair McReady - Diarmid Channel Islander 1917 First World War Duke of Cambridge 's Own ( Middlesex Regiment ) Moeuvres , France Nurse , George George Nurse Channel Islander 1899 Second Boer War Royal Field Artillery Colenso , South Africa Sartorious , Euston Euston Sartorious Channel Islander 1859 Second Afghan War BB059 59th Regiment of Foot Shahjui , Afghanistan Sartorious , Reginald Reginald Sartorious Channel Islander 1874 First Ashanti Expedition BB006 6th Bengal Cavalry Obugu , Ashanti Dinesen , Thomas Thomas Dinesen Danish 1918 First World War BB042 42nd Bn CEF Canadian Expeditionary Force Parvillers , France Hansen , Percy Percy Hansen Danish 1915 First World War BB006 6th Lincolnshire Regiment Gallipoli , Turkey Lassen , Anders Anders Lassen Danish 1945 * Second World War Special Boat Service Comacchio , Italy AAC England List of 600 + English recipients ( may be incomplete ) AAC AAC AA03 AAC Sukanaivalu , Sefanaia Sefanaia Sukanaivalu Fijian 1944 * Second World War Fiji Infantry Regiment Mawaraka , Bougainville Island Wooden , Charles Charles Wooden German 1854 Crimean War BB017 17th Lancers Balaklava , Crimea Beharry , Johnson Johnson Beharry Grenadian Iraq War Princess of Wales 's Royal Regiment Amarah , Iraq Johnstone , William William Johnstone Hanoverian 1854 Crimean War HMS Arrogant , RN Åland Islands , Finland Bhagat , Premindra Premindra Bhagat British Indian 1941 Second World War Corps of Indian Engineers Gallabat , Abyssinia Ghadge , Yeshwant Yeshwant Ghadge British Indian 1944 * Second World War Maratha Light Infantry Upper Tiber Valley , Italy Hafiz , Abdul Abdul Hafiz British Indian 1944 * Second World War BB009 9th Jat Regiment Imphal , India Jadav , Namdeo Namdeo Jadav British Indian 1945 Second World War BB005 5th Maratha Light Infantry Senio River , Italy Judge , Karamjeet Karamjeet Judge British Indian 1945 * Second World War BB415 4 / 15th Punjab Regiment Meiktila , Burma Lala British Indian 1916 First World War BB041 41st Dogras El Orah , Mesopotamia Negi , Darwan Darwan Negi British Indian 1914 First World War BB039 39th Garhwal Rifles Festubert , France Negi , Gabar Singh Gabar Singh Negi British Indian 1915 * First World War BB039 39th Garhwal Rifles Neuve Chapelle , France Ram , Bhandari Bhandari Ram British Indian 1944 Second World War BB010 Garhwal Rifles Arakan State , Burma Ram , Chhelu Chhelu Ram British Indian 1943 * Second World War BB006 6th Rajputana Rifles Djebel Garci , Tunisia Ram , Kamal Kamal Ram British Indian 1944 Second World War BB008 8th Punjab Regiment River Gari , Italy Ram , Richhpal Richhpal Ram British Indian 1941 * Second World War BB006 6th Rajputana Rifles Keren , Eritrea Singh , Badlu Badlu Singh British Indian 1918 * First World War BB014 14th Murray 's Jat Lancers River Jordan , Palestine Singh , Chatta Chatta Singh British Indian 1916 First World War BB009 Garhwal Rifles Battle of the Wadi , Mesopotamia Singh , Gian Gian Singh British Indian 1945 Second World War BB015 15th Punjab Regiment Myingyan , Burma Singh , Gobind Gobind Singh British Indian 1917 First World War BB028 Garhwal Rifles Pezières , France Singh , Ishar Ishar Singh British Indian 1921 Waziristan Campaign BB028 28th Punjab Regiment Haidari Kach , India Singh , Nand Nand Singh British Indian 1944 Second World War BB111 1 / 11th Garhwal Rifles Maungdaw -- Buthidaung Road , Burma Singh , Parkash Parkash Singh British Indian 1943 Second World War BB008 8th Punjab Regiment Donbaik , Burma Singh , Prakash Prakash Singh British Indian 1945 * Second World War BB013 13th Frontier Force Rifles Kanlan Ywathit , Burma Singh , Ram Ram Singh British Indian 1944 * Second World War BB001 Garhwal Rifles Kennedy Peak , Burma Dast , Mir Mir Dast British Indian 1915 First World War BB055 55th Coke 's Rifles Wieltje , Belgium Din , Fazal Fazal Din British Indian 1945 Second World War BB010 10th Baluch Regiment Meiktila , Burma Haidar , Ali Ali Haidar British Indian 1945 Second World War BB013 13th Frontier Force Rifles Fusignano , Italy Khan , Khudadad Khudadad Khan British Indian 1914 First World War BB129 129th Duke of Connaught 's Own Baluchis Hollebeke , Belgium Khan , Shahamad Shahamad Khan British Indian 1916 First World War BB089 89th Punjab Regiment Beit Ayeesa , Mesopotamia Shah , Sher Sher Shah British Indian 1945 * Second World War BB016 16th Punjab Regiment Kyeyebyin , Burma Singh , Umrao Umrao Singh British Indian 1944 Second World War Royal Indian Artillery Kaladan Valley , Burma AAD Ireland List of 195 Irish recipients AAD AAD AA04 AAD Gordon , William William Gordon Jamaican 1892 Second Gambian Campaign West India Regiment Toniataba , Gambia Leakey , Nigel Nigel Leakey Kenyan 1941 * Second World War BB012 King 's African Rifles Colito , Abyssinia Cain , Robert Henry Robert Henry Cain Manx 1944 Second World War BB002 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment Arnhem , Netherlands Ghale , Gaje Gaje Ghale Nepalese 1943 Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Chin Hills , Burma Gurung , Bhanbhagta Bhanbhagta Gurung Nepalese 1945 Second World War BB002 2nd Gurkha Rifles Tamandu , Burma Gurung , Lachhiman Lachhiman Gurung Nepalese 1945 Second World War BB008 8th Gurkha Rifles Taungdaw , Burma Gurung , Thaman Thaman Gurung Nepalese 1944 * Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Monte San Bartolo , Italy Lama , Ganju Ganju Lama Nepalese 1944 Second World War BB007 7th Gurkha Rifles Ningthoukhong , Burma Limbu , Rambahadur Rambahadur Limbu Nepalese 1965 Indonesia - Malaysia confrontation BB010 10th Gurkha Rifles Sarawak , Borneo Pun , Tulbahadur Tulbahadur Pun Nepalese 1944 Second World War BB006 6th Gurkha Rifles Mogaung , Burma Rai , Agansing Agansing Rai Nepalese 1944 Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Bishenpur , Burma Rana , Karanbahadur Karanbahadur Rana Nepalese 1918 First World War BB003 3rd Gurkha Rifles El Kefr , Egypt Thapa , Kulbir Kulbir Thapa Nepalese 1915 First World War BB003 3rd Gurkha Rifles Fauquissart , France Thapa , Netrabahadur Netrabahadur Thapa Nepalese 1944 * Second World War BB005 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles Bishenpur , Burma Thapa , Sher Sher Thapa Nepalese 1944 * Second World War BB009 9th Gurkha Rifles San Marino , Italy Andrew , Leslie Leslie Andrew New Zealander 1917 First World War Wellington Infantry Regiment La Basse Ville , Belgium Bassett , Cyril Cyril Bassett New Zealander 1915 First World War New Zealand Divisional Signal Company Gallipoli , Turkey Brown , Donald Donald Brown New Zealander 1916 First World War Otago Infantry Regiment High Wood , France Crichton , James James Crichton New Zealander 1918 First World War BB500 Auckland Infantry Regiment Crèvecœur , France D'arcy , Cecil Cecil D'arcy New Zealander 1879 Anglo - Zulu War Frontier Light Horse Ulundi , South Africa Elliott , Keith Keith Elliott New Zealander 1942 Second World War BB022 22nd , 2nd New Zealand Division Ruweisat , Egypt Forsyth , Samuel Samuel Forsyth New Zealander 1918 * First World War Royal New Zealand Engineers Grévillers , France Freyberg , Bernard Bernard Freyberg New Zealander 1916 First World War BB063 63rd ( Royal Naval ) Division Beaucourt sur Ancre , France Frickleton , Samuel Samuel Frickleton New Zealander 1917 First World War New Zealand Rifle Brigade Messines , Belgium Grant , John John Grant New Zealander 1918 First World War Wellington Infantry Regiment Bancourt , France Hardham , William William Hardham New Zealander 1901 Second Boer War BB004 4th New Zealand Contingent Naauwpoort , South Africa Heaphy , Charles Charles Heaphy New Zealander 1864 New Zealand Wars BB501 Auckland Militia Mangapiko River , New Zealand Hinton , John John Hinton New Zealander 1941 Second World War BB020 20th , 2nd New Zealand Division Kalamai , Greece Hulme , Clive Clive Hulme New Zealander 1941 Second World War BB023 23rd , 2nd New Zealand Division Crete , Greece Judson , Reginald Reginald Judson New Zealander 1918 First World War BB500 Auckland Infantry Regiment Bapaume , France Laurent , Harry Harry Laurent New Zealander 1918 First World War New Zealand Rifle Brigade Gouzeaucourt Wood , France Ngarimu , Moana - Nui - a-Kiwa Moana - Nui - a-Kiwa Ngarimu New Zealander 1943 * Second World War BB028 28th , 2nd New Zealand Division Tebaga Gap , Tunisia Nicholas , Henry Henry Nicholas New Zealander 1917 First World War Canterbury Infantry Regiment Polderhoek , Belgium Sanders , William William Sanders New Zealander 1917 * First World War HMS Prize ( HMS Prize ) Atlantic Shout , Alfred Alfred Shout New Zealander 1915 * First World War First Australian Imperial Force Gallipoli Travis , Richard Richard Travis New Zealander 1918 * First World War Otago Infantry Regiment Rossignol Wood , France Trent , Leonard Leonard Trent New Zealander 1943 Second World War No. 487 Squadron RNZAF Amsterdam , Netherlands Apiata , Willie Willie Apiata New Zealander Afghanistan War New Zealand Special Air Service Afghanistan , Afghanistan Trigg , Lloyd Lloyd Trigg New Zealander 1943 * Second World War No. 200 Squadron RAF Atlantic Upham , Charles Charles Upham New Zealander 1941 1942 Second World War BB020 20th , 2nd New Zealand Division Crete , Greece , ( 1941 ) , Ruweisat Ridge , Egypt ( 1942 ) Ward , James James Ward New Zealander 1941 * Second World War No. 75 Squadron RNZAF Munster , Germany Croak , John John Croak Newfoundlander 1918 * First World War BB013 13th Battalion , CEF Amiens , France Ricketts , Thomas Thomas Ricketts Newfoundlander 1918 First World War Royal Newfoundland Regiment Ledeghem , Belgium Baxter , Frank Frank Baxter Rhodesian 1896 * Matabeleland Rebellion Bulawayo Field Force Umguza , Rhodesia Booth , Frederick Frederick Booth Rhodesian 1917 First World War British South Africa Police Johannesburg , German East Africa Henderson , Herbert Herbert Henderson Rhodesian 1897 Matabeleland Rebellion Bulawayo Field Force Bulawayo , Rhodesia AAE Scotland List of 164 Scottish recipients AAE AAE AA05 AAE Albrecht , Herman Herman Albrecht South African 1900 * Second Boer War Imperial Light Horse Ladysmith , South Africa Beauchamp - Proctor , Andrew Andrew Beauchamp - Proctor South African 1918 First World War No. 84 Squadron RFC Western Front , France Clements , John John Clements South African 1901 Second Boer War Rimington 's Guides Strijdenburg , South Africa Crowe , Joseph Joseph Crowe South African 1857 Indian Mutiny BB078 78th Regiment of Foot Boursekee Chowkee , India D'arcy , Cecil Cecil D'arcy South African 1879 Zulu War Frontier Light Horse Ulundi , South Africa Faulds , William William Faulds South African 1916 First World War BB001 1st South African Infantry Delville Wood , France Gristock , George George Gristock South African 1940 * Second World War Royal Norfolk Regiment Tournai , Belgium Hartley , Edmund Edmund Hartley South African 1879 Zulu War Cape Mounted Riflemen Morosi 's Mountain , South Africa Hayward , Reginald Reginald Hayward South African 1918 First World War Wiltshire Regiment Fremicourt , France Hewitt , William William Hewitt South African 1917 First World War BB002 2nd South African Light Infantry Ypres , Belgium Martineau , Horace Horace Martineau South African 1899 Second Boer War Protectorate Regiment Mafeking , South Africa McCrea , John John McCrea South African 1881 First Boer War BB001 1st Cape Mounted Yeomanry Tweefontein , South Africa Mullins , Charles Charles Mullins South African 1899 Second Boer War Imperial Light Horse Elandslaagte , South Africa Nesbitt , Randolph Randolph Nesbitt South African 1896 Mashona Rebellion Mashonaland Mounted Police Salisbury , Rhodesia Nettleton , John John Nettleton South African 1942 Second World War No. 44 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron RAF Augsburg , Germany Norton , Gerard Gerard Norton South African 1944 Second World War Kaffrarian Rifles Monte Gidolfo , Italy Reid , Oswald Oswald Reid South African 1917 First World War King 's ( Liverpool ) Regiment Dialah River , Mesopotamia Robertson , Clement Clement Robertson South African 1917 First World War Queen 's Royal Regiment Zonnebeke , Belgium Sherwood - Kelly , John John Sherwood - Kelly South African 1917 First World War Norfolk Regiment Marcoing , France Smythe , Quentin Quentin Smythe South African 1942 Second World War Natal Carbineers Alem Hamza , Egypt Swales , Edwin Edwin Swales South African 1945 Second World War South African Air Force Pforzheim , Germany Horsfall , Basil Basil Horsfall Sri Lankan ( Ceylonese ) 1918 * First World War East Lancashire Regiment Ablainzevelle , France Brown , Peter Peter Brown Swedish 1879 Basuto Gun War Mounted Riflemen Morosi 's Mountain , South Africa Schiess , Christian Christian Schiess Swiss 1879 Anglo - Zulu War Natal Native Contingent Rorke 's Drift , South Africa Konowal , Filip Filip Konowal Ukrainian 1917 First World War BB047 47th ( British Columbia ) Lens , France AAE Scotland List of 58 uncertain nationality recipients AAE AAE AA05 AAE Barter , Frederick Frederick Barter Welsh 1915 First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Festubert , France Beattie , Stephen Stephen Beattie Welsh 1942 Second World War HMS Campbeltown Saint - Nazaire , France Bye , Robert Robert Bye Welsh 1917 First World War Welsh Guards Yser Canal , Belgium Chapman , Edward Edward Chapman Welsh 1945 Second World War Monmouthshire Regiment Dortmund - Ems Canal , Germany Davies , James James Davies Welsh 1917 * First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Polygon Wood , Belgium Evans , Lewis Lewis Evans Welsh 1917 First World War Black Watch ( Royal Highlanders ) Zonnebeke , Belgium Fox - Russell , John John Fox - Russell Welsh 1917 * First World War Royal Army Medical Corps Tel - el - Khuweilfeh , Palestine Fuller , William William Fuller Welsh 1914 First World War Welch Regiment Chivy - sur - Aisne , France Jones , Robert Robert Jones Welsh 1879 Zulu War BB024 24th Regiment of Foot Rorke 's Drift , South Africa Lewis , Hubert Hubert Lewis Welsh 1916 First World War Welch Regiment Macukovo , Greece Linton , John John Linton Welsh 1943 * Second World War HMS Turbulent At sea Monaghan , Thomas Thomas Monaghan Welsh 1858 Indian Mutiny BB002 2nd Dragoon Guards ( Queen 's Bays ) Jamo , India Rees , Ivor Ivor Rees Welsh 1917 First World War South Wales Borderers Pilkem , Belgium Rees , Lionel Lionel Rees Welsh 1916 First World War Royal Flying Corps Double Crassieurs , France Rowlands , Hugh Hugh Rowlands Welsh 1854 Crimean War BB041 41st ( Welsh ) Regiment of Foot Battle of Inkerman , Crimea Shields , Robert Robert Shields Welsh 1855 Crimean War BB023 23rd Regiment Sebastopol , Crimea Thomas , Jacob Jacob Thomas Welsh 1857 Indian Mutiny Bengal Artillery Lucknow , India Wain , Richard Richard Wain Welsh 1917 * First World War BB499 `` A '' Battalion , Tank Corps Cambrai / Marcoing , France Warburton - Lee , Bernard Bernard Warburton - Lee Welsh 1940 * Second World War British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla Narvik , Norway Waring , William William Waring Welsh 1918 * First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Ronssoy , France Watkins , Tasker Tasker Watkins Welsh 1944 Second World War Welch Regiment Barfour , France Weale , Henry Henry Weale Welsh 1918 First World War Royal Welch Fusiliers Bazentin - le - Grand , France Williams , Jack Jack Williams Welsh 1918 First World War South Wales Borderers Villers Outreaux , France Williams , John John Williams Welsh 1879 Zulu War BB024 24th Regiment of Foot Rorke 's Drift , South Africa Williams , William William Williams Welsh 1917 First World War HMS Pargust ( HMS Pargust ) Atlantic , near France Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No. 27986 '' . The London Gazette. 15 January 1907 . p. 325 . Jump up ^ Crook , MJ , Chapter 8 pp. 68 -- 90 Jump up ^ `` No. 31946 '' . The London Gazette. 18 June 1920 . p. 6702 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Honours only Woman to have `` Won VC '' '' ^ Jump up to : Also considered Canadian recipient . Ricketts , Bruce . `` American Victoria Cross recipients '' . Mysteries of Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zengel was American born , considered Canadian . Bishop , Arthur ( September 2005 ) . `` On The Offensive In 1918 '' . Legionmagazine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : John Bythesea VC '' . Royal Naval Museum . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` SIXTH SUPPLEMENT TO The London Gazette Of TUESDAY , the 8th of JANUARY , 1918 '' . The London Gazette ( 30471 ) : 725 . 11 January 1918 . Jump up ^ `` Second report of the Tynwald Honours Committee 2004 / 2005 '' ( PDF ) . June 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brown died in action three weeks after the action that led to his award . Lintock , A.H. `` Awards to New Zealand Servicemen '' . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand , 1966 . newzealand.govt.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Charles Upham is one of only three people to have won the Victoria Cross twice . Lintock , A.H. `` Awards to New Zealand Servicemen '' . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand , 1966 . newzealand.govt.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Newfoundlander recipients of the Victoria Cross are sometimes erroneously included with Canadian awards , as Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949 . `` Memorial to fallen Newfoundland soldiers declared National Historic Site '' . Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 1997 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Born in London Jump up ^ Commanding officer of 1st Bn Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers at time Jump up ^ and Captain of HMS Hardy Jump up ^ Besly , Edward ( 2004 - 02 - 03 ) . `` A ' mystery ' Victoria Cross and a stuffed parrot '' . National Museums & Galleries of Wales . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality . `` Victoria Cross Research page '' . Alfred J. Askin . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . `` Victoria Cross Registers '' . National Archives ( UK ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Lintock , A.H. `` Victoria Cross '' . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand , 1966 . newzealand.govt.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Sys , Ian . `` Victoria Cross '' . Military History . South African Military History society . 1 ( 7 ) . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Victoria Cross Victoria Cross for Australia for Canada for New Zealand Recipients by nationality Australian Canadian English Irish New Zealand Scottish Uncertain by armed force Royal Navy Royal Air Force Indian Army by branch of service Artillery Cavalry Royal Engineers Guards Gurkhas ( Nepalese ) Medical by campaign Crimean War Indian Mutiny New Zealand Wars Zulu War Second Anglo - Afghan War Second Boer War First World War Second World War by Name A -- F G -- M N -- Z Other Living By school Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Victoria_Cross_recipients_by_nationality&oldid=796678132 '' Categories : Lists of recipients of the Victoria Cross by nationality Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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About Wikipedia	who has been awarded the victoria cross twice	[ "\n\nName\nNationality\nDate of action\nConflict\nUnit\nPlace of action\nNotes\n\n\nHutcheson, BellendenBellenden Hutcheson\nAmerican\n1918\nFirst World War\n75th Bn Canadian Expeditionary Force\nDrocourt-Quéant Support Line, France\n[5]\n\n\nMetcalf, WilliamWilliam Metcalf\nAmerican\n1918\nFirst World War\nCanadian Expeditionary Force\nArras, France\n[5]\n\n\nMullin, GeorgeGeorge Mullin\nAmerican\n1917\nFirst World War\nCanadian Expeditionary Force\nPasschendaele, Belgium\n[5]\n\n\nSeeley, WilliamWilliam Seeley\nAmerican\n1864\nBombardment of Shimonoseki\nHMS Euryalus\nShimonoseki, Japan\n\n\n\nZengel, RaphaelRaphael Zengel\nAmerican\n1918\nFirst World War\nCanadian Expeditionary Force\nWarvillers, France\n[6]\n\n\nAAA\nAustraliaList of 91 Australian recipients\nAAA\nAAA\nAA01\nAAA\n\n\n\nCarton de Wiart, AdrianAdrian Carton de Wiart\nBelgian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB0044th Dragoon Guards\nLa Boiselle, France\n\n\n\nHodge, SamuelSamuel Hodge\nBritish Virgin Islander\n1866\nGambia Campaign\nBB0044th West India Regiment\nTubabecelong, Gambia\n\n\n\nAAB\nCanadaList of 96 Canadian recipients\nAAB\nAAB\nAA02\nAAB\n\n\n\nBruce, WilliamWilliam Bruce\nChannel Islander\n1914\nFirst World War\nBB05959th Scinde Rifles\nGivenchy, France\n\n\n\nHalliday, LewisLewis Halliday\nChannel Islander\n1900\nBoxer Rising\nRoyal Marine Light Infantry\nPeking, China\n\n\n\nHome, DuncanDuncan Home\nChannel Islander\n1857\nIndian Mutiny\nBengal Sappers and Miners\nDelhi, India\n\n\n\nIngouville, GeorgeGeorge Ingouville\nChannel Islander\n1855\nCrimean War\nHMS Arrogant\nVyborg, Russia\n\n\n\nLe Patourel, HerbertHerbert Le Patourel\nChannel Islander\n1942\nSecond World War\nHampshire Regiment\nTebourba, Tunisia\n\n\n\nLe Quesne, FerdinandFerdinand Le Quesne\nChannel Islander\n1889\nBritish rule in Burma\nRoyal Army Medical Corps\nVoklaak, Burma\n\n\n\nMcCrea, JohnJohn McCrea\nChannel Islander\n1881\nBasuto Gun War\nBB0011st Cape Mounted Yeomanry\nTweefontein, South Africa\n\n\n\nMcReady-Diarmid, AllastairAllastair McReady-Diarmid\nChannel Islander\n1917\nFirst World War\nDuke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)\nMoeuvres, France\n\n\n\nNurse, GeorgeGeorge Nurse\nChannel Islander\n1899\nSecond Boer War\nRoyal Field Artillery\nColenso, South Africa\n\n\n\nSartorious, EustonEuston Sartorious\nChannel Islander\n1859\nSecond Afghan War\nBB05959th Regiment of Foot\nShahjui, Afghanistan\n\n\n\nSartorious, ReginaldReginald Sartorious\nChannel Islander\n1874\nFirst Ashanti Expedition\nBB0066th Bengal Cavalry\nObugu, Ashanti\n\n\n\nDinesen, ThomasThomas Dinesen\nDanish\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB04242nd Bn CEF Canadian Expeditionary Force\nParvillers, France\n\n\n\nHansen, PercyPercy Hansen\nDanish\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB0066th Lincolnshire Regiment\nGallipoli, Turkey\n\n\n\nLassen, AndersAnders Lassen\nDanish\n1945\nSecond World War\nSpecial Boat Service\nComacchio, Italy\n\n\n\nAAC\nEnglandList of 600+ English recipients\n(may be incomplete)\nAAC\nAAC\nAA03\nAAC\n\n\n\nSukanaivalu, SefanaiaSefanaia Sukanaivalu\nFijian\n1944\nSecond World War\nFiji Infantry Regiment\nMawaraka, Bougainville Island\n\n\n\nWooden, CharlesCharles Wooden\nGerman\n1854\nCrimean War\nBB01717th Lancers\nBalaklava, Crimea\n\n\n\nBeharry, JohnsonJohnson Beharry\nGrenadian\n2004\nIraq War\nPrincess of Wales's Royal Regiment\nAmarah, Iraq\n\n\n\nJohnstone, WilliamWilliam Johnstone\nHanoverian\n1854\nCrimean War\nHMS Arrogant, RN\nÅland Islands, Finland\n[7]\n\n\nBhagat, PremindraPremindra Bhagat\nBritish Indian\n1941\nSecond World War\nCorps of Indian Engineers\nGallabat, Abyssinia\n\n\n\nGhadge, YeshwantYeshwant Ghadge\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nMaratha Light Infantry\nUpper Tiber Valley, Italy\n\n\n\nHafiz, AbdulAbdul Hafiz\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0099th Jat Regiment\nImphal, India\n\n\n\nJadav, NamdeoNamdeo Jadav\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Maratha Light Infantry\nSenio River, Italy\n\n\n\nJudge, KaramjeetKaramjeet Judge\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB4154/15th Punjab Regiment\nMeiktila, Burma\n\n\n\nLala\nBritish Indian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB04141st Dogras\nEl Orah, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nNegi, DarwanDarwan Negi\nBritish Indian\n1914\nFirst World War\nBB03939th Garhwal Rifles\nFestubert, France\n\n\n\nNegi, Gabar SinghGabar Singh Negi\nBritish Indian\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB03939th Garhwal Rifles\nNeuve Chapelle, France\n\n\n\nRam, BhandariBhandari Ram\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB010Garhwal Rifles\nArakan State, Burma\n\n\n\nRam, ChheluChhelu Ram\nBritish Indian\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB0066th Rajputana Rifles\nDjebel Garci, Tunisia\n\n\n\nRam, KamalKamal Ram\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0088th Punjab Regiment\nRiver Gari, Italy\n\n\n\nRam, RichhpalRichhpal Ram\nBritish Indian\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB0066th Rajputana Rifles\nKeren, Eritrea\n\n\n\nSingh, BadluBadlu Singh\nBritish Indian\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB01414th Murray's Jat Lancers\nRiver Jordan, Palestine\n\n\n\nSingh, ChattaChatta Singh\nBritish Indian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB009Garhwal Rifles\nBattle of the Wadi, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nSingh, GianGian Singh\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01515th Punjab Regiment\nMyingyan, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, GobindGobind Singh\nBritish Indian\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB028Garhwal Rifles\nPezières, France\n[8]\n\n\nSingh, IsharIshar Singh\nBritish Indian\n1921\nWaziristan Campaign\nBB02828th Punjab Regiment\nHaidari Kach, India\n\n\n\nSingh, NandNand Singh\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB1111/11th Garhwal Rifles\nMaungdaw–Buthidaung Road, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, ParkashParkash Singh\nBritish Indian\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB0088th Punjab Regiment\nDonbaik, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, PrakashPrakash Singh\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01313th Frontier Force Rifles\nKanlan Ywathit, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, RamRam Singh\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB001Garhwal Rifles\nKennedy Peak, Burma\n\n\n\nDast, MirMir Dast\nBritish Indian\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB05555th Coke's Rifles\nWieltje, Belgium\n\n\n\nDin, FazalFazal Din\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01010th Baluch Regiment\nMeiktila, Burma\n\n\n\nHaidar, AliAli Haidar\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01313th Frontier Force Rifles\nFusignano, Italy\n\n\n\nKhan, KhudadadKhudadad Khan\nBritish Indian\n1914\nFirst World War\nBB129129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis\nHollebeke, Belgium\n\n\n\nKhan, ShahamadShahamad Khan\nBritish Indian\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB08989th Punjab Regiment\nBeit Ayeesa, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nShah, SherSher Shah\nBritish Indian\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB01616th Punjab Regiment\nKyeyebyin, Burma\n\n\n\nSingh, UmraoUmrao Singh\nBritish Indian\n1944\nSecond World War\nRoyal Indian Artillery\nKaladan Valley, Burma\n\n\n\nAAD\nIrelandList of 195 Irish recipients\nAAD\nAAD\nAA04\nAAD\n\n\n\nGordon, WilliamWilliam Gordon\nJamaican\n1892\nSecond Gambian Campaign\nWest India Regiment\nToniataba, Gambia\n\n\n\nLeakey, NigelNigel Leakey\nKenyan\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB012King's African Rifles\n\nColito, Abyssinia\n\n\n\n\nCain, Robert HenryRobert Henry Cain\nManx\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0022nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment\nArnhem, Netherlands\n[9]\n\n\nGhale, GajeGaje Ghale\nNepalese\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nChin Hills, Burma\n\n\n\nGurung, BhanbhagtaBhanbhagta Gurung\nNepalese\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB0022nd Gurkha Rifles\nTamandu, Burma\n\n\n\nGurung, LachhimanLachhiman Gurung\nNepalese\n1945\nSecond World War\nBB0088th Gurkha Rifles\nTaungdaw, Burma\n\n\n\nGurung, ThamanThaman Gurung\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nMonte San Bartolo, Italy\n\n\n\nLama, GanjuGanju Lama\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0077th Gurkha Rifles\nNingthoukhong, Burma\n\n\n\nLimbu, RambahadurRambahadur Limbu\nNepalese\n1965\nIndonesia-Malaysia confrontation\nBB01010th Gurkha Rifles\nSarawak, Borneo\n\n\n\nPun, TulbahadurTulbahadur Pun\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0066th Gurkha Rifles\nMogaung, Burma\n\n\n\nRai, AgansingAgansing Rai\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nBishenpur, Burma\n\n\n\nRana, KaranbahadurKaranbahadur Rana\nNepalese\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB0033rd Gurkha Rifles\nEl Kefr, Egypt\n\n\n\nThapa, KulbirKulbir Thapa\nNepalese\n1915\nFirst World War\nBB0033rd Gurkha Rifles\nFauquissart, France\n\n\n\nThapa, NetrabahadurNetrabahadur Thapa\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0055th Royal Gurkha Rifles\nBishenpur, Burma\n\n\n\nThapa, SherSher Thapa\nNepalese\n1944\nSecond World War\nBB0099th Gurkha Rifles\nSan Marino, Italy\n\n\n\nAndrew, LeslieLeslie Andrew\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nWellington Infantry Regiment\nLa Basse Ville, Belgium\n\n\n\nBassett, CyrilCyril Bassett\nNew Zealander\n1915\nFirst World War\nNew Zealand Divisional Signal Company\nGallipoli, Turkey\n\n\n\nBrown, DonaldDonald Brown\nNew Zealander\n1916\nFirst World War\nOtago Infantry Regiment\nHigh Wood, France\n[10]\n\n\nCrichton, JamesJames Crichton\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB500Auckland Infantry Regiment\nCrèvecœur, France\n\n\n\nD'arcy, CecilCecil D'arcy\nNew Zealander\n1879\nAnglo-Zulu War\nFrontier Light Horse\nUlundi, South Africa\n\n\n\nElliott, KeithKeith Elliott\nNew Zealander\n1942\nSecond World War\nBB02222nd, 2nd New Zealand Division\nRuweisat, Egypt\n\n\n\nForsyth, SamuelSamuel Forsyth\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal New Zealand Engineers\nGrévillers, France\n\n\n\nFreyberg, BernardBernard Freyberg\nNew Zealander\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB06363rd (Royal Naval) Division\nBeaucourt sur Ancre, France\n\n\n\nFrickleton, SamuelSamuel Frickleton\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nNew Zealand Rifle Brigade\nMessines, Belgium\n\n\n\nGrant, JohnJohn Grant\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nWellington Infantry Regiment\nBancourt, France\n\n\n\nHardham, WilliamWilliam Hardham\nNew Zealander\n1901\nSecond Boer War\nBB0044th New Zealand Contingent\nNaauwpoort, South Africa\n\n\n\nHeaphy, CharlesCharles Heaphy\nNew Zealander\n1864\nNew Zealand Wars\nBB501Auckland Militia\nMangapiko River, New Zealand\n\n\n\nHinton, JohnJohn Hinton\nNew Zealander\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB02020th, 2nd New Zealand Division\nKalamai, Greece\n\n\n\nHulme, CliveClive Hulme\nNew Zealander\n1941\nSecond World War\nBB02323rd, 2nd New Zealand Division\nCrete, Greece\n\n\n\nJudson, ReginaldReginald Judson\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB500Auckland Infantry Regiment\nBapaume, France\n\n\n\nLaurent, HarryHarry Laurent\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nNew Zealand Rifle Brigade\nGouzeaucourt Wood, France\n\n\n\nNgarimu, Moana-Nui-a-KiwaMoana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu\nNew Zealander\n1943\nSecond World War\nBB02828th, 2nd New Zealand Division\nTebaga Gap, Tunisia\n\n\n\nNicholas, HenryHenry Nicholas\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nCanterbury Infantry Regiment\nPolderhoek, Belgium\n\n\n\nSanders, WilliamWilliam Sanders\nNew Zealander\n1917\nFirst World War\nHMS Prize (HMS Prize)\nAtlantic\n\n\n\nShout, AlfredAlfred Shout\nNew Zealander\n1915\nFirst World War\nFirst Australian Imperial Force\nGallipoli\n\n\n\nTravis, RichardRichard Travis\nNew Zealander\n1918\nFirst World War\nOtago Infantry Regiment\nRossignol Wood, France\n\n\n\nTrent, LeonardLeonard Trent\nNew Zealander\n1943\nSecond World War\nNo. 487 Squadron RNZAF\nAmsterdam, Netherlands\n\n\n\nApiata, WillieWillie Apiata\nNew Zealander\n2004\nAfghanistan War\nNew Zealand Special Air Service\nAfghanistan, Afghanistan\n\n\n\nTrigg, LloydLloyd Trigg\nNew Zealander\n1943\nSecond World War\nNo. 200 Squadron RAF\nAtlantic\n\n\n\nUpham, CharlesCharles Upham\nNew Zealander\n1941\n1942\nSecond World War\nBB02020th, 2nd New Zealand Division\nCrete, Greece, (1941),\nRuweisat Ridge, Egypt (1942)\n[11]\n\n\nWard, JamesJames Ward\nNew Zealander\n1941\nSecond World War\nNo. 75 Squadron RNZAF\nMunster, Germany\n\n\n\nCroak, JohnJohn Croak\nNewfoundlander\n1918\nFirst World War\nBB01313th Battalion, CEF\nAmiens, France\n[12]\n\n\nRicketts, ThomasThomas Ricketts\nNewfoundlander\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal Newfoundland Regiment\nLedeghem, Belgium\n[12]\n\n\nBaxter, FrankFrank Baxter\nRhodesian\n1896\nMatabeleland Rebellion\nBulawayo Field Force\nUmguza, Rhodesia\n\n\n\nBooth, FrederickFrederick Booth\nRhodesian\n1917\nFirst World War\nBritish South Africa Police\nJohannesburg, German East Africa\n[13]\n\n\nHenderson, HerbertHerbert Henderson\nRhodesian\n1897\nMatabeleland Rebellion\nBulawayo Field Force\nBulawayo, Rhodesia\n\n\n\nAAE\nScotlandList of 164 Scottish recipients\nAAE\nAAE\nAA05\nAAE\n\n\n\nAlbrecht, HermanHerman Albrecht\nSouth African\n1900\nSecond Boer War\nImperial Light Horse\nLadysmith, South Africa\n\n\n\nBeauchamp-Proctor, AndrewAndrew Beauchamp-Proctor\nSouth African\n1918\nFirst World War\nNo. 84 Squadron RFC\nWestern Front, France\n\n\n\nClements, JohnJohn Clements\nSouth African\n1901\nSecond Boer War\nRimington's Guides\nStrijdenburg, South Africa\n\n\n\nCrowe, JosephJoseph Crowe\nSouth African\n1857\nIndian Mutiny\nBB07878th Regiment of Foot\nBoursekee Chowkee, India\n\n\n\nD'arcy, CecilCecil D'arcy\nSouth African\n1879\nZulu War\nFrontier Light Horse\nUlundi, South Africa\n\n\n\nFaulds, WilliamWilliam Faulds\nSouth African\n1916\nFirst World War\nBB0011st South African Infantry\nDelville Wood, France\n\n\n\nGristock, GeorgeGeorge Gristock\nSouth African\n1940\nSecond World War\nRoyal Norfolk Regiment\nTournai, Belgium\n\n\n\nHartley, EdmundEdmund Hartley\nSouth African\n1879\nZulu War\nCape Mounted Riflemen\nMorosi's Mountain, South Africa\n\n\n\nHayward, ReginaldReginald Hayward\nSouth African\n1918\nFirst World War\nWiltshire Regiment\nFremicourt, France\n\n\n\nHewitt, WilliamWilliam Hewitt\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB0022nd South African Light Infantry\nYpres, Belgium\n\n\n\nMartineau, HoraceHorace Martineau\nSouth African\n1899\nSecond Boer War\nProtectorate Regiment\nMafeking, South Africa\n\n\n\nMcCrea, JohnJohn McCrea\nSouth African\n1881\nFirst Boer War\nBB0011st Cape Mounted Yeomanry\nTweefontein, South Africa\n\n\n\nMullins, CharlesCharles Mullins\nSouth African\n1899\nSecond Boer War\nImperial Light Horse\nElandslaagte, South Africa\n\n\n\nNesbitt, RandolphRandolph Nesbitt\nSouth African\n1896\nMashona Rebellion\nMashonaland Mounted Police\nSalisbury, Rhodesia\n\n\n\nNettleton, JohnJohn Nettleton\nSouth African\n1942\nSecond World War\nNo. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF\nAugsburg, Germany\n\n\n\nNorton, GerardGerard Norton\nSouth African\n1944\nSecond World War\nKaffrarian Rifles\nMonte Gidolfo, Italy\n\n\n\nReid, OswaldOswald Reid\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nKing's (Liverpool) Regiment\nDialah River, Mesopotamia\n\n\n\nRobertson, ClementClement Robertson\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nQueen's Royal Regiment\nZonnebeke, Belgium\n\n\n\nSherwood-Kelly, JohnJohn Sherwood-Kelly\nSouth African\n1917\nFirst World War\nNorfolk Regiment\nMarcoing, France\n[14]\n\n\nSmythe, QuentinQuentin Smythe\nSouth African\n1942\nSecond World War\nNatal Carbineers\nAlem Hamza, Egypt\n\n\n\nSwales, EdwinEdwin Swales\nSouth African\n1945\nSecond World War\nSouth African Air Force\nPforzheim, Germany\n\n\n\nHorsfall, BasilBasil Horsfall\nSri Lankan (Ceylonese)\n1918\nFirst World War\nEast Lancashire Regiment\nAblainzevelle, France\n\n\n\nBrown, PeterPeter Brown\nSwedish\n1879\nBasuto Gun War\nMounted Riflemen\nMorosi's Mountain, South Africa\n\n\n\nSchiess, ChristianChristian Schiess\nSwiss\n1879\nAnglo-Zulu War\nNatal Native Contingent\nRorke's Drift, South Africa\n\n\n\nKonowal, FilipFilip Konowal\nUkrainian\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB04747th (British Columbia)\nLens, France\n[5]\n\n\nAAE\nScotlandList of 58 uncertain nationality recipients\nAAE\nAAE\nAA05\nAAE\n\n\n\nBarter, FrederickFrederick Barter\nWelsh\n1915\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nFestubert, France\n\n\n\nBeattie, StephenStephen Beattie\nWelsh\n1942\nSecond World War\nHMS Campbeltown\nSaint-Nazaire, France\n\n\n\nBye, RobertRobert Bye\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nWelsh Guards\nYser Canal, Belgium\n\n\n\nChapman, EdwardEdward Chapman\nWelsh\n1945\nSecond World War\nMonmouthshire Regiment\nDortmund-Ems Canal, Germany\n\n\n\nDavies, JamesJames Davies\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nPolygon Wood, Belgium\n\n\n\nEvans, LewisLewis Evans\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nBlack Watch (Royal Highlanders)\nZonnebeke, Belgium\n\n\n\nFox-Russell, JohnJohn Fox-Russell\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nRoyal Army Medical Corps\nTel-el-Khuweilfeh, Palestine\n\n\n\nFuller, WilliamWilliam Fuller\nWelsh\n1914\nFirst World War\nWelch Regiment\nChivy-sur-Aisne, France\n\n\n\nJones, RobertRobert Jones\nWelsh\n1879\nZulu War\nBB02424th Regiment of Foot\nRorke's Drift, South Africa\n\n\n\nLewis, HubertHubert Lewis\nWelsh\n1916\nFirst World War\nWelch Regiment\nMacukovo, Greece\n\n\n\nLinton, JohnJohn Linton\nWelsh\n1943\nSecond World War\nHMS Turbulent\nAt sea\n\n\n\nMonaghan, ThomasThomas Monaghan\nWelsh\n1858\nIndian Mutiny\nBB0022nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays)\nJamo, India\n\n\n\nRees, IvorIvor Rees\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nSouth Wales Borderers\nPilkem, Belgium\n\n\n\nRees, LionelLionel Rees\nWelsh\n1916\nFirst World War\nRoyal Flying Corps\nDouble Crassieurs, France\n\n\n\nRowlands, HughHugh Rowlands\nWelsh\n1854\nCrimean War\nBB04141st (Welsh) Regiment of Foot\nBattle of Inkerman, Crimea\n\n\n\nShields, RobertRobert Shields\nWelsh\n1855\nCrimean War\nBB02323rd Regiment\nSebastopol, Crimea\n\n\n\nThomas, JacobJacob Thomas\nWelsh\n1857\nIndian Mutiny\nBengal Artillery\nLucknow, India\n\n\n\nWain, RichardRichard Wain\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nBB499\"A\" Battalion, Tank Corps\nCambrai/Marcoing, France\n\n\n\nWarburton-Lee, BernardBernard Warburton-Lee\nWelsh\n1940\nSecond World War\nBritish 2nd Destroyer Flotilla\nNarvik, Norway\n[15]\n\n\nWaring, WilliamWilliam Waring\nWelsh\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nRonssoy, France\n\n\n\nWatkins, TaskerTasker Watkins\nWelsh\n1944\nSecond World War\nWelch Regiment\nBarfour, France\n\n\n\nWeale, HenryHenry Weale\nWelsh\n1918\nFirst World War\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers\nBazentin-le-Grand, France\n\n\n\nWilliams, JackJack Williams\nWelsh\n1918\nFirst World War\nSouth Wales Borderers\nVillers Outreaux, France\n\n\n\nWilliams, JohnJohn Williams\nWelsh\n1879\nZulu War\nBB02424th Regiment of Foot\nRorke's Drift, South Africa\n\n\n\nWilliams, WilliamWilliam Williams\nWelsh\n1917\nFirst World War\nHMS Pargust (HMS Pargust)\nAtlantic, near France\n[16]\n\n" ]	[ "Singh, Parkash" ]
-7961931440832136332	Nitrogen cycle	Nitrogen cycle - wikipedia Nitrogen cycle Jump to : navigation , search Schematic representation of the flow of nitrogen through the land environment . The importance of bacteria in the cycle is immediately recognized as being a key element in the cycle , providing different forms of nitrogen compounds assimilable by higher organisms The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere , terrestrial , and marine ecosystems . The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes . Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation , ammonification , nitrification , and denitrification . The majority of Earth 's atmosphere ( 78 % ) is nitrogen , making it the largest source of nitrogen . However , atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use , leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems . The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes , including primary production and decomposition . Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion , use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers , and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle . A simple diagram of the nitrogen cycle . The blue boxes represent stores of nitrogen , the green writing is for processes that occur to move the nitrogen from one place to another and the red writing are all the bacteria involved Classical representation of nitrogen cycle Contents ( hide ) 1 Processes 1.1 Nitrogen fixation 1.2 Assimilation 1.3 Ammonification 1.4 Nitrification 1.5 Denitrification 1.6 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium 1.7 Anaerobic ammonia oxidation 1.8 Other processes 2 Marine nitrogen cycle 2.1 New vs. regenerated nitrogen 3 Human influences on the nitrogen cycle 3.1 Environmental impacts 4 See also 5 References Processes ( edit ) Nitrogen is present in the environment in a wide variety of chemical forms including organic nitrogen , ammonium ( NH ) , nitrite ( NO ) , nitrate ( NO ) , nitrous oxide ( N O ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) or inorganic nitrogen gas ( N ) . Organic nitrogen may be in the form of a living organism , humus or in the intermediate products of organic matter decomposition . The processes of the nitrogen cycle transform nitrogen from one form to another . Many of those processes are carried out by microbes , either in their effort to harvest energy or to accumulate nitrogen in a form needed for their growth . For example , the nitrogenous wastes in animal urine are broken down by nitrifying bacteria in the soil to be used as new . The diagram besides shows how these processes fit together to form the nitrogen cycle . Nitrogen fixation ( edit ) Main article : Nitrogen fixation Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric , industrial and biological processes is called as nitrogen fixation . Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed , or `` fixed '' , in a usable form to be taken up by plants . Between 5x10 and 10x10 g per year are fixed by lightning strikes , but most fixation is done by free - living or symbiotic bacteria known as diazotrophs . These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia , which is converted by the bacteria into other organic compounds . Most biological nitrogen fixation occurs by the activity of Mo - nitrogenase , found in a wide variety of bacteria and some Archaea . Mo - nitrogenase is a complex two - component enzyme that has multiple metal - containing prosthetic groups . An example of free - living bacteria is Azotobacter . Symbiotic nitrogen - fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium usually live in the root nodules of legumes ( such as peas , alfalfa , and locust trees ) . Here they form a mutualistic relationship with the plant , producing ammonia in exchange for carbohydrates . Because of this relationship , legumes will often increase the nitrogen content of nitrogen - poor soils . A few non-legumes can also form such symbioses . Today , about 30 % of the total fixed nitrogen is produced industrially using the Haber - Bosch process , which uses high temperatures and pressures to convert nitrogen gas and a hydrogen source ( natural gas or petroleum ) into ammonia . Assimilation ( edit ) Main articles : Assimilation ( biology ) and Nitrogen assimilation Plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium from the soil via their root hairs . If nitrate is absorbed , it is first reduced to nitrite ions and then ammonium ions for incorporation into amino acids , nucleic acids , and chlorophyll . In plants that have a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia , some nitrogen is assimilated in the form of ammonium ions directly from the nodules . It is now known that there is a more complex cycling of amino acids between Rhizobia bacteroids and plants . The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids so ammonia assimilation is not required and the bacteroids pass amino acids ( with the newly fixed nitrogen ) back to the plant , thus forming an interdependent relationship . While many animals , fungi , and other heterotrophic organisms obtain nitrogen by ingestion of amino acids , nucleotides , and other small organic molecules , other heterotrophs ( including many bacteria ) are able to utilize inorganic compounds , such as ammonium as sole N sources . Utilization of various N sources is carefully regulated in all organisms . Ammonification ( edit ) When a plant or animal dies or an animal expels waste , the initial form of nitrogen is organic . Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium ( NH ) , a process called ammonification or mineralization . Enzymes involved are : GS : Gln Synthetase ( Cytosolic & Plastic ) GOGAT : Glu 2 - oxoglutarate aminotransferase ( Ferredoxin & NADH - dependent ) GDH : Glu Dehydrogenase : Minor Role in ammonium assimilation . Important in amino acid catabolism . A schematic representation of the microbial nitrogen cycle . ANAMMOX is anaerobic ammonium oxidation , DNRA is dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium , and COMMAMOX is complete ammonium oxidation . Nitrification ( edit ) Main article : Nitrification The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil - living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria . In the primary stage of nitrification , the oxidation of ammonium ( NH ) is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species , which converts ammonia to nitrites ( NO ) . Other bacterial species such as Nitrobacter , are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrites ( NO ) into nitrates ( NO ) . It is important for the ammonia ( NH ) to be converted to nitrates or nitrites because ammonia gas is toxic to plants . Due to their very high solubility and because soils are highly unable to retain anions , nitrates can enter groundwater . Elevated nitrate in groundwater is a concern for drinking water use because nitrate can interfere with blood - oxygen levels in infants and cause methemoglobinemia or blue - baby syndrome . Where groundwater recharges stream flow , nitrate - enriched groundwater can contribute to eutrophication , a process that leads to high algal population and growth , especially blue - green algal populations . While not directly toxic to fish life , like ammonia , nitrate can have indirect effects on fish if it contributes to this eutrophication . Nitrogen has contributed to severe eutrophication problems in some water bodies . Since 2006 , the application of nitrogen fertilizer has been increasingly controlled in Britain and the United States . This is occurring along the same lines as control of phosphorus fertilizer , restriction of which is normally considered essential to the recovery of eutrophied waterbodies . Denitrification ( edit ) Main article : Denitrification Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas ( N ) , completing the nitrogen cycle . This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions . They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration . These facultatively anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions . Denitrification happens in anaerobic conditions e.g. waterlogged soils . The denitrifying bacteria use nitrates in the soil to carry out respiration and consequently produce nitrogen gas , which is inert and unavailable to plants . Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ( edit ) Main article : Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ( DNRA ) , or nitrate / nitrite ammonification , is an anaerobic respiration process . Microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate as an electron acceptor , reducing it to nitrite , then ammonium ( NO → NO → NH ) . Both denitrifying and nitrate ammonification bacteria will be competing for nitrate in the environment , although DNRA acts to conserve bioavailable nitrogen as soluble ammonium rather than producing dinitrogen gas . Anaerobic ammonia oxidation ( edit ) Main article : Ammonia In this biological process , nitrite and ammonia are converted directly into molecular nitrogen ( N ) gas . This process makes up a major proportion of nitrogen conversion in the oceans . The balanced formula for this `` anammox '' chemical reaction is : NH + NO = > N + 2H O ( ΔG ° = - 357 kJ mol - 1 ) . Other processes ( edit ) Though nitrogen fixation is the primary source of plant - available nitrogen in most ecosystems , in areas with nitrogen - rich bedrock , the breakdown of this rock also serves as a nitrogen source . Marine nitrogen cycle ( edit ) A schematic representing the Marine Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle is an important process in the ocean as well . While the overall cycle is similar , there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean . Nitrogen enters the water through the precipitation , runoff , or as N from the atmosphere . Nitrogen can not be utilized by phytoplankton as N so it must undergo nitrogen fixation which is performed predominately by cyanobacteria . Without supplies of fixed nitrogen entering the marine cycle , the fixed nitrogen would be used up in about 2000 years . Phytoplankton need nitrogen in biologically available forms for the initial synthesis of organic matter . Ammonia and urea are released into the water by excretion from plankton . Nitrogen sources are removed from the euphotic zone by the downward movement of the organic matter . This can occur from sinking of phytoplankton , vertical mixing , or sinking of waste of vertical migrators . The sinking results in ammonia being introduced at lower depths below the euphotic zone . Bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate but they are inhibited by light so this must occur below the euphotic zone . Ammonification or Mineralization is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia . Nitrification can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate . Nitrate can be returned to the euphotic zone by vertical mixing and upwelling where it can be taken up by phytoplankton to continue the cycle . N can be returned to the atmosphere through denitrification . Ammonium is thought to be the preferred source of fixed nitrogen for phytoplankton because its assimilation does not involve a redox reaction and therefore requires little energy . Nitrate requires a redox reaction for assimilation but is more abundant so most phytoplankton have adapted to have the enzymes necessary to undertake this reduction ( nitrate reductase ) . There are a few notable and well - known exceptions that include Prochlorococcus and some Synechococcus . These species can only take up nitrogen as ammonium . The nutrients in the ocean are not uniformly distributed . Areas of upwelling provide supplies of nitrogen from below the euphotic zone . Coastal zones provide nitrogen from runoff and upwelling occurs readily along the coast . However , the rate at which nitrogen can be taken up by phytoplankton is decreased in oligotrophic waters year - round and temperate water in the summer resulting in lower primary production . The distribution of the different forms of nitrogen varies throughout the oceans as well . Nitrate is depleted in near - surface water except in upwelling regions . Coastal upwelling regions usually have high nitrate and chlorophyll levels as a result of the increased production . However , there are regions of high surface nitrate but low chlorophyll that are referred to as HNLC ( high nitrogen , low chlorophyll ) regions . The best explanation for HNLC regions relates to iron scarcity in the ocean , which may play an important part in ocean dynamics and nutrient cycles . The input of iron varies by region and is delivered to the ocean by dust ( from dust storms ) and leached out of rocks . Iron is under consideration as the true limiting element to ecosystem productivity in the ocean . Ammonium and nitrite show a maximum concentration at 50 -- 80 m ( lower end of the euphotic zone ) with decreasing concentration below that depth . This distribution can be accounted for by the fact that nitrite and ammonium are intermediate species . They are both rapidly produced and consumed through the water column . The amount of ammonium in the ocean is about 3 orders of magnitude less than nitrate . Between ammonium , nitrite , and nitrate , nitrite has the fastest turnover rate . It can be produced during nitrate assimilation , nitrification , and denitrification ; however , it is immediately consumed again . New vs. regenerated nitrogen ( edit ) Nitrogen entering the euphotic zone is referred to as new nitrogen because it is newly arrived from outside the productive layer . The new nitrogen can come from below the euphotic zone or from outside sources . Outside sources are upwelling from deep water and nitrogen fixation . If the organic matter is eaten , respired , delivered to the water as ammonia , and re-incorporated into organic matter by phytoplankton it is considered recycled / regenerated production . New production is an important component of the marine environment . One reason is that only continual input of new nitrogen can determine the total capacity of the ocean to produce a sustainable fish harvest . Harvesting fish from regenerated nitrogen areas will lead to a decrease in nitrogen and therefore a decrease in primary production . This will have a negative effect on the system . However , if fish are harvested from areas of new nitrogen the nitrogen will be replenished . Human influences on the nitrogen cycle ( edit ) Main article : Human impact on the nitrogen cycle As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes ( particularly soy , alfalfa , and clover ) , growing use of the Haber -- Bosch process in the creation of chemical fertilizers , and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants , human beings have more than doubled the annual transfer of nitrogen into biologically available forms . In addition , humans have significantly contributed to the transfer of nitrogen trace gases from Earth to the atmosphere and from the land to aquatic systems . Human alterations to the global nitrogen cycle are most intense in developed countries and in Asia , where vehicle emissions and industrial agriculture are highest . Nitrous oxide ( N O ) has risen in the atmosphere as a result of agricultural fertilization , biomass burning , cattle and feedlots , and industrial sources . N O has deleterious effects in the stratosphere , where it breaks down and acts as a catalyst in the destruction of atmospheric ozone . Nitrous oxide is also a greenhouse gas and is currently the third largest contributor to global warming , after carbon dioxide and methane . While not as abundant in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide , it is , for an equivalent mass , nearly 300 times more potent in its ability to warm the planet . Ammonia ( NH ) in the atmosphere has tripled as the result of human activities . It is a reactant in the atmosphere , where it acts as an aerosol , decreasing air quality and clinging to water droplets , eventually resulting in nitric acid ( H NO ) that produces acid rain . Atmospheric ammonia and nitric acid also damage respiratory systems . The very high temperature of lightning naturally produces small amounts of NO , NH , and HNO , but high - temperature combustion has contributed to a 6 - or 7-fold increase in the flux of NO to the atmosphere . Its production is a function of combustion temperature - the higher the temperature , the more NO is produced . Fossil fuel combustion is a primary contributor , but so are biofuels and even the burning of hydrogen . However , the rate that hydrogen is directly injected into the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines can be controlled to prevent the higher combustion temperatures that produce NO . Ammonia and nitrous oxides actively alter atmospheric chemistry . They are precursors of tropospheric ( lower atmosphere ) ozone production , which contributes to smog and acid rain , damages plants and increases nitrogen inputs to ecosystems . Ecosystem processes can increase with nitrogen fertilization , but anthropogenic input can also result in nitrogen saturation , which weakens productivity and can damage the health of plants , animals , fish , and humans . Decreases in biodiversity can also result if higher nitrogen availability increases nitrogen - demanding grasses , causing a degradation of nitrogen - poor , species - diverse heathlands . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Additional risks posed by increased availability of inorganic nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems include water acidification ; eutrophication of fresh and saltwater systems ; and toxicity issues for animals , including humans . Eutrophication often leads to lower dissolved oxygen levels in the water column , including hypoxic and anoxic conditions , which can cause death of aquatic fauna . Relatively sessile benthos , or bottom - dwelling creatures , are particularly vulnerable because of their lack of mobility , though large fish kills are not uncommon . Oceanic dead zones near the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico are a well - known example of algal bloom - induced hypoxia . The New York Adirondack Lakes , Catskills , Hudson Highlands , Rensselaer Plateau and parts of Long Island display the impact of nitric acid rain deposition , resulting in the killing of fish and many other aquatic species . Ammonia ( NH ) is highly toxic to fish and the level of ammonia discharged from wastewater treatment facilities must be closely monitored . To prevent fish deaths , nitrification via aeration prior to discharge is often desirable . Land application can be an attractive alternative to the aeration . See also ( edit ) Planetary boundaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steven B. Carroll ; Steven D. Salt ( 2004 ) . Ecology for gardeners . Timber Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 611 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kuypers , MMM ; Marchant , HK ; Kartal , B ( 2011 ) . `` The Microbial Nitrogen - Cycling Network '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro. 2018.9 . PMID 29398704 . Jump up ^ Galloway , J.N. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Nitrogen cycles : past , present , and future generations '' . Biogeochemistry. 70 : 153 -- 226 . doi : 10.1007 / s10533 - 004 - 0370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moir , JWB ( editor ) ( 2011 ) . Nitrogen Cycling in Bacteria : Molecular Analysis . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 86 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , B. , R.L. Richards , and W.E. Newton . 2004 . Catalysts for nitrogen fixation : nitrogenases , relevant chemical models and commercial processes . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht ; Boston . ^ Jump up to : Smil , V ( 2000 ) . Cycles of Life . Scientific American Library , New York . Jump up ^ Willey , Joanne M. ( 2011 ) . Prescott 's Microbiology 8th Ed . New York , N.Y. : McGraw Hill . p. 705 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337526 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sparacino - Watkins , Courtney ; Stolz , John F. ; Basu , Partha ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases '' . Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 ( 2 ) : 676 -- 706 . doi : 10.1039 / c3cs60249d . ISSN 1460 - 4744 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jörg ; Klotz , Martin G. `` Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics. 1827 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2012.07. 005 . Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen Cycle '' . ^ Jump up to : Vitousek , PM ; Aber , J ; Howarth , RW ; Likens , GE ; Matson , PA ; Schindler , DW ; Schlesinger , WH ; Tilman , GD ( 1997 ) . `` Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle : Sources and consequences '' . Issues in Ecology. 1 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 ( 1997 ) 007 ( 0737 : HAOTGN ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Lam , Phyllis and Kuypers , Marcel M.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Microbial Nitrogen Processes in Oxygen Minimum Zones '' . Annual Review of Marine Science . 3 : 317 -- 345 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marchant , H.K. , Lavik , G. , Holtappels , M. , and Kuypers , M.M.M. ( 2014 ) . `` The Fate of Nitrate in Intertidal Permeable Sediments '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0104517 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Anammox '' . Anammox - MicrobeWiki . MicrobeWiki . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen Study Could ' Rock ' A Plant 's World '' . 2011 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Schuur , E.A.G. ( 2011 ) . `` Ecology : Nitrogen from the deep '' . Nature . 477 ( 7362 ) : 39 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / 477039a . PMID 21886152 . Jump up ^ Morford , S.L. ; Houlton , B.Z. ; Dahlgren , R.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Increased forest ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage from nitrogen rich bedrock '' . Nature . 477 ( 7362 ) : 78 -- 81 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10415 . PMID 21886160 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Charles ( 2008 ) . Biological Oceanography. 350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05536 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Nicolas ( 2008 ) . Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. 30 Corporate Drive , Suite 400 , Burlington , MA 01803 : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 372522 - 6 . Jump up ^ Miller , Charles ( 2008 ) . Biological oceanography. 350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05536 - 4 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Elliot , Susan , Michael . `` Learning Unit : Nitrogen Cycle Marine Environment '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lalli , Parsons , Carol , Timothy ( 1997 ) . Biological oceanography : An introduction . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lalli , Parsons , Carol , Timothy ( 1997 ) . Biological Oceanography : An introduction . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holland , Elisabeth A. ; Dentener , Frank J. ; Braswell , Bobby H. ; Sulzman , James M. ( 1999 ) . `` Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets '' . Biogeochemistry. 46 : 7 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01007572 . Jump up ^ Chapin , S.F. III , Matson , P.A. , Mooney H.A. 2002 . Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology . Springer , New York 2002 ISBN 0 - 387 - 95443 - 0 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment ( SCOPE ) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment , 22 -- 25 September 2008 , Gummersbach , Germany , R.W. Howarth and S. Bringezu , editors . 2009 Executive Summary , p. 3 Jump up ^ Smil , V ( 2004 ) . Cycles Of Life : Civilization And The Biosphere . Diane Pub Co . ISBN 0 - 7567 - 7350 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aerts , Rien & Berendse , Frank ( 1988 ) . `` The Effect of Increased Nutrient Availability on Vegetation Dynamics in Wet Heathlands '' . Vegetatio. 76 ( 1 / 2 ) : 63 -- 69 . JSTOR 20038308 . Jump up ^ Camargo , J.A. & Alonso , A. ( 2006 ) . Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatics ecosystems : A global assessment . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 , from http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41013039.pdf Jump up ^ Rabalais , Nancy N. , R. Eugene Turner , and William J. Wiseman , Jr. ( 2002 ) . `` Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia , aka `` The Dead Zone '' `` . Annu. Rev. Ecol . Syst. 33 : 235 -- 63 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 33.010802. 150513 . JSTOR 3069262 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dybas , Cheryl Lyn. ( 2005 ) . `` Dead Zones Spreading in World Oceans '' . BioScience. 55 ( 7 ) : 552 -- 557 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2005 ) 055 ( 0552 : DZSIWO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ New York State Environmental Conservation , Environmental Impacts of Acid Deposition : Lakes ( 1 ) ( hide ) Biogeochemical cycles Cycles Carbon cycle Hydrogen cycle Iron cycle Mercury cycle Mineral cycle Nitrogen cycle Oxygen cycle ozone Phosphorus cycle Rock cycle Selenium cycle Sulfur cycle Water cycle Research groups DAAC GEOTRACES IMBER NOBM SOLAS Related topics Biogeochemistry geochemical cycle chemical cycling environmental chemistry Biosequestration carbon sequestration carbon sink soil carbon biological pump mycorrhizal fungi Ocean acidification acid rain Methane clathrate clathrate gun hypothesis Arctic methane emissions Human impact on the nitrogen cycle Nitrification Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen assimilation Phosphorus assimilation Sulfur assimilation Planetary boundaries GND : 4183276 - 0 NDL : 01133695 Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_cycle&oldid=826439144 '' Categories : Nitrogen Biogeochemical cycle Soil biology Nitrogen cycle Metabolism Biogeography Fishkeeping Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 02 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the largest source of nitrogen on earth	[ "The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is nitrogen,[1] making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.[2][3]" ]	[ "Earth's atmosphere" ]
-4611332361158112224	John Wesley Shipp	John Wesley Shipp - wikipedia John Wesley Shipp For other people named John Wesley , see John Wesley ( disambiguation ) . John Wesley Shipp Shipp in 2016 ( 1955 - 01 - 22 ) January 22 , 1955 ( age 63 ) Norfolk , Virginia , U.S. Occupation Actor John Wesley Shipp ( born January 22 , 1955 ) is an American actor known for his various television roles . He played the lead Barry Allen on CBS 's superhero series The Flash from 1990 to 1991 , and Mitch Leery , the title character 's father , on the drama series Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2001 . Shipp has also played several roles in daytime soap operas including Kelly Nelson on Guiding Light from 1980 to 1984 , and Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 ( which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award ) . He portrays both Barry Allen 's father , Henry Allen , and Jay Garrick / Flash on the current The Flash series on The CW network . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Shipp was born in Norfolk , Virginia . His father was a farmer who returned to school when Shipp was young , and after attending the seminary in Wake Forest , he became the pastor of a small church outside Wake Forest , North Carolina . Shipp later gave a keynote speech to the graduating class of Wake Forest Rolesville High School Class of 1999 to recount the tale of his father 's attempts to integrate the community in the late 1960s . Shipp attended Butler High School in Louisville , Kentucky and then attended Indiana University . Career ( edit ) Shipp began his career with a regular role on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light , playing Dr. Kelly Nelson from 1980 to 1984 . Shipp followed this with more roles in daytime , playing Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 ( which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award in 1986 ) , and Martin Ellis on Santa Barbara in 1987 ( for which he won his second Daytime Emmy Award ) , followed by Blanchard Lovelace on One Life to Live in 1989 , and Carter Jones on All My Children in 1992 . He also had guest appearances on primetime series , such as playing a peeper on an episode of Fantasy Island in 1983 . John Wesley Shipp at Florida Supercon in 2010 Shipp won the title role of Barry Allen / The Flash on the CBS series The Flash , which aired in the 1990 -- 91 season . He followed this with the recurring role of Lucky on the NBC series Sisters from 1994 to 1995 . Shipp also appeared on stage in the 1990s , starring in Erik Jendresen 's The Killing of Michael Malloy in 1993 . In 1998 , he was cast as Mitch Leery , the father of the lead character Dawson , on The WB drama series Dawson 's Creek ; Shipp remained part of the series ' main cast through its first four seasons , exiting in 2001 . In November 2010 , Shipp returned to daytime in the short - term role of villainous Eddie Ford on One Life to Live , who was killed off in a murder mystery in mid-December . In the summer of 2011 , he guest - starred on the Lifetime series Drop Dead Diva , playing the ex-husband of the character played by comedian Kathy Griffin . Shipp filmed three episodes of the MTV series Teen Wolf which aired during the summer of 2012 . Also in 2012 , he starred in the independent film Hell and Mr. Fudge , with Mackenzie Astin and Eileen Davidson . Shipp returned to involvement with The Flash in the 2010s . He was cast in a `` mysterious '' role on The CW series The Flash in early 2014 , which was later revealed to be the recurring role of Henry Allen , the father of titular character . In the second - season finale of The Flash , Shipp played Jay Garrick , an alternate universe counterpart of The Flash . He also provided the voice to the villain Professor Eobard `` Zoom '' Thawne , the Reverse - Flash , in a 2010 episode of the animated series Batman : The Brave and the Bold . In 2015 , Shipp also began lending his voice to the unique role of Sheriff Burns on the Western Audio Drama `` Powder Burns '' . The drama ran as a podcast from 2015 - 2018 , was written and produced by David A. Gregory , and received numerous nominations and awards : notably from the Voice Arts Awards and the Audio Verse Awards . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter Barney Bux 1994 Soft Deceit John Hobart 2002 Second to Die Jim Bratchett 2005 Starcrossed Lane Short film 2008 Karma Police Barrington Freeman 2009 Port City George 2009 Grotesque Father Fahey Short film Separation Anxiety Sr. Palmer 2012 Hell and Mr. Fudge Bennie Lee Fudge 2014 Sensory Perception Lt. Thawne 2014 Golden Shoes President of the United States 2016 The Sector Stillwell Completed 2016 Night Sweats Nick Frankenthaler Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 The Dirtiest Show in Town Television film 1980 -- 1984 Guiding Light Kelly Nelson Fantasy Island Todd Skylar 1984 Summer Fantasy Callahan Television film 1985 -- 1986 As the World Turns Doug Cummings 1986 Santa Barbara Martin Ellis One Life to Live Blanchard Lovelace 1990 -- 1991 The Flash Barry Allen / The Flash Lead role ; also portrayed evil Flash clone Pollux in episode `` Twin Streaks '' 1991 Baby of the Bride Dennis Television film 1991 Danger Team Spec Television film ; Voice role 1992 All My Children Carter Jones 1992 Human Target Garner St. John 1994 NYPD Blue Officer Roy Larson 1994 Golden Gate Kenny Scanlon Television film 1994 Green Dolphin Beat Terry Lattner Television film 1994 -- 1995 Sisters Lucky Williams Recurring role 1995 JAG Gunnery Sergeant Granger Deadly Web Dr. Stanton Television film Strangers Jack 1997 Lost Treasure of Dos Santos Jack Television film 1997 Soldier of Fortune , Inc . Griffin 1998 -- 2001 Dawson 's Creek Mitch Leery Main role ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) ; recurring role ( season 5 ) 1999 Road Rage Jim Carson Television film The Outer Limits Coach Peter Shotwell JAG Colonel Marcus Sutter 2005 Palmetto Pointe Michael Jones 2006 CSI : NY Patrick Quinn 2007 Christie 's Revenge Uncle Ray Colton Television film 2007 The Closer Chris Conroy Batman : The Brave and the Bold Professor Zoom Voice role 2010 , 2012 One Life to Live Eddie Ford 2011 Drop Dead Diva Doug Bailey 2012 -- 2013 Teen Wolf Mr. Lahey 2014 -- present The Flash Dr. Henry Allen / Jay Garrick Recurring role 2017 Blindspot Dr. Katz Episode : `` Draw O Caesar , Erase a Coward '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) At the 14th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards in 1987 , Shipp won the Outstanding Guest Performer Award ( in a category that included Celeste Holm , Eileen Heckart and Terrance Mann ) becoming the only actor with consecutive wins from two different daytime dramas . Year Award Nominated work Result Refs 1986 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series As the World Turns Won Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Guest Performer in a Drama Series Santa Barbara Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Wesley Shipp '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Wesley Shipp '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( August 7 , 1999 ) . `` Dawson 's Creek Dad A Veteran of Daytime '' . Sun - Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Walters ( April 29 -- 30 , 2006 ) . `` John Wesley Shipp Interview '' . Bigfanboy.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As a matter of fact '' . The Courier - Journal . January 31 , 1982 . p. 50 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . John Wesley Shipp , who created the role of Kelly Nelson in February 1980 , is a graduate of Butler High School in Louisville and Indiana University . Jump up ^ GL 's `` Kelly Nelson '' character profile at Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ `` ' Guiding Light ' alumni '' . Variety . January 24 , 2007 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ATWT 's `` Douglas Cummings '' character profile at Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ Buck , Jerry ( December 21 , 1990 ) . `` Actor Seeks Substance Under Hero 's Surface '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( March 29 , 1991 ) . `` Why you should be watching `` The Flash '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Comic to TV Adaptations '' . IGN . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everett , Todd ( April 24 , 1995 ) . `` Review : ' Sisters a Fighting Chance ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meeks , Christopher ( October 14 , 1993 ) . `` Review : ' The Killing of Michael Malloy ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( January 23 , 1998 ) . `` Dawson 's Creek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( September 13 , 2001 ) . `` New face in familiar places '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` John Wesley Shipp docks in Llanview '' . SoapCentral.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Players '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Original ' Flash ' Star Joins CW Reboot ; Todd Grinnell & Bret Ernst Cast In ' Mason Twins ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Original TV Flash to Guest on CW 's ' Flash ' Reboot '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Flash : John Wesley Shipp 's Role Finally Revealed '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original ' The Flash ' Star John Wesley Shipp Suits Up for `` Elseworlds '' `` . Comicbook.com . October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Flash reveals man in the iron mask ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/dc/2017/09/02/the-flash-john-wesley-shipp-legends-crossover-victor-garber/ Jump up ^ http://www.powderburnswest.com/ Jump up ^ Scott , Tony ( June 27 , 1994 ) . `` Review : ' Fox Night at the Movies Green Dolphin Beat ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Tony ( April 15 , 1996 ) . `` Review : ' Nbc Monday Night at the Movies Deadly Web ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speier , Michael ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review : ' Road Rage ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Young and Restless ' Wins 3 Daytime Emmy Awards '' . Toledo Blade . Block Communications . Associated Press . July 18 , 1986 . p. 19 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . In other drama awards , John Wesley Shipp , who plays Douglas Cummings in CBS ' `` As the World Turns , '' won for best supporting actor ... Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` ON THE RECORD : David Michaels Talks New Daytime Emmy Categories , Overall Changes and That Red Carpet Situation ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Actor John Wesley Shipp was the first and last actor to receive the Outstanding Guest Performer in a Daytime Drama Series Emmy Award all the way back in 1987 for his portrayal of Martin Ellis on `` Santa Barbara '' during the 1986 eligibility year . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wesley Shipp . John Wesley Shipp on IMDb Awards for John Wesley Shipp Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Hansen ( 1979 ) Warren Burton ( 1980 ) Larry Haines ( 1981 ) David Lewis ( 1982 ) Darnell Williams ( 1983 ) Justin Deas ( 1984 ) Larry Gates ( 1985 ) John Wesley Shipp ( 1986 ) Gregg Marx ( 1987 ) Justin Deas ( 1988 ) Justin Deas ( 1989 ) Henry Darrow ( 1990 ) Bernard Barrow ( 1991 ) Thom Christopher ( 1992 ) Gerald Anthony ( 1993 ) Justin Deas ( 1994 ) Jerry verDorn ( 1995 ) Jerry verDorn ( 1996 ) Ian Buchanan ( 1997 ) Steve Burton ( 1998 ) Stuart Damon ( 1999 ) Shemar Moore ( 2000 ) Michael E. Knight ( 2001 ) Josh Duhamel ( 2002 ) Benjamin Hendrickson ( 2003 ) Rick Hearst ( 2004 ) Greg Rikaart ( 2005 ) Jordan Clarke ( 2006 ) Rick Hearst ( 2007 ) Kristoff St. John ( 2008 ) Jeff Branson / Vincent Irizarry ( 2009 ) Billy Miller ( 2010 ) Jonathan Jackson ( 2011 ) Jonathan Jackson ( 2012 ) Scott Clifton / Billy Miller ( 2013 ) Eric Martsolf ( 2014 ) Chad Duell ( 2015 ) Sean Blakemore ( 2016 ) Steve Burton ( 2017 ) Greg Vaughan ( 2018 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Guest Performer in a Drama Series Hugh McPhillips ( 1980 ) John Wesley Shipp ( 1987 ) Donna Mills / Fred Willard / Ray Wise ( 2015 ) Obba Babatundé ( 2016 ) Jim O'Heir ( 2017 ) Vernee Watson ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14226980w ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1936 2659 LCCN : no00000310 VIAF : 74063851 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wesley_Shipp&oldid=865782055 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people American male film actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors Actors from Norfolk , Virginia Male actors from Virginia Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series winners Butler High School alumni Indiana University Bloomington alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 03 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played barry allens dad in justice league	[ "John Wesley Shipp (born January 22, 1955[1][2]) is an American actor known for his various television roles. He played the lead Barry Allen on CBS's superhero series The Flash from 1990 to 1991, and Mitch Leery, the title character's father, on the drama series Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2001. Shipp has also played several roles in daytime soap operas including Kelly Nelson on Guiding Light from 1980 to 1984, and Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 (which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award).[3] He portrays both Barry Allen's father, Henry Allen, and Jay Garrick/Flash on the current The Flash series on The CW network.\n" ]	[ "John Wesley Shipp" ]
-1562763105096057028	Ripon, California	Ripon , California - wikipedia Ripon , California City in California , United States City of Ripon Almond Capital of the World City Motto ( s ) : `` The Jewel of the Valley '' Location in San Joaquin County and the state of California City of Ripon Location in the United States Coordinates : 37 ° 44 ′ 26 '' N 121 ° 7 ′ 42 '' W / 37.74056 ° N 121.12833 ° W / 37.74056 ; - 121.12833 Coordinates : 37 ° 44 ′ 26 '' N 121 ° 7 ′ 42 '' W / 37.74056 ° N 121.12833 ° W / 37.74056 ; - 121.12833 Country United States State California County San Joaquin Incorporated November 27 , 1945 Government Mayor Dean Uecker State Senate Cathleen Galgiani ( D ) Assembly Heath Flora ( R ) U.S. Congress Jeff Denham ( R ) Area Total 5.46 sq mi ( 14.14 km ) Land 5.26 sq mi ( 13.63 km ) Water 0.19 sq mi ( 0.50 km ) 3.47 % Elevation 69 ft ( 21 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 14,297 Estimate ( 2016 ) 15,463 Density 2,937.50 / sq mi ( 1,134.23 / km ) Time zone PST ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) ZIP code 95366 Area code ( s ) 209 FIPS code 06 - 61026 GNIS feature ID 0277615 Website City website Ripon is a city located in San Joaquin County , California . The population was 14,297 at the 2010 census . Ripon was originally known as Stanislaus City , but was renamed for Ripon , Wisconsin in 1876 . Ripon , WI was the hometown of Applias Crooks , the community 's first postmaster . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Transportation 5 Education 5.1 Schools 6 Notable people 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Ripon , on the site previously known as Murphy 's Ferry , Stanislaus City , & Stanislaus Station , was renamed for Ripon , Wisconsin , which was named for a city in North Yorkshire , England . Ripon 's economy is largely agriculture based , known especially for its high production of almonds . In 1998 , great expansion began for the city . Areas north of the 99 freeway were slated for housing divisions , and huge swaths of agricultural land were slated for development . In 2003 , the Jack Tone Road intersection was rebuilt , thus beginning a gigantic commercial development for two truck stops , Loves and the Flying J that year . The next couple years saw the addition of tons of restaurants and even a shopping center . Geography ( edit ) Ripon is located at 37 ° 44 ′ 26 '' N 121 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 37.7405 ° N 121.1282 ° W / 37.7405 ; - 121.1282 ( 37.740478 , - 121.128224 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.5 square miles ( 14.2 km ) , of which , 5.3 square miles ( 13.7 km ) of it is land and 0.2 square miles ( 0.5 km ) of it ( 3.47 % ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1950 1,550 -- 1960 1,894 22.2 % 1970 2,679 41.4 % 1980 3,509 31.0 % 7,455 112.5 % 2000 10,146 36.1 % 14,297 40.9 % Est. 2016 15,463 8.2 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Ripon had a population of 14,297 . The population density was 2,601.8 people per square mile ( 1,004.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Ripon was 11,392 ( 79.7 % ) White , 221 ( 1.5 % ) African American , 125 ( 0.9 % ) Native American , 599 ( 4.2 % ) Asian , 36 ( 0.3 % ) Pacific Islander , 1,208 ( 8.4 % ) from other races , and 716 ( 5.0 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,177 persons ( 22.2 % ) . The census reported that 14,207 people ( 99.4 % of the population ) lived in households , 0 ( 0 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 90 ( 0.6 % ) were institutionalized . There were 4,855 households , out of which 2,057 ( 42.4 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 3,099 ( 63.8 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 472 ( 9.7 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 227 ( 4.7 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 193 ( 4.0 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 20 ( 0.4 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 896 households ( 18.5 % ) were made up of individuals and 437 ( 9.0 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.93 . There were 3,798 families ( 78.2 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.34 . The population was spread out with 4,119 people ( 28.8 % ) under the age of 18 , 1,210 people ( 8.5 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 3,469 people ( 24.3 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 3,811 people ( 26.7 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 1,688 people ( 11.8 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 37.1 years . For every 100 females , there were 95.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 92.3 males . There were 5,129 housing units at an average density of 933.4 per square mile ( 360.4 / km2 ) , of which 3,530 ( 72.7 % ) were owner - occupied , and 1,325 ( 27.3 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 7.4 % . 10,574 people ( 74.0 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 3,633 people ( 25.4 % ) lived in rental housing units . 2000 ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 10,146 people , 3,368 households , and 2,680 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,473.5 people per square mile ( 955.5 / km2 ) . There were 3,446 housing units at an average density of 840.1 per square mile ( 324.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 84.52 % White , 0.34 % African American , 0.61 % Native American , 1.51 % Asian , 0.28 % Pacific Islander , 8.80 % from other races , and 3.94 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.16 % of the population . There were 3,368 households out of which 45.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 66.1 % were married couples living together , 9.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 20.4 % were non-families. 16.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.37 . In the city , the population was spread out with 32.0 % under the age of 18 , 7.6 % from 18 to 24 , 29.4 % from 25 to 44 , 20.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females there were 93.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 90.4 males . The median income for a household in the city was $56,979 , and the median income for a family was $62,592 . Males had a median income of $47,377 versus $25,389 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,978 . About 4.7 % of families and 6.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.2 % of those under age 18 and 11.5 % of those age 65 or over . Transportation ( edit ) An Altamont Corridor Express commuter rail station is planned to be constructed in Ripon for service in 2023 . Education ( edit ) Students are served by five K -- 8 elementary schools ( self - contained at all grade levels ) , and one high school by Ripon Unified School District , located in the Central Valley . All schools have API scores above 700 . Three of the elementary schools have API scores above 800 . Schools ( edit ) Colony Oak Elementary - California Distinguished School Park View Elementary Ripon Elementary California Distinguished School Ripona Elementary - opened 1965 , California Distinguished School Weston Elementary - opened 1985 , California Distinguished School Ripon High School Ripon Christian School Harvest High School Notable people ( edit ) Gay Jacobsen D'Asaro , fencing champion Walter Hawkins , Grammy Award - winning , gospel artist Edward L. Kessel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . City Of Ripon . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 10th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Capace , Nancy ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of California . North American Book Dist LLC . Page 390 . ISBN 9780403093182 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2004 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA - Ripon city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Holland , John ( 27 April 2018 ) . `` Expanded train service coming to Modesto , Merced ; what it means for commuters '' . Modesto Bee . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ripon Christian School Jump up ^ Harvest High School External links ( edit ) City of Ripon , California Ripon Chamber of Commerce `` Ripon '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 19 January 1981 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 27 . Municipalities and communities of San Joaquin County , California , United States County seat : Stockton Cities Escalon Lathrop Lodi Manteca Ripon Stockton Tracy CDPs Acampo August Collierville Country Club Dogtown Farmington French Camp Garden Acres Kennedy Lincoln Village Linden Lockeford Morada Mountain House Peters Taft Mosswood Terminous Thornton Victor Waterloo Woodbridge Unincorporated communities Atlanta Banta Bear Creek Carbona Clements Gillis Goodmans Corner Holt Mormon New Jerusalem North Woodbridge South Woodbridge Vernalis Ghost towns Carnegie China Flat Elliott Liberty Mokelumne City San Joaquin City Taison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripon,_California&oldid=840641887 '' Categories : Cities in San Joaquin County , California Incorporated cities and towns in California Stanislaus River Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Volapük Winaray 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 05 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the almond capital of the world	[ "City of RiponAlmond Capital of the World\nCity\n\nMotto(s): \"The Jewel of the Valley\"\nLocation in San Joaquin County and the state of California\nCity of RiponLocation in the United States\nCoordinates: 37°44′26″N 121°7′42″W / 37.74056°N 121.12833°W / 37.74056; -121.12833Coordinates: 37°44′26″N 121°7′42″W / 37.74056°N 121.12833°W / 37.74056; -121.12833Country\n United StatesState\n CaliforniaCounty\nSan JoaquinIncorporated\nNovember 27, 1945[1]Government • Mayor\nDean Uecker[2] • State Senate\nCathleen Galgiani (D)[3] • Assembly\nHeath Flora (R)[3] • U. S. Congress\nJeff Denham (R)[4]Area[5] • Total\n5.46 sq mi (14.14 km2) • Land\n5.26 sq mi (13.63 km2) • Water\n0.19 sq mi (0.50 km2) 3.47%Elevation\n69 ft (21 m)Population (2010) • Total\n14,297 • Estimate (2016)[6]\n15,463 • Density\n2,937.50/sq mi (1,134.23/km2)Time zone\nPST (UTC-8) • Summer (DST)\nPDT (UTC-7)ZIP code\n95366Area code(s)\n209FIPS code\n06-61026GNIS feature ID\n0277615Website\nCity website" ]	[ "Ripon" ]
-5763770346377586696	Third-party beneficiary	Third - party beneficiary - wikipedia Third - party beneficiary Jump to : navigation , search Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence A third - party beneficiary , in the law of contracts , is a person who may have the right to sue on a contract , despite not having originally been an active party to the contract . This right , known as a ius quaesitum tertio , arises when the third party ( tertius or alteri ) is the intended beneficiary of the contract , as opposed to a mere incidental beneficiary ( penitus extraneus ) . It vests when the third party relies on or assents to the relationship , and gives the third party the right to sue either the promisor ( promittens , or performing party ) or the promisee ( stipulans , or anchor party ) of the contract , depending on the circumstances under which the relationship was created . A contract made in favor of a third party is known as a `` third - party beneficiary contract . '' Under traditional common law , the ius quaesitum tertio principle was not recognized , instead relying on the doctrine of privity of contract , which restricts rights , obligations , and liabilities arising from a contract to the contracting parties ( said to be privy to the contract ) . However , the Contracts ( Rights of Third Parties ) Act 1999 introduced a number of allowances and exceptions for ius quaesitum tertio in English law . Other common - law countries are also making reforms in this area , though the United States is unique in abandoning privity early in the mid-19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ius quaesitum tertio 1.1 Object to benefit 1.2 Irrevocability 1.3 Acceptance 2 Intended v. incidental beneficiary 2.1 Incidental beneficiary 2.2 Intended beneficiary 3 Vesting of rights 4 Breach and defenses 5 Rights that accrue to the promisee 6 Notes 7 See also Ius quaesitum tertio ( edit ) While the law on this subject varies , there is nonetheless a commonly accepted construction of third - party rights in the laws of most countries . A right of action arises only when it appears the object of the contract was to benefit the third party 's interests and the third - party beneficiary has either relied on or accepted the benefit . A promisee nominates a third party usually for one of two reasons -- either the promisee owes something to the third party and the performance of this new obligation will discharge it , or the promisee will somehow get a material benefit by giving something to the third party. A says to B offer to sell my car for Rs. 50000 / - B repalis . `` I will purchases it for 45000 / - There are also two possible ways to explain the functioning of the contractual relationship : either , The parties A ( promisee ) and B ( promisor ) contract each in his own name but with the intention of creating an opportunity for C ( third - party beneficiary ) to acquire a benefit , conditional upon acceptance , from B ; or C immediately acquires a conditional right , from which A is able to release B until the moment of acceptance , when the right of A to release B is extinguished . In either case , a third - party contract differs from agency in that the promisee acts in his own name and for himself , whereas an agent or representative does not . It is also distinguishable from a promesse de porte - fort under which the third party has a negative obligation to perform and , by expressing his consent , initially substitutes himself for an intended party to a contract and therefore binds himself . Also , as a somewhat distinct rule , the intended beneficiary of a third - party contract does not need to be in existence at the time the contract is concluded . This means a contract may benefit an unborn person ( usually a family member ) or secure benefits for a legal person , such as a company , still in the process of forming or registering . Object to benefit ( edit ) For third - party rights to come into existence , certain contractual criteria must be met to show an object to benefit : A valid contract must exist between two contracting parties and not some other relationship The contracting parties must have intended to confer a benefit , and not a simple interest , to a third party , either expressly or impliedly The third - party beneficiary must be named or referred to , or is a member of a distinct class referred to The intention to benefit must generally be irrevocable ( though a life insurance policy is an exception ) Some intimation to the third party of the contract 's existence Irrevocability ( edit ) To be enforceable , a ius quaesitum tertio must be irrevocable . This is established by any of the following : Delivery of the contract to the third party Registration for publication Intimation to the third party The third party coming under onerous obligations on the faith of having a ius quaesitum tertio Evidence that the third party knew of the provision intended for his or her benefit Acceptance ( edit ) A third - party beneficiary only acquires a right of action to enforce his benefit once he has accepted the benefit provided for in the contract . Under the South African interpretation , however , prior to formal acceptance of the benefit , the third - party beneficiary only has a spes , or expectation ; in other words , he does not have the right to accept , but rather a mere competency . Acceptance may also be a suspensive condition in certain contracts . Under Scots law , acceptance is not necessary to be vested in a right of action , but is necessary to be liable . Before acceptance , however , the ius quaesitum tertio is tenuous so that acceptance of a benefit does not create a right , but rather entrenches that right . In either case , the contracting parties may vary or rescind the contract until acceptance or reliance . Intended v. incidental beneficiary ( edit ) In order for a third party beneficiary to have any rights under the contract , he must be an intended beneficiary , as opposed to an incidental beneficiary . The burden is on the third party to plead and prove that he was indeed an intended beneficiary . Incidental beneficiary ( edit ) An incidental beneficiary is a party who stands to benefit from the execution of the contract , although that was not the intent of either contracting party . For example , if Andrew hires Bethany to renovate his house and insists that she use a specific house painter , Charlie , because he has an excellent reputation , then Charlie is an incidental beneficiary . Neither Andrew nor Bethany is entering into the contract with the particular intent to benefit Charlie . Andrew simply wants his house properly renovated ; Bethany simply wants to be paid to do the renovation . If the contract is breached by either party in a way that results in Charlie never being hired for the job , Charlie nonetheless has no rights to recover anything under the contract . Similarly , if Andrew were to promise to buy Bethany a Cadillac , and were to later go back on that promise , General Motors would have no grounds upon which to recover for the lost sale . Intended beneficiary ( edit ) The distinction that creates an intended beneficiary is that one party -- the `` promisee '' -- makes an agreement to provide some consideration to a second party -- the `` promisor '' -- in exchange for the promisor 's agreement to provide some product or service to the third - party beneficiary named in the contract . The promisee must have an intention to benefit the third party ( though this requirement has an unusual meaning under the law ) . Although there is a presumption that the promisor intends to promote the interests of the third party in this way , if Andrew contracts with Bethany to have a thousand killer bees delivered to the home of Andrew 's worst enemy Charlie , then Charlie is still considered to be the intended beneficiary of that contract . ( This would be illegal if the intent was to scare his enemy ; contracts are voided based on criminality . ) There are two common situations involving intended beneficiaries : Creditor beneficiary -- e.g. , when Andrew owes some debt to Charlie , and Andrew agrees to provide some consideration to Bethany in exchange for her promise to pay Charlie some of the debt Donee beneficiary -- e.g. , when Andrew wishes to make a gift to Charlie and Andrew agrees to provide some consideration to Bethany in exchange for her promise to pay Charlie the amount of the gift . Under old common law principles , the donee beneficiary actually had a greater claim to the benefits this created , but such distinctions have been abolished . Vesting of rights ( edit ) Once the beneficiary 's rights have vested , the original parties to the contract are both bound to perform the contract . Any efforts by the promisor or the promisee to rescind or modify the contract at that point are void . Indeed , if the promisee changed his mind and offered to pay the promisor money not to perform , the third party could sue the promisee for tortious interference with the third party 's contract rights . There are four ways to determine whether the third party beneficiary 's rights have vested : If the beneficiary knows of and has detrimentally relied on the rights created ; If the beneficiary expressly assented to the contract at the request of one of the parties ; If the beneficiary files a lawsuit to enforce the contract ; or If the beneficiary 's rights vest pursuant to an express term in the contract providing for such vesting . Breach and defenses ( edit ) Where a contract for the benefit of a third party is breached by the non-performance of the promisor , the beneficiary can sue the promisor for the breach just as any party to a contract can sue the other . Because the rights of the third party are defined by the contract created between the promisor and the promisee , the promisor may assert against the beneficiary any defenses to the contract that could be asserted against the promisee . These include all of the traditional basis by which the formation of a contract may be challenged ( e.g. , lack of capacity , lack of consideration , the statute of frauds ) and all of the traditional bases by which non-performance on the contract may be excused ( e.g. , failure of consideration , impossibility , illegality , frustration of purpose ) . Because the promisor can assert any defenses that could be asserted against the promisee , the beneficiary also becomes liable for counterclaims on the contract that the promisor could establish against the promisee . This liability can never exceed the amount that the promisor owes under the contract . In other words , if the promisor is owed money by the promisee , any award to the third party for the promisor 's failure to perform can be reduced by the amount thus owed . If the promisor is owed more than the value of the contract , the beneficiary 's recovery will be reduced to nothing ( but the third party can never be made to assume an actual debt ) . A creditor beneficiary can sue both the promisor and the promisee , but the beneficiary can not recover against both . If the suit is successful against one party to the contract , the other party will be dismissed . Because the creditor beneficiary is receiving the performance of the promisor in order to fulfill the promisee 's debt , the failure of the promisor to perform means that the beneficiary can still sue the promisee to recover the preexisting debt . The failure of performance simply means that the debt has never been paid . A donee beneficiary can sue the promisor directly to enforce the promise . ( Seaver v. Ransom , 224 NY 233 , 120 NE 639 ( 1918 ) ) . A donee beneficiary is when a contract is made expressly for giving a gift to a third party , the third party is known as the donee beneficiary . The most common donee beneficiary contract is a life insurance policy . Rights that accrue to the promisee ( edit ) The promisee can also sue the promisor for failing to pay the third party beneficiary . Under the common law , such suits were barred , but courts have since determined that the promisee can sue for specific performance of the contract , provided that the beneficiary has not already sued the promisor . Furthermore , if the promisee was in debt to a creditor beneficiary , and the failure of the promisor to perform caused the promisee to be held liable for that debt , the promisee can sue to recover the amount of the debt . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legal Definition of ius quaesitum tertio '' . legal-glossary.org . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ David J. Joubert , `` Agency and Stipulatio Alteri '' , Southern Cross : Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa , eds . Reinhard Zimmerman & Daniel Visser ( Oxford : Oxford UP , 1996 ) , 356 . Jump up ^ Elzette , Muller , `` The Treatment of Life Insurance Policies in Deceased Estates with a Perspective on the Calculation of Estate Duty '' , Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins - Hollandse Reg , 69 , 2006 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Philip Sutherland , `` Third - Party Contracts '' , European Contract Law : Scots and South African Perspectives , eds . Hector L. MacQueen & Reinhard Zimmermann ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh UP , 2006 ) , 215 - 6 . See also ( edit ) Beneficial interest Pay it forward Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third-party_beneficiary&oldid=774929747 '' Categories : Contract law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2017 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia	the condition that exists when a contract is made with the purpose of benefiting the third party	[ "A third-party beneficiary, in the law of contracts, is a person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been an active party to the contract. This right, known as a ius quaesitum tertio,[1] arises when the third party (tertius or alteri) is the intended beneficiary of the contract, as opposed to a mere incidental beneficiary (penitus extraneus). It vests when the third party relies on or assents to the relationship, and gives the third party the right to sue either the promisor (promittens, or performing party) or the promisee (stipulans, or anchor party) of the contract, depending on the circumstances under which the relationship was created." ]	[ "ius quaesitum tertio" ]
-1894978419232861527	TMZ	TMZ - wikipedia TMZ This is the current revision of this page , as edited by AdamDeanHall ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 55 , 7 August 2017 ( AT&T will not sell TMZ after the merger with Time Warner closes . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 22 : 55 , 7 August 2017 by AdamDeanHall ( talk contribs ) ( AT&T will not sell TMZ after the merger with Time Warner closes . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the website . For the television series , see TMZ on TV . For other uses , see TMZ ( disambiguation ) . TMZ Type of site Celebrity Available in English Headquarters 13031 West Jefferson Boulevard . in Los Angeles , California Owner Time Warner ( sale to AT&T pending ) Created by Harvey Levin Jim Paratore Editor Harvey Levin Slogan ( s ) Celebrity Gossip . Entertainment News . Celebrity News . Website www.tmz.com Alexa rank 1035 Commercial Yes Registration Optional Launched November 8 , 2005 ; 11 years ago ( 2005 - 11 - 08 ) Current status Active TMZ is a celebrity news website that debuted on November 8 , 2005 . It was a collaboration between AOL and Telepictures Productions , a division of Warner Bros. , until Time Warner divested AOL in 2009 . The name TMZ stands for thirty - mile zone , the historic `` studio zone '' within a 30 - mile ( 50 km ) radius centered at the intersection of West Beverly Boulevard and North La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . TMZ 's managing editor is Harvey Levin , a lawyer - turned - journalist who was previously a legal expert for the Los Angeles television station KCBS - TV . The site claims that it does not pay for stories or interviews ; however , Levin has admitted that TMZ does `` sometimes pay sources for leads on stories '' . Levin has stated that `` everything is researched and vetted for accuracy . '' A companion television series , TMZ on TV , debuted on September 10 , 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Background 3 Notable coverage 4 Legal issues 4.1 Contempt of court motion 4.2 Photographer altercation 4.3 Temporary block in the UK 5 Branches 5.1 TMZ Live 5.2 TMZ on TV 5.3 Dax Chat 5.4 TMZ Sports 6 Criticism 6.1 Indiana Jones 6.2 Story gathering tactics 6.3 John F. Kennedy 6.4 Lil Wayne 6.5 Andre Lowe 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Development ( edit ) Seven months prior to the official launch of TMZ , America Online ( AOL ) had hinted that it was planning to launch a Hollywood and entertainment - centric news site that would be produced in conjunction with Telepictures Productions and had shown interest in launching a website featuring a focus mainly on celebrities . At the time of the launch , AOL confirmed that the site would primarily feature and consist of Hollywood gossip , including interviews , photos and video footage of celebrities and information pertaining to industry news on movies , television shows , etc . The site was described as `` an effort to further feed the current American obsession with celebrities '' . Mike Shields of MediaWeek.com wrote , `` the site also boasts of an expansive collection of archived star photos and videos '' , allowing fans to `` trace changing hairlines and waistlines of their favorites performers over the years '' . Background ( edit ) Since 2005 , TMZ has signed Revlon , Chrysler , Hilton Hotels and New Line Cinema as charter advertisers to their website . The New York Times cited TMZ as `` one of the most successful online ventures of the last few years . '' In October 2008 , the New York Times reported that TMZ , at the time , was receiving more than 10 million viewers every month . Alexa.com ranked TMZ as the five - hundred - fifth most trafficked website worldwide and as the one hundred - fifty - fifth most trafficked website in the United States . Levin has acknowledged that TMZ has passed on multiple notable coverage because he felt that , while the stories are true , he questioned how the sources obtained their information . Levin has acknowledged that TMZ pays sources , but in the form of a `` tip fee '' . Levin stated that TMZ pays for photos and for ' tips ' and or leads on stories , and defended TMZ 's position by stating that the sources and tips are verified before being used and or reported . In November 2009 , TMZ 's revenue was publicly disclosed for the first time . Telepictures ( which TMZ is operated by ) stated : `` Subject to certain performance adjustments and the reimbursement of expenses , revenues are split evenly between the parties ( ... ) Telepictures received payments of US $ 6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30 , 2009 , and US $ 12.7 million , US $ 9.6 million and US $ 3.0 million in 2008 , 2007 and 2006 , respectively . '' Based on released figures , TMZ 's revenues for 2008 was US $ 25.4 million and is projected to have less revenue in the 2009 year with the revenue of $12.4 million in first three quarters of the year -- unlike the previous year , which was within the US $ 15 million range . On May 29 , 2012 , co-founder Jim Paratore died of a heart attack during a cycling trip in France . Paratore was known for his work in television production , producing several daytime and syndicated programs , particularly while serving as an executive at Telepictures ( which co-produces the website 's companion syndicated television series ) . Notable coverage ( edit ) TMZ was the first to break the story that actor Mel Gibson had been arrested for driving under the influence ; he was later confirmed to have been driving with an illegal blood alcohol level . Along with posting the story about his arrest , TMZ posted Gibson 's mugshot ( pictured above ) and a handwritten four - out - of - eight page police report from the arresting police officer pertaining to Gibson 's arrest . On July 28 , 2006 , TMZ was the first to report that actor Mel Gibson had been arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol . Along with releasing the story , TMZ also reported `` exclusive details '' about the case shortly after . In the report TMZ posted , it contained his transport to the station and time in custody , and quoted an `` anonymous law enforcement source '' , and published four pages of a handwritten arrest report , via a PDF file . TMZ claimed the documents they posted were part of the original eight - page report which was written by the arresting officer , before the officer was allegedly instructed , by his superiors , to omit the inflammatory details about Gibson 's alleged anti-Jewish comments and behavior . On November 7 , 2006 , TMZ was the first to report that pop - singer Britney Spears had filed a petition for divorce from then - husband Kevin Federline . On May 3 , 2007 , TMZ was the first to break the story , and exclusively obtain documents , stating that socialite Paris Hilton would be sentenced to 45 days in jail as her sentencing for driving with a suspended license after losing her license from driving under the influence of alcohol four months prior . TMZ was the first to publish a police photo , which at the time was being considered for evidence , of pop - singer Rihanna after an altercation with her then - boyfriend Chris Brown in February 2009 . TMZ stated they had obtained the photo legally , but would not say how . On February 22 , 2009 , TMZ released what has been identified as a police evidence photo of pop - singer Rihanna after she was assaulted by now ex-partner Chris Brown . Shortly after the photo 's release , Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) announced that it was investigating the leak and ' possible sale of the photo of Rihanna with a bruised and battered face after TMZ published them because the photo had been considered evidence . TMZ has claimed it obtained the photo legally but has not said how it came into possession of the photo . On February 24 , 2009 , TMZ was the first to break the story that , out of the US $ 1.6 billion Chicago 's Northern Trust Bank received in federal bailout money , recipients of the money subsequently spent non-TARP dollars entertaining clients in Los Angeles at the House of Blues venue that featured performances by Chicago , Earth Wind and Fire , and Sheryl Crow and gift bags from Tiffany & Co . Shortly after TMZ published the story , United States Congressman Barney Frank demanded that Northern Trust repay the money it received in the bailout . Northern Trust CEO Frederick Waddell sent a letter to members of the House Financial Services Committee , stating that the bank will repay the money `` as quickly as prudently possible . '' TMZ was the first to break the report of the death of Michael Jackson on June 25 , 2009 . The report was treated with caution by mainstream media sources at the time , despite being cited on rolling news channels . TMZ 's scoop beat the major broadcast and cable news outlets by almost 3 hours , until CNN finally confirmed the story as well . Part of this delay was later explained as the other outlets ' `` stricter confirmation standards , '' but Levin claimed , during an interview with Huffington Post , that TMZ , at the time of posting the subject , verified the story and sources . `` Well , before it was officially announced . We really knew this significantly before even what was going on , but this was , you know , crossing every t . We were positive when we put it up . We put it up when we were 100 % positive . '' TMZ was also the first to receive the coroner 's report of the singer on February 8 , 2010 , proving Propofol dosage and negligence killed the pop legend . TMZ was the first news outlet to break the news of the death of Brittany Murphy on December 20 , 2009 . TMZ was the first to release a videotaped recording of a deposition of Justin Bieber regarding Bieber 's bodyguard who allegedly attacked a photographer and threatened the photographer with a gun This deposition video , released in a series of shorter clips on March 10 , 2014 , labels the singer as , according to TMZ , `` arrogant , '' `` contentious , '' and `` disrespectful . '' Each video in the series gained over one million views respectively and , when compiled by a third party , the YouTube video of the deposition generated almost six million views . TMZ was the first to report on Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling 's private conversation with his girlfriend V. Stiviano on April 25 , 2014 , in which Sterling allegedly had a problem with her associating with African - Americans , and telling her not to bring them in to Clippers ' games . Four days later , the NBA banned Sterling for life and fined him US $ 2.5 million . TMZ was the first to break the story on May 8 , 2014 , that a Wyclef Jean music video `` April Showers '' was banned by YouTube for a copyright infringement claim that the recreation of a controversial autopsy photo of rapper Tupac Shakur 's body in the video was similar to a photo released in author Cathy Scott 's book The Killing of Tupac Shakur . The next day , TMZ broke a second story that the video director , Hezues R ' , and Scott had settled the matter and agreed that Hezues R ' would include a screen credit to the book at the end of the video . On May 12 , 2014 , TMZ acquired security camera footage and was first to break the story of Solange Knowles physically assaulting sister Beyoncé 's husband , rapper Jay - Z , in an elevator at The Standard , High Line in Manhattan , following the 2014 Met Gala . The employee who sold the footage to TMZ ( after being auctioned for five days to the highest bidder , and reportedly sold for $250,000 to TMZ ) was later fired by The Standard , High Line for breaching security policies of the hotel . TMZ was the first to release snippets from the controversial Lady Gaga music video `` Do What U Want '' , which notably featured R. Kelly and Terry Richardson , both of whom had previously been accused of sexual assault . On September 9 , 2014 , TMZ posted a video appearing to show Ray Rice punching his fiancee in an Atlantic City elevator . Rice was released by the Baltimore Ravens and suspended indefinitely by the NFL . On April 21 , 2016 , TMZ was the first media outlet to break the news about Prince 's death . On September 20 , 2016 , TMZ was the first to announce the breakup of celebrity supercouple Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie , also known as `` Brangelina '' . Legal issues ( edit ) Contempt of court motion ( edit ) On June 20 , 2007 , a court - appointed bankruptcy trustee filed an emergency motion requesting that the TMZ website be held in contempt for its publication of the entire manuscript of If I Did It , O.J. Simpson 's purportedly fictionalized account of the murder of Ron Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson . The filing claimed TMZ 's posting of the PDF of the entire book has `` diminished or destroyed '' the value , which the Goldman family eventually published as Simpson 's confession to the murders . Photographer altercation ( edit ) While actor Woody Harrelson was at New York City 's La Guardia Airport , he had an altercation with a photographer for TMZ . Harrelson defended himself stating that he 'd at the time just finished filming his scenes from the horror film , that consists mainly of zombies , Zombieland , and that he was `` startled '' by the TMZ photographer . `` I wrapped a movie called Zombieland , in which I was constantly under assault by zombies , then flew to New York , still very much in character ... With my daughter at the airport I was startled by a paparazzo , who I quite understandably mistook for a zombie . '' Temporary block in the UK ( edit ) On December 24 , 2010 , the gossip blog `` Oh No They Did n't '' reported that TMZ began blocking traffic from the UK , displaying the message : `` Due to laws within your region , you are unable to view this website . '' Asked for further comment , TMZ responded that the blocking was due to `` legal restrictions '' . The UK website `` Popbitch Board '' noted on December 31 , 2010 that it is possible to get around the block by accessing the website through the Google Translate website . As of January 7 , 2011 , TMZ is accessible in the UK . Branches ( edit ) TMZ Live ( edit ) TMZ Live is a live - chat program from TMZ that features Levin and fellow TMZ executive producer Charles Latibeaudiere , and occasionally assignment manager Mike Walters , editor Kelly Berning and / or clip clearance producer Dax Holt filling in for one or both hosts . Other TMZ staffers ( mainly those who regularly appear on TMZ on TV ) also appear on the broadcast as contributors to provide additional outline of the story as well as to provide opinion . The live webcast takes place at the TMZ offices in Los Angeles , and is broadcast on TMZ.com Monday through Fridays from approximately 1 : 30 to 3 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( the length varies depending on the featured segments ) . The TMZ Live television and Internet programs review stories that TMZ is covering on the website , and at times , features live interviews ( most of which are conducted through webcam conferencing ) as well as viewer opinions via Twitter , telephone and video chat ( including Skype ) . In addition , the program features regular segments towards the end of each edition : `` Viewer 's Choice '' ( aired as the penultimate segment ) featuring viewer questions or comments about stories featured in the broadcast , with additional commentary or analysis by the hosts ; `` Hate Mail , '' featured on the Wednesday edition of the webcast ( the Thursday edition on the television broadcast ) , in which negative emails and letters sent by viewers ( some of which feature potshots at Levin or Latibeaudiere ) are read by the hosts ; `` Tim 's Rejects , '' featured on the Thursday edition of the webcast ( the Friday edition on the television broadcast ) , in which staffer Tim Nowak presents three offbeat news stories ( that are not entertainment or sports - related ) which are critiqued by the hosts ; and `` The Loser 's Circle , '' featured on the Friday edition of the webcast ( the Monday edition on the television broadcast ) since February 2015 , in which Levin , Latibeaudiere and TMZ on TV executive producer Evan Rosenblum judge a clip from a TMZ videographer that was originally rejected from being posted on TMZ.com by Levin or broadcast on TMZ on TV by post-production supervisor Chad Weiser following its initial pitch . `` Tim 's Rejects '' and `` Hate Mail '' were previously aired as the last segment of their respective editions until April 2015 , when they were shifted to the block preceding that occupied by the `` Viewer 's Choice '' segment ( at which point , all three segments as well as `` The Loser 's Circle '' began to be followed by a story segment ) . In March 2012 , Fox Television Stations tested a syndicated broadcast of TMZ Live ( which is an hour - long edited version of the live webcast that is broadcast on a one - day delay from its original tape date , with segments aired in a different order , mainly due to live interviews that require the segment to be shown out of order on the webcast for varied reasons ) on its television stations in Los Angeles and Phoenix . In June 2012 , SiriusXM Radio announced that the show would be aired daily on its Sirius XM Stars channel . In October of that year , the television show was expanded to seven markets , adding Boston , Chicago , Dallas , Detroit and Minneapolis . On September 9 , 2013 , TMZ Live began airing on all 18 Fox owned - and - operated stations . The program began to be syndicated to stations outside of the Fox Television Stations group in the spring of 2014 . TMZ on TV ( edit ) Main article : TMZ on TV On September 10 , 2007 , TMZ launched an accompanying television series , TMZ on TV . The syndicated television program airs Monday through Fridays . In the United States , the show airs in various timeslots on stations of varying network affiliation ( primarily on Fox stations ) , mainly either in early primetime or after late local newscasts , with an hour - long ' best - of ' program compiling select stories from the weekday broadcasts airing on weekends . The show covers stories similar to those found on the website and TMZ Live , with the main difference being that TMZ on TV largely delivers its stories in a humorous manner whereas a mix of humorous and serious news stories appear on the website and companion web / television series . TMZ offers viewers the option of being able to view the two most recent episodes of the program on TMZ.com after the episode 's original airdate ( being available for viewing for two days after the broadcast on weekdays and three days after the original broadcast on weekends ) . Chris Persell , of TVWeek.com , stated that the show is a `` complement ( to ) the website , with news updates added to later airings of the show '' . Levin and Jim Paratore served as executive producers to the show , and the on - air cast originally included Teresa Strasser , John Fugelsang , Ben Mankiewicz and Michael Hundgen . David Bianculli of The New York Daily News strongly criticized the television show , its topics , and what he sees as its reporters ' tactics and lack of professionalism . Dax chat ( edit ) Dax Chat is a live chat program on Ustream hosted by TMZ clip clearance producer Dax Holt . In the broadcasts , Holt talks to `` Chizzlers '' about celebrity gossip and articles that have been posted on the TMZ website . TMZ Sports ( edit ) As early as 2009 , Levin was rumored to be interested in creating a TMZ branded sports site . The site was initially expected to launch in March 2010 but those plans did not see fruition . It eventually launched as a branded section on the main TMZ website in June 2013 . Premiere Networks launched a daily TMZ Sports radio show in October 2013 . A television show began testmarketing on select regional Fox stations in January 2014 . It then aired during the 2014 / 2015 seasons on Reelz under name TMZ Hollywood Sports . On November 9 , 2015 , the series reverted to being known as TMZ Sports and moved to Fox Sports 1 . Criticism ( edit ) TMZ has been heavily criticized for constantly reporting on Paris Hilton ( left ) and Lindsay Lohan ( right ) , both of whom have been known more for their personal lives than for their occupations . Tony Manfred of The Cornell Daily Sun felt that TMZ 's coverage of Hilton and Lohan was because of a `` personality cult '' . Levin defended TMZ 's coverage , explaining that Hilton and Lohan , in particular , receive heavy attention due to their current popular relevance . Victory Studios in Glendale , California ( pictured here in 2007 ) , where TMZ launched . TMZ later relocated to Sunset Blvd , Los Angeles . Since April 2013 , TMZ is located in Marina del Rey , CA . Since the launch of TMZ , the website has faced criticism , varying from attempted boycotts to criticism of its journalism tactics and of its focus . It has been criticized for its usage of photographs and videos obtained from paparazzi . Some have questioned the effect that aggressive and obtrusive photographers have on the subjects they cover . Many of the videos on the site show , in the footage , that their paparazzi chase people ( mainly celebrities ) -- a practice that has been called dangerous and `` creepy '' . Over the years , some have called for a boycott of TMZ and of the accompanying show . Indiana Jones ( edit ) TMZ faced strong criticism for purchasing stolen items pertaining to the fourth Indiana Jones film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . On October 2 , 2007 , IESB reported that a number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the production budget had been stolen from Steven Spielberg 's production office . Movie City News , which strongly criticized TMZ for purchasing stolen items , remarked that the then - new website `` was n't getting off to a good start '' . According to IESB , TMZ had obtained some of the stolen property and was planning on running a story about the topic on their TV show , until the lawyers of the film 's production company , Paramount Pictures , intervened . Shortly after IESB broke the story , TMZ broadcast details about the Indiana Jones production budget on their show on October 3 , 2007 . Story gathering tactics ( edit ) Tony Manfred of The Cornell Daily Sun strongly criticized TMZ in an article entitled `` I Want My TMZ '' , in which Manfred criticizes various aspects of TMZ . Manfred described TMZ as being `` a fusion of celebrity news blog and embarrassing video archive '' and felt that the website had become `` the poster child for the celebrity pseudo-news industry '' and that the website has `` distinct advantages '' over `` gossip magazines '' because it can `` show all the borderline pornographic clips that Entertainment Tonight and Access Hollywood ca n't . '' Jennifer Metz and David Muir of ABC News acknowledged that TMZ has long been criticized for their `` aggressive tactics , antagonizing stars with video cameras '' and noted that those `` encounters , capturing at times violent celebrity confrontations with photographers , receive hundreds of hits online , and critics ask if entertainment reporters are crossing the line . '' Metz and Muir questioned whether TMZ 's tactics `` go too far '' . Ken Sunshine , publicist for Ben Affleck and Leonardo DiCaprio , stated that his clients disliked the website because it has a tendency to be negative towards celebrities when reporting on them . `` I hate that they have anything to do with trying to put celebrities into the worst light possible and that they play the ' gotcha ' game '' . The website has been harshly criticized for having a personality cult of figures such as Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton -- celebrities who are known more as targets for paparazzi than for the work they do . In defense for TMZ 's coverage , Levin said that certain celebrities are main subjects on the Web site because of their `` relevancy '' and because their relevancy helps draw viewership to the Web site . Liz Kelly of Washington Post attacked both Levin and TMZ in an article , stating `` I know this is like spitting in the wind , but I have to say it : Harvey Levin , please stop it . '' John F. Kennedy ( edit ) In what The Smoking Gun called `` a colossal screw - up '' , TMZ published an `` exclusive '' picture on their website of a man purported to be John F. Kennedy on a ship with several naked women that could have `` changed history '' had it come out during his presidential campaign . Despite having a Photoshop expert proclaiming the picture as `` authentic '' , the picture was later discovered to have not been of Kennedy at all . The photo was discovered to have been part of a Playboy photoshoot from November 1967 , which was later confirmed by Playboy representatives . Lil Wayne ( edit ) On March 15 , 2013 , members of TMZ 's staff claimed that they had learned rapper Lil Wayne was in an `` unstable '' condition after he was hospitalized following a seizure and that the 30 - year - old rapper had been placed in an induced coma and was breathing through tubes . Soon after the report was made , Lil Wayne 's friend Mack Maine responded to TMZ 's allegations on his Twitter account by stating that Wayne was `` alive and well '' and that he was currently at Wayne 's bedside `` watching the Syracuse game '' with him . Maine also added that Wayne 's condition was never that serious and that Wayne was never in a coma or breathing through tubes . Soon afterwards , Wayne 's father stated on his Twitter account that Wayne was healthy enough to be released from the hospital . Approximately one hour after these messages were made , Wayne himself stated on his Twitter account that he was okay . Andre Lowe ( edit ) On the week of January 16 , 2013 , Andre Lowe was killed outside of a nightclub in Hollywood . A nearby reporter from TMZ ended up filming the attack and it was posted to the website without permission of the family . On January 22 , 2013 , TMZ ended up taking down the video after over two dozen advertisers revoked ads for the website because of the campaign . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T agrees to buy Time Warner for $85.4 billion '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Paratore , TMZ Founder , Dies at 58 '' . TMZ.com . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` tmz.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . February 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ People who view TMZ.com are given the option to be able to register ; i.e. as a `` user '' or `` member '' . ^ Jump up to : `` TMZ -- Pretty Mature for a 4 - Year - Old '' . TMZ.com . November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek , What 's a TMZ ? '' . Newsweek . August 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Levin Top 49 2008 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : CNN ( August 2 , 2009 ) . `` CNN 's Reliable Sources 8 / 2 / 2009 '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A breakthrough victory for new program '' . The Irish Times . June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson death news : Online activity heats up Twitter and Google , slows down some sites '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Freydkin , Donna ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Handed a ' smoking gun ' , TMZ 's Levin ran with it '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Mike ( December 5 , 2005 ) . `` AOL - Time Warner Launches TMZ.com '' . MediaWeek.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cieply , Michael ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Star Watcher Has Star Power '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ.com - Site Info From Alexa '' . Alexa.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Rafat ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` With AOL Spinoff , TMZ To Move To Time Warner / Telepictures , As Expected ; $25 M 2008 '' . PaidContent.org . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Paratore , Co-Creator of TMZ , Dies at 58 , The New York Times , June 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TMZ Staff ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mel Gibson Busted for DUI '' . TMZ . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson police report '' ( PDF ) . TMZ.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's Anti-Semitic Tirade -- Alleged Cover Up '' . TMZ.com . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 45 Days in the Clink ? '' . TMZ.com. 3 May 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Rihanna 's Law , ' Spurred By Photo Leak , Aims To Prevent Victim Exploitation '' . MTV.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bailout Bank Blows Millions Partying in L.A. '' . TMZ.com . February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Dies '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; James , Meg ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson may be turning point for TMZ '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Nicholas ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` TMZ 's Harvey Levin On Jackson Scoop : `` We Just Beat Everybody On This One ... Too Bad , So Sad '' ( VIDEO ) `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Coroner Report - House of Drugs '' . TMZ . February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Murphy dies '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ TMZ staff . `` TMZ Live : Justin Bieber Horrible Display for Deposition '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Clippers Owner to GF : Do n't Bring Black People to My Games ... Including Magic Johnson '' . TMZ Sports . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Book publisher defends Shakur photo '' . Las Vegas Sun News . 9 September 1997 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wyclef Video Pulled Over Tupac Autopsy Image '' . 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Shakur : Fake Autopsy Music Video Dispute Settled '' . TMZ.com. 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Z PHYSICALLY ATTACKED by Beyonce 's Sister Solange '' . TMZ . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Z and Solange Elevator Fight : Standard Hotel Fires Employee Who Leaked Video '' . E !. May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga : Music Video Pulled Reportedly Because of Sexual Assault Claims '' . TMZ.com. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Rice cut , then suspended by NFL '' . ESPN.go.com . September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) . `` TMZ was first -- again . Will its word alone ever be good enough for traditional media ? '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie Files for Divorce from Brad Pitt '' . TMZ.com . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contempt of Court filing against TMZ regarding If I Did It '' . TheSmokingGun.com . June 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Contemptuous Act ? '' . TheSmokingGun.com . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett , Thane ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Caught on camera '' . TorontoSun.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ blocks visitors in UK '' . Oh No They Did n't . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levin Twitter re TMZ accessibility in UK again as of January 7 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : All on occasions ; TMZ Live chats involve the website 's editor , Harvey Levin . Jump up ^ Harvey Levin confirmed , during a TMZ live chat , that the live chat takes place in TMZ 's office . Jump up ^ TMZ Staff ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Lamar Odom ' Roommate ' Says ... I Saw Him Do Crack '' . TMZ . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eck , Kevin ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Adds ' TMZ Live ' To All Its Owned Stations '' . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Jon ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` ' TMZ ' TV debuts strong despite falter '' . Variety.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bianculli , David ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` On ' TMZ on TV , ' beware snark attack '' . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` ' TMZ ' on TV ? It 's ' ET ' without TLC . '' . Boston.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ TMZ on TV air - date schedule Jump up ^ `` TMZ When It 's On '' . AOL.com . September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ On TV '' . TMZ . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pursell , Chris ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Talent Lineup Unveiled for Telepictures ' ' TMZ ' '' . TVWeek.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dax Chat , Ustream.TV : Chat here live with Dax Holt from TMZ Monday - Friday at 1pm PST / 4pm ET . Overig amusement '' . Ustream.tv . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Glenn ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` TMZ To Launch All - Sports Site ( Not Just Because Of Tiger ) '' . Mediaite . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daulerio , A.J. ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` TMZ Sports To Reveal Itself Come Springtime '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickley , Jack ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` TMZ Sports Is Dead , Long Live TMZ Sports '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' TMZ Hollywood Sports ' To Anchor Reelz Primetime '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere Launches TMZ Sports Radio Show '' . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ Sports Is Now On TV ! '' . TMZ . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' TMZ Sports ' News Show to Launch on Fox Sports '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel . `` TMZ to Exit West Hollywood Headquarters for New Westside Office '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Manfred , Tony ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` I want my TMZ '' . CornellSun.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Jennifer ; Muir , David ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` TMZ Ahead of the Curve , but Do Tactics Go Too Far ? '' . ABCNews.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Katherine ( 2007 - 01 - 21 ) . `` On Paparazzi Patrol With TMZ.com '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` When It Gets Interesting '' . Movie City News . October 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Stolen Set Photos ! '' . IESB.com . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Why Wo n't They Tell The Indy IV Theft Story Accurately ? '' . MCN.com . October 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ Live - 11 / 25 / 09 Part 3 '' . TMZ.com . November 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The JFK Photo That Have Changed History '' . TMZ.com . December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ falls for JFK Photo Hoax '' . The Smoking Gun . 28 December 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Picture -- A Fake ? '' . TMZ.com . December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Wayne in Critical Condition After Suffering More Seizures '' . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Cord ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ Reports Lil Wayne Is on His Death Bed ; Friends Say Wayne is ' Alive and Well ' ( UPDATE ) '' . Gawker.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ video of murder condemned by victim 's family '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Almendrala , Anna ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ Graphic Footage Of Andre Lowe 's Death Edited In Response To Change.org Petition From Family '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ takes down footage of Andre Lowe shooting following complaints '' . The Guardian . 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3753583966692919590	James Marsters	James Marsters - Wikipedia James Marsters Jump to : navigation , search For the inventor , see James C. Marsters . James Marsters Marsters at Paradise City Comic Con , December 2016 James Wesley Marsters ( 1962 - 08 - 20 ) August 20 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Greenville , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , musician , comic book writer Years active 1987 -- present Spouse ( s ) Liane Davidson ( m . 1989 -- 97 ) Patricia Jasmin Rahman ( m . 2011 ) Children James Wesley Marsters ( born August 20 , 1962 ) is an American actor and musician . Marsters first came to the attention of the general public playing the popular character Spike , a platinum - blond English vampire in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin - off series , Angel , from 1997 to 2004 . Since then , he has gone on to play other science fiction roles , such as the alien supervillain Brainiac on the Superman - inspired series Smallville , the omnisexual time traveller Captain John Hart in British science - fiction show Torchwood , and terrorist Barnabas Greeley in Syfy 's Caprica . Marsters appeared in a supporting role in the 2007 movie P.S. I Love You . He appeared as a recurring character in the first season of the revival of Hawaii Five - 0 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 2.1 Early roles 2.1. 1 Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel 2.2 Other work 3 Musical career 4 Personal life 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 Audio books 8 Awards and nominations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early Life ( edit ) Marsters was born in Greenville , California , the son of a United Methodist minister and social worker . He grew up with his brother , Paul , and sister , Susan , in Modesto , California . Dreaming about becoming an actor since he played Eeyore in Winnie the Pooh in fourth grade , Marsters joined the theater group at Grace M. Davis High School and acted in many plays , including musicals . After graduation in 1980 , Marsters studied at the Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts in Santa Maria , California . In 1982 he moved to New York City to attend the Juilliard School , but left the program after two years . Acting career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early roles ( edit ) Marsters moved to Chicago , where his first professional acting role was Ferdinand in The Tempest at the Goodman Theatre in 1987 . In this production , he was rolled onto the stage strapped naked to a wheel . He also appeared with well - known Chicago companies such as the Northlight and the Bailiwick and with his own group , the Genesis Theatre Company . Marsters was nominated for a Joseph Jefferson Award for his performance of the lead role of Robespierre in the six - hour drama Incorruptible : The Life , Death and Dreams of Maximilian de Robespierre in 1989 . In 1990 , Marsters moved to Seattle and , with Liane Davidson and Greg Musick , formed the New Mercury Theatre . In this and other companies , Marsters was involved in a wide range of plays , including Teechers ( a British play by John Godber ) , Anouilh 's Antigone , an original work based on the Dr. Seuss books , and Shaw 's Misalliance . In 1992 , Marsters got his first acting job on TV -- on Northern Exposure , in which he appeared for two episodes as a bellboy and a church minister . He has made guest appearances on television series such as Andromeda , as well as the independent films Chance ( 2002 ) , Winding Roads ( 1999 ) , and the 2005 USA Network movie Cool Money . In 1999 , he had a small role in the remake of House on Haunted Hill as a TV cameraman . Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel ( edit ) It was his appearance as villain ( and later anti-hero ) Spike on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( first appearing in Season Two ) that attracted the attention of the general public . For the role , he put on a London accent and he received informal coaching from English co-star Anthony Stewart Head . Spike had been intended as a short role by creator Joss Whedon , who initially resisted Spike 's popularity . `` He made it very clear he did not want the show to be taken over by another romantic vampire , '' Marsters told 411Mania , adding `` to Joss , vampires were supposed to be ugly , evil , and quick to be killed ... when I was cast Joss did not imagine me to be popular ; Spike was supposed to be dirty and evil , punk rock , and then dead . '' The massive fan response prevented his character from being killed off , however , allowing him a presence throughout the second season . There were no plans to bring him back as a regular until the character Cordelia Chase was moved to the spin - off show , Angel , and , as Marsters told 411Mania , `` they needed someone to tell Buffy she was stupid and about to die , and they decided to bring me back '' . He thought he would not last as , being a vampire , he was restricted to night - time scenes and could not feasibly interact with the characters as often as Cordelia . Instead , Spike would last until the very end of the show and become a romantic partner for Buffy . After the conclusion of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Marsters carried Spike over to the Buffy spin - off show , Angel , also in a regular role ( second title billing after David Boreanaz ) , although only in the fifth and final season of the show . Marsters was asked to keep quiet about this , as his return was intended to be a surprise , but the network promoted Spike 's return as soon as it could in order to attract advertising . In April 2004 , following the end of Angel , Marsters had Spike 's trademark bleached hair shaved off for charity live on television in On Air with Ryan Seacrest . When the show was cancelled , there were plans for several TV movies . Talk of a Spike movie began in 2004 and Whedon still had plans into 2006 , before it was formally abandoned . Marsters had said he would only return to play Spike if the project took place within five years , feeling he would become too old to play the character ( an immortal ) after that : As long as I could do it within , say , the next four or five years ; past that , I 'm too old . Spike 's a vampire , man , and I 've got high standards . -- James Marsters , TV Guide Interview , March 3 , 2005 Aside from playing the character , Marsters co-wrote a comic book one - shot for Dark Horse Comics , Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Spike and Dru . After both Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel ended , Marsters became active with the canonical comic book series of both shows on stories centering around his character . A canonical graphic novel set during the seventh season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Spike : Into the Light , written by Marsters himself , was released by Dark Horse Comics on July 16 , 2014 . Other work ( edit ) Marsters has narrated the audiobooks for The Dresden Files , a series of detective novels with a supernatural bent and was also contracted to narrate the fourth in the series , Summer Knight , in 2006 . He reprised his reading of the series , including `` Proven Guilty '' , `` White Night '' , `` Small Favor '' , and `` Turn Coat '' , produced by Penguin Audio and `` Death Masks '' audio book which was released in late 2009 . `` Blood Rites '' , `` Dead Beat '' , `` Turn Coat '' , `` Changes '' and the side short story collection in the same universe , `` Side Jobs '' , were also recorded by Marsters . However , he did not do the Dresden book `` Ghost Story '' due to a scheduling conflict , leaving fellow Smallville alumnus John Glover to record it ; this caused a fairly noteworthy public outcry by audiobook listeners . He returned for the book `` Cold Days '' . On March 24 , 2015 , Jim Butcher announced that a new version of the `` Ghost Story '' audiobook is being released effective April 21 , 2015 with Marsters returning as narrator in response to fan demands . In 2005 , Marsters filmed a thriller , Shadow Puppets , with Jolene Blalock . Late that year , Marsters appeared on the television series Smallville playing Dr. Milton Fine -- the popular Superman villain `` Brainiac '' -- in eight episodes throughout the show 's fifth season . He reprised his role as Brainiac in a four - episode arc in the seventh season , and did a cameo voice - over in season eight . He returned for one episode in the show 's final season . On October 29 , 2005 , Marsters presented two performances of his own abridged adaptation of Shakespeare 's Macbeth with American actress Cheryl Puente as Lady Macbeth , followed by question and answer sessions with the audience and acoustic concerts in London . In September 2006 , Marsters ' interpretation of Godber 's Teechers was performed on the Queen Mary with two other actors in Los Angeles . This is a play he had received critical acclaim for as a stage actor prior to his television work . Marsters co-starred in the 2007 cinematic release of P.S. I Love You alongside Kathy Bates , Hilary Swank , and Gerard Butler . Released in September 2007 , Marsters starred in the direct - to - DVD animated movie , Superman : Doomsday , providing the voice of iconic villain Lex Luthor . The film received mostly positive reviews . In 2008 , he guest - starred in Torchwood , a spin - off of the popular British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first appearing in the episode `` Kiss Kiss , Bang Bang '' , as the nefarious omnisexual time traveller Captain John Hart . He reprised the role in the last two episodes of the second season . He portrayed `` Piccolo Daimao '' in the live - action film adaptation of the popular Dragon Ball manga and anime , directed by James Wong and produced by Stephen Chow , which was released worldwide on April 10 , 2009 . On July 20 , 2009 , the movie , Moonshot , aired on the History Channel in celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the 1969 moon landing . In this film , Marsters portrays Buzz Aldrin . On August 19 , 2009 , it was announced that he signed on for a role in Caprica as the terrorist leader Barnabas Greeley . Also in August 2009 , Marsters ' science fiction western , High Plains Invaders aired on the Syfy Channel . In this alien invasion flick , Marsters portrays Sam Danville . It was announced in August 2010 that Marsters would be joining the cast of Syfy Channel series Three Inches as a series regular portraying Troy Hamilton , a former government agent who now leads a team of superheroes . On June 24 , 2011 , Marsters appeared in an L.A. Theatre Works radio production of The Importance of Being Earnest , in the part of Sir John Worthing , which aired on June 25 , 2011 . He has also appeared on Supernatural in season 7 episode 5 , `` Shut Up , Dr. Phil '' , which aired October 21 , 2011 , alongside fellow Buffyverse costar Charisma Carpenter . He appeared in Warehouse 13 season 4 ( 3 episodes ) as Bennett Sutton , which aired in 2013 . Musical career ( edit ) Marsters had played in bands and solo in bars and clubs for many years and enjoyed several successful sell - out solo gigs at Los Angeles clubs before forming a band . For these solo gigs he mainly performed covers of classic folk and rock musicians such as Tom Waits , Neil Young , James Taylor , and Bruce Springsteen . He sang in `` Once More , with Feeling '' , a musical episode of Buffy : solo parts in `` Walk Through the Fire '' and `` Something To Sing About '' , and `` Rest in Peace '' completely on his own . James Marsters performing at the Union Chapel Concert in Islington , London on May 4 , 2007 In 2003 -- 04 , Marsters was the lead singer for the rock band Ghost of the Robot . Their debut album Mad Brilliant was released on February 2 , 2003 . The band played its first gigs in Los Angeles and Paris . They went on to play successful dates in and around Los Angeles and two sold - out tours of Europe in 2003 and 2004 . In addition to Mad Brilliant , they released three singles ( `` Valerie '' , `` David Letterman '' and `` New Man '' ) and one mid-length EP , It 's Nothing . All these releases carried tracks written and co-written by Marsters . Several of Ghost of the Robot 's earlier songs were loosely based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Buffy , Dawn and Faith . Marsters ' solo musical career was launched in October 2004 , in London . His solo acoustic tour of the United Kingdom in April 2005 sold out . A new solo album `` Civilized Man '' produced by Chris Rhyne and Andrew Rosenthal was released on April 15 , 2005 . It includes several new songs as well as the popular `` Katie '' and `` Smile '' . He has played songs from the album live in Detroit , Houston , and Sacramento . Ten of the eleven songs are written by Marsters . New solo songs not included on the album but sung at live solo concerts include `` Birth of the Blues '' , `` Finer than Gold '' , `` Louise '' , and `` London City '' . `` Finer than Gold '' , `` London City '' , and `` Louise '' were composed while on tour in the UK in April 2005 . `` Birth of the Blues '' was composed by Marsters in Amsterdam in 2004 while touring with his now - defunct band . During his October 2005 mini-tour of the UK , Marsters introduced other new songs to his sets : `` Button Down Vandals '' , `` Up On Me '' , and `` All That She Wanted '' . These songs were available only as part of his recently released Words and Music DVD , which has his abridged version of Macbeth as well as a full - length solo music performance . During his September 2006 convention , James Marsters & Friends , he debuted several new songs including `` The Truth Is Heavy '' , `` Fall of Night '' , `` Jealous Man '' , and `` Not A Millionaire '' . All these songs reflect his new blues music and folk sound . He also performed a cover version of Keb Mo 's classic `` Baby Blue '' . In 2007 , he performed live several times in the UK and debuted two new songs written in Cardiff . `` Layabout '' and `` Looking at You '' reflect a more upbeat light folk move in Marsters ' music . These songs as well as some of his previously unrecorded work were released on Marsters ' second solo album , formally launched in Los Angeles and Cardiff in October and November 2007 respectively . This album , Like A Waterfall , includes twelve songs , all written by Marsters . Most had been performed and recorded live but not in the studio . An exception is `` When I Was A Baby '' , a song never previously performed in public . Like A Waterfall was produced by Ryan Shore and features several other musicians including Blair Sinta , who has drummed for Alanis Morissette , and Five for Fighting bass player Curt Schneider . In 2008 , Marsters ' Waterfall Tour came to the UK . He played three dates across London and performed for three consecutive days in Milton Keynes . The concert at the packed Union Chapel in Islington was an acoustic set featuring material from his album -- Like A Waterfall . On May 1 , 2009 he returned to the Union Chapel , followed by a `` Marstersclass '' event at The Drill Hall , in London on May 2 . The sell - out event included a concert , Q&A session plus opportunities to get autographs and photos . On May 3 , 2009 , he performed at London 's 100 Club . In 2010 James ' music career continued when the band Ghost of the Robot reformed : they have since released the album B - Sider which is available on iTunes . Afterwards , in 2011 , the album Murphy 's Law was released which is also available for download in iTunes . There are also multiple other EPs available on the iTunes Store . Personal Life ( edit ) Marsters is divorced from Liane Davidson , with whom he has one son , born May 1996 . He is also raising his niece and regards her as his daughter . It was announced on May 21 , 2010 , that Marsters had proposed to girlfriend Patricia Rahman in Trier , Germany . On January 14 , 2011 , they married in a private civil ceremony in Los Angeles . Discography ( edit ) As a solo artist : Civilized Man ( 2005 ) Like a Waterfall ( 2007 ) With Ghost of the Robot : Mad Brilliant ( 2003 ) B - Sider ( 2011 ) Murphy 's Law ( 2011 ) Bourgeois Faux Pas ( 2015 ) Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 House on Haunted Hill Channel 3 Cameraman 2002 Chance Simon 2007 Shadow Puppets Jack 2007 Superman : Doomsday Lex Luthor Voice 2007 P.S. I Love You John McCarthy 2009 Dragonball Evolution Lord Piccolo 2015 Dudes & Dragons Lord Tensley Television Year Title Role Notes 1992 -- 1993 Northern Exposure Bellhop Reverend Harding Episode : `` It Happened in Juneau '' Episode : `` Grosse Pointe 48230 '' 1995 Medicine Ball Mickey Collins Episode : `` Heart and Sole '' Moloney Billy O'Hara Episode : `` Herniated Nick '' 1997 -- 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Spike 96 episodes 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 2004 Angel Spike 24 episodes 1999 Millennium Eric Swan Episode : `` Collateral Damage '' 1999 Winding Roads Billy Johnson TV movie 2001 The Enforcers Charles Haysbert mini-series 2001 Strange Frequency Mitch Brand Segment : `` Soul Man '' 2001 Andromeda Charlemagne Bolivar Episode : `` Into the Labyrinth '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Sergei Voice ; 2 episodes The Mountain Ted Tunney Episode : `` A Piece of the Rock '' 2005 Cool Money Bobby Comfort TV movie 2005 -- 2010 Smallville Professor Milton Fine / Brainiac / Brainiac 5 Season 5 : 8 episodes Season 7 : 4 episodes Season 8 : Voice only , uncredited Season 10 Episode : `` Homecoming '' 2007 -- 2008 Without a Trace Det . Grant Mars Episode : `` Lost Boy '' Episode : `` Clean Up '' Episode : `` One Wrong Move '' Episode : `` Article 32 '' 2007 Saving Grace Dudley Payne Episode : `` Bring It On , Earl '' 2008 Torchwood Captain John Hart Episode : `` Kiss Kiss , Bang Bang '' Episode : `` Fragments '' Episode : `` Exit Wounds '' 2008 The Capture of the Green River Killer Ted Bundy Mini-series 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Captain Argyus Episode : `` Cloak of Darkness '' 2009 Moonshot : The Flight of Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin TV movie 2009 High Plains Invaders Sam Denville TV movie 2009 Numb3rs Damien Lake Episode : `` Guilt Trip '' 2009 The Super Hero Squad Show Mister Fantastic Voice ; 5 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Pollack Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' Caprica Barnabas Greeley Episode : `` Know Thy Enemy '' Episode : `` End of Line '' Episode : `` Unvanquished '' Episode : `` Retribution '' 2010 -- 2011 , 2014 Hawaii Five -- 0 Victor Hesse Episode : `` Pilot '' Episode : `` Hana ' a'a Makehewa '' Episode : `` Ha'i'ole '' Episode `` Ina Paha '' 2011 Supernatural Donald Stark Episode : `` Shut Up , Dr. Phil '' 2011 Three Inches Troy Hamilton Episode : `` Pilot '' 2012 Metal Hurlant Chronicles Brad Davis Episode : `` Shelter Me '' 2013 Wedding Band Declan Horn Episode : `` Personal Universe '' 2013 Warehouse 13 Professor Bennett Sutton / The Count of St. Germain 3 episodes 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Dandy Highwayman , Librarian , Man 2 ( Voice ) Episode : `` Stand and Deliver '' 2013 Ultimate Spider - Man Korvac ( voice ) Episode : `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' 2014 Witches of East End Tarkoff Season 2 : 7 episodes 2015 The Devil You Know Reverend George Burroughs Pilot 2016 ViDiOTS James Marsters Episode : `` Episode 01 : These Boots Were Made For Walking '' Episode : `` Episode 02 : Welsh Rarebit '' Episode : `` Episode 03 : Holland Daze '' Episode : `` Episode 04 : Dishonored 2 '' Episode : `` Episode 05 : The Virginia Monologues '' Episode : `` Episode 06 : Storming the Castle '' Episode : `` Episode 07 : Anything is Possible in Texas , AKA : Plano Through the Looking Glass '' Episode : `` Episode 08 : Mystery of the Great White North '' Episode : `` Episode 09 : Vegan Gone Wild '' Episode : `` Episode 10 : Man Against Wind : Part 1 '' Episode : `` Episode 11 : Man Against Wind : Part 2 '' Episode : `` Episode 12 : Man Against Wind : Part 3 '' Episode : `` Episode 13 : Man Against Wind : Part 4 '' 2018 Dragon Ball Super Zamasu 2018 Runaways Victor Stein Video games Year Title Role Notes 2002 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Spike Voice role 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Chaos Bleeds Spike Voice role 2009 Real Heroes : Firefighter Jimmy `` Match '' Morris Voice role DC Universe Online Lex Luthor Voice role 2017 Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 Zamasu Voice Role Audio books ( edit ) The Dresden Files Year No . Title 2002 Storm Front 2003 Fool Moon 2005 Grave Peril 2007 Summer Knight 2009 5 Death Masks 6 Blood Rites 7 Dead Beat 2009 8 Proven Guilty 2009 9 White Night 2008 10 Small Favor 2009 11 Turn Coat 12 Changes 12.5 Side Jobs 2015 13 Ghost Story 2012 14 Cold Days 2014 15 Skin Game 2015 15.5 Working for Bigfoot Lord of Shadows by Cassandra Clare Year No . Title 2017 Lord of Shadows The Vampire Empire by Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith Year No . Title 2012 The Greyfriar 2013 The Rift Walker 2014 The Kingmakers Untamed City by Melissa Marr Year No . Title 2012 Carnival of Secrets Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2000 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Sidekick Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2002 Choice TV : Actor Nominated 2003 Nominated 2000 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Series Nominated 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Won 2002 Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award Won Best Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Won Angel / Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2005 Angel Nominated 2003 Golden Satellite Awards Best Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2002 SFX Awards Best Comedy Performance Buffy the Vampire Slayer Won Best TV Actor Won Spacey Awards Favourite TV Character -- Male Spike in Angel Won 2011 S.E.T. Awards The Documentary S.E.T. Award . Moonshot : The Flight of Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin Won See also ( edit ) United States portal Biography portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` James Marsters Biography ( 1962 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Millman , Joyce ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` A Vampire With Soul , and Cheekbones '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : 411mania Interviews : James Marsters ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Angel ) , March 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( TV series ) '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( TV series ) . 2004 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV movie on the cards ? '' . Whedonesque.com . May 9 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Marsters is indirectly quoted about the possibility of a Spike movie . Jump up ^ `` Video interview with Joss from the Saturn Awards '' . Whedonesque.com . May 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Whedon announced he pitched the Spike movie , February 15 , 2006 , Jump up ^ `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Spike and Dru TPB '' . Dark Horse Comics . Jump up ^ `` Dresden Files Update '' . Word Press . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Posted by priscellie on 2015 / 03 / 24 at 9 : 00 am ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Marsters ' Ghost Story coming at last ! '' . Jim Butcher . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` James Marsters Returning to Smallville '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Daffodils , Dragons and Demons '' . James Marsters Live . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James Marsters in Torchwood '' . Outpost Gallifrey . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dragonball ' comes to bigscreen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` James Marsters Joins Caprica '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Old West Gets Scary : High Plains Invaders '' . DreadCentral . Jump up ^ `` Syfy Pilot ' Three Inches Casts James Marsters , Andrea Martin , Stephanie Jacobsen & More -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Marsters Live '' . James Marsters Live . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Waterfall Tour comes to UK Archived January 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Events Union Chapel '' . Unionchapel.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` James Marsters '' . James Marsters . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ 100 Club Jump up ^ Karl Baumgartner ( 2011 - 01 - 29 ) , James Marsters On Boinking Buffy and Beating Up Edward Cullen , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Former Buffy Star James Marsters Is Engaged ! '' . UsMagazine.com . May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Buffy 's James Marsters Weds Longtime Girlfriend '' . People . Jump up ^ Cassandra Clare . `` Lord of Shadows Audiobook '' . Audible.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith . `` The Greyfriar '' . Buzzy Multimedia on Brilliance Audio . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith . `` The Rift Walker '' . Buzzy Multimedia on Brilliance Audio . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith . `` The Kingmakers '' . Buzzy Multimedia on Brilliance Audio . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ 8 hrs and 4 mins . `` Untamed City : Carnival of Secrets Audiobook Melissa Marr '' . Audible.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Marsters . Wikiquote has quotations related to : James Marsters Official website James Marsters on IMDb 411Mania interview ( 3 March 2012 ) Awards for James Marsters Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television Dennis Haysbert ( 1999 ) James Marsters ( 2000 ) Michael Rosenbaum ( 2001 ) Victor Garber ( 2002 ) James Marsters ( 2003 ) Terry O'Quinn ( 2004 ) James Callis ( 2005 ) Masi Oka ( 2006 ) Michael Emerson ( 2007 ) Adrian Pasdar ( 2008 ) Aaron Paul ( 2009 ) John Noble ( 2010 ) Aaron Paul ( 2011 ) Jonathan Banks ( 2012 ) Aaron Paul ( 2013 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2014 ) Richard Armitage ( 2015 ) Ed Harris ( 2016 ) VIAF : 48913051 LCCN : no2003029628 ISNI : 0000 0000 7844 4876 BNF : cb146420618 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 037b9b4e - ddce - 4607 - 9b63 - 2fb54df432c1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Marsters&oldid=798310063 '' Categories : 1962 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Modesto , California American baritones American comics writers American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Juilliard School alumni Living people Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts alumni Musicians from Modesto , California People from the San Francisco Bay Area Singers from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from January 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 04 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays spike in buffy the vampire slayer	[ "James Wesley Marsters (born August 20, 1962) is an American actor and musician. Marsters first came to the attention of the general public playing the popular character Spike, a platinum-blond English vampire in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off series, Angel, from 1997 to 2004. Since then, he has gone on to play other science fiction roles, such as the alien supervillain Brainiac on the Superman-inspired series Smallville, the omnisexual time traveller Captain John Hart in British science-fiction show Torchwood, and terrorist Barnabas Greeley in Syfy's Caprica. Marsters appeared in a supporting role in the 2007 movie P.S. I Love You. He appeared as a recurring character in the first season of the revival of Hawaii Five-0." ]	[ "James Wesley Marsters" ]
814067538875541918	Kristian Alfonso	Kristian Alfonso - wikipedia Kristian Alfonso Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kristian Alfonso Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso Kristian - Joy Alfonso ( 1963 - 09 - 05 ) September 5 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Brockton , Massachusetts , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Simon Macauley ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 1 child Danny Daggenhurst ( 2001 -- present ) 1 child Website http://www.kristianonline.com/ Kristian - Joy Alfonso ( born September 5 , 1963 ) is an American actress , former figure skater and fashion model . She is best known for playing Hope Williams Brady , which she has played since 1983 on the NBC dramatic serial Days of Our Lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early career 1.2 Return to Days of our Lives 1.3 Other credits 2 Personal life 3 Other 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) She began her career as a figure skater and gold medal champion at the Junior Olympic Figure Skating Championships . At the age of 13 , a tobogganing accident ended her skating career and Alfonso began modeling . By the time she was 15 she had appeared on the cover of over 30 magazines , including Vogue and Harper 's Bazaar . She was first seen on TV playing opposite Rock Hudson in the TV movie The Starmaker in 1981 . Her career took off in April 1983 when she started playing Hope Williams on the soap opera Days of Our Lives . During that time , her character fell in love with , and married , Bo Brady ( Peter Reckell ) . Alfonso left the show in April 1987 for a two - year stint on the night time soap opera Falcon Crest as Pilar Ortega for its last two seasons . She returned to Days briefly from April to July 1990 ; this return culminated in the entire town of Salem believing that Hope had died . In 1993 she starred alongside Dolph Lundgren in the film Joshua Tree ( 1993 film ) in which she played a cop abducted by an innocent convict on the run . Return to Days of Our Lives ( edit ) She returned to the show for a third time in May 1994 as `` Gina , '' an amnesiac who looked a lot like Hope . She ended up being Hope , but not before a drawn - out storyline involving evil Stefano DiMera ( Joseph Mascolo ) brainwashing Hope into believing she was Princess Gina Von Amberg . In 2015 Hope , a prominent detective in the Salem Police Department , was the one to finally kill the evil Stefano Dimera , now elderly and in a wheelchair , by shooting him in cold blood in his own study at the Dimera mansion . She , and Detective Raphael `` Rafe '' Hernandez hid his body in a condemned building . Stefano appeared several times as a ghost as the actor Joseph Mascolo had retired , until Mascolo 's death in late 2016 . Hope 's decision to kill Stefano ( and the subsequent visitations ) would have repercussions that will weighed heavily on her conscience in the years to come . She also played in Season 6 of Friends in an episode titled `` The One That Could Have Been , Part 1 '' as Hope Brady from Days of Our Lives . Alfonso gained her start with the talent show TALENT AMERICA held in NYNY . From there she was picked up by a modeling agency in New York . She later was a frequent Judge for the competition . She was in her very early teens at this time and considered a face model for the agency . Career ups and downs lead her back to a more permanent position with Days of Our Lives , where she has recently re-signed for two more years . Other credits ( edit ) Alfonso 's other film and television credits include Army of One , aka Joshua Tree , MacGyver , Blindfold : Acts of Obsession , Full House , Burke 's Law , Murder , She Wrote , Melrose Place , Baywatch , Amazing Stories , Love Stories , and Who 's The Boss ? . Personal life ( edit ) Alfonso was married to Simon Macauley from 1987 to 1991 . They have a son , Gino William ( born October 1990 ) . She married Danny Daggenhurst on October 6 , 2001 . The couple have two children , Jack ( born July 18 , 2002 ) , and Spartan ( her stepson ) . Other ( edit ) In November 2006 , Kristian Alfonso created her own jewelry line called Hope Faith Miracles . She has appeared on QVC and runs her jewelry website , which contains all of her See also ( edit ) Bo Brady and Hope Williams Supercouple References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Kristian Alfonso Website '' . Official Kristian Alfonso Website . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Army of One , AKA Joshua Tree , ( 1993 film ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` MacGuyver : Unfinished Business '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` MacGuyver : The Negotiator '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Full House : Star Search on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Full House : Half a Love Story '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Business '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Amazing Stories : Remote Control Man '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Kristian Alfonso 411 '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Official website Kristian Alfonso on IMDb VIAF : 27270268 ISNI : 0000 0000 0312 7083 BNF : cb14056265b ( data ) SNAC : w6cg0m66 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristian_Alfonso&oldid=822712381 '' Categories : Female models from Massachusetts Actresses from Massachusetts American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Living people People from Brockton , Massachusetts 1963 births Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from January 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays hope on days of our lives	[ "Kristian-Joy Alfonso (born September 5, 1963)[1] is an American actress, former figure skater and fashion model. She is best known for playing Hope Williams Brady, which she has played since 1983 on the NBC dramatic serial Days of Our Lives." ]	[ "Kristian-Joy Alfonso" ]
4908454886223372572	2018 Winter Olympics medal table	2018 Winter Olympics medal table - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics medal table Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics medal table is a list of National Olympic Committees ranked by the number of medals won during the 2018 Winter Olympics , held in Pyeongchang County ( stylized as PyeongChang for the games ) , South Korea , from 9 -- 25 February 2018 . The games featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Four new disciplines in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic programme in PyeongChang , including big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . The Netherlands achieved a podium sweep in speed skating , in the women 's 3,000 metres . Norway achieved a podium sweep in cross-country skiing , in the men 's 30 km skiathlon . Germany achieved a podium sweep in nordic combined , in the individual large hill / 10 km . At the 2018 Winter Olympics , athletes were tied in three events . In the women 's 10 km cross-country skiing , two bronze medals were awarded due to a tie . In the two - man bobsleigh , two gold medals and no silver medal were awarded due to a tie . In the four - man bobsleigh , two silver medals and no bronze medal were awarded due to a tie . Going in , Canada held the record for most gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics with 14 , which it won in Vancouver in 2010 . This mark was equalled by both Norway and Germany at these Olympics . Norway set the record for most total medals at a single Winter Olympics with 39 , surpassing the 37 medals of the United States won at the 2010 Winter Olympics . The mark of 30 NOCs winning medals is the highest for any Winter Olympic Games . Hungary won its first Winter Olympic gold medal ever . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen ( two gold , one silver , and two bronze ) achieved five medals , more than any other athlete . With 15 medals , she became the most decorated athlete in Winter Olympics history . Swedish cross-country skier Charlotte Kalla finished with four medals ( one gold , three silver ) , as did her compatriot and fellow cross-country skier Stina Nilsson ( one gold , two silvers , one bronze ) and Russian cross-country skier Alexander Bolshunov ( three silver , one bronze ) who was competing for the OAR . Norwegian cross-country skier Johannes Høsflot Klæbo and French biathlete Martin Fourcade tied for the most gold medals , with three each . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic became the first female Winter Olympian to achieve a gold medal in two separate sports at a single Games , winning in both alpine skiing and snowboarding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal table 2 Changes in medal standings 3 See also 4 References Medal table ( edit ) The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won , where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If there is still a tie after that , then the nations shared the tied rank and are listed alphabetically according to their NOC code . * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Changes in medal Standings ( edit ) See also : List of stripped Olympic medals Ruling date Sport / Event NOC 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total List of official changes in medal standings ( during the Games ) 22 February 2018 Curling Mixed doubles Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) − 1 − 1 On 18 February 2018 , it was reported that Russian curler Alexander Krushelnitskiy failed a doping test for meldonium . After the testing of the B sample , the Court of Arbitration for Sport confirmed that they were instituting the formal proceedings . On 22 February 2018 , Krushelnitskiy and his partner Anastasia Bryzgalova were stripped of their bronze medals in the mixed doubles . The bronze medals were then awarded to the Norwegian mixed curling team , who had lost the bronze medal game to Krushelnitskiy and Bryzgalova . Norway ( NOR ) + 1 + 1 See also ( edit ) 2018 Winter Paralympics medal table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Big air , mixed curling among new 2018 events '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Dutch fire ominous warning by sweeping podium '' . 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ NEWS , KYODO . `` Olympics : Krueger takes gold as Norway sweeps men 's skiathlon podium '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rydzek leads Nordic combined podium sweep for Germany at Pyeongchang 2018 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Canada and Germany share two - man bobsleigh gold '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Henley , Jon ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` ' Born with skis on ' : Norway celebrates Winter Olympics medal record '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary wins first - ever Winter Olympics gold with 5,000 - meter short track relay victory '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bjoergen dominates in last Olympic race , wins 5th medal '' . 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 -- via www.nzherald.co.nz . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe . `` 2018 Olympics : Athletes and Countries with Most Medals from Pyeongchang Games '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Jack ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` From start to finish , Pyeongchang Olympics entertained and showcased splendid collection of global athletes '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 -- via Japan Times Online . Jump up ^ Falkingham , Katie ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics : History - maker Ester Ledecka wins gold in two sports '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings '' . Pyeongchang 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian curling bronze medallist suspected of failed drugs test at Winter Olympics '' . The Telegraph . 18 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 18 February 2018 ) . `` Russian mixed doubles curling Olympic bronze medallist fails drugs test '' . www.insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New case registered by the Anti-Doping Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) in Pyeongchang '' ( PDF ) . Court of Arbitration for Sport. 19 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Russia curler Alexander Krushelnitsky stripped of bronze for doping '' . BBC . 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling -- Final Standings Mixed Doubles -- Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . www.olympic.org . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table&oldid=834495492 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea sports - related lists Winter Olympics medal tables Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 12 . About Wikipedia	who won the most medals for the 2018 winter olympics	[ "\n\nRank\nNOC\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\nTotal\n\n\n1\n Norway (NOR)\n14\n14\n11\n39\n\n\n2\n Germany (GER)\n14\n10\n7\n31\n\n\n3\n Canada (CAN)\n11\n8\n10\n29\n\n\n4\n United States (USA)\n9\n8\n6\n23\n\n\n5\n Netherlands (NED)\n8\n6\n6\n20\n\n\n6\n Sweden (SWE)\n7\n6\n1\n14\n\n\n7\n South Korea (KOR)*\n5\n8\n4\n17\n\n\n8\n Switzerland (SUI)\n5\n6\n4\n15\n\n\n9\n France (FRA)\n5\n4\n6\n15\n\n\n10\n Austria (AUT)\n5\n3\n6\n14\n\n\n11\n Japan (JPN)\n4\n5\n4\n13\n\n\n12\n Italy (ITA)\n3\n2\n5\n10\n\n\n13\n Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)\n2\n6\n9\n17\n\n\n14\n Czech Republic (CZE)\n2\n2\n3\n7\n\n\n15\n Belarus (BLR)\n2\n1\n0\n3\n\n\n16\n China (CHN)\n1\n6\n2\n9\n\n\n17\n Slovakia (SVK)\n1\n2\n0\n3\n\n\n18\n Finland (FIN)\n1\n1\n4\n6\n\n\n19\n Great Britain (GBR)\n1\n0\n4\n5\n\n\n20\n Poland (POL)\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n21\n Hungary (HUN)\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n Ukraine (UKR)\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n23\n Australia (AUS)\n0\n2\n1\n3\n\n\n24\n Slovenia (SLO)\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n25\n Belgium (BEL)\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n26\n Spain (ESP)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n New Zealand (NZL)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n28\n Kazakhstan (KAZ)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Latvia (LAT)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Liechtenstein (LIE)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n\nTotal (30 NOCs)\n103\n102\n102\n307\n" ]	[ "Norway" ]
5947661931915479915	Finances of the British royal family	Finances of the British Royal family - wikipedia Finances of the British Royal family Jump to : navigation , search The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown . The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate , a part of the Crown 's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons , to meet the costs of the sovereign 's official expenditures . This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences , staffing , travel and state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall , a parliamentary annuity , and income from private investments . The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign 's financial affairs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Income 1.1 Civil List 1.2 Sovereign Grant 1.3 Duchy of Lancaster 1.4 Duchy of Cornwall 1.5 Parliamentary annuities 1.6 Taxation 2 Assets 2.1 Private wealth of the Queen 2.2 Crown Estate 2.3 Assets held in trust 3 References Income ( edit ) Civil List ( edit ) Main article : Civil list Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted from 1760 until 2012 . The Civil List was paid from public funds and was intended to support the exercise of the monarch 's duties as head of state of the United Kingdom . In modern times , the Government 's profits from the Crown Estate always significantly exceeded the Civil List . Under the Civil List arrangements the royal family faced criticism for the lack of transparency surrounding Royal finances . The National Audit Office was not entitled to audit the Royal Household . The Queen received an annual £ 7.9 million a year from the Civil List between 2001 and 2012 . The total income of the Royal Household from the Treasury was always significantly larger than the Civil List because it included additional income such as Grants - in - Aid from the Treasury and revenues from the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster . The total Royal Household income for the financial years 2011 - 12 and 2012 - 13 was £ 30 million per annum , followed by a 14 % cut in the following year . However , the Treasury provided an additional £ 1 million to pay for Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012 . Royal expenditure differs from income due to the use of a Reserve Fund , which can be added to or drawn from . The official reported annual expenditure of the Head of State was £ 41.5 million for the 2008 - 09 financial year . This figure did not include the cost of security provided by the police and the Army and some other expenses . Sovereign Grant ( edit ) Main article : Sovereign Grant Act 2011 Under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 , the system of funding the Royal Household by a mixture of Civil List payments and Grants - in - Aid was replaced . From 1 April 2012 a single annual Sovereign Grant has been paid by the Treasury . The level of funding for the Royal Household is now linked to the Government 's revenue from The Crown Estate . The Sovereign Grant Annual Report states that the Sovereign Grant was £ 31 million for 2012 - 13 , £ 36.1 million for 2013 - 14 and £ 37.9 million for 2014 - 15 . The amount of the Sovereign Grant is 15 % of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate for the financial year that began two years previously . The arrangements will be reviewed by 2016 ( subsection 7 ( 5 ) of the Act ) . Step 4 of subsection 6 ( 1 ) , and subsection 6 ( 4 ) , of the Act provide a mechanism to prevent the amount of the Sovereign Grant increasing beyond what is necessary because of the growth in Crown Estate revenue . Under the Sovereign Grant the National Audit Office is able to audit the Royal Household . On November 18 , 2016 a plan was announced to increase the Sovereign Grant from 15 % to 25 % to renovate and repair Buckingham Palace . The percentage is set to revert to 15 % when the project is finished in 2027 . Duchy of Lancaster ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Lancaster The Duchy of Lancaster is the private estate of the British sovereign consisting of land holdings and other assets . As it is held in perpetual trust for future generations of Sovereigns , the Sovereign is not entitled to the estate 's capital . The revenue profits of the Duchy are presented to the Sovereign each year and form part of the Privy Purse , providing income for both the official and private expenses of the monarch . In the financial year ending 31 March 2015 , the Duchy was valued at £ 472 million , providing £ 16 million in income . Duchy of Cornwall ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Cornwall The Duchy of Cornwall is a Crown entity holding land and other assets to produce an income for the monarch 's eldest child . The Duke of Cornwall ( Charles , Prince of Wales ) receives revenue towards charitable work and official activities , supported by The Queen 's Grant - in - aid funding to provide assistance with official travel and property . These financial arrangements also cover the official expenditure of some members of his immediate family . The Duchess of Cornwall , The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry all have their official expenses paid from Duchy income , assisted by grants - in aid from The Queen . For the fiscal year 2011 - 12 the Duchy was valued at £ 728 million with an annual profit of £ 18.3 million paid to the Prince . Parliamentary annuities ( edit ) The Duke of Edinburgh receives a parliamentary annuity of £ 359,000 per year from the Treasury . In the past some other members of the British royal family also received funding in the form of parliamentary annuities . The Civil List Act 1952 provided for an allowance to Princess Margaret as well as allowances to the queen 's younger children among others . The Civil List Act 1972 added further members of the royal family to the annuity list . By 2002 there were eight recipients of parliamentary annuities ( all children or cousins of the Queen ) receiving a combined total of £ 1.5 million annually . Between 1993 and 2012 the Queen voluntarily refunded the cost of these annuities to the Treasury . The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 abolished all of these other than that received by the Duke of Edinburgh . Subsequently the living costs of the members of the royal family who carry out official duties , including the Princess Royal , the Duke of York , and the Earl and Countess of Wessex , have mainly been met through the Queen 's income from the Duchy of Lancaster . Taxation ( edit ) The Crown has a legal tax - exempt status because certain acts of parliament do not apply to it . Crown bodies such as The Duchy of Lancaster are not subject to legislation concerning income tax , capital gains tax or inheritance tax . Furthermore , the Sovereign has no legal liability to pay such taxes . The Duchy of Cornwall has a Crown exemption and the Prince of Wales is not legally liable to pay income tax on Duchy revenues . A `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' was published on 5 February 1993 and amended in 1996 , 2009 and 2013 . It is intended that the arrangements in the memorandum will be followed by the next monarch . The memorandum describes the arrangements by which The Queen and The Prince of Wales make voluntary payments to the HM Revenue and Customs in lieu of tax to compensate for their tax exemption . The details of the payments are private . The Queen voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on her private income and income from the Privy Purse ( which includes the Duchy of Lancaster ) that is not used for official purposes . The Sovereign Grant is exempted . A sum equivalent to capital gains tax is voluntarily paid on any gains from the disposal of private assets made after 5 April 1993 . Many of the Sovereign 's assets were acquired earlier than this date but payment is only made on the gains made afterwards . Arrangements also exist for a sum in lieu of inheritance tax to be voluntarily paid on some of the Queen 's private assets . Property passing from monarch to monarch is exempted , as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch . The Prince of Wales voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on that part of his income from the Duchy of Cornwall that is in excess of what is needed to meet official expenditure . From 1969 he made voluntary tax payments of 50 % of the profits , but this reduced to 25 % in 1981 when he married Lady Diana Spencer . These arrangements were replaced by the memorandum in 1993 . The income of the Prince of Wales from sources other than the Duchy of Cornwall is subject to tax in the normal way . Assets ( edit ) Private wealth of the Queen ( edit ) The Queen has a private income from her personal investment portfolio , though her personal wealth and income are not known . Jock Colville , a former private secretary to the Queen ( when she was Princess Elizabeth ) and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth at £ 2 million in 1971 ( the equivalent of about £ 25 million today ) . An official statement from Buckingham Palace in 1993 called estimates of £ 100 million `` grossly overstated '' . In 2002 , she inherited her mother 's estate , thought to have been worth £ 70 million ( the equivalent of about £ 103 million today ) . Forbes magazine estimated the Queen 's net worth at around $500 million ( about £ 325 million ) in 2011 , while an analysis by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index put it at $425 million ( about £ 275 million ) in 2015 . In 2012 the Sunday Times estimated the Queen 's wealth as being £ 310 million ( $504 million ) , and that year the Queen received a Guinness World Record as Wealthiest Queen . The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her wealth at £ 340 million , making her the 302nd richest person in the United Kingdom ; that was the first year she was not among the Sunday Times Rich List 's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989 . She was number one on the list when it began in 1989 . Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen . Crown Estate ( edit ) Main article : Crown Estate The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , producing £ 211 million for the Treasury in the financial year 2007 -- 8 . and with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . The Crown Estate is not the private property of the Monarch . It can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity , nor do any revenues , or debts , from the estate accrue to her . Instead the Crown Estate is owned by the Crown , a corporation representing the legal embodiment of the State . It is held in trust and governed by Act of Parliament , to which it makes an annual report . Revenue from the Crown Estate is thought to be due to double in real terms between 2010 and 2020 with additional lease revenues deriving from the development of offshore wind farms within Britain 's Renewable Energy Zone , the rights of which were granted to the Crown Estate by the Energy Act 2004 . Assets held in trust ( edit ) A number of State possessions are held in trust by the Sovereign . The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British royal family . It is one of the largest and most important art collections in the world , containing over 7,000 paintings , 40,000 watercolours and drawings , about 150,000 old master prints , historical photographs , tapestries , furniture , ceramics , books , gold and silver plate , arms and armour , jewellery and other works of art . The collection includes the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London ( including the crown , orb and sceptre ) . It is physically dispersed between thirteen Royal residences and former residences across Britain . Although the collection belongs to the sovereign , it is not the personal property of Elizabeth II as a private individual . Instead the collection is held in trust by the Queen for her successors and the nation . The Treasury refers to these assets as `` vested in the sovereign and can not be alienated '' . Income is generated by the collection from public admissions and other sources . This income is received by the Royal Collection Trust , the collection 's management charity , and not by the Queen . The occupied royal palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle are held in trust by the sovereign . The Royal Household is expected to use the Sovereign Grant to maintain the palaces . In May 2009 the Queen requested an extra £ 4 million annually from the government to carry out a backlog of repairs to Buckingham Palace . In 2010 , the Royal Household requested an additional grant from the Department for Culture , Media and Sport but were refused on the basis that the scheme was `` aimed at schools , hospitals , councils and housing associations for heating programmes which benefit low - income families '' . Over a third of the Royal estate was in disrepair by 2012 - 13 according to a report by the Public Accounts Committee . The cost of restoration was estimated to be £ 50 million , but the Reserve Fund was at a historic low of £ 1m . The Monarch is also responsible for using the Sovereign Grant to pay the wages of 431 of the approximately 1200 Royal Household staff , amounting to £ 18.2 million in 2014 - 15 . In 2013 , the Guardian newspaper reported that Buckingham Palace was using zero - hour contract for its summer staff and in 2015 it was reported that at least four senior officials had been made redundant to reduce costs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sovereign 's gracious message to the House of Commons re : The Sovereign Grant Bill '' ( PDF ) . Buckingham Palace . 29 June 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Bill -- Further background information provided to Members of Parliament in advance of the Bill 's Second Reading Debate on 14 July 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Her Majesty 's Treasury . July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : The Civil List , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office , accessed 13 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Royals ' cost the taxpayer £ 37.4 m ' '' . BBC News . 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 28 June 2002 ) . `` First look at royal finances fails to satisfy MPs '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : Head of State Expenditure , Official web site of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Spending Review : Royal family to face 14 % cuts '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` Royal ' cuts ' could make Charles the richest king in British history '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Royal Family rises £ 1.5 m '' . BBC News . 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Annual Report 2012 - 13 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal funding changes become law '' . BBC News . 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Determination of the amount of Sovereign Grant '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Buckingham Palace to undergo ' essential ' £ 370m refurbishment '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - FAQs '' . Duchy of Lancaster . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy of Lancaster. 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - Management and Finance '' . Duchy of Lancaster . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who pays for The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry ? '' . The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Website . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report and Accounts Year Ended 31st March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy Of Cornwall. 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The amount was set by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1990 . It was initially set at £ 40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952 , raised to £ 65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972 , and raised to £ 165,000 by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1984 . Jump up ^ `` What Is The True Cost Of The Monarchy ? '' . Royal Central . 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil List Act 1952 : Chapter 37 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verkaik , Robert ( 30 May 2002 ) . `` Royal aides want to see abolition of Civil List '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Further provision for members of the Royal Family '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' ( PDF ) . HM Government . 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Gordon ( 21 Jun 2015 ) . `` Queen 's finances are safe from cuts for two years '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Vivien ( 12 February 1993 ) . `` The Queen 's Finances : Ordinary tax allowances for royals '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Philip Hall , 1992 , Royal Fortune , Tax , Money and the Monarchy , page xxii , Bloomsbury , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 1098 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Royal overspend prompts call to open palace doors '' . BBC News . 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ The Times , 9 July 1971 ; Pimlott , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey , p. 225 and Pimlott , p. 561 Jump up ^ `` Queen inherits Queen Mother 's estate '' . 17 May 2002 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Luisa . `` Just How Rich Are Queen Elizabeth And Her Family ? '' . Forbs , com . Forbs . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Tom . `` Queen Elizabeth II Is n't as Rich as You Think '' . bloomberg.com . bloomberg . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wealthiest Queen '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Helen Nianias ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Royal Residences : Overview , Royal Household , archived from the original on 1 May 2011 , retrieved 9 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : About Us , Crown Estate , 6 July 2011 , archived from the original on 1 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ FAQs , Crown Estate , archived from the original on 3 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ Martin Delgado and Christopher Leake ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` Queen 's £ 38m a year offshore windfarm windfall - because she owns the seabed '' . London : Mail Online . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Special : Sovereign wealth '' . The Independent . London . 31 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Collection '' . The Royal Household . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ What is the Royal Collection ? , The Royal Collection , retrieved 12 November 2008 Jump up ^ Pierce , Andrew ( 30 May 2009 ) . `` Queen must open palace more in return for extra funds '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Queen asked for heating grant from Government '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Younger , Rachel ( 28 January 2014 ) . `` Royal Estate Overspend Leaves £ 50m Repair Bill '' . Sky News . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Richard ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Royal Family faces major financial review as costs soar by a third in three years '' . Daily Express . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Neville , Matthew Taylor and Phillip Inman . `` Buckingham Palace uses zero - hours contracts for summer staff Money '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sabur , Rozina ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` Buckingham Palace ' axes at least four ' of the Queen 's senior officials '' . The telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finances_of_the_British_royal_family&oldid=803169959 '' Categories : British monarchy British Royal Family Finance in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 22 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the royal family get there money	[ "The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]", "The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]", "The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]", "The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]" ]	[ "hereditary revenues of the Crown", "the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall", "a parliamentary annuity", "income from private investments" ]
-2908023101118246821	Network science	Network Science - wikipedia Network Science For other uses , see Network ( disambiguation ) . Network science Theory Graph Complex network Contagion Small - world Scale - free Community structure Percolation Evolution Controllability Graph drawing Social capital Link analysis Optimization Reciprocity Closure Homophily Transitivity Preferential attachment Balance theory Network effect Social influence Network types Informational ( computing ) Telecommunication Transport Social Scientific collaboration Biological Artificial neural Interdependent Semantic Spatial Dependency Flow on - Chip Graphs Features Clique Component Cut Cycle Data structure Edge Loop Neighborhood Path Vertex Adjacency list / matrix Incidence list / matrix Types Bipartite Complete Directed Hyper Multi Random Weighted Metrics Algorithms Centrality Degree Betweenness Closeness PageRank Motif Clustering Degree distribution Assortativity Distance Modularity Efficiency Models Topology Random graph Erdős -- Rényi Barabási -- Albert Fitness model Watts -- Strogatz Exponential random ( ERGM ) Random geometric ( RGG ) Hyperbolic ( HGN ) Hierarchical Stochastic block model Lancichinetti -- Fortunato -- Radicchi benchmark Dynamics Boolean network agent based Epidemic / SIR Lists Categories Topics Software Network scientists Category : Network theory Category : Graph theory Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks , computer networks , biological networks , cognitive and semantic networks , and social networks , considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes ( or vertices ) and the connections between the elements or actors as links ( or edges ) . The field draws on theories and methods including graph theory from mathematics , statistical mechanics from physics , data mining and information visualization from computer science , inferential modeling from statistics , and social structure from sociology . The United States National Research Council defines network science as `` the study of network representations of physical , biological , and social phenomena leading to predictive models of these phenomena . '' Contents 1 Background and history 1.1 Department of Defense initiatives 2 Network properties 2.1 Size 2.2 Density 2.3 Planar Network Density 2.4 Average degree 2.5 Average shortest path length ( or characteristic path length ) 2.6 Diameter of a network 2.7 Clustering coefficient 2.8 Connectedness 2.9 Node centrality 2.10 Node influence 3 Network models 3.1 Erdős -- Rényi random graph model 3.2 Configuration model 3.3 Watts -- Strogatz small world model 3.4 Barabási -- Albert ( BA ) preferential attachment model 3.4. 1 Mediation - driven attachment ( MDA ) model 3.5 Fitness model 4 Network analysis 4.1 Social network analysis 4.2 Dynamic network analysis 4.3 Biological network analysis 4.4 Link analysis 4.4. 1 Network robustness 4.4. 2 Pandemic analysis 4.4. 2.1 Susceptible to infected 4.4. 2.2 Infected to recovered 4.4. 2.3 Infectious period 4.4. 3 Web link analysis 4.4. 3.1 PageRank 4.4. 3.1. 1 Random jumping 4.5 Centrality measures 5 Spread of content in networks 5.1 The SIR model 5.2 The master equation approach 6 Interdependent networks 7 Multilayer networks 8 Network optimization 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Background and history ( edit ) The study of networks has emerged in diverse disciplines as a means of analyzing complex relational data . The earliest known paper in this field is the famous Seven Bridges of Königsberg written by Leonhard Euler in 1736 . Euler 's mathematical description of vertices and edges was the foundation of graph theory , a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of pairwise relations in a network structure . The field of graph theory continued to develop and found applications in chemistry ( Sylvester , 1878 ) . Dénes Kőnig , a Hungarian mathematician and professor , wrote the first book in Graph Theory , entitled `` Theory of finite and infinite graphs '' , in 1936 . Moreno 's sociogram of a 1st grade class . In the 1930s Jacob Moreno , a psychologist in the Gestalt tradition , arrived in the United States . He developed the sociogram and presented it to the public in April 1933 at a convention of medical scholars . Moreno claimed that `` before the advent of sociometry no one knew what the interpersonal structure of a group ' precisely ' looked like ( Moreno , 1953 ) . The sociogram was a representation of the social structure of a group of elementary school students . The boys were friends of boys and the girls were friends of girls with the exception of one boy who said he liked a single girl . The feeling was not reciprocated . This network representation of social structure was found so intriguing that it was printed in The New York Times ( April 3 , 1933 , page 17 ) . The sociogram has found many applications and has grown into the field of social network analysis . Probabilistic theory in network science developed as an offshoot of graph theory with Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi 's eight famous papers on random graphs . For social networks the exponential random graph model or p * is a notational framework used to represent the probability space of a tie occurring in a social network . An alternate approach to network probability structures is the network probability matrix , which models the probability of edges occurring in a network , based on the historic presence or absence of the edge in a sample of networks . In 1998 , David Krackhardt and Kathleen Carley introduced the idea of a meta - network with the PCANS Model . They suggest that `` all organizations are structured along these three domains , Individuals , Tasks , and Resources '' . Their paper introduced the concept that networks occur across multiple domains and that they are interrelated . This field has grown into another sub-discipline of network science called dynamic network analysis . More recently other network science efforts have focused on mathematically describing different network topologies . Duncan Watts reconciled empirical data on networks with mathematical representation , describing the small - world network . Albert - László Barabási and Reka Albert developed the scale - free network which is a loosely defined network topology that contains hub vertices with many connections , that grow in a way to maintain a constant ratio in the number of the connections versus all other nodes . Although many networks , such as the internet , appear to maintain this aspect , other networks have long tailed distributions of nodes that only approximate scale free ratios . Department of Defense initiatives ( edit ) The U.S. military first became interested in network - centric warfare as an operational concept based on network science in 1996 . John A. Parmentola , the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management , proposed to the Army 's Board on Science and Technology ( BAST ) on December 1 , 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area . The BAST , the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council ( NRC ) of the National Academies , serves as a convening authority for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees independent Army - related studies conducted by the National Academies . The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research , Network Science , could help close the gap between what is needed to realize Network - Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks . As a result , the BAST issued the NRC study in 2005 titled Network Science ( referenced above ) that defined a new field of basic research in Network Science for the Army . Based on the findings and recommendations of that study and the subsequent 2007 NRC report titled Strategy for an Army Center for Network Science , Technology , and Experimentation , Army basic research resources were redirected to initiate a new basic research program in Network Science . To build a new theoretical foundation for complex networks , some of the key Network Science research efforts now ongoing in Army laboratories address : Mathematical models of network behavior to predict performance with network size , complexity , and environment Optimized human performance required for network - enabled warfare Networking within ecosystems and at the molecular level in cells . As initiated in 2004 by Frederick I. Moxley with support he solicited from David S. Alberts , the Department of Defense helped to establish the first Network Science Center in conjunction with the U.S. Army at the United States Military Academy ( USMA ) . Under the tutelage of Dr. Moxley and the faculty of the USMA , the first interdisciplinary undergraduate courses in Network Science were taught to cadets at West Point . In order to better instill the tenets of network science among its cadre of future leaders , the USMA has also instituted a five - course undergraduate minor in Network Science . In 2006 , the U.S. Army and the United Kingdom ( UK ) formed the Network and Information Science International Technology Alliance , a collaborative partnership among the Army Research Laboratory , UK Ministry of Defense and a consortium of industries and universities in the U.S. and UK . The goal of the alliance is to perform basic research in support of Network - Centric Operations across the needs of both nations . In 2009 , the U.S. Army formed the Network Science CTA , a collaborative research alliance among the Army Research Laboratory , CERDEC , and a consortium of about 30 industrial R&D labs and universities in the U.S. The goal of the alliance is to develop a deep understanding of the underlying commonalities among intertwined social / cognitive , information , and communications networks , and as a result improve our ability to analyze , predict , design , and influence complex systems interweaving many kinds of networks . Subsequently , as a result of these efforts , the U.S. Department of Defense has sponsored numerous research projects that support Network Science . Network properties ( edit ) Often , networks have certain attributes that can be calculated to analyze the properties & characteristics of the network . The behavior of these network properties often define network models and can be used to analyze how certain models contrast to each other . Many of the definitions for other terms used in network science can be found in Glossary of graph theory . Size ( edit ) The size of a network can refer to the number of nodes N ( \ displaystyle N ) or , less commonly , the number of edges E ( \ displaystyle E ) which ( for connected graphs with no multi-edges ) can range from N − 1 ( \ displaystyle N - 1 ) ( a tree ) to E max ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) ) ( a complete graph ) . In the case of a simple graph ( a network in which at most one ( undirected ) edge exists between each pair of vertices , and in which no vertices connect to themselves ) , we have E max = ( N 2 ) = N ( N − 1 ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = ( \ tbinom ( N ) ( 2 ) ) = N ( N - 1 ) / 2 ) ; for directed graphs ( with no self - connected nodes ) , E max = N ( N − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = N ( N - 1 ) ) ; for directed graphs with self - connections allowed , E max = N 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = N ^ ( 2 ) ) . In the circumstance of a graph within which multiple edges may exist between a pair of vertices , E max = ∞ ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = \ infty ) . Density ( edit ) The density D ( \ displaystyle D ) of a network is defined as a ratio of the number of edges E ( \ displaystyle E ) to the number of possible edges in a network with N ( \ displaystyle N ) nodes , given ( in the case of simple graphs ) by the binomial coefficient ( N 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ tbinom ( N ) ( 2 ) ) ) , giving D = 2 ( E − N + 1 ) N ( N − 3 ) + 2 . ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( 2 ( E-N + 1 ) ) ( N ( N - 3 ) + 2 ) ) . ) Another possible equation is D = T − 2 N + 2 N ( N − 3 ) + 2 , ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( T - 2N + 2 ) ( N ( N - 3 ) + 2 ) ) , ) whereas the ties T ( \ displaystyle T ) are unidirectional ( Wasserman & Faust 1994 ) . This gives a better overview over the network density , because unidirectional relationships can be measured . Planar network density ( edit ) The density D ( \ displaystyle D ) of a network , where there is no intersection between edges , is defined as a ratio of the number of edges E ( \ displaystyle E ) to the number of possible edges in a network with N ( \ displaystyle N ) nodes , given by a graph with no intersecting edges ( E max = 3 N − 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( E_ ( \ max ) = 3N - 6 ) ) , giving D = E − N + 1 2 N − 5 . ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( E-N + 1 ) ( 2N - 5 ) ) . ) Average degree ( edit ) The degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) of a node is the number of edges connected to it . Closely related to the density of a network is the average degree , ⟨ k ⟩ = 2 E N ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle = ( \ tfrac ( 2E ) ( N ) ) ) ( or , in the case of directed graphs , ⟨ k ⟩ = E N ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle = ( \ tfrac ( E ) ( N ) ) ) , the former factor of 2 arising from each edge in an undirected graph contributing to the degree of two distinct vertices ) . In the ER random graph model ( G ( N , p ) ( \ displaystyle G ( N , p ) ) ) we can compute the expected value of ⟨ k ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle ) ( equal to the expected value of k ( \ displaystyle k ) of an arbitrary vertex ) : a random vertex has N − 1 ( \ displaystyle N - 1 ) other vertices in the network available , and with probability p ( \ displaystyle p ) , connects to each . Thus , E ( ⟨ k ⟩ ) = E ( k ) = p ( N − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( \ langle k \ rangle ) = \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) = p ( N - 1 ) ) . Average shortest path length ( or characteristic path length ) ( edit ) The average shortest path length is calculated by finding the shortest path between all pairs of nodes , and taking the average over all paths of the length thereof ( the length being the number of intermediate edges contained in the path , i.e. , the distance d u , v ( \ displaystyle d_ ( u , v ) ) between the two vertices u , v ( \ displaystyle u , v ) within the graph ) . This shows us , on average , the number of steps it takes to get from one member of the network to another . The behavior of the expected average shortest path length ( that is , the ensemble average of the average shortest path length ) as a function of the number of vertices N ( \ displaystyle N ) of a random network model defines whether that model exhibits the small - world effect ; if it scales as O ( ln ⁡ N ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ ln N ) ) , the model generates small - world nets . For faster - than - logarithmic growth , the model does not produce small worlds . The special case of O ( ln ⁡ ln ⁡ N ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ ln \ ln N ) ) is known as ultra-small world effect . Diameter of a network ( edit ) As another means of measuring network graphs , we can define the diameter of a network as the longest of all the calculated shortest paths in a network . It is the shortest distance between the two most distant nodes in the network . In other words , once the shortest path length from every node to all other nodes is calculated , the diameter is the longest of all the calculated path lengths . The diameter is representative of the linear size of a network . Clustering coefficient ( edit ) The clustering coefficient is a measure of an `` all - my - friends - know - each - other '' property . This is sometimes described as the friends of my friends are my friends . More precisely , the clustering coefficient of a node is the ratio of existing links connecting a node 's neighbors to each other to the maximum possible number of such links . The clustering coefficient for the entire network is the average of the clustering coefficients of all the nodes . A high clustering coefficient for a network is another indication of a small world . The clustering coefficient of the i ( \ displaystyle i ) ' th node is C i = 2 e i k i ( k i − 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle C_ ( i ) = ( 2e_ ( i ) \ over k_ ( i ) ( ( k_ ( i ) - 1 ) ) ) \ , , ) where k i ( \ displaystyle k_ ( i ) ) is the number of neighbours of the i ( \ displaystyle i ) ' th node , and e i ( \ displaystyle e_ ( i ) ) is the number of connections between these neighbours . The maximum possible number of connections between neighbors is , then , ( k 2 ) = k ( k − 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ binom ( k ) ( 2 ) ) = ( ( k ( k - 1 ) ) \ over 2 ) \ , . ) From a probabalistic standpoint , the expected local clustering coefficient is the likelihood of a link existing between two arbitrary neighbors of the same node . Connectedness ( edit ) The way in which a network is connected plays a large part into how networks are analyzed and interpreted . Networks are classified in four different categories : Clique / Complete Graph : a completely connected network , where all nodes are connected to every other node . These networks are symmetric in that all nodes have in - links and out - links from all others . Giant Component : A single connected component which contains most of the nodes in the network . Weakly Connected Component : A collection of nodes in which there exists a path from any node to any other , ignoring directionality of the edges . Strongly Connected Component : A collection of nodes in which there exists a directed path from any node to any other . Node centrality ( edit ) Main article : Centrality Centrality indices produce rankings which seek to identify the most important nodes in a network model . Different centrality indices encode different contexts for the word `` importance . '' The betweenness centrality , for example , considers a node highly important if it form bridges between many other nodes . The eigenvalue centrality , in contrast , considers a node highly important if many other highly important nodes link to it . Hundreds of such measures have been proposed in the literature . Centrality indices are only accurate for identifying the most central nodes . The measures are seldom , if ever , meaningful for the remainder of network nodes . Also , their indications are only accurate within their assumed context for importance , and tend to `` get it wrong '' for other contexts . For example , imagine two separate communities whose only link is an edge between the most junior member of each community . Since any transfer from one community to the other must go over this link , the two junior members will have high betweenness centrality . But , since they are junior , ( presumably ) they have few connections to the `` important '' nodes in their community , meaning their eigenvalue centrality would be quite low . The concept of centrality in the context of static networks was extended , based on empirical and theoretical research , to dynamic centrality in the context of time - dependent and temporal networks . Node influence ( edit ) Main article : Node influence metric Limitations to centrality measures have led to the development of more general measures . Two examples are the accessibility , which uses the diversity of random walks to measure how accessible the rest of the network is from a given start node , and the expected force , derived from the expected value of the force of infection generated by a node . Both of these measures can be meaningfully computed from the structure of the network alone . Network models ( edit ) Network models serve as a foundation to understanding interactions within empirical complex networks . Various random graph generation models produce network structures that may be used in comparison to real - world complex networks . Erdős -- Rényi random graph model ( edit ) This Erdős -- Rényi model is generated with N = 4 nodes . For each edge in the complete graph formed by all N nodes , a random number is generated and compared to a given probability . If the random number is less than p , an edge is formed on the model . The Erdős -- Rényi model , named for Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi , is used for generating random graphs in which edges are set between nodes with equal probabilities . It can be used in the probabilistic method to prove the existence of graphs satisfying various properties , or to provide a rigorous definition of what it means for a property to hold for almost all graphs . To generate an Erdős -- Rényi model G ( n , p ) ( \ displaystyle G ( n , p ) ) two parameters must be specified : the total number of nodes n and the probability p that a random pair of nodes has an edge . Because the model is generated without bias to particular nodes , the degree distribution is binomial : for a randomly chosen vertex v ( \ displaystyle v ) , P ( deg ⁡ ( v ) = k ) = ( n − 1 k ) p k ( 1 − p ) n − 1 − k . ( \ displaystyle P ( \ deg ( v ) = k ) = ( n - 1 \ choose k ) p ^ ( k ) ( 1 - p ) ^ ( n - 1 - k ) . ) In this model the clustering coefficient is 0 a.s . The behavior of G ( n , p ) ( \ displaystyle G ( n , p ) ) can be broken into three regions . Subcritical n p < 1 ( \ displaystyle np < 1 ) : All components are simple and very small , the largest component has size C 1 = O ( log ⁡ n ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 1 ) = O ( \ log n ) ) ; Critical n p = 1 ( \ displaystyle np = 1 ) : C 1 = O ( n 2 3 ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 1 ) = O ( n ^ ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) ) ; Supercritical n p > 1 ( \ displaystyle np > 1 ) : C 1 ≈ y n ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 1 ) \ approx yn ) where y = y ( n p ) ( \ displaystyle y = y ( np ) ) is the positive solution to the equation e − p n y = 1 − y ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - pny ) = 1 - y ) . The largest connected component has high complexity . All other components are simple and small C 2 = O ( log ⁡ n ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 2 ) = O ( \ log n ) ) . Configuration model ( edit ) The configuration model takes a degree sequence or degree distribution ( which subsequently is used to generate a degree sequence ) as the input , and produces randomly connected graphs in all respects other than the degree sequence . This means that for a given choice of the degree sequence , the graph is chosen uniformly at random from the set of all graphs that comply with this degree sequence . The degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) of a randomly chosen vertex is an independent and identically distributed random variable with integer values . When E ( k 2 ) − 2 E ( k ) > 0 ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) > 0 ) , the configuration graph contains the giant connected component , which has infinite size . The rest of the components have finite sizes , which can be quantified with the notion of the size distribution . The probability w ( n ) ( \ displaystyle w ( n ) ) that a randomly sampled node is connected to a component of size n ( \ displaystyle n ) is given by convolution powers of the degree distribution : w ( n ) = ( E ( k ) n − 1 u 1 ∗ n ( n − 2 ) , n > 1 , u ( 0 ) n = 1 , ( \ displaystyle w ( n ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) u_ ( 1 ) ^ ( * n ) ( n - 2 ) , &n > 1 , \ \ u ( 0 ) &n = 1 , \ end ( cases ) ) ) where u ( k ) ( \ displaystyle u ( k ) ) denotes the degree distribution and u 1 ( k ) = ( k + 1 ) u ( k + 1 ) E ( k ) ( \ displaystyle u_ ( 1 ) ( k ) = ( \ frac ( ( k + 1 ) u ( k + 1 ) ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ) ) . The giant component can be destroyed by randomly removing the critical fraction p c ( \ displaystyle p_ ( c ) ) of all edges . This process is called percolation on random networks . When the second moment of the degree distribution is finite , E ( k 2 ) < ∞ ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) < \ infty ) , this critical edge fraction is given by p c = 1 − E ( k ) E ( k 2 ) − E ( k ) ( \ displaystyle p_ ( c ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ) ) , and the average vertex - vertex distance l ( \ displaystyle l ) in the giant component scales logarithmically with the total size of the network , l = O ( log ⁡ N ) ( \ displaystyle l = O ( \ log N ) ) . In the directed configuration model , the degree of a node is given by two numbers , in - degree k in ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) and out - degree k out ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) , and consequently , the degree distribution is two - variate . The expected number of in - edges and out - edges coincides , so that E ( k in ) = E ( k out ) ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) = \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) . The directed configuration model contains the giant component iff 2 E ( k in ) E ( k in k out ) − E ( k in ) E ( k out 2 ) − E ( k in ) E ( k in 2 ) + E ( k in 2 ) E ( k out 2 ) − E ( k in k out ) 2 > 0 . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) > 0 . ) Note that E ( k in ) ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ) and E ( k out ) ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) are equal and therefore interchangeable in the latter inequality . The probability that a randomly chosen vertex belongs to a component of size n ( \ displaystyle n ) is given by : h in ( n ) = E ( k i n ) n − 1 u ~ in ∗ n ( n − 2 ) , n > 1 , u ~ in = k in + 1 E ( k in ) ∑ k out ≥ 0 u ( k in + 1 , k out ) , ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ( n ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( in ) ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( in ) ) ^ ( * n ) ( n - 2 ) , \ ; n > 1 , \ ; ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( in ) ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) + 1 ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) \ geq 0 ) u ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) + 1 , k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) , ) for in - components , and h out ( n ) = E ( k out ) n − 1 u ~ out ∗ n ( n − 2 ) , n > 1 , u ~ out = k out + 1 E ( k out ) ∑ k in ≥ 0 u ( k in , k out + 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ( n ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( out ) ) ^ ( * n ) ( n - 2 ) , \ ; n > 1 , \ ; ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( out ) ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) + 1 ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) \ geq 0 ) u ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) , k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) + 1 ) , ) for out - components . Watts -- Strogatz small world model ( edit ) The Watts and Strogatz model uses the concept of rewiring to achieve its structure . The model generator will iterate through each edge in the original lattice structure . An edge may changed its connected vertices according to a given rewiring probability . ⟨ k ⟩ = 4 ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle = 4 ) in this example . The Watts and Strogatz model is a random graph generation model that produces graphs with small - world properties . An initial lattice structure is used to generate a Watts -- Strogatz model . Each node in the network is initially linked to its ⟨ k ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle ) closest neighbors . Another parameter is specified as the rewiring probability . Each edge has a probability p ( \ displaystyle p ) that it will be rewired to the graph as a random edge . The expected number of rewired links in the model is p E = p N ⟨ k ⟩ / 2 ( \ displaystyle pE = pN \ langle k \ rangle / 2 ) . As the Watts -- Strogatz model begins as non-random lattice structure , it has a very high clustering coefficient along with high average path length . Each rewire is likely to create a shortcut between highly connected clusters . As the rewiring probability increases , the clustering coefficient decreases slower than the average path length . In effect , this allows the average path length of the network to decrease significantly with only slightly decreases in clustering coefficient . Higher values of p force more rewired edges , which in effect makes the Watts -- Strogatz model a random network . Barabási -- Albert ( BA ) preferential attachment model ( edit ) The Barabási -- Albert model is a random network model used to demonstrate a preferential attachment or a `` rich - get - richer '' effect . In this model , an edge is most likely to attach to nodes with higher degrees . The network begins with an initial network of m nodes . m ≥ 2 and the degree of each node in the initial network should be at least 1 , otherwise it will always remain disconnected from the rest of the network . In the BA model , new nodes are added to the network one at a time . Each new node is connected to m ( \ displaystyle m ) existing nodes with a probability that is proportional to the number of links that the existing nodes already have . Formally , the probability p that the new node is connected to node i is p i = k i ∑ j k j , ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( i ) ) ( \ sum _ ( j ) k_ ( j ) ) ) , ) where k is the degree of node i . Heavily linked nodes ( `` hubs '' ) tend to quickly accumulate even more links , while nodes with only a few links are unlikely to be chosen as the destination for a new link . The new nodes have a `` preference '' to attach themselves to the already heavily linked nodes . The degree distribution of the BA Model , which follows a power law . In loglog scale the power law function is a straight line . The degree distribution resulting from the BA model is scale free , in particular , it is a power law of the form : P ( k ) ∼ k − 3 ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) \ sim k ^ ( - 3 ) \ , ) Hubs exhibit high betweenness centrality which allows short paths to exist between nodes . As a result , the BA model tends to have very short average path lengths . The clustering coefficient of this model also tends to 0 . While the diameter , D , of many models including the Erdős Rényi random graph model and several small world networks is proportional to log N , the BA model exhibits D ~ loglogN ( ultrasmall world ) . Note that the average path length scales with N as the diameter . Mediation - driven attachment ( MDA ) model ( edit ) In the mediation - driven attachment ( MDA ) model in which a new node coming with m ( \ displaystyle m ) edges picks an existing connected node at random and then connects itself not with that one but with m ( \ displaystyle m ) of its neighbors chosen also at random . The probability Π ( i ) ( \ displaystyle \ Pi ( i ) ) that the node i ( \ displaystyle i ) of the existing node picked is Π ( i ) = k i N ∑ j = 1 k i 1 k j k i . ( \ displaystyle \ Pi ( i ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( i ) ) ( N ) ) ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( j ) ) ) ) ( k_ ( i ) ) ) . ) The factor ∑ j = 1 k i 1 k j k i ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( j ) ) ) ) ( k_ ( i ) ) ) ) is the inverse of the harmonic mean ( IHM ) of degrees of the k i ( \ displaystyle k_ ( i ) ) neighbors of a node i ( \ displaystyle i ) . Extensive numerical investigation suggest that for an approximately m > 14 ( \ displaystyle m > 14 ) the mean IHM value in the large N ( \ displaystyle N ) limit becomes a constant which means Π ( i ) ∝ k i ( \ displaystyle \ Pi ( i ) \ propto k_ ( i ) ) . It implies that the higher the links ( degree ) a node has , the higher its chance of gaining more links since they can be reached in a larger number of ways through mediators which essentially embodies the intuitive idea of rich get richer mechanism ( or the preferential attachment rule of the Barabasi -- Albert model ) . Therefore , the MDA network can be seen to follow the PA rule but in disguise . However , for m = 1 ( \ displaystyle m = 1 ) it describes the winner takes it all mechanism as we find that almost 99 % ( \ displaystyle 99 \ % ) of the total nodes have degree one and one is super-rich in degree . As m ( \ displaystyle m ) value increases the disparity between the super rich and poor decreases and as m > 14 ( \ displaystyle m > 14 ) we find a transition from rich get super richer to rich get richer mechanism . Fitness model ( edit ) Another model where the key ingredient is the nature of the vertex has been introduced by Caldarelli et al. Here a link is created between two vertices i , j ( \ displaystyle i , j ) with a probability given by a linking function f ( η i , η j ) ( \ displaystyle f ( \ eta _ ( i ) , \ eta _ ( j ) ) ) of the fitnesses of the vertices involved . The degree of a vertex i is given by k ( η i ) = N ∫ 0 ∞ f ( η i , η j ) ρ ( η j ) d η j ( \ displaystyle k ( \ eta _ ( i ) ) = N \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( \ eta _ ( i ) , \ eta _ ( j ) ) \ rho ( \ eta _ ( j ) ) \ , d \ eta _ ( j ) ) If k ( η i ) ( \ displaystyle k ( \ eta _ ( i ) ) ) is an invertible and increasing function of η i ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( i ) ) , then the probability distribution P ( k ) ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) ) is given by P ( k ) = ρ ( η ( k ) ) ⋅ η ′ ( k ) ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) = \ rho ( \ eta ( k ) ) \ cdot \ eta ' ( k ) ) As a result , if the fitnesses η ( \ displaystyle \ eta ) are distributed as a power law , then also the node degree does . Less intuitively with a fast decaying probability distribution as ρ ( η ) = e − η ( \ displaystyle \ rho ( \ eta ) = e ^ ( - \ eta ) ) together with a linking function of the kind f ( η i , η j ) = Θ ( η i + η j − Z ) ( \ displaystyle f ( \ eta _ ( i ) , \ eta _ ( j ) ) = \ Theta ( \ eta _ ( i ) + \ eta _ ( j ) - Z ) ) with Z ( \ displaystyle Z ) a constant and Θ ( \ displaystyle \ Theta ) the Heavyside function , we also obtain scale - free networks . Such model has been successfully applied to describe trade between nations by using GDP as fitness for the various nodes i , j ( \ displaystyle i , j ) and a linking function of the kind δ η i η j 1 + δ η i η j . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ delta \ eta _ ( i ) \ eta _ ( j ) ) ( 1 + \ delta \ eta _ ( i ) \ eta _ ( j ) ) ) . ) Network analysis ( edit ) Social network analysis ( edit ) Social network analysis examines the structure of relationships between social entities . These entities are often persons , but may also be groups , organizations , nation states , web sites , scholarly publications . Since the 1970s , the empirical study of networks has played a central role in social science , and many of the mathematical and statistical tools used for studying networks have been first developed in sociology . Amongst many other applications , social network analysis has been used to understand the diffusion of innovations , news and rumors . Similarly , it has been used to examine the spread of both diseases and health - related behaviors . It has also been applied to the study of markets , where it has been used to examine the role of trust in exchange relationships and of social mechanisms in setting prices . Similarly , it has been used to study recruitment into political movements and social organizations . It has also been used to conceptualize scientific disagreements as well as academic prestige . More recently , network analysis ( and its close cousin traffic analysis ) has gained a significant use in military intelligence , for uncovering insurgent networks of both hierarchical and leaderless nature . Dynamic network analysis ( edit ) Dynamic network analysis examines the shifting structure of relationships among different classes of entities in complex socio - technical systems effects , and reflects social stability and changes such as the emergence of new groups , topics , and leaders . Dynamic Network Analysis focuses on meta - networks composed of multiple types of nodes ( entities ) and multiple types of links . These entities can be highly varied . Examples include people , organizations , topics , resources , tasks , events , locations , and beliefs . Dynamic network techniques are particularly useful for assessing trends and changes in networks over time , identification of emergent leaders , and examining the co-evolution of people and ideas . Biological network analysis ( edit ) With the recent explosion of publicly available high throughput biological data , the analysis of molecular networks has gained significant interest . The type of analysis in this content are closely related to social network analysis , but often focusing on local patterns in the network . For example , network motifs are small subgraphs that are over-represented in the network . Activity motifs are similar over-represented patterns in the attributes of nodes and edges in the network that are over represented given the network structure . The analysis of biological networks has led to the development of network medicine , which looks at the effect of diseases in the interactome . Link analysis ( edit ) Link analysis is a subset of network analysis , exploring associations between objects . An example may be examining the addresses of suspects and victims , the telephone numbers they have dialed and financial transactions that they have partaken in during a given timeframe , and the familial relationships between these subjects as a part of police investigation . Link analysis here provides the crucial relationships and associations between very many objects of different types that are not apparent from isolated pieces of information . Computer - assisted or fully automatic computer - based link analysis is increasingly employed by banks and insurance agencies in fraud detection , by telecommunication operators in telecommunication network analysis , by medical sector in epidemiology and pharmacology , in law enforcement investigations , by search engines for relevance rating ( and conversely by the spammers for spamdexing and by business owners for search engine optimization ) , and everywhere else where relationships between many objects have to be analyzed . Network robustness ( edit ) The structural robustness of networks is studied using percolation theory . When a critical fraction of nodes is removed the network becomes fragmented into small clusters . This phenomenon is called percolation and it represents an order - disorder type of phase transition with critical exponents . Pandemic analysis ( edit ) The SIR model is one of the most well known algorithms on predicting the spread of global pandemics within an infectious population . Susceptible to infected ( edit ) S = β ( 1 N ) ( \ displaystyle S = \ beta \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ right ) ) The formula above describes the `` force '' of infection for each susceptible unit in an infectious population , where β is equivalent to the transmission rate of said disease . To track the change of those susceptible in an infectious population : Δ S = β × S 1 N Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta S = \ beta \ times S ( 1 \ over N ) \ , \ Delta t ) Infected to recovered ( edit ) Δ I = μ I Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta I = \ mu I \ , \ Delta t ) Over time , the number of those infected fluctuates by : the specified rate of recovery , represented by μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) but deducted to one over the average infectious period 1 τ ( \ displaystyle ( 1 \ over \ tau ) ) , the numbered of infectious individuals , I ( \ displaystyle I ) , and the change in time , Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) . Infectious period ( edit ) Whether a population will be overcome by a pandemic , with regards to the SIR model , is dependent on the value of R 0 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 0 ) ) or the `` average people infected by an infected individual . '' R 0 = β τ = β μ ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 0 ) = \ beta \ tau = ( \ beta \ over \ mu ) ) Web link analysis ( edit ) Several Web search ranking algorithms use link - based centrality metrics , including ( in order of appearance ) Marchiori 's Hyper Search , Google 's PageRank , Kleinberg 's HITS algorithm , the CheiRank and TrustRank algorithms . Link analysis is also conducted in information science and communication science in order to understand and extract information from the structure of collections of web pages . For example , the analysis might be of the interlinking between politicians ' web sites or blogs . PageRank ( edit ) PageRank works by randomly picking `` nodes '' or websites and then with a certain probability , `` randomly jumping '' to other nodes . By randomly jumping to these other nodes , it helps PageRank completely traverse the network as some webpages exist on the periphery and would not as readily be assessed . Each node , x i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) , has a PageRank as defined by the sum of pages j ( \ displaystyle j ) that link to i ( \ displaystyle i ) times one over the outlinks or `` out - degree '' of j ( \ displaystyle j ) times the `` importance '' or PageRank of j ( \ displaystyle j ) . x i = ∑ j → i 1 N j x j ( k ) ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) = \ sum _ ( j \ rightarrow i ) ( 1 \ over N_ ( j ) ) x_ ( j ) ^ ( ( k ) ) ) Random jumping ( edit ) As explained above , PageRank enlists random jumps in attempts to assign PageRank to every website on the internet . These random jumps find websites that might not be found during the normal search methodologies such as Breadth - First Search and Depth - First Search . In an improvement over the aforementioned formula for determining PageRank includes adding these random jump components . Without the random jumps , some pages would receive a PageRank of 0 which would not be good . The first is α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) , or the probability that a random jump will occur . Contrasting is the `` damping factor '' , or 1 − α ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ alpha ) . R ( p ) = α N + ( 1 − α ) ∑ j → i 1 N j x j ( k ) ( \ displaystyle R ( ( p ) ) = ( \ alpha \ over N ) + ( 1 - \ alpha ) \ sum _ ( j \ rightarrow i ) ( 1 \ over N_ ( j ) ) x_ ( j ) ^ ( ( k ) ) ) Another way of looking at it : R ( A ) = ∑ R B B ( outlinks ) + ⋯ + R n n ( outlinks ) ( \ displaystyle R ( A ) = \ sum ( R_ ( B ) \ over B_ ( \ text ( ( outlinks ) ) ) ) + \ cdots + ( R_ ( n ) \ over n_ ( \ text ( ( outlinks ) ) ) ) ) Centrality measures ( edit ) Information about the relative importance of nodes and edges in a graph can be obtained through centrality measures , widely used in disciplines like sociology . Centrality measures are essential when a network analysis has to answer questions such as : `` Which nodes in the network should be targeted to ensure that a message or information spreads to all or most nodes in the network ? '' or conversely , `` Which nodes should be targeted to curtail the spread of a disease ? '' . Formally established measures of centrality are degree centrality , closeness centrality , betweenness centrality , eigenvector centrality , and katz centrality . The objective of network analysis generally determines the type of centrality measure ( s ) to be used . Degree centrality of a node in a network is the number of links ( vertices ) incident on the node . Closeness centrality determines how `` close '' a node is to other nodes in a network by measuring the sum of the shortest distances ( geodesic paths ) between that node and all other nodes in the network . Betweenness centrality determines the relative importance of a node by measuring the amount of traffic flowing through that node to other nodes in the network . This is done by measuring the fraction of paths connecting all pairs of nodes and containing the node of interest . Group Betweenness centrality measures the amount of traffic flowing through a group of nodes . Eigenvector centrality is a more sophisticated version of degree centrality where the centrality of a node not only depends on the number of links incident on the node but also the quality of those links . This quality factor is determined by the eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix of the network . Katz centrality of a node is measured by summing the geodesic paths between that node and all ( reachable ) nodes in the network . These paths are weighted , paths connecting the node with its immediate neighbors carry higher weights than those which connect with nodes farther away from the immediate neighbors . Spread of content in networks ( edit ) Content in a complex network can spread via two major methods : conserved spread and non-conserved spread . In conserved spread , the total amount of content that enters a complex network remains constant as it passes through . The model of conserved spread can best be represented by a pitcher containing a fixed amount of water being poured into a series of funnels connected by tubes . Here , the pitcher represents the original source and the water is the content being spread . The funnels and connecting tubing represent the nodes and the connections between nodes , respectively . As the water passes from one funnel into another , the water disappears instantly from the funnel that was previously exposed to the water . In non-conserved spread , the amount of content changes as it enters and passes through a complex network . The model of non-conserved spread can best be represented by a continuously running faucet running through a series of funnels connected by tubes . Here , the amount of water from the original source is infinite Also , any funnels that have been exposed to the water continue to experience the water even as it passes into successive funnels . The non-conserved model is the most suitable for explaining the transmission of most infectious diseases . The SIR model ( edit ) In 1927 , W.O. Kermack and A.G. McKendrick created a model in which they considered a fixed population with only three compartments , susceptible : S ( t ) ( \ displaystyle S ( t ) ) , infected , I ( t ) ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) ) , and recovered , R ( t ) ( \ displaystyle R ( t ) ) . The compartments used for this model consist of three classes : S ( t ) ( \ displaystyle S ( t ) ) is used to represent the number of individuals not yet infected with the disease at time t , or those susceptible to the disease I ( t ) ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) ) denotes the number of individuals who have been infected with the disease and are capable of spreading the disease to those in the susceptible category R ( t ) ( \ displaystyle R ( t ) ) is the compartment used for those individuals who have been infected and then recovered from the disease . Those in this category are not able to be infected again or to transmit the infection to others . The flow of this model may be considered as follows : S → I → R ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( S ) ) \ rightarrow ( \ mathcal ( I ) ) \ rightarrow ( \ mathcal ( R ) ) ) Using a fixed population , N = S ( t ) + I ( t ) + R ( t ) ( \ displaystyle N = S ( t ) + I ( t ) + R ( t ) ) , Kermack and McKendrick derived the following equations : d S d t = − β S I d I d t = β S I − γ I d R d t = γ I ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) & = - \ beta SI \ \ ( 8pt ) ( \ frac ( dI ) ( dt ) ) & = \ beta SI - \ gamma I \ \ ( 8pt ) ( \ frac ( dR ) ( dt ) ) & = \ gamma I \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Several assumptions were made in the formulation of these equations : First , an individual in the population must be considered as having an equal probability as every other individual of contracting the disease with a rate of β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) , which is considered the contact or infection rate of the disease . Therefore , an infected individual makes contact and is able to transmit the disease with β N ( \ displaystyle \ beta N ) others per unit time and the fraction of contacts by an infected with a susceptible is S / N ( \ displaystyle S / N ) . The number of new infections in unit time per infective then is β N ( S / N ) ( \ displaystyle \ beta N ( S / N ) ) , giving the rate of new infections ( or those leaving the susceptible category ) as β N ( S / N ) I = β S I ( \ displaystyle \ beta N ( S / N ) I = \ beta SI ) ( Brauer & Castillo - Chavez , 2001 ) . For the second and third equations , consider the population leaving the susceptible class as equal to the number entering the infected class . However , a number equal to the fraction ( γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) which represents the mean recovery rate , or 1 / γ ( \ displaystyle 1 / \ gamma ) the mean infective period ) of infectives are leaving this class per unit time to enter the removed class . These processes which occur simultaneously are referred to as the Law of Mass Action , a widely accepted idea that the rate of contact between two groups in a population is proportional to the size of each of the groups concerned ( Daley & Gani , 2005 ) . Finally , it is assumed that the rate of infection and recovery is much faster than the time scale of births and deaths and therefore , these factors are ignored in this model . More can be read on this model on the Epidemic model page . The master equation approach ( edit ) A master equation can express the behaviour of an undirected growing network where , at each time step , a new node is added to the network , linked to an old node ( randomly chosen and without preference ) . The initial network is formed by two nodes and two links between them at time t = 2 ( \ displaystyle t = 2 ) , this configuration is necessary only to simplify further calculations , so at time t = n ( \ displaystyle t = n ) the network have n ( \ displaystyle n ) nodes and n ( \ displaystyle n ) links . The master equation for this network is : p ( k , s , t + 1 ) = 1 t p ( k − 1 , s , t ) + ( 1 − 1 t ) p ( k , s , t ) , ( \ displaystyle p ( k , s , t + 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) p ( k - 1 , s , t ) + \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) \ right ) p ( k , s , t ) , ) where p ( k , s , t ) ( \ displaystyle p ( k , s , t ) ) is the probability to have the node s ( \ displaystyle s ) with degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) at time t + 1 ( \ displaystyle t + 1 ) , and s ( \ displaystyle s ) is the time step when this node was added to the network . Note that there are only two ways for an old node s ( \ displaystyle s ) to have k ( \ displaystyle k ) links at time t + 1 ( \ displaystyle t + 1 ) : The node s ( \ displaystyle s ) have degree k − 1 ( \ displaystyle k - 1 ) at time t ( \ displaystyle t ) and will be linked by the new node with probability 1 / t ( \ displaystyle 1 / t ) Already has degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) at time t ( \ displaystyle t ) and will not be linked by the new node . After simplifying this model , the degree distribution is P ( k ) = 2 − k . ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) = 2 ^ ( - k ) . ) Based on this growing network , an epidemic model is developed following a simple rule : Each time the new node is added and after choosing the old node to link , a decision is made : whether or not this new node will be infected . The master equation for this epidemic model is : p r ( k , s , t ) = r t 1 t p r ( k − 1 , s , t ) + ( 1 − 1 t ) p r ( k , s , t ) , ( \ displaystyle p_ ( r ) ( k , s , t ) = r_ ( t ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) p_ ( r ) ( k - 1 , s , t ) + \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) \ right ) p_ ( r ) ( k , s , t ) , ) where r t ( \ displaystyle r_ ( t ) ) represents the decision to infect ( r t = 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( t ) = 1 ) ) or not ( r t = 0 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( t ) = 0 ) ) . Solving this master equation , the following solution is obtained : P ~ r ( k ) = ( r 2 ) k . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( P ) ) _ ( r ) ( k ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( r ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( k ) . ) Interdependent networks ( edit ) Main article : Interdependent networks An interdependent network is a system of coupled networks where nodes of one or more networks depend on nodes in other networks . Such dependencies are enhanced by the developments in modern technology . Dependencies may lead to cascading failures between the networks and a relatively small failure can lead to a catastrophic breakdown of the system . Blackouts are a fascinating demonstration of the important role played by the dependencies between networks . A recent study developed a framework to study the cascading failures in an interdependent networks system . Multilayer networks ( edit ) Main article : Multidimensional network Multilayer networks are networks with multiple kinds of relations . Increasingly sophisticated attempts to model real - world systems as multidimensional networks have yielded valuable insight in the fields of social network analysis , economics , history , urban and international transport , ecology , psychology , medicine , biology , commerce , climatology , physics , computational neuroscience , operations management , and finance . Network optimization ( edit ) Network problems that involve finding an optimal way of doing something are studied under the name of combinatorial optimization . Examples include network flow , shortest path problem , transport problem , transshipment problem , location problem , matching problem , assignment problem , packing problem , routing problem , Critical Path Analysis and PERT ( Program Evaluation & Review Technique ) . See also ( edit ) Climate as complex networks Collaborative innovation network Communicative ecology Complex network Core - periphery structures in networks Dual - phase evolution Erdős -- Rényi model Glossary of graph theory Higher category theory Immune network theory Irregular warfare Network analyzer Network dynamics Network formation Network theory in risk assessment Network topology Networks in labor economics Non-linear preferential attachment Percolation Policy network analysis Polytely Quantum complex network Random networks Rumor spread in social network Scale - free networks Sequential dynamical system Service network Small - world networks Structural cut - off Systems theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications ( 2006 ) . Network Science . National Research Council . ISBN 0309653886 . 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The European Physical Journal Special Topics. 226 ( 3 ) : 401 -- 416 . arXiv : 1606.09221 . Bibcode : 2017EPJST. 226 ... 401B . doi : 10.1140 / epjst / e2016 - 60274 - 8 . ISSN 1951 - 6355 . Jump up ^ Mucha , P. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Community structure in time - dependent , multiscale , and multiplex networks '' ( PDF ) . Science . 328 ( 5980 ) : 876 -- 878 . arXiv : 0911.1824 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328 ... 876M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1184819 . PMID 20466926 . Jump up ^ De Domenico , M. ; Lancichinetti , A. ; Arenas , A. ; Rosvall , M. ( 2015 ) . `` Identifying Modular Flows on Multilayer Networks Reveals Highly Overlapping Organization in Interconnected Systems '' . Physical Review X . 5 : 011027 . arXiv : 1408.2925 . Bibcode : 2015PhRvX ... 5a1027D . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevX. 5.011027 . Jump up ^ De Domenico , M. ; Sole - Ribalta , A. ; Omodei , E. ; Gomez , S. ; Arenas , A. ( 2015 ) . `` Ranking in interconnected multilayer networks reveals versatile nodes '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 6868 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E6868D . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms7868 . PMID 25904405 . Jump up ^ Battiston , Federico ; Iacovacci , Jacopo ; Nicosia , Vincenzo ; Bianconi , Ginestra ; Latora , Vito ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Emergence of Multiplex Communities in Collaboration Networks '' . PLOS ONE . 11 ( 1 ) : e0147451 . arXiv : 1506.01280 . Bibcode : 2016PLoSO ... 1147451B . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0147451 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4731389 . PMID 26815700 . Jump up ^ Grandjean , Martin ( 2016 ) . Archives Distant Reading : Mapping the Activity of the League of Nations ' Intellectual Cooperation . In Digital Humanities 2016 : Jagiellonian University & Pedagogical University , Kraków , pp. 531 -- 534 . Jump up ^ Cardillo , A. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Emergence of network features from multiplexity '' . Scientific Reports . 3 : 1344 . arXiv : 1212.2153 . Bibcode : 2013NatSR ... 3E1344C . doi : 10.1038 / srep01344 . PMC 3583169 . PMID 23446838 . 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Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 : 0101 . arXiv : 1511.04453 ( q - bio. QM ) . doi : 10.1038 / s41559 - 017 - 0101 . Cite uses deprecated parameter class = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kouvaris , N.E. ; Hata , S. ; Diaz - Guilera , A. ( 2015 ) . `` Pattern Formation in Multiplex Networks '' . Scientific Reports . 5 ( 1 ) : 10840 . arXiv : 1412.2923 . Bibcode : 2015NatSR ... 510840K . doi : 10.1038 / srep10840 . Jump up ^ Fiori , K.L. ; Smith , J ; Antonucci , T.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Social network types among older adults : A multidimensional approach '' . The Journals of Gerontology Series B. 62 ( 6 ) : P322 -- 30 . doi : 10.1093 / geronb / 62.6. p322 . PMID 18079416 . Jump up ^ De Domenico , M. ; Nicosia , V. ; Arenas , A. ; Latora , V. ( 2015 ) . `` Structural reducibility of multilayer networks '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 6864 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E6864D . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms7864 . PMID 25904309 . Jump up ^ Gao ; Buldyrev ; Stanley ; Havlin ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Networks formed from interdependent networks '' . Nature Physics. 8 : 40 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2012NatPh ... 8 ... 40G . doi : 10.1038 / nphys2180 . Jump up ^ De Domenico , M. ; Granell , C. ; Porter , Mason A. ; Arenas , A. ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` The physics of multilayer networks '' . Nature Physics. 12 : 901 -- 906 . arXiv : 1604.02021 ( physics. soc - ph ) . Bibcode : 2016NatPh ... 12 ... 901D . doi : 10.1038 / nphys3865 . Cite uses deprecated parameter class = ( help ) Jump up ^ Timme , N. ; Ito , S. ; Myroshnychenko , M. ; Yeh , F.C. ; Hiolski , E. ; Hottowy , P. ; Beggs , J.M. ( 2014 ) . `` Multiplex Networks of Cortical and Hippocampal Neurons Revealed at Different Timescales '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 12 ) : e115764 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 9k5764T . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0115764 . PMC 4275261 . PMID 25536059 . Jump up ^ De Domenico , M. ; Sasai , S. ; Arenas , A. ( 2016 ) . `` Mapping multiplex hubs in human functional brain networks '' . Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10 . doi : 10.3389 / fnins. 2016.00326 . Jump up ^ Battiston , F. ; Nicosia , V. ; Chavez , M. ; Latora , V. ( 2016 ) . `` Multilayer motif analysis of brain networks '' . Chaos : An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science . 27 : 047404 . arXiv : 1606.09115 ( physics. soc - ph ) . Bibcode : 2017Chaos ... 27d7404B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4979282 . Cite uses deprecated parameter class = ( help ) Further Reading ( edit ) `` A Very Short Introduction to Networks , '' G. Caldarelli , M. Catanzaro ( Oxford University Press , Oxford 2007 ) `` Network Science Center , '' http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Network_Science_Center.asf `` Connected : The Power of Six Degrees , '' http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu/km/movies/2008-talas-connected.mov Cohen , R. ; Erez , K. ; Havlin , S. ( 2000 ) . `` Resilience of the Internet to random breakdown '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 ( 21 ) : 4626 -- 4628 . arXiv : cond - mat / 0007048 . Bibcode : 2000PhRvL ... 85.4626 C . doi : 10.1103 / physrevlett. 85.4626 . PMID 11082612 . Pu , Cun - Lai ; Wen - ; Pei , Jiang ; Michaelson , Andrew ( 2012 ) . `` Robustness analysis of network controllability '' ( PDF ) . Physica A. 391 ( 18 ) : 4420 -- 4425 . Bibcode : 2012PhyA ... 391.4420 P . doi : 10.1016 / j. physa. 2012.04. 019 . `` Leader Profile : The Burgeoning Field of Network Science , The Military Engineer recently had the opportunity to speak with Frederick I. Moxley , Ph. D , '' http://themilitaryengineer.com/index.php/item/160-leader-profile-the-burgeoning-field-of-network-science S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes , Evolution of Networks : From biological networks to the Internet and WWW , Oxford University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 851590 - 1 Linked : The New Science of Networks , A. - L. Barabási ( Perseus Publishing , Cambridge ) ' Scale - Free Networks , G. Caldarelli ( Oxford University Press , Oxford ) Network Science , Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications , National Research Council . 2005 . The National Academies Press ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 309 - 10026 - 7 Network Science Bulletin , USMA ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 934808 - 00 - 9 The Structure and Dynamics of Networks Mark Newman , Albert - László Barabási , & Duncan J. Watts ( The Princeton Press , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 11357 - 2 Dynamical processes on complex networks , Alain Barrat , Marc Barthelemy , Alessandro Vespignani ( Cambridge University Press , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87950 - 7 Network Science : Theory and Applications , Ted G. Lewis ( Wiley , March 11 , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 470 - 33188 - 7 Nexus : Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Theory of Networks , Mark Buchanan ( W.W. Norton & Company , June 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 32442 - 7 Six Degrees : The Science of a Connected Age , Duncan J. Watts ( W.W. Norton & Company , February 17 , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 32542 - 3 Kitsak , M. ; Gallos , L.K. ; Havlin , S. ; Liljeros , F. ; Muchnik , L. ; Stanley , H.E. ; Makse , H.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Influential Spreaders in Networks '' . Nature Physics. 6 : 888 -- 893 . arXiv : 1001.5285 . Bibcode : 2010NatPh ... 6 ... 888K . doi : 10.1038 / nphys1746 . Social networks and social media Types City Personal Professional Sexual Value Networks Distributed social network ( list ) Enterprise social networking Mobile social network Personal knowledge networking Services List of social networking websites List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users List of virtual communities with more than 100 million active users Concepts and theories Assortative mixing Interpersonal bridge Organizational network analysis Small - world experiment Social aspects of television Social capital Social data revolution Social exchange theory Social identity theory Social network analysis Social web Structural endogamy Models and processes Aggregation Change detection Collaboration graph Collaborative consumption Giant Global Graph Lateral communication Social graph Social network analysis software Social networking potential Social television Structural cohesion Economics Collaborative finance Social commerce Phenomena Community recognition Complex contagion Consequential strangers Friend of a friend Friendship paradox Six degrees of separation Social invisibility Social network game Social occultation Tribe Related topics Researchers User profile Viral messages Virtual community Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_science&oldid=864056840 '' Categories : Cybernetics Networks Network theory Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido मराठी Nederlands Português Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 20 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what data structure is used to represent connections in a network	[ "Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections between the elements or actors as links (or edges). The field draws on theories and methods including graph theory from mathematics, statistical mechanics from physics, data mining and information visualization from computer science, inferential modeling from statistics, and social structure from sociology. The United States National Research Council defines network science as \"the study of network representations of physical, biological, and social phenomena leading to predictive models of these phenomena.\"[1]\n" ]	[ "links (or edges)" ]
-2138294266173392605	List of Bob's Burgers characters	List of Bob 's Burgers characters - wikipedia List of Bob 's Burgers characters Jump to : navigation , search The Belcher family From left to right : Tina , Gene , Bob , Linda and Louise Belcher The following is a list of characters from American animated television series Bob 's Burgers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Belcher family 1.1 Bob 1.2 Linda 1.3 Tina 1.4 Gene 1.5 Louise 1.6 Relatives of the Belcher Family 2 Regular customers at Bob 's Burgers 3 Pesto family 4 Wagstaff School staff 5 Wagstaff School students 6 Other recurring characters 7 References Belcher family ( edit ) The Belcher family is a family who runs the family business called Bob 's Burgers . Loren Bouchard described their ethnicity : `` For better , for worse we gave ( the main characters ) the name Belcher so at least one of Bob 's parents hails from some French or French - Canadian lineage . But in a perfect world , we 'd have the show about a sort of Greek - Armenian - Italian - Jewish - German polyglot . '' The Belcher family consists of : Bob ( edit ) Robert `` Bob '' Belcher , Jr. ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Bob Belcher is the husband of Linda ; the father of Tina , Gene , and Louise ; the son of Robert Belcher , Sr. ( nicknamed `` Big Bob '' ) ; and the main character of the series . He is a second - generation restaurant owner , as his father owns a diner , and currently the proprietor of his eponymous burger restaurant ( Bob 's Burgers ) in a shore town . The Season 5 episode `` Father of the Bob '' begins with a flashback set 30 years prior in which a young Bob states that he is 14 years old , making him 44 in the episode 's present . It is also mentioned in the episode that Bob 's mother had died sometime prior to the series ' beginning . Bob has a tendency to entertain himself by having conversations with inanimate objects and then speak back as the inanimate object , usually in a high , squeaky voice . He also enjoys making puns , utilizing this talent to name his burger specials ( i.e. the If Looks Could Kale Burger , New Bacon - ings Burger , etc . ) His childhood has been described as `` crappy , '' as his father discouraged play . While poor with business management , and cursed with an unlucky streak , his skills at burger cooking have been shown to be excellent , to the point where he has been referred to as a `` beef artist . '' As shown in the flashback during `` Father of the Bob , '' the `` Burger of the Day '' special stems from an incident in which he customized a burger by adding chives to it , calling it `` Baby You Can Chive My Car . '' He tried to serve it to one of Big Bob 's regular customers who normally ordered a tuna melt , but Big Bob threw the burger away in front of the whole diner . Ten years later , still resentful over not being allowed to cook the way he wanted , Bob turned down Big Bob 's offer of a partnership in the diner and opened his own restaurant . Bob prides himself on giving the customer a quality meal and goes the extra mile to ensure that , choosing fresh ingredients he gets from the local farmer 's markets and co-op's . His biggest accomplishment is the Meatsiah , a concoction that consists of a steak tartare center with a medium - well cooked burger surrounding it and a burger Wellington surrounding the burger . Bob is allergic to shellfish , particularly lobster , as it causes his face to swell any time he eats it . This is a problem , as the town the Belchers live in has an annual lobster festival ( which Bob hates because it takes away from his business ) . Bob , along with Linda , enjoys drinking and many of the episode gags involve Bob or Linda drinking and getting drunk from wine . Bob also has a tendency to take mind - altering substances such as crack in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' , absinthe in `` An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal '' , pain relievers in `` Housetrap '' , and his pain medication in `` Burgerboss '' . Linda ( edit ) Linda Belcher ( voiced by John Roberts ) -- Linda Belcher is Bob 's happy - go - lucky and supportive wife and the mother of Tina , Gene , and Louise . Prior to her marriage to Bob , she was engaged to Hugo , who is now a local health inspector ( `` Human Flesh '' ) . In the fifth - season episode `` Eat , Spray , Linda '' she turned forty - four years old . She has also referred to herself as a `` pre middle aged mother '' ( `` Lindapendent Woman '' ) Linda often calls her husband Bobby , and her attraction to Bob is in part due to his passion for his work , and also due to his `` Tom Selleckian '' mustache . She remains a loyal and devoted wife despite their frequent financial problems and never having had a honeymoon or a day off in 10 years ( `` Weekend at Mort 's '' ) . She has a preference for mustaches , and says Bob `` made himself ugly '' when he shaved it off ( `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' ) . Her passions include singing , dinner theater , porcelain baby figurines , Tom Selleck , nautically themed romance novels , and prenatal yoga . She handles the accounting for the restaurant , though her bookkeeping methods are sometimes troublesome and overly complicated . She is fond of alcohol and is known to say that `` Mommy does n't get drunk ; she just has fun . '' Linda is extroverted , has a thick New Jersey accent , and is somewhat odd ; she is also fond of tackling problems using unconventional methods , though her methods are frequently over-optimistic and things sometimes go awry . She often encourages her kids to engage in behavior that Bob finds annoying , and though she wants what 's best for her kids , she tends to be scatter - brained . Bob has described her as a `` pushover '' because she allows people ( the kids ) to take advantage of her . She has a contentious relationship with Louise and often misunderstands her , even once organizing a slumber party for Louise against her will . She is a talented lyricist , as shown in `` Lil Hard Dad ; '' Gene may have inherited his musical predilection from her . She has tendency to spontaneously burst into song , a trait she shares with her voice actor John Roberts . Many of the songs she is known for are improvised by Roberts , including her `` Thanksgiving Song '' , `` Dish - a-Dee - Doo '' ( a jazzy ditty sung while washing the dishes , as seen in Mother Daughter Laser Razor ) , and a hair - brushing ditty that references the late Harry Truman . Her songs are frequently remade and set to music for the episode 's end credits . Tina ( edit ) Tina Ruth Belcher ( voiced by Dan Mintz ) -- Tina Belcher is the eldest Belcher child . She was said to be autistic in the first episode , but the claim was immediately dismissed by her parents . She generally speaks in a low , monotone voice , works part - time at the family restaurant , and is often the voice of reason among the Belcher children , though it is made quite clear Tina 's own characteristics rival those of her siblings . She is trying to come to grips with her entry into adulthood , and claims to have a complicated relationship with zombies . She is obsessed with horses , boys ( particularly Jimmy Jr . ) , and buttocks ; in various episodes she writes in her journal about touching people 's butts , which , to her , is the height of sexual contact . According to her siblings , Tina has written erotic fanfiction of several television shows and movies and has moved on to `` erotic friend fiction '' , in which she uses real - life people . She is a member of the Hormone - iums , a musical revue at Wagstaff that sings songs about puberty , and was formerly a member of the Thundergirls , a Girl Scout - like organization . Tina was aged 12 in early episodes and now 13 since the episode `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' . She is generally soft - spoken and reserved , often in contrast to her more strident siblings . In the show 's early developmental stages , the eldest Belcher child was originally written as a boy , Daniel Belcher . Daniel was also voiced by Mintz , whose personality in the never - broadcast pilot is said to have been similar to that of Tina . Tina is shown to have difficulties with her schoolwork , although she is a hard worker , as shown in `` Ca n't Buy Me Math '' when she is put into remedial math and `` Bob and Deliver '' when guidance counselor Mr. Frond refers to her as a `` dum - dum '' . Gene ( edit ) Gene Belcher ( voiced by Eugene Mirman ) -- Eugene `` Gene '' Belcher is the middle child and only son in the family , revealed to be 11 years old in season 3 . Like Linda , he has an upbeat and enthusiastic attitude about almost everything ; however , he closely resembles Bob and has inherited his lobster allergy . He often promotes the restaurant by wearing a burger costume , which he uses to run in a mascot race in the season 1 episode `` Torpedo '' and using a toy megaphone to hand out samples . In `` It Snakes a Village '' , it is shown that he suffers from ophidiophobia . Gene has a variety of interests and hobbies , with his most well - known being food and music . Though he has no training , he occasionally demonstrates great skill in music and aspires to be a musician ; he enjoys playing a Casio - type keyboard and makes fart sounds using it , and creates an elaborate love duet in `` Topsy '' as well as a one - man show in `` Work Hard or Die Trying , Girl . '' Despite this , Gene is not without his flaws , namely a tendency to be easily distracted , which the family refers to as `` Gene - ing out '' in `` Best Burger '' , but very loving and loyal to his family . He is also rather unathletic , as shown in several episodes including `` Synchronized Swimming '' , when he has trouble opening a door which Tina then opens with ease , and `` Spaghetti Western and Meatballs '' , when he runs away from a fight in fear . Louise ( edit ) Louise Belcher ( voiced by Kristen Schaal ) -- Louise Belcher is the youngest of the Belcher siblings and is revealed to be 9 years old in season 1 . She is still 9 by Christmas five seasons later . In spite of being the youngest , she usually dominates her two older siblings by `` wear ( ing ) down your self esteem over a period of years . '' Precociously intelligent , manipulative , and aggressive ( even towards adults ) , she is more than willing to exploit people if there is anything to be gained . She has an offbeat and dark sense of humor and picks locks as a hobby . Louise always wears her signature pink hat with bunny ears , regardless of the time of day or situation ; to date , viewers have never seen her uncovered head . She claims that she has `` a raging staph infection under here '' in the episode `` Synchronized Swimming '' when they try to make her take it off . In `` Ear - sy Rider , '' when a high - schooler stole her hat from her , her head was off screen , then she wore a hoodie till she got it back . Louise is not immune to breaking her tough character persona , however : she called Bob `` daddy '' until she was eight , felt guilty about almost electrocuting her sister to death , still believes in Santa Claus , has a disturbing crush on a boy - band member , and proclaims she does love her family in the face of death at the end of season 4 . Since she was a baby , Louise has always liked Bob more than Linda , opting to spend more time with him as she finds him much more interesting ; it can generally be assumed that Louise and Bob have a very strong relationship , although she is the most prone amongst her siblings to mock him . In `` Carpe Museum '' , Louise accidentally reveals her plan to take over the family restaurant when Bob retires , after renaming it to `` Louise 's Burgers . '' Relatives of the Belcher family ( edit ) Gayle ( voiced by Megan Mullally ) -- Linda 's neurotic artist sister , the aunt of Tina , Gene and Louise and the sister - in - law of Bob . Bob dislikes her , much to Linda 's consternation . She is desperately lonely and once fell in love with Bob because , Linda explains , she always wants what Linda has . However , men often take an interest in her , including Dr. Yap , Mort , Mr. Frond and Mr. Fischoeder . She loves cats and may suffer from some form of factitious disorder , as she often fakes injuries . Al ( voiced by Sam Seder ) -- Linda 's father , father - in - law of Bob , and the maternal grandfather of Tina , Gene , and Louise . He rarely speaks , is hard of hearing , and wears a hearing aid . He accompanies Gloria everywhere . He has a fetish for the sound of popping balloons . Gloria ( voiced by Renée Taylor ) -- Linda 's mother , mother - in - law of Bob , and maternal grandmother of Tina , Gene and Louise . Bob does n't like her very much and he always tries to hide from her when she and Al come over to visit . Bob Belcher , Sr. ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin in `` Bob Fires the Kids , '' Bill Hader in `` Father of the Bob '' ) -- Robert `` Big Bob '' Belcher , Sr. is Bob 's father , the father - in - law of Linda , and the paternal grandfather of Tina , Gene and Louise . Like his son , Big Bob is a restaurateur who owns his own business called `` Big Bob 's Diner . '' He 's shown to be a tough loving father towards his own son , as shown in flashbacks . Since his pre-teens , Big Bob has been very controlling of Bob and has put him to work most of the time . He enjoys line - dancing , which he practices at the bar next to his diner . Regular customers at Bob 's Burgers ( edit ) Bob 's Burgers features regular ups and downs in customer volume , but two loyal customers help keep the restaurant open . Teddy ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- Teddy Francisco is a talkative , burly contractor , who is a loyal and regular customer of the Belcher family restaurant , and a close family friend . He is divorced , lives alone and dates infrequently . In the episode `` Thanks - Hoarding '' , it is revealed that Teddy is a hoarder . Teddy loves the Belchers and wants to be part of their family . Long - winded at times , he frequently tells needlessly detailed stories about mundane things that usually bore the listener . While he is known to eat nearly anything ( on one occasion , he ate a piece of a sponge Bob handed to him and , according to Linda , a receipt ) Bob 's hamburgers seem to be among his favorite foods . In the episode `` Friends with Burger - fits '' , Teddy learns that his daily consumption of Bob 's burgers have caused him to develop extremely high cholesterol . Generally mild mannered and affable , Teddy participates in on - going therapy sessions as he sometimes has angry , violent outbursts over minor things . He was attractive and physically fit enough in his youth to be cast as a lifeguard in a 1980s exploitation movie filmed at Wonder Wharf , but it took such a psychological toll on him that he resorted to eating and gained a substantial amount of weight . Mort ( voiced by Andy Kindler ) -- Mort is the owner of the `` It 's Your Funeral '' funeral home next to the restaurant and also a regular customer of Bob 's Burgers . He is a little odd and has a stereotypically morbid sense of humor . He is good friends with Bob and Teddy , and he has cared for the Belcher children and acted as the Belcher family driver when Tina crashed Bob 's car . He has a good sense of humor about the macabre questions to which he is often subjected . Pesto family ( edit ) Jimmy Pesto , Sr. ( voiced by Jay Johnston ) -- Jimmy Pesto , Sr. , real surname Poplopovich , is the owner of the Italian restaurant across the street called `` Jimmy Pesto 's Pizzeria . '' Although of eastern European descent he goes by the Italian - sounding name of Pesto , presumably to increase the appeal of his restaurant ; he and his family members are invariably referred to by the Pesto last name . He is the father of Ollie , Andy , and Jimmy Pesto , Jr. , and is Bob 's personal rival . Their rivalry often seems to border on stalking each other and occasionally descends into violence . Their families actually get along well and apart from a few isolated incidents , neither of their businesses actually endanger the other . This is in part because Bob 's burgers are genuinely better than the food Jimmy serves , which is often described as being of sub par quality . In one episode where Jimmy tries to outdo Bob by serving burgers , he can be seen weeping in the middle of the night , knowing that the ruse wo n't last ; in another episode , Jimmy competes in a burger cookoff against Bob and a celebrity chef and his `` Oregano Burger '' is poorly received . It is revealed in `` The Belchies '' that he and his children 's mother are divorced ; she has not yet been seen . Jimmy Pesto , Jr. ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Almost always referred to as `` Jimmy Junior '' , Jimmy Pesto , Jr. is Jimmy Pesto , Sr. 's son and Ollie and Andy 's older brother and speaks with a lisp . Jimmy works as the busboy at `` Jimmy Pesto 's Pizzeria . '' He is Tina 's classmate , love interest and on - again , off - again boyfriend . Tina has a crush on him and tries her best to get his attention ( slow dancing with him , forcibly sharing a pasta strand with him , etc . ) . He switches between thinking Tina is weird and reciprocating her feelings . He is close friends with Zeke , has a noticeable speech impediment , and loves dancing . He appears to be among the most popular students at Wagstaff , though many students turned against him in `` The Millie - Churian Candidate '' after Louise sabotaged his class president campaign . He has jealous tendencies ; in `` Stand By Gene '' he resents Gene for his friendship with Zeke , and in `` Two for Tina '' he feuds with Tina 's love interest Josh despite their on - and - off relationship . Jimmy has gone on dates with Tina , and Louise said they were dating , however Jimmy tends to forget this from time to time . Louise calls him `` brace face '' in `` The Belchies , '' implying he wears braces , but these are never seen , as Bob 's Burgers rarely shows its characters ' teeth . Ollie and Andy Pesto ( voiced by Sarah Silverman and Laura Silverman ) -- Ollie and Andy Pesto are Jimmy Pesto , Sr. 's blonde twin sons who are the brothers of Jimmy Pesto , Jr . They are very childish and care for each other a lot , experiencing extreme anxiety whenever they must be separated -- at one point they imply that their backpacks will miss each other when separated and are nearly run over because they were trying to carry each other across the street . They are classmates and good friends with Louise despite the rivalry between their fathers ( as well as Louise 's tendency to take advantage of them , such as in `` Art Crawl '' ) . Ollie and Andy 's intense fondness for each other mimics that of Walter and Perry from Loren Bouchard 's previous animated television series Home Movies . Wagstaff School staff ( edit ) The following characters work at Wagstaff School : Phillip Frond ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Phillip Frond is the `` self - certified '' school counselor of Wagstaff School . Bob describes him as a `` tall drink of annoying '' , and he has stuffed dolls that he talks to as if they were real . He feels underused and underappreciated at the school , since nobody really likes him , due to his uptight and strict personality , and his advice is never sought after . He occasionally concocts harebrained schemes to advance his own career , which usually backfire spectacularly . Coach Blevins ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- Coach Blevins is the gym teacher who wears shatterproof goggles . Mr. Ambrose ( voiced by Billy Eichner ) -- Mr. Ambrose is the school librarian and the cheerleading coach who has a penchant for dramatism . Mr. Branca ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Mr. Branca is an immigrant janitor from an unknown country . Back in his country , he was its President before a coup d'état occurred . Ms. Jacobson ( voiced by Melissa Bardin Galsky ) -- Ms. Jacobson is an eighth grade teacher who is usually seen teaching Tina 's class which often includes Jimmy Pesto , Jr. , Jocelyn , Tammy Larsen , and Zeke . She was included in Tina 's erotic friend fiction in `` Bad Tina '' , where she paired her with Mr. Frond . She is described by Bob as `` ridiculously attractive '' in `` Two for Tina '' . Ms. LaBonz ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Ms. LaBonz is the 4th grade teacher who is usually teaching Louise 's class which also consisted of Andy and Ollie Pesto , Millie Frock , Regular Size Rudy , and Wayne . She has a habit of stealing supplies from the school . Ms. Merkin ( voiced by Brian Huskey ) -- Ms. Merkin is a longtime music teacher at Wagstaff . She is a very proficient musician , competent at multiple instruments including drums , ukulele , piano , and guitar . She is supportive of Gene 's talent , defecting to his guerrilla Die Hard musical after being replaced in the school musical . In `` Itty Bitty Ditty Committee , '' Gene enlists her to help him improve his musicianship , but he gives up three seconds later , because of the commitment required . Ms. Schnur ( voiced by Sarah Silverman ) -- Ms. Schnur is the secretary to Principal Spoors who is usually distracted by kids who are sent to Spoors . Wagstaff School students ( edit ) The following students attend Wagstaff school with the Belcher siblings and the Pesto siblings : Chloe Barbash ( voiced by Stephanie Beatriz ) - Chloe Barbash is a student at Wagstaff School . In `` Bob Actually '' , it is revealed that Regular - Sized Rudy has an unrequited crush on her . Choo - Choo ( voiced by Brian Posehn ) -- Choo - Choo is a student at Wagstaff School and Gene 's nemesis . He constantly annoys Gene whenever he tells a joke by saying the punchline before him . He first appeared in `` Spaghetti Western and Meatballs '' and got his name for saying `` choo choo '' every time he got into a fight . Courtney Wheeler ( voiced by David Wain ) -- Gene 's ex-girlfriend ; an annoying girl who likes Gene in the episode `` The Unbearable Like - Likeness of Gene . '' Gene begins going out with her when he is stuck with answering if he `` like - likes '' her , so he pairs up with her temporarily . Gene 's plans were to dump her until he meets her father Doug who he believes can launch his career in writing jingles . He breaks up with her at her birthday party after she interrupts one of his performances , and she retaliates by upstaging him by staging a musical based on the film Working Girl . In `` The Gene & Courtney Show , '' they reconcile and appear to kindle a romance . Courtney has blonde curly hair and always wears a necklace with a heart pendant on it that always seems to wind up in her mouth . Darryl ( voiced by Aziz Ansari ) -- Darryl is a student at Wagstaff School and a video game enthusiast . He goes by DRL in reference to his initials for arcade scoreboards . In the episode Nude Beach , he returns to team up with the Belchers in their attempt to sell tickets to a view of the titular nude beach to children at their school . Henry Haber ( voiced by Jim Gaffigan ) -- Henry Haber is a student at Wagstaff School . He first appears in `` Carpe Museum '' where he is assigned as Tina 's buddy for the museum field trip . In `` The Millie - churian Candidate '' Henry runs for student body president under the campaign `` Chess we Can '' . He later wins by default after Millie and Louise both get disqualified . Jeremy ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Jeremy is one of Louise 's classmates . He appears in `` Topsy '' and has increasingly accompanied the Belcher children and their crew . He was first characterized as uptight , ratting on Louise 's science project to Mr. Frond in `` Topsy , '' but as evidenced by his willingness to engage in bounce house theft in `` House Of 1000 Bounces , '' he 's loosened up a little . Jocelyn ( voiced by John Roberts ) -- Jocelyn is a student at Wagstaff School . She has blonde curly hair that she wears in a side ponytail and is a cheerleader as well . She displays an obsession with being cool and popular to the point of being unable to have a mind of her own to avoid embarrassing herself . She can often be heard saying things like `` That 's so cool . Unless you guys do n't think so . Then it 's lame . '' Jodi ( voiced by Rachel Dratch ) -- Jodi is a student at Wagstaff School who has a severe fear of germs . It is extreme enough that she struggles to sit down or touch anything without using hand sanitizer or wearing rubber gloves . Large Tommy ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- Large Tommy is an overweight nerd - looking student who has brown hair and wears a red shirt and glasses . Like Speedo Guy , he appears randomly in the series , mainly in background roles . Lenny DeStefano ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- A student at Wagstaff School . Lenny is an extremely popular and handsome boy , considered the biggest catch at Wagstaff among the girls . His charm apparently extends to adults , as Bob seemed very taken with Lenny during a short car ride together and Ms. Merkin even expressed interest in attending his birthday party . Mabel `` Abby '' Haddington ( voiced by Rachel Dratch ) -- Mabel Haddington ( better known as Abby ) is a student who attends Wagstaff School . She is obsessed with braiding . Millie Frock ( voiced by Molly Shannon ) -- Millie Frock is a Wagstaff Middle School student who first appeared in the second Bob 's Burgers ' Halloween episode `` Fort Night . '' She is Louise 's age and is obsessed with her . She displays psychopathic tendencies ; in `` Fort Night , '' she traps the Belcher children and their friends in a fort overnight as retaliation for Louise refusing to be her friend . Peter Pescadero ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Peter Pescadero is a wimpy boy who is one of Gene 's classmates . He is a terrible dancer and owns a Sasquatch Mask that Gene borrowed as seen in `` Beefsquatch . '' He has partial hearing loss ( as mentioned in `` The Unbrearable Like - Likeness of Gene '' ) and is also an award winning magician ( `` Presto Tina - O '' ) Regular - Sized Rudy ( voiced by Brian Huskey ) -- Rudolph Steiblitz , known as Regular - Sized Rudy to distinguish him from a smaller classmate ( Pocket - Sized Rudy ) , is Louise 's classmate , best friend and love interest . He has asthma and needs to use his inhaler every two hours . Despite his condition , he loves to have fun and often joins Louise in her mischievous escapades . He keeps cymbals in his backpack . He is a frequent guest on the wine tasting train ( `` The Kids Rob a Train '' ) where he spends his time with Beans the bean bag chair while his father goes on internet dates . Tammy Larsen ( voiced by Jenny Slate ) -- Tina 's mean girl nemesis , who continuously bullies her . She usually wears heavy makeup and has blonde hair , which she wears in a side ponytail . She acts like the `` popular '' and `` hot '' girl , despite the fact that nobody likes her . She was a brunette in her first appearance on the show ( in the episode `` Bad Tina '' ) , but in subsequent episodes she is blonde ( this fact is acknowledged twice in the show : once in the episode `` Broadcast Wagstaff School News , '' in which she taunts Tina by saying `` I 'm a blonde now so I 'm better than you , '' and the second in the episode `` Lice Things Are Lice , '' in which she says , `` You 're not a blonde , '' and Tina replies , `` Neither are you . '' ) Andy and Ollie once described her as a `` bathroom clown '' due to her makeup . Tammy comes from a Jewish family and is at least twelve years old , as she has celebrated her bat mitzvah -- or rather she tried to , as Tina wound up taking her place at the party , much to the relief of everyone , including Tammy 's own relatives . She is also Wagstaff 's head cheerleader and has a problem with passing gas , caused by laughing too hard , by someone lifting her up wrong , or because of nerves . Zeke ( voiced by Bobby Tisdale ) -- Zeke is a boisterous and immature boy with a slight southern accent , who usually hangs out with Jimmy Jr . Zeke 's middle name is Anthony . He 's obsessed with wrestling and boobs and makes fart jokes often . He may be a gifted chef , as suspected by Bob in `` Bob And Deliver . '' Other recurring characters ( edit ) Bryce ( voiced by Joe Lo Truglio ) -- Bryce is a teenage resident of King 's Head Island who participates in the annual Hell Hunt on Halloween night as seen in `` Full Bars . '' He appears again in `` Speakeasy Rider '' where he is an expert in Go - Karting racing under the name `` Bryced Lightning . '' Bryce finished third in the King 's Head Island Grand Prix . Calvin Fischoeder ( voiced by Kevin Kline ) -- Calvin Fischoeder is an odd local businessman who dresses in a white suit , a white cape , and a white eyepatch over his left eye , and who has a hairstyle similar to Vanity Fair publisher Graydon Carter . He owns or has a stake in just about everything on the harbor ( and many things in town ) including the Belcher and Pesto restaurants . He likes Bob despite Bob always being late with his rent ( partially because Bob knows a legendary burger recipe that he greatly enjoys and Bob reminds him of his father due to Bob 's hairy arms ) . Louise describes him as being `` one white cat away from being a supervillain '' . His last name is pronounced `` Fish - odor . '' He smokes marijuana , as revealed in `` Bob Fires The Kids . '' In `` Ambergris , '' it is revealed that Calvin has a brother named Felix who is the reason why Calvin wears an eyepatch . Chuck Charles ( voiced by Thomas Lennon ) -- A daytime talk - show host along with his co-host and ( secretly ex - ) wife Pam until the Belchers ' participation on his show caused their show to be cancelled . He then became the host of a game show called `` Family Fracas '' . He and Pam hid their divorce for the sake of their talk - show , but have an antagonistic relationship behind the scenes . Chuck blames the Belchers for his show being cancelled and harbors a grudge against them that has apparently yet to dissipate , if events of `` Best Burger '' are any indication . Cynthia Bush ( voiced by Lindsey Stoddart ) -- The mother of Logan Barry Bush . She has appeared in both of the episodes that Logan has appeared in as well and has a similarly contentious relationship with Linda as Logan does with Louise . Dr. Yap ( voiced by Ken Jeong ) -- He works as the Belcher Family 's dentist . He appears as a competent professional , but when the surface is scratched , he is fairly irresponsible and erratic . He is shown to be somewhat lonely and socially awkward , which leads him to inappropriate behavior with his patients and his fraternity brothers . He is the subject of one of Tina Belcher 's youthful crushes . Edith and Harold Cranwinkle ( voiced by Larry Murphy and Sam Seder ) -- The elderly owners of Reflections ( an art sale , supplies , and lessons store ) . Edith is the chairperson of the Art Crawl ( an event where local businesses display art work ) . She frequently antagonizes Bob , but it 's never explained why she hates him . Fanny ( voiced by Jordan Peele ) -- Fanny is Felix Fischoeder 's girlfriend . Felix promises her a recording studio at the planned high end condo development along with a nightclub where she can sing . She attempts to kill Calvin Fischoeder and the Belchers , but her plan is ruined by Linda , knocking a rotten wooden pole into the peddle boat that Fanny was on . Fanny is later seen being taken away by the police for attempted murder with the Belchers covering up Felix 's attempted murder by stating that Fanny manipulated him . Felix Fischoeder ( voiced by Zach Galifianakis ) -- Felix Fischoeder is the younger brother of Calvin Fischoeder . Felix is known to be rather neurotic and has emotional issues likely stemming from childhood . Felix is the cause of Calvin 's poked out eye . Also to calm him down , they would have to sing a song tributing to Felix , revealing that he is a narcissist . He first appeared in `` Ambergris '' when he decided to install a new , high - tech bathroom in the restaurant . In the two - part episode `` World Wharf II , '' he and Bob conspire to convince Calvin to destroy Wonder Wharf in order to put up a condominium and get a nightclub for his girlfriend Fanny . When Bob goes back on his deal to convince Calvin to sell Wonder Wharf , Felix ties them up under the pier with the intention of having them drown when the tide comes in but soon regrets his actions and tries to save them . Felix later returned in `` Dawn of the Peck '' where he conceived the idea of a Running of the Bulls style event called the `` Turkey Trot '' for the town 's Thanksgiving festival , which turned out to be a disaster when the birds attacked the participants . Gretchen ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- She was first introduced in `` Lobsterfest '' . Gretchen has blonde hair , and is Linda 's hairstylist . She is somewhat overweight and provocative , speaking frankly about sex and personal issues , to the point of making others uncomfortable . She also is attracted to men with badges or so called `` authority - figures '' . She also goes to the nude beach and has a tattoo of a dolphin on her back . Hugo Habercore ( voiced by Sam Seder ) -- Hugo is a health inspector who used to be engaged to Linda but was jilted by her for Bob , a fact that causes him no end of frustration . This fact alone causes him to target Bob any chance he gets , to the point of malpractice as a health inspector . His last name was revealed on a chyron during a news report in `` Human Flesh '' . Ron ( voiced by Ron Lynch ) -- Ron is Hugo 's assistant , a trainee health inspector . Often quiet , he is willing to point out Hugo 's malpractices when they go too far . Jairo ( voiced by Jon Glaser ) -- Jairo is a Brazilian capoeira instructor . He first appeared in `` Sexy Dance Fighting '' as an antagonist and returned in `` Sexy Dance Healing '' as an ally of Bob , healing his arm with massage . He does not pay rent and has been serially evicted from numerous buildings . His carefree attitude borders on sociopathy , as seen when he dumps excess oil on the street with no thought for potential pedestrian slippage . Jen ( voiced by Wendy Molyneux ) -- Jen is the babysitter for Gene and Louise when Tina is unavailable or when Tina is n't trusted to watch them . Tina resents her because she replaced her job as a babysitter in `` Purple Rain - Union . '' In the same episode , she is shown to be extremely ticklish and gives Tina a black eye in reaction to being tickled . Josh ( voiced by Ben Schwartz ) -- A boy that Tina met while in the milk fridge of the supermarket from `` Lindapendent Woman . '' He returns in `` Two for Tina '' where both he and Jimmy Pesto Jr. both attempt to win over her heart and take her to the dance . He goes to a school for the performing arts and is a ballet dancer . Kevin ( voiced by Tim Heidecker ) -- The manager of Dusty 's Feedbag , a burger restaurant that serves the Belt Buckle Belly Buster burger . The 5 lb . burger proves problematic as Bob is concerned for Teddy 's cardiac health . Logan Barry Bush ( voiced by Kurt Braunohler ) -- Louise 's nemesis and Cynthia 's son . He first premiered in `` Ear - sy Rider '' as a bully to the Belcher kids , eventually stealing Louise 's hat . He manages to keep it from her until the climax of the episode where Louise gets a biker gang to get it back . He later appears in the episode `` Mother Daughter Laser Razor '' attending the Mother Daughter seminar where Dakota calls him a `` male daughter . '' His middle name was chosen to make his full name a play on words based on the loganberry bush ; his mother Cynthia admits `` we did n't think it through . '' Marshmallow ( voiced by David Herman ) -- A transgender prostitute that first appeared in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' She is dark - skinned and is usually seen in a white monokini. She also appears in Bod to beach . Marbles ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) -- A transgender prostitute that first appeared in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' She is light - skinned , blonde , and is usually seen in a red dress . Glitter ( voiced by Steve Agee ) -- a transgender sex worker who Bob regularly ferries around in his taxi in Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? . She is also said to be going under gender reassignment because she mentions the town being full of `` Doctors who refuse to cut off your penis . '' Bob later invites her to Tina 's 13th birthday party . Cha - Cha ( voiced by Oscar Nunez ) -- A transgender prostitute that first appeared in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' Mickey ( voiced by Bill Hader ) -- A former bank robber who took a shine to the Belcher kids . In contrast to stereotypes of criminals , he has an amiable demeanor . He later reformed himself enough to get a job as a ride operator at Wonder Wharf . He also has worked as a pedicab driver . Mike Wobbles ( voiced by Tim Meadows ) -- The reticent , reluctant , yet available mailman . One of his legs is shorter than the other. He is kinda mysterious , does n't tell who he is . Officer Julia ( voiced by Jerry Minor ) -- Officer Julia is a local police officer . She acts tough with people she arrests . She appears mostly with Officer Cliffany . From the beginning of the season 2 , she is written out of the storylines for unknown reasons , though she has made a few cameo appearances since then . Officer Cliffany ( voiced by Sam Seder ) -- Officer Cliffany is a local tall , androgynous , and overweight police officer . She works frequently with Officer Julia whenever there is a case in town . Like Officer Julia , she was written out of the show after Season 1 , though she has made some cameo appearances since then . One Eyed Snakes -- The One Eyed Snakes are a biker gang who are good friends with the Belcher Family . The One Eyed Snakes was founded by Horny Dave and led by him until his death when his motorcycle collided with a semi-trailer truck . There are a total of 18 members in the One Eyed Snakes . Critter ( voiced by Robert Ben Garant ) -- Critter is the leader of the One Eyed Snakes following the death of Horny Dave . Afterwards , he 's seen as a friend of the Belchers , helping the kids build a go - kart from stolen motorcycle parts , sitting with Bob and Linda at the go - kart races , and calling on Bob for help getting out of jail . Mudflap ( voiced by Wendi McLendon - Covey ) -- Mudflap is a female member of the One Eyed Snakes . At the beginning of `` Ear - sy Rider , '' she is heavily pregnant with a baby whom everybody assumes is Horny Dave 's . After Tom delivers her baby boy , she reveals to Critter that she slept with him nine months ago and that he is the father as Horny Dave had a vasectomy in 1995 . Olsen Benner ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- A local news correspondent . Pam ( voiced by Samantha Bee ) -- A daytime talk - show host along with her co-host and ( secretly ) ex-husband , Chuck . The Belchers cause her show to be cancelled . Pam later gets a daytime court show called `` Pam 's Court '' despite not being a real judge . Unlike Chuck , she does not harbor resentment toward the Belchers ( likely because she does n't have to put up with Chuck as much thanks to them ) . Despite initially keeping their divorce secret to the public , Pam harbors deep resentment toward Chuck . She claims that fame ruined their marriage . Pam is a binge drinker . The Prince of Persuasia ( voiced by Rob Huebel ) -- The Prince of Persuasia ( also known as The Deuce ) is a `` love guru , '' or more accurately a `` pick - up artist '' mentioned in the episode `` Dr. Yap '' . Dr. Yap himself is a graduate of the prince 's three - step program known as `` The Persuasion Arts : The Ancient Art of Picking Up Women . '' Yap describes the prince to Bob saying : `` He 's a prophet , and for 3 payments of $900 he can be your best friend . '' In the subsequent episode `` The Unnatural '' , it was revealed that he also operates several other instructional businesses , including baseball coaching and close - up magic . He uses a different alias / identity for each of these . Randy Watkins ( voiced by Paul F. Tompkins ) -- Randy is a jack - of - all - trades who alternately appears as a friend or enemy of the Belchers . He has held various odd - jobs in his appearances . In `` Sacred Cow , '' Randy worked as a film maker who constantly makes Bob feel guilty about making burgers by putting a cow next to his restaurant and convincing people not to eat there . In `` Food Truckin ' , '' Randy worked as a food truck caterer . In `` Easy Commercial , Easy Gommercial , '' Randy helped the Belcher Family film their Super Bowl commercial . Reggie ( voices by Eddie Pepitone ) -- The owner of Reggie 's Deli . He appears to be a careless restaurateur , openly admitting to using stale bread . Yuli the Security Guard ( voiced by Robert Smigel ) -- A security guard that works at Family Funtime in `` Burger Boss . '' In `` Adventures in Chinchilla - sitting , '' the security guard was seen working at the roller rink indicating that he is a freelancer . In `` Ex Mach Tina '' , he works as a nighttime security guard for Wagstaff . Sergeant Bosco ( voiced by Gary Cole ) -- An authoritarian , no - nonsense police sergeant . He arrests Linda in `` My Fuzzy Valentine '' when she takes his gun in retaliation for his undermining her Speed Dating night . In spite of this , he has a fun - loving side and takes glee in telling his deepest , darkest secrets during speed dating ; his partners happily oblige , indicating he might have a way with women . Gretchen is attracted to him . His last name is a reference to the movie Heat , where a detective played by Ted Levine bears the same last name Speedo Guy ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- A unnamed blonde man in a pink speedo and roller blades . He appears randomly in the series , often seen in background scenes in various episodes such as `` Burger Wars '' ' and `` The Deepening . '' Trev ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Trev is a bartender at Jimmy Pesto 's Pizzeria . He serves as Pesto 's sycophant , often laughing excessively at his terrible jokes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/News/Bobs-Burgers-Kind-1027563.aspx Jump up ^ `` Bad Tina '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 2 . Jump up ^ `` Extended Q - and - A With The Cast Of ' Bob 's Burgers ' -- Long Island Weekly '' . longislandweekly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Full Bars '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 3 . Episode 24 . 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torpedo '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 1 . Episode 13 . 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Belcher , Louise ( 15 November 2015 ) . `` Nice - Capades '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 6 . Episode 93 . You got to be ten to get a shark , is that it ? Okay , I can wait , starter shark , love it . Next year though , I want a great white Jump up ^ `` Extended Q - and - A With The Cast Of ' Bob 's Burgers ' -- Long Island Weekly '' . longislandweekly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zeke . `` The Gene and Courtney Show '' . Bob 's Burgers. 2 minutes in . Do me , do me ! My middle name 's Anthony , that 's easy to rhyme with . ( hide ) Bob 's Burgers episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bob%27s_Burgers_characters&oldid=815935739 '' Categories : Bob 's Burgers Lists of characters in American television animation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the mom in bob's burgers	[ "\nLinda Belcher (voiced by John Roberts) – Linda Belcher is Bob's happy-go-lucky and supportive wife and the mother of Tina, Gene, and Louise. Prior to her marriage to Bob, she was engaged to Hugo, who is now a local health inspector (\"Human Flesh\"). In the fifth-season episode \"Eat, Spray, Linda\" she turned forty-four years old. She has also referred to herself as a \"pre middle aged mother\" (\"Lindapendent Woman\") Linda often calls her husband Bobby, and her attraction to Bob is in part due to his passion for his work, and also due to his \"Tom Selleckian\" mustache. She remains a loyal and devoted wife despite their frequent financial problems and never having had a honeymoon or a day off in 10 years (\"Weekend at Mort's\"). She has a preference for mustaches, and says Bob \"made himself ugly\" when he shaved it off (\"Sheesh! Cab, Bob?\"). Her passions include singing, dinner theater, porcelain baby figurines, Tom Selleck, nautically themed romance novels, and prenatal yoga. She handles the accounting for the restaurant, though her bookkeeping methods are sometimes troublesome and overly complicated. She is fond of alcohol and is known to say that \"Mommy doesn't get drunk; she just has fun.\" Linda is extroverted, has a thick New Jersey accent, and is somewhat odd; she is also fond of tackling problems using unconventional methods, though her methods are frequently over-optimistic and things sometimes go awry. She often encourages her kids to engage in behavior that Bob finds annoying, and though she wants what's best for her kids, she tends to be scatter-brained. Bob has described her as a \"pushover\" because she allows people (the kids) to take advantage of her. She has a contentious relationship with Louise and often misunderstands her, even once organizing a slumber party for Louise against her will. She is a talented lyricist, as shown in \"Lil Hard Dad;\" Gene may have inherited his musical predilection from her. She has tendency to spontaneously burst into song, a trait she shares with her voice actor John Roberts. Many of the songs she is known for are improvised by Roberts, including her \"Thanksgiving Song\", \"Dish-a-Dee-Doo\" (a jazzy ditty sung while washing the dishes, as seen in Mother Daughter Laser Razor), and a hair-brushing ditty that references the late Harry Truman. Her songs are frequently remade and set to music for the episode's end credits.\n" ]	[ "John Roberts" ]
7556745666371374964	World population	World population - wikipedia World population Jump to : navigation , search An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google World population percentage by country In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living , and was estimated to have reached 7.6 billion as of March 2018 . World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 and 1975 , peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 and 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century . Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million , while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.1 years in 2016 . World population ( millions , UN estimates ) # Top ten most populous countries 2000 2015 2030 * China * 1,270 1,376 1,416 India 1,053 1,311 1,528 United States 283 322 356 Indonesia 212 258 295 5 Brazil 176 208 229 6 Pakistan 138 189 245 7 Nigeria 123 182 263 8 Bangladesh 131 161 186 9 Russia 146 146 149 10 Mexico 103 127 148 World total 6,127 7,349 8,501 Notes : China = excludes Hong Kong and Macau 2030 = Medium variant Contents ( hide ) 1 Population by region 1.1 Population by continent 2 History 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages 2.2 Modern era 2.3 Milestones by the billions 3 Global demographics 4 Largest populations by country 4.1 Most densely populated countries 5 Fluctuation 5.1 Population growth by region 5.2 Past population 5.3 Projections 6 Mathematical approximations 6.1 Years for world population to double 7 Overpopulation 7.1 Predictions of scarcity 7.2 Environmental impacts 7.3 Population control 7.4 Overpopulation skepticism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Population by region ( edit ) Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1 billion people , or 15 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 733 million people make up 12 % of the world 's population as of 2012 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 352 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 35 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . Population by continent ( edit ) Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) Continent Density ( inhabitants / km ) Population ( millions ) Most populous country Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) Asia 96.4 4,436 1,382,300,000 - China 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis Africa 36.7 1,216 0186,987,000 - Nigeria 21,000,000 - Lagos Europe 72.9 738 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) 19,468,664 - Moscow North America 22.9 579 0324,991,600 - United States 23,723,696 / 08,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City South America 22.8 422 0209,567,000 - Brazil 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City Oceania 4.5 39.9 0024,458,800 - Australia 05,005,400 - Sydney Antarctica 0.0003 ( varies ) 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) N / A 0000001,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station History ( edit ) See also : World population estimates and History of the world Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD . The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries AD . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . Starting in AD 2 , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In that year , the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146 , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . Modern era ( edit ) Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in urban areas in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . Milestones by the billions ( edit ) Main article : World population milestones World population milestones in billions Population 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1804 1927 1960 1999 2011 2024 2042 Years elapsed -- -- 123 33 14 13 12 12 13 18 It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . Global Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 31 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 24.1 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . Largest populations by country ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population A map of world population in 2014 10 most populous countries Rank Country / Territory Population Date Approx. % of world population Source China 1,390,400,000 April 17 , 2018 18.3 % India 1,330,560,000 April 17 , 2018 17.5 % United States 326,978,000 April 17 , 2018 4.29 % Indonesia 261,600,000 October 31 , 2016 3.43 % 5 Pakistan 211,268,000 April 17 , 2018 2.77 % 6 Brazil 208,929,000 April 17 , 2018 2.74 % 7 Nigeria 188,500,000 October 31 , 2016 2.47 % 8 Bangladesh 164,344,000 April 17 , 2018 2.16 % 9 Russia 146,773,226 June 1 , 2017 1.93 % 10 Japan 126,670,000 September 1 , 2017 1.66 % Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . Most densely populated countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Singapore 5,612,300 710 7,905 Bangladesh 164,340,000 143,998 1,141 Taiwan 23,562,318 36,190 651 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 5 Lebanon 6,082,000 10,452 582 6 Rwanda 11,809,295 26,338 448 7 Netherlands 17,210,000 41,526 415 8 Haiti 10,911,819 27,065 403 9 India 1,330,560,000 3,287,240 405 10 Israel 8,840,000 22,072 401 Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Notes India 1,330,560,000 3,287,240 405 Growing population Pakistan 211,270,000 803,940 263 Rapidly growing population Bangladesh 164,340,000 143,998 1,141 Rapidly growing population Japan 126,670,000 377,873 335 Declining population 5 Philippines 105,740,000 300,000 352 Growing population 6 Vietnam 93,700,000 331,689 282 Growing population 7 United Kingdom 65,648,100 243,610 269 Slowly growing population 8 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 Slowly growing population 9 Taiwan 23,562,318 36,190 651 Steady population 10 Sri Lanka 21,444,000 65,610 327 Growing population Fluctuation ( edit ) Main articles : World population growth , Population growth , and Projections of population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 ( in log y scale ) World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Population growth by region ( edit ) Main article : World population growth Further information : Total fertility rate and Birth rate The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746 Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308 Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561 Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517 Latin America 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912 North America 6 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398 Oceania 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51 World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.48 23.7 Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.16 57.1 Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.55 5.3 Latin America 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.06 9.4 North America 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.45 4.1 Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.5 Past population ( edit ) The following table gives estimates , in millions , of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Carib . North America Oceania Notes 70,000 BC < 0.015 0 0 10,000 BC 8000 BC 5 6500 BC 5 5000 BC 5 4000 BC 7 3000 BC 14 2000 BC 27 1000 BC 50 7 33 9 500 BC 100 14 66 16 AD 1 200 23 141 28 1000 400 70 269 50 8 1500 458 86 243 84 39 1600 580 114 339 111 10 1700 682 106 436 125 10 1750 791 106 502 163 16 1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6 1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2 1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8 1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5 1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5 1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0 1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0 1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1 2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1 2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4 2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3 Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : World : + 420 million Africa : + 142 million Asia : + 223 million Europe : + 3 million Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million Northern America : + 14 million Oceania : + 2.9 million ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . Projections ( edit ) Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates Year UN est . ( millions ) Difference USCB est . ( millions ) Difference 2005 6,514 -- 6,473 -- 6,916 402 6,866 393 2015 7,324 408 7,256 390 2020 7,717 393 7,643 380 2025 8,083 366 8,007 363 2030 8,425 342 8,341 334 2035 8,743 318 8,646 306 2040 9,039 296 8,926 280 2045 9,308 269 9,180 254 2050 9,551 243 9,408 228 UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America / Caribbean Northern America Oceania 6,916 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) 740 ( 10.7 % ) 596 ( 8.6 % ) 347 ( 5.0 % ) 37 ( 0.5 % ) 2015 7,324 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) 743 ( 10.1 % ) 630 ( 8.6 % ) 361 ( 4.9 % ) 39 ( 0.5 % ) 2020 7,717 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) 744 ( 9.6 % ) 662 ( 8.6 % ) 376 ( 4.9 % ) 42 ( 0.5 % ) 2025 8,083 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) 741 ( 9.2 % ) 691 ( 8.5 % ) 390 ( 4.8 % ) 45 ( 0.6 % ) 2030 8,425 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) 736 ( 8.7 % ) 717 ( 8.5 % ) 403 ( 4.8 % ) 47 ( 0.6 % ) 2035 8,743 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) 730 ( 8.3 % ) 739 ( 8.5 % ) 415 ( 4.8 % ) 50 ( 0.6 % ) 2040 9,039 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) 724 ( 8.0 % ) 757 ( 8.4 % ) 426 ( 4.8 % ) 52 ( 0.6 % ) 2045 9,308 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) 717 ( 7.7 % ) 771 ( 8.3 % ) 436 ( 4.7 % ) 55 ( 0.6 % ) 2050 9,551 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) 709 ( 7.4 % ) 782 ( 8.2 % ) 446 ( 4.7 % ) 57 ( 0.6 % ) 2055 9,766 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) 700 ( 7.2 % ) 788 ( 8.1 % ) 456 ( 4.7 % ) 59 ( 0.6 % ) 2060 9,957 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) 691 ( 6.9 % ) 791 ( 7.9 % ) 465 ( 4.7 % ) 61 ( 0.6 % ) 2065 10,127 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) 681 ( 6.7 % ) 791 ( 7.8 % ) 474 ( 4.7 % ) 63 ( 0.6 % ) 2070 10,277 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) 673 ( 6.5 % ) 788 ( 7.6 % ) 482 ( 4.7 % ) 64 ( 0.6 % ) 2075 10,409 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) 665 ( 6.4 % ) 783 ( 7.5 % ) 490 ( 4.7 % ) 66 ( 0.6 % ) 2080 10,524 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) 659 ( 6.3 % ) 776 ( 7.4 % ) 496 ( 4.7 % ) 67 ( 0.6 % ) 2085 10,626 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) 653 ( 6.1 % ) 767 ( 7.2 % ) 502 ( 4.7 % ) 68 ( 0.6 % ) 2090 10,717 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) 649 ( 6.1 % ) 757 ( 7.1 % ) 506 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2095 10,794 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) 644 ( 6.0 % ) 747 ( 6.9 % ) 510 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2100 10,854 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) 639 ( 5.9 % ) 736 ( 6.8 % ) 513 ( 4.7 % ) 70 ( 0.6 % ) Mathematical approximations ( edit ) In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula : N = C τ arccot ⁡ T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) where N is current population T is the current year C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 T = 2007 ± 1 τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 Years for world population to double ( edit ) According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 Starting at 500 million Population ( in billions ) 0.5 8 Year 1500 1804 1927 2024 Years elapsed 304 123 47 50 Starting at 375 million Population ( in billions ) 0.375 0.75 1.5 6 Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 Years elapsed 544 166 79 39 Overpopulation ( edit ) Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BC to AD 2000 , from the US Census Bureau . The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has taken place since the 18th century . The human population has been growing rapidly since the mid-1800s . In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . In November 2017 , a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the `` primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats . '' A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children , followed by living without a vehicle , forgoing air travel and adopting a plant - based diet . Population control ( edit ) Main article : Human population planning India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . Overpopulation skepticism ( edit ) The Population Research Institute ( PRI ) , an anti-abortion , anti-contraception advocacy group , has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity , with some describing overpopulation as a `` myth '' . The PRI argues that advances in agricultural , medical , and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary . PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards , increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women . However , other commentators have described PRI 's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Birth control Coastal population growth Demographic transition Depopulation Doomsday argument Family planning Food security Megacity Natalism One - child policy Population boom Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet Two - child policy World 's largest cities Lists : List of countries and dependencies by population List of urban areas by population List of population concern organizations List of countries by fertility rate List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past and future population List of countries by population in 1900 List of countries by population density List of countries by population growth rate Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations List of religious populations Historical : Historical censuses Historical demography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Figure including Crimea and Sevastopol . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Clock : 7.6 Billion People ( 2017 ) - Worldometers '' . www.worldometers.info . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . 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Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2 Jump up ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals , according to the Toba catastrophe theory , though this theory has been criticized by some scientists . See : `` Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea `` dismissed '' `` . BBC News . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population ; see also * Kremer , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. to 1990 '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision -- `` Low variant '' and `` High variant '' values `` . UN. 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 -- UN report '' . UN News Centre . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A model predicts that the world 's populations will stop growing in 2050 '' . ScienceDaily.com. April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrington , Damien ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` World population to hit 12bn in 2100 -- with 70 % chance of continuous rise '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerland , P. ; Raftery , A.E. ; Ev Ikova , H. ; Li , N. ; Gu , D. ; Spoorenberg , T. ; Alkema , L. ; Fosdick , B.K. ; Chunn , J. ; Lalic , N. ; Bay , G. ; Buettner , T. ; Heilig , G.K. ; Wilmoth , J. ( September 14 , 2014 ) . `` World population stabilization unlikely this century '' . Science . AAAS. 346 ( 6206 ) : 234 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 346 ... 234G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1257469 . ISSN 1095 - 9203 . PMC 4230924 . PMID 25301627 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter P. Rogers ; Kazi F. Jalal & John A. Boyd ( 2008 ) . An Introduction To Sustainable Development . Earthscan via Google Books . p. 53 . ISBN 9781849770477 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overpopulation 's Real Victim Will Be the Environment '' . TIME . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zehner , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green Illusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . pp. 187 -- 331 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision '' ( XLS ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population -- Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 -- 2050 '' . Census.gov . July 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sebastien von Hoerner ( 1975 ) . `` Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society ( 28 ) : 691 -- 712 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Andrey Korotayev et al . For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue , see `` A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth , 1 CE -- 1973 CE '' . Jump up ^ Kapitsa , Sergei P. ( 1996 ) . `` The phenomenological theory of world population growth '' . Physics - Uspekhi. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 71 . doi : 10.1070 / pu1996v039n01abeh000127 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Wolfgang ; Sanderson , Warren ; Scherbov , Sergei ( 1997 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Doubling of world population unlikely '' . Nature . 387 ( 6635 ) : 803 -- 805 . doi : 10.1038 / 42935 . PMID 9194559 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` World faces ' perfect storm ' of problems by 2030 , chief scientist to warn '' . The Guardian . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jowit , Juliette ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Ehrlich , a prophet of global population doom who is gloomier than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kindall , Henery W & Pimentel , David ( May 1994 ) . `` Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply '' . Ambio. 23 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Host Plant Resistance and Conservation of Genetic Diversity '' . Radcliffe 's IPM World Textbook . University of Minnesota . March 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ van den Bergh , Jeroen C.J.M. ; Rietveld , Piet ( 2004 ) . `` Reconsidering the Limits to World Population : Meta - analysis and Meta - prediction '' . BioScience. 54 ( 3 ) : 195 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2004 ) 054 ( 0195 : RTLTWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 . Jump up ^ `` The global grain bubble '' . Christian Science Monitor . January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Randerson , science correspondent ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Food crisis will take hold before climate change , warns chief scientist '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Vidal , environment editor ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walsoft ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Experts : Global Food Shortages Could ' Continue for Decades ' '' . Marketoracle.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moya K. Mason . `` Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land ? '' . Moyak.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walt , Vivienne ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` The World 's Growing Food - Price Crisis '' . Time . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The cost of food : Facts and figures '' . BBC . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Feed the world ? We are fighting a losing battle , UN admits '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Emily ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Assessing the global food crisis '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Half of all food ' wasted ' report claims '' . BBC . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oil shock could push world food prices higher '' . CNN Money . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ P. Crabbè ( 2000 ) . Implementing ecological integrity : restoring regional and global environmental and human health . North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division / Springer . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6351 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Global crisis ' to strike by 2030 '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global food production will have to increase 70 % for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 '' . Finfacts.com . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . UN Food and Agriculture Organization -- Economic and Social Development Department . 2008 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One sixth of humanity undernourished -- more than ever before '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological Debt Day '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planetary Boundaries : Specials '' . Nature . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAP ( login required ) '' . InterAcademies.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pimm , S.L. ; Jenkins , C.N. ; Abell , R. ; Brooks , T.M. ; Gittleman , J.L. ; Joppa , L.N. ; Raven , P.H. ; Roberts , C.M. ; Sexton , J.O. ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection '' ( PDF ) . Science . 344 ( 6187 ) : 1246752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246752 . PMID 24876501 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; García , Andrés ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . Bibcode : 2015SciA ... 1E0253C . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 . ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` How to stop the sixth mass extinction '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines '' . PNAS. 114 : 201704949 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1704949114 . PMC 5544311 . PMID 28696295 . Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly . Jump up ^ Ripple WJ , Wolf C , Newsome TM , Galetti M , Alamgir M , Crist E , Mahmoud MI , Laurance WF ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity : A Second Notice '' . BioScience . doi : 10.1093 / biosci / bix125 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government is n't telling you about '' . Science . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Matthew ( 2008 ) . Fatal Misconception : The Struggle to Control World Population . Harvard University Press via Google Books . ISBN 9780674029835 . Jump up ^ `` Debunking the Myth of Overpopulation '' . Population Research Institute . 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IAP Statement on Population and Consumption '' . InterAcademy Panel : The Global Network of Science Academies ( IAP ) . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Response to Critics of Family Planning Programs '' . Guttmacher.org . March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Environment Outlook -- Environment for the future we want '' ( PDF ) . UNEP . May 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics . Further reading Cohen , Joel E. ( 1995 ) . How Many People Can The Earth Support ? . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31495 - 2 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2010 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` World Population History Graph '' World population graph 10000 BC - AD 1950 . `` Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline '' . Demographia.ru . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . World Factbook 2012 . US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . `` The World in Balance '' ( transcript ) . Two - part PBS Nova on world population . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation '' . University of California , Berkeley . 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` Global population : Faces of the future '' . The Economist . June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` Creating new life -- and other ways to feed the world '' . BBC . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . World Population Growth ( Oct 2016 ) , Esteban Ortiz - Ospina and Max Roser , OurWorldInData.org Organizations Optimum Population Trust The Day of 6 Billion and 7 Billion -- Official homepages maintained by UNFPA Population Reference Bureau -- News and issues related to population Berlin Institute for Population and Development Statistics and maps HiveGroup.com -- World population statistics presented in a treemap interface PopulationLabs.com -- World population map and graph PopulationData.net -- Information and maps about populations around the world GeoHive.com -- World statistics including population and future predictions Win.tue.nl -- World countries mapped by population size World-statistics.org -- World statistics including population and projections Population clocks U.S. and World Population Clock ( US Census Bureau ) People in the world Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . 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About Wikipedia	what percentage of the world population is america	[ "\n10 most populous countries\n\nRank\nCountry / Territory\nPopulation\nDate\nApprox. % of world\npopulation\nSource\n\n\n1\n China[note 4]\n1,390,400,000\nApril 17, 2018\n18.3%\n[78]\n\n\n2\n India\n1,330,560,000\nApril 17, 2018\n17.5%\n[79]\n\n\n3\n United States\n326,978,000\nApril 17, 2018\n4.29%\n[80]\n\n\n4\n Indonesia\n261,600,000\nOctober 31, 2016\n3.43%\n[81]\n\n\n5\n Pakistan\n211,268,000\nApril 17, 2018\n2.77%\n[82]\n\n\n6\n Brazil\n208,929,000\nApril 17, 2018\n2.74%\n[83]\n\n\n7\n Nigeria\n188,500,000\nOctober 31, 2016\n2.47%\n[84]\n\n\n8\n Bangladesh\n164,344,000\nApril 17, 2018\n2.16%\n[85]\n\n\n9\n Russia[note 5]\n146,773,226\nJune 1, 2017\n1.93%\n[86]\n\n\n10\n Japan\n126,670,000\nSeptember 1, 2017\n1.66%\n[87]\n\n" ]	[ "4.29%" ]
-3643966187983104097	Back at One (song)	Back at One ( song ) - Wikipedia Back at One ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Back at One '' Single by Brian McKnight from the album Back at One Released August 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 17 ) Genre R&B , soul Length 4 : 23 ( Album version ) 3 : 24 ( Radio edit ) Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Brian McKnight Producer ( s ) Brian McKnight Brian McKnight singles chronology `` The Only One for Me '' ( 1998 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` 6 , 8 , 12 '' ( 2000 ) `` The Only One for Me '' ( 1998 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` 6 , 8 , 12 '' ( 2000 ) `` Back at One '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Brian McKnight , taken from his fifth studio album of the same name . The album was released in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Charts 2.1 Year - end charts 3 Mark Wills version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Charts 3.3 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and was nominated for R&B video of the year in the Music Video Production Association Awards . Charts ( edit ) `` Back at One '' went on to be one of McKnight 's biggest successes , reaching in to the top ten in New Zealand , Canada , and the US , where it eventually peaked at number 2 for eight weeks , but it was kept out of the top spot by `` Smooth '' by Santana . Original version Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 24 Brazil ( ABPD ) 59 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 47 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 73 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 30 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Remix featuring Ivete Sangalo Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Brazil ( ABPD ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 82 Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 Mark Wills version ( edit ) `` Back at One '' Single by Mark Wills from the album Permanently B - side `` Because I Love You '' Released October 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 25 ) Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 06 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Brian McKnight Producer ( s ) Carson Chamberlain Mark Wills singles chronology `` She 's in Love '' ( 1999 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` Almost Does n't Count '' ( 2000 ) `` She 's in Love '' ( 1999 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` Almost Does n't Count '' ( 2000 ) Mark Wills , a country music singer , covered `` Back at One '' on his 1999 album Permanently , also releasing it as that album 's first single . Released two months after McKnight 's version , Wills ' cover peaked at number 2 on the Billboard country singles charts for a week behind `` My Best Friend '' by Tim McGraw . Despite not reaching the top spot in the US , the song did manage to reach number one on the Canadian RPM country tracks . In addition to his country chart success , Back at One also became his fifth entry on the Hot 100 charts , peaking at number 36 there . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Jim Hershleder . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Preceded by `` Breathe '' by Faith Hill RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 28 - March 6 , 2000 Succeeded by `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' by Toby Keith Other versions ( edit ) McKnight also performed the song with Brazilian singer Ivete Sangalo on her album Festa ( en : Party ) . In 2000 , keyboardist Bob Baldwin released a cover of the song from the album BobBaldwin.com . Also in 2000 , Jamaican reggae and dancehall singer Sanchez recorded a reggae cover version of the song over the `` Fi Wi Rock '' rhythm produced by King Jammy which became a popular dancehall hit in Jamaica and the US . Irish boy band Westlife duetted with Lulu in 2002 . Another instrumental rendition of this song has been performed by saxophonist Warren Hill , from his album 2005 PopJazz . In 2006 , British pop singer Shayne Ward also performed this song on his debut album Shayne Ward . Singer Mijares covered it in his 2009 Spanish album Vivir Así . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' . Billboard. 1999 - 10 - 23 . p. 94 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hay , Carla ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) . `` With Eight , Lauryn Hill Tops Nominees for MVPA Awards '' . Billboard . p. 102 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1999 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Brian McKnight -- Back at One '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Brian McKnight Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Brian McKnight '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Brian McKnight -- Back at One '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Brian McKnight -- Back at One '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc . pp. 470 -- 471 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/2000-03-04/country-songs . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9716 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . February 28 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wills Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wills Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2000 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2000 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BobBaldwin.com overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Bob Baldwin - BobBaldwin.com '' . Allaboutjazz.com . Jump up ^ `` Warren Hill PopJazz '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Warren Hill - PopJazz '' . SmoothViews.com . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Brian McKnight Discography Awards and nominations Albums Studio Brian McKnight I Remember You Anytime Back at One Superhero U Turn Gemini Ten Evolution of a Man Just Me More Than Words Better Compilation From There to Here : 1989 - 2002 Gold 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection - The Best of Brian McKnight Ultimate Collection Icon : Love Songs Holiday Bethlehem I 'll Be Home for Christmas Singles `` The Way Love Goes '' `` I Ca n't Go for That '' `` Love Is '' `` One Last Cry '' `` Let It Snow '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Back at One '' Mark Wills Studio albums Mark Wills Wish You Were Here Permanently Loving Every Minute And the Crowd Goes Wild Familiar Stranger Looking for America Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of Mark Wills 20th Century Masters Live at Billy Bob 's Texas The Definitive Collection 2nd Time Around Notable singles `` Jacob 's Ladder '' `` High Low and In Between '' `` Places I 've Never Been '' `` I Do ( Cherish You ) '' `` Do n't Laugh at Me '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` She 's in Love '' `` Back at One '' `` Almost Does n't Count '' `` Loving Every Minute '' `` I 'm Not Gonna Do Anything Without You '' ( with Jamie O'Neal ) `` 19 Somethin ' '' `` When You Think of Me '' `` And the Crowd Goes Wild '' `` That 's a Woman '' Other Songs `` Somebody '' `` What Hurts the Most '' Related topics Discography Ivete Sangalo Discography Studio albums Ivete Sangalo Beat Beleza Festa Clube Carnavalesco Inocentes em Progresso Pode Entrar : Multishow Registro Live albums Multishow ao Vivo : Ivete no Maracanã Multishow ao Vivo : Ivete Sangalo no Madison Square Garden Singles `` Back at One '' `` Chorando Se Foi '' `` Deixo '' `` Cadê Dalila '' `` Quanto ao Tempo '' `` Acelera Aê ( Noite do Bem ) '' `` Desejo de Amar '' `` Dançando '' Features singles `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' Category : Ivete Sangalo This 1990s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1990s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_at_One_(song)&oldid=839386052 '' Categories : 1999 singles 1999 songs Brian McKnight songs Mark Wills songs Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Carson Chamberlain Motown singles Mercury Records singles Soul ballads Contemporary R&B ballads Songs written by Brian McKnight 1990s R&B song stubs 1990s pop song stubs 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 02 : 39 . About Wikipedia	who wrote back at one by brian mcknight	[ "\"Back at One\" is a song written and performed by American recording artist Brian McKnight, taken from his fifth studio album of the same name. The album was released in 1999." ]	[ "Brian McKnight" ]
7434921455110723746	Worst Cooks in America	Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Worst Cooks in America Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 , 14 - present ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 - 13 ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America External links Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 14.2 Contestant progress 15 Season 14 : 2018 15.1 Recruits 15.2 Contestant progress 16 Judging records 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM 4 WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM 4 WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM 4 WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM 4 IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM 4 IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM 4 OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM 4 ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : Celebrity Edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor , Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN BTM WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT 5 Lacey * IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 7 Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT 8 Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT 9 Spencer * BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT 10 Lily IN WIN IN OUT 11 Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT 12 Skyler IN BTM OUT 13 Priscilla IN OUT 14 Kevin IN OUT 15 Jonathan OUT 16 Kayrene OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . In episode 5 , contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated , Lacey on Chef Anne 's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler 's team . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge . The season premiered on April 15 , 2018 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Icon Winner May 20 Ian Ziering 53 Actor Runner - Up May 20 Catherine Bach 64 The Dukes of Hazzard Star Eliminated May 13 Oscar Nunez 59 The Office Star Maria Bamford 48 Comedienne Eliminated May 6 Nolan Gould 19 Modern Family Star Eliminated April 29 Bronson Pinchot 58 Actor Eliminated April 22 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 La Toya WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Ian WIN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Catherine IN WIN IN BTM OUT Oscar BTM BTM BTM IN OUT 5 Maria IN IN IN OUT 6 Nolan SAVE IN OUT 7 Bronson IN OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenged and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 14 : 2018 ( edit ) Robert Irvine joins Anne Burrell to host season 14 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Copan Combs 30 Stillwater , Oklahoma Academic Recruiter Marcus Ellis 51 Queens , New York Mental health counselor Bradley Garcia 22 Miami , Florida Model Sarah Harris 23 Porum , Oklahoma Janese Henry 30 Spring Lake , North Carolina Linda Martin 60 Somerville , Massachusetts Jessica Paulson 26 EMT Rudy Rehburg 30 Chicago , Illinois Property Preservation Specialist Frank Scuderi 40 Maple Shade , New Jersey Timmy Thok 29 New York , New York Underwear Model Carla Waddell 46 Alexandria , Virginia Human Resources Kimberly Worthy 33 Atlanta , Georgia Writer Maryann Rapisarda 67 Valdosta , Georgia Retired Eliminated August 13 Robbie DeRaffele 30 Hackensack , New Jersey Superman Impersonator Eliminated August 13 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Copan Marcus Bradley Sarah 5 Janese 6 Linda 7 Jessica 8 Rudy 9 Frank 10 Timmy 11 Carla 12 Kimberly 13 Maryann OUT 14 Robbie OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . Judging records ( edit ) Judge Wins Losses Anne Burrell 8 5 Bobby Flay Rachael Ray Tyler Florence Beau MacMillan 0 Robert Irvine 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Social Media Food Failures '' . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America , Season 11 : Meet the Celebrity Recruits '' . Food Com . Jump up ^ `` A Fresh Batch of Cooking - Challenged Celebrities Enter Boot Camp '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_Cooks_in_America&oldid=854729420 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Television series by All3Media Food reality television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who won season 8 of worst cooks in america	[ "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nOccupation\n\nStatus\n\n\nNick Slater\n\n24\n\nRancho Cucamonga, California\n\nConstruction Worker\n\nWinner February 14\n\n\nLawrence Crawford\n\n26\n\nDeptford, New Jersey\n\nArmy Combat Medic\n\nRunner-up February 14\n\n\nGinny Meerman\n\n50\n\nMillersville, Maryland\n\nProject Supervisor\n\nEliminated February 7\n\n\nTaylor Hooper\n\n24\n\nBoston, Massachusetts\n\nMarine Veteran\n\n\nHolgie Forrester\n\n66\n\nTwentynine Palms, California\n\nRetired/Actress\n\nEliminated January 31\n\n\nChanda Havard\n\n36\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nReal Estate Agent\n\n\nDonna Koen\n\n60\n\nNewburyport, Massachusetts\n\nLunch Lady & Hairdresser\n\nEliminated January 24\n\n\nRachel Thomas\n\n27\n\nTampa, Florida\n\nStay-at-Home Wife\n\n\nErnie Adkins\n\n44\n\nMardela Springs, Maryland\n\nTruck driver\n\nEliminated January 17\n\n\nGlenda Galeano\n\n40\n\nMiami, Florida\n\nEvent Coordinator/Actress\n\n\nTy Snow\n\n39\n\nPasadena, California\n\nSpecial Education Teacher\n\nEliminated January 10\n\n\nCindy Nguyen\n\n28\n\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n\nBartender\n\n\nDavid Fouts\n\n42\n\nWales, Wisconsin\n\nSenior Project Manager\n\nEliminated January 4\n\n\nJeni Erdman\n\n51\n\nDousman, Wisconsin\n\nGroup Tour Coordinator\n\n" ]	[ "Nick Slater" ]
-8691082766135292523	UNESCO	UNESCO - wikipedia UNESCO Jump to : navigation , search UNESCO United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture ( in French ) Abbreviation UNESCO Formation 16 November 1945 ( 71 years ago ) ( 1945 - 11 - 16 ) Type Specialized agency Legal status Active Headquarters Place de Fontenoy , Paris , France Membership 195 member states Head Audrey Azoulay Director - General of UNESCO Website unesco.org The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ; French : Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) based in Paris . Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational , scientific , and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice , the rule of law , and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter . It is the successor of the League of Nations ' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . UNESCO has 195 member states and ten associate members . Most of its field offices are `` cluster '' offices covering three or more countries ; national and regional offices also exist . UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs : education , natural sciences , social / human sciences , culture and communication / information . Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy , technical , and teacher - training programs , international science programs , the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press , regional and cultural history projects , the promotion of cultural diversity , translations of world literature , international cooperation agreements to secure the world 's cultural and natural heritage ( World Heritage Sites ) and to preserve human rights , and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide . It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group . UNESCO 's aim is `` to contribute to the building of peace , the eradication of poverty , sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education , the sciences , culture , communication and information '' . Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning , addressing emerging social and ethical challenges , fostering cultural diversity , a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication . The broad goals and objectives of the international community -- as set out in the internationally agreed development goals , including the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) -- underpin all UNESCO strategies and activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Activities 3 Media 4 Official UNESCO NGOs 5 Institutes and centres 6 Prizes 6.1 Inactive prizes 7 International Days observed at UNESCO 8 Member states 9 Governing bodies 9.1 Director - General 9.2 General Conference 9.3 Executive Board 10 Offices 10.1 Field offices by region 10.1. 1 Africa 10.1. 2 Arab States 10.1. 3 Asia and Pacific 10.1. 4 Europe and North America 10.1. 5 Latin America and the Caribbean 11 Controversies 11.1 New World Information and Communication order 11.2 Israel 11.2. 1 Occupied Palestine Resolution 11.3 Palestine 11.3. 1 Palestinian youth magazine controversy 11.3. 2 Islamic University of Gaza controversy 11.4 Wikileaks 11.5 Che Guevara 11.6 Listing Nanjing Massacre documents 11.7 US withdrawals 12 Products or services 12.1 Information Processing Tools 13 See also 14 References and notes 15 External links History ( edit ) UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921 , to elect a Commission to study feasibility . On 18 December 1925 , the International Bureau of Education ( IBE ) began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development . However , the onset of World War II largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations . After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations , the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education ( CAME ) began meetings in London which continued between 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945 . On 30 October 1943 , the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration , agreed upon by China , the United Kingdom , the United States and the USSR . This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944 . Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization ( UNCIO ) , held in San Francisco in April -- June 1945 , a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization ( ECO / CONF ) was convened in London 1 -- 16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented . A prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler , the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom . At the ECO / CONF , the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries , and a Preparatory Commission was established . The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945 , and 4 November 1946 -- the date when UNESCO 's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state . The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946 , and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director - General . The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not , as before , act in their personal capacity . This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor , the CICI , in how member states would work together in the organization 's fields of competence . As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO 's mandate , political and historical factors have shaped the organization 's operations in particular during the Cold War , the decolonization process , and the dissolution of the USSR . Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism , for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists ( among them was Claude Lévi - Strauss ) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice . In 1956 , the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organization 's publications amounted to `` interference '' in the country 's `` racial problems . '' South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela . UNESCO 's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley , Haiti , started in 1947 . This project was followed by expert missions to other countries , including , for example , a mission to Afghanistan in 1949 . In 1948 , UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory and universal . In 1990 , the World Conference on Education for All , in Jomtien , Thailand , launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children , youths and adults . Ten years later , the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar , Senegal , led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015 . UNESCO 's early activities in culture included , for example , the Nubia Campaign , launched in 1960 . The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam . During the 20 - year campaign , 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated . This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo - daro ( Pakistan ) , Fes ( Morocco ) , Kathmandu ( Nepal ) , Borobudur ( Indonesia ) and the Acropolis ( Greece ) . The organization 's work on heritage led to the adoption , in 1972 , of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage . The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978 . Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 ( Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ) and 2005 ( Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ) . An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research , which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) in 1954 . Arid Zone programming , 1948 -- 1966 , is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences . In 1968 , UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development , a problem which continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development . The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO 's Man and the Biosphere Programme . In the field of communication , the `` free flow of ideas by word and image '' has been in UNESCO 's constitution from its beginnings , following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression . In the years immediately following World War II , efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world . UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s . In response to calls for a `` New World Information and Communication Order '' in the late 1970s , UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems , which produced the 1980 MacBride report ( named after the Chair of the Commission , the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride ) . The same year , UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of Communication ( IPDC ) , a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries . In 1991 , UNESCO 's General Conference endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism , which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption , 3 May , as World Press Freedom Day . Since 1997 , UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May . In the lead up to the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003 ( Geneva ) and 2005 ( Tunis ) , UNESCO introduced the Information for All Programme . Laws passed in the United States in 1990 and 1994 mean that it can not contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member . As a result , it withdrew its funding which accounted for about 22 % of UNESCO 's budget . Israel also reacted to Palestine 's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israel payments to the UNESCO and imposing sanctions to the Palestinian Authority , claiming that Palestine 's admittance would be detrimental `` to potential peace talks '' . Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO , US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected ; thus , the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016 -- 19 . Activities ( edit ) UNESCO offices in Brasília UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas : education , natural sciences , social and human sciences , culture , and communication and information . Education : UNESCO supports research in comparative education ; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all . This includes the UNESCO Chairs , an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs , involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries . Environmental Conservation Organisation Convention against Discrimination in Education adopted in 1960 Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education ( CONFINTEA ) in an interval of 12 years Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report Publication of the Four Pillars of Learning seminal document UNESCO ASPNet , an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries . UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning . UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public : Seville Statement on Violence : A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence . Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance , such as : Global Geoparks Network Biosphere reserves , through the Programme on Man and the Biosphere ( MAB ) , since 1971 City of Literature ; in 2007 , the first city to be given this title was Edinburgh , the site of Scotland 's first circulating library . In 2008 , Iowa City , Iowa became the City of Literature . Endangered languages and linguistic diversity projects Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Memory of the World International Register , since 1997 Water resources management , through the International Hydrological Programme ( IHP ) , since 1965 World Heritage Sites World Digital Library Encouraging the `` free flow of ideas by images and words '' by : Promoting freedom of expression , including freedom of the press and freedom of information legislation , through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development , including the International Programme for the Development of Communication Promoting the safety of journalists and combatting impunity for those who attack them , through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division , including the Memory of the World Programme and Information for All Programme Promoting pluralism , gender equality and cultural diversity in the media Promoting Internet universality and its principles , that the Internet should be ( I ) human Rights - based , ( ii ) Open , ( iii ) Accessible to all , and ( iv ) nurtured by Multi-stakeholder participation ( summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M. ) Generating knowledge through publications such as World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development , the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom , and the Media Development Indicators , as well as other indicator - based studies . Promoting events , such as : International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World : 2001 -- 2010 , proclaimed by the UN in 1998 World Press Freedom Day , 3 May each year , to promote freedom of expression and freedom of the press as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy , democratic and free society . Criança Esperança in Brazil , in partnership with Rede Globo , to raise funds for community - based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention . International Literacy Day International Year for the Culture of Peace Health Education for Behavior Change program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of Kenya which was financially supported by the Government of Azerbaijan to promote health education among 10 - 19 - year - old young people who live in informal camp in Kibera , Nairobi . The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016 . Founding and funding projects , such as : Migration Museums Initiative : Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations . UNESCO - CEPES , the European Centre for Higher Education : established in 1972 in Bucharest , Romania , as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada , USA and Israel . Higher Education in Europe is its official journal . Free Software Directory : since 1998 UNESCO and the Free Software Foundation have jointly funded this project cataloguing free software . FRESH Focussing Resources on Effective School Health . OANA , Organization of Asia - Pacific News Agencies International Council of Science UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors ASOMPS , Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices , a series of scientific conferences held in Asia Botany 2000 , a programme supporting taxonomy , and biological and cultural diversity of medicinal and ornamental plants , and their protection against environmental pollution The UNESCO Collection of Representative Works , translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages , from 1948 to 2005 GoUNESCO , an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO , New Delhi Office The UNESCO transparency portal has been designed to enable public access to information regarding Organization 's activities , such as its aggregate budget for a biennium , as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents . These two distinct sets of information are published on the IATI registry , respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard . Media ( edit ) UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines . The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to `` promote UNESCO 's ideals , maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate . '' Since March 2006 it is available online , with limited printed issues . Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO . As of 2016 , the latest issue posted was October -- December 2011 . In 1950 , UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact of Science on Society ( also known as Impact ) to discuss the influence of science on society . UNESCO also publish museum international quarterly from the year 1948 . Official UNESCO NGOs ( edit ) UNESCO has official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . Most of these are what UNESCO calls `` operational '' , a select few are `` formal '' . The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is `` formal associate '' , and the 22 NGOs with formal associate ( ASC ) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are : Abbr Organization IB International Baccalaureate CCIVS Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service EI Education International IAU International Association of Universities IFTC International Council for Film , Television and Audiovisual Communication ICPHS International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies which publishes Diogenes ICSU International Council for Science ICOM International Council of Museums ICSSPE International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education ICA International Council on Archives ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IFJ International Federation of Journalists IFLA International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions IFPA International Federation of Poetry Associations IMC International Music Council IPA International Police Association INSULA International Scientific Council for Island Development ISSC International Social Science Council ITI International Theatre Institute IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUTAO International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations UIA Union of International Associations WAN World Association of Newspapers WFEO World Federation of Engineering Organizations WFUCA World Federation of UNESCO Clubs , Centres and Associations UNESCO Institute for Water Education in Delft Institutes and centres ( edit ) The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO 's programme , providing specialized support for cluster and national offices . Abbr Name Location IBE International Bureau of Education Geneva UIL UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Hamburg IIEP UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Paris ( headquarters ) and Buenos Aires ( regional office ) IITE UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education Moscow IICBA UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa Addis Ababa IESALC UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas UNESCO - UNEVOC UNESCO - UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training Bonn CEPES UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education Bucharest UNESCO - IHE UNESCO - IHE Institute for Water Education Delft ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal Prizes ( edit ) UNESCO awards 22 prizes in education , science , culture and peace : Félix Houphouët - Boigny Peace Prize L'Oréal - UNESCO Awards for Women in Science UNESCO / King Sejong Literacy Prize UNESCO / Confucius Prize for Literacy UNESCO / Emir Jaber al - Ahmad al - Jaber al - Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al - Khalifa Prize for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education UNESCO / Hamdan Bin Rashid Al - Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers UNESCO / Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science UNESCO / Institut Pasteur Medal for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health UNESCO / Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation Great Man - Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO ( title to be reconsidered ) Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management UNESCO / Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights UNESCO Prize for Peace Education UNESCO - Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence UNESCO / International José Martí Prize UNESCO / Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science UNESCO / Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes ( UNESCO - Greece ) IPDC - UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize UNESCO / Jikji Memory of the World Prize UNESCO - Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology Inactive prizes ( edit ) International Simón Bolívar Prize ( inactive since 2004 ) UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education UNESCO / Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences ( inactive since 2010 ) UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts International Days observed at UNESCO ( edit ) International Days Date Name 27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust 13 February World Radio Day 21 February International Mother Language Day 8 March International Women 's Day 20 March International Francophonie Day 21 March International Day of Nowruz 21 March World Poetry Day 21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 22 March World Day for Water 23 April World Book and Copyright Day 30 April International Jazz Day 3 May World Press Freedom Day 21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 22 May International Day for Biological Diversity 25 May Africa Day / Africa Week 5 June World Environment Day 8 June World Oceans Day 21 June International Yoga Day 9 August International Day of the World 's Indigenous People 12 August International Youth Day 23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition 8 September International Literacy Day 15 September International Day of Democracy 21 September International Day of Peace 28 September International Day for the Universal Access to Information 5 October World Teachers ' Day 2nd Wednesday in October International Day for Disaster Reduction 17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 20 October World Statistics Day 27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage 2 November International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists 10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development 3rd Thursday in November World Philosophy Day 16 November International Day for Tolerance 19 November International Men 's Day 25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People 1 December World AIDS Day 10 December Human Rights Day 18 December International Migrants Day Member States ( edit ) Main article : Member states of UNESCO UNESCO counts 195 member states and 10 associate members . Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories . UNESCO state parties are the United Nations member states ( except Liechtenstein ) , Cook Islands , Niue , and the State of Palestine . The USA and Israel plan to leave UNESCO on 31 December 2018 over anti-Israel bias . Governing bodies ( edit ) Director - General ( edit ) Elections for the renewal of the position of Director - General took place in Paris from 7 to 23 September 2009 . Eight candidates ran for the position , and 58 countries voted for them . The Executive Council gathered from 7 to 23 September , the vote itself beginning on the 17th . Irina Bokova was elected the new Director - General . The list of the Directors - General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows : Irina Bokova Bulgaria 2009 -- 2017 Koïchiro Matsuura Japan 1999 -- 2009 Federico Mayor Zaragoza Spain 1987 -- 99 Amadou - Mahtar M'Bow Senegal 1974 -- 87 René Maheu France 1961 -- 74 ; acting 1961 Vittorino Veronese Italy 1958 -- 61 Luther Evans United States 1953 -- 58 John Wilkinson Taylor United States acting 1952 -- 53 Jaime Torres Bodet Mexico 1948 -- 52 Julian Huxley United Kingdom 1946 -- 48 General Conference ( edit ) This is the list of the sessions of UNESCO General Conference held since 1946 : Session Location Year Chaired by from 39th Paris 2017 Zohour Alaoui Morocco 38th Paris 2015 Stanley Mutumba Simataa Namibia 37th Paris 2013 Hao Ping China 36th Paris 2011 Katalin Bogyay Hungary 35th Paris 2009 Davidson Hepburn Bahamas 34th Paris 2007 George N. Anastassopoulos Greece 33rd Paris 2005 Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan Oman 32nd Paris 2003 Michael Omolewa Nigeria 31st Paris Ahmad Jalali Iran 30th Paris 1999 Jaroslava Moserova Czech Republic 29th Paris Eduardo Portella Brazil 28th Paris 1995 Torben Krogh Denmark 27th Paris Ahmed Saleh Sayyad Yemen 26th Paris 1991 Bethwell Allan Ogot Kenya 25th Paris Anwar Ibrahim Malaysia 24th Paris Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez Guatemala 23rd Sofia 1985 Nikolai Todorov Bulgaria 22nd Paris Saïd Tell Jordan 4th extraordinary Paris 1982 21st Belgrade 1980 Ivo Margan Yugoslavia 20th Paris 1978 Napoléon LeBlanc Canada 19th Nairobi 1976 Taaita Toweett Kenya 18th Paris Magda Jóború Hungary 3rd extraordinary Paris 1973 17th Paris 1972 Toru Haguiwara Japan 16th Paris 1970 Atilio Dell'Oro Maini Argentina 15th Paris 1968 William Eteki Mboumoua Cameroon 14th Paris 1966 Bedrettin Tuncel Turkey 13th Paris 1964 Norair Sisakian Soviet Union 12th Paris 1962 Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro Brazil 11th Paris 1960 Akale - Work Abte - Wold Ethiopia 10th Paris 1958 Jean Berthoin France 9th New Delhi 1956 Abul Kalam Azad India 8th Montevideo 1954 Justino Zavala Muñiz Uruguay 2nd extraordinary Paris 1953 7th Paris 1952 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan India 6th Paris 1951 Howland H. Sargeant United States 5th Florence 1950 Stefano Jacini Italy 4th Paris 1949 Edward Ronald Walker Australia 1st extraordinary Paris 1948 3rd Beirut 1948 Hamid Bey Frangie Lebanon 2nd Mexico City 1947 Manuel Gual Vidal Mexico 1st Paris 1946 Léon Blum France Executive Board ( edit ) Term Group I ( 9 seats ) Group II ( 7 seats ) Group III ( 10 seats ) Group IV ( 12 seats ) Group V ( a ) ( 14 seats ) Group V ( b ) ( 7 seats ) 2016 -- 19 France Greece Italy Spain United Kingdom Lithuania Russia Serbia Slovenia Brazil Haiti Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay India Iran Malaysia Pakistan South Korea Sri Lanka Vietnam Cameroon Ivory Coast Ghana Kenya Nigeria Senegal South Africa Lebanon Oman Qatar Sudan 2014 -- 17 Germany Netherlands Sweden Albania Estonia Ukraine Argentina Belize Dominican Republic El Salvador Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago Bangladesh China India Japan Nepal Turkmenistan Chad Guinea Mauritius Mozambique Togo Uganda Algeria Egypt Kuwait Morocco 2012 -- 15 Austria France Italy India Spain United Kingdom United States Czech Republic Montenegro Russia Macedonia Brazil Cuba Ecuador Mexico Afghanistan Indonesia Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Korea Thailand Angola Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Malawi Mali Namibia Nigeria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Offices ( edit ) The Garden of Peace , UNESCO headquarters , Paris . Donated by the Government of Japan , this garden was designed by American - Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano . UNESCO headquarters are located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris , France . UNESCO 's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage : cluster offices , national offices , regional bureaus and liaison offices . Field offices by Region ( edit ) The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office . Africa ( edit ) Abidjan -- National Office to Côte d'Ivoire Abuja -- National Office to Nigeria Accra -- Cluster Office for Benin , Côte d'Ivoire , Ghana , Liberia , Nigeria , Sierra Leone and Togo Addis Ababa -- Liaison Office with the African Union and with the Economic Commission for Africa Bamako -- Cluster Office for Burkina Faso , Guinea , Mali and Niger Brazzaville -- National Office to the Republic of the Congo Bujumbura -- National Office to Burundi Dakar -- Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for Cape Verde , Gambia , Guinea - Bissau , and Senegal Dar es Salaam -- Cluster Office for Comoros , Madagascar , Mauritius , Seychelles and Tanzania Harare -- Cluster Office for Botswana , Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia and Zimbabwe Juba -- National Office to South Sudan Kinshasa -- National Office to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Libreville -- Cluster Office for the Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe Maputo -- National Office to Mozambique Nairobi -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for Burundi , Djibouti , Eritrea , Kenya , Rwanda , Somalia , South Sudan and Uganda Windhoek -- National Office to Namibia Yaoundé -- Cluster Office to Cameroon , Central African Republic and Chad Arab States ( edit ) Amman -- National Office to Jordan Beirut -- Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to Lebanon , Syria , Jordan , Iraq and Palestine Cairo -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for Egypt , Libya and Sudan Doha -- Cluster Office to Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates and Yemen Iraq -- National Office for Iraq ( currently located in Amman , Jordan ) Khartoum -- National Office to Sudan Manama - Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage Rabat -- Cluster Office to Algeria , Mauritania , Morocco and Tunisia Ramallah -- National Office to the Palestinian Territories Asia and Pacific ( edit ) See also : UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards Apia -- Cluster Office to Australia , Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , New Zealand , Niue , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vanuatu and Tokelau ( Associate Member ) Bangkok -- Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Thailand , Burma , Laos , Singapore and Vietnam Beijing -- Cluster Office to North Korea , Japan , Mongolia , the People 's Republic of China and South Korea Dhaka -- National Office to Bangladesh Hanoi -- National Office to Vietnam Islamabad -- National Office to Pakistan Jakarta -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines and East Timor Kabul -- National Office to Afghanistan Kathmandu -- National Office to Nepal New Delhi -- Cluster Office to Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal and Sri Lanka Phnom Penh -- National Office to Cambodia Tashkent -- National Office to Uzbekistan Tehran -- Cluster Office to Afghanistan , Iran , Pakistan and Turkmenistan Europe and North America ( edit ) Almaty -- Cluster Office to Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Brussels -- Liaison Office to the European Union and its subsidiary bodies in Brussels Geneva -- Liaison Office to the United Nations in Geneva New York City -- Liaison Office to the United Nations in New York Moscow -- Cluster Office to Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Moldova and Russia Venice -- Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe Latin America and the Caribbean ( edit ) Carondelet Palace , Presidential Palace -- with changing of the guards . The Historic Center of Quito , Ecuador , is one of the largest , least - altered and best - preserved historic centers in the Americas . This center was , together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland , the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978 . Brasilia -- National Office to Brazil Guatemala City -- National Office to Guatemala Havana -- Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti and Aruba Kingston -- Cluster Office to Antigua and Barbuda , Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago as well as the associate member states of British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten Lima -- National Office to Peru Mexico City -- National Office to Mexico Montevideo -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Paraguay and Uruguay Port - au - Prince -- National Office to Haiti Quito -- Cluster Office to Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Venezuela San José -- Cluster Office to Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua and Panama Santiago de Chile -- Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile Controversies ( edit ) New World information and Communication order ( edit ) UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past , particularly in its relationships with the United States , the United Kingdom , Singapore and the former Soviet Union . During the 1970s and 1980s , UNESCO 's support for a `` New World Information and Communication Order '' and its MacBride report calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb freedom of the press . UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West , in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s . In 1984 , the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest , followed by the United Kingdom in 1985 . Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985 , citing rising membership fees . Following a change of government in 1997 , the UK rejoined . The United States rejoined in 2003 , followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007 . Israel ( edit ) Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949 , one year after its creation . Israel has maintained its membership since 1949 . In 2010 , Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs , Hebron and Rachel 's Tomb , Bethlehem as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work , prompting criticism from the United States and protests from Palestinians . In October 2010 , UNESCO 's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as `` al - Haram al - Ibrahimi / Tomb of the Patriarchs '' and `` Bilal bin Rabah Mosque / Rachel 's Tomb '' and stated that they were `` an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories '' and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law . UNESCO described the sites as significant to `` people of the Muslim , Christian and Jewish traditions '' , and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites . Israel in turn accused UNESCO of `` detach ( ing ) the Nation of Israel from its heritage '' , and accused it of being politically motivated . The Rabbi of the Western Wall claimed that Rachel 's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site . Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO . Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a `` part of Palestinian escalation '' . Zevulun Orlev , chairman of the Knesset Education and Culture Committee , referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world . On 28 June 2011 , UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee , at Jordan 's insistence , censured Israel 's decision to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons . Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons ; Jordan disputed the agreement , saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure . Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from Egypt . In January 2014 , days before it was scheduled to open , UNESCO Director - General , Irina Bokova , `` indefinitely postponed '' and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the Simon Wiesenthal Center entitled , `` The People , The Book , The Land : The 3,500 - year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel . '' The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris . Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would `` harm the peace process '' . The author of the exhibition , Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University 's Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism , called the cancellation an `` appalling act , '' and characterized Bokova 's decision as `` an arbitrary act of total cynicism and , really , contempt for the Jewish people and its history . '' UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year , and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success . Occupied Palestine resolution ( edit ) Main article : Occupied Palestine Resolution On 13 October 2016 , UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for `` aggressions '' by Israeli police and soldiers and `` illegal measures '' against the freedom of worship and Muslims ' access to their holy sites , while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power . Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision . While the text acknowledged the `` importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions '' , it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem 's Old City only by its Muslim name `` Al - Haram al - Sharif '' , Arabic for Noble Sanctuary . In response , Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words `` Temple Mount '' or `` Har HaBayit , '' stating that it denies Jewish ties to the key holy site . After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats , including Benjamin Netanyahu and Ayelet Shaked , Israel froze all ties with the organization . The resolution was condemned by Ban ki - Moon and the Director - General of UNESCO , Irina Bokova , who said that Judaism , Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and `` to deny , conceal or erase any of the Jewish , Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site . Al - Aqsa Mosque is also Temple Mount , whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism . '' It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a `` hateful anti-Israel sentiment '' , and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy 's abstention . On 26 October , UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution , which also criticized Israel for its continuous `` refusal to let the body 's experts access Jerusalem 's holy sites to determine their conservation status . '' Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version , Israel continued to denounce the text . The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount , or Har HaBayit in Hebrew , only by its Arab name -- a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO 's executive board , triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies . U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated : `` This item should have been defeated . These politicized and one - sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO . '' In October 2017 , the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization , citing in - part anti-Israel bias . Palestine ( edit ) Palestinian youth magazine controversy ( edit ) In February 2011 , an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role - models as Adolf Hitler . In December 2011 , UNESCO , which partly funded the magazine , condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support . Islamic University of Gaza controversy ( edit ) In 2012 , UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy , astrophysics , and space sciences , fueling controversy and criticism . Israel bombed the school in 2008 claiming they develop and store weapons there , a claim Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO 's move . The head , Kamalain Shaath , defended UNESCO , stating that `` the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development '' . Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university 's ties to Hamas , especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with . The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith criticized the move as well . WikiLeaks ( edit ) On 16 and 17 February 2012 , UNESCO held a conference entitled , `` The Media World after WikiLeaks and News of the World . '' Despite all six panels being focused on WikiLeaks , no member of WikiLeaks staff was invited to speak . After receiving a complaint from WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson , UNESCO invited him to attend , but did not offer a place on any panels . The offer also came only a week before the conference , which was held in Paris , France . Many of the speakers featured , including David Leigh and Heather Brooke , had spoken out openly against WikiLeaks and its founder Julian Assange in the past . WikiLeaks released a press statement on 15 February 2012 denouncing UNESCO which stated , `` UNESCO has made itself an international human rights joke . To use `` freedom of expression '' to censor WikiLeaks from a conference about WikiLeaks is an Orwellian absurdity beyond words . '' Che Guevara ( edit ) In 2013 , UNESCO announced that the collection `` The Life and Works of Ernesto Che Guevara '' became part of the Memory of the World Register . Ileana Ros - Lehtinen , a US congresswoman , condemned this decision , saying that the organization acts against its own ideals : This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and summarily executed by Che and his merciless cronies it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights . UN Watch also condemned this selection by UNESCO . Listing Nanjing massacre documents ( edit ) In 2015 , Japan threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization 's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing massacre in the latest listing for its `` Memory of the World '' program . In October 2016 , Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida confirmed that Japan 's 2016 annual funding of ¥ 4.4 billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy . U.S. withdrawals ( edit ) After withdrawing from UNESCO in 1984 , the United States rejoined in 2002 . Former U.S. Congressman Jim Leach stated before a Congressional subcommittee : The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well - known ; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO , and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system . The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created . While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west , and engage in Israel bashing , UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures . The U.S. opted for empty - chair diplomacy , after winning , not losing , the battles we engaged in ... It was nuts to get out , and would be nuttier not to rejoin . He concluded that the record showed Israel bashing , a call for a new world information order , money management , and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal ; he asserted that before the UNESCO withdrawal , a withdrawal from the IAEA had been pushed on him . The United States rejoined UNESCO shortly thereafter . On 12 October 2017 , the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019 . The Department of State cited `` mounting arrears at UNESCO , the need for fundamental reform in the organization , and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO . '' Products or Services ( edit ) UNESDOC -- Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in Field Offices and Institutes . Information processing tools ( edit ) UNESCO develops , maintains and disseminates , free - of - charge , two interrelated software packages for database management ( CDS / ISIS ( not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS ) ) and data mining / statistical analysis ( IDAMS ) . CDS / ISIS - a generalised Information Storage and Retrieval system . The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network . The JavaISIS client / server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows , Linux and Macintosh . Furthermore , GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS / ISIS database searching . The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS / ISIS based applications . OpenIDAMS -- a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed , maintained and disseminated by UNESCO . The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open source . IDIS - a tool for direct data exchange between CDS / ISIS and IDAMS . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Academic Mobility Network WikiProject UNESCO References and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO history '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ UNESCO 's General Conference voted on 31 October 2011 `` to admit Palestine as a member State '' . However , it notes that , for `` its membership to take effect , Palestine must sign and ratify UNESCO 's Constitution '' . `` UNESCO '' Media Services `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` Member States United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` The Faroes become associated < ny specialized institutes and centres throughout the world '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNDG Members '' . United Nations Development Group . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing UNESCO '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO General Conference ; 34th ; Medium - term Strategy , 2008 -- 2013 ; 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Plenary Meetings , Records of the Second Assembly , Geneva : League of Nations , 5 September -- 5 October 1921 . Jump up ^ A Chronology of UNESCO : 1947 -- 1987 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , UNESDOC database , Paris , December 1987 , LAD. 85 / WS / 4 Rev , The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation ( ICIC ) was officially created on 4 January 1922 , as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications . The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation ( IIIC ) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925 , to act as the executing agency for the ICIC . Jump up ^ UNESCO 1987 . Jump up ^ The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. ( Hansard , 26 January 1949 ) . Millbank systems . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation . Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation '' ( PDF ) . UNESDOC database . The Institute of Civil Engineers , London . 1 to 16 November 1945 . ECO / Conf. / 29 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Unesco 1945 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference , First Session '' ( PDF ) . UNESDOC database . UNESCO House , Paris , from 20 November to 10 December 1946 . UNESCO / C / 30 ( 1 C / Resolutions ) Item 14 , p. 73 : UNESCO . 1947 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO . General Conference , 8th Session ( 1955 ) . Records of the General Conference , Eighth Session , Montevideo , 1954 : Resolutions. 8 C / Resolutions . ( Paris . ) Resolution II. 1.2 , p. 12 . UNESDOC database Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . ( 1950 ) . Statement by experts on race problems . Paris , 20 July 1950 . UNESCO / SS / 1 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 20th Session. ( 1979 ) . Records of the General Conference , Twentieth Session , Paris , 24 October to 28 November 1978 . 20 C / Resolutions . ( Paris . ) Resolution 3 / 1.1 / 2 , p. 61 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO . Executive Board , 42nd Session. ( 1955 ) . Report of the Director - General on the Activities of the Organization ( March -- November 1955 ) . Paris , 9 November 1955 . 42 EX / 43 . Part I Relations with Member States , paragraph 3 . Jump up ^ The Haiti pilot project : phase one , 1947 -- 1949 . ( 1951 ) . Monographs on Fundamental Education IV . UNESCO : Paris . Jump up ^ `` Debiesse , J. , Benjamin , H. and Abbot , W. ( 1952 ) . Report of the mission to Afghanistan . Educational Missions IV . ED. 51 / VIII. A. ( Paris . ) UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 2nd Session. ( 1948 ) . Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session , Mexico , November -- December 1947 . 2 C / Resolutions . ( Paris . ) Resolution 3.4. 1 , p. 17 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNDP , UNESCO , UNICEF , and The World Bank . ( 1990 ) . Final Report . World Conference on Education for All : Meeting Basic Education Needs . 5 -- 9 March 1990 , Jomtien , Thailand . ( WCEFA Inter-agency Commission : New York ) . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . ( 2000 ) . The Dakar Framework for Action . Education for All : meeting our collective commitments ( including six regional frameworks for action ) . World Education Forum , Dakar , Senegal , 26 -- 28 April 2000 . ED. 2000 / WS / 27 . ( Paris ) . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 21st Session. ( 1980 ) . International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia : Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director - General . 26 August 1980 . 21 C / 82 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage . Paris , 16 November 1972 . UNESCO . General Conference , 17th Session . Records of the General Conference , Seventeenth Session , Paris , 17 October to 21 November 1972 . Volume I : Resolutions , Recommendations. 17 C / Resolution 29 . Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations , p. 135 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage , Second Session . Final Report . Washington , DC , 5 -- 8 September 1978 . CC - 78 / CONF. 010 / 10 Rev. UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage . Paris , 17 October 2003 . UNESCO . General Conference , 32nd Session . Records of the General Conference , Thirty - second Session , Paris , 29 September to 17 October 2003 . Volume I : Resolutions. 32 C / Resolution 32 . Chapter IV Programme for 2004 -- 2005 , Major Programme IV -- Culture , p. 53 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions . Paris , 20 October 2005 . UNESCO . General Conference , 33rd Session . Records of the General Conference . Thirty - third Session , Paris , 3 -- 21 October 2005 . Volume I : Resolutions. 33 C / Resolution 41 . Chapter V Programme for 2006 -- 2007 , p. 83 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . Executive Board , 26th Session . Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty - sixth session . ( 7 June to 9 July 1951 ) . Paris , 27 July 1951 . 26 EX / Decisions . Item 7 Programme , Resolution 7.2. 2.1 , p. 9 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 3rd Session. ( 1949 ) . Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Third Session . Beirut , 1948 . Volume II : Resolutions . ( UNESCO : Paris ) . 2 C / Resolution 3.7 , page 23 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Use and conservation of the biosphere : Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere . Paris , 4 -- 13 September 1968 . '' ( 1970 . ) In Natural Resources Research , Volume X . SC. 69 / XIL. 16 / A. UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . ( 1955 ) . International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism . Unesco House , 9 -- 13 April 1956 . Purpose and Scope . Paris , 18 November 1955 . UNESCO / MC / PT. 1 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 19th Session. ( 1977 ) . Approved Programme and budget for 1977 -- 1978 . Paris , February 1977 . 19 C / 5 , p. 332 , paragraphs 4154 and 4155 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MacBride , S. ( 1980 ) . Many voices , one world : towards a new , more just , and more efficient world information and communication order . ( UNESCO : Paris ) . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About IPDC United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` International Programme for the Development of Communication ( IPDC ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` World Press Freedom Day 2016 '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member '' . 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Blomfield , Adrian ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Limitation on Contributions to the United Nations and Affiliated Organizations '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ; Sayare , Scott ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` After UNESCO vote , Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S '' . Haaretz. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Israel freezes UNESCO funds '' . CNN . 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row '' . Reuters. 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Because diploma mills have claimed false UNESCO accreditation , UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation . See Luca Lantero , Degree Mills : non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions Archived 13 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence ( CIMEA ) , Italy . and UNESCO `` Alert : Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions '' Jump up ^ Varga , Susan ( 2006 ) . Edinburgh Old Town ( Images of Scotland ) . The History Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 4083 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fostering Freedom of Expression '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` International Programme for the Development of Communication ( IPDC ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Safety of Journalists '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UN Plan of Action United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Building Knowledge Societies '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Memory of the World United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Information for All Programme ( IFAP ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Universality United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Media Development Indicators ( MDIs ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture '' . unesco.org ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Migration Institutions -- Home '' . Migrationmuseums.org . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Education EDUCATION -- '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Reddy , A ( 2014 ) ' Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi -- GoUNESCO ' , GoUNESCO . Uniform Resource Locator : http://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco . Jump up ^ `` The magazine - United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Jump up ^ `` Science and technology education -- Unesco '' , a UNESCO brochure Jump up ^ `` Quoted on UNESCO official site '' . Ngo-db.unesco.org . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 '' . Ngo-db.unesco.org . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ admin ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` The IBE Team '' . Jump up ^ `` UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning '' . Jump up ^ `` IIEP UNESCO '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO IITE '' . Jump up ^ `` IICBA official site '' . Jump up ^ `` Inicio '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO - UNEVOC - Promoting learning for the world of work '' . Jump up ^ `` CEPES official site '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home - UNESCO - IHE '' . Jump up ^ `` ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics : UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Jump up ^ UNESCO Executive Board Document 185 EX / 38 , Paris , 10 September 2010 Jump up ^ International Days United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . UNESCO . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` List of UNESCO members and associates '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport '' ( PDF ) . WADA . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Parties '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Member States of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vereinigte Staaten treten aus der Unesco aus '' ( United States is leaving the Unesco ) . Frankfurter Allgemeine ( in German ) . 2017 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-BbNf9SkQo Jump up ^ List of the voting countries Jump up ^ UNESCO official site : Directors - General Jump up ^ UNESCO official site : Previous Sessions of the General Conference Jump up ^ `` President of the 39th session of the General Conference '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President of the 38th session of the General Conference '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference 37th United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Executive Board -- Results of elections . UNESCO General Conference , November 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Table_2013 - 2015. pdf UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` City of Quito -- UNESCO World Heritage '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Office in Brasilia United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación , la Ciencia y la Cultura '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Grahm , S.E. ( April 2006 ) . `` The ( Real ) politiks of Culture : U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO , 1946 -- 1954 '' . Diplomatic History . 30 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 51 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2006. 00548. x . Jump up ^ `` Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO '' , The Telegraph , 28 December 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Hebron clashes over Israel 's West Bank heritage list '' . BBC News . 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO 's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories '' . UNESCO . 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL - HARAM AL - IBRAHIMI / TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL - KHALIL / HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE / RACHEL 'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hillel Fendel ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel 's Tomb Protocol '' . Arutz Sheva . Jump up ^ Maayana Miskin ( 29 October 2010 ) . `` UN Org. : Rachel 's Tomb is a Mosque '' . Arutz Sheva . Jump up ^ `` Ayalon : Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO '' . The Jerusalem Post . 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Shalom , Rabbi . `` Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge -- Israel News , Ynetnews '' . Ynetnews. 20 June 1995 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Berman , Lazar ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahren , Raphael ( 21 January 2014 ) . `` Author of UNESCO 's nixed Israel exhibit decries ' appalling betrayal ' '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al - Aqsa Mosque '' . aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf Jump up ^ `` UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount '' . Jump up ^ `` Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of ' absurd ' UNESCO decision '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO chief ' received death threats ' for opposing Jerusalem motion '' . Times of Israel . 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Director - General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution : Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews , Muslims '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Czech MPs slam ' hateful ' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution '' . www.aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Peter ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S. , Israel '' . CBC / Radio - Canada . 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Withdraws From UNESCO '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise '' . The Daily Telegraph . 23 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Chair in Astronomy , Astrophysics and Space Sciences ( 964 ) , established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza ( Palestine ) '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&pg=PA211&dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&f=false Jump up ^ `` Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University '' ( Press release ) . Israel ministry of foreign affairs . 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Michael ( 12 July 2012 ) . `` UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs '' . National Post . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fatah : Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University '' . Yedioth Ahronot. 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Hamas University '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ravid , Barak ( 12 July 2012 ) . `` Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Yaakov , Yifa ( 14 July 2012 ) . `` B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News journalism in a digital world '' . UNESCO . 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO - leaks to refute wikileaks accusation '' . UNESCO . 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian 's hatchet job on Julian Assange '' . World Socialist Web Site. 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The WikiFreak : In a new book one author reveals how she got to know Julian Assange and found him a predatory , narcissistic fantasist '' . Daily Mail . 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WikiLeaks denounces UNESCO after WikiLeaks banned from UNESCO conference on WikiLeaks '' . WikiLeaks. 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara , Says Ros - Lehtinen ( press release ) , House of representatives , 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara , UN Watch , 21 July 2013 ( retrieved 11 July 2016 ) Jump up ^ ( www.dw.com ) , Deutsche Welle . `` Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row '' . The Guardian . Agence France - Presse. 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Rejoins UNESCO '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Template : Citation = publisher = Library of Congress . Jump up ^ https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1 Jump up ^ `` The United States Withdraws From UNESCO '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Information Processing Tools '' . Unesco . Jump up ^ `` OpenIDAMS '' . Unesco . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UNESCO . Official website United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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261255046711108270	Mary, Queen of Scots	Mary , Queen of Scots - wikipedia Mary , Queen of Scots Not to be confused with Mary I of England . For other uses , see Mary , Queen of Scots ( disambiguation ) . Mary Stuart Portrait by François Clouet , c. 1558 -- 1560 Queen of Scotland Reign 14 December 1542 -- 24 July 1567 Coronation 9 September 1543 Predecessor James V Successor James VI Regents James Hamilton , 2nd Earl of Arran ( 1542 -- 1554 ) Mary of Guise ( 1554 -- 1560 ) Queen consort of France Tenure 10 July 1559 -- 5 December 1560 8 December 1542 Linlithgow Palace , Linlithgow , Scotland 8 February 1587 ( 1587 - 02 - 08 ) ( aged 44 ) Fotheringhay Castle , Northamptonshire , England Burial 30 July 1587 Peterborough Cathedral 28 October 1612 Westminster Abbey Spouse Francis II of France ( m . 1558 ; d . 1560 ) Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley ( m . 1565 ; d . 1567 ) James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell ( m . 1567 ; d . 1578 ) Issue James VI and I House Stuart Father James V of Scotland Mother Mary of Guise Religion Roman Catholic Signature Mary , Queen of Scots ( 8 December 1542 -- 8 February 1587 ) , also known as Mary Stuart , reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 . Mary , the only surviving legitimate child of King James V , was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne . She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents , and in 1558 , she married the Dauphin of France , Francis . He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559 , and Mary briefly became queen consort of France , until his death in December 1560 . Widowed , Mary returned to Scotland , arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561 . Four years later , she married her first cousin , Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley and in June 1566 they had a son , James . In February 1567 , Darnley 's residence was destroyed by an explosion , and he was found murdered in the garden . James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell , was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley 's death , but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567 , and the following month he married Mary . Following an uprising against the couple , Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle . On 24 July 1567 she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one - year - old son . After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne , she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed , Queen Elizabeth I of England . Mary had once claimed Elizabeth 's throne as her own , and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics , including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North . Perceiving her as a threat , Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England . After eighteen and a half years in custody , Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 . She was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle . Contents 1 Childhood and early reign 1.1 Treaty of Greenwich 1.2 Life in France 1.3 Claim to the English throne 2 Return to Scotland 3 Marriage to Lord Darnley 3.1 Murder of Darnley 4 Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication 5 Escape and imprisonment in England 5.1 Casket letters 5.2 Plots 6 Death 6.1 Trial 6.2 Execution 7 Legacy 8 Family tree 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Childhood and early reign ( edit ) Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace , Scotland , to King James V and his French second wife , Mary of Guise . She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him . She was the great - niece of King Henry VIII of England , as her paternal grandmother , Margaret Tudor , was Henry VIII 's sister . On 14 December , six days after her birth , she became Queen of Scotland when her father died , perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss , or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign . A popular legend , first recorded by John Knox , states that James , hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter , ruefully exclaimed , `` It cam wi ' a lass and it will gang wi ' a lass ! '' His House of Stuart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce , daughter of Robert the Bruce , to Walter Stewart , 6th High Steward of Scotland . The crown had come to his family through a woman , and would be lost from his family through a woman . This legendary statement came true much later -- not through Mary , but through her descendant Queen Anne . Mary was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born . Rumours spread that she was weak and frail , but an English diplomat , Ralph Sadler , saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543 , unwrapped by her nurse , and wrote , `` it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age , and as like to live . '' As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne , Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult . From the outset , there were two claims to the regency : one from Catholic Cardinal Beaton , and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran , who was next in line to the throne . Beaton 's claim was based on a version of the king 's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery . Arran , with the support of his friends and relations , became the regent until 1554 when Mary 's mother managed to remove and succeed him . Treaty of Greenwich ( edit ) Gold coin of 1553 : obverse , coat of arms of Scotland ; reverse , royal monogram King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son and heir , Edward , hoping for a union of Scotland and England . On 1 July 1543 , when Mary was six months old , the Treaty of Greenwich was signed , which promised that at the age of ten Mary would marry Edward and move to England , where Henry could oversee her upbringing . The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and that if the couple should fail to have children the temporary union would dissolve . However , Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda , which angered Henry , who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France . Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of Stirling Castle . Regent Arran resisted the move , but backed down when Beaton 's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow . The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men . Mary was crowned in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543 , with `` such solemnity as they do use in this country , which is not very costly '' according to the report of Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray . Shortly before Mary 's coronation , Scottish merchants headed for France were arrested by Henry , and their goods impounded . The arrests caused anger in Scotland , and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic . The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland in December . The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry 's `` Rough Wooing '' , a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son . English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory . In May 1544 , the English Earl of Hertford ( later Duke of Somerset ) raided Edinburgh , and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety . In May 1546 , Beaton was murdered by Protestant lairds , and on 10 September 1547 , nine months after the death of Henry VIII , the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh . Mary 's guardians , fearful for her safety , sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks , and turned to the French for help . The French king , Henry II , proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three - year - old son , the Dauphin Francis . On the promise of French military help , and a French dukedom for himself , Arran agreed to the marriage . In February 1548 , Mary was moved , again for her safety , to Dumbarton Castle . The English left a trail of devastation behind once more and seized the strategic town of Haddington . In June , the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington . On 7 July 1548 , a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to a French marriage treaty . Life in France ( edit ) With her marriage agreement in place , five - year - old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court . The French fleet sent by Henry II , commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon , sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at Roscoff or Saint - Pol - de-Léon in Brittany . Mary was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half - brothers , and the `` four Marys '' , four girls her own age , all named Mary , who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland : Beaton , Seton , Fleming , and Livingston . Janet , Lady Fleming , who was Mary Fleming 's mother and James V 's half - sister , was appointed governess . Mary and Francis in Catherine de ' Medici 's book of hours , c. 1558 Vivacious , beautiful , and clever ( according to contemporary accounts ) , Mary had a promising childhood . At the French court , she was a favourite with everyone , except Henry II 's wife Catherine de ' Medici . Mary learned to play lute and virginals , was competent in prose , poetry , horsemanship , falconry and needlework , and was taught French , Italian , Latin , Spanish , and Greek , in addition to speaking her native Scots . Her future sister - in - law , Elisabeth of Valois , became a close friend of whom Mary `` retained nostalgic memories in later life '' . Her maternal grandmother , Antoinette de Bourbon , was another strong influence on her childhood , and acted as one of her principal advisors . Portraits of Mary show that she had a small , oval - shaped head , a long , graceful neck , bright auburn hair , hazel - brown eyes , under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows , smooth pale skin , a high forehead , and regular , firm features . She was considered a pretty child and later , as a woman , strikingly attractive . At some point in her infancy or childhood , she caught smallpox , but it did not mark her features . Mary was eloquent and especially tall by sixteenth - century standards ( she attained an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m ) , while Henry II 's son and heir , Francis , stuttered and was abnormally short . Henry commented that `` from the very first day they met , my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time '' . On 4 April 1558 , Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue . Twenty days later , she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris , and he became king consort of Scotland . Claim to the English throne ( edit ) Mary 's arms as Queen of Scotland and France with the arms of England added , used in France before the Treaty of Edinburgh , 1560 In November 1558 , Henry VIII 's elder daughter , Mary I of England , was succeeded by her only surviving sibling , Elizabeth I. Under the Third Succession Act , passed in 1543 by the Parliament of England , Elizabeth was recognised as her sister 's heir , and Henry VIII 's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne . Yet , in the eyes of many Catholics , Elizabeth was illegitimate , and Mary Stuart , as the senior descendant of Henry VIII 's elder sister , was the rightful queen of England . Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter - in - law king and queen of England , and in France the royal arms of England were quartered with those of Francis and Mary . Mary 's claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between her and Elizabeth I . When Henry II died on 10 July 1559 from injuries sustained in a joust , fifteen - year - old Francis and sixteen - year - old Mary became king and queen of France . Two of the Queen 's uncles , the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine , were now dominant in French politics , enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne . In Scotland , the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary 's mother , who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops . The Protestant Lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism , and a Huguenot rising in France , called the Tumult of Amboise , in March 1560 made it impossible for the French to send further support . Instead , the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement . On 11 June 1560 , their sister ( Mary 's mother ) died , and so the question of future Franco - Scots relations was a pressing one . Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh , signed by Mary 's representatives on 6 July 1560 , France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland and France recognised Elizabeth 's right to rule England . However , the seventeen - year - old Mary , still in France and grieving for her mother , refused to ratify the treaty . Return to Scotland ( edit ) Mary 's all - white mourning garb earned her the sobriquet La Reine Blanche ( `` the White Queen '' ) . King Francis II died on 5 December 1560 , of a middle ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain . Mary was grief - stricken . Her mother - in - law , Catherine de ' Medici , became regent for the late king 's ten - year - old brother Charles IX , who inherited the French throne . Mary returned to Scotland nine months later , arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561 . Having lived in France since the age of five , Mary had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland . As a devout Catholic , she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects , as well as by the Queen of England . Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions , and Mary 's illegitimate half - brother , the Earl of Moray , was a leader of the Protestants . The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary , condemning her for hearing Mass , dancing , and dressing too elaborately . She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him unsuccessfully , and later charged him with treason , but he was acquitted and released . To the disappointment of the Catholic party , however , Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy , and kept her half - brother Lord Moray as her chief advisor . Her privy council of 16 men , appointed on 6 September 1561 , retained those who already held the offices of state and was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 1559 -- 1560 : the Earls of Argyll , Glencairn , and Moray . Only four of the councillors were Catholic : the Earls of Atholl , Erroll , Montrose , and Huntly , who was Lord Chancellor . Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable , suggesting that Mary 's failure to appoint a council sympathetic to Catholic and French interests was an indication of her focus on the goal of the English throne over the internal problems of Scotland . Even the one significant later addition to the council , Lord Ruthven in December 1563 , was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked . In this , she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords , while also following a policy that strengthened her links with England . She joined with Lord Moray in the destruction of Scotland 's leading Catholic magnate , Lord Huntly , in 1562 after he led a rebellion in the Highlands against her . Mary 's royal arms from the Tolbooth in Leith ( 1565 ) , now in South Leith Parish Church Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the heir presumptive to the English throne . Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir , fearing that to do so would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor . However , Elizabeth assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than Mary . In late 1561 and early 1562 , arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562 , but Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to cancel in July because of the civil war in France . Mary turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe . However , when her uncle , the Cardinal of Lorraine , began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent , she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered . Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to Don Carlos , the mentally unstable heir apparent of King Philip II of Spain , was rebuffed by Philip . Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester ( Sir Henry Sidney 's brother - in - law and the English queen 's own favourite ) , whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control . She sent an ambassador , Thomas Randolph , to tell Mary that if she would marry an English nobleman , Elizabeth would `` proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir '' . The proposal came to nothing , not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling . In contrast , a French poet at Mary 's court , Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard , was apparently besotted by Mary . In early 1563 , he was discovered during a security search hidden underneath her bed , apparently planning to surprise her when she was alone and declare his love for her . Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland . He ignored the edict , and two days later he forced his way into her chamber as she was about to disrobe . She reacted with fury and fear , and when Moray rushed into the room , in reaction to her cries for help , she shouted , `` Thrust your dagger into the villain ! '' , which Moray refused to do , as Chastelard was already under restraint . Chastelard was tried for treason , and beheaded . Maitland claimed that Chastelard 's ardour was feigned , and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation . Marriage to Lord Darnley ( edit ) Mary with her second husband , Lord Darnley Mary had briefly met her English - born first cousin Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis . Darnley 's parents , the Earl and Countess of Lennox , who were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners , had sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary . Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor , sister of Henry VIII of England , and patrilineal descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland . Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart , Countess of Arran , a daughter of James II of Scotland . They next met on Saturday 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland , after which Mary fell in love with the `` long lad '' ( as Queen Elizabeth called him -- he was over six feet tall ) . They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565 , even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained . English statesmen William Cecil and the Earl of Leicester had worked to obtain Darnley 's licence to travel to Scotland from his home in England . Although her advisors had thus brought the couple together , Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage , because as descendants of her aunt , both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne and their children , if any , would inherit an even stronger , combined claim . However , Mary 's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation . The English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated `` the saying is that surely she ( Queen Mary ) is bewitched '' , adding that the marriage could only be averted `` by violence '' . The union infuriated Elizabeth , who felt the marriage should not have gone ahead without her permission , as Darnley was both her cousin and an English subject . James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell Mary 's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary 's half - brother , the Earl of Moray , to join with other Protestant lords , including Lords Argyll and Glencairn , in open rebellion . Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them , and on the 30th Moray entered Edinburgh , but left soon afterward having failed to take the castle . Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops . In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid , Mary and her forces and Moray and the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat . Mary 's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly 's son , and the return of James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell , from exile in France . Unable to muster sufficient support , Moray left Scotland in October for asylum in England . Mary broadened her privy council , bringing in both Catholics ( Bishop of Ross John Lesley and provost of Edinburgh Simon Preston of Craigmillar ) and Protestants ( the new Lord Huntly , Bishop of Galloway Alexander Gordon , John Maxwell of Terregles and Sir James Balfour ) . Before long , Darnley grew arrogant . Not content with his position as king consort , he demanded the Crown Matrimonial , which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself if he outlived his wife . Mary refused his request , and their marriage grew strained even though they conceived by October 1565 . He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary , David Rizzio , who was rumoured to be the father of her child . By March 1566 , Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords , including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid . On 9 March , a group of the conspirators , accompanied by Darnley , murdered Rizzio in front of the pregnant Mary at a dinner party in Holyrood Palace . Over the next two days , a disillusioned Darnley switched sides , and Mary received Moray at Holyrood . On the night of 11 -- 12 March , Darnley and Mary escaped from the palace and took temporary refuge in Dunbar Castle before returning to Edinburgh on 18 March . The former rebels Lords Moray , Argyll and Glencairn were restored to the council . Murder of Darnley ( edit ) Kirk o ' Field drawn for William Cecil shortly after the murder of Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , 1567 Mary 's son by Darnley , James , was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle , but the murder of Rizzio led inevitably to the breakdown of her marriage . In October 1566 , while staying at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders , Mary made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at Hermitage Castle , where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with border reivers . The ride was later used as evidence by Mary 's enemies that the two were lovers , though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards . Immediately after her return to Jedburgh , she suffered a serious illness that included frequent vomiting , loss of sight , loss of speech , convulsions and periods of unconsciousness . She was thought to be near death or dying . Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians . The cause of her illness is unknown ; diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress , haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer , and porphyria . At Craigmillar Castle , near Edinburgh , at the end of November 1566 , Mary and leading nobles held a meeting to discuss the `` problem of Darnley '' . Divorce was discussed , but a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to remove Darnley by other means : `` It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth ... that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them ; ... that he should be put off by one way or another ; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it , they should defend . '' Darnley feared for his safety , and after the baptism of his son at Stirling shortly before Christmas he went to Glasgow to stay on his father 's estates . At the start of the journey , he was afflicted by a fever , possibly smallpox , syphilis , or the result of poison , and he remained ill for some weeks . In late January 1567 , Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh . He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o ' Field , just within the city wall . Mary visited him daily , so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress . On the night of 9 -- 10 February 1567 , Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household , Bastian Pagez . In the early hours of the morning , an explosion devastated Kirk o ' Field , and Darnley was found dead in the garden , apparently smothered . There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body . Bothwell , Moray , Secretary Maitland , the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion . Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours , `` I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not ... tell you what all the world is thinking . Men say that , instead of seizing the murderers , you are looking through your fingers while they escape ; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure , as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity . For myself , I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought . '' By the end of February , Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley 's assassination . Lennox , Darnley 's father , demanded that Bothwell be tried before the Estates of Parliament , to which Mary agreed , but Lennox 's request for a delay to gather evidence was denied . In the absence of Lennox , and with no evidence presented , Bothwell was acquitted after a seven - hour trial on 12 April . A week later , Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond , in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen . Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication ( edit ) Mary depicted with her son , James VI and I ; in reality , Mary saw her son for the last time when he was ten months old . Between 21 and 23 April 1567 , Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time . On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April , Mary was abducted , willingly or not , by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle , where he may have raped her . On 6 May , Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May , at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey , they were married according to Protestant rites . Bothwell and his first wife , Jean Gordon , who was the sister of Lord Huntly , had divorced twelve days previously . Originally Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage , but things soon turned sour between the newly elevated Bothwell ( created Duke of Orkney ) and his former peers , and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular . Catholics considered the marriage unlawful , since they did not recognise Bothwell 's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service . Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband . The marriage was tempestuous , and Mary became despondent . Twenty - six Scottish peers , known as the confederate lords , turned against Mary and Bothwell , raising an army against them . Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill on 15 June , but there was no battle as Mary 's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations . Bothwell was given safe passage from the field , and the lords took Mary to Edinburgh , where crowds of spectators denounced her as an adulteress and murderer . The following night , she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle , on an island in the middle of Loch Leven . Between 20 and 23 July , Mary miscarried twins . On 24 July , she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one - year - old son James . Moray was made regent , while Bothwell was driven into exile . He was imprisoned in Denmark , became insane and died in 1578 . Escape and imprisonment in England ( edit ) Loch Leven Castle Workington Hall Carlisle Castle Bolton Castle Tutbury Sheffield Wingfield Chatsworth Buxton Chartley Tixall Fotheringhay Mary 's places of imprisonment On 2 May 1568 , Mary escaped from Loch Leven Castle with the aid of George Douglas , brother of Sir William Douglas , the castle 's owner . Managing to raise an army of 6,000 men , she met Moray 's smaller forces at the Battle of Langside on 13 May . Defeated , she fled south ; after spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey , she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May . She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall . On 18 May , local officials took her into protective custody at Carlisle Castle . Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne . Elizabeth was cautious , ordering an inquiry into the conduct of the confederate lords and the question of whether Mary was guilty of Darnley 's murder . In mid-July 1568 , English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle , because it was further from the Scottish border but not too close to London . A commission of inquiry , or conference as it was known , was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569 . In Scotland , her supporters fought a civil war against Regent Moray and his successors . Casket letters ( edit ) Main article : Casket letters As an anointed queen , Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her and refused to attend the inquiry at York personally ( she sent representatives ) , but Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway . As evidence against Mary , Moray presented the so - called casket letters -- eight unsigned letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell , two marriage contracts , and a love sonnet or sonnets said to have been found in a silver - gilt casket just less than one foot ( 30 cm ) long , decorated with the monogram of King Francis II . Mary denied writing them , arguing that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate , and insisted they were forgeries . They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shares the guilt for Darnley 's murder . The chair of the commission of inquiry , the Duke of Norfolk , described them as horrible letters and diverse fond ballads , and sent copies to Elizabeth , saying that if they were genuine they might prove Mary 's guilt . The authenticity of the casket letters has been the source of much controversy among historians . It is impossible now to prove either way . The originals , written in French , were probably destroyed in 1584 by Mary 's son . The surviving copies , in French or translated into English , do not form a complete set . There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English , Scots , French , and Latin from the 1570s . Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell 's divorce from Jean Gordon . Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town 's registers . Mary 's biographers , such as Antonia Fraser , Alison Weir , and John Guy , have come to the conclusion that either the documents were complete forgeries , or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters , or that the letters were written to Bothwell by some other person or by Mary to some other person . Guy points out that the letters are disjointed , and that the French language and grammar employed in the sonnets are too poor for a writer with Mary 's education . However , certain phrases of the letters ( including verses in the style of Ronsard ) and certain characteristics of style would be compatible with known writings of Mary . The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568 , although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567 . Mary had been forced to abdicate and held captive for the best part of a year in Scotland . The letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication . Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters , and their destruction in 1584 , whatever their content , constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary , whereas Weir thinks it demonstrates the lords required time to fabricate them . At least some of Mary 's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine . Among them was the Duke of Norfolk , who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission , although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans , saying `` he meant never to marry with a person , where he could not be sure of his pillow '' . The majority of the commissioners accepted the casket letters as genuine after a study of their contents and comparison of the penmanship with examples of Mary 's handwriting . Elizabeth , as she had wished , concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven , either against the confederate lords or Mary . For overriding political reasons , Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor acquit Mary of murder , and there was never any intention to proceed judicially ; the conference was intended as a political exercise . In the end , Moray returned to Scotland as its regent , and Mary remained in custody in England . Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland , without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign . In Fraser 's opinion , it was one of the strangest `` trials '' in legal history , ending with no finding of guilt against either party with one let home to Scotland while the other remained in custody . Plots ( edit ) Embroidery done by Mary in captivity ( now in the Royal Collection ) On 26 January 1569 , Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle and placed in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick . Elizabeth considered Mary 's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury 's properties , including Tutbury , Sheffield Castle , Wingfield Manor and Chatsworth House , all located in the interior of England halfway between Scotland and London , and distant from the sea . Mary was permitted her own domestic staff , which never numbered fewer than sixteen , and needed thirty carts to transport her belongings from house to house . Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets as well as her cloth of state on which she had the French phrase En ma fin est mon commencement ( `` In my end lies my beginning '' ) embroidered . Her bedlinen was changed daily , and her own chefs prepared meals with a choice of thirty - two dishes served on silver plates . She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision , spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton , and spent much of her time doing embroidery . Her health declined , perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise , and by the 1580s she had severe rheumatism in her limbs , rendering her lame . In May 1569 , Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion , but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly . Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary , and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London between October 1569 and August 1570 . Early the following year , Moray was assassinated . Moray 's death coincided with a rebellion in the North of England , led by Catholic earls , which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat . English troops intervened in the Scottish civil war , consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces . Elizabeth 's principal secretaries Sir Francis Walsingham and William Cecil , Lord Burghley , watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in Mary 's household . Mary in captivity , by Nicholas Hilliard , c. 1578 In 1571 , Cecil and Walsingham uncovered the Ridolfi Plot , which was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk . Norfolk was executed , and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne , to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent . To discredit Mary , the casket letters were published in London . Plots centred on Mary continued . Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and half - brother of Philip II of Spain , Don John of Austria , who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the Spanish Netherlands . After the Throckmorton Plot of 1583 , Walsingham introduced the Bond of Association and the Act for the Queen 's Safety , which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent a putative successor from profiting from her murder . In 1584 , Mary proposed an `` Association '' with her son , James . She announced that she was ready to stay in England , to renounce the Pope 's bull of excommunication and to retire , abandoning her pretensions to the English Crown . She also offered to join an offensive league against France . For Scotland , she proposed a general amnesty , agreed that James should marry with Elizabeth 's knowledge and agreed that there should be no change in religion . Her only condition was the immediate alleviation of the conditions of her captivity . James went along with the idea for a while but then rejected it and signed an alliance treaty with Elizabeth , abandoning his mother . Elizabeth also rejected the Association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations . In February 1585 , William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth , without Mary 's knowledge , though her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated . In April , Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet , and at Christmas she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley . Death ( edit ) Trial ( edit ) Drawing of the trial of Mary , Queen of Scots , 14 -- 15 October 1586 On 11 August 1586 , after being implicated in the Babington Plot , Mary was arrested while out riding and taken to Tixall . In a successful attempt to entrap her , Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary 's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley . Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure , while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham . From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth . She was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four - day journey ending on 25 September , and in October was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen 's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen , including Cecil , Shrewsbury , and Walsingham . Spirited in her defence , Mary denied the charges . She told her triers , `` Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England '' . She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence , that her papers had been removed from her , that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason . Mary was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one commissioner , Lord Zouche , expressing any form of dissent . Nevertheless , Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution , even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence . She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences , especially if , in retaliation , Mary 's son , James , formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England . Elizabeth asked Paulet , Mary 's final custodian , if he would contrive a clandestine way to `` shorten the life '' of Mary , which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make `` a shipwreck of my conscience , or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity '' . On 1 February 1587 , Elizabeth signed the death warrant , and entrusted it to William Davison , a privy councillor . On 3 February , ten members of the Privy Council of England , having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth 's knowledge , decided to carry out the sentence at once . Execution ( edit ) The execution scene , drawn by eyewitness Robert Beale At Fotheringhay on the evening of 7 February 1587 , Mary was told that she was to be executed the next morning . She spent the last hours of her life in prayer , distributing her belongings to her household , and writing her will and a letter to the King of France . The scaffold that was erected in the Great Hall was two feet high and draped in black . It was reached by two or three steps and furnished with the block , a cushion for her to kneel on and three stools , for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent , who were there to witness the execution . The executioners ( one named Bull and his assistant ) knelt before her and asked forgiveness , as it was typical for the executioner to ask the pardon of the one being put to death . She replied , `` I forgive you with all my heart , for now , I hope , you shall make an end of all my troubles . '' Her servants , Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle , and the executioners helped Mary to remove her outer garments , revealing a velvet petticoat and a pair of sleeves in crimson brown , the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church , with a black satin bodice and black trimmings . As she disrobed she smiled and said that she `` never had such grooms before ... nor ever put off her clothes before such a company '' . She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold , knelt down on the cushion in front of the block , on which she positioned her head , and stretched out her arms . Her last words were , In manus tuas , Domine , commendo spiritum meum ( `` Into thy hands , O Lord , I commend my spirit '' ) . Mary was not beheaded with a single strike . The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head . The second blow severed the neck , except for a small bit of sinew , which the executioner cut through using the axe . Afterwards , he held her head aloft and declared , `` God save the Queen . '' At that moment , the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground , revealing that Mary had very short , grey hair . A small dog owned by the queen is said to have emerged from hiding among her skirts -- though eye - witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include it in his report . Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance ; contemporary accounts state that all her clothing , the block , and everything touched by her blood was burnt in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic - hunters . Copy of Mary 's effigy . The original , by Cornelius Cure , is in Westminster Abbey . When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth , she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority . Elizabeth 's vacillation and deliberately vague instructions gave her plausible deniability to attempt to avoid the direct stain of Mary 's blood . Davison was arrested , thrown into the Tower of London , and found guilty of misprision . He was released nineteen months later after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf . Mary 's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth . Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her burial , in a Protestant service , at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587 . Her entrails , removed as part of the embalming process , were buried secretly within Fotheringhay Castle . Her body was exhumed in 1612 , when her son , King James VI and I , ordered that she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth . In 1867 , her tomb was opened in an attempt to ascertain the resting place of James I ; he was ultimately found with Henry VII , but many of her other descendants , including Elizabeth of Bohemia , Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne , Queen of Great Britain , were interred in her vault . Legacy ( edit ) Assessments of Mary in the sixteenth century divided between Protestant reformers such as George Buchanan and John Knox , who vilified her mercilessly , and Catholic apologists such as Adam Blackwood , who praised , defended and eulogised her . After the accession of James I in England , historian William Camden wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents . It condemned Buchanan 's work as an invention , and `` emphasized Mary 's evil fortunes rather than her evil character '' . Differing interpretations persisted into the eighteenth century : William Robertson and David Hume argued that the casket letters were genuine and that Mary was guilty of adultery and murder , while William Tytler argued the reverse . In the latter half of the twentieth century , the work of Antonia Fraser was acclaimed as `` more objective ... free from the excesses of adulation or attack '' that had characterised older biographies , and her contemporaries Gordon Donaldson and Ian B. Cowan also produced more balanced works . Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure , who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her , but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen . There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley 's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell . Such accusations rest on assumptions , and Buchanan 's biography is today discredited as `` almost complete fantasy '' . Mary 's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy . Family tree ( edit ) hide Family tree of Mary , Queen of Scots James II of Scotland James III of Scotland Mary Stewart James Hamilton , 1st Earl of Arran Elizabeth Hamilton James Hamilton , 2nd Earl of Arran John Stewart , 3rd Earl of Lennox Henry VII of England Elizabeth of York Claude , Duke of Guise Antoinette de Bourbon James IV of Scotland Margaret Tudor Archibald Douglas , 6th Earl of Angus Henry VIII of England Francis , Duke of Guise Charles , Cardinal of Lorraine Mary of Guise James V of Scotland Matthew Stewart , 4th Earl of Lennox Margaret Douglas James Stewart , 1st Earl of Moray Mary , Queen of Scots Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley Edward VI of England Mary I of England Elizabeth I of England James VI and I See also ( edit ) Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord , and his Majesty 's Coronation 1567 Cultural depictions of Mary , Queen of Scots Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bishop John Lesley said Mary was born on the 7th , but Mary and John Knox claimed the 8th , which was the feast day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ( Fraser 1994 , p. 13 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 11 ) . Jump up ^ While Catholic Europe switched to the New Style Gregorian calendar in the 1580s , England and Scotland retained the Old Style Julian calendar until 1752 . In this article , dates before 1752 are Old Style , with the exception that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March . Jump up ^ Also spelled as Marie and as Steuart or Stewart Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 11 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 16 Jump up ^ This version is taken from Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie 's The History of Scotland from 21 February 1436 to March 1565 written in the 1570s . The phrase was first recorded by John Knox in the 1560s as `` The devil go with it ! It will end as it began : it came from a woman ; and it will end in a woman '' ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 11 -- 12 ) . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12 ; Guy 2004 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13 ; Guy 2004 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Sadler to Henry VIII , 23 March 1543 , quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 88 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 18 ; Guy 2004 , p. 22 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 15 ; John Knox claimed the king had signed a blank sheet of paper that Beaton had then filled in , while Arran claimed that Beaton had taken the dying king 's hand in his own and traced out the signature ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 46 -- 47 ) . The disputed will is printed in Historical Manuscripts Commission ( 1887 ) . The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton , KT . Eleventh Report , Appendix , Part VI . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . pp. 205 , 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17 , 60 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 20 , 60 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17 -- 18 ; Weir 2008 , p. 8 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 18 ; Guy 2004 , p. 25 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 19 ; Weir 2008 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 21 ; Guy 2004 , p. 27 ; Weir 2008 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Sadler to Henry VIII , 11 September 1543 , quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 289 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 22 ; Guy 2004 , p. 32 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 23 -- 24 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 26 ; Guy 2004 , p. 36 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 29 -- 30 ; Weir 2008 , p. 10 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 30 ; Weir 2008 , p. 11 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 41 -- 42 ; `` St Mauris to the Queen Dowager '' , 25 August 1548 , quoted in Hume , Martin A.S. ; Tyler , Royall , eds. ( 1912 ) . `` Appendix : Miscellaneous 1548 '' . Calendar of State Papers , Spain : Volume IX : 1547 -- 1549 . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . p. 577 . ; Lord Guthrie ( 1907 ) . `` Mary Stuart and Roscoff '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland . 42 : 13 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31 -- 32 ; Guy 2004 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 36 , 44 -- 45 , 50 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 12 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 77 ; Catherine 's dislike of Mary became apparent only after Henry II 's death ( Fraser 1994 , pp. 102 -- 103 , 115 -- 116 , 119 ; Guy 2004 , p. 46 ) . Catherine 's interests competed with those of the Guise family , and there may have been an element of jealousy or rivalry between the two queens ( Donaldson 1974 , pp. 50 -- 51 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 102 -- 103 , 116 , 119 ) . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 178 -- 182 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 71 -- 80 ; Weir 2008 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 37 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 39 -- 40 , 43 , 75 -- 80 ; Weir 2008 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 62 ; Guy 2004 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 90 -- 91 ; Weir 2008 , p. 17 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1558 ) . Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage du tresnoble & magnifique Prince Francois de Valois Roy Dauphin , filz aisné du tres - chrestien Roy de France Henry II du nom & de treshaulte & vertueuse Princesse madame Marie d'Estreuart Roine d'Escosse ( in French ) . Paris : Annet Briere . Jump up ^ Teulet , Alexandre ( 1862 ) . Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle ( in French ) . 1 . Paris : Renouard . pp. 302 -- 311 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83 ; Weir 2008 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 95 -- 96 ; Weir 2008 , p. 18 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 85 ; Weir 2008 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 86 -- 88 ; Guy 2004 , p. 100 ; Weir 2008 , p. 19 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 88 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 80 , 93 Jump up ^ Thompson , James ( 1909 ) . The Wars of Religion in France . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 7435 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 96 -- 97 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 108 -- 109 ; Weir 2008 , p. 14 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 94 -- 100 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 97 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 97 -- 101 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 114 -- 115 ; Weir 2008 , p. 20 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 105 -- 107 ; Weir 2008 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 119 -- 120 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 137 ; Guy 2004 , p. 134 ; Weir 2008 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Knox , John , History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland , 4th Book , various editions , e.g. , Lennox , Cuthbert ( editor ) ( 1905 ) . London : Andrew Melrose , pp. 225 -- 337 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 155 -- 156 , 215 -- 217 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 140 -- 143 , 176 -- 177 , 186 -- 187 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 125 , 145 -- 146 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 167 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 145 Jump up ^ The other members were Lord Justice Clerk John Bellenden of Auchinoul , Lord Clerk Register James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour , Secretary of State William Maitland of Lethington , Lord High Treasurer Robert Richardson , Lord High Admiral the Earl of Bothwell , the Earls of Arran and Morton , the Earl Marischal , and Lord Erskine ( later the Earl of Mar ) ( Weir 2008 , p. 30 ) . Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 114 -- 116 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 192 -- 203 ; Weir 2008 , p. 42 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162 ; Guy 2004 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 168 -- 169 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 157 -- 161 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 212 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 175 , 181 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 114 -- 117 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 173 -- 174 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Rennie , James ( published anonymously ) ( 1826 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots : Her Persecutions , Sufferings , and Trials from her Birth till her Death . Glasgow : W.R. McPhun . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 220 ; Guy 2004 , p. 202 ; Weir 2008 , p. 52 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 178 ; Weir 2008 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 206 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 118 ; Weir 2008 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Bain 1900 , p. 125 ; Guy 2004 , p. 204 ; Weir 2008 , p. 58 Jump up ^ For the quote and his height see Fraser 1994 , p. 221 and Weir 2008 , pp. 49 , 56 ; for falling in love see Fraser 1994 , p. 224 ; Weir 2008 , p. 63 and Wormald 1988 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 230 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 150 Jump up ^ A dispensation , backdated to 25 May , was granted in Rome on 25 September ( Weir 2008 , p. 82 ) . Jump up ^ Bain 1900 , p. 124 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 219 ; Weir 2008 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 219 ; Weir 2008 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 64 , 91 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 78 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151 -- 153 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 79 -- 82 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 229 -- 230 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 77 , 79 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 234 ; Guy 2004 , p. 231 ; Weir 2008 , p. 83 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151 -- 154 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 239 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 245 -- 246 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 88 -- 97 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 247 ; Guy 2004 , p. 245 ; Weir 2008 , p. 95 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 249 -- 252 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 248 -- 249 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 255 -- 256 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 253 -- 258 ; Weir 2008 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 256 -- 258 ; Guy 2004 , p. 259 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 116 -- 117 , 121 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 259 ; Guy 2004 , p. 260 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 259 ff ; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , pp. 158 -- 159 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 273 -- 274 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 274 -- 275 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 157 -- 160 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 274 -- 275 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 275 -- 276 ; Guy 2004 , p. 274 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 161 -- 163 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 276 ; Weir 2008 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 275 ; Weir 2008 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 160 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , pp. 160 -- 163 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 277 -- 279 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 176 -- 178 , 261 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Confession of James Ormiston , one of Bothwell 's men , 13 December 1573 , quoted ( from Robert Pitcairn 's Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland from AD 1488 to AD 1624 ) in Weir 2008 , p. 177 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 279 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 190 -- 192 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 285 -- 292 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 292 -- 294 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 227 -- 233 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 296 -- 297 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 297 -- 299 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 244 -- 247 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 296 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 252 ; Greig 2004 Jump up ^ A post-mortem revealed internal injuries , thought to have been caused by the explosion . John Knox claimed the surgeons who examined the body were lying , and that Darnley had been strangled , but all the sources agree there were no marks on the body and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way ( Weir 2008 , p. 255 ) . Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 298 -- 299 Jump up ^ The original letter is in French , this translation is from Weir 2008 , pp. 308 -- 309 . For other versions see Guy 2004 , p. 312 and Lewis 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 304 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 312 -- 313 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 311 -- 312 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 336 -- 340 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 313 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 343 -- 345 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 163 Jump up ^ James Melville of Halhill , who was in the castle , wrote that Bothwell `` had ravished her and lain with her against her will '' ( quoted in Fraser 1994 , pp. 314 -- 317 ) . Other contemporaries dismissed the abduction as bogus ( Donaldson 1974 , p. 117 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 317 ) . See also Guy 2004 , pp. 328 -- 329 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 351 -- 355 ; and Wormald 1988 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 367 , 374 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 319 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 330 -- 331 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 366 -- 367 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 322 -- 323 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 383 -- 390 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 391 -- 393 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 335 ; Guy 2004 , p. 351 ; Weir 2008 , p. 398 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 411 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 364 ; Weir 2008 , p. 413 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 347 ; Guy 2004 , p. 366 ; Weir 2008 , p. 421 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 422 , 501 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 357 -- 359 ; Guy 2004 , p. 367 ; Weir 2008 , p. 432 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 368 ; Weir 2008 , p. 433 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 369 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 433 -- 434 : Wormald 1988 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 368 -- 369 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 369 ; Weir 2008 , p. 435 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 369 ; Guy 2004 , p. 435 ; Weir 2008 , p. 434 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 430 ; Weir 2008 , p. 445 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 444 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 385 -- 390 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 447 ; Mary later requested to attend the conference at Westminster , but Elizabeth refused permission and so Mary 's commissioners withdrew from the inquiry ( Weir 2008 , pp. 461 -- 463 ) . Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 432 ; Weir 2008 , p. 464 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 175 Jump up ^ For the list of documents see , for example , Guy 2004 , p. 397 and Wormald 1988 , p. 176 ; for the casket description see Robertson , Joseph ( 1863 ) . Inventaires de la Royne d'Ecosse . Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club . p. lviii. and Guy 2004 , p. 432 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 407 ; Weir 2008 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 435 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 446 -- 447 Jump up ^ e.g. , Guy 2004 , p. 395 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 453 , 468 Jump up ^ Norfolk , Sussex and Sadler to Elizabeth , 11 October 1568 , quoted in Bain 1900 , p. 527 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 451 -- 452 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 193 ; Weir 2008 , p. 465 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 392 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 466 -- 467 Jump up ^ McInnes 1970 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 400 , 416 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 465 -- 474 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 396 -- 397 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 400 -- 404 , 408 -- 412 , 416 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 465 -- 474 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 404 , 410 , 420 -- 426 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 287 , 396 -- 401 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 399 , 401 -- 417 Jump up ^ Thomson , George Malcolm ( 1967 ) . The Crime of Mary Stuart . London : Hutchinson . pp. 148 -- 153 , 159 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 081730 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 352 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 171 , 176 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 470 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 471 Jump up ^ Williams 1964 , pp. 137 -- 139 ; Weir 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 459 ; Williams 1964 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 475 -- 476 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 390 ; Weir 2008 , p. 481 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 481 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 391 Jump up ^ Mary , Queen of Scots . `` A catte '' . Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no . 28224 . Jump up ^ Embroideries by Mary are also kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum ( Marian Hanning , Oxburgh Hangings ) and Hardwick Hall . Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 410 -- 411 ; Guy 2004 , p. 441 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 442 ; Weir 2008 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 440 -- 441 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 438 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 439 Jump up ^ It had been the motto of her mother ( Guy 2004 , pp. 443 -- 444 ) . Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 443 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 444 -- 445 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 453 -- 454 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 448 -- 450 , 518 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 443 -- 446 , 511 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 447 , 458 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 415 -- 424 ; Weir 2008 , p. 487 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 496 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 469 ; Guy 2004 , p. 451 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 464 -- 470 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 492 -- 494 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 467 ; Weir 2008 , p. 493 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 446 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 473 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 474 -- 476 ; Weir 2008 , p. 506 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 458 -- 462 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 458 -- 462 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 472 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 457 ; Weir 2008 , p. 507 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 479 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 484 -- 485 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 493 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 482 -- 483 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 477 -- 480 ; Weir 2008 , p. 507 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 483 -- 485 ; Weir 2008 , p. 507 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 509 Jump up ^ Two of the commissioners were Catholics ( Lewis 1999 , p. 22 ) . Jump up ^ Boyd 1915 , pp. 59 -- 65 , 143 -- 145 , 309 -- 314 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 506 -- 512 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 488 -- 489 , 492 ; Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 488 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 506 -- 512 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 489 -- 493 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 517 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 521 -- 522 ; Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 529 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 528 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 519 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 496 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 531 ; Guy 2004 , p. 498 ; Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 533 -- 534 ; Guy 2004 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 537 ; Guy 2004 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 7 ; Lewis 1999 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 538 ; Guy 2004 , p. 7 ; Weir 2008 , p. 209 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Morris , John ( ed . ) ( 1874 ) . Letter Book of Amias Paulet , pp. 368 -- 369 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 7 ; Lewis 1999 , pp. 41 , 119 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 539 ; Guy 2004 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 1994 , p. 540 ; Guy 2004 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Tomascon , Emanuel ( 1924 ) . `` 79 . Execution of Mary Stuart '' . In von Klarwill , E. The Fugger Newsletters . London : John Lane The Bodley Head . pp. 97 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 540 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 541 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 497 Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Robert ( 2006 ) . Elizabeth 's Spy Master : Francis Walsingham and the secret war that saved England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 196 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84613 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 532 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 542 , 546 -- 547 ; Weir 2008 , p. 509 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 541 ; Guy 2004 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 504 ; Weir 2008 , p. 509 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 554 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 505 -- 506 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 13 -- 14 , 192 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 505 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 17 , 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 269 -- 270 ; Guy 2004 , p. 313 : Weir 2008 , p. 510 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 391 ; see also Fraser 1994 , p. 269 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 502 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 , 509 References ( edit ) Bain , Joseph , ed. ( 1900 ) . Calendar State Papers , Scotland : Volume II . Edinburgh : General Register Office ( Scotland ) . Bingham , Caroline ( 1995 ) . Darnley : A Life of Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , Consort of Mary Queen of Scots . London : Constable . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 472530 - 0 . Boyd , William K. , ed. ( 1915 ) . Calendar of State Papers , Scotland : Volume IX . Glasgow : General Register Office ( Scotland ) . Clifford , Arthur , ed. ( 1809 ) . The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler . Edinburgh : Archibald Constable and Co . Donaldson , Gordon ( 1974 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots . London : English Universities Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 12383 - 6 . Fraser , Antonia ( 1994 ) ( 1969 ) . Mary Queen of Scots . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 17773 - 9 . Greig , Elaine Finnie ( 2004 ) . `` Stewart , Henry , duke of Albany ( Lord Darnley ) ( 1545 / 6 -- 1567 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 26473 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Guy , John ( 2004 ) . `` My Heart is my Own '' : The Life of Mary Queen of Scots . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84115 - 753 - 5 . Lewis , Jayne Elizabeth ( 1999 ) . The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots : A Brief History with Documents . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 21815 - 7 . McInnes , Charles T. , ed. ( 1970 ) . Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland Volume 12 . Edinburgh : General Register Office ( Scotland ) . Weir , Alison ( 2008 ) ( 2003 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 952707 - 7 . Williams , Neville ( 1964 ) . Thomas Howard , Fourth Duke of Norfolk . London : Barrie & Rockliff . Wormald , Jenny ( 1988 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots . London : George Philip . ISBN 978 - 0 - 540 - 01131 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Bath , Michael ( 2008 ) . Emblems for a Queen : The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots . London : Archetype Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904982 - 36 - 4 . Labanov , A.I. ( Prince Lobanov - Rostovsky ) ( 1844 ) . Lettres et Memoires de Marie , Reine d'Ecosse . London : Charles Dolman . Marshall , Rosalind ( 2006 ) . Queen Mary 's Women : Female Relatives , Servants , Friends and Enemies of Mary , Queen of Scots . Edinburgh : John Donald . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85976 - 667 - 8 . Marshall , Rosalind ( 2013 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots . Edinburgh : National Museums of Scotland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905267 - 78 - 1 . Read , Conyers ( 1909 ) . The Bardon Papers : Documents relating to the imprisonment and trial of Mary , Queen of Scots . London : Camden Series . Swain , Margaret ( 1973 ) . The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 29962 - 0 . Warnicke , Retha M. ( 2006 ) . Mary Queen of Scots . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29182 - 8 . Wilkinson , Alexander S. ( 2004 ) . Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion , 1542 -- 1600 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . doi : 10.1057 / 9780230286153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 28615 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMary , Queen of Scotsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Portraits of Mary , Queen of Scots at the National Portrait Gallery , London Mary , Queen of Scots House of Stuart Born : 8 December 1542 Died : 8 February 1587 Regnal titles Preceded by James V Queen of Scotland 1542 -- 1567 Succeeded by James VI French royalty Preceded by Catherine de ' Medici Queen consort of France 1559 -- 1560 Vacant Title next held by Elisabeth of Austria English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway John Balliol Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James VI & I Charles I Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Pictish and Scottish monarchs Monarchs of the Picts ( traditional ) Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine ( I ) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Monarchs of the Scots ( traditional ) Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I ( II ) Áed Giric Eochaid ( uncertain ) Donald II Constantine II ( III ) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III ( IV ) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert the Bruce ( I ) David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Charles I Charles II James VII Mary II William II Anne also monarch of England and Ireland . Dauphines of France Joanna of Bourbon ( 1350 -- 1364 ) Margaret of Burgundy ( 1412 -- 1415 ) Jacqueline of Bavaria ( 1415 -- 1417 ) Margaret of Scotland ( 1436 -- 1445 ) Charlotte of Savoy ( 1451 -- 1461 ) Catherine de ' Medici ( 1536 -- 1547 ) Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1558 -- 1559 ) Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria ( 1680 -- 1690 ) Marie Adélaïde of Savoy ( 1711 -- 1712 ) Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain ( 1745 -- 1746 ) Maria Josepha of Saxony ( 1747 -- 1765 ) Marie Antoinette of Austria ( 1770 -- 1774 ) Marie Thérèse of France ( 1824 -- 1830 ) Queens and empresses of France Adelaide of Aquitaine Rozala of Italy Bertha of Burgundy Constance of Arles Matilda of Frisia Anne of Kiev Bertha of Holland Bertrade de Montfort Adelaide of Maurienne Eleanor of Aquitaine Constance of Castile Adela of Champagne Isabella of Hainault Ingeborg of Denmark Agnes of Merania Blanche of Castile Margaret of Provence Isabella of Aragon Maria of Brabant Joan I of Navarre Margaret of Burgundy Clementia of Hungary Joan II of Burgundy Blanche of Burgundy Marie of Luxembourg Jeanne d'Évreux Joan the Lame Blanche of Navarre Joan I of Auvergne Joanna of Bourbon Isabeau of Bavaria Marie of Anjou Charlotte of Savoy Anne of Brittany Joan of France Mary Tudor Claude of France Eleanor of Austria Catherine de ' Medici Mary Stuart , Queen of Scots Elisabeth of Austria Louise of Lorraine Margaret of Valois Marie de ' Medici Anne of Austria Maria Theresa of Spain Marie Leszczyńska Marie Antoinette of Austria Marie Joséphine of Savoy * Joséphine de Beauharnais Marie Louise of Austria Marie Thérèse of France * Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily Eugénie de Montijo * disputed BIBSYS : 90053904 BNF : cb121808234 ( data ) GND : 118577808 ISNI : 0000 0001 2103 5913 LCCN : n80044764 MusicBrainz : 33094d15 - 0153 - 4a39 - a52b - 1a633a39f036 NDL : 00621085 NKC : jn20000701156 NLA : 36245804 SELIBR : 194429 SNAC : w60p0wxk SUDOC : 027706893 ULAN : 500220567 VIAF : 104722318 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=854660849 '' Categories : Mary , Queen of Scots 1542 births 1587 deaths 16th - century executions by England 16th - century women rulers 16th - century monarchs in Europe 16th - century Scottish monarchs 16th - century Scottish people 16th - century Scottish women Anti-Protestantism Burials at Westminster Abbey Dauphines of France Dauphines of Viennois Executed monarchs Executed Scottish women French queens consort Heirs to the English throne Heirs to the Scottish throne House of Stuart Lutenists Modern child rulers Monarchs who abdicated People executed by Tudor England by decapitation People executed under the Tudors for treason against England People executed under Elizabeth I of England Pretenders to the English throne People from Linlithgow People of the Elizabethan era People of the Rough Wooing Queens regnant of Scotland Roman Catholic monarchs Scottish people of French descent Scottish Roman Catholics Smallpox survivors Scottish princesses Women of the Tudor period Scottish people of the Rough Wooing Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) EngvarB from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 14 elements Use dmy dates from February 2014 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 23 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old was mary queen of scots when she took the throne	[ "When Henry II died on 10 July 1559 from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France.[49] Two of the Queen's uncles, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, were now dominant in French politics,[50] enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne.[51]\n" ]	[ "sixteen" ]
6132493365676125710	Statutory declaration	Statutory declaration - wikipedia Statutory declaration Jump to : navigation , search A statutory declaration is a legal document defined under the law of certain Commonwealth nations . It is similar to a statement made under oath , however , it is not sworn . Statutory declarations are commonly used to allow a person to declare something to be true for the purposes of satisfying some legal requirement or regulation when no other evidence is available . They are thus similar to affidavits ( which are made on oath ) . Depending on jurisdiction , statutory declarations can be used for : Declarations of identity , nationality , marital status , etc . when documentary evidence is unavailable . Declaring the intention to change one 's name . Affirming the provenance and nature of goods for export or import . Statements of originality for patent applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 United Kingdom 3.1 England and Wales 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Australia ( edit ) Australian law defines a statutory declaration as a written statement declared to be true in the presence of an authorised witness . The Statutory Declarations Act 1959 governs the use of statutory declarations in matters involving the law of the Australian Commonwealth , Australian Capital Territory , and other territories but not including the Northern Territory . Any person within the jurisdiction of this law may make a statutory declaration in relation to any matter . The declaration may be used in connection with matters of law , including judicial proceedings , but what weight is given to the declaration is a matter for the judge to decide . Statutory declarations must be made in a prescribed form and witnessed by a person as specified in the Statutory Declarations Regulations ( 1993 ) . Prescribed witnesses include legal and medical practitioners , Justices of the Peace , notaries public , police officers , military officers , registered members of certain professional organisations ( i.e. National Tax Accountant 's Association and Institution of Engineers Australia ) , and certain other Commonwealth employees . Intentionally making a false statement as a statutory declaration is a crime equivalent to perjury , and punishable by fines and / or a prison sentence of up to four years . The states of Australia each have their own laws regarding statutory declarations . Canada ( edit ) In Canadian jurisdictions , statutory declarations are statements of facts written down and attested to by the declarant before individuals who are authorized to administer oaths , except that they are normally used outside of court settings . They have the same effect in law as a sworn statement or affidavit . In federal proceedings , the form is governed by the Canada Evidence Act . Similar provision is made by the various provinces for use in proceedings within their respective jurisdictions . A person who makes a false declaration can be charged with perjury under the Criminal Code . United kingdom ( edit ) Statutory declarations can be used as a method of legally changing one 's name . They may be used by UK financial institutions to enable an asset of relatively small value ( usually less than £ 15,000 ) to be transferred to the executors of a will or other persons legally entitled to deal with or benefit from the estate of a person who has died . England and wales ( edit ) Under the Statutory Declarations Act 1835 , a declaration can be made before anyone who is authorised by law to hear it ( for example , a solicitor or legal executive ) , or before any Justice of the Peace . In addition , officers of the armed services with the equivalent rank of major and above , and British diplomatic and consular officers in post abroad , may authenticate a statutory declaration . The person who hears the declaration need not enquire into the truth of it . That person 's function is limited to hearing the declaration , and certifying that he or she has done so by signing it . If the declaration turns out to be untrue , the defendant making it may be punished for perjury . The form of the statutory declaration is prescribed in the schedule to the Act : `` I ( full name ) , do solemnly and sincerely declare that the contents of this declaration are true . And I make this declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835 . '' A standard form is used for a statutory declaration ; one copy will be given to the applicant and the other is held on file . See also ( edit ) Affidavit Sworn declaration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Evidence Act , RSC 1985 , c C - 5 , s 41 . Jump up ^ `` INSTRUCTIONS TO PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO ADMINISTER OATHS , AFFIRMATIONS AND SOLEMN DECLARATIONS WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF ALBERTA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 131 . Jump up ^ CAB Statutory declaration of change of name for adults ( Scotland ) Jump up ^ Statutory Declarations Act 1835 Extent England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland Jump up ^ section 12 ( 1 ) ( f ) and Schedule 2 Legal Services Act 2007 . See also : Institute of Paralegals Jump up ^ Passport policy - Statutory Declarations Jump up ^ Statutory Declarations Act 1835 ( 1835 c. 62 ( Regnal . 5_and_6_Will_4 ) ) Jump up ^ Adult Court Book Bench , page 180 . Judicial College , 2017 Jump up ^ Statutory Declaration Form as laid down by the Magistrates ' Courts Act 1980 , section 14 and Criminal Procedure Rules , rule 37.11 . External links ( edit ) Statutory Declarations - Australian Attorney - General 's Department Statutory Declarations Act 1959 ( Australia ) Statutory Declarations Regulations 1993 ( Australia ) Statutory Declarations Act , 1938 ( Ireland ) Oaths and Declarations Act 1957 ( New Zealand ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statutory_declaration&oldid=832026720 '' Categories : Australian law Evidence law Legal documents Oaths Notary Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 11 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of a statutory declaration	[ "Statutory declarations are commonly used to allow a person to declare something to be true for the purposes of satisfying some legal requirement or regulation when no other evidence is available. They are thus similar to affidavits (which are made on oath)." ]	[ "to allow a person to declare something to be true for the purposes of satisfying some legal requirement or regulation" ]
-6392274965117851039	United States Women's Open Championship (golf)	United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) - wikipedia United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) U.S. Women 's Open Tournament information Location Shoal Creek , Alabama in 2018 Established 1946 , 72 years ago Course ( s ) Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club in 2018 Par 72 ( in 2018 ) Length 6,693 yd ( 6,120 m ) in 2018 Organized by USGA ( since 1953 ) Tour ( s ) LPGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 5.0 million in 2018 Month played May / June in 2018 Tournament record score Aggregate 272 Annika Sörenstam ( 1996 ) 272 Juli Inkster ( 1999 ) 272 Chun In - gee ( 2015 ) To par -- 16 Juli Inkster ( 1999 ) Current champion Ariya Jutanugarn 2018 U.S. Women 's Open Golf Championship The United States Women 's Open Golf Championship , one of thirteen national championships conducted by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , is the oldest of the LPGA Tour 's five major championships , which includes the ANA Inspiration , Women 's PGA Championship , Women 's British Open , and The Evian Championship . Established 72 years ago in 1946 , the U.S. Women 's Open is the only event to have been recognized as a major by the LPGA since the group 's founding in 1950 . Originally operated by the Women 's Professional Golfers Association ( WPGA ) for its first three years and the LPGA for the next four , it became a USGA event in 1953 . Usually held in early July , the U.S. Women 's Open is the third major of the LPGA season and has the highest purse in women 's golf , at $ 5.0 million in 2017 . Unlike the U.S. Open , the U.S. Women 's Open is not globally recognized as a major championship . The Ladies European Tour does not sanction any of the three majors held in the United States , and the LPGA of Japan Tour has its own set of majors . The significance of this is limited , as the LPGA Tour is the dominant tour in women 's golf . In 2007 , international players outnumbered Americans for the first time . The 2008 tournament was won by 19 - year - old South Korean Inbee Park , who became the event 's youngest winner ever . The 2012 championship , won by Choi Na - yeon , was played July 5 -- 8 at Blackwolf Run in Kohler , Wisconsin , which previously hosted the event in 1998 , won by Pak Se - ri in a Monday playoff that extended to 20 holes . The Original Championship Course for 2012 played just under 7,000 yards ( 6,400 m ) , over 500 yards ( 460 m ) longer than in 1998 . Beginning in 2018 , the U.S. Women 's Open will be held prior to its men 's counterpart ( rather than following it and the U.S. Senior Open ) , in order to `` provide optimum playing conditions for the world 's best players across a broader variety of the country 's finest golf courses . '' The playoff format was modified in 2018 , reduced from three to two aggregate holes , followed by sudden death . The last 18 - hole playoff was in 2006 ; the three - hole playoff was introduced the following year and used in 2011 and 2016 . Contents 1 Qualification 2 Winners 3 Multiple champions 4 Champions by nationality 5 Future sites 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Qualification ( edit ) The U.S. Women 's Open is open to any professional or amateur female golfer . Amateurs must have an up - to - date USGA Handicap Index not exceeding 2.4 , lowered in 2014 from 4.4 in 2013 . Players may obtain a place by being exempt or by competing successfully in qualifying . In 2002 , a two - stage method of qualification was introduced : 18 holes for local qualifying and 36 holes for sectional qualifying . In 2010 , the qualification process reverted to a single sectional stage of 36 holes played on a single day . The criteria for exemption from qualifying has changed through the years . In 2010 , there were eleven exemption categories , including winners of the U.S. Women 's Open for the last ten years , winners of the other three majors for the last five years , the top 50 from the previous year 's LPGA Tour money list , the top five from the previous year 's Japan LPGA Tour , Korea LPGA Tour , and Ladies European Tour money lists , and official winners of LPGA co-sponsored events for the 52 - week period prior to the U.S. Women 's Open . There is no upper or lower age limit . The youngest - ever qualifiers were 11 - year - old Lucy Li in 2014 , and 12 - year - old Lexi Thompson in 2007 . Winners of major amateur tournaments are also exempt . Currently , winners of the U.S. Girls ' Junior , U.S. Women 's Amateur ( and finalist ) , and U.S. Women 's Mid-Amateur ( all USGA events ) are exempt provided they did not turn professional beforehand . Winners of the Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship will qualify effective with the inaugural tournament in 2019 . Winners ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. Women 's Open ( golf ) champions The number following some winners ' names indicates the cumulative number of U.S. Women 's Open wins for that player . Year Champion Country Venue Location Score To par Purse ( $ ) Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Ariya Jutanugarn Thailand Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Shoal Creek , Alabama 277 − 11 5,000,000 900,000 2017 Park Sung - hyun South Korea Trump National Golf Club Bedminster , NJ 277 − 11 5,000,000 900,000 2016 Brittany Lang United States CordeValle Golf Club San Martin , CA 282 − 6 4,500,000 810,000 2015 Chun In - gee South Korea Lancaster Country Club Lancaster , PA 272 − 8 4,500,000 810,000 2014 Michelle Wie United States Pinehurst Resort , Course No. 2 Pinehurst , NC 278 − 2 4,000,000 720,000 2013 Inbee Park ( 2 ) South Korea Sebonack Golf Club Southampton , NY 280 − 8 3,250,000 585,000 2012 Choi Na - yeon South Korea Blackwolf Run , composite course Kohler , WI 281 − 7 3,250,000 585,000 2011 Ryu So - yeon South Korea Broadmoor Golf Club , East Course Colorado Springs , CO 281 − 3 3,250,000 585,000 Paula Creamer United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , PA 281 − 3 3,250,000 585,000 2009 Ji Eun - hee South Korea Saucon Valley Country Club Bethlehem , PA 284 3,250,000 585,000 2008 Inbee Park South Korea Interlachen Country Club Edina , MN 283 − 9 3,250,000 585,000 2007 Cristie Kerr United States Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , NC 279 − 5 3,100,000 560,000 2006 Annika Sörenstam ( 3 ) Sweden Newport Country Club Newport , RI 284 3,100,000 560,000 2005 Birdie Kim South Korea Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , CO 287 + 3 3,100,000 560,000 Meg Mallon ( 2 ) United States The Orchards Golf Club South Hadley , MA 274 − 10 3,100,000 560,000 2003 Hilary Lunke United States Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club , Witch Hollow Course North Plains , OR 283 − 1 3,100,000 560,000 2002 Juli Inkster ( 2 ) United States Prairie Dunes Golf Club Hutchinson , KS 276 − 4 3,000,000 535,000 2001 Karrie Webb ( 2 ) Australia Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , NC 273 − 7 2,900,000 520,000 2000 Karrie Webb Australia Merit Club Libertyville , IL 282 − 6 2,750,000 500,000 1999 Juli Inkster United States Old Waverly Golf Club West Point , MS 272 − 16 1,750,000 315,000 1998 Pak Se - ri South Korea Blackwolf Run , composite course Kohler , WI 290 + 6 1,500,000 267,500 1997 Alison Nicholas England Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club , Witch Hollow Course North Plains , OR 274 − 10 1,300,000 232,500 Annika Sörenstam ( 2 ) Sweden Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , NC 272 − 8 1,200,000 212,500 1995 Annika Sörenstam Sweden Broadmoor Golf Club , East Course Colorado Springs , CO 278 − 2 1,000,000 175,000 1994 Patty Sheehan ( 2 ) United States Indianwood Golf and Country Club , Old Course Lake Orion , MI 277 − 7 850,000 155,000 1993 Lauri Merten United States Crooked Stick Golf Club Carmel , IN 280 − 8 800,000 144,000 1992 Patty Sheehan United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , PA 280 − 4 700,000 130,000 1991 Meg Mallon United States Colonial Country Club Fort Worth , TX 283 − 1 600,000 110,000 1990 Betsy King ( 2 ) United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Riverside Course Duluth , GA 284 − 4 500,000 85,000 1989 Betsy King United States Indianwood Golf and Country Club , Old Course Lake Orion , MI 278 − 2 450,000 80,000 1988 Liselotte Neumann Sweden Baltimore Country Club , Five Farms , East Course Baltimore , MD 277 − 7 400,000 70,000 Laura Davies England Plainfield Country Club Edison , NJ 285 − 3 325,000 55,000 1986 Jane Geddes United States NCR Country Club Kettering , OH 287 − 1 300,000 50,000 1985 Kathy Baker United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Upper Course Springfield , NJ 280 − 8 250,000 41,975 1984 Hollis Stacy ( 3 ) United States Salem Country Club Peabody , MA 290 + 2 225,000 36,000 Jan Stephenson Australia Cedar Ridge Country Club Broken Arrow , OK 290 + 6 200,000 32,780 1982 Janet Alex United States Del Paso Country Club Sacramento , CA 283 − 5 175,000 27,315 1981 Pat Bradley United States La Grange Country Club La Grange , IL 279 − 9 150,000 22,000 1980 Amy Alcott United States Richland Country Club Nashville , TN 280 − 4 140,000 20,047 1979 Jerilyn Britz United States Brooklawn Country Club Fairfield , CT 284 125,000 19,000 1978 Hollis Stacy ( 2 ) United States Country Club of Indianapolis Indianapolis , IN 289 + 5 100,000 15,000 1977 Hollis Stacy United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , MN 292 + 4 75,000 11,040 1976 JoAnne Carner ( 2 ) United States Rolling Green Golf Club Springfield , PA 292 + 8 60,000 9,054 Sandra Palmer United States Atlantic City Country Club Northfield , NJ 295 + 7 55,000 8,044 Sandra Haynie United States La Grange Country Club La Grange , IL 295 + 7 40,000 6,073 1973 Susie Berning ( 3 ) United States Country Club of Rochester Rochester , NY 290 + 2 40,000 6,000 1972 Susie Berning ( 2 ) United States Winged Foot Golf Club , East Course Mamaroneck , NY 299 + 11 40,000 6,000 1971 JoAnne Carner United States Kahkwa Club Erie , PA 288 31,000 5,000 1970 Donna Caponi ( 2 ) United States Muskogee Country Club Muskogee , OK 287 − 1 30,000 5,000 1969 Donna Caponi United States Scenic Hills Country Club Pensacola , FL 294 + 6 31,040 5,000 1968 Susie Berning United States Moselem Springs Golf Club Fleetwood , PA 289 + 5 25,000 5,000 1967 Catherine Lacoste ( a ) France The Homestead Hot Springs , VA 294 + 6 25,000 0 1966 Sandra Spuzich United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , MN 297 + 9 20,000 4,000 1965 Carol Mann United States Atlantic City Country Club Northfield , NJ 290 + 2 17,780 3,800 1964 Mickey Wright ( 4 ) United States San Diego Country Club Chula Vista , CA 290 − 2 9,900 2,090 1963 Mary Mills United States Kenwood Country Club Cincinnati , OH 289 − 3 9,000 1,900 1962 Murle Lindstrom United States Dunes Golf and Beach Club Myrtle Beach , SC 301 + 13 8,000 1,800 1961 Mickey Wright ( 3 ) United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , NJ 293 + 5 8,000 1,800 1960 Betsy Rawls ( 4 ) United States Worcester Country Club Worcester , MA 292 + 4 7,200 1,710 1959 Mickey Wright ( 2 ) United States Churchill Valley Country Club Pittsburgh , PA 287 − 1 7,200 1,800 1958 Mickey Wright United States Forest Lake Country Club Bloomfield , MI 290 − 2 7,200 1,800 1957 Betsy Rawls ( 3 ) United States Winged Foot Golf Club , East Course Mamaroneck , NY 299 + 7 7,200 1,800 1956 Kathy Cornelius United States Northland Country Club Duluth , MN 302 + 11 6,000 1,500 1955 Fay Crocker Uruguay Wichita Country Club Wichita , KS 299 + 11 7,500 2,000 1954 Babe Zaharias ( 3 ) United States Salem Country Club Peabody , MA 291 + 3 7,500 2,000 1953 Betsy Rawls ( 2 ) United States Country Club of Rochester Rochester , NY 302 + 10 7,500 2,000 1952 Louise Suggs ( 2 ) United States Bala Golf Club Philadelphia , PA 284 + 8 7,500 1,750 1951 Betsy Rawls United States Druid Hills Golf Club Atlanta , GA 293 + 5 7,500 1,500 1950 Babe Zaharias ( 2 ) United States Rolling Hills Country Club Wichita , KS 291 − 9 5,000 1,250 1949 Louise Suggs United States Prince Georges Golf and Country Club Landover , MD 291 − 9 7,500 1,500 1948 Babe Zaharias United States Atlantic City Country Club Northfield , NJ 300 7,500 1,200 1947 Betty Jameson United States Starmount Forest Country Club Greensboro , NC 295 − 9 7,500 1,200 1946 Patty Berg † United States Spokane Country Club Spokane , WA 5&4 19,700 5,600 - Won in playoff ( a ) = Amateur † = Won 5 and 4 over Betty Jameson in 36 - hole match play final Jump up ^ The club is located in a portion of the Duluth postal area that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006 . Although the club is still served by the Duluth post office , it now lists its mailing address as Johns Creek . Multiple champions ( edit ) This table lists the golfers who have won more than one U.S. Women 's Open . Deceased golfer † Grand Slam winners ‡ Golfer Country Total Years Betsy Rawls United States 1951 , 1953 , 1957 , 1960 Mickey Wright ‡ United States 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 Babe Zaharias † United States 1948 , 1950 , 1954 Susie Berning United States 1968 , 1972 , 1973 Hollis Stacy United States 1977 , 1978 , 1984 Annika Sörenstam ‡ Sweden 1995 , 1996 , 2006 Louise Suggs ‡ United States 1949 , 1952 Donna Caponi United States 1969 , 1970 JoAnne Carner United States 1971 , 1976 Betsy King United States 1989 , 1990 Patty Sheehan United States 1992 , 1994 Karrie Webb ‡ Australia 2000 , 2001 Juli Inkster ‡ United States 1999 , 2002 Meg Mallon United States 1991 , 2004 Inbee Park South Korea 2008 , 2013 The defending champion has retained the title on seven occasions , most recently 17 years ago in 2001 : 2001 - Karrie Webb 1996 - Annika Sörenstam 1990 - Betsy King 1978 - Hollis Stacy 1973 - Susie Berning 1970 - Donna Caponi 1959 - Mickey Wright Through 2018 , three consecutive championships has not been achieved . Champions by nationality ( edit ) This table lists the total number of titles won by golfers of each nationality . Nationality Wins United States 51 South Korea 8 Sweden Australia England France Uruguay Thailand Future sites ( edit ) Year Course Location Dates 2019 Country Club of Charleston Charleston , South Carolina May 30 -- June 2 2020 Champions Golf Club , Cypress Creek Course Houston , Texas June 4 -- 7 2021 The Olympic Club , Lake Course San Francisco , California June 3 -- 6 2022 Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , North Carolina June 2 -- 5 2023 Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach , California June 1 -- 4 Source : See also ( edit ) Golf portal Golf in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open : History '' . USGA. 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open Notebook '' . PGA Tour . Associated Press . June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz ( July 7 , 1998 ) . `` Pak wins Open on 92nd hole '' . Spokesman - Review . p . C1 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 U.S. Women 's Open : Fact Sheet '' . USGA . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shoal Creek to Host 2018 U.S. Women 's Open '' . USGA . May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Open abandons 18 holes for 2 - hole playoff '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open sectional qualifying complete '' . USGA . June 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Women 's Open Fact Sheet '' . USGA. 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 U.S. Open Qualifying '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Li , 11 , qualifies for U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Peter ( June 30 , 2007 ) . `` Thompson proves that youngsters can have fun '' . The Times . London . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 - 2010 - US Women 's Open - history - purses & winners ' shares '' ( PDF ) . LPGA . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open to be played at Shoal Creek in Alabama in 2018 '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website United States Golf Association website Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal U.S. Women 's Open championships 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 LPGA major golf championships Current ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Past du Maurier Classic Titleholders Championship Women 's Western Open Related British Ladies Amateur U.S. Women 's Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam LPGA Tour events Major championships ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Other tournaments Pure Silk - Bahamas LPGA Classic ISPS Handa Women 's Australian Open Honda LPGA Thailand HSBC Women 's World Championship Bank of Hope Founders Cup Kia Classic Lotte Championship Hugel - JTBC LA Open LPGA Mediheal Championship Volunteers of America LPGA Texas Classic Kingsmill Championship LPGA Volvik Championship ShopRite LPGA Classic Meijer LPGA Classic Walmart NW Arkansas Championship Thornberry Creek LPGA Classic Marathon Classic Aberdeen Standard Investments Ladies Scottish Open Indy Women in Tech Championship CP Women 's Open Cambia Portland Classic Sime Darby LPGA Malaysia LPGA KEB Hana Bank Championship Swinging Skirts LPGA Taiwan Championship Toto Japan Classic Blue Bay LPGA CME Group Tour Championship Team events Solheim Cup ( odd - numbered years ) International Crown ( even - numbered years ) Other Former events All events listed in chronological order . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Women%27s_Open_Championship_(golf)&oldid=854610076 '' Categories : United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) LPGA Tour events United States Golf Association championships Women 's major golf championships Women 's golf tournaments in the United States 1946 establishments in Washington ( state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 15 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the women's golf us open	[ "\n\n\nYear\nChampion\nCountry\nVenue\nLocation\nScore\nTo par\nPurse ($)[12]\nWinner'sshare ($)\n\n\n2018\nAriya Jutanugarn\n Thailand\nShoal Creek Golf and Country Club\nShoal Creek, Alabama\n277\n−11 PO\n5,000,000\n900,000\n\n\n2017\nPark Sung-hyun\n South Korea\nTrump National Golf Club\nBedminster, NJ\n277\n−11\n5,000,000\n900,000\n\n\n2016\nBrittany Lang\n United States\nCordeValle Golf Club\nSan Martin, CA\n282\n−6 PO\n4,500,000\n810,000\n\n\n2015\nChun In-gee\n South Korea\nLancaster Country Club\nLancaster, PA\n272\n−8\n4,500,000\n810,000\n\n\n2014\nMichelle Wie\n United States\nPinehurst Resort, Course No. 2\nPinehurst, NC\n278\n−2\n4,000,000\n720,000\n\n\n2013\nInbee Park (2)\n South Korea\nSebonack Golf Club\nSouthampton, NY\n280\n−8\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2012\nChoi Na-yeon\n South Korea\nBlackwolf Run, composite course\nKohler, WI\n281\n−7\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2011\nRyu So-yeon\n South Korea\nBroadmoor Golf Club, East Course\nColorado Springs, CO\n281\n−3 PO\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2010\nPaula Creamer\n United States\nOakmont Country Club\nOakmont, PA\n281\n−3\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2009\nJi Eun-hee\n South Korea\nSaucon Valley Country Club\nBethlehem, PA\n284\nE\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2008\nInbee Park\n South Korea\nInterlachen Country Club\nEdina, MN\n283\n−9\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2007\nCristie Kerr\n United States\nPine Needles Lodge and Golf Club\nSouthern Pines, NC\n279\n−5\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2006\nAnnika Sörenstam (3)\n Sweden\nNewport Country Club\nNewport, RI\n284\nE PO\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2005\nBirdie Kim\n South Korea\nCherry Hills Country Club\nCherry Hills Village, CO\n287\n+3\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2004\nMeg Mallon (2)\n United States\nThe Orchards Golf Club\nSouth Hadley, MA\n274\n−10\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2003\nHilary Lunke\n United States\nPumpkin Ridge Golf Club, Witch Hollow Course\nNorth Plains, OR\n283\n−1 PO\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2002\nJuli Inkster (2)\n United States\nPrairie Dunes Golf Club\nHutchinson, KS\n276\n−4\n3,000,000\n535,000\n\n\n2001\nKarrie Webb (2)\n Australia\nPine Needles Lodge and Golf Club\nSouthern Pines, NC\n273\n−7\n2,900,000\n520,000\n\n\n2000\nKarrie Webb\n Australia\nMerit Club\nLibertyville, IL\n282\n−6\n2,750,000\n500,000\n\n\n1999\nJuli Inkster\n United States\nOld Waverly Golf Club\nWest Point, MS\n272\n−16\n1,750,000\n315,000\n\n\n1998\nPak Se-ri\n South Korea\nBlackwolf Run, composite course\nKohler, WI\n290\n+6 PO\n1,500,000\n267,500\n\n\n1997\nAlison Nicholas\n England\nPumpkin Ridge Golf Club, Witch Hollow Course\nNorth Plains, OR\n274\n−10\n1,300,000\n232,500\n\n\n1996\nAnnika Sörenstam (2)\n Sweden\nPine Needles Lodge and Golf Club\nSouthern Pines, NC\n272\n−8\n1,200,000\n212,500\n\n\n1995\nAnnika Sörenstam\n Sweden\nBroadmoor Golf Club, East Course\nColorado Springs, CO\n278\n−2\n1,000,000\n175,000\n\n\n1994\nPatty Sheehan (2)\n United States\nIndianwood Golf and Country Club, Old Course\nLake Orion, MI\n277\n−7\n850,000\n155,000\n\n\n1993\nLauri Merten\n United States\nCrooked Stick Golf Club\nCarmel, IN\n280\n−8\n800,000\n144,000\n\n\n1992\nPatty Sheehan\n United States\nOakmont Country Club\nOakmont, PA\n280\n−4 PO\n700,000\n130,000\n\n\n1991\nMeg Mallon\n United States\nColonial Country Club\nFort Worth, TX\n283\n−1\n600,000\n110,000\n\n\n1990\nBetsy King (2)\n United States\nAtlanta Athletic Club, Riverside Course\nDuluth, GA[N 1]\n284\n−4\n500,000\n85,000\n\n\n1989\nBetsy King\n United States\nIndianwood Golf and Country Club, Old Course\nLake Orion, MI\n278\n−2\n450,000\n80,000\n\n\n1988\nLiselotte Neumann\n Sweden\nBaltimore Country Club, Five Farms, East Course\nBaltimore, MD\n277\n−7\n400,000\n70,000\n\n\n1987\nLaura Davies\n England\nPlainfield Country Club\nEdison, NJ\n285\n−3 PO\n325,000\n55,000\n\n\n1986\nJane Geddes\n United States\nNCR Country Club\nKettering, OH\n287\n−1 PO\n300,000\n50,000\n\n\n1985\nKathy Baker\n United States\nBaltusrol Golf Club, Upper Course\nSpringfield, NJ\n280\n−8\n250,000\n41,975\n\n\n1984\nHollis Stacy (3)\n United States\nSalem Country Club\nPeabody, MA\n290\n+2\n225,000\n36,000\n\n\n1983\nJan Stephenson\n Australia\nCedar Ridge Country Club\nBroken Arrow, OK\n290\n+6\n200,000\n32,780\n\n\n1982\nJanet Alex\n United States\nDel Paso Country Club\nSacramento, CA\n283\n−5\n175,000\n27,315\n\n\n1981\nPat Bradley\n United States\nLa Grange Country Club\nLa Grange, IL\n279\n−9\n150,000\n22,000\n\n\n1980\nAmy Alcott\n United States\nRichland Country Club\nNashville, TN\n280\n−4\n140,000\n20,047\n\n\n1979\nJerilyn Britz\n United States\nBrooklawn Country Club\nFairfield, CT\n284\nE\n125,000\n19,000\n\n\n1978\nHollis Stacy (2)\n United States\nCountry Club of Indianapolis\nIndianapolis, IN\n289\n+5\n100,000\n15,000\n\n\n1977\nHollis Stacy\n United States\nHazeltine National Golf Club\nChaska, MN\n292\n+4\n75,000\n11,040\n\n\n1976\nJoAnne Carner (2)\n United States\nRolling Green Golf Club\nSpringfield, PA\n292\n+8 PO\n60,000\n9,054\n\n\n1975\nSandra Palmer\n United States\nAtlantic City Country Club\nNorthfield, NJ\n295\n+7\n55,000\n8,044\n\n\n1974\nSandra Haynie\n United States\nLa Grange Country Club\nLa Grange, IL\n295\n+7\n40,000\n6,073\n\n\n1973\nSusie Berning (3)\n United States\nCountry Club of Rochester\nRochester, NY\n290\n+2\n40,000\n6,000\n\n\n1972\nSusie Berning (2)\n United States\nWinged Foot Golf Club, East Course\nMamaroneck, NY\n299\n+11\n40,000\n6,000\n\n\n1971\nJoAnne Carner\n United States\nKahkwa Club\nErie, PA\n288\nE\n31,000\n5,000\n\n\n1970\nDonna Caponi (2)\n United States\nMuskogee Country Club\nMuskogee, OK\n287\n−1\n30,000\n5,000\n\n\n1969\nDonna Caponi\n United States\nScenic Hills Country Club\nPensacola, FL\n294\n+6\n31,040\n5,000\n\n\n1968\nSusie Berning\n United States\nMoselem Springs Golf Club\nFleetwood, PA\n289\n+5\n25,000\n5,000\n\n\n1967\nCatherine Lacoste (a)\n France\nThe Homestead\nHot Springs, VA\n294\n+6\n25,000\n0\n\n\n1966\nSandra Spuzich\n United States\nHazeltine National Golf Club\nChaska, MN\n297\n+9\n20,000\n4,000\n\n\n1965\nCarol Mann\n United States\nAtlantic City Country Club\nNorthfield, NJ\n290\n+2\n17,780\n3,800\n\n\n1964\nMickey Wright (4)\n United States\nSan Diego Country Club\nChula Vista, CA\n290\n−2 PO\n9,900\n2,090\n\n\n1963\nMary Mills\n United States\nKenwood Country Club\nCincinnati, OH\n289\n−3\n9,000\n1,900\n\n\n1962\nMurle Lindstrom\n United States\nDunes Golf and Beach Club\nMyrtle Beach, SC\n301\n+13\n8,000\n1,800\n\n\n1961\nMickey Wright (3)\n United States\nBaltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course\nSpringfield, NJ\n293\n+5\n8,000\n1,800\n\n\n1960\nBetsy Rawls (4)\n United States\nWorcester Country Club\nWorcester, MA\n292\n+4\n7,200\n1,710\n\n\n1959\nMickey Wright (2)\n United States\nChurchill Valley Country Club\nPittsburgh, PA\n287\n−1\n7,200\n1,800\n\n\n1958\nMickey Wright\n United States\nForest Lake Country Club\nBloomfield, MI\n290\n−2\n7,200\n1,800\n\n\n1957\nBetsy Rawls (3)\n United States\nWinged Foot Golf Club, East Course\nMamaroneck, NY\n299\n+7\n7,200\n1,800\n\n\n1956\nKathy Cornelius\n United States\nNorthland Country Club\nDuluth, MN\n302\n+11 PO\n6,000\n1,500\n\n\n1955\nFay Crocker\n Uruguay\nWichita Country Club\nWichita, KS\n299\n+11\n7,500\n2,000\n\n\n1954\nBabe Zaharias (3)\n United States\nSalem Country Club\nPeabody, MA\n291\n+3\n7,500\n2,000\n\n\n1953\nBetsy Rawls (2)\n United States\nCountry Club of Rochester\nRochester, NY\n302\n+10 PO\n7,500\n2,000\n\n\n1952\nLouise Suggs (2)\n United States\nBala Golf Club\nPhiladelphia, PA\n284\n+8\n7,500\n1,750\n\n\n1951\nBetsy Rawls\n United States\nDruid Hills Golf Club\nAtlanta, GA\n293\n+5\n7,500\n1,500\n\n\n1950\nBabe Zaharias (2)\n United States\nRolling Hills Country Club\nWichita, KS\n291\n−9\n5,000\n1,250\n\n\n1949\nLouise Suggs\n United States\nPrince Georges Golf and Country Club\nLandover, MD\n291\n−9\n7,500\n1,500\n\n\n1948\nBabe Zaharias\n United States\nAtlantic City Country Club\nNorthfield, NJ\n300\nE\n7,500\n1,200\n\n\n1947\nBetty Jameson\n United States\nStarmount Forest Country Club\nGreensboro, NC\n295\n−9\n7,500\n1,200\n\n\n1946\nPatty Berg †\n United States\nSpokane Country Club\nSpokane, WA\n5&4\n19,700\n5,600\n" ]	[ "Ariya Jutanugarn" ]
-5090486905322817692	Creature from the Black Lagoon	Creature from the Black Lagoon - wikipedia Creature from the Black Lagoon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the eponymous character , see Gill - man . For the pinball machine , see Creature from the Black Lagoon ( pinball ) . For the manga , see Black Lagoon . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : the formatting and writing style of some sections such as the remake section are too heavily deatailed Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Creature from the Black Lagoon Theatrical release poster by Reynold Brown Directed by Jack Arnold Produced by William Alland Screenplay by Harry Essex Arthur A. Ross Story by Maurice Zimm Starring Richard Carlson Julia Adams Richard Denning Antonio Moreno Music by Henry Mancini Hans J. Salter Herman Stein Cinematography William E. Snyder Edited by Ted J. Kent Production company Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal - International Release date February 12 , 1954 ( 1954 - 02 - 12 ) ( premiere ) March 5 , 1954 ( 1954 - 03 - 05 ) ( et al. , regional openings ) Running time 79 minutes Country United States Language English Budget unknown Box office $1,300,000 Creature from the Black Lagoon is a 1954 American black - and - white 3D monster horror film from Universal - International , produced by William Alland , directed by Jack Arnold , that stars Richard Carlson , Julia Adams , Richard Denning , Antonio Moreno and Whit Bissell . The Creature was played by Ben Chapman on land and by Ricou Browning underwater . The film premiered in Detroit on February 12 and was released on a regional basis , opening on various dates . Creature from the Black Lagoon was filmed in 3D and originally projected by the polarized light method . The audience wore viewers with gray polarizing filters , similar to the viewers most commonly used today . Because the brief 1950s 3D film fad had peaked in mid-1953 and was fading fast in early 1954 , many audiences actually saw the film `` flat '' , in 2D . Typically , the film was shown in 3D in large downtown theaters and flat in smaller neighborhood theaters . In 1975 Creature from the Black Lagoon was re-released to theaters in the inferior red - and - blue - glasses anaglyph 3D format , which was also used for a 1980 home video release on Beta and VHS videocassettes . For marketing reasons , a comedic short TV special was aired prior to the film 's release titled Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon . Ben Chapman reprised his role as the Gill - Man for the program . Creature from the Black Lagoon generated two sequels : Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) , which was also filmed and released in 3D in hopes of reviving the format , and The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) , filmed in 2D . The creature , also known as the Gill - man , is usually counted among the classic Universal Monsters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Critical reception 5 Novelization 6 Home media 7 Legacy 8 Cancelled remake 9 Reboot 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Citations 11.3 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Autographed Julie Adams still featuring the Creature menacing Kay . A geology expedition in the Amazon uncovers fossilized evidence ( a skeletal hand with webbed fingers ) from the Devonian period that provides a direct link between land and sea animals . Expedition leader Dr. Carl Maia ( Antonio Moreno ) orders his two assistants to stay in camp while he visits the marine biology institute . Maia reunites with his friend and former student , ichthyologist Dr. David Reed ( Richard Carlson ) . Dr. Reed works at an aquarium in California , but more recently he has been a guest at Maia 's institute in Brazil to study lungfish . Reed persuades his boss , the financially minded Dr. Mark Williams ( Richard Denning ) , to fund a return expedition to the Amazon to look for the remainder of the skeleton . Soon after Dr. Maia leaves camp , a piscine amphibious humanoid , a living member of the same species from which the fossil originated , becomes curious about the expedition 's camp . When its sudden appearance frightens the assistants , they panic and attack , and in response the enraged creature kills them both . The group goes aboard the tramp steamer Rita , captained by crusty Lucas ( Nestor Paiva ) . The expedition consists of David , Carl , Mark , as well as Reed 's girlfriend and colleague , Kay Lawrence ( Julie Adams ) , and another scientist , Dr. Edwin Thompson ( Whit Bissell ) . When they arrive at the camp , they discover Maia 's assistants have been killed while he was away . Lucas suggests it was likely done by a jaguar , but the others are unsure . A further excavation of the area where Carl found the fossil turns up nothing . Mark is ready to give up the search , but David suggests that perhaps thousands of years ago the part of the embankment containing the rest of the skeleton fell into the water and was washed downriver , broken up by the current . Carl says the tributary empties into a lagoon . Lucas calls it the `` Black Lagoon '' , a paradise from which no one has ever returned . The scientists decide to risk it , unaware that the amphibious `` Gill - man '' that killed Carl 's assistants has been watching them . Taking notice of the beautiful Kay , the creature follows the Rita all the way downriver to the Black Lagoon . Once the expedition arrives , David and Mark go diving to collect rock samples from the lagoon floor . After they return , Kay goes swimming and is stalked underwater by the Gill - man , who then gets briefly caught in one of the ship 's drag lines . Although it escapes , the creature leaves a claw behind in the net , revealing its existence . Subsequent encounters with the Gill - man claim the lives of Lucas 's crew members , before the creature is captured and locked in a cage aboard the Rita . It escapes during the night , attacking Thompson , who was guarding it . Kay smashes the creature with a lantern , driving it off , but Thompson is severely injured . Following this incident , David decides they should return to civilization . Mark , obsessed with capturing ( or killing ) the creature , objects . As the Rita tries to leave , they find the lagoon 's entrance blocked by fallen logs , courtesy of the Gill - man . While the others attempt to remove the logs , Mark is mauled to death while trying to capture the creature single - handedly , underwater . It then abducts Kay and takes her to its cavern lair . David , Lucas and Carl give chase , and Kay is rescued . The creature is riddled with bullets before retreating to the lagoon , where its body sinks into the watery depths . Cast ( edit ) Ricou Browning played the `` Gill Man '' in the underwater scenes of Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) , Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) , and The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) . Richard Carlson as Dr. David Reed Julie Adams as Kay Lawrence Richard Denning as Dr. Mark Williams Antonio Moreno as Dr. Carl Maia Nestor Paiva as Captain Lucas Whit Bissell as Dr. Edwin Thompson Bernie Gozier as Zee Henry A. Escalante as Chico Perry Lopez as Tomas Rodd Redwing as Luis Sydney Mason as Dr. Matos Ben Chapman as Gill - man ( land ) Ricou Browning as Gill - man ( underwater ) Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Ginger Stanley did underwater stunts in the first two films . Producer William Alland was attending a 1941 dinner party during the filming of Citizen Kane ( in which he played the reporter Thompson ) when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half - fish , half - human creatures in the Amazon River . Alland wrote story notes titled `` The Sea Monster '' 10 years later . His inspiration was Beauty and the Beast . In December 1952 , Maurice Zimm expanded this into a treatment , which Harry Essex and Arthur Ross rewrote as The Black Lagoon . Following the success of the 3D film House of Wax in 1953 , Jack Arnold was hired to direct the film in the same format . The designer of the approved Gill - man was Disney animator Milicent Patrick , though her role was deliberately downplayed by make - up artist Bud Westmore , who for half a century would receive sole credit for the creature 's conception . Jack Kevan , who worked on The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) and made prosthetics for amputees during World War II , created the bodysuit , while Chris Mueller Jr. sculpted the head . Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill - man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City , California . Many of the on - top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka , Florida . The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it , and it overheated easily , so he stayed in the back lot 's lake , often requesting to be hosed down . He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece , which caused him to scrape Julie Adams ' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes . Ricou Browning played the Gill - Man in the underwater shots , which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs , Florida . Critical reception ( edit ) Creature from the Black Lagoon received positive reviews from critics upon its release and is now considered a classic . Leonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars , writing , `` Archetypal ' 50s monster movie has been copied so often that some of the edge is gone , but ... is still entertaining , with juicy atmosphere and luminous underwater photography sequences . '' Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 84 % , based on 32 reviews , with a overall rating average of 6.9 / 10 . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Gill - man -- Nominated Villain Novelization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Creature from the Black Lagoon was novelized in 1954 by John Russell Fearn under the pseudonym of `` Vargo Statten '' , then later , in 1977 , in mass market paperback under the pseudonym of `` Carl Dreadstone '' . This was part of a short - lived series of books based on the classic Universal horror films . The 1977 book was introduced by Ramsey Campbell , but was written by Walter Harris . The 1977 novel offers a completely different Gill - man , who in this version of the story is gigantic , almost as big as the Rita herself , weighing in at 30 tons . It is both coldblooded and warmblooded , is a hermaphrodite , and also possesses a long whip - like tail . The gigantic creature is dubbed `` AA '' , for `` Advanced Amphibian '' , by the expedition team members . After slaying most of the team members , destroying a Sikorsky helicopter , and kidnapping Kay more than once , the creature is killed by the crew of a United States Navy torpedo boat . The 1977 novel also differs greatly with respect to the human characters . Only David Reed and Kay Lawrence remain the same . Mark Williams is a German named `` Bruno Gebhardt '' and dies not as a result from drowning , but by the monster falling on him . Lucas is named `` Jose Goncalves Fonseca de Souza '' and is a mostly sympathetic character , until his suggestion of throwing the wounded and unconscious Reed to the monster makes an enraged Gebhardt / Williams throw `` him '' to the beast instead . Dr. Thompson and Dr. Maia both die grisly deaths , whereas in the movie they survive ; Maia is eaten by the monster , and Thompson is impaled on a long tree branch flung at him by the creature like a spear ( in an apparent nod to a deleted scene from Revenge of the Creature wherein the Gill - man killed a guard in this fashion ) . Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1980 , Universal released Creature from the Black Lagoon on video cassette in an anaglyph 3D version , using the Deep Vision anaglyph 3D release as its source . Subsequent releases on VHS , Beta and DVD were the 2D version . On October 2 , 2012 , Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray as a 2D / Blu - ray 3D dual format disc as part of the `` Universal Classic Monsters : The Essential Collection '' box set . On June 4 , 2013 , the Creature from the Black Lagoon Blu - ray disc was released as a stand - alone title . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Cultural impact of Creature from the Black Lagoon . Cancelled remake ( edit ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( August 2016 ) In 1982 , John Landis wanted Jack Arnold to direct a remake of the film , and Nigel Kneale was commissioned to write the screenplay . Kneale completed the script , which involved a pair of creatures , one destructive and the other calm and sensitive , being persecuted by the United States Navy . A decision to make the film in 3D led to the remake being canceled by producers at Universal , both for budgetary concerns and to avoid a clash with Jaws 3 - D. In 1992 , John Carpenter was developing the remake at Universal . He originally hired Bill Phillips to write the script while Rick Baker was hired to create the 3D model of the Creature , but the project never got green - lit . Herschel Weingrod and Timothy Harris wrote a new script , and Universal offered Peter Jackson the director 's position in 1995 , but he chose to work on King Kong instead . In February 1996 , Ivan Reitman was planning to direct the remake , but the outing never materialized . With the financial success of The Mummy remake in May 1999 , development of the Creature from the Black Lagoon remake was revived . In December 2001 , Gary Ross signed on to write and produce the remake with his father , Arthur A. Ross , one of the original 's writers . He told The Hollywood Reporter , `` The story my father wrote embodies the clash between primitive men and civilized men , and that obviously makes it a fertile area for re-examination . '' In August 2002 , Guillermo del Toro , a fan of the original , was attached as director . He had hoped to do a story focused more on the Creature 's perspective and letting him have romantic success , which he would later turn into the 2017 film The Shape of Water , but Universal heads rejected this concept . Because of these creative clashes and his commitments to numerous other projects , Universal was forced to go without del Toro and hired Tedi Sarafian ( credited on Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines ) to write a script in March 2003 . In October 2005 , Breck Eisner signed on as director . `` As a kid , I remember loving Jack Arnold 's original version of this film '' , he explained . `` What I really want to do is update an iconic image from the ' 50s and bring in more of the sci - fi sensibility of Alien or John Carpenter 's The Thing ( 1982 ) . '' Ross said in March 2007 the Gill - man 's origin would be reinvented , with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon . `` It 's about the rainforest being exploited for profit '' , he said . However , the production was delayed by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike ; as a result , Eisner made The Crazies ( 2010 ) the number one on his priority list instead . His new goal was to finish filming The Crazies and then begin filming Creature from the Black Lagoon in Manaus , Brazil and on the Amazon River in Peru . Eisner was inspired to shoot on location by the film Fitzcarraldo , and the boat set had been built . Eisner continued to rewrite the script , which was to be a summer blockbuster full of `` action and excitement , but ( still ) scary '' . Eisner spent six months designing the new incarnation of the Gill - man with Mark McCreery ( Jurassic Park , and Davy Jones ' designer ) . The director said the design was `` very faithful to the original , but updated '' and that the Gill - man would still be sympathetic . In 2009 , it was reported that Carl Erik Rinsch might direct a 2010 remake that would be produced by Marc Abraham , Eric Newman and Gary Ross ; however , a project featuring this ensemble had been abandoned by 2011 . In March 2012 , Universal announced that a remake was in production , and would simply be titled The Black Lagoon rather than Creature from the Black Lagoon , in order to distinguish the two versions . In October 2012 , the studio hired Dave Kajganich to write the film . The film was expected to hit theaters by May 2014 , but was ultimately cancelled . Reboot ( edit ) Main article : Universal Monsters § Dark Universe Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern - day versions of their classic Universal Monsters , with various films in different stages of development . The series begins with The Mummy ( 2017 ) and will continue with Bride of Frankenstein ( 2019 ) . The Creature from the Black Lagoon has a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall . In June 2017 , Kurtzman revealed that the Gill - man will be from the Amazon . But on November 8 , 2017 , Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects , leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt . See also ( edit ) 1950s portal Florida portal Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furmanek , Bob and Greg Kintz . `` An in - depth look at ' Creature from the Black Lagoon ' . '' 3dfilmarchive.com , 2012 . Retrieved : November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait of Ginger Stanley sitting on a diving board - Weeki Wachee Springs , Florida . '' State Archives of Florida . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vieira 2003 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Ferrari 2003 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard . Leonard Maltin 's 2014 Movie Guide . Penguin Press . p. 298 . ISBN 9780451418104 . Jump up ^ `` Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2005 , pp. 154 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Archerd , Army `` Olympics to cross finish line in style . '' Variety , July 19 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Archerd , Army . `` Hiller relieved that noms were n't leaked . '' Variety , February 12 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Recreating the Eighth Wonder . '' King Kong ( 3 - disc Deluxe Extended Edition DVD ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fleming . Michael . `` Kornberg reups at U . '' Variety , May 20 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian . `` Back to the Black Lagoon . '' IGN , December 13 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian . `` Del Toro to Uni 's Creature Redo . '' IGN , August 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro Talks Black Lagoon Influence On `` Shape '' - Dark Horizons `` . darkhorizons.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( March 11 , 2003 ) . `` T3 Scribe Penning Creature '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel . `` U 's ' Creature ' meets maker . '' Variety , October 19 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael . `` On screens soon , abused Earth gets its revenge . '' The New York Times , March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan . `` Exclusive : Eisner on Creature from the Black Lagoon Remake . '' Shock Till You Drop , May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Creature to Feature Rinsch ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Creature from the Black Lagoon ' Taps New Director for Revival . '' bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' Creature From the Black Lagoon ' nabs a writer ( Exclusive ) . '' The Hollywood Reporter , October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cinemablend.com/news/1667260/where-the-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-monster-comes-from-in-universals-dark-universe Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Universal 's `` Monsterverse '' in Peril as Top Producers Exit ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ferrari , Andrea . Il Cinema Dei Mostri . Milan , Italy : Mondadori , 2003 . ISBN 88 - 435 - 9915 - 1 . Murray , Andy . Into the Unknown : The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale . Stockport , Cheshire , UK : Critical Vision , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 900486 - 50 - 4 . Vieira , Mark A. Hollywood Horror : From Gothic to Cosmic . New York : Harry N. Abrams , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4535 - 5 . Warren , Bill . Keep Watching the Skies : American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties , 21st Century Edition . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2009 , ( First edition 1982 ) . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 032 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Creature from the Black Lagoon . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Creature from the Black Lagoon Creature from the Black Lagoon on IMDb Creature from the Black Lagoon at the TCM Movie Database Creature from the Black Lagoon at AllMovie Creature from the Black Lagoon at Rotten Tomatoes The Reel Gill - man -- Official site of Ben Chapman , who played the Gill - man Gill - man Films Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Saturday the 14th ( 1981 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Other Creature from the Black Lagoon : The Musical Creature from the Black Lagoon : Pinball Legacy Monster Bash : Pinball Films directed by Jack Arnold With These Hands ( 1950 ) Girls in the Night ( 1953 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) The Glass Web ( 1953 ) Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) The Man from Bitter Ridge ( 1955 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) Tarantula ( 1955 ) Red Sundown ( 1956 ) Outside the Law ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1957 ) The Tattered Dress ( 1957 ) Man in the Shadow ( 1957 ) The Lady Takes a Flyer ( 1958 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) The Space Children ( 1958 ) Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) No Name on the Bullet ( 1959 ) The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( 1961 ) A Global Affair ( 1964 ) The Lively Set ( 1964 ) Hello Down There ( 1969 ) Black Eye ( 1974 ) Boss Nigger ( 1975 ) The Swiss Conspiracy ( 1976 ) The Wackiest Wagon Train in the West ( 1976 ) Marilyn : The Untold Story ( 1980 ) Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Dark Universe The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) The Wolf Man Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 remake ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) Last Warning Last Performance ( 1929 ) Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) Mad Doctor of Market Street Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) Spider Woman Strikes Back Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon Mole People ( 1956 ) Incredible Shrinking Man Deadly Mantis Land Unknown Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) Leech Woman ( 1960 ) Tributes Boo ! ( 1932 ) Shock Theater ( 1957 ) Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Munsters ( 1964 -- 66 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Monster Squad ( 1976 -- 77 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Monster High ( 2010 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) GND : 7546933 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon&oldid=819373695 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films 1950s 3D films 1950s monster movies 1950s science fiction horror films American films American monster movies American black - and - white films American science fiction horror films Brazil in fiction Films scored by Henry Mancini Films directed by Jack Arnold Films set in Brazil Films set in South America Films shot in Jacksonville , Florida Horror adventure films History of Silver Springs , Florida Universal Monsters film series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from August 2016 All articles needing rewrite Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 00 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did they film the creature from the black lagoon	[ "Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]", "Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]" ]	[ "Wakulla Springs, Florida", "Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida" ]
3794233561202790238	Origins of the Six-Day War	Origins of the Six - Day war - wikipedia Origins of the Six - Day war Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The origins of the Six - Day War , which was fought between June 5 and June 10 , 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt ( known then as the United Arab Republic , UAR ) , Jordan , and Syria , include both longstanding and immediate issues . At the time of the Six - Day War , the earlier foundation of Israel , the resulting Palestinian refugee issue , and Israel 's participation in the invasion of Egypt during the Suez crisis of 1956 continued to be significant grievances for the Arab world . Arab nationalists , led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser , continued to be hostile to Israel 's existence and made grave threats against its Jewish population . By the mid-1960s , relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors had deteriorated to the extent that a number of border clashes had taken place . In April 1967 , Syria shot at an Israeli tractor ploughing in the demilitarized zone , which escalated to a prewar aerial clash . In May 1967 , following misinformation about Israeli intentions provided by the Soviet Union , Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers who had been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict , and announced a blockade of Israel 's access to the Red Sea ( international waters ) via the Straits of Tiran , which Israel considered an act of war . Tension escalated , with both sides ' armies mobilising . Less than a month later , Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six - Day War . The conventional view and memoirs of key Israelis indicate that Israel 's actions leading into the war were prudent and the blame for the war rested on Egypt . According to political scientist Zeev Maoz , most scholarly studies attribute the crisis to a complicated process of unwanted escalation , which all sides wanted to prevent , but for which all were ultimately responsible . Nasser knew that his blockade of the Straits of Tiran from Israeli vessel passage , on 23 May 1967 , might very likely provide Israel with reason to launch war . His decisions to ask for the removal of the UN peacekeepers from Sinai and especially to block the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping via the Straits of Tiran , are commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable . Some commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense , while in the 21st century the view that Israel acted in self - defense has become increasingly contested . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary of events leading to war 2 Territorial , water ways and water resources disputes 2.1 Territorial disputes 2.2 Straits of Tiran 2.3 Water dispute 3 Events during the years before the war 3.1 Israel and the Arab states 3.2 Israel and Egypt : Suez Crisis aftermath 3.3 Israel and Egypt : Rotem Crisis 4 Events during the months before the war 4.1 Israel and Jordan : Samu incident 4.1. 1 Samu incident consequences 4.2 Israel and Syria 4.2. 1 April 7 , 1967 cross-border battle 4.2. 2 Later developments 4.3 Israel and Egypt 5 Events during the weeks before the war 5.1 Misinformation from the Soviet Union 5.2 Egyptian Troop Build - up in Sinai 5.3 Removal of U.N. peacekeepers from Egypt 5.3. 1 The Egyptian right to remove the U.N. peacekeepers 5.3. 2 International reactions 5.4 The Straits of Tiran closure 5.4. 1 For the Egyptian right to close the Straits 5.4. 2 Against the Egyptian right to close the Straits 5.5 Egypt 's plan to attack Israel on 27 May 5.6 The crisis and diplomacy 5.7 Jordan joins Egypt 5.8 Arab states preparations 5.9 Developments in Israel 6 Who would win the war 7 Retrospective 7.1 Israel : was the war imminent ? 7.2 Did Israel plan a war ? 7.2. 1 For 7.2. 2 Against 7.3 Did Egypt plan a war ? 7.3. 1 For 7.3. 2 Against 8 The war consequences 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Summary of events leading to war After the 1956 Suez Crisis , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements . Despite the overwhelming support for Resolution 1000 in the UN General Assembly , Israel refused to allow UNEF forces onto its territory . In the following years , there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors , particularly Syria . In early November , 1966 , Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt . On November 13 , 1966 , in response to PLO ( Palestine Liberation Organization ) guerrilla activity , including a mine attack that left three dead , the Israeli Defence Force ( IDF ) attacked the village of as - Samu in the Jordanian - occupied West Bank . Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back . King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan 's aid , and `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' . Israel was censured for this invasion in United Nations Security Council Resolution 228 , being reproached by the US , the UK , France and the USSR . On April 7 , 1967 Israel invaded Syria . The USSR urged that the collective defense agreement with Egypt had been triggered . In May 1967 , Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border . Nasser began massing his troops in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel 's border ( May 16 ) , expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai ( May 19 ) and took up UNEF positions at Sharm el - Sheikh , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . Israel reiterated declarations made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war , or justification for war . Nasser declared the Straits closed to Israeli shipping on May 22 -- 23 . On May 30 , Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact . The following day , at Jordan 's invitation , the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armored units in Jordan . They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent . On June 1 , Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet , and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that launched the Six - Day War . Territorial , Water ways and Water resources disputes Territorial disputes The peace accord at the end of the 1948 war had established demilitarized zones ( DMZs ) between Israel and Syria However , as recalled by UN military forces officers such as Odd Bull and Carl von Horn , Israelis gradually took over portions of the zone , evicting Arab villagers and demolishing their homes ; these actions incurring protests from the UN Security Council . Moshe Dayan , the Israeli defense minister at the time of the Six Day War , recounted in a 1976 interview that Israeli policy in the Demilitarized Zone between 1949 and 1967 was `` to seize some territory and hold it until the enemy despairs and gives it to us '' , thus changing `` the lines of the ceasefire accord with military actions that were less than a war '' . Dayan related further that in the process Israel had provoked more than 80 % of the border clashes with Syria in the lead - up to its April 7 , 1967 invasion of Syria . In defense of the Israeli actions historian Michael Oren said that `` ( t ) here is an element of truth to Dayan 's claim '' , but that Israeli actions were justified , as `` Israel regarded the de-militarized zones in the north as part of their sovereign territory '' . Gluska qualified this view by pointing out that such Israeli sovereignty over all of the DMZ `` was not sanctioned by the UN '' . In fact the Israeli view had been rejected in 1951 by both Britain and the UN Security council ( in Resolution 93 ) . In January 1967 Israel reverted to claiming sovereignty over the DMZ . Publicly , Syria claimed that the escalating conflict was the result of Israel attempting to increase tension in order to justify a large - scale military operation against Syria , and to expand its occupation of the Demilitarized Zone by dispossessing the remaining Arab farmers . According to Moshe Shemesh , a historian and former senior intelligence officer in the IDF , Jordan 's military and civilian leaders estimated that Israel 's main objective was conquest of the West Bank . They felt that Israel was striving to drag all of the Arab countries into a war . After the Samu raid , these apprehensions became the deciding factor in Jordan 's decision to participate in the war . King Hussein was convinced Israel would try to occupy the West Bank whether Jordan went to war , or not . Straits of Tiran After the 1956 war , Egypt agreed to reopen the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping , whose closure had been a significant catalyst in precipitating the Suez Crisis . Water dispute Main article : War over Water The Johnston Plan was a plan for the unified water resource development of the Jordan Valley , sponsored by UNRWA and accepted by the main Arab leader , Nasser , and by Jordan and Israel . In 1964 , Israel began drawing water from the Jordan River for its National Water Carrier , in accordance with the Johnston Plan , reducing the flow that reached Hashemite territory to the Johnston Plan allocation . In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo , claimed that the diversion of the Jordan waters by Israel multiplies the dangers to Arab existence and decided to deprive Israel of 35 % of the National Water Carrier capacity , by a diversion of the Jordan River headwaters ( both the Hasbani and the Banias tributaries ) to the Yarmouk River , although the scheme was only marginally feasible , it was technically difficult and expensive . The following year , the Arab states began construction of the Headwater Diversion Plan , which , once completed , would divert the waters of the Banias Stream before the water entered Israel and the Sea of Galilee , to flow instead into a dam at Mukhaiba for use by Jordan and Syria , and divert the waters of the Hasbani into the Litani River in Lebanon . The diversion works would have reduced the installed capacity of Israel 's carrier by about 35 % , and Israel 's overall water supply by about 11 % . The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) attacked the diversion works in Syria in March , May , and August 1965 , perpetuating a prolonged chain of border violence that linked directly to the events leading to war . Events during the years before the war Israel and the Arab States At the time , no Arab state had recognized Israel . Syria , aligned with the Soviet bloc , began sponsoring guerrilla raids on Israel in the early 1960s as part of its `` people 's war of liberation '' , designed to deflect domestic opposition to the Ba'ath Party . Speaking to the UN General Assembly in September 1960 , Nasser had stated that `` The only solution to Palestine is that matters should return to the condition prevailing before the error was committed -- i.e. , the annulment of Israel 's existence . '' In 1964 he said , `` We swear to God that we shall not rest until we restore the Arab nation to Palestine and Palestine to the Arab nation . There is no room for imperialism and there is no room for Britain in our country , just as there is no room for Israel within the Arab nation . '' In 1965 he asserted , `` We shall not enter Palestine with its soil covered in sand , we shall enter it with its soil saturated in blood . '' Even after nearly two decades of its existence , no neighboring Arab country of Israel was willing to negotiate a peace agreement with Israel or accept its existence . Tunisian President Habib Bourgiba suggested in a speech in Jericho in 1965 that the Arab world should face reality and negotiate with Israel , but this was rejected by the other Arab countries . Israel and Egypt : Suez crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt , and set the stage leading to the Six - Day War . In a speech delivered to the Knesset , David Ben - Gurion said that the 1949 armistice agreement with Egypt was dead and buried , and that the armistice lines were no longer valid and could not be restored . Under no circumstances would Israel agree to the stationing of UN forces on its territory or in any area it occupied . Heavy diplomatic pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union forced Israel into a conditional withdrawal of its military from the Sinai Peninsula , only after satisfactory arrangements had been made with the international force that was about to enter the canal zone . After the 1956 war , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a UN peacekeeping force in the Sinai , the United Nations Emergency Force , to keep that border region demilitarized , and prevent Palestinian fedayeen guerrillas from crossing the border into Israel . As a result , the border between Egypt and Israel remained quiet for the vast majority of the period up to 1967 . After the 1956 war , the region returned to an uneasy balance without resolution of any of the underlying issues . Israel and Egypt : Rotem crisis Main article : Rotem Crisis In February 1960 , tensions along the Israeli -- Syrian border prompted Nasser to deploy Egyptian armed forces in northern Sinai . Only six days after troop movements had begun , did Israel learn of the presence of an Egyptian force , numbering around 500 tanks , on its undefended southern border . Caught off - guard , Israel scrambled to deploy its own forces , while Ben - Gurion adopted a policy of pacification to ease tensions and prevent the outbreak of hostilities . Both sides eventually stood down , yet each drew different conclusions from the affair . Israeli national defence policy came to see any mass deployment of Egyptian forces on its border as unacceptable , and believed new rules had been set in place . Egypt , however , viewed the crisis as a great success . Egypt believed the deployment had prevented an Israeli attack on Syria , and it was thus possible to deter Israel with the mere deployment of forces , without the danger of going to war . The crisis was to have a direct effect on both sides during the events of May 1967 , which eventually led to the Six - Day War . Both Israel and Egypt applied the lessons they had learned in the earlier affair . Indeed , these were at first perceived to be a repeat of the Rotem affair , and were expected to follow the same course . Major differences however gave the new crisis its own momentum and eventually led to war . Events during the months before the war Israel and Jordan : Samu incident Main article : Samu Incident The long armistice line between Jordan and Israel was tense since the beginning of Fatah 's guerrilla operations in January 1965 . While Syria supported such operations , Egypt and Jordan refused to let PLO guerrillas operate from their territory . After 1965 the majority of raids on Israel originated from the Syrian border . Israel viewed the state from which the raids were perpetrated as responsible . King Hussein , the Hashemite ruler , was in a bind : he did not want to appear as cooperating with Israel in light of the delicate relationship of his government with the majority Palestinian population in his kingdom , and his success in preventing such raids was only partial . In the summer and autumn of 1966 the PLO carried out several guerrilla attacks that caused death and injury to Israeli civilians and military personnel . This culminated on November 11 , 1966 , when an Israeli border patrol hit a land mine , killing three soldiers and injuring six others . Israel believed the mine had been planted by militants from Es Samu , a village in the southern West Bank , close to where the incident took place , which was a Fatah stronghold . This led the Israeli cabinet to approve a large scale operation called ' Shredder ' . On Friday , November 12 , King Hussein of Jordan penned a letter of personal condolence to Israel which he cabled to U.S. ambassador to Israel , Walworth Barbour , through the U.S. embassy in Amman which passed it to Barbour in Tel Aviv . Barbour , believing there was no urgency to delivering the letter , left it on his desk over the weekend , thus failing to deliver it in a timely fashion . The next day , on the morning of November 13 , the Israel Defense Forces invaded Jordan , crossing the border into the West Bank and attacked Es Samu . The attacking force consisted of 3,000 - 4,000 soldiers backed by tanks and aircraft . They were divided into a reserve force , which remained on the Israeli side of the border , and two raiding parties , which crossed into the West Bank . The larger force of eight Centurion Tanks , followed by 400 paratroopers mounted in 40 open - topped half - tracks and 60 engineers in 10 more half - tracks , headed for Samu ; while a smaller force of three tanks and 100 paratroopers and engineers in 10 half - tracks headed towards two smaller villages : Kirbet El - Markas and Kirbet Jimba . According to Terrence Prittie 's Eshkol : The Man and the Nation , 50 houses were destroyed , but the inhabitants had been evacuated hours before . To Israel 's surprise , the Jordanian military intervened . The 48th Infantry Battalion of the Jordanian Army ran into the Israeli forces northwest of Samu ; and two companies approaching from the northeast were intercepted by the Israelis , while a platoon of Jordanians armed with two 106 mm recoilless guns entered Samu . The Jordanian Air Force intervened as well and a Jordanian Hunter fighter was shot down in the action . In the ensuing battles , three Jordanian civilians and 16 soldiers were killed ; 54 other soldiers and 96 civilians were wounded . The commander of the Israeli paratroop battalion , Colonel Yoav Shaham , was killed and 10 other Israeli soldiers were wounded . According to the Israeli government , 50 Jordanians were killed , but the true number was never disclosed by the Jordanians , in order to keep up morale and confidence in King Hussein 's regime . The whole battle was short : the Israeli forces crossed the ceasefire line at 6 : 00 A.M. and returned by 10 : 00 A.M. Samu incident Consequences Hussein felt betrayed by the operation which shattered the fragile trust between Israel and Jordan . He had been having secret meetings with Israeli foreign ministers Abba Eban and Golda Meir for three years . According to him he was doing everything he could to stop guerrilla attacks from the West Bank and Jordan . `` I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid , and they accepted the logic of this and promised there would never be one '' . Two days later , in a memo to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson , his Special Assistant Walt Rostow wrote : `` retaliation is not the point in this case . This 3000 - man raid with tanks and planes was out of all proportion to the provocation and was aimed at the wrong target , '' and went on to describe the damage done to US and Israeli interests : They 've wrecked a good system of tacit cooperation between Hussein and the Israelis ... They 've undercut Hussein . We 've spent $500 million to shore him up as a stabilizing factor on Israel 's longest border and vis - à - vis Syria and Iraq . Israel 's attack increases the pressure on him to counterattack not only from the more radical Arab governments and from the Palestinians in Jordan but also from the Army , which is his main source of support and may now press for a chance to recoup its Sunday losses ... They 've set back progress toward a long term accommodation with the Arabs ... They may have persuaded the Syrians that Israel did n't dare attack Soviet - protected Syria but could attack US - backed Jordan with impunity . The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 228 unanimously deploring `` the loss of life and heavy damage to property resulting from the action of the Government of Israel on 13 November 1966 '' , censuring `` Israel for conducting `` a large - scale and carefully planned military action against Jordanian territory '' in violation of the United Nations Charter and of the General Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan '' and emphasizing `` to Israel that actions of military reprisal can not be tolerated and that , if they are repeated , the Security Council will have to consider further and more effective steps as envisaged in the Charter to ensure against the repetition of such acts . '' Facing a storm of criticism from Jordanians , Palestinians , and his Arab neighbors for failing to protect Samu , Hussein ordered a nationwide mobilization on November 20 . Hussein complained that Egypt and Syria had failed to protect the West Bank , while `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' ; this accusation may have been a factor in Nasser 's decision to rid his country of the UNEF force on the eve of the Six - Day War . This was the largest scale operation that Israel had been involved with since the Suez Crisis . While the diplomatic and political developments were not as Israel expected , following the operation Hussein worked hard to avoid any further clashes by preventing guerrilla operations from being launched from within Jordan . Some view the Samu attack as the beginning of the escalation in tensions that led to the war , with others going further to describe it as the first step in the prelude to war . Israel and Syria Overall , Oren 's account of the period portrays Israel as the innocent victim of Syrian provocation and aggression . From the Golan Heights , Syrians had shelled Israeli settlements and other targets , such as fishermen in the Sea of Galilee , drawing punitive responsive strikes from Israel . In addition , following the 1966 Syrian coup d'état , attacks and acts of sabotage by Syrian - based Palestinian guerrillas ( Fatah ) had increased , although Jordan was still the main source . For two and a half years from the start of the attacks up until the Israeli invasion of Syria on April 7 , 1967 , the Fatah incursions launched from Syrian territory had resulted in three Israeli deaths , all of them soldiers . In September 1966 the Israeli Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin gave an interview in which he stated that Israeli actions `` should be aimed at those who carry out the attacks and at the regime that supports them '' . These ' unfortunate ' words were interpreted as a ' plot ' to bring down the Syrian government . Syria also claimed that Syrian shelling had always occurred in response to Israeli firing on peaceful Arab farmers or Syrian posts . This point , also raised by Dayan in his interview , is further supported by the eye - witness accounts of Dutch UN Observer force Colonel Jan Mühren who attested to the Israeli practice of using armoured tractors to farm in the DMZ in areas prohibited by the 1949 Armistice agreement . These activities would draw Syrian fire , to which Israel would respond with its own forces . However , the vague 1949 Armistice agreement had not prohibited civil activity in the DMZ . In November 1966 , Egypt and Syria signed a defense pact whereby each country would support the other if it were attacked . According to Indar Jit Rikhye , Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad told him that the Soviet Union had persuaded Egypt to enter the pact with two ideas in mind : to reduce the chances of a punitive attack on Syria by Israel , and to bring the Syrians under Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser 's moderating influence . In January 1967 the Israeli Minister of Health , Yisrael Barzilai , warned that Egypt 's commitment to Syria under their mutual defense pact `` could escalate the situation and nobody foresee how it will end '' . During a visit to London in February 1967 , Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban briefed journalists on Israel 's `` hopes and anxieties '' explaining to those present that , although the governments of Lebanon , Jordan and the United Arab Republic ( Egypt 's official name until 1971 ) seemed to have decided against active confrontation with Israel , it remained to be seen whether Syria could maintain a minimal level of restraint at which hostility was confined to rhetoric . At the same time Israel was planning , approving and executing the provocations of Syria along the DMZ referred to by Dayan . The provocations were sending a tractor to plow in the demilitarized areas . The Syrians would fire on these tractors and would frequently shell Israeli settlements . This reached a critical point when armored tractor work on land in the southern demilitarized zone close to Kibbutz Ha - On was scheduled . It was anticipated that the Syrians would react . The Israeli Air Force was placed on alert . Prime Minister Eshkol approved the plan . April 7 , 1967 cross-border battle Earlier in the week , Syria had twice attacked an Israeli tractor working in the DMZ area . When the tractor returned on the morning of April 7 , 1967 , as predicted in the plan , the Syrians opened fire again initially with light weapons . The Israelis responded by sending in armor - plated tractors to continue ploughing , resulting in further exchanges of fire . The resulting tit - for - tat escalated , leading to tanks , heavy mortars , machine guns , and artillery being used in various sections along the 47 mile ( 76 km ) border in what was described as `` a dispute over cultivation rights in the demilitarized zone south - east of Lake Tiberias . '' At this point the critical departure from previous incidents occurred . Without advance planning nor having been submitted for prior approval to the Ministerial Committee on Security , Israeli aircraft dive - bombed Syrian positions with 250 and 500 kg bombs . For the first time the IAF was employed before an Israeli settlement had actually been shelled ( with the exception of stray shells which fell in Tel Katzir ) and Israeli planes penetrated as far as Damascus . The Syrians then responded by shelling Israeli border settlements heavily , and Israeli jets retaliated by bombing the village of Sqoufiye , destroying around 40 houses in the process . At 15 : 19 Syrian shells started falling on Kibbutz Gadot ; over 300 landed within the kibbutz compound in 40 minutes . The `` incident '' had escalated into a full - scale aerial battle over the Golan Heights after Israel scrambled jets , resulting in the loss of six Syrian Air Force MiG - 21s to Israeli Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIs , and the latter 's flight over Damascus . The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) attempted to arrange a ceasefire , but Syria declined to co-operate unless Israeli agricultural work was halted . The Israeli newspaper Maariv wrote `` This was not an ' incident ' but a real war . '' Under these circumstances , the Soviet Union intervened to halt the downward course of events and to deter Israel by activating the Egyptian -- Syrian defense pact signed in November 1966 under Soviet pressure for this precise purpose . Although the April 7 cross-border battle is often called an ' incident ' , various reactions to the event belie this description . The Israeli press called it a war . Moshe Dayan was reported by Ezer Weismann to have responded `` Have you lost your minds ? You are leading the country to war ! '' . Brigadier - General Israel Lior agreed : `` From my point of view , the Six - Day War had begun . '' On April 21 , 1967 as in May 1966 . the Soviet deputy foreign minister , Yaakov Malik , relayed an oral message to the Israeli ambassador in Moscow : `` The government of the Soviet Union sees the need to warn again the government of Israel that the hazardous policy it has been waging for several years is fraught with danger , and ( Israel ) will be held solely responsible . Later developments Speaking to a Mapai party meeting in Jerusalem on May 11 Prime Minister of Israel Levi Eshkol warned that Israel would not hesitate to use air power on the scale of 7 April in response to continued border terrorism , and on the same day Israeli envoy Gideon Rafael presented a letter to the president of the Security Council warning that Israel would `` act in self - defense as circumstances warrant '' . Writing from Tel Aviv on May 12 , James Feron reported that some Israeli leaders had decided to use force against Syria `` of considerable strength but of short duration and limited in area '' and quoted `` one qualified observer '' who `` said it was highly unlikely that Egypt ( then officially called United Arab Republic ) , Syria 's closest ally in the Arab world , would enter the hostilities unless the Israeli attack were extensive '' . In early May the Israeli cabinet authorized a limited strike against Syria , but Rabin 's renewed demand for a large - scale strike to discredit or topple the Ba'ath regime was opposed by Eshkol . BBC journalist Jeremy Bowen reports : The toughest threat was reported by the news agency United Press International ( UPI ) on 12 May : ' A high Israeli source said today that Israel would take limited military action designed to topple the Damascus army regime if Syrian terrorists continue sabotage raids inside Israel . Military observers said such an offensive would fall short of all - out war but would be mounted to deliver a telling blow against the Syrian government . ' In the West as well as the Arab world the immediate assumption was that the unnamed source was Rabin and that he was serious . In fact , it was Brigadier - General Aharon Yariv , the head of military intelligence , and the story was overwritten . Yariv mentioned ' an all - out invasion of Syria and conquest of Damascus ' but only as the most extreme of a range of possibilities . But the damage had been done . Tension was so high that most people , and not just the Arabs , assumed that something much bigger than usual was being planned against Syria . Border incidents multiplied and numerous Arab leaders , both political and military , called for an end to Israeli attacks . Egypt , then already trying to seize a central position in the Arab world under Nasser , accompanied these declarations with plans to re-militarize the Sinai . Syria shared these views , although it did not prepare for an immediate invasion . The Soviet Union actively backed the military needs of the Arab states . Israel and Egypt In April 1967 , after meeting with Nasser , Lucius D. Battle , The U.S ambassador in Egypt reported to Washington that Nasser plans to deflect mounting internal pressure against his regime by creating a foreign policy crisis which could be to heat up the Israeli situation . Events during the weeks before the war Misinformation from the Soviet Union In 1967 , Israeli leaders repeatedly threatened to invade Syria and overthrow the Syrian government if Palestinian guerrilla actions across the border did not cease . In that context , the Soviet Union fed the Syrian government false information in the Spring of 1967 that Israel was planning to invade Syria . On May 13 , a Soviet intelligence report given by Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny to Egyptian Vice President Anwar Sadat likewise claimed falsely that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border . On May 14 , Nasser sent his chief of staff , General Fawzi , to Syria in order to verify the Soviet warning . Egyptian troop build - up in Sinai Egyptian President Nasser was in a difficult position . He had received humiliating rebukes for Egypt 's lack of action after the recent Israeli attacks on Jordan and Syria in April 1967 . This , combined with Israeli threats to topple the Syrian regime and the Soviet urging that the Syrian - Egyptian defence agreement had thereby been triggered , left Nasser feeling as though he had no option other than to display solidarity with Syria . On 14 May , Nasser began the re-militarization of the Sinai , and concentrated tanks and troops there . This move was reminiscent of what he had done in the Rotem Crisis , although this time it was done openly . Fawzi reported to Nasser that the Soviet alarm about an Israeli plot to attack Syria was baseless , but Nasser continued to pour his divisions into Sinai . Egyptian Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer explained to ( Soviet Ambassador ) Pozhidaev that the influx of troops into Sinai was for deterrence : `` Israel will not risk starting major military actions against Syria , because if it does Egyptian military units , having occupied forward initial positions on this border will immediately move out on the basis of the mutual defense agreement with Syria . '' On May 16 , Ahmed el - Feki , Egypt 's Under Secretary of State , assured David Nes , US chargé d'affaires in Cairo that Egypt would not `` take the initiative in attacking Israel . '' But in case of a large - scale Israeli attack against its neighbors , el - Feki said , Egypt would come to their aid . Nes came away from the conversation `` certain '' that Egypt had `` no aggressive intent . '' The reasons for Nasser 's decisions to expel the UN peacekeepers ( UNEF ) and the move to reinforce Egyptian forces in the Sinai were reported to the Israeli government by Prime Minister Eshkol on May 16 , 1967 as follows : `` It is estimated that , in light of Syrian reports and appeals to Egypt regarding Israel 's intention to take major action against Syria ; in light of declarations and warnings issued by Israel in the past few days ; and Egypt 's predicament since April . Egypt has come to the decision that in the present circumstances it can not sit by idly . It has therefore decided , in the face of the Israeli threat , to demonstrate readiness to come to Syria 's aid within the framework of the mutual defence pact . At the same time , it may be assumed that the Egyptians hope that their actions and demonstration will achieve the practical effect of deterring Israel from implementing its threat . '' Removal of UN peacekeepers from Egypt At 10 : 00 p.m. on May 16 , the commander of United Nations Emergency Force , General Indar Jit Rikhye , was handed a letter from General Mohammed Fawzy , Chief of Staff of the United Arab Republic , reading : `` To your information , I gave my instructions to all UAR armed forces to be ready for action against Israel , the moment it might carry out any aggressive action against any Arab country . Due to these instructions our troops are already concentrated in Sinai on our eastern border . For the sake of complete security of all UN troops which install OPs along our borders , I request that you issue your orders to withdraw all these troops immediately . '' The emissary who delivered the letter requested immediate withdrawal of United Nations troops from Sharm el Sheikh as well . Rikhye said he would report to the Secretary - General for instructions . The UNEF was established following the Suez crisis in 1956 by various resolutions of the Security Council culminating in resolution 1001 . Egypt agreed to the presence of the unit on her territory . Israel refused . Initially , Nasser 's letter had not demanded a full withdrawal of UNEF , but that they vacate the Sinai and concentrate in Gaza . Detailed archival studies revealed that the original letter had not included a request to withdraw troops from Sharm el - Sheik , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . The UN Secretary - General , U Thant , demanded an all - or - nothing clarification from Nasser , leaving the Egyptians with little choice but to ask for their total withdrawal . U Thant then attempted to negotiate with the Egyptian government , but on May 18 the Egyptian Foreign Minister informed nations with troops in UNEF that the UNEF mission in Egypt and the Gaza Strip had been terminated and that they must leave immediately . Egyptian forces then prevented UNEF troops from entering their posts . The Governments of India and Yugoslavia decided to withdraw their troops from UNEF , regardless of the decision of U Thant . While this was taking place , U Thant suggested that UNEF be redeployed to the Israeli side of the border , but Israel refused , arguing that UNEF contingents from countries hostile to Israel would be more likely to impede an Israeli response to Egyptian aggression than to stop that aggression in the first place . The Permanent Representative of Egypt then informed U Thant that the Egyptian government had decided to terminate UNEF 's presence in the Sinai and the Gaza Strip , and requested steps that would withdraw the force as soon as possible . The UNEF commander was given the order to begin withdrawal on May 19 . The withdrawal of UNEF was to be spaced over a period of some weeks . The troops were to be withdrawn by air and by sea from Port Said . The withdrawal plan envisaged that the last personnel of UNEF would leave the area on June 30 , 1967 . On the morning of May 27 , Egypt demanded that the Canadian contingent be evacuated within 48 hours `` on grounds of the attitude adopted by the Government of Canada in connection with UNEF and the United Arab Republic Government 's request for its withdrawal , and ' to prevent any probable reaction from the people of the United Arab Republic against the Canadian Forces in UNEF . ' '' The withdrawal of the Canadian contingent was accelerated and completed on May 31 , with the effect that UNEF was left without its logistics and air support components . In the war itself 15 members of the remaining force were killed and the rest evacuated through Israel . The Egyptian right to remove the UN peacekeepers Before UNEF could be deployed negotiations were necessary with the compliant host country , Egypt . A key principle governing the stationing and functioning of UNEF , and later of all other peacekeeping forces , was the consent of the host Government . Since it was not an enforcement action under Chapter VII of the Charter , UNEF could enter and operate in Egypt only with the consent of the Egyptian Government . This principle was clearly stated by the General Assembly in adopting resolution 1001 ( ES - I ) of 7 November 1956 concerning the establishment of UNEF ... The Secretary - General impressed upon those authorities that the Force provided a guarantee for the withdrawal of foreign forces from Egypt and that , since it would come only with Egypt 's consent , it could not stay or operate in Egypt if that consent were withdrawn ... Moreover , because Israel refused to accept UNEF on its territory , the Force had to be deployed only on the Egyptian side of the border , and thus its functioning was entirely contingent upon the consent of Egypt as the host country . Once that consent was withdrawn , its operation could no longer be maintained . Rostow is of the contrary opinion that `` Egyptian commitments of the period were broken one by one , the last being the request for the removal of U.N.E.F. '' In another publication Rostow adds detail : `` One of the most important terms of the agreement was set out in an aide memoire by Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld : if Egypt ever tried unilaterally to remove the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Sinai , or to close the Straits of Tiran , the Secretary - General would call the Security Council into session immediately and block such initiatives until a peaceful resolution of the conflict could be reached . '' Oren , however , confirms Egypt 's right as follows : `` That ( UNEF ) presence , however , hung on a legal fiction . The `` good - faith agreement '' forged by Dag Hammarskjöld in 1957 , according to which Egypt would consult with the General Assembly and the UNEF Advisory Council before altering the force 's mandate , was in no way binding . The Egyptians could , in fact , dismiss UNEF whenever they chose . Bunche ( UN expert on Middle East diplomacy ) fully adhered to the secretary - general 's position that Egypt had a sovereign right to dismiss UNEF ' , however imprudent that decision might be . '' International reactions The United States did not find a UNEF withdrawal overly worrying . Walworth Barbour , US ambassador in Tel Aviv , told Israeli officials that the withdrawal did not affect the `` fundamental military situation , '' and that there was `` every reason for Nasser '' not to attack Israel . Egypt volunteered that if Israel were concerned about an Egyptian invasion , it could accept UNEF on its own side of the armistice line . `` If Israel wants them to stay , '' Field Marshal Amer told Soviet Ambassador Pozhidaev , `` it can make its own territory available . '' U Thant was thinking along the same lines . On May 18 , he posed that option to Israel 's UN ambassador , Gideon Rafael , as a protection against a possible invasion . Rafael replied that this option was `` entirely unacceptable to his Government . '' Jacques Roux , France 's ambassador in Cairo , gave Maurice Couve de Murville , the French foreign minister , an assessment that Egypt was making its moves in reaction to accusations that Egypt was not living up to its obligations to other Arab states . The request for a UNEF withdrawal did not , in Roux 's view , mean that the Egyptian leadership was embarking on `` an adventure . '' Israel was not particularly troubled by the evacuation of the UNEF in itself . There were some who even thought that it would be to Israel 's advantage . The Straits of Tiran closure Israeli Prime Minister Eshkol repeated declarations that Israel had made in 1957 , saying that closure of the Straits of Tiran would be an act of war . Then , on May 22 , Egypt responded by announcing , in addition to the UN withdrawal , that the Straits of Tiran would be closed to `` all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials '' , with effect from May 23 . In order to enforce the blockade , Egypt falsely announced that the Tiran straits had been mined. 90 % of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran . Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed . According to Sami Sharaf , Minister of State for Presidential Affairs , Nasser knew that the decision to block the Tiran straits made the war `` inevitable '' . Nasser stated , `` Under no circumstances can we permit the Israeli flag to pass through the Gulf of Aqaba . '' The closure of the Tiran Straits was closely linked to the previous withdrawal of the UN peacekeepers , because having the peacekeepers ( rather than the Egyptian military ) at Sharm el Sheik was important for keeping that waterway open . In his speech to Arab trade unionists on May 26 , Nasser announced : `` If Israel embarks on an aggression against Syria or Egypt , the battle against Israel will be a general one and not confined to one spot on the Syrian or Egyptian borders . The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel . '' Nasser publicly denied that Egypt would strike first and spoke of a negotiated peace if Israel allowed all Palestinian refugees the right of return , and of a possible compromise over the Straits of Tiran . For the Egyptian right to close the Straits Egypt stated that the Gulf of Aqaba had always been a national inland waterway subject to the sovereignty of the only three legitimate littoral States -- Jordan , Saudi Arabia , and Egypt -- who had the right to bar enemy vessels . The representative of the United Arab Republic further stated that `` Israel 's claim to have a port on the Gulf was considered invalid , as Israel was alleged to have occupied several miles of coastline on the Gulfline , including Umm Rashrash , in violation of Security Council resolutions of 1948 and the Egyptian - Israel General Armistice Agreement . '' The Arab states disputed Israel 's right of passage through the Straits , noting they had not signed the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone specifically because of article 16 ( 4 ) which provided Israel with that right . In the United Nations General Assembly debates after the war , the Arab states and their supporters argued that even if international law gave Israel the right of passage , Israel was not entitled to attack Egypt to assert that right , because the closure was not an `` armed attack '' as defined by Article 51 of the United Nations Charter . Supporting this view in a letter written to the New York Times in June 1967 , lawyer Roger Fisher argued that The United Arab Republic had a good legal case for restricting traffic through the Strait of Tiran . First it is debatable whether international law confers any right of innocent passage through such a waterway ... ( Secondly ) ... a right of innocent passage is not a right of free passage for any cargo at any time . In the words of the Convention on the Territorial Sea : ' Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace , good order , or security of the coastal state ... taking the facts as they were I , as an international lawyer , would rather defend before the International Court of Justice the legality of the U.A.R 's action in closing the Strait of Tiran than to argue the other side of the case ... Against the Egyptian right to close the Straits After the 1956 campaign in which Israel conquered Sharm el - Sheikh and opened the blocked Straits , it was forced to withdraw and return the territory to Egypt . At the time , members of the international community pledged that Israel would never again be denied use of the Straits of Tiran . The French representative to the UN , for example , announced that an attempt to interfere with free shipping in the Straits would be against international law , and American President Dwight Eisenhower went so far as publicly to recognize that reimposing a blockade in the Straits of Tiran would be seen as an aggressive act which would oblige Israel to protect its maritime rights in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter . The rights of Egypt regarding the Straits of Tiran had been debated at the General Assembly pursuant to Israel 's withdrawal from the Sinai following the Suez Crisis . A number of states , including Australia , Canada , Denmark , the Netherlands , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and the United States argued that the Straits were international waters , and , as such , all vessels had the right of `` free and innocent passage '' through them . India , however , argued that Egypt was entitled to require foreign ships to obtain its consent before seeking access to the gulf because its territorial sea covered the Straits of Tiran . It too recognized the right of innocent passage through such waters , but argued it was up to the coastal State to decide which passage was `` innocent '' . Israel 's political ' anchor ' in its efforts to prevent any disruption of freedom of shipping through the Straits was a statement by then Foreign Minister Golda Meir at the UN Assembly on 1 March 1957 , while announcing her government 's decision to respond to the demand for withdrawal from Sinai and the Gaza Strip , to the effect that Israel would view disruption of free shipping through the Tiran Straits as an act of aggression and would reserve the right to react in accordance with Clause 51 of the UN Charter . International law professor John Quigley argues that under the doctrine of proportionality , Israel would only be entitled to use such force as would be necessary to secure its right of passage . State practice and customary international law is that ships of all states have a right of innocent passage through territorial seas . That Egypt had consistently granted passage as a matter of state practice until then suggests that its opinio juris in that regard was consistent with practice . Moreover , during the Egyptian occupation of the Saudi islands of Sanafir and Tiran in 1950 , it provided assurances to the US that the military occupation would not be used to prevent free passage , and that Egypt recognizes that such free passage is `` in conformity with the international practice and the recognized principles of international law . '' . In 1949 the International Court of Justice held in the Corfu Channel Case ( United Kingdom v. Albania ) that where a strait was overlapped by a territorial sea foreign ships , including warships , had unsuspendable right of innocent passage through such straits used for international navigation between parts of the high seas , but express provision for innocent passage through straits within the territorial sea of a foreign state was not codified until the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone . Egypt 's plan to attack Israel on 27 May Caught up in Arab enthusiasm for military action and encouraged by the lack of response to the closure of the Straits , Egyptian Field Marshal Amer planned for initiating an attack on Israel in late May . He told one of his generals that `` This time we will be the ones to start the war . '' This was counter to Nasser 's strategy of pushing Israel to start the war . Historian Michael Oren states that Egyptian sources are divided over why Nasser did not veto Amer 's plan . Oren suggests that `` Nasser was apprised of ( the plan ) but lacked the political strength to override Amer 's order . Also , the preparation of an Egyptian invasion of Israel had certain advantages for Nasser ... '' The Egyptian attack plan was code - named Operation Dawn , and was planned by General Abdel Hakim Amer . It called for the strategic bombing of Israeli airfields , ports , cities , and the Negev Nuclear Research Center . Arab armies would then invade Israel , and cut it in half with an armored thrust through the Negev . On May 25 , 1967 , Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban landed in Washington `` with instructions to discuss American plans to re-open the Straits of Tiran '' . As soon as he arrived , he was given new instructions in a cable from the Israeli government . The cable said that Israel had learned of an imminent Egyptian attack , which overshadowed the blockade . No longer was he to emphasize the Straits issue ; he was instructed to ' inform the highest authorities of this new threat and to request an official statement from the United States that an attack on Israel would be viewed as an attack on the United States . '' Historian Michael Oren explains Eban 's reaction to the new instructions : `` Eban was livid . Unconvinced that Nasser was either determined or even able to attack , he now saw Israelis inflating the Egyptian threat -- and flaunting their weakness -- in order to extract a pledge that the President , Congress - bound , could never make . '' He described the cable as an `` ... act of momentous irresponsibility ... eccentric ... '' which `` lacked wisdom , veracity and tactical understanding , '' and later came to the conclusion that the genesis of the cable was Rabin 's indecisive state of mind . According to historian Tom Segev , the instructions sent to Eban in Washington were an attempt to mislead him , and through him president Johnson , to support Israel . Despite his own skepticism , Eban followed his instructions during his first meeting with Secretary Rusk , Under Secretary Rostow , and Assistant Secretary Lucius Battle . American intelligence experts spent the night analyzing each of the Israeli claims . On May 26 , Eban met with United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk , Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , and finally with President Lyndon B. Johnson . In a memo to the President , Rusk rejected the claim of an Egyptian and Syrian attack being imminent , plainly stating `` our intelligence does not confirm ( the ) Israeli estimate '' . According to declassified documents from the Johnson Presidential Library , President Johnson and other top officials in the administration did not believe war between Israel and its neighbors was necessary or inevitable . `` All of our intelligence people are unanimous that if the UAR attacks , you will whip hell out of them '' , Johnson told Eban during a visit to the White House on May 26 . Consequently , Johnson declined to airlift special military supplies to Israel or even to publicly support it . Eban left the White House distraught . In a lecture given in 2002 , Oren said , `` Johnson sat around with his advisors and said , ' What if their intelligence sources are better than ours ? ' Johnson decided to fire off a Hotline message to his counterpart in the Kremlin , Alexei Kosygin , in which he said , ' We 've heard from the Israelis , but we ca n't corroborate it , that your proxies in the Middle East , the Egyptians , plan to launch an attack against Israel in the next 48 hours . If you do n't want to start a global crisis , prevent them from doing that . ' At 2 : 30 a.m. on May 27 , Soviet Ambassador to Egypt Dimitri Pojidaev knocked on Nasser 's door and read him a personal letter from Kosygin in which he said , ' We do n't want Egypt to be blamed for starting a war in the Middle East . If you launch that attack , we can not support you . ' According to Oren , Nasser knew that operation Dawn was already set to be launched in only few hours time , at sunrise . His mood soured since he realized that Israel had accessed Egyptian secrets and compromised them . Nasser hurried to an emergency meeting at the headquarters , and told Amer about the exposure of Dawn and asked him to cancel the planned attack . Amer consulted his sources in the Kremlin , and they corroborated the substance of Kosygin 's message . Despondent , Amer told the commander of Egypt 's air force , Major General Mahmud Sidqi , that the operation was cancelled . '' The cancellation orders arrived to the pilots when they were already in their planes , awaiting the final go ahead . According to then Egyptian Vice-President Hussein el - Shafei , as soon as Nasser knew what Amer planned , he cancelled the operation . According to John Quigley , there is thin evidence that there was any Egyptian plan to attack Israel that would actually have been carried out . Abdel Magid Farid , suggests that Nasser did actually consider the first strike option until early on 27 May , when he was hauled out of bed at mid night by the Soviet Union ambassador ( his only source of arms and spare parts ) and warned not to precipitate a confrontation . Other evidence , however , suggests he never intended to strike first . Nasser rejected the first strike option as politically impossible as he felt it would provide a pretext for Israel and the U.S , and alienate the Soviets . All of Nasser 's plans were based on an assumption the Israelis would strike first . The crisis and diplomacy The Israeli government asked the U.S. and UK to open the Straits of Tiran , as they had guaranteed they would in 1957 . Harold Wilson 's proposal of an international maritime force to quell the crisis was adopted by President Johnson , but received little support , with only Britain and the Netherlands offering to contribute ships . The British cabinet later stated that there was a new balance of power in the Middle East , led by the United Arab Republic , that was A ) to the detriment of Israel and the Western powers and B) something Israel was going to have to learn to live with . United Nations Secretary - General U Thant also went to Cairo to help negotiate an agreement to avoid conflict . UN Secretary General , U Thant , visited Cairo for mediation and a renewed diplomatic effort to solve the crisis . Talks failed as President Nasser kept the straits closed and Israel refused to accept the UN troops on its side of the border . Most American diplomats who worked in the Middle East were sympathetic to Nasser 's views on the Straits , with several of them arguing that the US should ignore both its on - the - record promises to Israel regarding the Straits being open and international law ; a few diplomats who were not as impressed by threats from Arab nations advised the Johnson Administration to back the flotilla option as a `` show of force '' that would forestall war from breaking out . The US also tried to mediate , and Nasser agreed to send his vice-president to Washington to explore a diplomatic settlement . The meeting did not happen because Israel launched its offensive . On May 30 , Nasser responded to Johnson 's request of 11 days earlier and agreed to send his Vice President , Zakkariya Muhieddin , to Washington on June 7 to explore a diplomatic settlement in `` precisely the opening the White House had sought '' . Jordan joins Egypt During May and June the Israeli government had worked hard to keep Jordan out of any war ; it was concerned about being attacked on multiple fronts , and did not want to have to deal with the Jordanian West Bank . Israel called upon Jordan numerous times to refrain from hostilities . Israel 's own sense of concern regarding Jordan 's future role originated in the Jordanian control of the West Bank . This put Arab forces just 17 kilometers from Israel 's coast , a jump - off point from which a well - coordinated tank assault would likely cut Israel in two within half an hour . Hussein had doubled the size of Jordan 's army in the last decade and had US training and arms delivered as recently as early 1967 , and it was feared that it could be used by other Arab states as staging grounds for operations against Israel ; thus , attack from the West Bank was always viewed by the Israeli leadership as a threat to Israel 's existence . However , Jordan 's King Hussein got caught up in the wave of pan-Arab nationalism preceding the war ; . According to Mutawi , Hussein was caught on the horns of a galling dilemma : allow Jordan to be dragged into war and face the brunt of the Israeli response , or remain neutral and risk full - scale insurrection among his own people . Army Commander - in - Chief General Sharif Zaid Ben Shaker warned in a press conference that `` If Jordan does not join the war a civil war will erupt in Jordan '' . However , according to Avi Shlaim , Hussein 's actions were prompted by his feelings of Arab nationalism . An extremely important change took place on May 30 , when Jordan signed a mutual defense treaty with Egypt , thereby joining the military alliance already in place between Egypt and Syria . The move surprised both Egyptians and foreign observers , because President Nasser had generally been at odds with Hussein , calling him an `` imperialist lackey '' just days earlier . Nasser said that any differences between him and Hussein were erased `` in one moment '' and declared : `` Our basic objective will be the destruction of Israel . The Arab people want to fight . '' At the end of May 1967 , Jordanian forces were given to the command of an Egyptian general , Abdul Munim Riad . On the same day , Nasser proclaimed : `` The armies of Egypt , Jordan and Syria are poised on the borders of Israel ... to face the challenge , while standing behind us are the armies of Iraq , Algeria , Kuwait , Sudan and the whole Arab nation . This act will astound the world . Today they will know that the Arabs are arranged for battle , the critical hour has arrived . We have reached the stage of serious action and not of more declarations . '' The U.S president envoy reported from Cairo on 30 May that Nasser `` can not and will not retreat '' and `` he would probably welcome , but not seek , military showdown with Israel '' . On June 3 , days before the war , Egypt flew to Amman two battalions of commandos tasked with infiltrating Israel 's borders and engaging in attacks and bombings so as to draw IDF into a Jordanian front and ease the pressure on the Egyptians . Soviet - made artillery and Egyptian military supplies and crews were also flown to Jordan . Arab States preparations At the same time several other Arab states not bordering Israel , including Iraq , Sudan , Kuwait and Algeria , began mobilizing their armed forces . Writing from Egypt on June 4 , 1967 , New York Times journalist James Reston observed : `` Cairo does not want war and it is certainly not ready for war . But it has already accepted the possibility , even the likelihood , of war , as if it had lost control of the situation . '' President Abdul Rahman Arif of Iraq said that `` the existence of Israel is an error which must be rectified . This is an opportunity to wipe out the ignominy which has been with us since 1948 '' . The Iraqi Prime Minister predicted that `` there will be practically no Jewish survivors '' . In May 1967 , Hafez al - Assad , then Syria 's Defense Minister declared : `` Our forces are now entirely ready not only to repulse the aggression , but to initiate the act of liberation itself , and to explode the Zionist presence in the Arab homeland . The Syrian Army , with its finger on the trigger , is united ... I , as a military man , believe that the time has come to enter into a battle of annihilation . '' Developments in Israel Further information : Waiting period ( Six - Day War ) Spurred by the virulent Arab rhetoric , mounting concern and pressure from the media , public bellicose statements by their military , the unexpected major battle over Syria in April , the consequences thereof for the Egyptian - Syrian defense agreement , the expulsion of UNEF , and the mobilization of Egyptian troops into Sinai , the Israeli public sense was of heightened fear and of an approaching holocaust . Yitzhak Rabin reported that the cabinet was deadlocked over the issue of the blockade . Interior Minister Haim - Moshe Shapira in particular had pointed out that the Straits had been closed from 1951 to 1956 without the situation endangering Israel 's security . Nonetheless , on May 22 General Rabin reported to Israel 's cabinet that the Egyptian forces were in a defensive posture , that they were not being deployed to attack . The IDF concluded that Nasser meant to intervene in case of an Israeli attack against Syria . On 23 May , Rabin realized that by blocking the Tiran straits , Nasser probably understood that he was going to war . The Israeli cabinet met on May 23 and decided to launch an attack if the Straits of Tiran were not re-opened by May 25 . Following an approach from United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Eugene Rostow to allow time for the negotiation of a nonviolent solution , Israel agreed to a delay of ten days to two weeks . On May 24 Prime Minister Eshkol told his generals : `` Nobody ever said we were an army for preventive war ... I do not accept the mere fact that the Egyptian army is deployed in Sinai makes war inevitable ... You did not receive all these weapons in order for you to say that now we are ready and well - equipped to destroy the Egyptian army , so we must do it '' . U.S. intelligence likewise did not expect Egypt to attack in the absence of an Israeli invasion of Syria . On May 26 the United States communicated that assessment to Israel . On 30 May Jordan joined Egypt and Israel felt threatened also by the opening of Jordan to Iraqi and other Arab troops and an Israeli preemptive attack became more likely . While the generals were more troubled by the tanks and fighter airplanes that Nasser kept pouring into Sinai , the Israeli government were preoccupied with the Tiran Straits closure . Within Israel 's political leadership , it was decided that if the US would not act , and if the UN could not act , then Israel would have to act . On 1 June , Moshe Dayan was made Israeli Defense Minister , and on June 3 the Johnson administration gave an ambiguous statement ; Israel continued to prepare for war . Israel 's attack against Egypt on June 5 began what would later be dubbed the Six - Day War . CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The first page of the draft of the `` special estimate '' that predicted the outcome of the war Who would win the war The CIA assessed that Israel could `` defend successfully against simultaneous Arab attacks on all fronts ... or hold on any three fronts while mounting successfully a major offensive on the fourth . '' Days before the war , the C.I.A assessed that Israel failed to take the instant military counteraction to Nasser 's steps which might have been most effective . An attack would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost Israel heavy losses of men and materiel , and doubted if Israel had sufficient war supply for a few weeks war . The Soviet leadership considered the armed forces of Egypt , Syria , Algeria and Iraq as superior to the IDF in number of troops , tanks , planes , ships and amount of armaments . They had been equipped with the most modern weapons , and had received high - level training from the Soviets . They estimated mistakenly , that Israel was militarily weak , and operated under the illusion that Arab armies could easily repel any Israeli attack and defeat the IDF on the battlefield . Retrospective Israel : was the war imminent ? Israel viewed the Straits of Tiran as a vital interest , through which Israel received vital imports , mainly oil from Iran , and a blockade threatened Israel 's ability to develop the Negev . Former Chief of Staff of the armed forces , Haim Bar - Lev ( a deputy chief during the war ) stated : `` the entrance of the Egyptians into Sinai was not a casus belli , '' but argued instead that the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran ultimately caused the war . After the closing of the Straits of Tiran , Israeli Foreign Minister , Abba Eban , contended that this was enough to start the war . Eban said , `` From May the 24th onward , the question who started the war or who fired the first shot became momentously irrelevant . There is no difference in civil law between murdering a man by slow strangulation or killing him by a shot in the head ... From the moment at which the blockade was posed , active hostilities had commenced , and Israel owed Egypt nothing of her Charter rights . '' While not viewed by the Israeli military as an imminent threat , the presence of a long - term direct and ' immediate ' threat on the border would require the IDF to mobilize its reserves and stand ready , thus severely disrupting normal life in Israel at intolerable economic cost . Writing in 2002 , American National Public Radio journalist Mike Shuster expressed a view that was prevalent in Israel before the war that the country `` was surrounded by Arab states dedicated to its eradication . Egypt was ruled by Gamal Abdel Nasser , a firebrand nationalist whose army was the strongest in the Arab Middle East . Syria was governed by the radical Baathist Party , constantly issuing threats to push Israel into the sea . '' With what Israel saw as provocative acts by Nasser , including the blockade of the Straits and the mobilization of forces in the Sinai , creating military and economic pressure , and the United States temporizing because of its entanglement in the Vietnam War , Israel 's political and military elite came to feel that preemption was not merely militarily preferable , but transformative . Major General Mattityahu Peled , the Chief of Logistics for the Armed Forces during the war , said the survival argument was `` a bluff which was born and developed only after the war ... When we spoke of the war in the General Staff , we talked of the political ramifications if we did n't go to war -- what would happen to Israel in the next 25 years . Never of survival today . '' Peled also stated that `` To pretend that the Egyptian forces massed on our frontiers were in a position to threaten the existence of Israel constitutes an insult not only to the intelligence of anyone capable of analyzing this sort of situation , but above all an insult to Zahal ( Israeli military ) . '' In a 30 March 1968 Ma'ariv interview Defense Minister Moshe Dayan explained : `` What do you mean , ( the war was ) unavoidable ? It was , of course , possible to avoid the war if the Straits ( of Tiran ) had stayed closed to Israeli shipping . Menachem Begin also stated that `` The Egyptian army concentrations in the Sinai approaches did not prove that Nasser was really about to attack us . We must be honest with ourselves . We decided to attack him . '' According to Martin van Creveld , the IDF pressed for war : `` ... the concept of ' defensible borders ' was not even part of the IDFs own vocabulary . Anyone who will look for it in the military literature of the time will do so in vain . Instead , Israel 's commanders based their thought on the 1948 war and , especially , their 1956 triumph over the Egyptians in which , from then Chief of Staff Dayan down , they had gained their spurs . When the 1967 crisis broke they felt certain of their ability to win a ' decisive , quick and elegant ' victory , as one of their number , General Haim Bar Lev , put it , and pressed the government to start the war as soon as possible '' . That the announcement of the blockade of the Strait of Tiran paved the way for war is disputed by Major General Indar Jit Rikhye , military adviser to the United Nations Secretary General , who called the accusation of a blockade `` questionable , '' pointing out that an Israeli - flagged ship had not passed through the straits in two years , and that `` The U.A.R. ( Egyptian ) navy had searched a couple of ships after the establishment of the blockade and thereafter relaxed its implementation . '' Did Israel plan a war ? For According to the U.S. assessment , Egypt had no intention of attacking Israel , and the Americans desperately tried to dissuade Israel from invading Egypt . The U.S. further views that Jordan and Syria only entered the war as a response to Israel 's invasion of Egypt . The USSR had come to similar conclusions : `` ... it is clear that the Soviet assessment from mid-May 1967 that Israel was about to strike at Syria was correct and well founded , and was not merely based on the public threats issued by Eshkol , Rabin and Yariv . '' . Against Some of Israel 's political leaders , however , hoped for a diplomatic solution . The U.S. President at the time , Lyndon Johnson , said that action by Egypt was the leading cause of the war : If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other , it was the arbitrary and dangerous announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed . The right of innocent , maritime passage must be preserved for all nations . According to Szabo , many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . According to Ferris , Nasser 's decisions to ask for the removal of UNEF from Sinai and to block the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping , are commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable . Did Egypt plan a war ? For According to Shlaim & Louis , in the end of May 1967 , Nasser claimed in a public speech to have been aware of the Straits of Tiran closure implications : `` Taking over Sharm El Sheikh meant confrontation with Israel . It also means that we ready to enter a general war with Israel . It was not a separate operation '' . General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji , the commander of the Sinai front in 1967 , wrote that the failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures , which he found through the 1967 war . Against Yitzhak Rabin , who served as the Chief of the General Staff for Israel during the war stated : `` I do not believe that Nasser wanted war . The two divisions he sent into Sinai on May 14 would not have been enough to unleash an offensive against Israel . He knew it and we knew it . '' Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban wrote in his autobiography that he found `` Nasser 's assurance that he did not plan an armed attack '' convincing , adding that `` Nasser did not want war ; he wanted victory without war '' . Some analysts suggest that Nasser took actions aimed at reaping political gains , which he knew carried a high risk of precipitating military hostilities . On this view , Nasser 's willingness to take such risks was based on his fundamental underestimation of Israel 's capacity for independent and effective military action . The war Consequences Main article : Six - Day War See also : Controversies relating to the Six - Day War On June 1 , Israel formed a National Unity Government , and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that was the opening of the Six - Day War . Controversy remains as to whether Israel 's attack was a preemptive strike or an unjustified attack . Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . Historian Michael Oren writes that Rusk was `` mad as hell '' and that Johnson later wrote `` I have never concealed my regret that Israel decided to move when it did '' . See also Six - Day War 1949 Armistice Agreements Suez Crisis Notes Jump up ^ Sources on the expulsion of UN forces : `` In 1967 , Egypt ordered the UN troops out and blocked Israeli shipping routes -- adding to already high levels of tension between Israel and its neighbours . '' `` Israel and the Palestinians in depth , 1967 : Six Day War '' , BBC . Accessed July 17 , 2010 . `` Buoyed by the almost universal Arab acclaim he received for his actions , Nasser expelled the UNEF forces and announced the closing of the Straits of Tiran '' Robert Owen Freedman . World Politics and the Arab - Israeli Conflict , Pergamon Press , 1979 , p. 79 . `` The Israeli attack ended a nerve - wracking three weeks of waiting ... begun when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser expelled the United Nations peacekeepers from the Gaza Strip and the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula , blockaded the nearby Straits of Tiran to Israeli ships , and deployed his massive army along the Israeli border . '' Dan Perry , Alfred Ironside . Israel and the Quest for Permanence , McFarland , 1999 , p. 18 . `` Soon after Nasser expelled UN forces from the Sinai , Secretary of State Dean Rusk directed State Department officials in Washington , New York , and Moscow to urge the Soviets to restrain their Arab friends . '' Nigel John Ashton . Cold War in the Middle East : Regional Conflict and the Superpowers 1967 -- 73 , Routledge , 2007 , p. 18 . `` Nasser ... closed the Gulf of Aqaba to shipping , cutting off Israel from its primary oil supplies . He told UN peacekeepers in the Sinai Peninsula to leave . He then sent scores of tanks and hundreds of troops into the Sinai closer to Israel . The Arab world was delirious with support , '' `` The Mideast : A Century of Conflict Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' , NPR morning edition , October 3 , 2002 . Accessed December 28 , 2008 . `` ... a Middle East crisis erupted on May 16 , 1967 , when Nasser expelled the UN troops that had policed the Sinai since the end of the Suez - Sinai War in 1957 . '' Peter L Hahn . Crisis and Crossfire : The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 , Potomac Books , 2005 , p. 50 . `` In May , 1967 President Nasser expelled UNEF from Egypt and set in train the events that precipitated Israel 's blitzkrieg invasion and conquest of the Sinai . '' JL Granatstein . Canadian Foreign Policy : Historical Readings , Copp Clark Pitman , 1986 , p. 236 . Footnotes Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Special Report and Add. 1 / 3 Report of the Secretary - General on the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force A / 6730 and Add. 1 / 3 26 June 1967 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security & Foreign Policy , p. 111 ( University of Michigan Press , 2009 ) : `` It is most important to reiterate the conclusion of most scholarly accounts of the crisis : this was a process of unwanted escalation , which everybody wanted to prevent , but all were responsible for making this escalation unavoidable . '' ^ Jump up to : Ian J. Bickerton ( 15 September 2009 ) . The Arab - Israeli Conflict : A History . Reaktion Books . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 527 - 1 . ( P. 111 ) It is generally assumed that the June war was fought because in May Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . ( P. 113 ) on 23 May 1967 , knowing that it might very likely provide Israel with the trigger it needed to launch a war , Nasser made the fateful step of closing the Straits of Tiran . ^ Jump up to : Jesse Ferris ( 23 December 2012 ) . Nasser 's Gamble : How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six - Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power . Princeton University Press . p. 286 . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 4523 - 8 . Both the decision to demand the removal of UNEF from Sinai and the decision to close the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping - commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable - ^ Jump up to : Kinga Tibori Szabó ( 22 August 2011 ) . Anticipatory Action in Self - Defence : Essence and Limits under International Law . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 147 , 148 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 796 - 8 . ( p. 147 ) The sequence of events that led to the Israeli pre-emptive strike did indeed create a situation where an armed attack seemed unavoidable . ( p. 148 ) Many commentators treat it ( the six day war ) as the locus classicus of anticipatory action in self defence ^ Jump up to : John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Terence Taylor ... wrote in 2004 ... that `` many scholars '' considered Israel to have `` conducted the ( 1967 ) action in anticipatory of self - defense Jump up ^ John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Analysts in fields other than law began to question the original Israeli view of the 1967 war as declassified documentation from the major powers began to be released . ( ... ) Mary Ellen O'Connell ( ... ) said , `` we now know that Israel acted on less than convincing evidence . Thus , the 1967 war does not provide an actual example of lawful anticipatory self - defence '' ( ... ) Richard Falk asserted in 2012 that the view Israel acted in self - defence was by then `` increasingly contested by diplomatic historians '' Jump up ^ Rauschning ; Wiesbrock ; Lailach ( 1997 ) , p. 30 Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , pp. 504 , 507 -- 8 . Jump up ^ First United Nations Emergency Force ( Unef I ) -- Background ( Full text ) , UN Jump up ^ http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=273&CdnOpId=427 Jump up ^ Some sources date the agreement to November 4 , others to November 7 . Most sources simply say `` November '' . Gawrych ( 2000 ) p. 5 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Zeev , History of the Israeli Army , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) p. 145 . Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill , The Six Day War , Houghton Mifflin Company ( 1967 ) p. 21 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth , Arabs at war : military effectiveness 1948 - 1991 , University of Nebraska Press ( 2002 ) , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , pp. 149 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Hart , 1989 p. 226 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 / 2003 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Burrowes & Douglas 1972 , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19661117&id=TcQtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1J8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,3583635 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Govrin , Yosef . Israeli - Soviet relations , 1953 - 67 : from confrontation to disruption /. 1st ed . Portland : Frank Cass , 1998 . Pages 3 - 58 , 221 - 324 Jump up ^ Shlaim ( 2007 ) p. 238 . Jump up ^ Mutawi ( 2007 ) p. 93 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Meir , Golda ( 1 March 1957 ) , Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , The State of Israel : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits Jump up ^ Churchill pp. 52 , 77 . ^ Jump up to : Schmemann , Serge ( 11 May 1997 ) . `` General 's Words Shed a New Light on the Golan '' . The New York Times See also Shlaim 2001 , pp. 235 - 236 ; Eyal Zisser , June 1967 : Israel 's capture of the Golan Heights , Israel Studies , Vol 7 , 168 - 194 ... ^ Jump up to : Elie Podeh ; Asher Kaufman ; Moshe Maoz ( 2006 ) . Arab - Jewish Relations : From Conflict to Resolution ( Hardcover ed . ) . Sussex Academic Press . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903900 - 68 - 0 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 131 -- 2 Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 131 Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Michael Oren '' . The Jerusalem Post . 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Sitta , The Line of 1967 - 1949 , Part 3 - `` The mysterious line of June 4 , 1967 '' , October 1999 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Shemesh 2008 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Moshe Gat ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ( on 1965 ) Nasser too , assured the American under Secretary of state , Philip Talbot , that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnston plan Jump up ^ Sosland , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) Cooperating Rivals : The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin , SUNY Press , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 7201 - 9 p 70 Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . Penguin Books . pp. 229 , 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028870 - 4 . In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo . The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by Israel 's diversion of water ... The preamble to its decision stated : `` The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall . And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation , the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence . Accordingly , the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political , economic and social aspects , so that if necessary results are not achieved , collective Arab military preparations , when they are not completed , will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel Jump up ^ Greg Shapland ( 1997 ) . Rivers of Discord : International Water Disputes in the Middle East . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 13 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 214 - 4 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Masahiro Murakami ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East ; Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . pp. 287 -- 297 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 808 - 0858 - 2 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . The book appears in : http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0m.htm . The initial diversion capacity of the National Water Carrier without supplementary booster pumps was 320 million m3 , well within the limits of the Johnston Plan ... Shortly before completion of the Israeli Water Carrier in 1964 , an Arab summit conference decided to try to thwart it . Discarding direct military attack , the Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwater ... he Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwaters ... diversion of both the Hasbani and the Banias to the Yarmouk ... According to neutral assessments , the scheme was only marginally feasible ; it was technically difficult and expensive ... Political considerations cited by the Arabs in rejecting the 1955 Johnston Plan were revived to justify the diversion scheme . Particular emphasis was placed on the Carrier 's capability to enhance Israel 's capacity to absorb immigrants to the detriment of Palestinian refugees . In response , Israel stressed that the National Water Carrier was within the limits of the Johnston Plan ... the Arabs started work on the Headwater Diversion project in 1965 . Israel declared that it would regard such diversion as an infringement of its sovereign rights . According to estimates , completion of the project would have deprived Israel of 35 % of its contemplated withdrawal from the upper Jordan , constituting one - ninth of Israel 's annual water budget ... In a series of military strikes , Israel hit the diversion works . The attacks culminated in April 1967 in air strikes deep inside Syria . The increase in water - related Arab - Israeli hostility was a major factor leading to the June 1967 war . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix C : Historical review of the political riparian issues in the development of the Jordan River and basin management '' . Murakami. 1995 . Jump up ^ Koboril and Glantz 1998 , pp. 129 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Rabil 2003 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Sachar , 2007 . pp. 615 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Parker 1996 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Borowiec 1998 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Alteras 1993 , p. 246 Jump up ^ Brecher 1996 . Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , pp. 503 - 505 . Jump up ^ Brecher 1996 p. 106 Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Colaresi , 2005 , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Gluska , Ami ( 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , armed forces and defence policy 1963 - 1967 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16377 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bar - Joseph , Uri ( July 1996 ) . `` Rotem : The Forgotten Crisis on Road to the 1967 War '' . Journal of Contemporary History . Sage Publications . 31 ( 3 ) : 547 -- 566 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200949603100306 . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security and Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0472033417 . Jordan and Egypt refused to let guerrillas from the newly formed Palestinian Liberation Organization ( PLO ) operate from their territory . In contrast , the Ba'ath regime in Syria provided both logistical and practical support to the PLO . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security and Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0472033417 . Jump up ^ Oren 2005 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 23 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 33 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Prittie 1969 , pp. 245 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami ( 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War . Routledge . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39245 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 26 ( citing Amman Cables 1456 , 1457 , 11 December 1966 , National Security Files ( Country File : Middle East ) , LBJ Library ( Austin , Texas ) , Box 146 ) . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum From the President 's Special Assistant ( Rostow ) to President Johnson '' . Washington . 15 November 1966 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2005 . Retrieved 22 October 2005 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 228 Jump up ^ ' King Husain orders nation - wide military service ' , The Times , Monday , 21 November 1966 ; pg. 8 ; Issue 56794 ; col D . Jump up ^ ' Unified Arab command criticizes Jordan 's actions ' , The Times Saturday , November 26 , 1966 ; pg. 6 ; Issue 56799 ; col D . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , page 127 Jump up ^ Parker 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Ben - Yehûdā and Sandler , 2002 , State University of New York Press , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 186 -- 87 Jump up ^ Gilbert 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 132 Jump up ^ Hajjar 1999 Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 132 -- 3 , 187 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , Table 4 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/c.hsJPK0PIJpH/b.2715623/k.16D2/Breakdown_of_Attacks_Against_Israel_Leading_up_to_the_SixDay_War.htm Jump up ^ Segev , Tom , 2007 , op. cit. , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : `` OpenDocument Yearbook of the United Nations 1967 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hrjTvWZkgY Jump up ^ 1949 Israeli - Syrian Armistice agreement Jump up ^ Rikhye 1980 , p. 143 ( author interview ) . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 93 Jump up ^ ' Intentions of Syria Crucial : Mr. Eban surveys Israel 's hopes and anxieties ' , The Times , Thursday , 23 February 1967 ; pg. 4 ; Issue 56873 ; col A . Jump up ^ Embattled neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon , By Robert G Rabil , p. 15 - 16. , They followed to a great extent a pattern of action and reaction . Israel would move tractors and equipment , often guarded by police , into disputed areas of the DMZ . From its high ground positions . Syria would fire at those advancing , and would frequently shell Israeli settlements in the Huleh Valley . Israel would retaliate with excessive raids on Syrian positions , including the use of air power . Jump up ^ The defense policies of nations : a comparative study , by Douglas Murray , Paul R. Viotti , p. 500 ^ Jump up to : Gluska , op . cit. , p. 100 Jump up ^ Gluska , op . cit. , p. 101 Jump up ^ Bowen ( 11 April 1967 ) . `` Report of ground / air action on Israeli / Syrian border on 7 April 1967 , from Defence and Military Attaché 's office '' . Tel Aviv . pp. 30 -- 31 . ( subscription required ) ; also `` Syria / Israel , account of incident from Eastern Department ; attack on Sqoufiye reported by UNTSO PRO / FCO 17 / 473 '' . 10 April 1967 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Aloni 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ ' Jets and tanks in fierce clash by Israel and Syria ' , The Times , Saturday , 8 April 1967 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 56910 ; col A . Jump up ^ Segev , Tom , op . cit. , p. 253 Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 99 Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 256 Jump up ^ Moshe Shemesh ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism , and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . p. 169 . Jump up ^ ' Warning by Israelis Stresses Air Power ' , New York Times , 12 May 1967 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Feron , 13 May 1967 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1967 , p. 1 col E . Jump up ^ Greg Cashman ; Leonard C. Robinson ( 1 March 2007 ) . An Introduction to the Causes of War : Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3654 - 0 . In April 1967 , after meeting with Nasser , ... Lucius Battle , reported back to Washington ... that the Egyptian leader was anxious to create a forein policy crisis in order to deflect mounting internal pressure against his regime Jump up ^ Dayton Mak ( July 10 , 1991 ) . `` Foreign Affairs Oral History Project , ASSISTANT SECRETARY LUCIUS D. BATTLE Interview '' . The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . Nasser was in real trouble , economically and politically ... I predicted that Nasser was about to do something dramatic ... ( optionally ) to heat up the Israeli situation , ... The Egyptians soon thereafter began to make unfortunate comments about the Israeli situation . The rest is history . The war came and Nasser never recovered from his decline which started before the war and accelerated after it . ^ Jump up to : Egypt : A Country Study , U.S. Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : `` Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' , NPR : `` In the spring of that year ( 1967 ) , the Soviet Union had led the radical government in Damascus to believe that Israel was planning to invade Syria . Syria shared this misinformation with Nasser . The Egyptian leader closed the Gulf of Aqaba to shipping , cutting off Israel 's primary oil supplies . He also ordered United Nations peacekeepers to leave the Sinai Peninsula . And he sent scores of tanks and hundreds of troops into the Sinai toward Israel . '' Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Black 1992 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Benny Morris Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist - Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 2001 . Pg 304 ^ Jump up to : Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Lorch , Netanel ( 2003 - 09 - 02 ) . `` The Arab - Israeli Wars '' . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 118 & 123 Jump up ^ Quigley , John , 2012 , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 447 - 450 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John , 2012 , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 431 - 436 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , John Quigley , p. 16 Jump up ^ U Thant , The United Nations Secretary - General ( 26 June 1967 ) . `` Report of the Secretary - General on the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force , General Assembly A / 6730 & Add. 1 - 3 & A / 6730 / Add. 3 / Corr. 1 '' . Brigadier Mokhtar , who handed General Fawzy 's letter to the Commander of UNEF , told General Rikhye at the time that he must order the immediate withdrawal of United Nations troops from El Sabha and Sharm el Sheikh on the night of 16 May since United Arab Republic armed forces must gain control of these two places that very night Jump up ^ Michael K. Carroll ( 1 January 2010 ) . Pearson 's Peacekeepers : Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force , 1956 - 67 . UBC Press . pp. 164 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 5886 - 1 . it was imperative that UAR forces occupied the strategic positions of Sharm el Seikh Jump up ^ Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . to evacuate ... Sharm el Sheikh that very night Jump up ^ Andrzej Sitkowski ( 1 January 2006 ) . UN Peacekeeping : Myth and Reality . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 51 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99214 - 9 . Brigadier Mokhtar verbally requested the immediate withdrawal of the U.N units from El - Sabha and Sharm El Sheikh Jump up ^ Rikhye 1980 , pp. 16 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John ( December 2012 ) . `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , Kindle Location 485 . Cambridge University Press . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 274 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ United Nations , op . cit . Jump up ^ BBC On this Day , 1967 : Israel launches attack on Egypt . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ United Nations , `` First United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF I ) -- Background '' Jump up ^ Rostow , Eugene V. , `` Legal Aspects for the Search for Peace in the Middle East '' , 1970 , The American Journal of International Law Vol. 64 , No. 4 , The United Nations : Appraisal at 25 Years , p. 67 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rostow , `` The Perils of Positivism '' , 1992 , DUKE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL LAW , Vol 2.2 , p. 233 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Oren , Michael B. , 2002 , `` Six - day Storm : The June 1967 War and the Creation of the Modern Middle East '' , Oxford University Press , P. 75 Jump up ^ Oren , 2002 , op . cit. , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quigley , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 495 - 497 Jump up ^ Quigley , 2012 , op. cit. , Kindle location 508 Jump up ^ Quigley , 2012 , op. cit. , Kindle locations 504 - 507 Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Neff , David . Warriors for Jerusalem : the six days that changed the Middle East , p. 88 ( Simon & Schuster , 1984 ) : `` In separate messages to the leading maritime powers , Eshkol warned : ' Israel would stop short of nothing to cancel the blockade . It is essential that President Nasser should not have any illusions . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , 1 March 1957 '' ( Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) : `` Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits . '' Jump up ^ `` Egypt Closes Gulf Of Aqaba To Israel Ships : Defiant move by Nasser raises Middle East tension '' , The Times , p. 1 ( May 23 , 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan 2012 p. 64 Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . 90 % of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967 '' ( PDF ) . 27 May 1967 . `` diverted as was a sister ship yesterday Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . sami sharaf ... the decision ( the closure of the Tiran straits ) was known ( to Nasser ) to make war inevitable Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . the occupation of Sharm - al - Sheikh would force the closure of the Tiran Straits Jump up ^ Nasser , Gamal . `` Statement to Arab Trade Unionists '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 13 March 2007 ... Jump up ^ Seale 1988 , p. 131 citing Stephens 1971 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ ' The Situation in the Middle East : Communications Relating to the Observance of the Armistice Agreements in the Period January -- May 1967 ' , Yearbook of the United Nations 1967 , Office of Public Information , United Nations , New York . Jump up ^ Christie 1999 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Roger letter to the New York Times , 9 June 1967 quoted in Finkelstein , 2003 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Bregman 2000 , p 47 . Jump up ^ Jia 1998 . Jump up ^ Ami Gluska ( 9 January 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963 -- 67 . Routledge . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 96596 - 2 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Quigley 1990 , pp. 166 -- 167 . ^ Jump up to : The Corfu Channel Case ( Merits ) , International Court of Justice , ICJ Reports , 1949 , pp. 27 -- 29 Archived 2016 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien 2001 , International Law , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Aldy & Al - Khoshman 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Aide - memoire from Egypt to the United States regarding Passage through the Straits of Tiran , 28 January 1950 . Jump up ^ Boczek 2005 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Oren ( 2002 ) , `` Amer 's Dawn '' , ( electronic ed . ) Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 102 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Tom Segev , `` 1967 '' , loc 4986 in the Kindle edition . `` Eshkol knew that no such danger had suddenly emerged over the past two days . He was obviously trying to mislead Eban , and through him President Johnson , in order to ensure U.S. support '' Jump up ^ Quandt 2005 , p. 31 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to President Johnson '' . 1967 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Tolan , Sandy ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War '' . April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Baylis Thomas , How Israel was won : a concise history of the Arab - Israeli conflict , Lexington Books , 1999 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Michael Oren ( 2002 , 24 June ) . 1967 : The unwanted war that made the Middle East . Transcript of speech to The Commonwealth Club of California . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 57 ( author interview , Cairo , 15 December 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Six - Day War and Israel Self - Defense '' , John Quigley , p. 34 ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Farid was the secretary - general of the Presidency , a cabinet level post , from 1959 to until Nasser 's death http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5195412&fileId=S0020743800065971 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Louis , 2012 , p68 - 69 Jump up ^ `` History of the UNEF '' . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Segev 1967 , pp. 82 , 175 - 191 . Jump up ^ quoted in Mutawi 2002 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Quandt , 2005 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : BBC On this Day , Egypt and Jordan unite against Israel . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Mutawi 2002 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Leibler 1972 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Reston , James ' The Issue in Cairo : Israel a US `` Base '' ' , New York Times , 5 June 1967 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ 67 War , Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Bard 2002 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 106 & 108 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 103 & 216 . Jump up ^ Rabin 1996 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Rabin 1996 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 28 Jump up ^ Gelpi 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Ben - Ami , 2005 , op . cit. , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John , `` Palestine and Israel : A challenge to justice '' , 1990 , Duke University Press , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 110 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 32 Jump up ^ Sherman Kent for the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates ( May 26 , 1967 ) . `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 Volume XIX , Arab - Israeli Crisis and War , 1967 , Document 79 79 . Memorandum From the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates to Director of Central Intelligence Helms '' . Washington . The most likely course seems to be for Nasser to hold to his present winnings as long as he can , and in as full measure as he can . As of the moment he has vastly enhanced his own prestige in Egypt and throughout the Arab world , diminished the standing of Israel and , at least for the moment , administered a serious setback to the US . Moreover , by simply standing where he is he places the Israelis in an extremely difficult position . He keeps the crisis at high pitch , and as long as this continues the Israelis must remain mobilized . This they can not do for long without adverse effects upon their economy . 5 . The Israelis face dismaying choices . Surprised and shaken by Nasser 's action , they failed to take the instant military counteraction which might have been most effective . If they attack now they will face far more formidable opposition than in the rapid campaign of 1956 . We believe that they would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost them heavy losses of men and materiel . We are not sure that they have sufficient stockpiles of ammunition and equipment for a war lasting more than three or four weeks , and it is possible that they would not embark upon a major campaign without prior assurances from the US of adequate resupply . Jump up ^ Yaacov Ro'i ; Boris Morozov ( 2008 ) . The Soviet Union and the June 1967 Six Day War . Stanford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5880 - 2 . According to the KGB 's deputy resident in Washington at that time , no one in Moscow had any doubt that Israel would be quickly defeated Jump up ^ Talal Nizameddin ( January 1999 ) . Russia and the Middle East : Towards a New Foreign Policy . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 26 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 380 - 6 . Moscow 's assumption that Israel was too weak to launch a pre emptive strike was proven wrong '' Jump up ^ Galia Golan ( 22 November 1990 ) . Soviet Policies in the Middle East : From World War Two to Gorbachev . CUP Archive . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 35859 - 0 . there reportedly were Soviet estimates that the Arab armies could pursue a protracted war Jump up ^ Uri Bar - Noi . `` The Soviet Union And The Six - Day War : Revelations From The Polish Archives '' . Wilson Center . The Kremlin estimated mistakenly , as if turned out -- that Israel was militarily weak ... Moscow did its utmost to tone down the belligerent rhetoric of Egyptian and Syrian leaders ... Prior to the outbreak of hostilities , Soviet leadership operated under the illusion that Arab armed forces could easily repel any Israeli offensive and defeat the IDF on the battlefield . In retrospect , Brezhnev assured his audience that the armed forces of Egypt , Syria , Algeria and Iraq were superior to the IDF in number of troops and amount of tanks , planes , ships and armaments . They had been equipped with the most modern weapons , and had received high - level training from Soviet ... the Soviet leader held Nasser solely responsible for this catastrophe . He claimed that the reckless closing of the Tiran Straits to the passage of Israeli ships provoked Israel to conduct a wider military campaign against its Arab neighbors . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=oUSbvWDgYucC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=israel+exports+straits+of+tiran&source=bl&ots=O7K5VdVC5W&sig=LmTJ_FYlvd92wz2XybPzLRwEyCU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DgmdUaOlMMG4rQH2joDwBQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=israel%20exports%20straits%20of%20tiran&f=false Jump up ^ `` Year In Review 1967 , UPI.com '' . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Middle East : Was the War Necessary ? ( 1972 , 19 June ) . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ Gerteiny & Ziegler 2007 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Bober 1972 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Begin , Menachen . `` Foreign Relations since 1947 : 1982 -- 1984 '' . IL : MFA . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ van Creveld 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder : Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading to the Six - Day War of June 1967 . London : Rutledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 . Jump up ^ John Quigley , `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , p. 192 ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 118 Jump up ^ `` LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort '' , Eugene Register - Guard ( June 19 , 1967 ) . See also Johnson , Lyndon . `` Address at the State Department 's Foreign Policy Conference for Educators '' ( June 19 , 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 63 Jump up ^ `` General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji book review '' ( PDF ) . FAO Journal , VOLUME VIII , NUMBER 3 . September 2004 . p. 14 . In 1976 , General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji , an officer since 1937 and the commander of the Sinai front in 1967 , wrote a bold , scathing indictment of the Egyptian military in his book Al - Fariq Murtaji Yarwi Al - Haqiqa ( General Murtaji Narrates the Truth ) ... The failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures , which he found through the 1967 war Jump up ^ Eban 1977 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Rubenberg 1989 pp. 107 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ben - Ami , Shlomo , 2005 , `` Scars of War ; Wounds of Peace - the Israeli - Arab tragedy '' , Weidenfeld & Nicholson , p. 103 Jump up ^ James 2005 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 196 . References al - Qusi , Abdallah Ahmad Hamid. ( 1999 ) . Al - Wisam fi at - Ta'rikh . Cairo : Al - Mu'asasa al - ' Arabiya al - Haditha . No ISBN available . Aloni , Shlomo ( 2001 ) . Arab - Israeli Air Wars 1947 -- 1982 . Osprey Aviation . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 294 - 6 Alteras , Isaac . ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 8 . Bailey , Sydney ( 1990 ) . Four Arab - Israeli Wars and the Peace Process . London : The MacMillan Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 04649 - 9 . Bar - On , Mordechai ; Morris , Benny & Golani , Motti ( 2002 ) . Reassessing Israel 's Road to Sinai / Suez , 1956 : A `` Trialogue '' . In Gary A. Olson ( Ed . ) . Traditions and Transitions in Israel Studies : Books on Israel , Volume VI ( pp. 3 -- 42 ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5585 - 8 Bar - On , Mordechai ( 2006 ) . Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History , ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 Bard , Mitchell G. ( 2002 , 2008 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Middle East Conflict . NY : Alpha books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864410 - 7 . 4th Edition ISBN 1 - 59257 - 791 - 1 . Chapter 14 , `` Six Days to Victory '' is reproduced online as The 1967 Six - Day War . at the Jewish Virtual Library of the American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Ben - Gurion , David . ( 1999 ) . Ben - gurion diary : May -- June 1967 . Israel Studies 4 ( 2 ) , 199 - 220 . Black , Ian ( 1992 ) . Israel 's Secret Wars : A History of Israel 's Intelligence Services . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3286 - 3 Bober , Arie ( ed . ) ( 1972 ) . The other Israel . Doubleday Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 01467 - 8 . Boczek , Boleslaw Adam ( 2005 ) . International Law : A Dictionary . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5078 - 8 Borowiec , Andrew . ( 1998 ) . Modern Tunisia : A Democratic Apprenticeship . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96136 - 2 . Bowen , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . Six Days : How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East . London : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3095 - 7 Brams , Steven J. & Jeffrey M. Togman. ( 1998 ) . Camp David : Was the agreement fair ? In Paul F. Diehl ( Ed . ) , A Road Map to War : Territorial Dimensions of International Conflict . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1329 - 8 . Brecher , Michael . ( 1996 ) . Eban and Israeli foreign policy : Diplomacy , war and disengagement . In A Restless Mind : Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter , Benjamin Frankel ( ed . ) , pp. 104 -- 117 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4607 - 5 Bregman , Ahron. ( 2000 ) . Israel 's Wars , 1947 -- 1993 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21468 - 8 . Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 Burrowes , Robert & Muzzio , Douglas . ( 1972 ) . The Road to the Six Day War : Towards an Enumerative History of Four Arab States and Israel , 1965 - 67 . The Journal of Conflict Resolution , Vol. 16 , No. 2 , Research Perspectives on the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Symposium , pp. 211 -- 226 . Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) Intercultural Communication between Israel and Egypt : Deterrence Failure before the Six - Day war . Review of International Studies , Vol. 14 , No. 1 , pp. 1 -- 16 Christie , Hazel ( 1999 ) . Law of the Sea . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4382 - 4 Churchill , Randolph & Churchill , Winston . ( 1967 ) . The Six Day War . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 07532 - 7 Colaresi , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . Scare Tactics : The politics of international rivalry . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815630661 Eban , Abba ( 1977 ) . Abba Eban : An Autobiography . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49302 - 8 Ehteshami , Anoushiravan and Hinnebusch , Raymond A. ( 1997 ) . Syria & Iran : Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15675 - 0 Feron , James . ( 1967 , 13 May ) . Israelis ponder blow at Syrians ; Some leaders decide that force is the only way to curtail terrorism . The New York Times ( Fee required ) . El - Gamasy , Mohamed Abdel Ghani. ( 1993 ) . The October War . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 316 - 1 . Gawrych , George W. ( 2000 ) . The Albatross of Decisive Victory : War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab - Israeli Wars . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31302 - 4 . Available in multiple PDF files from the Combat Studies Institute and the Combined Arms Research Library , CSI Publications in parts . Gelpi , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Power of Legitimacy : Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09248 - 6 Gerner , Deborah J. ( 1994 ) . One Land , Two Peoples . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2180 - 8 , p. 112 Gerteiny , Alfred G. & Ziegler , Jean ( 2007 ) . The Terrorist Conjunction : The United States , the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , and Al - Qā'ida . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99643 - 3 , p. 142 Gilbert , Martin . ( 2008 ) . Israel -- A History . McNally & Loftin Publishers . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12363 - 5 . Chapter available online : Chapter 21 : Nasser 's Challenge . Goldstein , Erik ( 1992 ) . Wars and Peace Treaties , 1816 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07822 - 9 Green , Stephen J. ( 1984 ) . Taking Sides : America 's Secret Relations With Militant Israel . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 02643 - 5 . Griffin , David J. ( 2006 ) . Hawker Hunter 1951 to 2007 Lulu.com , 4 edition . ISBN 1 - 4303 - 0593 - 2 . Haddad , Yvonne. ( 1992 ) . Islamists and the `` Problem of Israel '' : The 1967 Awakening . Middle East Journal , Vol. 46 , No. 2 , pp. 266 -- 285 . Hajjar , Sami G . The Israel - Syria Track , Middle East Policy , Volume VI , February 1999 , Number 3 . Retrieved 30 September 2006 . Hammel , Eric ( 1992 ) . Six Days in June : How Israel Won the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 7535 - 6 Hattendorf , John B. ( 2000 ) . Naval Strategy and Power in the Mediterranean : Past , Present and Future . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8054 - 0 . Handel , Michael I. ( 1973 ) . Israel 's political - military doctrine . Center for International Affairs , Harvard University . ISBN 0 - 87674 - 025 - 5 Hart , Alan ( 1989 ) Arafat , A political biography . Indiana University Press ISBN 0 - 253 - 32711 - 3 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1982 ) . The Arab - Israeli Wars . Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 367 - 0 Herbert , Nicholas ( 1967 , 17 May ) . Egyptian Forces On Full Alert : Ready to fight for Syria . The Times , p. 1 ; Issue 56943 ; col E . Herzog , Chaim ( 1989 ) . Heroes of Israel : Profiles of Jewish Courage . Little Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35901 - 7 . Higham , Robin . ( 2003 ) . 100 Years of Air Power and Aviation . TAMU Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 241 - 0 . Hinnebusch , Raymond A. ( 2003 ) . The international politics of the Middle East . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5346 - 7 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2004 ) . Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2008 ) . The Six - Day War ( June 1967 ) . `` Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up '' , Washington Post , 17 August 1995 , p . A. 30 ( Fee required ) . James , Laura ( 2005 ) . The Nassar And His Enemies : Foreign Policy Decision Making In Egypt On The Eve Of The Six Day War . The Middle East Review of International Affairs . Volume 9 , No. 2 , Article 2 . `` Israelis Say Tape Shows Nasser Fabricated ' Plot ' ; Recording Said to Be of Phone Call to Hussein Gives Plan to Accuse U.S. and Britain '' ( PDF ( subscription required ) ) . The New York Times . 1967 - 06 - 09 . p. 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . Jia , Bing Bing . ( 1998 ) . The Regime of Straits in International Law ( Oxford Monographs in International Law ) . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826556 - 5 . Koboril , Iwao and Glantz , Michael H. ( 1998 ) . Central Eurasian Water Crisis . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0925 - 3 Krauthammer , Charles ( 2007 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Prelude to the Six Days '' . The Washington Post . pp. A23 . ISSN 0740 - 5421 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Lavoy , Peter R. ; Sagan , Scott Douglas & Wirtz , James J. ( Eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Planning the Unthinkable : How New Powers Will Use Nuclear , Biological , and Chemical Weapons . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8704 - 8 . Leibler , Isi ( 1972 ) . The Case For Israel . Australia : The Executive Council of Australian Jewry . ISBN 0 - 9598984 - 0 - 9 . Lenczowski , George . ( 1990 ) . American Presidents and the Middle East . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0972 - 6 . Lyndon Baines Johnson Library . ( 1994 ) . Transcript , Robert S. McNamara Oral History , Special Interview I , 3 / 26 / 93 , by Robert Dallek , Internet Copy , LBJ Library . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . McNamara : US Near War in ' 67 . ( 1983 , 16 Sep . ) . Boston Globe . P. 1 . ( Fee required ) . Mansour , Camille. ( 1994 ) . Beyond Alliance : Israel and US Foreign Policy . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08492 - 7 . Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security & Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03341 - 6 Morris , Benny ( 2001 ) Righteous Victims New York , Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74475 - 7 Miller , Benjamin . ( 2007 ) . States , Nations , and the Great Powers : The Sources of Regional War and Peace . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 69161 - 3 Murakami , Masahiro. ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East : Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0858 - 3 . Mutawi , Samir ( 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52858 - 5 Nordeen , Lon & Nicole , David . ( 1996 ) . Phoenix over the Nile : A history of Egyptian Air Power 1932 -- 1994 . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 626 - 3 . `` Mediterranean Eskadra '' . ( 2000 ) . Federation of American Scientists . Oren , Michael ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515174 - 7 Oren , Michael . ( 2005 ) . The Revelations of 1967 : New Research on the Six Day War and Its Lessons for the Contemporary Middle East , Israel studies , volume 10 , number 2 . ( Subscription required ) . Oren , Michael . ( 2006 ) . `` The Six - Day War '' , in Bar - On , Mordechai ( ed . ) , Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 . Parker , Richard B. ( 1996 ) . The Six - day War : A Retrospective . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1383 - 6 . Parker , Richard B. ( August 1997 ) . `` USAF in the Sinai in the 1967 War : Fact or Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . XXVII ( 1 ) : 67 -- 75 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 1997.27. 1.00 p0164l . Phythian , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5907 - 0 Podeh , Elie ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Lie That Wo n't Die : Collusion , 1967 '' . Middle East Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) . Pimlott , John . ( 1983 ) . Middle East Conflicts : From 1945 to the Present . Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 547 - X . Pollack , Kenneth ( 2004 ) . Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness , 1948 -- 1991 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8783 - 6 Pollack , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Air Power in the Six - Day War . The Journal of Strategic Studies . 28 ( 3 ) , 471 - 503 . Prior , Michael ( 1999 ) . Zionism and the State of Israel : A Moral Inquiry . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20462 - 3 Quandt , William B. ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab - Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . Brookings Institution Press and the University of California Press ; 3 edition . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24631 - 4 Quigley , John B. ( 2005 ) . Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 Quigley , John B. ( 1990 ) . Palestine and Israel : A Challenge to Justice . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1023 - 6 Rabil , Robert G. ( 2003 ) . Embattled Neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 149 - 2 Rabin , Yitzhak ( 1996 ) . The Rabin Memoirs . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20766 - 1 . Rauschning , Dietrich ; Wiesbrock , Katja & Lailach , Martin ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946 - 1996 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59704 - 8 . Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 Robarge , David S. ( 2007 ) . Getting It Right : CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War , Center for the Study of Intelligence , Vol. 49 No. 1 Rubenberg , Cheryl A. ( 1989 ) . Israel and the American National Interest . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06074 - 1 Sachar , Howard M. ( 1976 , 2007 ) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 ; ISBN 0 - 375 - 71132 - 5 . Sadeh , Eligar ( 1997 ) . Militarization and State Power in the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Case Study of Israel , 1948 -- 1982 . Universal Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9658564 - 6 - 1 Sandler , Deborah ; Aldy , Emad & Al - Khoshman Mahmoud A. ( 1993 ) . Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba . -- A regional environmental challenge . Environmental Law Institute . 0911937463 . Seale , Patrick ( 1988 ) . Asad : The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06976 - 5 Segev , Samuel ( 1967 ) . A Red Sheet : the Six Day War . Segev , Tom ( 2005 ) . Israel in 1967 . Keter . ISBN 965 - 07 - 1370 - 0 . Segev , Tom ( 2007 ) . 1967 : Israel , the War , and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7057 - 6 Sela , Avraham ( 1997 ) . The Decline of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3537 - 7 Shafqat , Saeed ( 2004 ) . Islamic world and South Asia : Rise of Islamism and Terror , Causes and Consequences ? . In Kaniz F. Yusuf ( Ed . ) Unipolar World & The Muslim States . Islamabad : Pakistan Forum , pp 217 -- 246 . Shemesh , Moshe ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2007 ) Lion of Jordan : The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7828 - 8 Shlaim , Avi ; Louis , William Roger ( 13 February 2012 ) , The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 Smith , Hedrick ( 1967 - 06 - 14 ) . `` As the Shock Wears Off ; Arab World , Appraising Its Defeat , is Split as it Gropes for Strategy '' ( PDF subscription required ) . The New York Times . p. 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Smith , Hedrick ( 1967 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Envoys Say Nasser Now Concedes U.S. Did n't Help Israel '' . The New York Times . pp. Page 1 , Col. 5 , Page 3 , Col. 1 . Stein , Janice Gross . ( 1991 ) . The Arab - Israeli War of 1967 : Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation , in Avoiding War : Problems of Crisis Management , Alexander L. George , ed . Boulder : Westview Press . Stephens , Robert H. ( 1971 ) . Nasser : A Political Biography . London : Allen Lane / The Penguin Press . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0181 - 0 Stone , David ( 2004 ) . Wars of the Cold War . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 85753 - 342 - 9 Tolan , Sandy ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 995 - 3 United Nations ( 967 , 5 June ) . 1347 Security Council MEETING : 5 June 1967 . Provisional agenda ( S / PV. 1347 / Rev. 1 ) . On a subpage of the website of The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine ( UNISPAL ) . van Creveld , Martin ( 2004 ) . Defending Israel : A Controversial Plan Toward Peace . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32866 - 4 Youngs , Tim . ( 2001 ) . Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991 -- 2000 London : International Affairs and Defence Section , House of Commons Library . ISSN 1368 - 8456 . Finkelstein , Norman ( 2003 ) , Image and reality of the Israel - Palestine conflict , Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 442 - 1 Further reading Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts , and Political Order : A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2943 - 1 Cristol , A Jay ( 2002 ) . Liberty Incident : The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 536 - 7 Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Praeger / Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 Hammel , Eric ( October 2002 ) . `` Sinai air strike : June 5 , 1967 '' . Military Heritage . 4 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 73 . Hopwood , Derek ( 1991 ) . Egypt : Politics and Society . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09432 - 1 Hussein of Jordan ( 1969 ) . My `` War '' with Israel . London : Peter Owen . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 0310 - 2 Katz , Samuel M. ( 1991 ) Israel 's Air Force ; The Power Series . Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers , Osceola , WI . Makiya , Kanan ( 1998 ) . Republic of Fear : The Politics of Modern Iraq . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21439 - 0 Morris , Benny ( 1997 ) . Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829262 - 7 Rezun , Miron ( 1990 ) . Iran and Afghanistan . In A. Kapur ( Ed . ) . Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States ( pp. 9 -- 25 ) . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09289 - 7 Smith , Grant ( 2006 ) . Deadly Dogma . Institute for Research : Middle Eastern Policy . ISBN 0 - 9764437 - 4 - 0 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The Photograph : A Search for June 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The three soldiers - background to that photograph Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Video Clip : Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War . Video Clip : Analysis of Israel 's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian . Video Clip : Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence . Six - Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient All State Department documents related to the crisis UN Resolution 242 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The status of Jerusalem , UNITED NATIONS , New York , 1997 ( Prepared for , and under the guidance of , the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Status of Jerusalem : Legal Aspects . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Legal Aspects The Six Day War -- June 1967 and Its Aftermath - Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss - A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on June 7 - one day after the Six - Day War , describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces - Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio , June 7 , 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor . Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) Journal Volume 7 , Number 3 ( September 2003 ) Position of Arab forces May 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Israeli wars and conflicts Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egypt Hamas Gaza Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Lebanon Pakistan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries Algeria China Cuba France Iran Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea Norway Pakistan Russia Sudan Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Mandatory Palestine Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm el - Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who committed the first act of war in the 1967 six day war conflict	[ "In April 1967, Syria shot at an Israeli tractor ploughing in the demilitarized zone, which escalated to a prewar aerial clash. In May 1967, following misinformation about Israeli intentions provided by the Soviet Union, Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers who had been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict,[1] and announced a blockade of Israel's access to the Red Sea (international waters) via the Straits of Tiran, which Israel considered an act of war. Tension escalated, with both sides' armies mobilising. Less than a month later, Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six-Day War." ]	[ "Israel" ]
4017581325391763586	Red blood cell	Red blood cell - wikipedia Red blood cell Jump to : navigation , search Red blood cell Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells ( ca . 6 -- 8 μm in diameter ) Details Function Oxygen transport Identifiers Acronym ( s ) RBC MeSH D004912 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Red blood cells ( RBCs ) , also called erythrocytes , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries . The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Red blood cells are also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) . Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane . Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk . This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right . Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the Batrachoseps genus and fish of the Maurolicus genus with closely related species . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer . Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation . Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells . Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R . Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it . Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells . Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of an red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney . Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite . Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells . These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' . In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Blood serum Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices References Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 50328 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laura Dean . 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Jump up ^ `` BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology - Blood - Revision 2 '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gregory TR ( 2001 ) . `` The bigger the C - value , the larger the cell : genome size and red blood cell size in vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules & Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 43 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . Jump up ^ Goodman SR , Kurdia A , Ammann L , Kakhniashvili D , Daescu O ( December 2007 ) . `` The human red blood cell proteome and interactome '' . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 232 ( 11 ) : 1391 -- 408 . doi : 10.3181 / 0706 - MR - 156 . PMID 18040063 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mary Louise Turgeon ( 2004 ) . Clinical Hematology : Theory and Procedures . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 100 . ISBN 9780781750073 . Jump up ^ McLaren CE , Brittenham GM , Hasselblad V ( April 1987 ) . `` Statistical and graphical evaluation of erythrocyte volume distributions '' . Am. J. Physiol. 252 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : H857 -- 66 . PMID 3565597 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bianconi , Eva ; Piovesan , Allison ; Facchin , Federica ; Beraudi , Alina ; Casadei , Raffaella ; Frabetti , Flavia ; Vitale , Lorenza ; Pelleri , Maria Chiara ; Tassani , Simone ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` An estimation of the number of cells in the human body '' . Annals of Human Biology . 40 ( 6 ) : 463 -- 471 . doi : 10.3109 / 03014460.2013. 807878 . ISSN 0301 - 4460 . PMID 23829164 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Robert S. ; Ault , Kenneth A. ; Rinder , Henry M. ( 2005 ) . Hematology in Clinical Practice : A Guide to Diagnosis and Management ( 4 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Iron Metabolism , University of Virginia Pathology . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Iron Transport and Cellular Uptake by Kenneth R. Bridges , Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , W.D. ( 1982 ) . `` The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes '' . Protoplasma. 113 : 23 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01283036 . Jump up ^ Wingstrand KG ( 1956 ) . `` Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish Maurolicus mülleri ( Gmelin ) '' . Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 45 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00338830 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 13402080 . Jump up ^ Gregory , T.R. ( 2001 ) . `` The Bigger the C - Value , the Larger the Cell : Genome Size and Red Blood Cell Size in Vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules , and Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 843 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . ^ Jump up to : Yazdanbakhsh K , Lomas - Francis C , Reid ME ( October 2000 ) . `` Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 14 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 74 . doi : 10.1053 / tmrv. 2000.16232 . PMID 11055079 . 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CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Denomme GA ( July 2004 ) . `` The structure and function of the molecules that carry human red blood cell and platelet antigens '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 18 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tmrv. 2004.03. 006 . PMID 15248170 . Jump up ^ Tokumasu F , Ostera GR , Amaratunga C , Fairhurst RM ( 2012 ) Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by Plasmodium falciparum infection . Exp Parasitol Jump up ^ Wan J , Ristenpart WD , Stone HA ( October 2008 ) . `` Dynamics of shear - induced ATP release from red blood cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 43 ) : 16432 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10516432W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805779105 . PMC 2575437 . PMID 18922780 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Diesen DL , Hess DT , Stamler JS ( August 2008 ) . `` Hypoxic vasodilation by red blood cells : evidence for an s - nitrosothiol - based signal '' . Circulation Research . 103 ( 5 ) : 545 -- 53 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 108.176867 . PMC 2763414 . PMID 18658051 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kleinbongard P , Schutz R , Rassaf T , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase '' . Blood . 107 ( 7 ) : 2943 -- 51 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2005 - 10 - 3992 . PMID 16368881 . Jump up ^ Ulker P , Sati L , Celik - Ozenci C , Meiselman HJ , Baskurt OK ( 2009 ) . `` Mechanical stimulation of nitric oxide synthesizing mechanisms in erythrocytes '' . Biorheology. 46 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 32 . doi : 10.3233 / BIR - 2009 - 0532 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 19458415 . 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Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Erik D. Heegaard & Kevin E. Brown ( July 2002 ) . `` Human parvovirus B19 '' . Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 505 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 15.3. 485 - 505.2002 . PMC 118081 . PMID 12097253 . Jump up ^ Harrison , K.L. ( 1979 ) . `` Fetal Erythrocyte Lifespan '' . Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health . 15 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1754.1979. tb01197. x . Jump up ^ Higgins , John . `` Red Blood Cell Population Dynamics '' . Clinics in laboratory medicine . 35 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cll. 2014.10. 002 . Jump up ^ Lang F , Lang E , Föller M ( 2012 ) . `` Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis '' . Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy. 39 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 314 . doi : 10.1159 / 000342534 . PMC 3678267 . PMID 23801921 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Föller M , Huber SM , Lang F ( October 2008 ) . `` Erythrocyte programmed cell death '' . IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( pdf ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 . Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red Gold -- Blood History Timeline '' . PBS . 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=833022098 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	he percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about	[ "In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a plasma membrane as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults.[2] The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 60 seconds (one minute).[3] Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells.[4][5] Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells." ]	[ "Nearly half" ]
5766362147281670761	Château d'If	Château d'If - wikipedia Château d'If This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Château d'If ( close up ) . The Château d'If with Marseille in the background . The Château d'If is a fortress ( later a prison ) located on the island of If , the smallest island in the Frioul archipelago situated in the Mediterranean Sea about 1.5 kilometres ( ⁄ mile ) offshore in the Bay of Marseille in southeastern France . It is famous for being one of the settings of Alexandre Dumas ' adventure novel The Count of Monte Cristo . If is the French word for the yew tree . Contents 1 Island 2 Fortress 3 Prison 4 The château today 5 In fictional works 6 Notable prisoners 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Island ( edit ) Île d'If measures 3 hectares ( 0.03 km ) and is located 3.5 km ( 2 ⁄ mi ) west of the Old Port of Marseille . The entire island is heavily fortified ; high ramparts with gun platforms surmount the cliffs that rise steeply from the surrounding ocean . Apart from the fortress , the island is uninhabited . Fortress ( edit ) 1681 scale model of the château d'If The `` château '' is a square , three - story building 28 m ( 92 ft ) long on each side , flanked by three towers with large gun embrasures . It was built in 1524 - 31 on the orders of King Francis I , who , during a visit in 1516 , saw the island as a strategically important location for defending the coastline from sea - based attacks . The castle 's principal military value was as a deterrent ; it never had to fight off an actual attack . The closest that it came to a genuine test of strength was in July 1531 , when Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made preparations to attack Marseille . However , he abandoned the invasion plan . This might have been fortunate , given the weaknesses identified by military engineer Vauban in a scathing report in 1701 : `` The fortifications look like the rock , they are fully rendered , but very roughly and carelessly , with many imperfections . The whole having been very badly built and with little care ... All the buildings , very crudely done , are ill made . '' The embalmed body of general Jean Baptiste Kléber was repatriated to France after his assassination in Cairo in 1800 . Napoleon , fearing that his tomb would become a symbol to Republicanism , ordered that the body stay at the château . It remained there for 18 years until Louis XVIII granted Kléber a proper burial in his native Strasbourg . Prison ( edit ) The cell named after Edmond Dantès at the Château d'If The isolated location and dangerous offshore currents of the Château d'If made it an ideal escape - proof prison , very much like the island of Alcatraz in California in more recent times . Its use as a dumping ground for political and religious detainees soon made it one of the most feared and notorious jails in France . Over 3,500 Huguenots ( French Calvinists ) were sent to Château d'If , as was Gaston Crémieux , a leader of the Paris Commune , who was shot there in 1871 . The island became internationally famous in the 19th century when Alexandre Dumas used it as a setting for The Count of Monte Cristo , published to widespread acclaim in 1844 . In the novel , the main character Edmond Dantès ( a commoner who later purchases the noble title of Count ) and his mentor , Abbé Faria , were both imprisoned in it . After fourteen years , Dantès makes a daring escape from the castle , becoming the first person ever to do so and survive . In reality , no one is known to have done this . The modern Château d'If maintains a roughly hewn dungeon in honour of Dantès as a tourist attraction . As was common practice in those days , prisoners were treated differently according to their class and wealth . The poorest were placed at the bottom , being confined perhaps twenty or more to a cell in windowless dungeons under the castle . However , the wealthiest inmates were able to pay for their own private cells ( or pistoles ) higher up , with windows , a garderobe and a fireplace . The Château today ( edit ) Facial pic of If Castle Tourists explore the château 's courtyard The château 's use as a prison ceased at the end of the 19th century . It was demilitarized and opened to the public on 23 September 1890 . It can be reached by boat from Marseille 's old port . Its fame comes from the setting for Dumas ' novel , The Count of Monte Cristo . This fame has made the prison a popular tourist destination . Mark Twain visited the château in July 1867 during a months - long pleasure excursion . He recounts his visit in his book , The Innocents Abroad . He says a guide took his party into the prison , which was not yet open to the public , and inside the cells , one of which he says housed the `` Iron Mask . '' There is a sign at the château that says `` Prison dite de l'Homme au Masque de Fer '' ( `` Said to be the prison of the Man in the Iron Mask '' ) , but this is likely only legend since the famed Man in the Iron Mask was never held at the Château d'If . The Château d'If is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . In fictional works ( edit ) Château d'If was represented by Saint Mary 's Tower in the 2002 film The Count of Monte Cristo Château d'If is famous for being one of the settings of Alexandre Dumas ' adventure novel The Count of Monte Cristo . However , other locations have been used to represent Château d'If in film adaptations of the work . In the 2002 adaptation starring Jim Caviezel , the château was represented by Saint Mary 's Tower on Comino , the smallest inhabited Maltese island . The cliff - top watchtower can be seen from the ferry crossing between Malta and Gozo . The fortress was used as the location where Alain Charnier a.k.a. Frog One ( Fernando Rey ) meets Devereaux ( Frédéric de Pasquale ) to finalise the drugs shipment to the United States in the 1971 crime film The French Connection . In the 1956 `` Tales of Old Dartmoor '' episode of The Goon Show radio comedy series , Grytpype - Thynne has Dartmoor Prison put to sea to visit the Château d'If , as part of a plan to find the treasure of the Count of Monte Cristo . In `` The Ruby Notebook '' by Laura Resau , Zeeta and Wendell visit the Château d'If . In the Clive Cussler novel Spartan Gold , the main characters visit the Château d'If as part of their quest for hidden treasure . Notable prisoners ( edit ) Chevalier Anselme ( 1580 - ? ) Jean Serres , Huguenot Élie Neau , Huguenot Chevalier de Lorraine , lover of Philippe de France Jean - Baptiste Chataud ( fr ) , accused of bringing the plague to Marseille - ( c. 1720 - c. 1723 ) Honoré Mirabeau , writer , popular orator and statesman - ( 1774 -- 1775 ) Abbé Faria - ( 1797 - ? ) - his stay at the château is disputed Michel Mathieu Lecointe - Puyraveau , politician - ( 1815 ) Gaston Crémieux , a leader of the Paris Commune ( 1871 ) Contrary to common belief , the Marquis de Sade was not a prisoner at the château . See also ( edit ) Alcatraz Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lonely Planet Guide to Marseille '' . Lonelyplanet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Marseille Office of Tourism '' . Marseille-tourisme.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs ( in French ) Jump up ^ Jean Paul Baillard . Kléber après Kléber ( 1800 - 2000 ) - Les pérégrinations posthumes des restes du général Kléber ISBN 2 - 913302 - 08 - 4 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Centre Des Monuments Nationaux '' . If.monuments-nationaux.fr . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Château d'If -- Between Myth and Reality '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Château d'If . Ministry of Culture database entry for Château d'If ( in French ) Ministry of Culture photos ( in French ) Information at marseille-tourisme.com Official information incl . admission fees and open hours Château d'If Tour - Sign about Man in the Iron Mask is at 1 : 30 into video . Coordinates : 43 ° 16 ′ 47.5 '' N 5 ° 19 ′ 30.5 '' E / 43.279861 ° N 5.325139 ° E / 43.279861 ; 5.325139 Marseille Landmarks Belsunce Château d'If Gare de Marseille - Saint - Charles Hippodrome de Marseille L'Estaque Musée Cantini Église Saint Roch Palais de la Bourse Docks Musée Grobet - Labadié Place Castellane Château Pastré Porte d'Aix Marseille History Museum La Joliette Bastide de la Guillermy Place Jean - Jaurès Oppidum de Verduron CMA CGM Tower La Treille Palais du Pharo Parc du 26e Centenaire Musée de la Faïence de Marseille Stade Vélodrome Château Borély Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille Canebière Mazargues Notre - Dame de la Garde Opéra Unité d'habitation La Vieille Charité Vieux - Port Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations La Friche Plages du Prado Parc Borély Villa Valmer Palais Longchamp Fort Saint - Jean Bompard Geography Huveaune Massif de l'Étoile Massif des Calanques Mont Puget Frioul archipelago Arrondissements of Marseille History Timeline of Marseille Sporting clubs Olympique de Marseille Marseille Consolat Marseille Provence XV Marseille XIII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Château_d % 27If&oldid = 822163762 '' Categories : Frioul archipelago Castles in Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Defunct prisons in France Buildings and structures in Marseille Infrastructure completed in 1531 Museums in Marseille Historic house museums in Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Islands of Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Tourist attractions in Marseille Monuments historiques of Marseille 1531 establishments in France The Count of Monte Cristo Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the prison in the count of monte cristo	[ "The Château d'If is a fortress (later a prison) located on the island of If, the smallest island in the Frioul archipelago situated in the Mediterranean Sea about 1.5 kilometres (7⁄8 mile) offshore in the Bay of Marseille in southeastern France. It is famous for being one of the settings of Alexandre Dumas' adventure novel The Count of Monte Cristo. If is the French word for the yew tree.\n" ]	[ "The Château d'If" ]
-8975868569304573301	Just Go with It	Just Go with It - Wikipedia Just Go with It This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Pretend Wife '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with The Make - Believe Wife . Just Go with It Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Heather Parry Screenplay by Allan Loeb Timothy Dowling Based on Cactus Flower by I.A.L. Diamond Cactus Flower by Abe Burrows Pierre Barillet Jean Pierre - Gredy Starring Adam Sandler Jennifer Aniston Nick Swardson Brooklyn Decker Dave Matthews Bailee Madison Nicole Kidman Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Tom Costain Production company Happy Madison Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) ( New York City ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $215 million Just Go with It is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan , written by Allan Loeb and Timothy Dowling and starring Adam Sandler ( who also co-produced ) , Jennifer Aniston , Nicole Kidman , Nick Swardson and Brooklyn Decker . The film is based on the 1969 film Cactus Flower , which was adapted from an earlier Broadway stage play written by Abe Burrows , which in turn was based upon the French play Fleur de cactus . Production of the film began on March 2 , 2010 . The film was released on February 11 , 2011 by Columbia Pictures in North America . The film grossed over $214 million , making it a box office success - however , the film received negative reviews from critics and won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Actor and Worst Director . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee ( Adam Sandler ) , a 22 - year old man , leaves his wedding right before the ceremony is about to begin after learning that his fiancee is cheating on him , and was only marrying him because he was going to be a doctor . He goes to drink alone at a bar , where a young , beautiful woman walks in . She sees that Danny has a wedding ring on his hand , and asks him about his wife , to which he explains how she recently left him for someone else , and the woman from the bar ends up sleeping with him . Twenty - three years later , Danny ( now 45 - years old ) is now a successful plastic surgeon in Los Angeles who feigns unhappy marriages to get women , and to avoid romantic commitment that may lead to heartbreak . The only woman aware of his schemes is his office manager and best friend Katherine Murphy ( Jennifer Aniston ) , a divorced mother of two . At a party , Danny meets Palmer ( Brooklyn Decker ) , a sixth grade math teacher , without his wedding ring on , and they have a connection together . The next morning , she finds the ring and assumes he is married . She refuses to date him because her parents divorced due to adultery . Instead of telling her the truth , Danny tells her that he is getting divorced from a woman named Devlin . Danny tells Palmer that they are getting divorced because she cheated on him with a man named `` Dolph Lundgren '' ( not the actor ) . Palmer then insists on meeting Devlin . Danny asks Katherine to pose as `` Devlin '' and they go shopping for new clothes to dress like a trophy wife . A made - over Katherine / `` Devlin '' then meets with Danny and Palmer and gives them her blessing . However , after hearing Katherine talking on the phone with her kids , Palmer assumes that her kids are Danny 's as well . Danny then privately meets with Katherine 's kids , Maggie ( Bailee Madison ) and Michael ( Griffin Gluck ) , to get them to play along and gives them the aliases of `` Kiki Dee '' and `` Bart '' respectively . Danny accepts their demands for being his fake children . Palmer meets the kids at a play center where Maggie has adopted a fake british accent , and Michael acts very morose . They blackmail Danny in front of Palmer to take them all to Hawaii . At the airport , they are all surprised by Danny 's goofball cousin Eddie ( Nick Swardson ) , who has adopted an Austrian disguise as the `` Dolph Lundgren '' that Danny had made up earlier . To maintain the lies , Danny and Katherine are forced to bring him along . At the resort in Hawaii , Danny tells Eddie that he is considering asking Palmer to marry him . Katherine and Danny also run into the real - life Devlin Adams ( Nicole Kidman ) and her husband Ian Maxtone - Jones ( Dave Matthews ) . Because of Katherine and Devlin 's long - time rivalry , Katherine introduces Danny as her husband rather than admit she is a single mother . Over time , Katherine is impressed by Danny and his way of fun with her kids . Katherine again runs into Devlin , who invites her and Danny out to dinner . Eddie agrees to take Palmer out to dinner so that Danny can go with Katherine . Since he is supposed to be a sheep salesman , Eddie 's cover is nearly blown when he is forced to save the life of an actual sheep who choked on a toy whistle . At dinner , Devlin asks Danny and Katherine to tell each other what they admire most about each other , and , as Danny and Katherine talk , they start to feel a connection . Later , when Palmer and Eddie return from their dinner date , Palmer suggests that she and Danny get married now , since a drunken Eddie told her about Danny 's plans of engagement . Danny and Katherine are both surprised by her proposition , but Danny ultimately agrees . Danny later calls Katherine regarding his confusion , but Katherine says that she will be taking a job in New York City to get a fresh start to her life . The next day , Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny 's feelings for her , which Katherine dismisses . Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment . Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod , but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball . Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny , but then Danny shows up behind her , saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine . Meanwhile , on the plane ride back to the mainland , Palmer meets a professional tennis player ( Andy Roddick ) who shares her interests . Sometime later , Danny and Katherine get married . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Dr. Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee Jennifer Aniston as Katherine Murphy , later Maccabee / Devlin Maccabee Bailee Madison as Maggie Murphy / Kiki Dee Maccabee Griffin Gluck as Michael Murphy / Bart Maccabee Nick Swardson as Eddie Simms / Dolph Lundgren Brooklyn Decker as Palmer Dodge Nicole Kidman as Devlin Adams Dave Matthews as Ian Maxtone - Jones Rachel Dratch as Kirsten Brant Kevin Nealon as Adon Heidi Montag as Kimberly Minka Kelly as Joanna Damon Rakefet Abergel as Patricia Dan Patrick as Tanner Patrick Mario Joyner as Henderson Keegan - Michael Key as Ernesto Allen Covert as Brian ( Soul Patch ) Andy Roddick as Himself Unknown as the Kangaroo Production ( edit ) Originally titled `` Holiday in Hawaii '' , and then `` Pretend Wife '' , it was released as `` Just Go with It '' . The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2 , 2010 and May 25 , 2010 . The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts ; thus , the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai , rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates . The characters stay at a Hawaiian hotel called the Waldorf Astoria . In actuality , the film was shot at the Grand Wailea in Maui , which is owned by Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts . One of the film 's in - jokes is the scene wherein Decker 's character meets her obvious soulmate - professional tennis player Andy Roddick - as Decker and Roddick are actually married . Release ( edit ) The film was released in theaters in the United States and Canada on February 11 , 2011 and in Bulgaria on March 25 , 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Just Go with It grossed $103 million in the U.S. and Canada and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $214.9 million . The film topped its opening weekend box office with $30.5 million . The biggest market in other territories being Russia , where it grossed $13,174,937 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 18 % , based on 137 reviews , with an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Just Go With It may be slightly better than some entries in the recently dire rom - com genre , but that 's far from a recommendation . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 33 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Telegraph named Just Go with It in its `` ten worst films of 2011 '' list , saying it is `` a crass and overpopulated remake of Cactus Flower , served up as a mangy romcom of serial deceptions . '' Christopher Orr of The Atlantic noted that `` the title itself seems a plea for audiences ' forbearance '' and is part of a disappointing trend involving `` the reimagining of good , if perhaps not quite classic , films associated with the latter 1960s and early 1970s . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote that Just Go With It `` is saved from utter disaster , though , by Jennifer Aniston '' who has `` expert comic timing '' and `` plays like a grown - up . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Ref Golden Raspberry Awards April 1 , 2012 Worst Actor Adam Sandler ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Worst Supporting Actor Nick Swardson ( also for Jack and Jill ) Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Nicole Kidman Nominated Worst Screen Couple Adam Sandler and either Jennifer Aniston or Brooklyn Decker Nominated Worst Director Dennis Dugan ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Teen Choice Awards August 7 , 2011 Choice Movie : Romantic Comedy Just Go with It Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Romantic Comedy Adam Sandler Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated Choice Movie Breakout : Female Brooklyn Decker Won Choice Movie : Chemistry Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston Won Home Media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Just Go with It on DVD and Blu - ray disc on June 7 , 2011 . It has so far grossed $14,535,543 in North America DVD sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horn , John ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Word of Mouth : ' Just Go With It ' plays the demographics '' . LA Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It ( 2011 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Sandler , Aniston playing ' Pretend ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Wailea in Maui : The Setting for `` Just Go With It '' `` . FiveStarAlliance.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Weekend Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Foreign Totals '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ten worst films of 2011 '' . The Telegraph . London . December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` ' Just Go With It ' : A Sad Union of the Saccharine and Scatological '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Just Go With It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Just Go With It Official website Just Go with It on IMDb Just Go with It at AllMovie Just Go with It at Rotten Tomatoes Just Go with It at Metacritic Just Go with It at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Go_with_It&oldid=852679445 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s romantic comedy films American film remakes American films American romantic comedy films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films about families Films about vacationing Films based on adaptations Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films produced by Adam Sandler Films set in 1988 Films set in 2011 Films set in California Films set in Hawaii Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Long Island Happy Madison films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 16 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the film just go with it filmed	[ "The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.\n", "The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.\n", "The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.\n" ]	[ "Los Angeles", "Maui", "Kauai" ]
-4680796530345797313	Battle of Jutland	Battle of Jutland - wikipedia Battle of Jutland Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Jutland Part of World War I The Battle of Jutland , 1916 Date 31 May -- 1 June 1916 Location North Sea , near Denmark 56 ° 42 ′ N 5 ° 52 ′ E / 56.700 ° N 5.867 ° E / 56.700 ; 5.867 Coordinates : 56 ° 42 ′ N 5 ° 52 ′ E / 56.700 ° N 5.867 ° E / 56.700 ; 5.867 Result See Outcome section Belligerents United Kingdom Germany Commanders and leaders Sir John Jellicoe Sir David Beatty Reinhard Scheer Franz Hipper Strength Total : 151 combat ships 28 battleships 9 battlecruisers 8 armoured cruisers 26 light cruisers 78 destroyers 1 minelayer 1 seaplane carrier Total : 99 combat ships 16 battleships 5 battlecruisers 6 pre-dreadnoughts 11 light cruisers 61 torpedo - boats Casualties and losses 6,094 killed 674 wounded 177 captured 3 battlecruisers 3 armoured cruisers 8 destroyers ( 113,300 tons sunk ) 2,551 killed 507 wounded 1 battlecruiser 1 pre-dreadnought 4 light cruisers 5 torpedo - boats ( 62,300 tons sunk ) North Sea 1914 -- 1918 U-Boat Campaign 1st Heligoland Bight 22 September 1914 Texel 1st Yarmouth Scarborough Cuxhaven Dogger Bank Noordhinder Bank 2nd Dogger Bank 29 February 1916 2nd Yarmouth Jutland 19 August 1916 1st Dover Strait 16 March 1917 2nd Dover Strait 4 May 1917 Lerwick 2nd Heligoland Bight Zeebrugge 1st Ostend 2nd Ostend Mine Barrage Tondern 24 October 1918 The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , the Battle of Skagerrak ) was a naval battle fought by the British Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe , against the Imperial German Navy 's High Seas Fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer during the First World War . The battle unfolded in extensive manoeuvring and three main engagements ( the battlecruiser action , the fleet action and the night action ) , from 31 May to 1 June 1916 , off the North Sea coast of Denmark 's Jutland Peninsula . It was the largest naval battle and the only full - scale clash of battleships in that war . Jutland was the third fleet action between steel battleships , following the smaller but more decisive battles of the Yellow Sea ( 1904 ) and Tsushima ( 1905 ) during the Russo - Japanese War . Jutland was the last major battle in world history fought primarily by battleships . Germany 's High Seas Fleet intended to lure out , trap , and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet , as the German naval force was insufficient to openly engage the entire British fleet . This formed part of a larger strategy to break the British blockade of Germany and to allow German naval vessels access to the Atlantic . Meanwhile , Great Britain 's Royal Navy pursued a strategy of engaging and destroying the High Seas Fleet , thereby keeping German naval forces contained and away from Britain and her shipping lanes . The Germans planned to use Vice-Admiral Franz Hipper 's fast scouting group of five modern battlecruisers to lure Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty 's battlecruiser squadrons into the path of the main German fleet . They stationed submarines in advance across the likely routes of the British ships . However , the British learned from signal intercepts that a major fleet operation was likely , so on 30 May Jellicoe sailed with the Grand Fleet to rendezvous with Beatty , passing over the locations of the German submarine picket lines while they were unprepared . The German plan had been delayed , causing further problems for their submarines , which had reached the limit of their endurance at sea . On the afternoon of 31 May , Beatty encountered Hipper 's battlecruiser force long before the Germans had expected . In a running battle , Hipper successfully drew the British vanguard into the path of the High Seas Fleet . By the time Beatty sighted the larger force and turned back towards the British main fleet , he had lost two battlecruisers from a force of six battlecruisers and four powerful battleships -- though he had sped ahead of his battleships of 5th Battle Squadron earlier in the day , effectively losing them as an integral component for much of this opening action against the five ships commanded by Hipper . Beatty 's withdrawal at the sight of the High Seas Fleet , which the British had not known were in the open sea , would reverse the course of the battle by drawing the German fleet in pursuit towards the British Grand Fleet . Between 18 : 30 , when the sun was lowering on the western horizon , back - lighting the German forces , and nightfall at about 20 : 30 , the two fleets -- totalling 250 ships between them -- directly engaged twice . Fourteen British and eleven German ships sank , with great loss of life . After sunset , and throughout the night , Jellicoe manoeuvred to cut the Germans off from their base , hoping to continue the battle the next morning , but under the cover of darkness Scheer broke through the British light forces forming the rearguard of the Grand Fleet and returned to port . Both sides claimed victory . The British lost more ships and twice as many sailors but succeeded in containing the German fleet . However , the British press criticised the Grand Fleet 's failure to force a decisive outcome , while Scheer 's plan of destroying a substantial portion of the British fleet also failed . Finally , the British strategy of denying Germany access to both the United Kingdom and the Atlantic did succeed , which was the British long - term goal . The Germans ' `` fleet in being '' continued to pose a threat , requiring the British to keep their battleships concentrated in the North Sea , but the battle reinforced the German policy of avoiding all fleet - to - fleet contact . At the end of 1916 , after further unsuccessful attempts to reduce the Royal Navy 's numerical advantage , the German Navy accepted that its surface ships had been successfully contained , subsequently turning its efforts and resources to unrestricted submarine warfare and the destruction of Allied and neutral shipping , which - along with the Zimmermann Telegram - by April 1917 triggered the United States of America 's declaration of war on Germany . Subsequent reviews commissioned by the Royal Navy generated strong disagreement between supporters of Jellicoe and Beatty concerning the two admirals ' performance in the battle . Debate over their performance and the significance of the battle continues to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and planning 1.1 German planning 1.1. 1 Submarine deployments 1.1. 2 Zeppelins 1.2 British response 2 Naval tactics in 1916 2.1 Ship design 3 Order of battle 4 Battlecruiser action 4.1 Contact 4.2 Run to the south 4.3 Run to the north 4.4 The fleets converge 5 Fleet action 5.1 Deployment 5.2 Windy Corner 5.3 Crossing the T 5.4 Gefechtskehrtwendung 6 Night action and German withdrawal 7 Outcome 7.1 Reporting 7.2 Assessments 7.3 British self - critique 7.3. 1 Shell performance 7.3. 2 Battlecruiser losses 7.3. 3 Ammunition handling 7.3. 4 Gunnery 7.3. 5 Signalling 7.3. 6 Fleet Standing Orders 8 Controversy 8.1 Beatty 's actions 9 Death toll 9.1 British 9.2 German 10 Selected honours 10.1 Pour le Mérite 10.2 Victoria Cross 11 Status of the survivors and wrecks 12 Remembrance 13 Film 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Citations 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Background and planning ( edit ) German planning ( edit ) With 16 dreadnought - type battleships , compared with the Royal Navy 's 28 , the German High Seas Fleet stood little chance of winning a head - to - head clash . The Germans therefore adopted a divide - and - conquer strategy . They would stage raids into the North Sea and bombard the English coast , with the aim of luring out small British squadrons and pickets , which could then be destroyed by superior forces or submarines . In January 1916 , Admiral von Pohl , commander of the German fleet , fell ill . He was replaced by Scheer , who believed that the fleet had been used too defensively , had better ships and men than the British , and ought to take the war to them . According to Scheer , the German naval strategy should be : to damage the English fleet by offensive raids against the naval forces engaged in watching and blockading the German Bight , as well as by mine - laying on the British coast and submarine attack , whenever possible . After an equality of strength had been realised as a result of these operations , and all our forces had been made ready and concentrated , an attempt was to be made with our fleet to seek battle under circumstances unfavourable to the enemy . Reinhard Scheer , German fleet commander On 25 April 1916 , a decision was made by the German admiralty to halt indiscriminate attacks by submarine on merchant shipping . This followed protests from neutral countries , notably the United States , that their nationals had been the victims of attacks . Germany agreed that future attacks would only take place in accord with internationally agreed prize rules , which required an attacker to give a warning and allow the crews of vessels time to escape , and not to attack neutral vessels at all . Scheer believed that it would not be possible to continue attacks on these terms , which took away the advantage of secret approach by submarines and left them vulnerable to even relatively small guns on the target ships . Instead , he set about deploying the submarine fleet against military vessels . It was hoped that , following a successful German submarine attack , fast British escorts , such as destroyers , would be tied down by anti-submarine operations . If the Germans could catch the British in the expected locations , good prospects were thought to exist of at least partially redressing the balance of forces between the fleets . `` After the British sortied in response to the raiding attack force '' , the Royal Navy 's centuries - old instincts for aggressive action could be exploited to draw its weakened units towards the main German fleet under Scheer . The hope was that Scheer would thus be able to ambush a section of the British fleet and destroy it . Submarine deployments ( edit ) A plan was devised to station submarines offshore from British naval bases , and then stage some action that would draw out the British ships to the waiting submarines . The battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz had been damaged in a previous engagement , but was due to be repaired by mid May , so an operation was scheduled for 17 May 1916 . At the start of May , difficulties with condensers were discovered on ships of the third battleship squadron , so the operation was put back to 23 May . Ten submarines -- U-24 , U-32 , U-43 , U-44 , UC - 47 , U-51 , U-52 , U-63 , U-66 , and U-70 -- were given orders first to patrol in the central North Sea between 17 and 22 May , and then to take up waiting positions . U-43 and U-44 were stationed in the Pentland Firth , which the Grand Fleet was likely to cross leaving Scapa Flow , while the remainder proceeded to the Firth of Forth , awaiting battlecruisers departing Rosyth . Each boat had an allocated area , within which it could move around as necessary to avoid detection , but was instructed to keep within it . During the initial North Sea patrol the boats were instructed to sail only north -- south so that any enemy who chanced to encounter one would believe it was departing or returning from operations on the west coast ( which required them to pass around the north of Britain ) . Once at their final positions , the boats were under strict orders to avoid premature detection that might give away the operation . It was arranged that a coded signal would be transmitted to alert the submarines exactly when the operation commenced : `` Take into account the enemy 's forces may be putting to sea '' . Additionally , UB - 27 was sent out on 20 May with instructions to work its way into the Firth of Forth past May Island . U-46 was ordered to patrol the coast of Sunderland , which had been chosen for the diversionary attack , but because of engine problems it was unable to leave port and U-47 was diverted to this task . On 13 May , U-72 was sent to lay mines in the Firth of Forth ; on the 23rd , U-74 departed to lay mines in the Moray Firth ; and on the 24th , U-75 was dispatched similarly west of the Orkney Islands . UB - 21 and UB - 22 were sent to patrol the Humber , where ( incorrect ) reports had suggested the presence of British warships . U-22 , U-46 and U-67 were positioned north of Terschelling to protect against intervention by British light forces stationed at Harwich . On 22 May 1916 , it was discovered that Seydlitz was still not watertight after repairs and would not now be ready until the 29th . The ambush submarines were now on station and experiencing difficulties of their own : visibility near the coast was frequently poor due to fog , and sea conditions were either so calm the slightest ripple , as from the periscope , could give away their position , or so rough as to make it very hard to keep the vessel at a steady depth . The British had become aware of unusual submarine activity , and had begun counter patrols that forced the submarines out of position . UB - 27 passed Bell Rock on the night of 23 May on its way into the Firth of Forth as planned , but was halted by engine trouble . After repairs it continued to approach , following behind merchant vessels , and reached Largo Bay on 25 May . There the boat became entangled in nets that fouled one of the propellers , forcing it to abandon the operation and return home . U-74 was detected by four armed trawlers on 27 May and sunk 25 mi ( 22 nmi ; 40 km ) south - east of Peterhead . U-75 laid its mines off the Orkney Islands , which , although they played no part in the battle , were responsible later for sinking the cruiser Hampshire carrying Lord Kitchener ( head of the army ) on a mission to Russia on 5 June . U-72 was forced to abandon its mission without laying any mines when an oil leak meant it was leaving a visible surface trail astern . Zeppelins ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The throat of the Skagerrak , the strategic gateway to the Baltic and North Atlantic , waters off Jutland , Norway and Sweden The Germans maintained a fleet of Zeppelins that they used for aerial reconnaissance and occasional bombing raids . The planned raid on Sunderland intended to use Zeppelins to watch out for the British fleet approaching from the north , which might otherwise surprise the raiders . By 28 May , strong north - easterly winds meant that it would not be possible to send out the Zeppelins , so the raid again had to be postponed . The submarines could only stay on station until 1 June before their supplies would be exhausted and they had to return , so a decision had to be made quickly about the raid . It was decided to use an alternative plan , abandoning the attack on Sunderland but instead sending a patrol of battlecruisers to the Skagerrak , where it was likely they would encounter merchant ships carrying British cargo and British cruiser patrols . It was felt this could be done without air support , because the action would now be much closer to Germany , relying instead on cruiser and torpedo boat patrols for reconnaissance . Orders for the alternative plan were issued on 28 May , although it was still hoped that last - minute improvements in the weather would allow the original plan to go ahead . The German fleet assembled in the Jade River and at Wilhelmshaven and was instructed to raise steam and be ready for action from midnight on 28 May . Franz Hipper , commander of the German battlecruiser squadron By 14 : 00 on 30 May , the wind was still too strong and the final decision was made to use the alternative plan . The coded signal `` 31 May G.G. 2490 '' was transmitted to the ships of the fleet to inform them the Skagerrak attack would start on 31 May . The pre-arranged signal to the waiting submarines was transmitted throughout the day from the E-Dienst radio station at Brugge , and the U-boat tender Arcona anchored at Emden . Only two of the waiting submarines , U-66 and U-32 , received the order . British response ( edit ) Unfortunately for the German plan , the British had obtained a copy of the main German codebook from the light cruiser SMS Magdeburg , which had been boarded by the Russian Navy after the ship ran aground in Russian territorial waters in 1914 . German naval radio communications could therefore often be quickly deciphered , and the British Admiralty usually knew about German activities . The British Admiralty 's Room 40 maintained direction finding and interception of German naval signals . It had intercepted and decrypted a German signal on 28 May that provided `` ample evidence that the German fleet was stirring in the North Sea . '' Further signals were intercepted , and although they were not decrypted it was clear that a major operation was likely . At 11 : 00 on 30 May , Jellicoe was warned that the German fleet seemed prepared to sail the following morning . By 17 : 00 , the Admiralty had intercepted the signal from Scheer , `` 31 May G.G. 2490 '' , making it clear something significant was imminent . Not knowing the Germans ' objective , Jellicoe and his staff decided to position the fleet to head off any attempt by the Germans to enter the North Atlantic , or the Baltic through the Skagerrak , by taking up a position off Norway where they could possibly cut off any German raid into the shipping lanes of the Atlantic , or prevent the Germans from heading into the Baltic . A position further west was unnecessary , as that area of the North Sea could be patrolled by air using blimps and scouting aircraft . John Jellicoe , British fleet commander Consequently , Admiral Jellicoe led the sixteen dreadnought battleships of the 1st and 4th Battle Squadrons of the Grand Fleet and three battlecruisers of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron eastwards out of Scapa Flow at 22 : 30 on 30 May . He was to meet the 2nd Battle Squadron of eight dreadnought battleships commanded by Vice-Admiral Martyn Jerram coming from Cromarty . Hipper 's raiding force did not leave the Outer Jade Roads until 01 : 00 on 31 May , heading west of Heligoland Island following a cleared channel through the minefields , heading north at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . The main German fleet of sixteen dreadnought battleships of 1st and 3rd Battle Squadrons left the Jade at 02 : 30 , being joined off Heligoland at 04 : 00 by the six pre-dreadnoughts of the 2nd Battle Squadron coming from the Elbe River . Beatty 's faster force of six ships of the 1st and 2nd Battlecruiser Squadrons plus the 5th Battle Squadron of four fast battleships left the Firth of Forth on the next day ; Jellicoe intended to rendezvous with him 90 mi ( 78 nmi ; 140 km ) west of the mouth of the Skagerrak off the coast of Jutland and wait for the Germans to appear or for their intentions to become clear . The planned position would give him the widest range of responses to likely German moves . Naval tactics in 1916 ( edit ) The principle of concentration of force was fundamental to the fleet tactics of this time ( as in earlier periods ) . Tactical doctrine called for a fleet approaching battle to be in a compact formation of parallel columns , allowing relatively easy manoeuvring , and giving shortened sight lines within the formation , which simplified the passing of the signals necessary for command and control . A fleet formed in several short columns could change its heading faster than one formed in a single long column . Since most command signals were made with flags or signal lamps between ships , the flagship was usually placed at the head of the centre column so that its signals might be more easily seen by the many ships of the formation . Wireless telegraphy was in use , though security ( radio direction finding ) , encryption , and the limitation of the radio sets made their extensive use more problematic . Command and control of such huge fleets remained difficult . Thus , it might take a very long time for a signal from the flagship to be relayed to the entire formation . It was usually necessary for a signal to be confirmed by each ship before it could be relayed to other ships , and an order for a fleet movement would have to be received and acknowledged by every ship before it could be executed . In a large single - column formation , a signal could take 10 minutes or more to be passed from one end of the line to the other , whereas in a formation of parallel columns , visibility across the diagonals was often better ( and always shorter ) than in a single long column , and the diagonals gave signal `` redundancy '' , increasing the probability that a message would be quickly seen and correctly interpreted . However , before battle was joined the heavy units of the fleet would , if possible , deploy into a single column . To form the battle line in the correct orientation relative to the enemy , the commanding admiral had to know the enemy fleet 's distance , bearing , heading , and speed . It was the task of the scouting forces , consisting primarily of battlecruisers and cruisers , to find the enemy and report this information in sufficient time , and , if possible , to deny the enemy 's scouting forces the opportunity of obtaining the equivalent information . Ideally , the battle line would cross the intended path of the enemy column so that the maximum number of guns could be brought to bear , while the enemy could fire only with the forward guns of the leading ships , a manoeuvre known as `` crossing the T '' . Admiral Tōgō , commander of the Japanese battleship fleet , had achieved this against Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky 's Russian battleships in 1905 at the Battle of Tsushima , with devastating results . Jellicoe achieved this twice in one hour against the High Seas Fleet at Jutland , but on both occasions , Scheer managed to turn away and disengage , thereby avoiding a decisive action . Ship design ( edit ) Within the existing technological limits , a trade - off had to be made between the weight and size of guns , the weight of armour protecting the ship , and the maximum speed . Battleships sacrificed speed for armour and heavy naval guns ( 11 in ( 280 mm ) or larger ) . British battlecruisers sacrificed weight of armour for greater speed , while their German counterparts were armed with lighter guns and heavier armour . These weight savings allowed them to escape danger or catch other ships . Generally , the larger guns mounted on British ships allowed an engagement at greater range . In theory , a lightly armoured ship could stay out of range of a slower opponent while still scoring hits . The fast pace of development in the pre-war years meant that every few years , a new generation of ships rendered its predecessors obsolete . Thus , fairly young ships could still be obsolete compared to the newest ships , and fare badly in an engagement against them . Admiral John Fisher , responsible for reconstruction of the British fleet in the pre-war period , favoured large guns , oil fuel , and speed . Admiral Tirpitz , responsible for the German fleet , favoured ship survivability and chose to sacrifice some gun size for improved armour . The German battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger had belt armour equivalent in thickness -- though not as comprehensive -- to the British battleship HMS Iron Duke , significantly better than on the British battlecruisers such as Tiger . German ships had better internal subdivision and had fewer doors and other weak points in their bulkheads , but with the disadvantage that space for crew was greatly reduced . As they were designed only for sorties in the North Sea they did not need to be as habitable as the British vessels and their crews could live in barracks ashore when in harbour . Order of battle ( edit ) Main article : Order of battle at Jutland British German Dreadnought battleships 28 16 Pre-dreadnoughts 0 6 Battlecruisers 9 5 Armoured cruisers 8 0 Light cruisers 26 11 Destroyers 79 61 Seaplane carrier 0 Warships of the period were armed with guns firing projectiles of varying weights , bearing high explosive warheads . The sum total of weight of all the projectiles fired by all the ship 's broadside guns is referred to as `` weight of broadside '' . At Jutland , the total of the British ships ' weight of broadside was 332,360 lb ( 150,760 kg ) , while the German fleet 's total was 134,216 lb ( 60,879 kg ) . This does not take into consideration the ability of some ships and their crews to fire more or less rapidly than others , which would increase or decrease amount of fire that one combatant was able to bring to bear on their opponent for any length of time . Jellicoe 's Grand Fleet was split into two sections . The dreadnought Battle Fleet , with which he sailed , formed the main force and was composed of 24 battleships and three battlecruisers . The battleships were formed into three squadrons of eight ships , further subdivided into divisions of four , each led by a flag officer . Accompanying them were eight armoured cruisers ( classified by the Royal Navy since 1913 as `` cruisers '' ) , eight light cruisers , four scout cruisers , 51 destroyers , and one destroyer - minelayer . David Beatty , commander of the British battlecruiser fleet The Grand Fleet sailed without three of its battleships : Emperor of India in refit at Invergordon , Queen Elizabeth dry - docked at Rosyth and Dreadnought in refit at Devonport . The brand new Royal Sovereign was left behind ; with only three weeks in service , her untrained crew was judged unready for battle . British reconnaissance was provided by the Battlecruiser Fleet under David Beatty : six battlecruisers , four fast Queen Elizabeth - class battleships , 14 light cruisers and 27 destroyers . Air scouting was provided by the attachment of the seaplane tender HMS Engadine , one of the first aircraft carriers in history to participate in a naval engagement . The German High Seas Fleet under Scheer was also split into a main force and a separate reconnaissance force . Scheer 's main battle fleet was composed of 16 battleships and six pre-dreadnought battleships arranged in an identical manner to the British . With them were six light cruisers and 31 torpedo - boats , ( the latter being roughly equivalent to a British destroyer ) . The German scouting force , commanded by Franz Hipper , consisted of five battlecruisers , five light cruisers and 30 torpedo - boats . The Germans had no equivalent to Engadine and no heavier - than - air aircraft to operate with the fleet but had the Imperial German Naval Airship Service 's force of rigid airships available to patrol the North Sea . All of the battleships and battlecruisers on both sides carried torpedoes of various sizes , as did the lighter craft . The British battleships carried three or four underwater torpedo tubes . The battlecruisers carried from two to five . All were either 18 - inch or 21 - inch diameter . The German battleships carried five or six underwater torpedo tubes in three sizes from 18 to 21 inch and the battlecruisers carried four or five tubes . The German battle fleet was hampered by the slow speed and relatively poor armament of the six pre-dreadnoughts of II Squadron , which limited maximum fleet speed to 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , compared to maximum British fleet speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . On the British side , the eight armoured cruisers were deficient in both speed and armour protection . Both of these obsolete squadrons were notably vulnerable to attacks by more modern enemy ships . Battlecruiser action ( edit ) The route of the British battlecruiser fleet took it through the patrol sector allocated to U-32 . After receiving the order to commence the operation , the U-boat moved to a position 80 mi ( 70 nmi ; 130 km ) east of May Island at dawn on 31 May . At 03 : 40 , it sighted the cruisers HMS Galatea and Phaeton leaving the Forth at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . It launched one torpedo at the leading cruiser at a range of 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) , but its periscope jammed ' up ' , giving away the position of the submarine as it manoeuvred to fire a second . The lead cruiser turned away to dodge the torpedo , while the second turned towards the submarine , attempting to ram . U-32 crash dived , and on raising its periscope at 04 : 10 saw two battlecruisers ( the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ) heading south - east . They were too far away to attack , but Kapitänleutnant von Spiegel reported the sighting of two battleships and two cruisers to Germany . U-66 was also supposed to be patrolling off the Firth of Forth but had been forced north to a position 60 mi ( 52 nmi ; 97 km ) off Peterhead by patrolling British vessels . This now brought it into contact with the 2nd Battle Squadron , coming from the Moray Firth . At 05 : 00 , it had to crash dive when the cruiser Duke of Edinburgh appeared from the mist heading toward it . It was followed by another cruiser , Boadicea , and eight battleships . U-66 got within 350 yd ( 320 m ) of the battleships preparing to fire , but was forced to dive by an approaching destroyer and missed the opportunity . At 06 : 35 , it reported eight battleships and cruisers heading north . The courses reported by both submarines were incorrect , because they reflected one leg of a zigzag being used by British ships to avoid submarines . Taken with a wireless intercept of more ships leaving Scapa Flow earlier in the night , they created the impression in the German High Command that the British fleet , whatever it was doing , was split into separate sections moving apart , which was precisely as the Germans wished to meet it . Jellicoe 's ships proceeded to their rendezvous undamaged and undiscovered . However , he was now misled by an Admiralty intelligence report advising that the German main battle fleet was still in port . The Director of Operations Division , Rear Admiral Thomas Jackson , had asked the intelligence division , Room 40 , for the current location of German call sign DK , used by Admiral Scheer . They had replied that it was currently transmitting from Wilhelmshaven . It was known to the intelligence staff that Scheer deliberately used a different call sign when at sea , but no one asked for this information or explained the reason behind the query -- to locate the German fleet . The German battlecruisers cleared the minefields surrounding the Amrum swept channel by 09 : 00 . They then proceeded north - west , passing 35 mi ( 30 nmi ; 56 km ) west of the Horn 's Reef lightship heading for the Little Fisher Bank at the mouth of the Skagerrak . The High Seas Fleet followed some 50 mi ( 43 nmi ; 80 km ) behind . The battlecruisers were in line ahead , with the four cruisers of the II scouting group plus supporting torpedo boats ranged in an arc 8 mi ( 7.0 nmi ; 13 km ) ahead and to either side . The IX torpedo boat flotilla formed close support immediately surrounding the battlecruisers . The High Seas Fleet similarly adopted a line - ahead formation , with close screening by torpedo boats to either side and a further screen of five cruisers surrounding the column 5 -- 8 mi ( 4.3 -- 7.0 nmi ; 8.0 -- 12.9 km ) away . The wind had finally moderated so that Zeppelins could be used , and by 11 : 30 five had been sent out : L14 to the Skagerrak , L23 240 mi ( 210 nmi ; 390 km ) east of Noss Head in the Pentland Firth , L21 120 mi ( 100 nmi ; 190 km ) off Peterhead , L9 100 mi ( 87 nmi ; 160 km ) off Sunderland , and L16 80 mi ( 70 nmi ; 130 km ) east of Flamborough Head . Visibility , however , was still bad , with clouds down to 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) . Contact ( edit ) HMS Warspite and Malaya , seen from HMS Valiant at around 14 : 00 hrs By around 14 : 00 , Beatty 's ships were proceeding eastward at roughly the same latitude as Hipper 's squadron , which was heading north . Had the courses remained unchanged , Beatty would have passed between the two German fleets , 40 mi ( 35 nmi ; 64 km ) south of the battlecruisers and 20 mi ( 17 nmi ; 32 km ) north of the High Seas Fleet at around 16 : 30 , possibly trapping his ships just as the German plan envisioned . His orders were to stop his scouting patrol when he reached a point 260 mi ( 230 nmi ; 420 km ) east of Britain and then turn north to meet Jellicoe , which he did at this time . Beatty 's ships were divided into three columns , with the two battlecruiser squadrons leading in parallel lines 3 mi ( 2.6 nmi ; 4.8 km ) apart . The 5th Battle Squadron was stationed 5 mi ( 4.3 nmi ; 8.0 km ) to the north - west , on the side furthest away from any expected enemy contact , while a screen of cruisers and destroyers was spread south - east of the battlecruisers . After the turn , the 5th Battle Squadron was now leading the British ships in the westernmost column , and Beatty 's squadron was centre and rearmost , with the 2nd BCS to the west . ( 1 ) 15 : 22 hrs , Hipper sights Beatty . ( 2 ) 15 : 48 hrs , First shots fired by Hipper 's squadron . ( 3 ) 16 : 00 hrs - 16 : 05 hrs , Indefatigable explodes , leaving two survivors . ( 4 ) 16 : 25 hrs , Queen Mary explodes , nine survive . ( 5 ) 16 : 45 hrs , Beatty 's battlecruisers move out of range of Hipper . ( 6 ) 16 : 54 hrs , Evan - Thomas 's battleships turn north behind Beatty . At 14 : 20 on 31 May , despite heavy haze and scuds of fog giving poor visibility , scouts from Beatty 's force reported enemy ships to the south - east ; the British light units , investigating a neutral Danish steamer ( NJ Fjord ) , which was stopped between the two fleets , had found two German destroyers engaged on the same mission ( B109 and B110 ) . The first shots of the battle were fired at 14 : 28 when HMS Galatea and Phaeton of the British 1st Light Cruiser Squadron opened on the German torpedo boats , which withdrew toward their approaching light cruisers . At 14 : 36 , the Germans scored the first hit of the battle when SMS Elbing , of Rear - Admiral Friedrich Boedicker 's Scouting Group II , hit her British counterpart Galatea at extreme range . Beatty began to move his battlecruisers and supporting forces south - eastwards and then east to cut the German ships off from their base and ordered Engadine to launch a seaplane to try to get more information about the size and location of the German forces . This was the first time in history that a carrier - based aeroplane was used for reconnaissance in naval combat . Engadine 's aircraft did locate and report some German light cruisers just before 15 : 30 and came under anti-aircraft gunfire but attempts to relay reports from the aeroplane failed . Unfortunately for Beatty , his initial course changes at 14 : 32 were not received by Sir Hugh Evan - Thomas 's 5th Battle Squadron ( the distance being too great to read his flags ) , because the battlecruiser HMS Tiger -- the last ship in his column -- was no longer in a position where she could relay signals by searchlight to Evan - Thomas , as she had previously been ordered to do . Whereas before the north turn , Tiger had been the closest ship to Evan - Thomas , she was now further away than Beatty in Lion . Matters were aggravated because Evan - Thomas had not been briefed regarding standing orders within Beatty 's squadron , as his squadron normally operated with the Grand Fleet . Fleet ships were expected to obey movement orders precisely and not deviate from them . Beatty 's standing instructions expected his officers to use their initiative and keep station with the flagship . As a result , the four Queen Elizabeth - class battleships -- which were the fastest and most heavily armed in the world at that time -- remained on the previous course for several minutes , ending up 10 mi ( 8.7 nmi ; 16 km ) behind rather than five . Beatty also had the opportunity during the previous hours to concentrate his forces , and no reason not to do so , whereas he steamed ahead at full speed , faster than the battleships could manage . Dividing the force had serious consequences for the British , costing them what would have been an overwhelming advantage in ships and firepower during the first half - hour of the coming battle . With visibility favouring the Germans , Hipper 's battlecruisers at 15 : 22 , steaming approximately north - west , sighted Beatty 's squadron at a range of about 15 mi ( 13 nmi ; 24 km ) , while Beatty 's forces did not identify Hipper 's battlecruisers until 15 : 30 . ( position 1 on map ) . At 15 : 45 , Hipper turned south - east to lead Beatty toward Scheer , who was 46 mi ( 40 nmi ; 74 km ) south - east with the main force of the High Seas Fleet . Run to the south ( edit ) Beatty 's conduct during the next 15 minutes has received a great deal of criticism , as his ships out - ranged and outnumbered the German squadron , yet he held his fire for over 10 minutes with the German ships in range . He also failed to use the time available to rearrange his battlecruisers into a fighting formation , with the result that they were still manoeuvring when the battle started . At 15 : 48 , with the opposing forces roughly parallel at 15,000 yd ( 14,000 m ) , with the British to the south - west of the Germans ( i.e. , on the right side ) , Hipper opened fire , followed by the British ships as their guns came to bear upon targets ( position 2 ) . Thus began the opening phase of the battlecruiser action , known as the Run to the South , in which the British chased the Germans , and Hipper intentionally led Beatty toward Scheer . During the first minutes of the ensuing battle , all the British ships except Princess Royal fired far over their German opponents , due to adverse visibility conditions , before finally getting the range . Only Lion and Princess Royal had settled into formation , so the other four ships were hampered in aiming by their own turning . Beatty was to windward of Hipper , and therefore funnel and gun smoke from his own ships tended to obscure his targets , while Hipper 's smoke blew clear . Also , the eastern sky was overcast and the grey German ships were indistinct and difficult to range . Beatty 's flagship Lion burning after being hit by a salvo from Lützow HMS Indefatigable sinking after being struck by shells from the German battlecruiser Von der Tann Beatty had ordered his ships to engage in a line , one British ship engaging with one German and his flagship HMS Lion doubling on the German flagship SMS Lützow . However , due to another mistake with signalling by flag , and possibly because Queen Mary and Tiger were unable to see the German lead ship because of smoke , the second German ship , Derfflinger , was left un-engaged and free to fire without disruption . SMS Moltke drew fire from two of Beatty 's battlecruisers , but still fired with great accuracy during this time , hitting Tiger 9 times in the first 12 minutes . The Germans drew first blood . Aided by superior visibility , Hipper 's five battlecruisers quickly registered hits on three of the six British battlecruisers . Seven minutes passed before the British managed to score their first hit . The first near - kill of the Run to the South occurred at 16 : 00 , when a 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) shell from Lützow wrecked the `` Q '' turret amidships on Beatty 's flagship Lion . Dozens of crewmen were instantly killed , but far larger destruction was averted when the mortally wounded turret commander -- Major Francis Harvey of the Royal Marines -- promptly ordered the magazine doors shut and the magazine flooded . This prevented a magazine explosion at 16 : 28 , when a flash fire ignited ready cordite charges beneath the turret and killed everyone in the chambers outside `` Q '' magazine . Lion was saved . HMS Indefatigable was not so lucky ; at 16 : 02 , just 14 minutes into the gunnery exchange , she was hit aft by three 28 cm ( 11 in ) shells from SMS Von der Tann , causing damage sufficient to knock her out of line and detonating `` X '' magazine aft . Soon after , despite the near - maximum range , Von der Tann put another 28 cm ( 11 in ) shell on Indefatigable 's `` A '' turret forward . The plunging shells probably pierced the thin upper armour , and seconds later Indefatigable was ripped apart by another magazine explosion , sinking immediately with her crew of 1,019 officers and men , leaving only two survivors . ( position 3 ) . Hipper 's position deteriorated somewhat by 16 : 15 as the 5th Battle Squadron finally came into range , so that he had to contend with gunfire from the four battleships astern as well as Beatty 's five remaining battlecruisers to starboard . But he knew his baiting mission was close to completion , as his force was rapidly closing with Scheer 's main body . At 16 : 08 , the lead battleship of the 5th Battle Squadron , HMS Barham , caught up with Hipper and opened fire at extreme range , scoring a 15 in ( 380 mm ) hit on Von der Tann within 60 seconds . Still , it was 16 : 15 before all the battleships of the 5th were able to fully engage at long range . At 16 : 25 , the battlecruiser action intensified again when HMS Queen Mary was hit by what may have been a combined salvo from Derfflinger and Seydlitz ; she disintegrated when both forward magazines exploded , sinking with all but nine of her 1,275 man crew lost . ( position 4 ) . Commander von Hase , the first gunnery officer aboard Derfflingler , noted : The enemy was shooting superbly . Twice the Derfflinger came under their infernal hail and each time she was hit . But the Queen Mary was having a bad time ; engaged by the Seydlitz as well as the Derfflinger , she met her doom at 1626 . A vivid red flame shot up from her forepart ; then came an explosion forward , followed by a much heavier explosion amidships . Immediately afterwards , she blew up with a terrific explosion , the masts collapsing inwards and the smoke hiding everything . HMS Queen Mary blowing up During the Run to the South , from 15 : 48 to 16 : 54 , the German battlecruisers made an estimated total of forty - two 28 and 30.5 cm ( 11.0 and 12.0 in ) hits on the British battlecruisers ( nine on Lion , six on Princess Royal , seven on Queen Mary , 14 on Tiger , one on New Zealand , five on Indefatigable ) , and two more on the battleship Barham , compared with only eleven 13.5 in ( 340 mm ) hits by the British battlecruisers ( four on Lützow , four on Seydlitz , two on Moltke , one on von der Tann ) , and six 15 in ( 380 mm ) hits by the battleships ( one on Seydlitz , four on Moltke , one on von der Tann ) . Shortly after 16 : 26 , a salvo struck on or around HMS Princess Royal , which was obscured by spray and smoke from shell bursts . A signalman promptly leapt on to the bridge of Lion and announced `` Princess Royal 's blown up , Sir . '' Beatty famously turned to his flag captain , saying `` Chatfield , there seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today . '' ( In popular legend , Beatty also immediately ordered his ships to `` turn two points to port '' , i.e. , two points nearer the enemy , but there is no official record of any such command or course change . ) Princess Royal , as it turned out , was still afloat after the spray cleared . At 16 : 30 , Scheer 's leading battleships sighted the distant battlecruiser action ; soon after , HMS Southampton of Beatty 's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron led by Commodore William Goodenough sighted the main body of Scheer 's High Seas Fleet , dodging numerous heavy - calibre salvos to report in detail the German strength : 16 dreadnoughts with six older battleships . This was the first news that Beatty and Jellicoe had that Scheer and his battle fleet were even at sea . Simultaneously , an all - out destroyer action raged in the space between the opposing battlecruiser forces , as British and German destroyers fought with each other and attempted to torpedo the larger enemy ships . Each side fired many torpedoes , but both battlecruiser forces turned away from the attacks and all escaped harm except Seydlitz , which was hit forward at 16 : 57 by a torpedo fired by the British destroyer HMS Petard . Though taking on water , Seydlitz maintained speed . The destroyer HMS Nestor , under the command of Captain Barry Bingham , led the British attacks . The British disabled the German torpedo boat V27 , which the Germans soon abandoned and sank , and Petard then torpedoed and sank V29 , her second score of the day . S35 and V26 rescued the crews of their sunken sister ships . But Nestor and another British destroyer -- HMS Nomad -- were immobilised by shell hits , and were later sunk by Scheer 's passing dreadnoughts . Bingham was rescued , and won the Victoria Cross for his leadership in the destroyer action . Run to the north ( edit ) As soon as he himself sighted the vanguard of Scheer 's distant battleship line 12 mi ( 10 nmi ; 19 km ) away , at 16 : 40 , Beatty turned his battlecruiser force 180 ° , heading north to draw the Germans toward Jellicoe . ( position 5 ) . Beatty 's withdrawal toward Jellicoe is called the `` Run to the North '' , in which the tables turned and the Germans chased the British . Because Beatty once again failed to signal his intentions adequately , the battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron -- which were too far behind to read his flags -- found themselves passing the battlecruisers on an opposing course and heading directly toward the approaching main body of the High Seas Fleet . At 16 : 48 , at extreme range , Scheer 's leading battleships opened fire . Meanwhile , at 16 : 47 , having received Goodenough 's signal and knowing that Beatty was now leading the German battle fleet north to him , Jellicoe signalled to his own forces that the fleet action they had waited so long for was finally imminent ; at 16 : 51 , by radio , he informed the Admiralty so in London . The difficulties of the 5th Battle Squadron were compounded when Beatty gave the order to Evan - Thomas to `` turn in succession '' ( rather than `` turn together '' ) at 16 : 48 as the battleships passed him . Evan - Thomas acknowledged the signal , but Lieutenant - Commander Ralph Seymour , Beatty 's flag lieutenant , aggravated the situation when he did not haul down the flags ( to execute the signal ) for some minutes . At 16 : 55 , when the 5BS had moved within range of the enemy battleships , Evan - Thomas issued his own flag command warning his squadron to expect sudden manoeuvres and to follow his lead , before starting to turn on his own initiative . The order to turn in succession would have resulted in all four ships turning in the same patch of sea as they reached it one by one , giving the High Seas Fleet repeated opportunity with ample time to find the proper range . However , the captain of the trailing ship ( HMS Malaya ) turned early , mitigating the adverse results . For the next hour , the 5th Battle Squadron acted as Beatty 's rearguard , drawing fire from all the German ships within range , while by 17 : 10 Beatty had deliberately eased his own squadron out of range of Hipper 's now - superior battlecruiser force . Since visibility and firepower now favoured the Germans , there was no incentive for Beatty to risk further battlecruiser losses when his own gunnery could not be effective . Illustrating the imbalance , Beatty 's battlecruisers did not score any hits on the Germans in this phase until 17 : 45 , but they had rapidly received five more before he opened the range ( four on Lion , of which three were by Lützow , and one on Tiger by Seydlitz ) . Now the only targets the Germans could reach , the ships of the 5th Battle Squadron , received simultaneous fire from Hipper 's battlecruisers to the east ( which HMS Barham and Valiant engaged ) and Scheer 's leading battleships to the south - east ( which HMS Warspite and Malaya engaged ) . Three took hits : Barham ( four by Derfflinger ) , Warspite ( two by Seydlitz ) , and Malaya ( seven by the German battleships ) . Only Valiant was unscathed . The four battleships were far better suited to take this sort of pounding than the battlecruisers , and none were lost , though Malaya suffered heavy damage , an ammunition fire , and heavy crew casualties . At the same time , the 15 in ( 380 mm ) fire of the four British ships was accurate and effective . As the two British squadrons headed north at top speed , eagerly chased by the entire German fleet , the 5th Battle Squadron scored 13 hits on the enemy battlecruisers ( four on Lützow , three on Derfflinger , six on Seydlitz ) and five on battleships ( although only one , on SMS Markgraf , did any serious damage ) . ( position 6 ) . The fleets converge ( edit ) Jellicoe was now aware that full fleet engagement was nearing , but had insufficient information on the position and course of the Germans . To assist Beatty , early in the battle at about 16 : 05 , Jellicoe had ordered Rear - Admiral Horace Hood 's 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron to speed ahead to find and support Beatty 's force , and Hood was now racing SSE well in advance of Jellicoe 's northern force . Rear - Admiral Arbuthnot 's 1st Cruiser Squadron patrolled the van of Jellicoe 's main battleship force as it advanced steadily to the south - east . At 17 : 33 , the armoured cruiser HMS Black Prince of Arbuthnot 's squadron , on the far southwest flank of Jellicoe 's force , came within view of HMS Falmouth , which was about 5 mi ( 4.3 nmi ; 8.0 km ) ahead of Beatty with the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron , establishing the first visual link between the converging bodies of the Grand Fleet . At 17 : 38 , the scout cruiser HMS Chester , screening Hood 's oncoming battlecruisers , was intercepted by the van of the German scouting forces under Rear - Admiral Boedicker . Heavily outnumbered by Boedicker 's four light cruisers , Chester was pounded before being relieved by Hood 's heavy units , which swung westward for that purpose . Hood 's flagship HMS Invincible disabled the light cruiser SMS Wiesbaden shortly after 17 : 56 . Wiesbaden became a sitting target for most of the British fleet during the next hour , but remained afloat and fired some torpedoes at the passing enemy battleships from long range . Meanwhile , Boedicker 's other ships turned toward Hipper and Scheer in the mistaken belief that Hood was leading a larger force of British capital ships from the north and east . A chaotic destroyer action in mist and smoke ensued as German torpedo boats attempted to blunt the arrival of this new formation , but Hood 's battlecruisers dodged all the torpedoes fired at them . In this action , after leading a torpedo counter-attack , the British destroyer HMS Shark was disabled , but continued to return fire at numerous passing enemy ships for the next hour . Fleet action ( edit ) Deployment ( edit ) ( 1 ) 18 : 00 Scouting forces rejoin their respective fleets . ( 2 ) 18 : 15 British fleet deploys into battle line ( 3 ) 18 : 30 German fleet under fire turns away ( 4 ) 19 : 00 German fleet turns back ( 5 ) 19 : 15 German fleet turns away for second time ( 6 ) 20 : 00 ( 7 ) 21 : 00 Nightfall : Jellicoe assumes night cruising formation In the meantime , Beatty and Evan - Thomas had resumed their engagement with Hipper 's battlecruisers , this time with the visual conditions to their advantage . With several of his ships damaged , Hipper turned back toward Scheer at around 18 : 00 , just as Beatty 's flagship Lion was finally sighted from Jellicoe 's flagship Iron Duke . Jellicoe twice demanded the latest position of the German battlefleet from Beatty , who could not see the German battleships and failed to respond to the question until 18 : 14 . Meanwhile , Jellicoe received confused sighting reports of varying accuracy and limited usefulness from light cruisers and battleships on the starboard ( southern ) flank of his force . Jellicoe was in a worrying position . He needed to know the location of the German fleet to judge when and how to deploy his battleships from their cruising formation ( six columns of four ships each ) into a single battle line . The deployment could be on either the westernmost or the easternmost column , and had to be carried out before the Germans arrived ; but early deployment could mean losing any chance of a decisive encounter . Deploying to the west would bring his fleet closer to Scheer , gaining valuable time as dusk approached , but the Germans might arrive before the manoeuvre was complete . Deploying to the east would take the force away from Scheer , but Jellicoe 's ships might be able to cross the `` T '' , and visibility would strongly favour British gunnery -- Scheer 's forces would be silhouetted against the setting sun to the west , while the Grand Fleet would be indistinct against the dark skies to the north and east , and would be hidden by reflection of the low sunlight off intervening haze and smoke . Deployment would take twenty irreplaceable minutes , and the fleets were closing at full speed . In one of the most critical and difficult tactical command decisions of the entire war , Jellicoe ordered deployment to the east at 18 : 15 . Windy Corner ( edit ) Meanwhile , Hipper had rejoined Scheer , and the combined High Seas Fleet was heading north , directly toward Jellicoe . Scheer had no indication that Jellicoe was at sea , let alone that he was bearing down from the north - west , and was distracted by the intervention of Hood 's ships to his north and east . Beatty 's four surviving battlecruisers were now crossing the van of the British dreadnoughts to join Hood 's three battlecruisers ; at this time , Arbuthnot 's flagship , the armoured cruiser HMS Defence , and her squadron - mate HMS Warrior both charged across Beatty 's bows , and Lion narrowly avoided a collision with Warrior . Nearby , numerous British light cruisers and destroyers on the south - western flank of the deploying battleships were also crossing each other 's courses in attempts to reach their proper stations , often barely escaping collisions , and under fire from some of the approaching German ships . This period of peril and heavy traffic attending the merger and deployment of the British forces later became known as `` Windy Corner '' . Arbuthnot was attracted by the drifting hull of the crippled Wiesbaden . With Warrior , Defence closed in for the kill , only to blunder right into the gun sights of Hipper 's and Scheer 's oncoming capital ships . Defence was deluged by heavy - calibre gunfire from many German battleships , which detonated her magazines in a spectacular explosion viewed by most of the deploying Grand Fleet . She sank with all hands ( 903 officers and men ) . Warrior was also hit badly , but was spared destruction by a mishap to the nearby battleship Warspite . Warspite had her steering gear overheat and jam under heavy load at high speed as the 5th Battle Squadron made a turn to the north at 18 : 19 . Steaming at top speed in wide circles , Warspite appeared as a juicy target to the German dreadnoughts and took 13 hits , inadvertently drawing fire from the hapless Warrior . Warspite was brought back under control and survived the onslaught , but was badly damaged , had to reduce speed , and withdrew northward ; later ( at 21 : 07 ) , she was ordered back to port by Evan - Thomas . Warspite went on to a long and illustrious career , serving also in World War II . Warrior , on the other hand , was abandoned and sank the next day after her crew was taken off at 08 : 25 on 1 June by Engadine , which towed the sinking armoured cruiser 100 mi ( 87 nmi ; 160 km ) during the night . Invincible blowing up after being struck by shells from Lützow and Derfflinger As Defence sank and Warspite circled , at about 18 : 19 , Hipper moved within range of Hood 's 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron , but was still also within range of Beatty 's ships . At first , visibility favoured the British : HMS Indomitable hit Derfflinger three times and Seydlitz once , while Lützow quickly took 10 hits from Lion , Inflexible and Invincible , including two below - waterline hits forward by Invincible that would ultimately doom Hipper 's flagship . But at 18 : 30 , Invincible abruptly appeared as a clear target before Lützow and Derfflinger . The two German ships then fired three salvoes each at Invincible , and sank her in 90 seconds . A 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) shell from the third salvo struck Invincible 's Q - turret amidships , detonating the magazines below and causing her to blow up and sink . All but six of her crew of 1,032 officers and men , including Rear - Admiral Hood , were killed . Of the remaining British battlecruisers , only Princess Royal received heavy - calibre hits at this time ( two 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) by the battleship Markgraf ) . Lützow , flooding forward and unable to communicate by radio , was now out of action and began to attempt to withdraw ; therefore Hipper left his flagship and transferred to the torpedo boat SMS G39 , hoping to board one of the other battlecruisers later . Crossing the T ( edit ) By 18 : 30 , the main battle fleet action was joined for the first time , with Jellicoe effectively `` crossing Scheer 's T '' . The officers on the lead German battleships , and Scheer himself , were taken completely by surprise when they emerged from drifting clouds of smoky mist to suddenly find themselves facing the massed firepower of the entire Grand Fleet main battle line , which they did not know was even at sea . Jellicoe 's flagship Iron Duke quickly scored seven hits on the lead German dreadnought , SMS König but in this brief exchange , which lasted only minutes , as few as 10 of the Grand Fleet 's 24 dreadnoughts actually opened fire . The Germans were hampered by poor visibility , in addition to being in an unfavourable tactical position , just as Jellicoe had intended . Realising he was heading into a death trap , Scheer ordered his fleet to turn and disengage at 18 : 33 . Under a pall of smoke and mist , Scheer 's forces succeeded in disengaging by an expertly executed 180 ° turn in unison ( `` battle about turn to starboard '' , German Gefechtskehrtwendung nach Steuerbord ) , which was a well - practised emergency manoeuvre of the High Seas Fleet . Scheer declared : It was now obvious that we were confronted by a large portion of the English fleet . The entire arc stretching from north to east was a sea of fire . The flash from the muzzles of the guns was seen distinctly through the mist and smoke on the horizon , although the ships themselves were not distinguishable . Conscious of the risks to his capital ships posed by torpedoes , Jellicoe did not chase directly but headed south , determined to keep the High Seas Fleet west of him . Starting at 18 : 40 , battleships at the rear of Jellicoe 's line were in fact sighting and avoiding torpedoes , and at 18 : 54 HMS Marlborough was hit by a torpedo ( probably from the disabled Wiesbaden ) , which reduced her speed to 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . Meanwhile , Scheer , knowing that it was not yet dark enough to escape and that his fleet would suffer terribly in a stern chase , doubled back to the east at 18 : 55 . In his memoirs he wrote , `` the manoeuvre would be bound to surprise the enemy , to upset his plans for the rest of the day , and if the blow fell heavily it would facilitate the breaking loose at night . '' But the turn to the east took his ships , again , directly towards Jellicoe 's fully deployed battle line . Simultaneously , the disabled British destroyer HMS Shark fought desperately against a group of four German torpedo boats and disabled V48 with gunfire , but was eventually torpedoed and sunk at 19 : 02 by the German destroyer S54 . Shark 's Captain Loftus Jones won the Victoria Cross for his heroism in continuing to fight against all odds . Gefechtskehrtwendung ( edit ) HMS Birmingham under fire Commodore Goodenough 's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron dodged the fire of German battleships for a second time to re-establish contact with the High Seas Fleet shortly after 19 : 00 . By 19 : 15 , Jellicoe had crossed Scheer 's `` T '' again . This time his arc of fire was tighter and deadlier , causing severe damage to the German battleships , particularly Rear - Admiral Behncke 's leading 3rd Squadron ( SMS König , Grosser Kurfürst , Markgraf , and Kaiser all being hit , along with SMS Helgoland of the 1st Squadron ) , while on the British side , only the battleship HMS Colossus was hit ( twice , by SMS Seydlitz but with little damage done ) . At 19 : 17 , for the second time in less than an hour , Scheer turned his outnumbered and out - gunned fleet to the west using the `` battle about turn '' ( German : Gefechtskehrtwendung ) , but this time it was executed only with difficulty , as the High Seas Fleet 's lead squadrons began to lose formation under concentrated gunfire . To deter a British chase , Scheer ordered a major torpedo attack by his destroyers and a potentially sacrificial charge by Scouting Group I 's four remaining battlecruisers . Hipper was still aboard the torpedo boat G39 and was unable to command his squadron for this attack . Therefore , SMS Derfflinger , under Captain Hartog , led the already badly damaged German battlecruisers directly into `` the greatest concentration of naval gunfire any fleet commander had ever faced '' , at ranges down to 4 mi ( 3.5 nmi ; 6.4 km ) . In what became known as the `` death ride '' , all the battlecruisers except SMS Moltke were hit and further damaged , as 18 of the British battleships fired at them simultaneously . Derfflinger had two main gun turrets destroyed . The crews of Scouting Group I suffered heavy casualties , but survived the pounding and veered away with the other battlecruisers once Scheer was out of trouble and the German destroyers were moving in to attack . In this brief but intense portion of the engagement , from about 19 : 05 to about 19 : 30 , the Germans sustained a total of 37 heavy hits while inflicting only two ; Derfflinger alone received 14 . While his battlecruisers drew the fire of the British fleet , Scheer slipped away , laying smoke screens . Meanwhile , from about 19 : 16 to about 19 : 40 , the British battleships were also engaging Scheer 's torpedo boats , which executed several waves of torpedo attacks to cover his withdrawal . Jellicoe 's ships turned away from the attacks and successfully evaded all 31 of the torpedoes launched at them -- though , in several cases , only just barely -- and sank the German destroyer S35 , attributed to a salvo from Iron Duke . British light forces also sank V48 , which had previously been disabled by HMS Shark . This action , and the turn away , cost the British critical time and range in the last hour of daylight -- as Scheer intended , allowing him to get his heavy ships out of immediate danger . The last major exchanges between capital ships in this battle took place just after sunset , from about 20 : 19 to about 20 : 35 , as the surviving British battlecruisers caught up with their German counterparts , which were briefly relieved by Rear - Admiral Mauve 's obsolete pre-dreadnoughts ( the German 2nd Squadron ) . The British received one heavy hit on Princess Royal but scored five more on Seydlitz and three on other German ships . As twilight faded to night and HMS King George V exchanged a few final shots with SMS Westfalen , neither side could have imagined that the only encounter between British and German dreadnoughts in the entire war was already concluded . Night action and German withdrawal ( edit ) Main article : Night action at the Battle of Jutland At 21 : 00 , Jellicoe , conscious of the Grand Fleet 's deficiencies in night fighting , decided to try to avoid a major engagement until early dawn . He placed a screen of cruisers and destroyers 5 mi ( 4.3 nmi ; 8.0 km ) behind his battle fleet to patrol the rear as he headed south to guard Scheer 's expected escape route . In reality , Scheer opted to cross Jellicoe 's wake and escape via Horns Reef . Luckily for Scheer , most of the light forces in Jellicoe 's rearguard failed to report the seven separate encounters with the German fleet during the night ; the very few radio reports that were sent to the British flagship were never received , possibly because the Germans were jamming British frequencies . Many of the destroyers failed to make the most of their opportunities to attack discovered ships , despite Jellicoe 's expectations that the destroyer forces would , if necessary , be able to block the path of the German fleet . Jellicoe and his commanders did not understand that the furious gunfire and explosions to the north ( seen and heard for hours by all the British battleships ) indicated that the German heavy ships were breaking through the screen astern of the British fleet . Instead , it was believed that the fighting was the result of night attacks by German destroyers . The most powerful British ships of all ( the 15 - inch - guns of the 5th Battle Squadron ) directly observed German battleships crossing astern of them in action with British light forces , at ranges of 3 mi ( 2.6 nmi ; 4.8 km ) or less , and gunners on HMS Malaya made ready to fire , but her captain declined , deferring to the authority of Rear - Admiral Evan - Thomas -- and neither commander reported the sightings to Jellicoe , assuming that he could see for himself and that revealing the fleet 's position by radio signals or gunfire was unwise . While the nature of Scheer 's escape , and Jellicoe 's inaction , indicate the overall German superiority in night fighting , the results of the night action were no more clear - cut than were those of the battle as a whole . In the first of many surprise encounters by darkened ships at point - blank range , Southampton , Commodore Goodenough 's flagship , which had scouted so proficiently , was heavily damaged in action with a German Scouting Group composed of light cruisers , but managed to torpedo SMS Frauenlob , which went down at 22 : 23 with all hands ( 320 officers and men ) . From 23 : 20 to approximately 02 : 15 , several British destroyer flotillas launched torpedo attacks on the German battle fleet in a series of violent and chaotic engagements at extremely short range ( often under 0.5 mi ( 0.80 km ) ) . At the cost of five destroyers sunk and some others damaged , they managed to torpedo the light cruiser SMS Rostock , which sank several hours later , and the pre-dreadnought SMS Pommern , which blew up and sank with all hands ( 839 officers and men ) at 03 : 10 during the last wave of attacks before dawn . Three of the British destroyers collided in the chaos , and the German battleship SMS Nassau rammed the British destroyer HMS Spitfire , blowing away most of the British ship 's superstructure merely with the muzzle blast of its big guns , which could not be aimed low enough to hit the ship . Nassau was left with a 11 ft ( 3.4 m ) hole in her side , reducing her maximum speed to 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) , while the removed plating was left lying on Spitfire 's deck . Spitfire survived and made it back to port . Another German cruiser , SMS Elbing , was accidentally rammed by the dreadnought Posen and abandoned , sinking early the next day . Of the British destroyers , HMS Tipperary , Ardent , Fortune , Sparrowhawk and Turbulent were lost during the night fighting . Just after midnight on 1 June , SMS Thüringen and other German battleships sank HMS Black Prince of the ill - fated 1st Cruiser Squadron , which had blundered into the German battle line . Deployed as part of a screening force several miles ahead of the main force of the Grand Fleet , Black Prince had lost contact in the darkness and took a position near what she thought was the British line . The Germans soon identified the new addition to its line and opened fire . Overwhelmed by point - blank gunfire , Black Prince blew up , ( 857 officers and men -- all hands -- were lost ) , as her squadron leader Defence had done hours earlier . Lost in the darkness , the battlecruisers SMS Moltke and Seydlitz had similar point - blank encounters with the British battle line and were recognised , but were spared the fate of Black Prince when the captains of the British ships , again , declined to open fire , reluctant to reveal their fleet 's position . At 01 : 45 , the sinking battlecruiser Lützow -- fatally damaged by Invincible during the main action -- was torpedoed by the destroyer G38 on orders of Lützow 's Captain Viktor von Harder after the surviving crew of 1,150 transferred to destroyers that came alongside . At 02 : 15 , the German torpedo boat V4 suddenly had its bow blown off ; V2 and V6 came alongside and took off the remaining crew , and the V2 then sank the hulk . Since there was no enemy nearby , it was assumed that she had hit a mine or had been torpedoed by a submarine . At 02 : 15 , five British ships of the 13th Destroyer Flotilla under Captain James Uchtred Farie regrouped and headed south . At 02 : 25 , they sighted the rear of the German line . HMS Marksman inquired of the leader Champion as to whether he thought they were British or German ships . Answering that he thought they were German , Farie then veered off to the east and away from the German line . All but Moresby in the rear followed , as through the gloom she sighted what she thought were four pre-dreadnought battleships 2 mi ( 1.7 nmi ; 3.2 km ) away . She hoisted a flag signal indicating that the enemy was to the west and then closed to firing range , letting off a torpedo set for high running at 02 : 37 , then veering off to rejoin her flotilla . The four pre-dreadnought battleships were in fact two pre-dreadnoughts , Schleswig - Holstein and Schlesien , and the battlecruisers Von der Tann and Derfflinger . Von der Tann sighted the torpedo and was forced to steer sharply to starboard to avoid it as it passed close to her bows . Moresby rejoined Champion convinced she had scored a hit . Finally , at 05 : 20 , as Scheer 's fleet was safely on its way home , the battleship SMS Ostfriesland struck a British mine on her starboard side , killing one man and wounding ten , but was able to make port . Seydlitz , critically damaged and very nearly sinking , barely survived the return voyage : after grounding and taking on even more water on the evening of 1 June , she had to be assisted stern first into port , where she dropped anchor at 07 : 30 on the morning of 2 June . The Germans were helped in their escape by the failure of the British Admiralty in London to pass on seven critical radio intercepts obtained by naval intelligence indicating the true position , course and intentions of the High Seas Fleet during the night . One message was transmitted to Jellicoe at 23 : 15 that accurately reported the German fleet 's course and speed as of 21 : 14 . However , the erroneous signal from earlier in the day that reported the German fleet still in port , and an intelligence signal received at 22 : 45 giving another unlikely position for the German fleet , had reduced his confidence in intelligence reports . Had the other messages been forwarded , which confirmed the information received at 23 : 15 , or had British ships reported accurately sightings and engagements with German destroyers , cruisers and battleships , then Jellicoe could have altered course to intercept Scheer at the Horns Reef . The unsent intercepted messages had been duly filed by the junior officer left on duty that night , who failed to appreciate their significance . By the time Jellicoe finally learned of Scheer 's whereabouts at 04 : 15 , the German fleet was too far away to catch and it was clear that the battle could no longer be resumed . Outcome ( edit ) Reporting ( edit ) At midday on 2 June , German authorities released a press statement claiming a victory , including the destruction of a battleship , two battlecruisers , two armoured cruisers , a light cruiser , a submarine and several destroyers , for the loss of Pommern and Wiesbaden . News that Lützow , Elbing and Rostock had been scuttled was withheld , on the grounds this information would not be known to the enemy . The victory of the Skagerrak was celebrated in the press , children were given a holiday and the nation celebrated . The Kaiser announced a new chapter in world history . Post-war , the official German history hailed the battle as a victory and it continued to be celebrated until after World War II . In Britain , the first official news came from German wireless broadcasts . Ships began to arrive in port , their crews sending messages to friends and relatives both of their survival and the loss of some 6,000 others . Authorities considered suppressing the news , but it had already spread widely . Some crews coming ashore found rumours had already reported them dead to relatives , while others were jeered for the defeat they had suffered . At 19 : 00 on 2 June , the Admiralty released a statement based on information from Jellicoe containing the bare news of losses on each side . The following day British newspapers reported a German victory . The Daily Mirror described the German Director of the Naval Department telling the Reichstag : `` The result of the fighting is a significant success for our forces against a much stronger adversary '' . The British population was shocked that the long anticipated battle had been a victory for Germany . On 3 June , the Admiralty issued a further statement expanding on German losses , and another the following day with exaggerated claims . However , on 7 June the German admission of the losses of Lützow and Rostock started to redress the sense of the battle as a loss . International perception of the battle began to change towards a qualified British victory , the German attempt to change the balance of power in the North Sea having been repulsed . In July , bad news from the Somme campaign swept concern over Jutland from the British consciousness . Assessments ( edit ) SMS Seydlitz was heavily damaged in the battle , hit by twenty - one main calibre shells , several secondary calibre and one torpedo. 98 men were killed and 55 injured . At Jutland , the Germans , with a 99 - strong fleet , sank 115,000 long tons ( 117,000 t ) of British ships , while a 151 - strong British fleet sank 62,000 long tons ( 63,000 t ) of German ships . The British lost 6,094 seamen ; the Germans 2,551 . Several other ships were badly damaged , such as Lion and Seydlitz . As of the summer of 1916 , the High Seas Fleet 's strategy was to whittle away the numerical advantage of the Royal Navy by bringing its full strength to bear against isolated squadrons of enemy capital ships whilst declining to be drawn into a general fleet battle until it had achieved something resembling parity in heavy ships . In tactical terms , the High Seas Fleet had clearly inflicted significantly greater losses on the Grand Fleet than it had suffered itself at Jutland and the Germans never had any intention of attempting to hold the site of the battle , so some historians support the German claim of victory at Jutland . However , Scheer seems to have quickly realised that further battles with a similar rate of attrition would exhaust the High Seas Fleet long before it reduced the Grand Fleet . Further , after the 19 August advance was nearly intercepted by the Grand Fleet , he no longer believed that it would be possible to trap a single squadron of Royal Navy warships without having the Grand Fleet intervene before he could return to port . Therefore , the High Seas Fleet abandoned its forays into the North Sea and turned its attention to the Baltic for most of 1917 whilst Scheer switched tactics against Britain to unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic . At a strategic level , the outcome has been the subject of a huge amount of literature with no clear consensus . The battle was widely viewed as indecisive in the immediate aftermath and this view remains influential . Despite numerical superiority , the British had been disappointed in their hopes for a decisive victory comparable to Trafalgar and the objective of the influential strategic doctrines of Alfred Mahan . The High Seas Fleet survived as a fleet in being . Most of its losses were made good within a month -- even Seydlitz , the most badly damaged ship to survive the battle , was repaired by October and officially back in service by November . However , the Germans had failed in their objective of destroying a substantial portion of the British Fleet , and no progress had been made towards the goal of allowing the High Seas Fleet to operate in the Atlantic Ocean . Subsequently , there has been considerable support for the view of Jutland as a strategic victory for the British . While the British had not destroyed the German fleet and had lost more ships than their enemy , the Germans had retreated to harbour ; at the end of the battle the British were in command of the area . The German fleet would only sortie into the North Sea thrice more , with a raid on 19 August , one in October 1916 and another in April 1918 . All three were unopposed by capital ships and quickly aborted as neither side were prepared to take the risks of mines and submarines . Apart from these three abortive operations the High Seas Fleet -- unwilling to risk another encounter with the British fleet -- confined its activities to the Baltic Sea for the remainder of the war . Jellicoe issued an order prohibiting the Grand Fleet from steaming south of the line of Horns Reef owing to the threat of mines and U-boats . A German naval expert , writing publicly about Jutland in November 1918 , commented , `` Our Fleet losses were severe . On 1 June 1916 , it was clear to every thinking person that this battle must , and would be , the last one '' . There is also significant support for viewing the battle as a German tactical victory , due to the much higher losses sustained by the British . The Germans declared a great victory immediately afterwards , while the British by contrast had only reported short and simple results . In response to public outrage , the First Lord of the Admiralty Arthur Balfour asked Winston Churchill to write a second report that was more positive and detailed . A crew member of SMS Westfalen At the end of the battle , the British had maintained their numerical superiority and had 23 dreadnoughts ready and four battlecruisers still able to fight , while the Germans had only 10 dreadnoughts . One month after the battle , the Grand Fleet was stronger than it had been before sailing to Jutland . Warspite was dry docked at Rosyth , returning to the fleet on 22 July , while Malaya was repaired in the floating dock at Invergordon , returning to duty on 11 July . Barham was docked for a month at Devonport before undergoing speed trials and returning to Scapa on 8 July . Princess Royal stayed initially at Rosyth but transferred to dry dock at Portsmouth before returning to duty at Rosyth 21 July . Tiger was dry docked at Rosyth and ready for service 2 July . Queen Elizabeth , Emperor of India and HMAS Australia , which had been undergoing maintenance at the time of the battle , returned to the fleet immediately , followed shortly after by Resolution and Ramillies . Lion initially remained ready for sea duty despite the damaged turret , then underwent a month 's repairs in July when Q turret was removed temporarily and replaced in September . A third view , presented in a number of recent evaluations , is that Jutland , the last major fleet action between battleships , illustrated the irrelevance of battleship fleets following the development of the submarine , mine and torpedo . In this view , the most important consequence of Jutland was the decision of the Germans to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare . Although large numbers of battleships were constructed in the decades between the wars , it has been argued that this outcome reflected the social dominance among naval decision - makers of battleship advocates who constrained technological choices to fit traditional paradigms of fleet action . Battleships played a relatively minor role in World War II , in which the submarine and aircraft carrier emerged as the dominant offensive weapons of naval warfare . British self - critique ( edit ) The official British Admiralty examination of the Grand Fleet 's performance recognised two main problems : British armour - piercing shells exploded outside the German armour rather than penetrating and exploding within . As a result , some German ships with only 8 in ( 20 cm ) - thick armour survived hits from 15 - inch ( 38 cm ) projectiles . Had these shells penetrated the armour and then exploded , German losses would probably have been far greater . Communication between ships and the British commander - in - chief were comparatively poor . For most of the battle , Jellicoe had no idea where the German ships were , even though British ships were in contact . They failed to report enemy positions , contrary to the Grand Fleet 's Battle Plan . Some of the most important signalling was carried out solely by flag instead of wireless or using redundant methods to ensure communications -- a questionable procedure , given the mixture of haze and smoke that obscured the battlefield , and a foreshadowing of similar failures by habit - bound and conservatively minded professional officers of rank to take advantage of new technology in World War II . Shell performance ( edit ) German armour - piercing shells were far more effective than the British ones , which often failed to penetrate heavy armour . The issue particularly concerned shells striking at oblique angles , which became increasingly the case at long range . Germany had adopted trinitrotoluene ( TNT ) as the explosive filler for artillery shells in 1902 , while the United Kingdom was still using a picric acid mixture ( Lyddite ) . The shock of impact of a shell against armour often prematurely detonated Lyddite in advance of fuze function while TNT detonation could be delayed until after the shell had penetrated and the fuze had functioned in the vulnerable area behind the armour plate . The issue of poorly performing shells had been known to Jellicoe , who as Third Sea Lord from 1908 to 1910 had ordered new shells to be designed . However , the matter had not been followed through after his posting to sea and new shells had never been thoroughly tested . Beatty discovered the problem at a party aboard Lion a short time after the battle , when a Swedish Naval officer was present . He had recently visited Berlin , where the German navy had scoffed at how British shells had broken up on their ships ' armour . The question of shell effectiveness had also been raised after the Battle of Dogger Bank , but no action had been taken . Hipper later commented , `` It was nothing but the poor quality of their bursting charges which saved us from disaster . '' Admiral Dreyer , writing later about the battle , during which he had been captain of the British flagship Iron Duke , estimated that effective shells as later introduced would have led to the sinking of six more German capital ships , based upon the actual number of hits achieved in the battle . The system of testing shells , which remained in use up to 1944 , meant that , statistically , a batch of shells of which 70 % were faulty stood an even chance of being accepted . Indeed , even shells that failed this relatively mild test had still been issued to ships . Analysis of the test results afterwards by the Ordnance Board suggested the likelihood that 30 -- 70 % of shells would not have passed the standard penetration test specified by the Admiralty . Efforts to replace the shells were initially resisted by the Admiralty , and action was not taken until Jellicoe became First Sea Lord in December 1916 . As an initial response , the worst of the existing shells were withdrawn from ships in early 1917 and replaced from reserve supplies . New shells were designed , but did not arrive until April 1918 , and were never used in action . Battlecruiser losses ( edit ) British battlecruisers were designed to chase and destroy enemy cruisers from out of the range of those ships . They were not designed to be ships of the line and exchange broadsides with the enemy . One German and three British battlecruisers were sunk -- but none were destroyed by enemy shells penetrating the belt armour and detonating the magazines . Each of the British battlecruisers was penetrated through a turret roof and her magazines ignited by flash fires passing through the turret and shell - handling rooms . Lützow sustained 24 hits and her flooding could not be contained . She was eventually sunk by her escorts ' torpedoes after most of her crew had been safely removed ( though six trapped stokers died when the ship was scuttled ) . Derfflinger and Seydlitz sustained 22 hits each but reached port ( although in Seydlitz 's case only just ) . The disturbing feature of the battlecruiser action is the fact that five German battle - cruisers engaging six British vessels of this class , supported after the first twenty minutes , although at great range , by the fire of four battleships of the `` Queen Elizabeth '' class , were yet able to sink ' Queen Mary ' and ' Indefatigable ' ... The facts which contributed to the British losses , first , were the indifferent armour protection of our battle - cruisers , particularly as regards turret armour , and , second , deck plating and the disadvantage under which our vessels laboured in regard to the light . Of this there can be no question . But it is also undoubted that the gunnery of the German battle - cruisers in the early stages was of a very high standard . -- Sir John Jellicoe , Jellicoe 's official despatch Jellicoe and Beatty , as well as other senior officers , gave an impression that the loss of the battlecruisers was caused by weak armour , despite reports by two committees and earlier statements by Jellicoe and other senior officers that Cordite and its management were to blame . This led to calls for armour to be increased , and an additional 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) was placed over the relatively thin decks above magazines . To compensate for the increase in weight , ships had to carry correspondingly less fuel , water and other supplies . Whether or not thin deck armour was a potential weakness of British ships , the battle provided no evidence that it was the case . At least amongst the surviving ships , no enemy shell was found to have penetrated deck armour anywhere . The design of the new battlecruiser HMS Hood ( which had started building at the time of the battle ) was altered to give her 5,000 long tons ( 5,100 t ) of additional armour . Ammunition handling ( edit ) British and German propellant charges differed in packaging , handling , and chemistry . The British propellant was of two types , MK1 and MD . The Mark 1 cordite had a formula of 37 % nitrocellulose , 58 % nitroglycerine , and 5 % petroleum jelly . It was a good propellant but burned hot and caused an erosion problem in gun barrels . The petroleum jelly served as both a lubricant and a stabiliser . Cordite MD was developed to reduce barrel wear , its formula being 65 % nitrocellulose , 30 % nitroglycerine , and 5 % petroleum jelly . While cordite MD solved the gun - barrel erosion issue , it did nothing to improve its storage properties , which were poor . Cordite was very sensitive to variations of temperature , and acid propagation / cordite deterioration would take place at a very rapid rate . Cordite MD also shed micro-dust particles of nitrocellulose and iron pyrite . While cordite propellant was manageable , it required a vigilant gunnery officer , strict cordite lot control , and frequent testing of the cordite lots in the ships ' magazines . British cordite propellant ( when uncased and exposed in the silk bag ) tended to burn violently , causing uncontrollable `` flash fires '' when ignited by nearby shell hits . In 1945 , a test was conducted by the U.S.N. Bureau of Ordnance ( Bulletin of Ordnance Information , No. 245 , pp. 54 -- 60 ) testing the sensitivity of cordite to then - current U.S. Naval propellant powders against a measurable and repeatable flash source . It found that cordite would ignite at 530 mm / 22 '' from the flash , the current U.S. powder at 120 mm , / 5 `` , and the U.S. flashless powder at 25 mm. / 1 '' / This meant that about 75 times the propellant would immediately ignite when exposed to flash , as compared to the U.S. powder . British ships had inadequate protection against these flash fires . German propellant ( RP C / 12 , handled in brass cartridge cases ) was less vulnerable and less volatile in composition . German propellants were not that different in composition from cordite -- with one major exception : centralite . This was symmetrical Diethyl Diphenyl Urea , which served as a stabiliser that was superior to the petroleum jelly used in British practice . It stored better and burned but did not explode . Stored and used in brass cases , it proved much less sensitive to flash . RP C / 12 was composed of 64.13 % nitrocellulose , 29.77 % nitroglycerine , 5.75 % centralite , 0.25 % magnesium oxide and 0.10 % graphite . The Royal Navy Battle Cruiser Fleet had also emphasised speed in ammunition handling over established safety protocol . In practice drills , cordite could not be supplied to the guns rapidly enough through the hoists and hatches . To bring up the propellant in good time to load for the next broadside , many safety doors were kept open that should have been shut to safeguard against flash fires . Bags of cordite were also stocked and kept locally , creating a total breakdown of safety design features . By staging charges in the chambers between the gun turret and magazine , the Royal Navy enhanced their rate of fire but left their ships vulnerable to chain reaction ammunition fires and magazine explosions . This ' bad safety habit ' carried over into real battle practices . Furthermore , the doctrine of a high rate of fire also led to the decision in 1913 to increase the supply of shells and cordite held on the British ships by 50 % , for fear of running out of ammunition . When this exceeded the capacity of the ships ' magazines , cordite was stored in insecure places . The British cordite charges were stored two silk bags to a metal cylindrical container , with a 16 - oz gunpowder igniter charge , which was covered with a thick paper wad , four charges being used on each projectile . The gun crews were removing the charges from their containers and removing the paper covering over the gunpowder igniter charges . The effect of having eight loads at the ready was to have 4 short tons ( 3,600 kg ) of exposed explosive , with each charge leaking small amounts of gunpowder from the igniter bags . In effect , the gun crews had laid an explosive train from the turret to the magazines , and one shell hit to a battlecruiser turret was enough to end a ship . A diving expedition during the summer of 2003 provided corroboration of this practice . It examined the wrecks of Invincible , Queen Mary , Defence , and Lützow to investigate the cause of the British ships ' tendency to suffer from internal explosions . From this evidence , a major part of the blame may be laid on lax handling of the cordite propellant for the shells of the main guns . The wreck of the Queen Mary revealed cordite containers stacked in the working chamber of the X turret instead of the magazine . There was a further difference in the propellant itself . While the German RP C / 12 burned when exposed to fire , it did not explode , as opposed to cordite . RP C / 12 was extensively studied by the British and , after World War I , would form the basis of the later Cordite SC . The memoirs of Alexander Grant , Gunner on Lion , suggest that some British officers were aware of the dangers of careless handling of cordite : With the introduction of cordite to replace powder for firing guns , regulations regarding the necessary precautions for handling explosives became unconsciously considerably relaxed , even I regret to say , to a dangerous degree throughout the Service . The gradual lapse in the regulations on board ship seemed to be due to two factors . First , cordite is a much safer explosive to handle than gun - powder . Second , but more important , the altered construction of the magazines on board led to a feeling of false security ... The iron or steel deck , the disappearance of the wood lining , the electric lights fitted inside , the steel doors , open because there was now no chute for passing cartridges out ; all this gave officers and men a comparative easiness of mind regarding the precautions necessary with explosive material . Grant had already introduced measures onboard Lion to limit the number of cartridges kept outside the magazine and to ensure doors were kept closed , probably contributing to her survival . On 5 June 1916 , the First Lord of the Admiralty advised Cabinet Members that the three battlecruisers had been lost due to unsafe cordite management . On 22 November 1916 , following detailed interviews of the survivors of the destroyed battlecruisers , the Third Sea Lord , Rear Admiral Tudor , issued a report detailing the stacking of charges by the gun crews in the handling rooms to speed up loading of the guns . After the battle , the B.C.F. Gunnery Committee issued a report ( at the command of Admiral David Beatty ) advocating immediate changes in flash protection and charge handling . It reported , among other things , that : Some vent plates in magazines allowed flash into the magazines and should be retro - fitted to a new standard . Bulkheads in HMS Lion 's magazine showed buckling from fire under pressure ( overpressure ) -- despite being flooded and therefore supported by water pressure -- and must be made stronger . Doors opening inward to magazines were an extreme danger . Current designs of turrets could not eliminate flash from shell bursts in the turret from reaching the handling rooms . Ignition pads must not be attached to charges but instead be placed just before ramming . Better methods must be found for safe storage of ready charges than the current method . Some method for rapidly drowning charges already in the handling path must be devised . Handling scuttles ( special flash - proof fittings for moving propellant charges through ship 's bulkheads ) , designed to handle overpressure , must be fitted . The United States Navy in 1939 had quantities of Cordite N , a Canadian propellant that was much improved , yet its Bureau of Ordnance objected strongly to its use onboard U.S. warships , considering it unsuitable as a naval propellant due to its inclusion of nitroglycerin . Gunnery ( edit ) British gunnery control systems , based on Dreyer tables , were well in advance of the German ones , as demonstrated by the proportion of main calibre hits made on the German fleet . Because of its demonstrated advantages , it was installed on ships progressively as the war went on , had been fitted to a majority of British capital ships by May , 1916 , and had been installed on the main guns of all but two of the Grand Fleet 's capital ships . The Royal Navy used centralised fire - control systems on their capital ships , directed from a point high up on the ship where the fall of shells could best be seen , utilising a director sight for both training and elevating the guns . In contrast , the German battlecruisers controlled the fire of turrets using a training - only director , which also did not fire the guns at once . The rest of the German capital ships were without even this innovation . German range - finding equipment was generally superior to the British 9 ft ( 2.7 m ) FT24 , as its operators were trained to a higher standard due to the complexity of the Zeiss 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) range finders . Their stereoscopic design meant that in certain conditions they could range on a target enshrouded by smoke . The German equipment was not superior in range to the British Barr & Stroud 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) rangefinder found in the newest British capital ships , and , unlike the British range finders , the German range takers had to be replaced as often as every thirty minutes , as their eyesight became impaired , affecting the ranges provided to their gunnery equipment . The results of the battle confirmed the value of firing guns by centralised director . The battle prompted the Royal Navy to install director firing systems in cruisers and destroyers , where it had not thus far been used , and for secondary armament on battleships . German ships were considered to have been quicker in determining the correct range to targets , thus obtaining an early advantage . The British used a ' bracket system ' , whereby a salvo was fired at the best - guess range and , depending where it landed , the range was progressively corrected up or down until successive shots were landing in front of and behind the enemy . The Germans used a ' ladder system ' , whereby an initial volley of three shots at different ranges was used , with the centre shot at the best - guess range . The ladder system allowed the gunners to get ranging information from the three shots more quickly than the bracket system , which required waiting between shots to see how the last had landed . British ships adopted the German system . It was determined that 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) range finders of the sort issued to most British ships were not adequate at long range and did not perform as well as the 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) range finders on some of the most modern ships . In 1917 , range finders of base lengths of 25 and 30 ft ( 7.6 and 9.1 m ) were introduced on the battleships to improve accuracy . Signalling ( edit ) Throughout the battle , British ships experienced difficulties with communications , whereas the Germans did not suffer such problems . The British preferred signalling using ship - to - ship flag and lamp signals , avoiding wireless , whereas the Germans used wireless successfully . One conclusion drawn was that flag signals were not a satisfactory way to control the fleet . Experience using lamps , particularly at night when issuing challenges to other ships , demonstrated this was an excellent way to advertise your precise location to an enemy , inviting a reply by gunfire . Recognition signals by lamp , once seen , could also easily be copied in future engagements . British ships both failed to report engagements with the enemy but also , in the case of cruisers and destroyers , failed to actively seek out the enemy . A culture had arisen within the fleet of not acting without orders , which could prove fatal when any circumstances prevented orders being sent or received . Commanders failed to engage the enemy because they believed other , more senior officers must also be aware of the enemy nearby , and would have given orders to act if this was expected . Wireless , the most direct way to pass messages across the fleet ( although it was being jammed by German ships ) , was avoided either for perceived reasons of not giving away the presence of ships or for fear of cluttering up the airwaves with unnecessary reports . Fleet standing orders ( edit ) Naval operations were governed by standing orders issued to all the ships . These attempted to set out what ships should do in all circumstances , particularly in situations where ships would have to react without referring to higher authority , or when communications failed . A number of changes were introduced as a result of experience gained in the battle . A new signal was introduced instructing squadron commanders to act independently as they thought best while still supporting the main fleet , particularly for use when circumstances would make it difficult to send detailed orders . The description stressed that this was not intended to be the only time commanders might take independent action , but was intended to make plain times when they definitely should . Similarly , instructions on what to do if the fleet was instructed to take evasive action against torpedoes were amended . Commanders were given discretion that if their part of the fleet was not under immediate attack , they should continue engaging the enemy rather than turning away with the rest of the fleet . In this battle , when the fleet turned away from Scheer 's destroyer attack covering his retreat , not all the British ships had been affected , and could have continued to engage the enemy . A number of opportunities to attack enemy ships by torpedo had presented themselves but had been missed . All ships , not just the destroyers armed principally with torpedoes but also battleships , were reminded that they carried torpedoes intended to be used whenever an opportunity arose . Destroyers were instructed to close the enemy fleet to fire torpedoes as soon as engagements between the main ships on either side would keep enemy guns busy directed at larger targets . Destroyers should also be ready to immediately engage enemy destroyers if they should launch an attack , endeavouring to disrupt their chances of launching torpedoes and keep them away from the main fleet . To add some flexibility when deploying for attack , a new signal was provided for deploying the fleet to the centre , rather than as previously only either to left or right of the standard closed - up formation for travelling . The fast and powerful 5th Battle Squadron was moved to the front of the cruising formation so it would have the option of deploying left or right depending upon the enemy position . In the event of engagements at night , although the fleet still preferred to avoid night fighting , a destroyer and cruiser squadron would be specifically detailed to seek out the enemy and launch destroyer attacks . Controversy ( edit ) At the time , Jellicoe was criticised for his caution and for allowing Scheer to escape . Beatty , in particular , was convinced that Jellicoe had missed a tremendous opportunity to annihilate the High Seas Fleet and win what would amount to another Trafalgar . Jellicoe was promoted away from active command to become First Sea Lord , the professional head of the Royal Navy , while Beatty replaced him as commander of the Grand Fleet . The controversy raged within the navy and in public for about a decade after the war . Criticism focused on Jellicoe 's decision at 19 : 15 . Scheer had ordered his cruisers and destroyers forward in a torpedo attack to cover the turning away of his battleships . Jellicoe chose to turn to the south - east , and so keep out of range of the torpedoes . Supporters of Jellicoe , including the historian Cyril Falls , pointed to the folly of risking defeat in battle when one already has command of the sea . Jellicoe himself , in a letter to the Admiralty seventeen months before the battle , said that he intended to turn his fleet away from any mass torpedo attack ( that being the universally accepted proper tactical response to such attacks , practised by all the major navies of the world ) . He said that , in the event of a fleet engagement in which the enemy turned away , he would assume they intended to draw him over mines or submarines , and he would decline to be so drawn . The Admiralty approved this plan and expressed full confidence in Jellicoe at the time ( October 1914 ) . The stakes were high , the pressure on Jellicoe immense , and his caution certainly understandable . His judgement might have been that even 90 % odds in favour were not good enough to bet the British Empire . The former First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill said of the battle that Jellicoe `` was the only man on either side who could have lost the war in an afternoon . '' The criticism of Jellicoe also fails to sufficiently credit Scheer , who was determined to preserve his fleet by avoiding the full British battle line , and who showed great skill in effecting his escape . Beatty 's actions ( edit ) On the other hand , some of Jellicoe 's supporters condemned the actions of Beatty for the British failure to achieve a complete victory . Although Beatty was undeniably brave , his mismanagement of the initial encounter with Hipper 's squadron and the High Seas Fleet cost considerable advantage in the first hours of the battle . His most glaring failure was in not providing Jellicoe with periodic information on the position , course , and speed of the High Seas Fleet . Beatty , aboard the battlecruiser Lion , left behind the four fast battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron -- the most powerful warships in the world at the time -- engaging with six ships when better control would have given him 10 against Hipper 's five . Though Beatty 's larger 13.5 in ( 340 mm ) guns out - ranged Hipper 's 11 and 12 in ( 280 and 300 mm ) guns by thousands of yards , Beatty held his fire for 10 minutes and closed the German squadron until within range of the Germans ' superior gunnery , under lighting conditions that favoured the Germans . Most of the British losses in tonnage occurred in Beatty 's force . Death toll ( edit ) See also : Damage to major ships at the Battle of Jutland See also : List of ships sunk at the Battle of Jutland The total loss of life was 9,823 men , of which the British losses were 6,784 and German losses were 3,039 . Counted among the British losses are 2 members of the Royal Australian Navy , and 1 member of the Royal Canadian Navy . 6 Australian nationals serving in the Royal Navy were also killed . British ( edit ) 113,300 tons sunk : Battlecruisers Indefatigable , Queen Mary , Invincible Armoured cruisers Black Prince , Warrior , Defence Flotilla leaders Tipperary Destroyers Shark , Sparrowhawk , Turbulent , Ardent , Fortune , Nomad , Nestor German ( edit ) 62,300 tons sunk : Battlecruiser Lützow Pre-Dreadnought Pommern Light cruisers Frauenlob , Elbing , Rostock , Wiesbaden Destroyers ( Heavy torpedo - boats ) V48 , S35 , V27 , V4 , V29 Selected honours ( edit ) The Victoria Cross is the highest military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British Empire armed forces . The Ordre pour le Mérite was the Kingdom of Prussia and consequently the German Empire 's highest military order until the end of the First World War . Pour le Mérite ( edit ) Franz Hipper ( SMS Lützow ) Reinhard Scheer ( SMS Friedrich der Grosse ) Victoria Cross ( edit ) The Hon . Edward Barry Stewart Bingham ( HMS Nestor ) John Travers Cornwell ( HMS Chester ) Francis John William Harvey ( HMS Lion ) Loftus William Jones ( HMS Shark ) Status of the survivors and wrecks ( edit ) HMS Caroline , the last surviving warship that saw action at Jutland , is preserved in Belfast , Northern Ireland In the years following the battle the wrecks were slowly discovered . Invincible was found by the Royal Navy minesweeper HMS Oakley in 1919 . After the Second World War some of the wrecks seem to have been commercially salvaged . For instance , the Hydrographic Office record for SMS Lützow ( No. 32344 ) shows that salvage operations were taking place on the wreck in 1960 . During 2000 -- 2016 a series of diving and marine survey expeditions involving veteran shipwreck historian and archaeologist Innes McCartney has located all of the wrecks sunk in the battle . It was discovered that over 60 % of them had suffered from metal theft . In 2003 McCartney led a detailed survey of the wrecks for the Channel 4 documentary `` Clash of the Dreadnoughts '' . The film examined the last minutes of the lost ships and revealed for the first time how both ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets of Invincible had been blasted out of the ship and tossed into the sea before she broke in half . This was followed by the Channel 4 documentary `` Jutland : WWI 's Greatest Sea Battle '' , broadcast in May 2016 , which showed how several of the major losses at Jutland had actually occurred and just how accurate the `` Harper Record '' actually was . On the 90th anniversary of the battle , in 2006 , the UK Ministry of Defence belatedly announced that the 14 British vessels lost in the battle were being designated as protected places under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 . This legislation only affects British ships and citizens and in practical terms offers no real protection from non-British salvors of the wreck sites . In May 2016 a number of British newspapers named the Dutch salvage company `` Friendship Offshore '' as one of the main salvors of the Jutland wrecks in recent years and depicted leaked photographs revealing the extent of their activities on the wreck of HMS Queen Mary . The last surviving veteran of the battle , Henry Allingham , a British RAF ( originally RNAS ) airman , died on 18 July 2009 , aged 113 , by which time he was the oldest documented man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of the whole war . Also among the combatants was the then 20 - year - old Prince Albert , second in the line to the British throne , who would reign as King George VI of the United Kingdom from 1936 until his death in 1952 . He served as a junior officer in the Royal Navy . In 2013 , one ship from the battle survives and is still afloat , the light cruiser HMS Caroline . Decommissioned in 2011 , she is docked at the Royal Naval Reserve depot in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Remembrance ( edit ) The Battle of Jutland was annually celebrated as a great victory by the right wing in Weimar Germany . This victory was used to repress the memory of the German navy 's initiation of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , as well as the memory of the defeat in World War I in general . ( The celebrations of the Battle of Tannenberg played a similar role . ) This is especially true for the city of Wilhelmshaven , where wreath - laying ceremonies and torch - lit parades were performed until the end of the 1960s . In 1916 Contreadmiral Friedrich von Kühlwetter ( 1865 - 1931 ) wrote a detailed analysis of the battle and published it in a book under the title `` Skagerrak '' ( first anonymously published ) , which was reprinted in large numbers until after WWII and had a huge influence in keeping the battle in public memory amongst Germans as it was not tainted by the ideology of the Third Reich . Kühlwetter built the School for Naval Officers at Mürwik near Flensburg where he is still remembered . In May 2016 , the 100th Anniversary commemoration of the Battle of Jutland was held . On 29 May , a commemorative service was held at St Mary 's Church , Wimbledon , where the ensign from HMS Inflexible is on permanent display . On 31 May , the main service was held at St Magnus Cathedral in Orkney , attended by the British Prime Minister , David Cameron , and the German President , Joachim Gauck , along with Princess Anne and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence . Film ( edit ) Wrath of the Seas ( Die versunkene Flotte , D 1926 , director Manfred Noa , assistant director Graham Hewett ) See also ( edit ) World War I portal List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions Sea War Museum Jutland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In this article the terms `` torpedo boat '' ( sometimes `` torpedo - boat '' ) and `` destroyer '' are used interchangeably to refer to the same class of vessels in the German Navy . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nasmith , p. 261 Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Jutland '' . History Learning Site . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , `` Jutland 's Place in History , '' Naval History ( June 2016 ) 30 # 3 pp 16 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War , page XCIV '' . Praeger Security International . July 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Analysis pp. 274 Jump up ^ `` Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War , page XCV '' . Praeger Security International . July 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Protasio , John . ( 2011 ) . The Day the World was Shocked : The Lusitania Disaster and Its Influence on the Course of World War I pp. 200 -- 201 , Casemate Publications ( US ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 45 - 3 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 49 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 55 Jump up ^ Campbell , p. 2 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 58 -- 60 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 61 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 62 , 60 , 65 Jump up ^ Stille , Mark . British Dreadnought vs. German Dreadnought : Jutland 1916 . 2010 . Osprey Publishing. ( Page 56 ) Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 64 ^ Jump up to : http://www.gwpda.org/naval/nr191401.htm Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cramwell , p. 13 Jump up ^ Forczyk pp. 58 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : ' Castles of Steel ' p. 666 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 168 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 65 Jump up ^ Jellicoe , Joe , The Grand Fleet , 1914 -- 1916 , London , Cassell , 1919 Jump up ^ Massie , p. 576 ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 67 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 70 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : `` 21 June 1916 -- Paul to Ted '' . familyletters.co.uk. 2016 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 35 . Jump up ^ ' Marder ' III p. 55 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Brooks pp. 234 -- 237 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Brooks p. 239 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 64 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Bennett , p. 187 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 78 , 94 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 50 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Massie , pp. 600 -- 601 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 124 -- 125 , 145 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 126 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 111 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 612 -- 613 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Massie , p. 614 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 153 , 179 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 259 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 319 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 185 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . p. 621 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 187 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 624 -- 625 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . pp. 627 -- 628 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 205 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 220 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 211 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 629 -- 630 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 252 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 635 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Massie , p. 637 ^ Jump up to : Massie , p. 645 Jump up ^ Marder pp. 140 -- 145 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 647 . Jump up ^ Marder p. 146 Jump up ^ Marder p. 159 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 645 -- 646 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 639 -- 640 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . pp. 642 -- 645 , pp. 647 -- 648 . Jump up ^ Marder p. 142 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 643 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 290 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 651 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 650 -- 651 . ^ Jump up to : Tarrant , German Perspective p245 ( claimed ) , p222 ( Arms and Armour paperback edition , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Tarrant . German Perspective . p. 259 . Jump up ^ German Perspective . pp. 260 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 6342 . Jump up ^ Marder pp. 148 -- 151 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 274 -- 276 Jump up ^ Steel & Hart pp. 418 -- 420 Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Battle of Jutland , Published 3 June 1916 '' . BBC -- History . Jump up ^ Steele & Hart pp. 421 -- 422 Jump up ^ Sutherland & Canwell ( 2007 ) . The Battle of Jutland . Pen & Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 529 - 3 . Jump up ^ Massie , Castles , p. 684 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 206 citing Captain Persius , Berliner Tageblatt , 18 November 1918 Jump up ^ Moretz , pp. 8 Jump up ^ Rasor , pp. 75 ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . p. 665 . Jump up ^ Campbell p. 335 Jump up ^ Kennedy . The Rise and Fall . p. 257 . Jump up ^ McBride , William Leon ( 2000 ) . Technological change and the United States Navy , 1865 -- 1945 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6486 - 0 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2006 ) . Aircraft Carriers : A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events : 1909 -- 1945 . I. Washington : Potomac Books . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 663 - 0 . Jump up ^ Campbell , pp. 386 -- 387 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 170 Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ ' Castles ' p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : ' Castles ' p. 668 ^ Jump up to : Marder III p. 171 Jump up ^ ' Castles ' p. 671 citing Marder Vol . III p. 81 Jump up ^ Marder p. 169 Jump up ^ Marder III , p. 215 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 666 -- 667 . Jump up ^ Gary Staff ( 2014 ) . German Battlecruisers of World War One : Their Design , Construction and Operations . Seaforth Publishing . p. 278 . ISBN 9781848323087 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 666 . Jump up ^ Battle of Jutland - Jellicoe 's Despatch , referencing Battle of Jutland - Official Despatches with Appendicies , `` Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty , His Majesty 's Stationary Office , 1920 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 218 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 219 ^ Jump up to : Tony DiGiulian . `` Naval Propellants -- A Brief Overview '' . navweaps.com . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Jutland , Memoir -- World War 1 Naval Combat '' . worldwar1.co.uk . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loss of HMS Hood Part 3 '' . warship.org . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , pp. 377 -- 378 Jump up ^ Campbell , pp. 371 -- 372 Jump up ^ Lambert . `` Bloody Ships '' : 36 . Jump up ^ British Battlecruisers 1914 -- 18 , Lawrence Burr , Tony Bryan pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ British Battlecruisers 1914 -- 18 , Lawrence Burr , Tony Bryan p. 43 Jump up ^ `` German Ammunition , Guns and Mountings Definitions '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Memoir of Gunnery Officer Alexander Grant Jump up ^ marder III p. 174 ^ Jump up to : British Battlecruisers 1914 -- 18 , Lawrence Burr , Tony Bryan p. 40 Jump up ^ Advance Report of B.C.F. Gunnery Committee Jump up ^ Brooks p. 224 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 223 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 213 -- 214 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 166 , 214 Jump up ^ Marder p. 215 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 176 -- 178 Jump up ^ MarderIII p. 222 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 224 -- 225 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 226 Jump up ^ Massie , p. 631 Jump up ^ Massie , p. 670 ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . p. 675 . Jump up ^ Massie , p. 632 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 681 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 672 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 670 , 679 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 673 -- 674 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 674 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 589 -- 590 . Jump up ^ Brewers Dictionary of 20th Century Phrase and Fable Jump up ^ Great War Primary Documents Archive , 2007 , `` Battle of Jutland -- Commonwealth Casualties '' ( Access : 24 February 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Gordon . Rules . p. 539 . Jump up ^ Innes McCartney ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . Jump up ^ Innes McCartney ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . Jump up ^ `` Jutland -- Clash of the Dreadnoughts '' . Jump up ^ `` Jutland : WW1 's Greatest Sea Battle '' . Jump up ^ Innes McCartney ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . pp. 257 -- 260 . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . Jump up ^ `` First World War sea graves hit industrial scale looting Royal Navy battlecruiser sunk Germans Battle Jutland '' . Jump up ^ `` World War One Sea Graves Hit by Industrial Scale Looting Salvaging Scrap Metal from Sunken Vessels / '' . Jump up ^ `` War Graves of Plymouth Sailors Looted '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's oldest veteran recalls WWI '' . BBC News . 26 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Profile : King George VI '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Götz : Remembering the Battle , p. 360 Jump up ^ Kühlwetter : Skagerrak - Der Ruhmestag der deutschen Flotte Jump up ^ `` Battle of Jutland centenary marked '' . BBC News . BBC . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bennett , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . Naval Battles of the First World War . London : Pen & Sword Military Classics . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 300 - 2 . Black , Jeremy . `` Jutland 's Place in History , '' Naval History ( June 2016 ) 30 # 3 pp 16 -- 21 . Brooks , John ( 2005 ) . Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland : The Question of Fire Control . London : Routledge , Frank Cass series . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5702 - 6 . Brown , G.I. ( 1998 ) . The Big Bang : A History of Explosives . Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1878 - 0 . Campbell , John ( 1998 ) . Jutland : An Analysis of the Fighting . Lyons Press . ISBN 1 - 55821 - 759 - 2 . Costello , John ( 1976 ) Jutland 1916 with Terry Hughes English , Major J.A. ( 1979 ) . `` The Trafalgar Syndrome : Jutland and the Indecisiveness of Naval Warfare '' . Naval War College Review . XXXII ( 3 ) . Forczyk , Robert ( 2009 ) . Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship ( Yellow Sea 1904 -- 05 ) . Great Britain : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 330 - 8 . Götz , Georg ( 2010 ) . `` Remembering the Battle of Jutland in Post-War Wilhelmshaven '' . In Niven , William ; Paver , Chloe . Difficult Pasts . Memorialisation In Germany since 1945 . Macmillan . pp. 360 -- 368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 20703 - 5 . Gordon , Andrew ( 1996 ) . The Rules of the Game : Jutland and British Naval Command . London : John Murray . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1994 ) . A Naval History of World War I. London : Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . Keegan , John . The First World War United States . Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40052 - 4 . Kennedy , Paul M. ( 1983 ) . The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 35094 - 4 . Kühlwetter , von , Friedrich ( 1916 ) . Skagerrak : Der Ruhmestag der deutschen Flotte . Berlin : Ullstein . Lambert , Nicholas A ( January 1998 ) . `` '' Our Bloody Ships '' or `` Our Bloody System '' ? Jutland and the Loss of the Battle Cruisers , 1916 `` . The Journal of Military History . Society for Military History , Vol. 62 , No. 1 . 61 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 120394 . JSTOR 120394 . Marder , Arthur J. ( 1966 ) . Jutland and after , May 1916 -- December 1916 . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . III . Oxford University Press . Massie , Robert K. ( 2003 ) . Castles of Steel : Britain , Germany , and the Winning of the Great War at Sea . Random House . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40878 - 0 . Massie , Robert K. ( 1991 ) . Dreadnought : Britain , Germany and the coming of the great war . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52833 - 6 . McCartney , Innes ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . McCartney , Innes ( 2013 ) . `` Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Modern Naval Battle : The Wreck of HMS Invincible , The World 's First Battle Cruiser '' . SKYLLIS , The Journal of the German Society for the Promotion of Underwater Archaeology -- forthcoming . McCartney , Innes ( March 2012 ) . `` The Armoured Cruiser HMS Defence : A Case Study in Assessing the Royal Navy Shipwrecks of the Battle of Jutland 1916 as an Archaeological Resource '' . International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 41 : 56 -- 66 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 9270.2011. 00331. x . Moretz , Joseph ( 2002 ) . The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period : An Operational Perspective . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5196 - 6 . Morrison , S.E. ( 1958 ) . Leyte , June 1944 -- January 1945 . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . XII . Boston : Little & Brown . OCLC 3339343 . Nasmith , Col. George ( 1919 ) . Canada 's Sons and Great Britain during the World War . Introduction by Gen. Sir Arthur W. Currie . Toronto : Thomas Allen . O'Connell , Robert J. ( 1993 ) . Sacred Vessels : The Cult of the Battleship and the Rise of the U.S. Navy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508006 - 8 . Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2000 ) . Winston S. Churchill , 1874 - 1965 : A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography . London : Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 3133 - 0546 - 3 . Tarrant , V.E. ( 1995 ) . Jutland : The German Perspective : A New View of the Great Battle , 31 May 1916 . London : Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 244 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Bacon , Reginald ( 1925 ) . The Jutland Scandal . London . OCLC 1900062 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2006 ) . Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99073 - 7 . Corbett , Julian ( 2003 ) . Naval Operations . Official History of the War . III ( repr . ed . ) . London : Longmans & Co . ISBN 1 - 84342 - 491 - 6 . H.W. Fawcett & G.W.W. Hooper , RN ( editors ) , The fighting at Jutland ( abridged edition ) ; the personal experiences of forty - five officers and men of the British Fleet London : MacMillan & Co , 1921 Frost , H.H. ( 1936 ) . The Battle of Jutland . Annapolis , MD : USNI . OCLC 2826423 . George , S.C. ( 1981 ) . Jutland to Junkyard . Edinburgh : Paul Harris . ISBN 0 - 86228 - 029 - X . Groos , Fregattenkäpitan Otto ( 1925 ) . Der Krieg in der Nordsee . Der Krieg zur See : 1914 -- 1918 ( in German ) . Bänd V. Berlin : Mittler & Sons . OCLC 2960788 . Hough , Richard ( 1975 ) . Dreadnought , A history of the Modern Battleship . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0517293676 . OCLC 5101910 . Legg , Stuart ( 1966 ) . Jutland , an Eye - Witness Account of a Great Battle . New York City : The John Day Company . OCLC 505431 . London , Charles ( 2000 ) . Jutland 1916 , Clash of the Dreadnoughts . Campaign . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 992 - 1 . Marder , Arthur J. ( 1965 ) . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow , The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era , 1904 -- 1919 : The War Years to the eve of Jutland , 1914 -- 1916 . II . London : Oxford University Press . OCLC 865180297 . Roberts , John Arthur ( 2003 ) . Battlecruisers . ShipShape . London : Caxton Editions . ISBN 1 - 84067 - 530 - 6 . Steel , Nigel ; Hart , Peter ( 2004 ) . Jutland 1916 : Death in the Grey Wastes . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35892 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Jutland . WW1 Centenary News - Battle of Jutland Jutland Centenary Initiative Jutland Commemoration Exhibition Interactive Map of Jutland Sailors Beatty 's official report Jellicoe 's official despatch Jellicoe , extract from The Grand Fleet , published 1919 World War I Naval Combat -- Despatches Scheer , Germany 's High Seas Fleet in the World War , published 1920 Henry Allingham Last known survivor of the Battle of Jutland Jutland Casualties Listed by Ship Some Original Documents from the British Admiralty , ( ( Room 40 , regarding the Battle of Jutland ) : Photocopies from The National Archives , Kew , Richmond , UK . Notable accounts by Rudyard Kipling Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . by Alexander Grant , a gunner aboard HMS Lion A North Sea diary , 1914 -- 1918 , by Stephen King - Hall , a junior officer on the light cruiser HMS Southampton by Paul Berryman , a junior officer on HMS Malaya by Moritz von Egidy , captain of SMS Seydlitz by Richard Foerster , gunnery officer on Seydlitz by Georg von Hase , gunnery officer on Derfflinger ( Note : Due to the time difference , entries in some of the German accounts are one hour ahead of the times in this article . ) World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal LCCN : sh85071160 GND : 4298378 - 2 BNF : cb119476439 ( data ) BNE : XX543520 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jutland&oldid=825673893 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1916 Naval battles of World War I involving Australia Naval battles of World War I involving Canada Naval battles of World War I involving Germany Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom North Sea operations of World War I Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom Military history of the North Sea 1916 in Europe Battle of Jutland May 1916 events June 1916 events Germany -- United Kingdom military relations Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing German - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the battle of jutland take place	[ "The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht, the Battle of Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought by the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, against the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer during the First World War. The battle unfolded in extensive manoeuvring and three main engagements (the battlecruiser action, the fleet action and the night action), from 31 May to 1 June 1916, off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula.[2] It was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war. Jutland was the third fleet action between steel battleships, following the smaller but more decisive battles of the Yellow Sea (1904) and Tsushima (1905) during the Russo-Japanese War. Jutland was the last major battle in world history fought primarily by battleships.[3]" ]	[ "off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula" ]
7792242387091369498	Liberty Island	Liberty Island - wikipedia Liberty Island Liberty Island Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty Location Upper New York Bay Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 74 ° 02 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68889 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68889 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 74 ° 02 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68889 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68889 ; - 74.04444 Area 14.717 acres ( 59,560 m ) Governing body National Park Service U.S. National Monument Designated 15 October 1924 7 September 1937 Designated by Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location in Port of New York and New Jersey Liberty Island ( New York ) Liberty Island ( Hudson County , New Jersey ) Liberty Island ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of Hudson County , New Jersey Show map of the US Show all Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States , best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty . The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan , surrounded by the waters of Jersey City , New Jersey . Long known as Bedloe 's Island , it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956 . In 1937 , by Presidential Proclamation 2250 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , it became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and in 1966 , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island . Contents 1 Geography and access 2 History 2.1 Great Oyster Island 2.2 Bedloe 's Island 2.3 Fort Wood 2.4 Statue of Liberty 2.5 Museum 3 Jurisdictional disputes 3.1 State dispute 3.2 Federal ownership 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geography and access ( edit ) Coin - operated binoculars on Liberty Island . The island offers panoramic views of New York Harbor . According to the United States Census Bureau , the island has a land area of 59,558 square meters , or 14.717 acres , which is the property of the federal government . Liberty Island is located in the Upper New York Bay within the waters of Jersey City , Hudson County , New Jersey . It is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . The historical developments which led to this construction created the rare situation of an exclave of one state , New York , being situated in another , New Jersey . The island is operated by the National Park Service , and since September 11 , 2001 , guarded by around - the - clock patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit . Liberty Island is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.58 statute miles ( 2.6 kilometers ) southwest of Battery Park in Lower Manhattan . Public access is permitted only by ferries from either of the two parks , which serve the national monument , also stopping at Ellis Island . Hornblower Cruises and Events , operating under the name Statue Cruises , holds the exclusive concession for ferry service to and from the island . History ( edit ) Great oyster Island ( edit ) At the time of European colonization of the Hudson River estuary in the mid-17th century , much of the west side of Upper New York Bay contained large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster beds , a major source of food for the Lenape native people who lived there at the time . Several islands were not completely submerged at high tide . Three of them ( later known as Bedloe 's / Love / Liberty , Ellis , and Black Tom ) were given the name Oyster Islands ( oester eilanden ) by the Dutch settlers of New Netherland , the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic states . The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries . Landfilling , started by the 1870s , particularly by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey , eventually obliterated the beds , engulfed one island and brought the shoreline much closer to the others . Bedloe 's Island ( edit ) After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664 , the English governor Richard Nicolls granted the island to Captain Robert Needham . It was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23 , 1667 . The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse and Henry Lane . During their ownership , the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station . In 1746 , Archibald Kennedy ( later 11th Earl of Cassilis ) purchased the island and a summer residence was established , along with construction of a lighthouse . In 1753 , the island is described in an advertisement ( in which `` Bedlow 's '' had become `` Bedloe 's '' , along with an alternate name of `` Love Island '' ) as being available for rental : To be Let . Bedloe 's Island , alias Love Island , together with the dwelling - house and lighthouse being finely situated for a tavern , where all kinds of garden stuff , poultry , etc. , may be easily raised for the shipping outward bound , and from where any quantity of pickled oysters may be transported ; it abounds with English rabbits . '' In 1756 , Kennedy allowed the island to again be used as a smallpox quarantine station , and on February 18 , 1758 , the Corporation of the City of New York bought the island for £ 1,000 for use as a pest house . When the British troops occupied New York Harbor in the lead - up to the American Revolutionary War , the island was to be used for housing for Tory refugees , but on April 2 , 1776 , the buildings constructed on the island for their use were burned to the ground . Fort Wood ( edit ) Fort Wood 's star - shaped walls became the base of the Statue of Liberty . On February 15 , 1800 , the New York State Legislature ceded the island to the federal government , for the construction of a defensive fort to be built there ( along with Governors Island and Ellis Island ) . Construction of a fort on the island in the shape of an 11 - point star began in 1806 and was completed in 1811 . Following the War of 1812 , the star - shaped fortification was named Fort Wood after Lt. Col Eleazer Derby Wood who was killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in 1813 . The granite fortification followed an 11 - pointed star fort layout with mounting 24 guns . A larger fort mounting 77 guns was proposed under the third system of US fortifications but was not built . By the time it was chosen for the Statue of Liberty in the 1880s , the fort was outmoded and obsolete , disused and its substantial stone walls were then used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by the Third French Republic for the American 1876 centenary celebrations . It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by the statue 's sculptor . The National Park Service ( which had been created in 1916 ) took over operations of the island in two stages : 2 acres ( 8,100 m ) in 1933 , and the remainder in 1937 . The military installation was completely removed by 1944 . Statue of Liberty ( edit ) The statue , entitled Liberty Enlightening the World , was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial . It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States , and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation . The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884 . The cornerstone was laid on August 5 , 1884 , and after some funding delays , construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22 , 1886 . The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17 , 1885 , on board the French frigate Isère , was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished , and was then reassembled in four months . On October 28 , 1886 , the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland . The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956 . Museum ( edit ) See also : American Museum of Immigration On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , and Mellody Hobson and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Jurisdictional disputes ( edit ) The geography along the New Jersey banks of Upper New York Bay before landfilling . Liberty Island 's location near New Jersey led to the state 's attempts to assert jurisdiction . There have been a number of disputes regarding the jurisdictional status of Liberty Island . State dispute ( edit ) An unusual clause in the 1664 colonial land grant that outlined New Jersey 's borders reads : `` westward of Long Island , and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea , and part by Hudson 's river '' rather than at the river 's midpoint , as was common in other colonial charters . When the Province of New Jersey was separated from the Province of New York in 1674 it was argued that Staten Island belonged to the former . Then governor Edmund Andros directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were part of New York . Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time and was soon thereafter granted a manor at its southern tip . The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the Hudson River , the Upper New York Bay , the Kill Van Kull , and Arthur Kill . In 1824 the City of New York attempted to assert a jurisdictional monopoly over the growing steam ferry service in New York Harbor in Gibbons v. Ogden . It was deemed by the court that interstate transport would be regulated by the federal government . This did not resolve the border issue . In 1830 , New Jersey planned to bring suit , but the matter was resolved with a compact between the states ratified by US Congress in 1834 which set the boundary line between them as the midpoint of the shared waterways . This was later confirmed by the US Supreme Court in a 1908 case which also expounded on the compact . In 1987 , US Representative Frank J. Guarini and Gerald McCann , then mayor of Jersey City , sued New York City , contending that New Jersey should have dominion over Liberty Island because it is on the New Jersey side of the state line . By default , since the court chose not to hear the case , the existing legal status was unchanged . Portions of the island that are above water are part of New York , while riparian rights to all of the submerged land surrounding the statue belong to New Jersey . The southwestern section , 4.17 acres ( 1.69 ha ) , of the island was created by land reclamation . A 1997 United States Supreme Court decision involved such riparian rights around nearby Ellis Island . Being mostly constructed of artificial infill , New Jersey argued and the court agreed that the 1834 compact covered only the natural parts of the island , and not the portions added by infill . Thus it was agreed that the parts of the island made of filled land belonged to New Jersey while the original natural part belonged to New York . This proved impractical to administer and New Jersey and New York subsequently agreed to share jurisdiction of the entire island . This special situation only applies to Ellis Island and part of Shooters Island . Federal ownership ( edit ) National Park Service building on Liberty Island Liberty Island has been owned by the federal government since 1801 , first as a military installation and now as a national landmark . Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island , listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1966 , encompasses land in both states control of which is superseded by the United States . The undisputed boundary between New Jersey and New York is in the center of the Hudson River and the Upper New York Bay , with Liberty Island situated well on the New Jersey side of the water line with Liberty Island itself an exclave of the State of New York and a part of New York City , allowing the state and city of New York to retain sovereignty of Liberty Island , serve process there and collect sales tax from Liberty Island souvenir shops . In response to a FAQ about whether the Statue of Liberty is in New York or New Jersey , the National Park Service , which oversees Liberty Island , cites the 1834 compact . Question 127 on a naturalization examination piloted in 2006 asks `` Where is the Statue of Liberty ? '' The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services gives `` New York Harbor '' and `` Liberty Island '' as preferred answers , but notes that `` New Jersey , '' `` New York , '' `` New York City , '' and `` on the Hudson '' are acceptable . The Statue of Liberty itself is claimed as a symbol by both New York and New Jersey . It was featured on New York license plates from 1986 through 2000 and on a special New Jersey license plate celebrating Liberty State Park in Jersey City . The Statue is also seen on the New York State Quarter . The national monument was the symbol of the Central Railroad of New Jersey , still used by the Raritan Valley Line . ( The Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal is nearby ) . Though it is uninhabited , the United States Geological Survey includes it as part of New York 's 10th congressional district as of the 114th United States Congress in 2015 . Both New York City and Jersey City have assigned the island lot numbers . Utility services , including electricity , water , and sewage , to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side . Mail is delivered from Battery Park . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New Jersey portal Castle Clinton Communipaw Terminal Geography of New York -- New Jersey Harbor Estuary Kentucky Bend Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty in popular culture List of exclaves Prall 's Island Robbins Reef Light References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 2250 : Enlarging the Statue of Liberty National Monument New York '' . Code of Federal Regulations : Title 3 -- The President 1936 -- 1938 Compilation . National Archives and Records Service , General Services Administration . 1968 . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0760738904 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudson County New Jersey Street Map . Hagstrom Map Company , Inc. 2008 . ISBN 0 - 88097 - 763 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey v. New York , 523 U.S. 767 , page 779 ( 26 May 1998 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ferry System Map -- Statue Of Liberty National Monument ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Big Oyster . New York : Random House Trade paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47639 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Better Terminal Faciities for New York '' . Engineering News Record : 258 . 31 July 1880 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spell it with a `` W '' It should not be Bedloo 's Island but `` Bedlow 's '' '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . August 14 , 1886 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Cornelius Burnham ( 1900 ) . `` Genealogical History Of Hudson And Bergen Counties New Jersey Early Settlers of Bergen County '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Statue of Liberty and Bedlow 's Island '' . New York : Regimental Press . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lazaretto Quarantine Station , Tinicum Township , Delaware County , PA : History '' . ushistory.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty Island Chronology '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic Buildings as seen and described by famous writers '' ( txt ) . archive.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wade , Arthur P. ( 2011 ) . Artillerists and Engineers : The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications , 1794 - 1815 . CDSG Press . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748167 - 2 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Wood '' . dmna.ny.gov . Jump up ^ Roberts , Robert B. ( 1988 ) . Encyclopedia of Historic Forts : The Military , Pioneer , and Trading Posts of the United States . New York : Macmillan . pp. 594 -- 596 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 926880 - X . Jump up ^ `` Fort Wood '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York , N.Y. : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty 's Statue Full Programme of the Inaugural Ceremonies '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . 10 October 1886 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Division of Libraries Blog '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` USGS : LI '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Duke of York 's Release to John Lord Berkeley , and Sir George Carteret , 24 June 1664 '' . The Avalon Project Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rieff , Henry . `` Intrepretations of New York - New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921 '' ( pdf ) . Newark Law Review . 1 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` New York vs. New Jersey : A New Perspective '' . Portfolio . The Port Authority of NY and NJ . 1 ( 2 ) . Summer 1988 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mershon , S.L. ( 1918 ) . English Crown Grants . New York : The Law and History Club . ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 May 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ United States Statutes at Large : Volume 4 Jump up ^ `` Central R. Co. of New Jersey v. Jersey City , 209 U.S. 473 ( 1908 ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Jerseyans ' Claim To Liberty Island Rejected '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 6 October 1987 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Is Liberty a Jersey Girl '' . New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors . February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Fill of the Jersey City Quadrangle : Historic Fill Map HFM - 53 '' ( pdf ) . New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection . 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Is Lady Liberty a Jersey Girl ? - New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors '' . www.njspls.org . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers for New Pilot Naturalization Exam '' . U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services . 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USGS 1 : 1,000,000 - Scale Congressional Districts of the United States - 114th Congress '' . data.gov . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty Lighthouse '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberty Island . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Bedloe 's Island . National Park Service Bedloe 's Island web site National Park Service 's Statue of Liberty and Liberty Island site Bedloe 's Island in 1867 at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Statue Of Liberty Fire Brigade Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Islands of New York City Major islands Long Manhattan Staten Pelham Islands The Blauzes Chimney Sweeps City Green Flats Hart High Hunter Rat Twin New York Bay Ellis Governors Hoffman Liberty Swinburne Jamaica Bay Barren Coney Canarsie Pol Mau Mau Ruffle Bar Rulers Bar Hassock ( Broad Channel ) Arthur Kill Kill Van Kull Isle of Meadows Prall 's Shooters East River Mill Rock North and South Brother Randalls and Wards Rikers Roosevelt U Thant ( Belmont ) Former islands shown in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Island&oldid=852014909 '' Categories : Borders of New Jersey Borders of New York ( state ) Exclaves in the United States Internal territorial disputes of the United States Islands of New Jersey Islands of New York ( state ) Islands of New York City Islands of Manhattan Landforms of Hudson County , New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County , New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in New York City Parks in Hudson County , New Jersey Port of New York and New Jersey Statue of Liberty Uninhabited Atlantic islands of the United States New Jersey Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 02 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what body of water is ellis island in	[ "Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. In 1937, by Presidential Proclamation 2250 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and in 1966,[3] was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island.[4]\n" ]	[ "Upper New York Bay in the United States" ]
5167806810590036858	300 save club	300 save club - wikipedia 300 save club Mariano Rivera has the most career saves in Major League Baseball history with 652 . In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 300 save club is the group of pitchers who have recorded 300 or more regular - season saves in their careers . Most commonly a relief pitcher ( `` reliever '' or `` closer '' ) earns a save by being the final pitcher of a game in which his team is winning by three or fewer runs and pitching at least one inning without losing the lead . The final pitcher of a game can also earn a save by getting at least one batter out to end the game with the winning run on base , at bat , or on deck , or by pitching at least three innings without relinquishing the lead , regardless of score . The statistic was created by Jerome Holtzman in 1959 to `` measure the effectiveness of relief pitchers '' and was adopted as an official statistic by MLB in 1969 . The save has been retroactively measured for past pitchers where applicable . Hoyt Wilhelm retired in 1972 and recorded just 31 saves from 1969 onwards , for example , but holds 227 total career saves . Mariano Rivera holds the MLB save record with 652 . Only Rivera and Trevor Hoffman have exceeded 500 or 600 saves , and Hoffman was the first to achieve either . Rivera , Hoffman , Lee Smith , Francisco Rodríguez , John Franco , and Billy Wagner are the only pitchers to have recorded 400 or more saves . Rollie Fingers was the first player to record 300 saves , reaching the mark on April 21 , 1982 . Craig Kimbrel is the most recent , achieving his 300th on May 5 , 2018 . In total , 29 players have recorded 300 or more saves in their career . Only six relievers -- Dennis Eckersley , Fingers , Goose Gossage , Hoffman , Bruce Sutter , and Wilhelm -- have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; all but Wilhelm are also members of the 300 saves club . Kimbrel , Fernando Rodney , and Rodríguez are the only members of the 300 save club who are still active players . Of them , Rodríguez is the active leader in saves with 437 . Contents 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Player Name of the player SV Total career saves Date Date of the pitcher 's 300th save Team The pitcher 's team for his 300th save Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active List ( edit ) Trevor Hoffman was the first player to reach the 500 and 600 save milestones . Stats updated as of August 20 , 2018 . Player SV Date Team Years active Ref ( s ) Mariano Rivera 652 May 28 , 2004 New York Yankees 1995 -- 2013 Trevor Hoffman 601 August 15 , 2001 San Diego Padres 1993 -- 2010 Lee Smith 478 August 25 , 1991 St. Louis Cardinals 1980 -- 1997 Francisco Rodríguez 437 June 22 , 2013 Milwaukee Brewers 2002 -- present John Franco 424 April 29 , 1996 New York Mets 1984 -- 2005 Billy Wagner 422 July 4 , 2006 New York Mets 1995 -- 2010 Dennis Eckersley 390 May 24 , 1995 Oakland Athletics 1975 -- 1998 Joe Nathan 377 April 8 , 2013 Texas Rangers 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 Jonathan Papelbon 368 June 10 , 2014 Philadelphia Phillies 2005 -- 2016 Jeff Reardon 367 May 20 , 1991 Boston Red Sox 1979 -- 1994 Troy Percival 358 July 28 , 2004 Anaheim Angels 1995 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2009 Randy Myers 347 July 1 , 1997 Baltimore Orioles 1985 -- 1998 Rollie Fingers 341 August 21 , 1982 Milwaukee Brewers 1968 -- 1985 John Wetteland 330 May 12 , 2000 Texas Rangers 1989 -- 2000 Francisco Cordero 329 June 1 , 2011 Cincinnati Reds 1999 -- 2012 Craig Kimbrel 328 May 5 , 2018 Boston Red Sox 2010 -- present Roberto Hernández 326 May 25 , 2002 Kansas City Royals 1991 -- 2007 Fernando Rodney 325 September 22 , 2017 Arizona Diamondbacks 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- present Huston Street 324 July 22 , 2015 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 2005 -- 2017 José Mesa 321 April 27 , 2005 Pittsburgh Pirates 1987 , 1990 -- 2007 Todd Jones 319 September 16 , 2007 Detroit Tigers 1993 -- 2008 Rick Aguilera 318 June 2 , 2000 Chicago Cubs 1985 -- 2000 Robb Nen 314 August 6 , 2002 San Francisco Giants 1993 -- 2002 Tom Henke 311 August 18 , 1995 St. Louis Cardinals 1982 -- 1995 Goose Gossage 310 August 6 , 1988 Chicago Cubs 1972 -- 1989 , 1991 -- 1994 Jeff Montgomery 304 August 25 , 1999 Kansas City Royals 1987 -- 1999 Doug Jones 303 September 11 , 1999 Oakland Athletics 1982 -- 2000 Jason Isringhausen 300 August 15 , 2011 New York Mets 1995 -- 2012 Bruce Sutter 300 September 9 , 1988 Atlanta Braves 1976 -- 1986 , 1988 A ticket from the game where Goose Gossage became the second player in MLB history to earn 300 career saves on August 6 , 1988 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . References ( edit ) General `` All - Time Total Pitching Statistics '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . `` Career Leaders & Records for Saves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` For Mets , Collegiality Is Part of Closing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Torres , Adry ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Bartolo Colon Goes Old School , Carlos Zambrano Sounds Off , and Francisco Cordero Joins 300 Club -- Fox News Latino '' . Latino.foxnews.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Thomas ( October 11 , 2002 ) . `` Giants lean on Nen to slam door MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Holtzman , Jerome ( December 15 , 1991 ) . `` It 's Historic : 300 - save Club Gets Together '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Office of the Commissioner of Baseball ( 2017 ) . Official Baseball Rules ( PDF ) ( 2017 ed . ) . United States of America : MLB Advanced Media . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9961140 - 4 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Jerome Holtzman , 82 , ' Dean ' of Sportswriters , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Legendary historian Holtzman passes '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hoyt Wilhelm Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goose Gossage joins exclusive club of relievers in baseball 's Hall of Fame '' . New York Daily News . Associated Press . July 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Active Leaders & Records for Saves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gagliano , Anthony ( May 29 , 2004 ) . `` Rivera earns 300th career save '' . MLB . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trevor Hoffman Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Smith Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Rodríguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Rodriguez closes out Brewers ' win for 300th save '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2013 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` John Franco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Wagner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Eckersley Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Nathan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lacques , Gabe ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Ump 's blown call enables Joe Nathan to notch 300th save '' . USA Today Sports . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Papelbon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Reardon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montella , Paul ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` This Date in Baseball -- MLB -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Percival Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Percival gets 300th save against Texas Amarillo.com Amarillo Globe - News '' . Amarillo.com . The Associated Press . July 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Myers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schmuck , Peter ( July 2 , 1997 ) . `` Myers , O 's hit mark , 4 -- 1 Closer gets 300th save -- Baltimore Sun '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rollie Fingers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Wetteland Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Cordero Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Kimbrel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Hernandez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez picks up 300th save in Royals ' win '' . Highbeam Research . Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service . May 25 , 2002 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Rodney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huston Street Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` José Mesa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` José Mesa named winner of the `` DHL Presents the Major League Baseball Deliveryman of the Month Award '' for April '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball . May 4 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AL Notes : Tigers ' Jones notches 300th save Baseball Chron.com -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com . September 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Aguilera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On This Date -- Chicago Tribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . June 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robb Nen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Henke Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . 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Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . 300 save club Mariano Rivera Trevor Hoffman Lee Smith Francisco Rodríguez John Franco Billy Wagner Dennis Eckersley Joe Nathan Jonathan Papelbon Jeff Reardon Troy Percival Randy Myers Rollie Fingers John Wetteland Francisco Cordero Craig Kimbrel Roberto Hernández Fernando Rodney Huston Street José Mesa Todd Jones Rick Aguilera Robb Nen Tom Henke Goose Gossage Jeff Montgomery Doug Jones Jason Isringhausen Bruce Sutter Italics denotes active player Book : 300 save club Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=300_save_club&oldid=855908733 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 16 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most saves in the mlb	[ "Mariano Rivera holds the MLB save record with 652. Only Rivera and Trevor Hoffman have exceeded 500 or 600 saves, and Hoffman was the first to achieve either. Rivera, Hoffman, Lee Smith, Francisco Rodríguez, John Franco, and Billy Wagner are the only pitchers to have recorded 400 or more saves. Rollie Fingers was the first player to record 300 saves, reaching the mark on April 21, 1982. Craig Kimbrel is the most recent, achieving his 300th on May 5, 2018. In total, 29 players have recorded 300 or more saves in their career. Only six relievers – Dennis Eckersley, Fingers, Goose Gossage, Hoffman, Bruce Sutter, and Wilhelm – have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame;[9] all but Wilhelm are also members of the 300 saves club.[10] Kimbrel, Fernando Rodney, and Rodríguez are the only members of the 300 save club who are still active players. Of them, Rodríguez is the active leader in saves with 437.[11]\n" ]	[ "Mariano Rivera" ]
6657370821374024434	Bohr model	Bohr model - wikipedia Bohr model Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bohr equation . The cake model of the hydrogen atom ( Z = 1 ) or a hydrogen - like ion ( Z > 1 ) , where the negatively - charged electron confined to an atomic shell encircles a small , positively charged atomic nucleus and where an electron jumps between orbits it is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of electromagnetic energy ( hν ) . The orbits in which the electron may travel are shown as grey circles ; their radius increases as n , where n is the principal quantum number . The 3 → 2 transition depicted here produces the first line of the Balmer series , and for hydrogen ( Z = 1 ) it results in a photon of wavelength 656 nm ( red light ) . In atomic physics , the Rutherford -- Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram , introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913 , depicts the atom as a small , positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus -- similar to the structure of the Solar System , but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity . After the cubic model ( 1902 ) , the plum - pudding model ( 1904 ) , the Saturnian model ( 1904 ) , and the Rutherford model ( 1911 ) came the Rutherford -- Bohr model or just Bohr model for short ( 1913 ) . The improvement to the Rutherford model is mostly a quantum physical interpretation of it . The model 's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen . While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally , it did not gain a theoretical underpinning until the Bohr model was introduced . Not only did the Bohr model explain the reason for the structure of the Rydberg formula , it also provided a justification for its empirical results in terms of fundamental physical constants . The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom , compared to the valence shell atom . As a theory , it can be derived as a first - order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory . However , because of its simplicity , and its correct results for selected systems ( see below for application ) , the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics or energy level diagrams before moving on to the more accurate , but more complex , valence shell atom . A related model was originally proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910 , but was rejected . The quantum theory of the period between Planck 's discovery of the quantum ( 1900 ) and the advent of a full - blown quantum mechanics ( 1925 ) is often referred to as the old quantum theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Electron energy levels 3 Rydberg formula 4 Shell model of heavier atoms 5 Moseley 's law and calculation of K - alpha X-ray emission lines 6 Shortcomings 7 Refinements 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Primary sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Origin ( edit ) Bohr model showing maximum electrons per shell with shells labeled in X-ray notation In the early 20th century , experiments by Ernest Rutherford established that atoms consisted of a diffuse cloud of negatively charged electrons surrounding a small , dense , positively charged nucleus . Given this experimental data , Rutherford naturally considered a planetary - model atom , the Rutherford model of 1911 -- electrons orbiting a solar nucleus -- however , said planetary - model atom has a technical difficulty . The laws of classical mechanics ( i.e. the Larmor formula ) , predict that the electron will release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus . Because the electron would lose energy , it would rapidly spiral inwards , collapsing into the nucleus on a timescale of around 16 picoseconds . This atom model is disastrous , because it predicts that all atoms are unstable . Also , as the electron spirals inward , the emission would rapidly increase in frequency as the orbit got smaller and faster . This would produce a continuous smear , in frequency , of electromagnetic radiation . However , late 19th century experiments with electric discharges have shown that atoms will only emit light ( that is , electromagnetic radiation ) at certain discrete frequencies . To overcome this difficulty , Niels Bohr proposed , in 1913 , what is now called the Bohr model of the atom . He suggested that electrons could only have certain classical motions : Electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus . The electrons can only orbit stably , without radiating , in certain orbits ( called by Bohr the `` stationary orbits '' ) at a certain discrete set of distances from the nucleus . These orbits are associated with definite energies and are also called energy shells or energy levels . In these orbits , the electron 's acceleration does not result in radiation and energy loss as required by classical electromagnetics . The Bohr model of an atom was based upon Planck 's quantum theory of radiation . Electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another , absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation with a frequency ν determined by the energy difference of the levels according to the Planck relation : Δ E = E 2 − E 1 = h ν , ( \ displaystyle \ Delta ( E ) = E_ ( 2 ) - E_ ( 1 ) = h \ nu \ , ) where h is Planck 's constant . The frequency of the radiation emitted at an orbit of period T is as it would be in classical mechanics ; it is the reciprocal of the classical orbit period : ν = 1 T . ( \ displaystyle \ nu = ( 1 \ over T ) ~ ~ . ) : The angular momentum , L , of the orbiting electron is quantised such that : m e v r = n ħ ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) vr = n \ hbar ) where n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ... is called the principal quantum number , and ħ = h / 2π . The lowest value of n is 1 ; this gives a smallest possible orbital radius of 0.0529 nm known as the Bohr radius . Once an electron is in this lowest orbit , it can get no closer to the proton . Starting from the angular momentum quantum rule , Bohr was able to calculate the energies of the allowed orbits of the hydrogen atom and other hydrogen - like atoms and ions . Other points are : Like Einstein 's theory of the Photoelectric effect , Bohr 's formula assumes that during a quantum jump a discrete amount of energy is radiated . However , unlike Einstein , Bohr stuck to the classical Maxwell theory of the electromagnetic field . Quantization of the electromagnetic field was explained by the discreteness of the atomic energy levels ; Bohr did not believe in the existence of photons . According to the Maxwell theory the frequency ν of classical radiation is equal to the rotation frequency ν of the electron in its orbit , with harmonics at integer multiples of this frequency . This result is obtained from the Bohr model for jumps between energy levels E and E when k is much smaller than n . These jumps reproduce the frequency of the k - th harmonic of orbit n . For sufficiently large values of n ( so - called Rydberg states ) , the two orbits involved in the emission process have nearly the same rotation frequency , so that the classical orbital frequency is not ambiguous . But for small n ( or large k ) , the radiation frequency has no unambiguous classical interpretation . This marks the birth of the correspondence principle , requiring quantum theory to agree with the classical theory only in the limit of large quantum numbers . The Bohr - Kramers - Slater theory ( BKS theory ) is a failed attempt to extend the Bohr model , which violates the conservation of energy and momentum in quantum jumps , with the conservation laws only holding on average . Bohr 's condition , that the angular momentum is an integer multiple of ħ was later reinterpreted in 1924 by de Broglie as a standing wave condition : the electron is described by a wave and a whole number of wavelengths must fit along the circumference of the electron 's orbit : n λ = 2 π r . ( \ displaystyle n \ lambda = 2 \ pi r ~ . ) Bohr described angular momentum of the electron orbit as 1 / 2h while de Broglie 's wavelength of λ = h / p described h divided by the electron momentum . In 1913 , however , Bohr justified his rule by appealing to the correspondence principle , without providing any sort of wave interpretation . In 1913 , the wave behavior of matter particles such as the electron ( i.e. , matter waves ) was not suspected . In 1925 , a new kind of mechanics was proposed , quantum mechanics , in which Bohr 's model of electrons traveling in quantized orbits was extended into a more accurate model of electron motion . The new theory was proposed by Werner Heisenberg . Another form of the same theory , wave mechanics , was discovered by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger independently , and by different reasoning . Schrödinger employed de Broglie 's matter waves , but sought wave solutions of a three - dimensional wave equation describing electrons that were constrained to move about the nucleus of a hydrogen - like atom , by being trapped by the potential of the positive nuclear charge . Electron energy levels ( edit ) Models depicting electron energy levels in hydrogen , helium , lithium , and neon The Bohr model gives almost exact results only for a system where two charged points orbit each other at speeds much less than that of light . This not only involves one - electron systems such as the hydrogen atom , singly ionized helium , and doubly ionized lithium , but it includes positronium and Rydberg states of any atom where one electron is far away from everything else . It can be used for K - line X-ray transition calculations if other assumptions are added ( see Moseley 's law below ) . In high energy physics , it can be used to calculate the masses of heavy quark mesons . Calculation of the orbits requires two assumptions . Classical mechanics The electron is held in a circular orbit by electrostatic attraction . The centripetal force is equal to the Coulomb force . m e v 2 r = Z k e e 2 r 2 ( \ displaystyle ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) \ over r ) = ( Zk_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) where m is the electron 's mass , e is the charge of the electron , k is Coulomb 's constant and Z is the atom 's atomic number . It is assumed here that the mass of the nucleus is much larger than the electron mass ( which is a good assumption ) . This equation determines the electron 's speed at any radius : v = Z k e e 2 m e r . ( \ displaystyle v = ( \ sqrt ( Zk_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \ over m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) r ) ) . ) It also determines the electron 's total energy at any radius : E = − 1 2 m e v 2 ( \ displaystyle E = - ( 1 \ over 2 ) m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ) The total energy is negative and inversely proportional to r . This means that it takes energy to pull the orbiting electron away from the proton . For infinite values of r , the energy is zero , corresponding to a motionless electron infinitely far from the proton . The total energy is half the potential energy , which is also true for noncircular orbits by the virial theorem . A quantum rule The angular momentum L = m vr is an integer multiple of ħ : m e v r = n ħ ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) vr = n \ hbar ) How The Equation Was Derived : If an electron in an atom is moving on an orbit with period T , classically the electromagnetic radiation will repeat itself every orbital period . If the coupling to the electromagnetic field is weak , so that the orbit does n't decay very much in one cycle , the radiation will be emitted in a pattern which repeats every period , so that the Fourier transform will have frequencies which are only multiples of 1 / T . This is the classical radiation law : the frequencies emitted are integer multiples of 1 / T . In quantum mechanics , this emission must be in quanta of light , of frequencies consisting of integer multiples of 1 / T , so that classical mechanics is an approximate description at large quantum numbers . This means that the energy level corresponding to a classical orbit of period 1 / T must have nearby energy levels which differ in energy by h / T , and they should be equally spaced near that level , Δ E n = h T ( E n ) . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta E_ ( n ) = ( h \ over T ( E_ ( n ) ) ) . ) Bohr worried whether the energy spacing 1 / T should be best calculated with the period of the energy state E n ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n ) ) , or E n + 1 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n + 1 ) ) , or some average -- in hindsight , this model is only the leading semiclassical approximation . Bohr considered circular orbits . Classically , these orbits must decay to smaller circles when photons are emitted . The level spacing between circular orbits can be calculated with the correspondence formula . For a Hydrogen atom , the classical orbits have a period T determined by Kepler 's third law to scale as r . The energy scales as 1 / r , so the level spacing formula amounts to Δ E ∝ 1 r 3 2 ∝ E 3 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta E \ propto ( 1 \ over r ^ ( 3 \ over 2 ) ) \ propto E ^ ( 3 \ over 2 ) . ) It is possible to determine the energy levels by recursively stepping down orbit by orbit , but there is a shortcut . The angular momentum L of the circular orbit scales as √ r . The energy in terms of the angular momentum is then E ∝ 1 r ∝ 1 L 2 ( \ displaystyle E \ propto ( 1 \ over r ) \ propto ( 1 \ over L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . Assuming , with Bohr , that quantized values of L are equally spaced , the spacing between neighboring energies is Δ E ∝ 1 ( L + ħ ) 2 − 1 L 2 ≈ − 2 ħ L 3 ∝ − E 3 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta E \ propto ( 1 \ over ( L+ \ hbar ) ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( 1 \ over L ^ ( 2 ) ) \ approx - ( 2 \ hbar \ over L ^ ( 3 ) ) \ propto - E ^ ( 3 \ over 2 ) . ) This is as desired for equally spaced angular momenta . If one kept track of the constants , the spacing would be ħ , so the angular momentum should be an integer multiple of ħ , L = n h 2 π = n ħ . ( \ displaystyle L = ( nh \ over 2 \ pi ) = n \ hbar ~ . ) This is how Bohr arrived at his model . Substituting the expression for the velocity gives an equation for r in terms of n : m e k e Z e 2 m e r r = n ħ ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ( \ sqrt ( \ dfrac ( k_ ( \ text ( e ) ) Ze ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( \ text ( e ) ) r ) ) ) r = n \ hbar ) so that the allowed orbit radius at any n is : r n = n 2 ħ 2 Z k e e 2 m e ( \ displaystyle r_ ( n ) = ( n ^ ( 2 ) \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) \ over Zk_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) ) ) The smallest possible value of r in the hydrogen atom ( Z = 1 ) is called the Bohr radius and is equal to : r 1 = ħ 2 k e e 2 m e ≈ 5.29 × 10 − 11 m ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 1 ) = ( \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) \ over k_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) ) \ approx 5.29 \ times 10 ^ ( - 11 ) \ mathrm ( m ) ) The energy of the n - th level for any atom is determined by the radius and quantum number : E = − Z k e e 2 2 r n = − Z 2 ( k e e 2 ) 2 m e 2 ħ 2 n 2 ≈ − 13.6 Z 2 n 2 e V ( \ displaystyle E = - ( Zk_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \ over 2r_ ( n ) ) = - ( Z ^ ( 2 ) ( k_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) \ over 2 \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) n ^ ( 2 ) ) \ approx ( - 13.6 Z ^ ( 2 ) \ over n ^ ( 2 ) ) \ mathrm ( eV ) ) An electron in the lowest energy level of hydrogen ( n = 1 ) therefore has about 13.6 eV less energy than a motionless electron infinitely far from the nucleus . The next energy level ( n = 2 ) is − 3.4 eV . The third ( n = 3 ) is − 1.51 eV , and so on . For larger values of n , these are also the binding energies of a highly excited atom with one electron in a large circular orbit around the rest of the atom . The hydrogen formula also coincides with the Wallis product . The combination of natural constants in the energy formula is called the Rydberg energy ( R ) : R E = ( k e e 2 ) 2 m e 2 ħ 2 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ mathrm ( E ) ) = ( ( k_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) \ over 2 \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ) This expression is clarified by interpreting it in combinations that form more natural units : m e c 2 ( \ displaystyle \ , m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) is the rest mass energy of the electron ( 511 keV ) k e e 2 ħ c = α ≈ 1 137 ( \ displaystyle \ , ( k_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) e ^ ( 2 ) \ over \ hbar c ) = \ alpha \ approx ( 1 \ over 137 ) ) is the fine structure constant R E = 1 2 ( m e c 2 ) α 2 ( \ displaystyle \ , R_ ( \ mathrm ( E ) ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) Since this derivation is with the assumption that the nucleus is orbited by one electron , we can generalize this result by letting the nucleus have a charge q = Z e where Z is the atomic number . This will now give us energy levels for hydrogenic atoms , which can serve as a rough order - of - magnitude approximation of the actual energy levels . So for nuclei with Z protons , the energy levels are ( to a rough approximation ) : E n = − Z 2 R E n 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n ) = - ( Z ^ ( 2 ) R_ ( \ mathrm ( E ) ) \ over n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) The actual energy levels can not be solved analytically for more than one electron ( see n - body problem ) because the electrons are not only affected by the nucleus but also interact with each other via the Coulomb Force . When Z = 1 / α ( Z ≈ 137 ) , the motion becomes highly relativistic , and Z cancels the α in R ; the orbit energy begins to be comparable to rest energy . Sufficiently large nuclei , if they were stable , would reduce their charge by creating a bound electron from the vacuum , ejecting the positron to infinity . This is the theoretical phenomenon of electromagnetic charge screening which predicts a maximum nuclear charge . Emission of such positrons has been observed in the collisions of heavy ions to create temporary super-heavy nuclei . The Bohr formula properly uses the reduced mass of electron and proton in all situations , instead of the mass of the electron , m red = m e m p m e + m p = m e 1 1 + m e / m p . ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ text ( red ) ) = ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) + m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) = m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) ~ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 + m_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) / m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) ~ . ) However , these numbers are very nearly the same , due to the much larger mass of the proton , about 1836.1 times the mass of the electron , so that the reduced mass in the system is the mass of the electron multiplied by the constant 1836.1 / ( 1 + 1836.1 ) = 0.99946 . This fact was historically important in convincing Rutherford of the importance of Bohr 's model , for it explained the fact that the frequencies of lines in the spectra for singly ionized helium do not differ from those of hydrogen by a factor of exactly 4 , but rather by 4 times the ratio of the reduced mass for the hydrogen vs. the helium systems , which was much closer to the experimental ratio than exactly 4 . For positronium , the formula uses the reduced mass also , but in this case , it is exactly the electron mass divided by 2 . For any value of the radius , the electron and the positron are each moving at half the speed around their common center of mass , and each has only one fourth the kinetic energy . The total kinetic energy is half what it would be for a single electron moving around a heavy nucleus . E n = R E 2 n 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n ) = ( R_ ( \ mathrm ( E ) ) \ over 2n ^ ( 2 ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ) ( positronium ) Rydberg formula ( edit ) The Rydberg formula , which was known empirically before Bohr 's formula , is seen in Bohr 's theory as describing the energies of transitions or quantum jumps between orbital energy levels . Bohr 's formula gives the numerical value of the already - known and measured Rydberg 's constant , but in terms of more fundamental constants of nature , including the electron 's charge and Planck 's constant . When the electron gets moved from its original energy level to a higher one , it then jumps back each level until it comes to the original position , which results in a photon being emitted . Using the derived formula for the different energy levels of hydrogen one may determine the wavelengths of light that a hydrogen atom can emit . The energy of a photon emitted by a hydrogen atom is given by the difference of two hydrogen energy levels : E = E i − E f = R E ( 1 n f 2 − 1 n i 2 ) ( \ displaystyle E = E_ ( i ) - E_ ( f ) = R_ ( \ mathrm ( E ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( f ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , ) where n is the final energy level , and n is the initial energy level . Since the energy of a photon is E = h c λ , ( \ displaystyle E = ( \ frac ( hc ) ( \ lambda ) ) , \ , ) the wavelength of the photon given off is given by 1 λ = R ( 1 n f 2 − 1 n i 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ lambda ) ) = R \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( f ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ). \ , ) This is known as the Rydberg formula , and the Rydberg constant R is R / hc , or R / 2π in natural units . This formula was known in the nineteenth century to scientists studying spectroscopy , but there was no theoretical explanation for this form or a theoretical prediction for the value of R , until Bohr . In fact , Bohr 's derivation of the Rydberg constant , as well as the concomitant agreement of Bohr 's formula with experimentally observed spectral lines of the Lyman ( n = 1 ) , Balmer ( n = 2 ) , and Paschen ( n = 3 ) series , and successful theoretical prediction of other lines not yet observed , was one reason that his model was immediately accepted . To apply to atoms with more than one electron , the Rydberg formula can be modified by replacing Z with Z − b or n with n − b where b is constant representing a screening effect due to the inner - shell and other electrons ( see Electron shell and the later discussion of the `` Shell Model of the Atom '' below ) . This was established empirically before Bohr presented his model . Shell model of heavier atoms ( edit ) Bohr extended the model of hydrogen to give an approximate model for heavier atoms . This gave a physical picture that reproduced many known atomic properties for the first time . Heavier atoms have more protons in the nucleus , and more electrons to cancel the charge . Bohr 's idea was that each discrete orbit could only hold a certain number of electrons . After that orbit is full , the next level would have to be used . This gives the atom a shell structure , in which each shell corresponds to a Bohr orbit . This model is even more approximate than the model of hydrogen , because it treats the electrons in each shell as non-interacting . But the repulsions of electrons are taken into account somewhat by the phenomenon of screening . The electrons in outer orbits do not only orbit the nucleus , but they also move around the inner electrons , so the effective charge Z that they feel is reduced by the number of the electrons in the inner orbit . For example , the lithium atom has two electrons in the lowest 1s orbit , and these orbit at Z = 2 . Each one sees the nuclear charge of Z = 3 minus the screening effect of the other , which crudely reduces the nuclear charge by 1 unit . This means that the innermost electrons orbit at approximately 1 / 4 the Bohr radius . The outermost electron in lithium orbits at roughly Z = 1 , since the two inner electrons reduce the nuclear charge by 2 . This outer electron should be at nearly one Bohr radius from the nucleus . Because the electrons strongly repel each other , the effective charge description is very approximate ; the effective charge Z does n't usually come out to be an integer . But Moseley 's law experimentally probes the innermost pair of electrons , and shows that they do see a nuclear charge of approximately Z − 1 , while the outermost electron in an atom or ion with only one electron in the outermost shell orbits a core with effective charge Z − k where k is the total number of electrons in the inner shells . The shell model was able to qualitatively explain many of the mysterious properties of atoms which became codified in the late 19th century in the periodic table of the elements . One property was the size of atoms , which could be determined approximately by measuring the viscosity of gases and density of pure crystalline solids . Atoms tend to get smaller toward the right in the periodic table , and become much larger at the next line of the table . Atoms to the right of the table tend to gain electrons , while atoms to the left tend to lose them . Every element on the last column of the table is chemically inert ( noble gas ) . In the shell model , this phenomenon is explained by shell - filling . Successive atoms become smaller because they are filling orbits of the same size , until the orbit is full , at which point the next atom in the table has a loosely bound outer electron , causing it to expand . The first Bohr orbit is filled when it has two electrons , which explains why helium is inert . The second orbit allows eight electrons , and when it is full the atom is neon , again inert . The third orbital contains eight again , except that in the more correct Sommerfeld treatment ( reproduced in modern quantum mechanics ) there are extra `` d '' electrons . The third orbit may hold an extra 10 d electrons , but these positions are not filled until a few more orbitals from the next level are filled ( filling the n = 3 d orbitals produces the 10 transition elements ) . The irregular filling pattern is an effect of interactions between electrons , which are not taken into account in either the Bohr or Sommerfeld models and which are difficult to calculate even in the modern treatment . Moseley 's law and calculation of k - alpha X-ray emission lines ( edit ) Niels Bohr said in 1962 , `` You see actually the Rutherford work was not taken seriously . We can not understand today , but it was not taken seriously at all . There was no mention of it any place . The great change came from Moseley . '' In 1913 Henry Moseley found an empirical relationship between the strongest X-ray line emitted by atoms under electron bombardment ( then known as the K - alpha line ) , and their atomic number Z . Moseley 's empiric formula was found to be derivable from Rydberg and Bohr 's formula ( Moseley actually mentions only Ernest Rutherford and Antonius Van den Broek in terms of models ) . The two additional assumptions that ( 1 ) this X-ray line came from a transition between energy levels with quantum numbers 1 and 2 , and ( 2 ) , that the atomic number Z when used in the formula for atoms heavier than hydrogen , should be diminished by 1 , to ( Z − 1 ) . Moseley wrote to Bohr , puzzled about his results , but Bohr was not able to help . At that time , he thought that the postulated innermost `` K '' shell of electrons should have at least four electrons , not the two which would have neatly explained the result . So Moseley published his results without a theoretical explanation . Later , people realized that the effect was caused by charge screening , with an inner shell containing only 2 electrons . In the experiment , one of the innermost electrons in the atom is knocked out , leaving a vacancy in the lowest Bohr orbit , which contains a single remaining electron . This vacancy is then filled by an electron from the next orbit , which has n = 2 . But the n = 2 electrons see an effective charge of Z − 1 , which is the value appropriate for the charge of the nucleus , when a single electron remains in the lowest Bohr orbit to screen the nuclear charge + Z , and lower it by − 1 ( due to the electron 's negative charge screening the nuclear positive charge ) . The energy gained by an electron dropping from the second shell to the first gives Moseley 's law for K - alpha lines , E = h ν = E i − E f = R E ( Z − 1 ) 2 ( 1 1 2 − 1 2 2 ) ( \ displaystyle E = h \ nu = E_ ( i ) - E_ ( f ) = R_ ( \ mathrm ( E ) ) ( Z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , ) or f = ν = R v ( 3 4 ) ( Z − 1 ) 2 = ( 2.46 × 10 15 Hz ) ( Z − 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle f = \ nu = R_ ( \ mathrm ( v ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) ( Z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( 2.46 \ times 10 ^ ( 15 ) \ operatorname ( Hz ) ) ( Z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) Here , R = R / h is the Rydberg constant , in terms of frequency equal to 3.28 x 10 Hz . For values of Z between 11 and 31 this latter relationship had been empirically derived by Moseley , in a simple ( linear ) plot of the square root of X-ray frequency against atomic number ( however , for silver , Z = 47 , the experimentally obtained screening term should be replaced by 0.4 ) . Notwithstanding its restricted validity , Moseley 's law not only established the objective meaning of atomic number ( see Henry Moseley for detail ) but , as Bohr noted , it also did more than the Rydberg derivation to establish the validity of the Rutherford / Van den Broek / Bohr nuclear model of the atom , with atomic number ( place on the periodic table ) standing for whole units of nuclear charge . The K - alpha line of Moseley 's time is now known to be a pair of close lines , written as ( Kα and Kα ) in Siegbahn notation . Shortcomings ( edit ) The Bohr model gives an incorrect value L = ħ for the ground state orbital angular momentum : The angular momentum in the true ground state is known to be zero from experiment . Although mental pictures fail somewhat at these levels of scale , an electron in the lowest modern `` orbital '' with no orbital momentum , may be thought of as not to rotate `` around '' the nucleus at all , but merely to go tightly around it in an ellipse with zero area ( this may be pictured as `` back and forth '' , without striking or interacting with the nucleus ) . This is only reproduced in a more sophisticated semiclassical treatment like Sommerfeld 's . Still , even the most sophisticated semiclassical model fails to explain the fact that the lowest energy state is spherically symmetric -- it does n't point in any particular direction . Nevertheless , in the modern fully quantum treatment in phase space , the proper deformation ( careful full extension ) of the semi-classical result adjusts the angular momentum value to the correct effective one . As a consequence , the physical ground state expression is obtained through a shift of the vanishing quantum angular momentum expression , which corresponds to spherical symmetry . In modern quantum mechanics , the electron in hydrogen is a spherical cloud of probability that grows denser near the nucleus . The rate - constant of probability - decay in hydrogen is equal to the inverse of the Bohr radius , but since Bohr worked with circular orbits , not zero area ellipses , the fact that these two numbers exactly agree is considered a `` coincidence '' . ( However , many such coincidental agreements are found between the semiclassical vs. full quantum mechanical treatment of the atom ; these include identical energy levels in the hydrogen atom and the derivation of a fine structure constant , which arises from the relativistic Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( see below ) and which happens to be equal to an entirely different concept , in full modern quantum mechanics ) . The Bohr model also has difficulty with , or else fails to explain : Much of the spectra of larger atoms . At best , it can make predictions about the K - alpha and some L - alpha X-ray emission spectra for larger atoms , if two additional ad hoc assumptions are made ( see Moseley 's law above ) . Emission spectra for atoms with a single outer - shell electron ( atoms in the lithium group ) can also be approximately predicted . Also , if the empiric electron -- nuclear screening factors for many atoms are known , many other spectral lines can be deduced from the information , in similar atoms of differing elements , via the Ritz -- Rydberg combination principles ( see Rydberg formula ) . All these techniques essentially make use of Bohr 's Newtonian energy - potential picture of the atom . the relative intensities of spectral lines ; although in some simple cases , Bohr 's formula or modifications of it , was able to provide reasonable estimates ( for example , calculations by Kramers for the Stark effect ) . The existence of fine structure and hyperfine structure in spectral lines , which are known to be due to a variety of relativistic and subtle effects , as well as complications from electron spin . The Zeeman effect -- changes in spectral lines due to external magnetic fields ; these are also due to more complicated quantum principles interacting with electron spin and orbital magnetic fields . The model also violates the uncertainty principle in that it considers electrons to have known orbits and locations , two things which can not be measured simultaneously . Doublets and Triplets : Appear in the spectra of some atoms : Very close pairs of lines . Bohr 's model can not say why some energy levels should be very close together . Multi-electron Atoms : do n't have energy levels predicted by the model . It does n't work for ( neutral ) helium . A rotating charge , such as the electron classically orbiting around the nucleus , would constantly lose energy in form of electromagnetic radiation ( via various mechanisms : dipole radiation , Bremsstrahlung , ... ) . But such radiation is not observed . Refinements ( edit ) Elliptical orbits with the same energy and quantized angular momentum Several enhancements to the Bohr model were proposed , most notably the Sommerfeld model or Bohr -- Sommerfeld model , which suggested that electrons travel in elliptical orbits around a nucleus instead of the Bohr model 's circular orbits . This model supplemented the quantized angular momentum condition of the Bohr model with an additional radial quantization condition , the Wilson -- Sommerfeld quantization condition ∫ 0 T p r d q r = n h ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( T ) p_ ( r ) \ , dq_ ( r ) = nh \ , ) where p is the radial momentum canonically conjugate to the coordinate q which is the radial position and T is one full orbital period . The integral is the action of action - angle coordinates . This condition , suggested by the correspondence principle , is the only one possible , since the quantum numbers are adiabatic invariants . The Bohr -- Sommerfeld model was fundamentally inconsistent and led to many paradoxes . The magnetic quantum number measured the tilt of the orbital plane relative to the xy - plane , and it could only take a few discrete values . This contradicted the obvious fact that an atom could be turned this way and that relative to the coordinates without restriction . The Sommerfeld quantization can be performed in different canonical coordinates and sometimes gives different answers . The incorporation of radiation corrections was difficult , because it required finding action - angle coordinates for a combined radiation / atom system , which is difficult when the radiation is allowed to escape . The whole theory did not extend to non-integrable motions , which meant that many systems could not be treated even in principle . In the end , the model was replaced by the modern quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom , which was first given by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 , using Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics . The current picture of the hydrogen atom is based on the atomic orbitals of wave mechanics which Erwin Schrödinger developed in 1926 . However , this is not to say that the Bohr - Sommerfeld model was without its successes . Calculations based on the Bohr -- Sommerfeld model were able to accurately explain a number of more complex atomic spectral effects . For example , up to first - order perturbations , the Bohr model and quantum mechanics make the same predictions for the spectral line splitting in the Stark effect . At higher - order perturbations , however , the Bohr model and quantum mechanics differ , and measurements of the Stark effect under high field strengths helped confirm the correctness of quantum mechanics over the Bohr model . The prevailing theory behind this difference lies in the shapes of the orbitals of the electrons , which vary according to the energy state of the electron . The Bohr -- Sommerfeld quantization conditions lead to questions in modern mathematics . Consistent semiclassical quantization condition requires a certain type of structure on the phase space , which places topological limitations on the types of symplectic manifolds which can be quantized . In particular , the symplectic form should be the curvature form of a connection of a Hermitian line bundle , which is called a prequantization . See also ( edit ) 1913 in science Balmer 's Constant Basic concepts of quantum mechanics Franck -- Hertz experiment provided early support for the Bohr model . Free - fall atomic model Inert pair effect is adequately explained by means of the Bohr model . Introduction to quantum mechanics Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lakhtakia , Akhlesh ; Salpeter , Edwin E. ( 1996 ) . `` Models and Modelers of Hydrogen '' . American Journal of Physics. 65 ( 9 ) : 933 . Bibcode : 1997AmJPh ... 65 ... 933L . doi : 10.1119 / 1.18691 . ^ Jump up to : Niels Bohr ( 1913 ) . `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules , Part I '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 151 ) : 1 -- 24 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634955 . Jump up ^ Olsen and McDonald 2005 Jump up ^ `` CK12 -- Chemistry Flexbook Second Edition -- The Bohr Model of the Atom '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Niels Bohr ( 1913 ) . `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules , Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993 . Jump up ^ `` Revealing the hidden connection between pi and Bohr 's hydrogen model . '' Physics World ( November 17 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ M.A.B. Whitaker ( 1999 ) . `` The Bohr -- Moseley synthesis and a simple model for atomic x-ray energies '' . European Journal of Physics. 20 ( 3 ) : 213 -- 220 . Bibcode : 1999EJPh ... 20 ... 213W . doi : 10.1088 / 0143 - 0807 / 20 / 3 / 312 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian . `` Quantum Ideas : Week 2 '' Lecture Notes , p. 17 . University of Oxford . Retrieved Jan. 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A. Sommerfeld ( 1916 ) . `` Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien '' . Annalen der Physik. 51 ( 17 ) : 1 . Bibcode : 1916AnP ... 356 ... 1S . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19163561702 . Jump up ^ W. Wilson ( 1915 ) . `` The quantum theory of radiation and line spectra '' . Philosophical Magazine . 29 ( 174 ) : 795 -- 802 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440608635362 . Primary sources ( edit ) Niels Bohr ( 1913 ) . `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules , Part I '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 151 ) : 1 -- 24 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634955 . Niels Bohr ( 1913 ) . `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules , Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993 . Niels Bohr ( 1913 ) . `` On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules , Part III Systems containing several nuclei '' . Philosophical Magazine . 26 : 857 -- 875 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308635031 . Niels Bohr ( 1914 ) . `` The spectra of helium and hydrogen '' . Nature . 92 ( 2295 ) : 231 -- 232 . Bibcode : 1913Natur ... 92 ... 231B . doi : 10.1038 / 092231d0 . Niels Bohr ( 1921 ) . `` Atomic Structure '' . Nature . 107 ( 2682 ) : 104 -- 107 . Bibcode : 1921Natur. 107 ... 104B . doi : 10.1038 / 107104a0 . A. Einstein ( 1917 ) . `` Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein '' . Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 19 : 82 -- 92 . Reprinted in The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein , A. Engel translator , ( 1997 ) Princeton University Press , Princeton . 6 p. 434 . ( provides an elegant reformulation of the Bohr -- Sommerfeld quantization conditions , as well as an important insight into the quantization of non-integrable ( chaotic ) dynamical systems . ) Further reading ( edit ) Linus Carl Pauling ( 1970 ) . `` Chapter 5 - 1 '' . General Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman & Co . Reprint : Linus Pauling ( 1988 ) . General Chemistry . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65622 - 5 . George Gamow ( 1985 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Thirty Years That Shook Physics . Dover Publications . Walter J. Lehmann ( 1972 ) . `` Chapter 18 '' . Atomic and Molecular Structure : the development of our concepts . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 52440 - 9 . Paul Tipler and Ralph Llewellyn ( 2002 ) . Modern Physics ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4345 - 0 . Klaus Hentschel : Elektronenbahnen , Quantensprünge und Spektren , in : Charlotte Bigg & Jochen Hennig ( eds . ) Atombilder . Ikonografien des Atoms in Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit des 20 . Jahrhunderts , Göttingen : Wallstein - Verlag 2009 , pp. 51 -- 61 Steven and Susan Zumdahl ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 7.4 '' . Chemistry ( 8th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 82992 - 8 . Helge Kragh ( 2011 ) . `` Conceptual objections to the Bohr atomic theory -- do electrons have a `` free will '' ? `` . European Physical Journal H. 36 ( 3 ) : 327 . Bibcode : 2011EPJH ... 36 ... 327K . doi : 10.1140 / epjh / e2011 - 20031 - x . External links ( edit ) Standing waves in Bohr 's atomic model An interactive simulation to intuitively explain the quantization condition of standing waves in Bohr 's atomic mode Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bohr model . ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Einstein solid Debye model Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Ideal gas Van der Waals gas Newtonian fluid Bose -- Einstein condensate Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr Satyendra Nath Bose John Dalton Peter Debye Paul Dirac Paul Drude Albert Einstein Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohr_model&oldid=841494178 '' Categories : Atomic physics Foundational quantum physics Hydrogen physics Niels Bohr 1913 in science Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the solar system model of an atom	[ "In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram, introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity. After the cubic model (1902), the plum-pudding model (1904), the Saturnian model (1904), and the Rutherford model (1911) came the Rutherford–Bohr model or just Bohr model for short (1913). The improvement to the Rutherford model is mostly a quantum physical interpretation of it. The model's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen. While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally, it did not gain a theoretical underpinning until the Bohr model was introduced. Not only did the Bohr model explain the reason for the structure of the Rydberg formula, it also provided a justification for its empirical results in terms of fundamental physical constants." ]	[ "Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford" ]
-5799011445640149107	Tower of London	Tower of London - wikipedia Tower of London Jump to : navigation , search A historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London For other uses , see Tower of London ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W / 51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 Tower of London The Tower of London , seen from the River Thames , with a view of the water-gate called `` Traitors ' Gate '' Location London Borough of Tower Hamlets London , EC3 Area Castle : 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Tower Liberties : 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) Height 27 metres ( 89 ft ) Built White Tower : 1078 Inner Ward : 1190s Re-built : 1285 Wharf expansion : 1377 -- 1399 Visitors 2,843,031 ( in 2017 ) Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii , iv Designated 1988 ( 12th session ) Reference no . 488 Country United Kingdom Region Europe and North America Listed Building -- Grade I Listed Building -- Grade II Location of the castle in central London The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence . As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under Kings Richard I , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England . From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch . In the absence of the monarch , the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle . This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period . In the late 15th century , the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower . Under the Tudors , the Tower became used less as a royal residence , and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle , its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery . The peak period of the castle 's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries , when many figures who had fallen into disgrace , such as Elizabeth I before she became queen , Sir Walter Raleigh , and Elizabeth Throckmorton , were held within its walls . This use has led to the phrase `` sent to the Tower '' . Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death , popularised by 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century writers , only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century . Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle , with 112 occurring there over a 400 - year period . In the latter half of the 19th century , institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations , leaving many buildings empty . Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance , clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures . In the First and Second World Wars , the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage . After the Second World War , damage caused during the Blitz was repaired , and the castle reopened to the public . Today , the Tower of London is one of the country 's most popular tourist attractions . Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower , it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Layout 1.2 White Tower 1.3 Innermost ward 1.4 Inner Ward 1.5 Outer Ward 2 Foundation and early history 3 Expansion 4 Later Medieval Period 5 Changing use 6 Restoration and tourism 7 Crown Jewels 8 Royal Menagerie 9 Ghosts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Architecture ( edit ) Audio description of the Tower of London by Mike Gatting Layout ( edit ) Plan of the Tower of London The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London , which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate . It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames . The castle is made up of three `` wards '' , or enclosures . The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle . Encircling it to the north , east , and west is the inner ward , built during the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . Finally , there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I . Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London , the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285 . The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres ( 4.9 hectares ) with a further 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties -- land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons . The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear . Despite popular fiction , the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber , although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods . Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ) . White Tower ( edit ) Main article : White Tower ( Tower of London ) The White Tower is a keep ( also known as a donjon ) , which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle , and contained lodgings suitable for the lord -- in this case , the king or his representative . According to military historian Allen Brown , `` The great tower ( White Tower ) was also , by virtue of its strength , majesty and lordly accommodation , the donjon par excellence '' . As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world , the White Tower has been described as `` the most complete eleventh - century palace in Europe '' . The original entrance to the White Tower was at first - floor level The White Tower , not including its projecting corner towers , measures 36 by 32 metres ( 118 by 105 ft ) at the base , and is 27 m ( 90 ft ) high at the southern battlements . The structure was originally three storeys high , comprising a basement floor , an entrance level , and an upper floor . The entrance , as is usual in Norman keeps , was above ground , in this case on the south face , and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack . It was probably during Henry II 's reign ( 1154 -- 1189 ) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance , but it has not survived . Each floor was divided into three chambers , the largest in the west , a smaller room in the north - east , and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south - east . At the western corners of the building are square towers , while to the north - east a round tower houses a spiral staircase . At the south - east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel . As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold , latrines were built into the walls , and four fireplaces provided warmth . The main building material is Kentish rag - stone , although some local mudstone was also used . Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower 's facing , although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries . As most of the Tower 's windows were enlarged in the 18th century , only two original -- albeit restored -- examples remain , in the south wall at the gallery level . The tower was terraced into the side of a mound , so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level . As was typical of most keeps , the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage . One of the rooms contained a well . Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction , the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts . The basement is lit through small slits . St John 's Chapel , inside the White Tower The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower , Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials . The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century , and not reopened until 1973 . Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east , also connected to the entrance floor . The crypt of St John 's Chapel occupied the south - east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber . There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt ; according to Geoffrey Parnell , Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries , `` the windowless form and restricted access , suggest that it was designed as a strong - room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents '' . The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east -- both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall -- and St John 's Chapel in the south - east . The top floor was added in the 15th century , along with the present roof . St John 's Chapel was not part of the White Tower 's original design , as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls . Due to changes in function and design since the tower 's construction , except for the chapel little is left of the original interior . The chapel 's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period . In the 13th century , during Henry III 's reign , the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold - painted cross , and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity . Innermost ward ( edit ) The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower , stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames . As was the case at other castles , such as the 11th - century Hen Domen , the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower 's foundation . Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain , although it had happened by the 1170s . The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s , becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as Windsor Castle . Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers -- located at the corners of the innermost ward 's wall along the river -- began around 1220 . They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively . The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III 's reign : the queen 's chamber was whitewashed , and painted with flowers and imitation stonework . A great hall existed in the south of the ward , between the two towers . It was similar to , although slightly smaller than , that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle . Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king 's apartments . The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch , which had been filled in by the 1220s . Around this time , a kitchen was built in the ward . Between 1666 and 1676 , the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed . The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground . The Jewel House was demolished , and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower . Interior of the innermost ward . Right of centre is the 11th - century White Tower ; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower . Beyond that can be seen Traitors ' Gate . Inner ward ( edit ) See also : Church of St Peter ad Vincula The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign , when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward , effectively doubling the castle 's size . Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls , and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day . Most of Henry 's work survives , and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt . Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers , the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward . The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse , most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower . The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I . The 13th - century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large - scale use of brick as a building material in Britain , since the 5th - century departure of the Romans . The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall . Clockwise from the south - west corner they are : Bell , Beauchamp , Devereux , Flint , Bowyer , Brick , Martin , Constable , Broad Arrow , Salt , Lanthorn , Wakefield , and the Bloody Tower . While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy , they also contained accommodation . As its name suggests , Bell Tower housed a belfry , its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack . The royal bow - maker , responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons , had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower . A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night . The south face of the Waterloo Block As a result of Henry 's expansion , St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower , was incorporated into the castle . Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows , and stalls for himself and his queen . It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period , although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century . Immediately west of Wakefield Tower , the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall , and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames . It was a simple structure , protected by a portcullis and gate . The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century , as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower . Between 1339 and 1341 , a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers . During the Tudor period , a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward . The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . In 1663 just over £ 4,000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward . Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688 , on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841 . The Waterloo Block , a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details , was built on the site and remains to this day , housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor . Outer ward ( edit ) A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower , as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle . At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north - west corner . Brass Mount , the bastion in the north - east corner , was a later addition . The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843 . Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period , there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ) . A new 50 - metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today . With the addition of a new curtain wall , the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south - west corner of the external wall circuit . The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s . The Lion Tower itself no longer survives . Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames . In this wall , he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water-gate . The building is unique in England , and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris . The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered . There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor . Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown , although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower . By 1560 , the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower . Between 1348 and 1355 , a second water-gate , Cradle Tower , was added east of St Thomas 's Tower for the king 's private use . The Tower of London 's outer curtain wall , with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind . In the centre is Legge 's Mount . Foundation and early History ( edit ) Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 , the invading Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings , by fortifying key positions . He founded several castles along the way , but took a circuitous route toward London ; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England 's largest city . As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops , he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England . A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city 's supply lines and in December 1066 , isolated and intimidated , its leaders yielded London without a fight . Between 1066 and 1087 , William established 36 castles , although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates . The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as `` the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle - building in the whole history of feudal Europe '' . They were multi-purpose buildings , serving as fortifications ( used as a base of operations in enemy territory ) , centres of administration , and residences . William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance , to celebrate his victory and found a castle ; in the words of William 's biographer , William of Poitiers , `` certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace . For he ( William ) realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners '' . At the time , London was the largest town in England ; the foundation of Westminster Abbey and the old Palace of Westminster under Edward the Confessor had marked it as a centre of governance , and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement . The other two castles in London -- Baynard 's Castle and Montfichet 's Castle -- were established at the same time . The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south - east corner of the Roman town walls , using them as prefabricated defences , with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south . This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade , and probably had accommodation suitable for William . The White Tower dates from the late 11th century . Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber , but by the end of the 11th century a few , including the Tower of London , had been renovated or replaced with stone . Work on the White Tower -- which gives the whole castle its name -- is usually considered to have begun in 1078 , however the exact date is uncertain . William made Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , responsible for its construction , although it may not have been completed until after William 's death in 1087 . The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England , and was the strongest point of the early castle . It also contained grand accommodation for the king . At the latest , it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there . Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes . Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower , he was also the first person to escape from it , using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine . He was held in luxury and permitted servants , but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors . After plying them with drink , when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber , and out of the Tower . The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London ; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle , between the Roman wall and the Thames . The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class , but in the way the city was structured . Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans , who also brought over hundreds of Jews , for financial reasons . The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown , as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles . The Jews used the Tower as a retreat , when threatened by anti-Jewish violence . The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession ; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda , just a few days after Henry 's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne . The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London . The castle , which had not been used as a royal residence for some time , was usually left in the charge of a Constable , a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville . As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position , possession was highly valued . Mandeville exploited this , selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln . Once her support waned , the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen . Through his role as Constable of the Tower , Mandeville became `` the richest and most powerful man in England '' . When he tried the same ploy again , this time holding secret talks with Matilda , Stephen had him arrested , forced him to cede control of his castles , and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters . Until then the position had been hereditary , originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville ( a friend of William the Conqueror 's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with ) , but the position 's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch . The position was usually given to someone of great importance , who might not always be at the castle due to other duties . Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison , from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty : the Lieutenant of the Tower . Constables also had civic duties relating to the city . Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes , enforcing the law and maintaining order . The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable 's civic powers , and at times led to friction between the two . Expansion ( edit ) The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . The castle was extended under William Longchamp , King Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade . The Pipe Rolls record £ 2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190 , from an estimated £ 7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England . According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden , Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames . Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower , and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard 's younger brother , Prince John , who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power . As Longchamp 's main fortress , he made the Tower as strong as possible . The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191 , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history . Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days , deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege . The Tower of London from The Shard . The River Thames is to the south . The outer curtain walls were erected in the 13th century . John succeeded Richard as king in 1199 , but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons , who in response moved against him . In 1214 , while the king was at Windsor Castle , Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower . Although under - garrisoned , the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta . The king reneged on his promises of reform , leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War . Even after the Magna Carta was signed , Fitzwalter maintained his control of London . During the war , the Tower 's garrison joined forces with the barons . John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis , the eldest son of the French king . However , after John 's death in October 1216 , many began to support the claim of his eldest son , Henry III . War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry , with Fitzwalter supporting Louis . Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower , both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III 's supporters would prevail . In the 13th century , Kings Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) and Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) extended the castle , essentially creating it as it stands today . Henry was disconnected from his barons , and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule . As a result , he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification ; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live . From 1216 to 1227 nearly £ 10,000 was spent on the Tower of London ; in this period , only the work at Windsor Castle cost more ( £ 15,000 ) . Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward . The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower ( from which it derives its name ) began in 1240 . Beginning around 1238 , the castle was expanded to the east , north , and north - west . The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I , interrupted occasionally by civil unrest . New creations included a new defensive perimeter , studded with towers , while on the west , north , and east sides , where the wall was not defended by the river , a defensive ditch was dug . The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement , marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences . The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression , despised by Londoners , and Henry 's building programme was unpopular . So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240 , the locals celebrated the setback . The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation . Henry III often held court at the Tower of London , and held parliament there on at least two occasions ( 1236 and 1261 ) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly . In 1258 , the discontented barons , led by Simon de Montfort , forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments . Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions . Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath . With the backing of mercenaries , Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261 . While negotiations continued with the barons , the King ensconced himself in the castle , although no army moved to take it . A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again . Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London . Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious ; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower . Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford , marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle , declaring that custody of the Tower was `` not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner , much less of an ecclesiastic '' . Despite a large army and siege engines , Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle . The Earl retreated , allowing the King control of the capital , and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry 's reign . Although he was rarely in London , Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower , costing £ 21,000 between 1275 and 1285 , over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign . Edward I was a seasoned castle builder , and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . At the Tower of London , Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line , creating a new enclosure . A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall . The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt , with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse . A new entrance was created , with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican . In an effort to make the castle self - sufficient , Edward I also added two watermills . Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278 , charged with coin clipping . Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion , forcing the Jews out of the country . Later medieval period ( edit ) A model of the Tower of London as it appeared after the final period of expansion under Edward I During Edward II 's reign ( 1307 -- 1327 ) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London . However , it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe was founded . The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state 's arms . In 1321 , Margaret de Clare , Baroness Badlesmere became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon Isabella , killing six of the royal escort . Generally reserved for high - ranking inmates , the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country . However it was not necessarily very secure , and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape . In 1323 Roger Mortimer , Baron Mortimer , was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer 's men inside . They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat . He fled to France where he encountered Edward 's Queen . They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King . One of Mortimer 's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there . For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself ; in 1330 , Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him in the Tower . Under Edward III 's rule ( 1312 -- 1377 ) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father 's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French . Amongst Edward 's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner , and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Neville 's Cross . During this period , the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war . Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair , and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place . The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons , for instance Windsor . Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated . One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred Years ' War was Charles , Duke of Orléans , the nephew of the King of France . This late 15th - century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the Tower of London . It shows the White Tower and the water-gate , with Old London Bridge in the background . When Richard II was crowned in 1377 , he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey . This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660 . During the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside . When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler , the rebel leader , a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House . The Archbishop of Canterbury , Simon Sudbury , took refuge in St John 's Chapel , hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary . However , he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill . Six years later there was again civil unrest , and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual . When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399 , Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower . He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke , who became King Henry IV . In the 15th century , there was little building work at the Tower of London , yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge . When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup , Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London . During this period , the castle also held many distinguished prisoners . The heir to the Scottish throne , later King James I of Scotland , was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower . The reign of Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) renewed England 's fortune in the Hundred Years ' War against France . As a result of Henry 's victories , such as the Battle of Agincourt , many high - status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed . Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne , the houses of Lancaster and York . The castle was once again besieged in 1460 , this time by a Yorkist force . The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton . With the help of Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( nicknamed `` the Kingmaker '' ) Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470 . However , Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was probably murdered . During the wars , the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire , and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns : an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill , although it no longer survives . The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower , 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais , 1878 Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483 , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place . The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London . Edward V 's uncle Richard , Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule . Traditional accounts have held that the 12 - year - old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June . The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483 . Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th - century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however , the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north . Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII . Changing use ( edit ) The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London 's use as a royal residence . As 16th - century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as `` an armouries and house of munition , and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in '' . The Yeoman Warders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509 . During the reign of Henry VIII , the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences . In 1532 , Thomas Cromwell spent £ 3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3,000 tons of Caen stone for the work . Even so , this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery . Although the defences were repaired , the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry 's death . Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable . From 1547 onwards , the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful , for instance each of Edward VI , Mary I , and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations . In the 16th century , the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim , forbidding prison . This had not always been the case . As a royal castle , it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons , however these were usually high - status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people . Contrary to the popular image of the Tower , prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower . As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower -- as would have been the case for any castle -- there was no purpose - built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed , a `` Prison for Soldiers '' , was built to the north - west of the White Tower . The Tower 's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century romanticists . Although much of the Tower 's reputation is exaggerated , the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle 's zenith as a prison , with many religious and political undesirables locked away . The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture , so it was not often used ; between 1540 and 1640 , the peak of imprisonment at the Tower , there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture . The three most common forms used were the infamous rack , the Scavenger 's daughter , and manacles . The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter , the Constable of the Tower ; consequentially it was also known as the Duke of Exeter 's daughter . One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes , who was brought there on 6 November 1605 ; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot . Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn . Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard , by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners . The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet , where disease was rife . High - status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside ; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family , including his son who was born there in 1605 . Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself , and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years . Before the 20th century , there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green ; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey , this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous . After Lady Jane Grey 's execution on 12 February 1554 , Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth , later Queen Elizabeth I , in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth 's name . The cobbled surface of Tower Hill to the north of the Tower of London . Over a period of 400 years , 112 people were executed on the hill . The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century , taking over the Privy Wardrobe 's duties of looking after the monarch 's arsenal and valuables . As there was no standing army before 1661 , the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war . The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454 , and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward . The Board of Ordnance ( successor to these Offices ) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage . In 1855 the Board was abolished ; its successor ( the Military Store Department of the War Office ) was also based there until 1869 , after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich ( where the recently closed Woolwich Dockyard was converted into a vast ordnance store ) . Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents , including money and munitions . London 's Trained Bands , a militia force , were moved into the castle in 1640 . Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built , readying the Tower for war . The preparations were never put to the test . In 1642 , Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament . When this failed he fled the city , and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron , the Lieutenant of the Tower . The Trained Bands had switched sides , and now supported Parliament ; together with the London citizenry , they blockaded the Tower . With permission from the King , Byron relinquished control of the Tower . Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing , Sir John Conyers . By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642 , the Tower of London was already in Parliament 's control . The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1661 . At the time , the castle 's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation . Under the Stuart kings the Tower 's buildings were remodelled , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . Just over £ 4,000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse , now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward . In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower 's defences in the style of the trace italienne , however they were never acted on . Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose - built quarters for soldiers ( the `` Irish Barracks '' ) in 1670 , the general accommodations were still in poor condition . An engraving of the Tower of London in 1737 by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne , their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind , the Tower of London was repaired . Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed . The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45 , and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle `` would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege '' . For the most part , the 18th - century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal , although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774 . The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it . It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences , so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower , the Duke of Wellington , ordered a large - scale clearance of several feet of silt . However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply , resulting in several deaths . To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems , it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth . The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later . The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845 , when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone . The building could accommodate 1,000 men ; at the same time , separate quarters for the officers were built to the north - east of the White Tower . The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest . It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle . Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period . During the First World War , eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage . During the Second World War , the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war . One such person was Rudolf Hess , Adolf Hitler 's deputy , albeit just for four days in 1941 . He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle . The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941 . The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969 . The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification . In the event of a German invasion , the Tower , together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses , was to have formed one of three `` keeps '' or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last - ditch defences of the capital . Restoration and tourism ( edit ) A recreation of Edward I 's bedchamber in the river - side St Thomas 's Tower above Traitors ' Gate . The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country . It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period , when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about . Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour . The Crown Jewels also garner much interest , and have been on public display since 1669 . The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century , despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors . Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose - built ticket office was erected . By the end of the century , over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year . Over the 18th and 19th centuries , the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished . Only the Wakefield and St Thomas 's Towers survived . The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England 's medieval past . One of the effects was the emergence of Gothic Revival architecture . In the Tower 's architecture , this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower . It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements . Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as `` castellated Gothic of the 15th century '' . Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites ; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished . In 1855 , the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office , which was gradually phased out of the castle . At the same time , there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London . Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers , of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential . In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination . Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history , as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th - and 17th - century prisoners . Working on the suggestion , Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert . Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor . When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result , several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed . The main entrance to the Tower of London . Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction . Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ) , the Second World War left a greater mark . On 23 September 1940 , during the Blitz , high - explosive bombs damaged the castle , destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower . After the war , the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public . In 1974 , there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower , leaving one person dead and 35 injured . No one claimed responsibility for the blast , but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it . In the 21st century , tourism is the Tower 's primary role , the remaining routine military activities , under the Royal Logistic Corps , having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle . However , the Tower is still home to the ceremonial regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor , the Royal Fusiliers . Also , a detachment of the unit providing the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower , and with the Yeomen Warders , takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day . On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company , these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions , and 41 on other occasions . Two of the ravens Since 1990 , the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown . In 1988 , the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites , in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site . However , recent developments , such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby , have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations ' Heritage in Danger List . The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006 . Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory , once used by past kings and queens . Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower , the responsibility of day - to - day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor . At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times , in accordance with the belief that if they are absent , the kingdom will fall . They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders . The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883 . As well as having ceremonial duties , the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower . Over 2.8 million people visited the Tower of London in 2017 . Crown Jewels ( edit ) See also : Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and Jewel House The Imperial State Crown ( side view ) The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) . The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia , including jewels , plate , and symbols of royalty such as the crown , sceptre , and sword . When money needed to be raised , the treasure could be pawned by the monarch . The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy , and consequently was closely guarded . A new position for `` keeper of the jewels , armouries and other things '' was created , which was well rewarded ; in the reign of Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ) the holder was paid 12d a day . The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels , gold , and silver , and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers . In 1649 , during the English Civil War , the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties , as decreed by Cromwell . Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used , and the crowns were `` totallie broken and defaced '' . When the monarchy was restored in 1660 , the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th - century spoon and three ceremonial swords . ( Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown . ) Detailed records of old regalia survived , and replacements were made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 based on drawings from the time of Charles I . For the coronation of Charles II , gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them . In 1669 , the Jewel House was demolished and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower ( until 1841 ) . They were displayed here for viewing by the paying public . This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them . Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper . Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown , Sceptre and Orb , they were foiled when the keeper 's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm . Since 1994 , the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block . Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen . The display includes 23,578 gemstones , the 800 - year - old Coronation Spoon , St. Edward 's Crown ( worn during all crownings at Westminster Abbey ) and the Imperial State Crown . Royal Menagerie ( edit ) Wire animal sculptures at the tower , Kendra Haste There is evidence that King John ( 1166 -- 1216 ) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower . Records of 1210 -- 1212 show payments to lion keepers . The Royal Menagerie is frequently referenced during the reign of Henry III . Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards , circa 1235 , which were kept in the Tower . In 1251 , the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the King 's polar bear , a gift from Haakon IV of Norway in the same year ; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames while tied to the land by a chain . In 1254 or 1255 , Henry III received an African elephant from Louis IX of France depicted by Matthew Paris in his Chronica Majora . A wooden structure was built to house the elephant , 12.2 m ( 40 ft ) long by 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) wide . The animal died in 1258 , possibly because it was given red wine , but also perhaps because of the cold climate of England . In 1288 , Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals . Edward III added other types of animals , two lions , a leopard and two wildcats . Under subsequent kings , the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types , jackals , hyenas , and an old brown bear , Max , gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian . In 1436 , during the time of Henry V , all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated . Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in 1277 ; this area was later named the Lion Tower , to the immediate west of the Middle Tower . Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards , also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower . By the 1500s that area was called the Menagerie . Between 1604 and 1606 the Menagerie was extensively refurbished and an exercise yard was created in the moat area beside the Lion Tower . An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals , during lion baiting , for example in the time of James I. Reports from 1657 include mention of six lions , increasing to 11 by 1708 , in addition to other types of cats , eagles , owls and a jackal . By the 18th century , the menagerie was open to the public ; admission cost three half - pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions . By the end of the century , that had increased to 9 pence . A particularly famous inhabitant was Old Martin , a large grizzly bear given to George III by the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1811 . An 1800 inventory also listed a tiger , leopards , a hyena , a large baboon , various types of monkeys , wolves and `` other animals '' . By 1822 , however , the collection included only a grizzly bear , an elephant and some birds . Additional animals were then introduced . In 1828 there were over 280 representing at least 60 species as the new keeper Alfred Copps was actively acquiring animals . After the death of George IV in 1830 , a decision was made to close down the Menagerie . In 1831 , most of the stock was moved to the London Zoo which had opened in 1828 . The last of the animals left in 1835 , relocated to Regent 's Park . This decision was made after an incident , although sources vary as to the specifics : either a lion was accused of biting a soldier , or a sailor , Ensign Seymour , had been bitten by a monkey . The Menagerie buildings were removed in 1852 but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life . Consequently , even though the animals had long since left the building , the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps , the last keeper , in 1853 . In 1999 , physical evidence of lion cages was found , one being 3x3 meters ( 6.5 x10 feet ) in size , very small for a lion that can grow to be 2.5 meters ( approximately 8 feet ) long . In 2008 , the skulls of two male Barbary lions ( now extinct in the wild ) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower . Radiocarbon tests dated them from 1280 -- 1385 and 1420 -- 1480 . During 2011 an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste . Ghosts ( edit ) Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower , where she is buried , and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm . This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song `` With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm '' . Other reported ghosts include Henry VI , Lady Jane Grey , Margaret Pole , and the Princes in the Tower . In January 1816 , a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him , and reportedly died of fright a few days later . In October 1817 , a tubular , glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the Jewel House by the Keeper of the Crown Jewels , Edmund Lenthal Swifte . He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife , leading her to exclaim : `` Oh , Christ ! It has seized me ! '' Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported , more recently , by night staff at the Tower . See also ( edit ) London portal Criminal justice portal Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London List of castles in England List of Keepers of the Records in the Tower of London List of prisoners of the Tower of London Tower of London in popular culture Zammitello Palace , built in imitation of the Tower of London References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wakefield Tower was originally called Blundeville Tower . Jump up ^ Flambard , Bishop of Durham , was imprisoned by Henry I `` for the many injustices which Henry himself and the king 's other sons had suffered '' . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` ALVA Association of Leading Visitor Attractions '' . www.alva.org.uk . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Royal Beasts at Tower of London , View London , retrieved 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ Farson 1978 , pp. 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Hole 1951 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 155 Jump up ^ Roud 2009 , pp. 60 -- 61 Bibliography Allen Brown , Reginald ( 1976 ) ( 1954 ) , Allen Brown 's English Castles , The Boydell Press , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 069 - 8 Allen Brown , Reginald ; Curnow , P ( 1984 ) , Tower of London , Greater London : Department of the Environment Official Handbook , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , ISBN 0 - 11 - 671148 - 5 Bennett , Matthew ( 2001 ) , Campaigns of the Norman Conquest , Essential Histories , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 228 - 8 Black , Ernest ( 1927 ) , `` Torture under English Law '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register , University of Pennsylvania , 75 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 348 , doi : 10.2307 / 3307506 , JSTOR 3307506 Blunt , Wilfred ( 1976 ) , The Ark in the Park : The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century , Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 0 - 241 - 89331 - 3 Cathcart King , David James ( 1988 ) , The Castle in England and Wales : an Interpretative History , Croom Helm , ISBN 0 - 918400 - 08 - 2 Collinson , Patrick ( 2004 ) , `` Elizabeth I ( 1533 -- 1603 ) , Queen of England and Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Costain , Thomas ( 1958 ) , The Three Edwards , Garden City Creighton , Oliver ( 2002 ) , Castles and Landscapes , Continuum , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5896 - 3 Farson , Daniel ( 1978 ) , Ghosts in Fact and Fiction , Hamlyn Young Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 34053 - 9 Friar , Stephen ( 2003 ) , The Sutton Companion to Castles , Sutton Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3994 - 2 Gillingham , John ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ) , Richard I , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09404 - 3 Hole , Christina ( 1951 ) , Haunted England : A Survey of English Ghost - Lore ( 3 ed . ) , Batsford Horrox , Rosemary ( 2004 ) , `` Edward V ( 1470 -- 1483 ) , king of England and lord of Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Impey , Edward ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : The Official Illustrated History , Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces , ISBN 1 - 85894 - 106 - 7 Jerome , Fiona ( 2006 ) , Tales from the Tower : Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious Past , Think Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84525 - 026 - 3 Lapper , Ivan ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : A 2000 - year History , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 170 - 1 Liddiard , Robert ( 2005 ) , Castles in Context : Power , Symbolism and Landscape , 1066 to 1500 , Windgather Press Ltd , ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 Parnell , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , The Tower of London , Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6864 - 9 Plowden , Alison ( 2004 ) , `` Grey ( married name Dudley ) , Lady Jane ( 1537 -- 1554 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Roud , Steve ( 2009 ) ( 2008 ) , London Lore : The Legends and Traditions of the World 's Most Vibrant City , Arrow Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 951986 - 7 Sax , Boria ( 2007 ) , `` How Ravens Came to the Tower of London '' ( PDF ) , Society and Animals , 15 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 283 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853007X217203 , Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Sellers , Leonard ( 1997 ) , Shot in the Tower : The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War , Leo Cooper , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 026 - 3 Strickland , Agnes ( 1840 ) , Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest . Volume II , II , Henry Colburn Vince , Alan ( 1990 ) , Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation , Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 019 - 7 Wilson , Derek ( 1998 ) ( 1978 ) , The Tower of London : A Thousand Years ( 2nd ed . ) , Allison & Busby , ISBN 0 - 7490 - 0332 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Edward Turner ( 1829 ) . The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in that Establishment ; with Anecdotes of their Characters and History . Robert Jennings . Harman , A. ( 1864 ) . Sketches of the Tower of London as a Fortress , a Prison , and a Palace . J. Wheeler . Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2009 ) . The Tower of London : Past & Present . History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5036 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Tower of London '' dated 2018 - 05 - 04 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tower of London ( category ) Wikivoyage has a listing for Tower of London . Official website Further reading recommended by Historic Royal Palaces Bibliography of sources relating to the Tower of London `` Tower of London , The '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . 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About Wikipedia	when was the tower of london first built	[ "\n\nTower of London\n\n\n\nThe Tower of London, seen from the River Thames, with a view of the water-gate called \"Traitors' Gate\"\n\n\n\nLocation\nLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets\nLondon, EC3\n\n\nArea\nCastle: 12 acres (4.9 ha)\nTower Liberties: 6 acres (2.4 ha)\n\n\nHeight\n27 metres (89 ft)\n\n\nBuilt\nWhite Tower: 1078\nInner Ward: 1190s\nRe-built: 1285\nWharf expansion: 1377–1399\n\n\nVisitors\n2,843,031 (in 2017)[1]\n\n\nOwner\nQueen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUNESCO World Heritage Site\n\n\n\nType\nCultural\n\n\nCriteria\nii, iv\n\n\nDesignated\n1988 (12th session)\n\n\nReference no.\n488\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nRegion\nEurope and North America\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nListed Building – Grade I\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nListed Building – Grade II\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation of the castle in central London\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "1078" ]
-711882660208445320	Ride Along (film)	Ride Along ( film ) - wikipedia Ride Along ( film ) Ride Along Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Story Produced by Ice Cube Matt Alvarez Will Packer Larry Brezner Screenplay by Greg Coolidge Jason Mantzoukas Phil Hay Matt Manfredi Story by Greg Coolidge Starring Ice Cube Kevin Hart John Leguizamo Bruce McGill Tika Sumpter Laurence Fishburne Gary Owen Jacob Latimore Jay Pharoah Benjamin Flores , Jr . David Banner Music by Christopher Lennertz Cinematography Larry Blanford Edited by Craig Alpert Production company Relativity Media Cube Vision Rainforest Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $154.5 million Ride Along is a 2014 American buddy cop comedy film directed by Tim Story and starring Ice Cube , Kevin Hart , John Leguizamo , Bryan Callen , Tika Sumpter and Laurence Fishburne . Greg Coolidge , Jason Mantzoukas , Phil Hay , and Matt Manfredi wrote the screenplay based on a story originally from Coolidge . The film follows Ben Barber ( Hart ) , a high school security guard who must prove to his girlfriend 's brother , James Payton ( Ice Cube ) , that he is worthy of marrying her . James , a police officer out to catch a Serbian smugglers ' boss , takes Ben on a ride along to prove himself . Principal photography began on October 31 , 2012 in Atlanta and ended on December 19 , 2012 . The film was produced by Relativity Media , Cube Vision Productions and Rainforest Films , and distributed by Universal Pictures . Following two premieres in Atlanta and Los Angeles , the film was released worldwide on January 17 , 2014 . Despite negative reviews , the film earned a worldwide total of more than $153 million against a budget of $25 million . The film broke the record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January , taking in $41.5 million , a record broken again a year later when American Sniper had its wide release . A sequel , Ride Along 2 , was released on January 15 , 2016 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Promotion and release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) James Payton is a detective , on an undercover operation where fake passports are being smuggled into Atlanta by a man named `` Omar '' . After a shootout with the smugglers , and a car chase that leaves one injured , the lieutenant leading the case ask James to drop the case on `` Omar '' , something James does n't do . Ben Barber , a fast - talking , jumpy high school security guard who plays video games on his spare time , applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy . When he gets in , he decides to ask James for his blessings to marry his sister Angela . James then says Ben has to be worthy of Angela , making him go on a `` ride along '' to prove it . After picking up Ben and taking him to the police station , James tells dispatch to give him all the 1 - 26 's that are called into the station . James makes Ben take care of all the 1 - 26 's . James then arrives at the park to question an informant Runflat , about a connection of Serbia and `` Omar '' . He finds out that a shipment will come in later that day . After leaving the park , James takes Ben to the local shooting range where he finds out that Zastava M92 's have been given to the store , Ben realizes he has a clue for James . When a 1 - 26 is called in , Ben and James are called to the Sweet Auburn Curb Market where a drunk man named Crazy Cody is being disorderly . Ben tries to subdue him but is unable to , so James arrests him . Ben asks to be taken home before he receives a call from Angela . He tells her about his stressful day , before Angela says that James plays poker with a guy named Crazy Cody , along with telling him that 1 - 26 's are a code for annoying situations for new - comers as a joke . He then goes into the police station and sees Cody laughing with James and his partners Santiago and Miggs . Upset at James , Ben refuses to go home and instead takes a 1 - 26 call to respond to a disturbance at a strip club , where two men get into a mexican standoff with James and Ben , which Ben thinks it 's another joke call , so he fools around . James subdues the men , and the two are then tipped off about a gun deal involving Omar 's men . Ben then confronts James about the 1 - 26 's . James receives a call from Santiago in the car , when he finds out that Runflat had turned himself in , Ben says how Runflat 's brother in the park said that Runflat had just got out of prison . James then contradicts , saying that Runflat had n't been in prison for over two years , leading to another clue . The men go to talk Runflat 's other brother , J , trying to find out the location of the gun deal , during the confrontation , Ben accidentally shoots J , who subsequently reveals that the deal will take place at an old abandoned warehouse at 9 PM . James decides to infiltrate the warehouse with Santiago and Miggs , after leaving Ben behind in the car . James is then betrayed by Santiago and Miggs , who turn out to be crooked cops working for Omar . James is then tied up , just when Ben witnesses . Santiago not only mocks James , but also criticizes him for his unsociable , egocentric personality . As the deal begins , Ben enters pretending to be Omar ( since no one has ever actually seen the real Omar ) . Having successfully fooled the crooks , Ben then wreaks havoc at the deal , and right as Ben is about to leave with James , the real Omar appears . A shootout ensues , and many of Omar 's men are killed . Ben reveals his sharp reflexes and extensive knowledge of battle ( a result of his video game experience ) . James and Ben take the money meant for the deal and escape right before the warehouse blows up because of Ben 's grenade that hit a box of explosives and destroys James 's car . Unbeknownst to them , Santiago , Miggs and Omar all escape . Santiago and Miggs arrive at Angela 's apartment and tie her up . As she was playing one of Ben 's video games , Ben 's fellow players hear the confrontation ensuing between Angela , Miggs and Santiago from Ben 's headset . At the hospital after being shot in the leg , Ben receives a call from the fellow player , and tells James that there 's something going on at the apartment . After seeing some dirty cops arrive at the hospital , James takes Ben and leaves to go to the apartment , along with Omar 's money . James then injures Miggs , before getting into a fight with Santiago . As Santiago is about to shoot James , Angela knocks him out with a frying pan . Ben gets knocked out by Omar in a fight , before Omar takes the bag of money and Angela , and leaves the apartment . James follows Omar and Angela and confronts them . Right as Omar is about to shoot James , Ben slides over a car and kicks him , and James shoots Omar twice , injuring him . Police arrest Omar , Miggs and Santiago , and James finally gives Ben his blessing . In a mid-credits scene Ben and Angela are engaged , and Ben is weeks away from graduating from the police academy . At a barbecue at James ' house Ben blows up the barbecue grill and is sent flying back into the bushes , killing the neighbor 's dog . Cast ( edit ) Ice Cube stars as James Payton and Kevin Hart stars as Ben Barber in the film . Ice Cube as James Payton , a detective on an undercover operation in Atlanta to catch a smuggler boss named Omar . Despite being a loving and protective older brother to his sister , he is rough around the edges and is disapproving of Ben . Cube joined the film in November 2009 , to both star and produce . Kevin Hart as Benjamin `` Ben '' Barber , a fast - talking high school security guard who applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy . He loves his girlfriend and is willing to do whatever it takes to convince her brother that he is the right guy . He goes on a ride along with Payton to prove himself worthy of Payton 's sister , Angela . Hart joined the cast in July 2012 . Tika Sumpter as Angela Payton , James 's sister and Ben 's girlfriend , for whom Ben has to prove himself worthy . Sumpter joined the film in October 2012 . John Leguizamo as Santiago , a detective and Miggs ' partner . Leguizamo joined the film in October 2012 . Bryan Callen as Miggs , a detective and Santiago 's partner . Callen joined the film in October 2012 . Laurence Fishburne as Omar , a boss of Serbian smugglers , who has never been seen by anyone , and is considered as a ghost . Fishburne was cast in December 2012 . Bruce McGill as Lt. Brooks , a lieutenant in the Atlanta Police department , and boss of Payton , Santiago , and Miggs . Additional cast includes Gary Owen as Crazy Cody , Jay Pharoah as Runflat , David Banner as Pawnshop Jay , Dragoș Bucur as Marko , Gary Weeks as Dr. Cowan , Jacob Latimore as Ramone and Benjamin Flores , Jr. as Morris , Runflat 's brother . Production ( edit ) On November 29 , 2009 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that comedian Jason Mantzoukas had been hired to write cop - buddy comedy film Ride Along for New Line Cinema , originally written by Greg Coolidge , with Ice Cube set to star in and produce the film along with Matt Alvarez , through Cube 's film company , Cube Vision Productions . On July 11 , 2012 , Universal Pictures acquired the distribution rights to the film from New Line , with production starting in October , Tim Story was set to direct the film , rewritten by Matt Manfredi and Phil Hay , and produced by Will Packer and Larry Brezner . On October 31 , the studio announced the film would be released on January 17 , 2014 . Casting ( edit ) Ice Cube joined the cast on November 29 , 2009 , to play the lead role , Detective James ; the story was then about a rogue cop who tries to break off his sister 's engagement to an upper - crust white psychiatrist by inviting his future brother - in - law on a ride - along . Kevin Hart joined the cast on July 11 , 2012 to play Ben , a high school security guard , with his character changed from white to black . On October 16 , John Leguizamo joined the cast of the film to play an undercover cop . On October 30 , Tika Sumpter , Bryan Callen , and Jay Pharoah joined the cast ; Sumpter plays Angela , Ben 's fiancee and James ' sister , while Callen plays an undercover cop , and Pharaoh plays a street informant . On November 9 , Backstage posted that the film 's director was looking for adult extras of all ethnicities for the background in the film . On November 16 , Bruce McGill joined the cast of the film to play a hard - nosed lieutenant . On December 7 , Gary Owen also joined the cast , followed by Laurence Fishburne . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 31 , 2012 in Atlanta , and crews were filming some scenes at Underground Atlanta on October 31 and November 1 . On October 31 , CBS Atlanta posted the news that Atlanta police are warning residents that there would be a simulated gun battle inside the mall area during the filming on Thursday , November 1 . It was a 35 - day shoot , which wrapped up filming on December 19 in Atlanta . Music ( edit ) On April 29 , 2013 , Christopher Lennertz was hired to score the film . Lennertz previously collaborated with Story on the 2012 comedy Think Like A Man . The soundtrack was released digitally on January 14 , 2014 by Back Lot Music , while a CD version was released on January 28 by Varèse Sarabande . Ride Along ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Christopher Lennertz Released January 28 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Score Length 43 : 39 Label Back Lot Music Christopher Lennertz film scores chronology Thanks for Sharing ( 2013 ) Thanks for Sharing 2013 Ride Along ( 2014 ) Think Like a Man Too ( 2014 ) Think Like a Man Too 2014 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating All music composed by Christopher Lennertz ( Tracks 1 -- 21 ) . Ride Along ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Ride Along '' 0 : 32 2 . `` Serbian Negotiations '' 1 : 18 3 . `` Car Chase '' 2 : 08 4 . `` Ben 's First Ride Along '' 0 : 55 5 . `` Police Academy Acceptance '' 0 : 46 6 . `` Stranger Danger '' 3 : 11 7 . `` Ben 's Goodbyes '' 1 : 27 8 . `` Crazy Cody '' 2 : 51 9 . `` Ben Overhears The Prank '' 2 : 11 10 . `` Strip Club Drama '' 3 : 06 11 . `` Interrogating Jay '' 1 : 35 12 . `` Drive To Warehouse '' 0 : 51 13 . `` Warehouse Pt. 1 '' 4 : 24 14 . `` Warehouse Pt. 2 '' 4 : 05 15 . `` Warehouse Pt. 3 '' 1 : 52 16 . `` Ben To Hospital '' 1 : 34 17 . `` Shootout '' 3 : 19 18 . `` Omar At Angela 's / James Was Wrong '' 1 : 49 19 . `` Angela Held Hostage '' 1 : 47 20 . `` Apartment Fight '' 1 : 44 21 . `` Omar Shot '' 2 : 14 Total length : 43 : 39 Promotion and release ( edit ) A teaser trailer and an image were released on July 1 , 2013 . On September 26 , studio revealed the first teaser poster featuring Cube and Hart . On November 5 , eight new images from the set and the poster were revealed . A second trailer of the film was revealed from studio on November 7 . On December 19 , Universal released a full length trailer for the film . On the night of January 6 , 2014 , the film 's first premiere was held at Atlantic Station in Atlanta . On January 13 , the Los Angeles premiere was held at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood , California . Following the two premieres , the film was released worldwide on January 17 , 2014 . Box Office ( edit ) The film 's 3 - day opening weekend gross was $41,516,170 , at 2,663 US and Canadian theaters ( an average $15,590 per theater gross ) , giving Ride Along the then - record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January , ahead of 2008 's Cloverfield . For the 4 - day record - breaking MLK weekend , the film grossed $48,626,380 . The film held the number one spot at the US box office for three weeks , grossing $21 million and $12 million in its second and third weekends . The North American domestic gross was $134,202,565 , with the international gross being $19,059,619 , bringing the worldwide total to $153,262,184 . Home Media ( edit ) Ride Along was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 15 , 2014 . This release included an alternate ending , a gag reel , deleted scenes , a behind - the - scenes documentary and a feature commentary of the film by Story . In the United States , the film has grossed $13.5 million from DVD sales and $8.7 million from Blu - ray sales , making a total of $22.2 million . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Ride Along received generally negative reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 18 % , based on 121 reviews , with a rating average of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Kevin Hart 's livewire presence gives Ride Along a shot of necessary energy , but it is n't enough to rescue this would - be comedy from the buddy - cop doldrums . '' Metacritic assigns the film a score of 41 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . British critic Mark Kermode gave the film one out of five stars , describing it as `` an action - comedy short on both action and comedy . '' Scott Foundas of Variety called the film `` a lazy and listless buddy - cop action - comedy that fades from memory as quickly as its generic title . '' Entertainment Weekly ′ s film critic Chris Nashawaty gave the film a `` C + '' grade . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film received several award nominations , a 2014 BET Award for Best Actor for Kevin Hart , and two 2014 MTV Movie Awards nominations , Best On - Screen Duo for Ice Cube and Hart , and Best Comedic Performance for Hart . On April 13 , 2014 , after the best - screen - duo award went to Vin Diesel and Paul Walker for Fast & Furious 6 , Ice Cube joked to USA Today that they were robbed . Awards and nominations Award Nominees Result Ref ( s ) BET Awards Best Actor Kevin Hart Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Duo Ice Cube and Kevin Hart Nominated Best Comedic Performance Kevin Hart Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Ride Along Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ice Cube Nominated Kevin Hart Won Choice Movie : Chemistry Ice Cube and Kevin Hart Nominated Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Kevin Hart Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Ride Along 2 On April 23 , 2013 , the studio announced that there would be a sequel to the film . On February 18 , 2014 , it was announced that after the success of the first Ride Along film , Universal was moving forward with the sequel , which Tim Story would return to direct . Ice Cube and Kevin Hart reprised their roles , with Will Packer producing , and Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi on board again as screenwriters . Ride Along 2 started filming on July 7 , 2014 ; filming locations included Miami , Florida and Atlanta , Georgia . Universal released the film on January 15 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RIDE ALONG ( 12A ) '' . Universal Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ride Along '' . Box Office Mojo. April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Ice Cube film , Fox comedy on scribe 's plate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Ride Along ' Detours To Universal As Kevin Hart And Ice Cube Vehicle '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Bryan Callen and Jay Pharoah join ' Ride Along ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` John Leguizamo in talks for U 's ' Ride Along ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Laurence Fishburne added to ' Ride Along ' , his 3rd film with Ice Cube '' . blackfilm.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Bruce McGill Joins Ice Cube and Kevin Hart in ' Ride Along ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Owen along for ' Ride ' with U '' . variety.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ice Cube and Kevin Hart 's ' Ride Along ' to Open Over Mlk Weekend in 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lehman , Daniel ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Casting Extras to ' Ride Along ' with Kevin Hart and Ice Cube in Atlanta '' . Backstage . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Ice Cube movie `` Ride Along '' filming at Underground Atlanta `` . ajc.com . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Connell , Jocelyn ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Police : Simulated gun battle at Underground Atlanta as crews film movie '' . cbsatlanta.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart And Ice Cube Movie ' Ride Along ' Is Finished ! ! They Wrapped up Filming in Atlanta Today ! ! '' . hiphopnews24-7.com . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Lennertz to Score Tim Story 's ' Ride Along ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ride Along ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ride Along ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) at AllMusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out the Trailer for Ride Along , Starring Kevin Hart and Ice Cube '' . ComingSoon.net . July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dimako , Peter ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` First Ride Along Poster with Kevin Hart and Ice Cube '' . upcoming-movies.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Ride Along Poster '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Hart Wo n't Stop Screaming in Second ' Ride Along ' Trailer '' . firstshowing.net . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Full - Length Trailer for Ice Cube & Kevin Hart 's Ride Along '' . comingsoon.net . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramsess , Akili - Casundria ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Ice Cube & Kevin Hart Pop Up In `` Ride Along '' Atlanta Premiere `` . atlnightspots.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart attends the ' Ride Along ' Los Angeles premiere held at TCL ... '' . Yahoo . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top January Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` BOX OFFICE FINAL : ' Ride Along ' A $48 M Phenom Breaks Records -- Highest MLK Holiday Opener Ever '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 17 - 20 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office by Weekends '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ride Along Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ride Along ' Blu - ray and DVD Release April 15 , 2014 '' . movieweb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ride Along '' - Video Sales `` . The Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ride Along '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ride Along '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Ride Along ' Cruises to January Record '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Ride Along review -- an action - comedy , but nobody 's laughing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Ride Along ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Ride Along ( 2014 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BET Awards 2014 - Best Actor Nominations '' . bet.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best On - Screen Duo 2014 MTV Movie Awards '' . mtv.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Comedic Performance 2014 MTV Movie Awards '' . mtv.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ice Cube : ' Ride Along ' was ' robbed ' at MTV awards '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce & Jay Z Lead 2014 BET Awards '' . Billboard. 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' BET Awards '' 2014 Nominations Announced `` . Online.wsj.com. 2002 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce and Jay Z Lead 2014 BET Awards Nominations '' . Variety . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 MTV Movie Awards : Here Are The Real Winners And Losers '' . MTV.com. 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sequels On Tap For ' The Heat ' And ' Ride Along ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ride Along 2 ' Moving Forward With Kevin Hart , Ice Cube in Talks to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ride Along 2 ′ Gets Rolling : Tim Story To Direct , Will Packer To Produce With Deals Closing For Kevin Hart and Ice Cube '' . deadline.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ride Along 2 ′ to Bow on Martin Luther King Weekend 2016 '' . variety.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ride Along on IMDb Ride Along at Box Office Mojo Ride Along at Rotten Tomatoes Ride Along at Metacritic Films directed by Tim Story One of Us Tripped ( 1997 ) The Firing Squad ( 1999 ) Barbershop ( 2002 ) Taxi ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Hurricane Season ( 2010 ) Kevin Hart : Laugh at My Pain ( 2011 ; with Leslie Small ) Think Like a Man ( 2012 ) Ride Along ( 2014 ) Think Like a Man Too ( 2014 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Kevin Hart : What Now ? ( 2016 ) Shaft ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ride_Along_(film)&oldid=856476404 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films American action comedy films American buddy cop films American films Buddy comedy films Films directed by Tim Story Films produced by Ice Cube Films produced by Will Packer Films set in Atlanta Films shot in Atlanta Police comedy films Rainforest Films films Relativity Media films Universal Pictures films Cube Vision films Films scored by Christopher Lennertz African - American films Buddy cop films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2014 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 14 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays kevin hart girlfriend in ride along	[ "Ice Cube as James Payton,[3] a detective on an undercover operation in Atlanta to catch a smuggler boss named Omar. Despite being a loving and protective older brother to his sister, he is rough around the edges and is disapproving of Ben. Cube joined the film in November 2009, to both star and produce.\nKevin Hart as Benjamin \"Ben\" Barber,[4] a fast-talking high school security guard who applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy. He loves his girlfriend and is willing to do whatever it takes to convince her brother that he is the right guy. He goes on a ride along with Payton to prove himself worthy of Payton's sister, Angela. Hart joined the cast in July 2012.\nTika Sumpter as Angela Payton,[5] James's sister and Ben's girlfriend, for whom Ben has to prove himself worthy. Sumpter joined the film in October 2012.\nJohn Leguizamo as Santiago,[6] a detective and Miggs' partner. Leguizamo joined the film in October 2012.\nBryan Callen as Miggs,[5] a detective and Santiago's partner. Callen joined the film in October 2012.\nLaurence Fishburne as Omar,[7] a boss of Serbian smugglers, who has never been seen by anyone, and is considered as a ghost. Fishburne was cast in December 2012.\nBruce McGill as Lt. Brooks,[8] a lieutenant in the Atlanta Police department, and boss of Payton, Santiago, and Miggs." ]	[ "Tika Sumpter" ]
-3239229853118277655	Eccrine sweat gland	Eccrine sweat gland - wikipedia Eccrine sweat gland Jump to : navigation , search Eccrine sweat gland A sectional view of the skin ( magnified ) , with eccrine glands highlighted . Details Precursor Ectoderm System Integumentary Nerve Cholinergic sympathetic nerves Identifiers Latin Glandula sudorifera merocrina ; Glandula sudorifera eccrina MeSH A10. 336.899. 480 TH H3. 12.00. 3.03009 FMA 59154 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Eccrine glands ( / ˈɛkrən / , / ˈɛˌkraɪn / , or / ˈɛˌkrin / ; from ekkrinein `` secrete '' ; sometimes called merocrine glands ) are the major sweat glands of the human body , found in virtually all skin , with the highest density in palms and soles , then on the head , but much less on the trunk and the extremities . In lower mammals , they are relatively sparse , being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads . They reach their peak of development in humans , where they may number 200 -- 400 / cm2 of skin surface . They produce a clear , odorless substance , consisting primarily of water . Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct , the `` acrosyringium '' ; a dermal duct , consisting of a straight and coiled portion ; and a secretory tubule , coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis . The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore . The coiled portion is formed by two concentric layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells . The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells . Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells . The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells . Eccrine glands are active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water evaporation of sweat secreted by the glands on the body surface and emotional induced sweating ( anxiety , fear , stress , and pain ) . The white sediment in otherwise colorless eccrine secretions is caused by evaporation that increases the concentration of salts . The odour from sweat is due to bacterial activity on the secretions of the apocrine sweat glands , a distinctly different type of sweat gland found in human skin . Eccrine glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system , primarily by cholinergic fibers whose discharge is altered primarily by changes in deep body temperature ( core temperature ) , but by adrenergic fibers as well . The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress . Secretion ( edit ) The secretion of eccrine glands is a sterile , dilute electrolyte solution with primary components of bicarbonate , potassium , and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , and other minor components such as glucose , pyruvate , lactate , cytokines , immunoglobulins , antimicrobial peptides ( e.g. , dermcidin ) , and many others . Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid , the concentration of Na ions is much lower in sweat ( ~ 40 mM in sweat versus ~ 150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid ) . Initially , within the eccrine glands , sweat has a high concentration of Na ions . The Na ions are re-absorbed into the tissue via the epithelial sodium channels ( ENaC ) that are located on the apical membrane of the cells that form the eccrine gland ducts ( see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 of the reference ) . This re-uptake of Na ions reduces the loss of Na during the process of perspiration . Patients with the systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism syndrome who carry mutations in the ENaC subunit genes have salty sweat as they can not reabsorb the salt in sweat . In these patients , Na ion concentrations can greatly increase ( up to 180 mmol / L ) . In people who have hyperhidrosis , the sweat glands ( eccrine glands in particular ) overreact to stimuli and are just generally overactive , producing more sweat than normal . Similarly , cystic fibrosis patients also produce salty sweat . But in these cases , the problem is in the CFTR chloride transporter that is also located on the apical membrane of eccrine gland ducts . Dermcidin is a newly isolated antimicrobial peptide produced by the eccrine sweat glands . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Neas , John F. `` Development of the Integumentary System '' . In Martini , Frederic H. ; Timmons , Michael J. ; Tallitsch , Bob . Embryology Atlas ( 4th ed . ) . Benjamin Cumings . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Krstic , Radivoj V. ( 18 March 2004 ) . Human Microscopic Anatomy : An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology . Springer . p. 464 . ISBN 9783540536666 . Jump up ^ `` eccrine '' . The New Oxford American Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . 2005 . ISBN 9780195170771 . Jump up ^ James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bolognia , J. , Jorizzo , J. , & Schaffer , J. ( 2012 ) . Dermatology ( 3rd ed. , pp. 539 - 544 ) . ( Philadelphia ) : Elsevier Saunders . ^ Jump up to : Wilke , K. ; Martin , A. ; Terstegen , L. ; Biel , S.S. ( June 2007 ) . `` A short history of sweat gland biology '' ( pdf ) . International Journal of Cosmetic Science . 29 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 179 . ISSN 1468 - 2494 . PMID 18489347 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 2494.2007. 00387. x . Jump up ^ Cui , Chang - Yi ; Schlessinger , David ( 2015 ) . `` Eccrine sweat gland development and sweat secretion '' . Experimental Dermatology. 24 ( 9 ) : 644 -- 650 . ISSN 0906 - 6705 . doi : 10.1111 / exd. 12773 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Boggula VR , Vaknine H , Sharma S , Kleyman T , Hanukoglu A ( January 2017 ) . `` Expression of epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 147 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 748 . PMID 28130590 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 016 - 1535 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sokolov , VE ; Shabadash , SA ; Zelikina , TI ( 1980 ) . `` Innervation of eccrine sweat glands '' . Biology Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 7 ( 5 ) : 331 -- 46 . PMID 7317512 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu A ( Nov 1991 ) . `` Type I pseudohypoaldosteronism includes two clinically and genetically distinct entities with either renal or multiple target organ defects '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 73 ( 5 ) : 936 -- 44 . PMID 1939532 . doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 73 - 5 - 936 . Jump up ^ Hanukoglu I , Hanukoglu A ( Jan 2016 ) . `` Epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) family : Phylogeny , structure - function , tissue distribution , and associated inherited diseases . '' . Gene . 579 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 132 . PMC 4756657 . PMID 26772908 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2015.12. 061 . Jump up ^ Edelheit , Oded ; Hanukoglu , Israel ; Shriki , Yafit ; Tfilin , Matanel ; Dascal , Nathan ; Gillis , David ; Hanukoglu , Aaron ( 2010 ) . `` Truncated beta epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) subunits responsible for multi-system pseudohypoaldosteronism ( PHA ) support partial activity of ENaC '' . The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 119 ( 1 - 2 ) : 84 -- 88 . PMID 20064610 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsbmb. 2010.01. 002 . Jump up ^ Niyonsaba , F ; Suzuki , A ; Ushio , H ; Nagaoka , I ; Ogawa , H ; Okumura , K ( 2009 ) . `` The human antimicrobial peptide dermcidin activates normal human keratinocytes '' . The British journal of dermatology. 160 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 9 . PMID 19014393 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2008. 08925. x . External links ( edit ) Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eccrine_sweat_gland&oldid=785965614 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Talk About Wikipedia Català Italiano 日本語 Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 13 : 27 . About Wikipedia	how many eccrine glands are in the body	[ "Eccrine glands (/ˈɛkrən/, /ˈɛˌkraɪn/, or /ˈɛˌkrin/; from ekkrinein \"secrete\";[3] sometimes called merocrine glands) are the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. In lower mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200–400/cm² of skin surface.[4][5] They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water." ]	[ "may number 200–400/cm² of skin surface" ]
-8850156757581217672	List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons	List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons Over the course of 127 seasons ( from 1892 through 2018 ) , 105 teams have won 100 or more games in a single Major League Baseball season . While this makes the feat a relatively common occurrence , the 100 - win threshold remains the hallmark of the best teams in a given season . While there have been 23 seasons with two or more 100 - win teams , only seven seasons have seen three teams finish above the 100 - win threshold in the same season . 1942 : St. Louis Cardinals , NL ( 106 -- 48 ) (. 688 ) Brooklyn Dodgers , NL ( 104 -- 50 ) (. 675 ) New York Yankees , AL ( 103 -- 51 ) (. 669 ) 1977 : Kansas City Royals , AL ( 102 -- 60 ) (. 630 ) Philadelphia Phillies , NL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) New York Yankees , AL ( 100 -- 62 ) (. 617 ) 1998 : New York Yankees , AL ( 114 -- 48 ) (. 704 ) Atlanta Braves , NL ( 106 -- 56 ) (. 654 ) Houston Astros , NL ( 102 -- 60 ) (. 630 ) 2002 : New York Yankees , AL ( 103 -- 58 ) (. 640 ) Oakland Athletics , AL ( 103 -- 59 ) (. 636 ) Atlanta Braves , NL ( 101 -- 59 ) (. 631 ) 2003 : New York Yankees , AL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) Atlanta Braves , NL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) San Francisco Giants , NL ( 100 -- 61 ) (. 621 ) 2017 : Los Angeles Dodgers , NL ( 104 -- 58 ) (. 642 ) Cleveland Indians , AL ( 102 -- 60 ) (. 630 ) Houston Astros , AL ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) 2018 : Boston Red Sox , AL ( 108 -- 54 ) (. 667 ) Houston Astros , AL ( 103 -- 59 ) (. 636 ) New York Yankees , AL ( 100 -- 62 ) (. 617 ) As of 2018 , there have never been four 100 - win Major League teams in a single season . In the 2018 season , there were more than two 100 - win teams in the same league for the first time when the Boston Red Sox , Houston Astros , and New York Yankees ( all from the American League ) each won 100 games . There were no 100 - win teams in the National League that season . On eight occasions , the level of high - quality competition within a league or division has resulted in a team winning 100 games but still failing to qualify for postseason play . Six of these eight seasons occurred before the start of the two - division league structure and expanded playoff format introduced in 1969 . None have occurred since the first year under the Divisional Series format in 1995 . With the Divisional Series and Wild Card format in place today , it is extremely unlikely for a team with a 100 - win regular season to fail to qualify for at least a Wild Card berth . The following teams missed the postseason in spite of winning 100 games during the regular season : 1909 Chicago Cubs ( 104 -- 49 ) (. 680 ) : Finished 2nd in NL 1915 Detroit Tigers ( 100 -- 54 ) (. 649 ) : Finished 2nd in AL 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 104 -- 50 ) (. 675 ) : Finished 2nd in NL 1954 New York Yankees ( 103 -- 51 ) (. 669 ) : Finished 2nd in AL 1961 Detroit Tigers ( 101 -- 61 ) (. 623 ) : Finished 2nd in AL 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 102 -- 63 ) (. 618 ) : Finished 2nd in NL 1980 Baltimore Orioles ( 100 -- 62 ) (. 617 ) : Finished 2nd in AL East 1993 San Francisco Giants ( 103 -- 59 ) (. 636 ) : Finished 2nd in NL West Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams which had seasons of 100 or more wins . Contents 1 Season records 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Season records ( edit ) Season Franchise League Wins Losses % Manager Finish 1892 Boston Beaneaters NL 102 48 . 680 Frank Selee Won National League 1898 Boston Beaneaters NL 102 47 . 685 Frank Selee Won National League 1899 Brooklyn Superbas NL 101 47 . 682 Ned Hanlon Won National League 1902 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 103 36 . 741 Fred Clarke Won National League 1904 New York Giants NL 106 47 . 693 John McGraw Won National League 1905 New York Giants NL 105 48 . 686 John McGraw Won 1905 World Series 1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36 . 763 Frank Chance Lost 1906 World Series 1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45 . 704 Frank Chance Won 1907 World Series 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 110 42 . 724 Fred Clarke Won 1909 World Series 1909 Chicago Cubs NL 104 49 . 680 Frank Chance Finished 2nd in NL 1910 Chicago Cubs NL 104 50 . 675 Frank Chance Lost 1910 World Series 1910 Philadelphia Athletics AL 102 48 . 680 Connie Mack Won 1910 World Series 1911 Philadelphia Athletics AL 101 50 . 669 Connie Mack Won 1911 World Series 1912 Boston Red Sox AL 105 47 . 691 Jake Stahl Won 1912 World Series 1912 New York Giants NL 103 48 . 682 John McGraw Lost 1912 World Series 1913 New York Giants NL 101 51 . 664 John McGraw Lost 1913 World Series 1915 Boston Red Sox AL 101 50 . 669 Bill Carrigan Won 1915 World Series 1915 Detroit Tigers AL 100 54 . 649 Hughie Jennings Finished 2nd in AL 1917 Chicago White Sox AL 100 54 . 649 Pants Rowland Won 1917 World Series 1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44 . 714 Miller Huggins Won 1927 World Series 1928 New York Yankees AL 101 53 . 656 Miller Huggins Won 1928 World Series 1929 Philadelphia Athletics AL 104 46 . 693 Connie Mack Won 1929 World Series 1930 Philadelphia Athletics AL 102 52 . 662 Connie Mack Won 1930 World Series 1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45 . 704 Connie Mack Lost 1931 World Series 1931 St. Louis Cardinals NL 101 53 . 656 Gabby Street Won 1931 World Series 1932 New York Yankees AL 107 47 . 695 Joe McCarthy Won 1932 World Series 1934 Detroit Tigers AL 101 53 . 656 Mickey Cochrane Lost 1934 World Series 1935 Chicago Cubs NL 100 54 . 649 Charlie Grimm Lost 1935 World Series 1936 New York Yankees AL 102 51 . 667 Joe McCarthy Won 1936 World Series 1937 New York Yankees AL 102 52 . 662 Joe McCarthy Won 1937 World Series 1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45 . 702 Joe McCarthy Won 1939 World Series 1940 Cincinnati Reds NL 100 53 . 654 Bill McKechnie Won 1940 World Series 1941 New York Yankees AL 101 53 . 656 Joe McCarthy Won 1941 World Series 1941 Brooklyn Dodgers NL 100 54 . 649 Leo Durocher Lost 1941 World Series 1942 St. Louis Cardinals NL 106 48 . 688 Billy Southworth Won 1942 World Series 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers NL 104 50 . 675 Leo Durocher Finished 2nd in NL 1942 New York Yankees AL 103 51 . 669 Joe McCarthy Lost 1942 World Series 1943 St. Louis Cardinals NL 105 49 . 682 Billy Southworth Lost 1943 World Series 1944 St. Louis Cardinals NL 105 49 . 682 Billy Southworth Won 1944 World Series 1946 Boston Red Sox AL 104 50 . 675 Joe Cronin Lost 1946 World Series 1953 Brooklyn Dodgers NL 105 49 . 682 Chuck Dressen Lost 1953 World Series 1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43 . 721 Al López Lost 1954 World Series 1954 New York Yankees AL 103 51 . 669 Casey Stengel Finished 2nd in AL 1961 New York Yankees AL 109 53 . 673 Ralph Houk Won 1961 World Series 1961 Detroit Tigers AL 101 61 . 623 Bob Scheffing Finished 2nd in AL 1962 San Francisco Giants NL 103 62 . 624 Al Dark Lost 1962 World Series 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers NL 102 63 . 618 Walter Alston Finished 2nd in NL 1963 New York Yankees AL 104 57 . 646 Ralph Houk Lost 1963 World Series 1965 Minnesota Twins AL 102 60 . 630 Sam Mele Lost 1965 World Series 1967 St. Louis Cardinals NL 101 60 . 627 Red Schoendienst Won 1967 World Series 1968 Detroit Tigers AL 103 59 . 636 Mayo Smith Won 1968 World Series 1969 Baltimore Orioles AL 109 53 . 673 Earl Weaver Lost 1969 World Series 1969 New York Mets NL 100 62 . 617 Gil Hodges Won 1969 World Series 1970 Baltimore Orioles AL 108 54 . 667 Earl Weaver Won 1970 World Series 1970 Cincinnati Reds NL 102 60 . 630 Sparky Anderson Lost 1970 World Series 1971 Baltimore Orioles AL 101 57 . 639 Earl Weaver Lost 1971 World Series 1971 Oakland Athletics AL 101 60 . 627 Dick Williams Lost 1971 ALCS Los Angeles Dodgers NL 102 60 . 630 Walter Alston Lost 1974 World Series Cincinnati Reds NL 108 54 . 667 Sparky Anderson Won 1975 World Series 1976 Cincinnati Reds NL 102 60 . 630 Sparky Anderson Won 1976 World Series 1976 Philadelphia Phillies NL 101 61 . 623 Danny Ozark Lost 1976 NLCS 1977 Kansas City Royals AL 102 60 . 630 Whitey Herzog Lost 1977 ALCS 1977 Philadelphia Phillies NL 101 61 . 623 Danny Ozark Lost 1977 NLCS 1977 New York Yankees AL 100 62 . 617 Billy Martin Won 1977 World Series 1978 New York Yankees AL 100 63 . 613 Billy Martin , Dick Howser , & Bob Lemon Won 1978 World Series 1979 Baltimore Orioles AL 102 57 . 642 Earl Weaver Lost 1979 World Series 1980 New York Yankees AL 103 59 . 636 Dick Howser Lost 1980 ALCS 1980 Baltimore Orioles AL 100 62 . 617 Earl Weaver Finished 2nd in AL East 1984 Detroit Tigers AL 104 58 . 642 Sparky Anderson Won 1984 World Series 1985 St. Louis Cardinals NL 101 61 . 623 Whitey Herzog Lost 1985 World Series 1986 New York Mets NL 108 54 . 667 Davey Johnson Won 1986 World Series 1988 Oakland Athletics AL 104 58 . 642 Tony La Russa Lost 1988 World Series 1988 New York Mets NL 100 60 . 625 Davey Johnson Lost 1988 NLCS Oakland Athletics AL 103 59 . 636 Tony La Russa Lost 1990 World Series 1993 Atlanta Braves NL 104 58 . 642 Bobby Cox Lost 1993 NLCS 1993 San Francisco Giants NL 103 59 . 636 Dusty Baker Finished 2nd in NL West 1995 Cleveland Indians AL 100 44 . 694 Mike Hargrove Lost 1995 World Series Atlanta Braves NL 101 61 . 623 Bobby Cox Lost 1997 NLCS 1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48 . 704 Joe Torre Won 1998 World Series 1998 Atlanta Braves NL 106 56 . 654 Bobby Cox Lost 1998 NLCS 1998 Houston Astros NL 102 60 . 630 Larry Dierker Lost 1998 NLDS 1999 Atlanta Braves NL 103 59 . 636 Bobby Cox Lost 1999 World Series 1999 Arizona Diamondbacks NL 100 62 . 617 Buck Showalter Lost 1999 NLDS 2001 Seattle Mariners AL 116 46 . 716 Lou Piniella Lost 2001 ALCS 2001 Oakland Athletics AL 102 60 . 630 Art Howe Lost 2001 ALDS 2002 New York Yankees AL 103 58 . 640 Joe Torre Lost 2002 ALDS 2002 Oakland Athletics AL 103 59 . 636 Art Howe Lost 2002 ALDS 2002 Atlanta Braves NL 101 59 . 631 Bobby Cox Lost 2002 NLDS 2003 New York Yankees AL 101 61 . 623 Joe Torre Lost 2003 World Series 2003 Atlanta Braves NL 101 61 . 623 Bobby Cox Lost 2003 NLDS 2003 San Francisco Giants NL 100 61 . 621 Felipe Alou Lost 2003 NLDS St. Louis Cardinals NL 105 57 . 648 Tony La Russa Lost 2004 World Series New York Yankees AL 101 61 . 623 Joe Torre Lost 2004 ALCS 2005 St. Louis Cardinals NL 100 62 . 617 Tony La Russa Lost 2005 NLCS 2008 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim AL 100 62 . 617 Mike Scoscia Lost 2008 ALDS 2009 New York Yankees AL 103 59 . 636 Joe Girardi Won 2009 World Series 2011 Philadelphia Phillies NL 102 60 . 630 Charlie Manuel Lost 2011 NLDS 2015 St. Louis Cardinals NL 100 62 . 617 Mike Matheny Lost 2015 NLDS 2016 Chicago Cubs NL 103 58 . 640 Joe Maddon Won 2016 World Series 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers NL 104 58 . 642 Dave Roberts Lost 2017 World Series 2017 Cleveland Indians AL 102 60 . 630 Terry Francona Lost 2017 ALDS 2017 Houston Astros AL 101 61 . 623 A.J. Hinch Won 2017 World Series 2018 Boston Red Sox AL 108 54 . 667 Alex Cora Won 2018 World Series 2018 Houston Astros AL 103 59 . 636 A.J. Hinch Lost 2018 ALCS 2018 New York Yankees AL 100 62 . 617 Aaron Boone Lost 2018 ALDS See also ( edit ) List of best Major League Baseball season win - loss records Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Division Series '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tapp , Jerry . `` MLB : Is a 100 - Plus - Win Season a Guaranteed Trip to the World Series ? '' . BleacherReport.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1892 National League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1898 National League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1899 National League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1902 National League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1904 National League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1905 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1907 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1909 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1910 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1912 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1915 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1931 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1941 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1942 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1954 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1961 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1962 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1969 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1970 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1976 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1977 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1988 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Major League Baseball Standings & Expanded Standings Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Major League Baseball Standings & Expanded Standings Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_100_win_seasons&oldid=866504807 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the red sox had 100 wins in a season	[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nFranchise\n\nLeague\n\nWins\n\nLosses\n\n%\n\nManager\n\nFinish\n\n\n1892 [3]\nBoston Beaneaters\nNL\n102\n48\n.680\nFrank Selee\nWon National League\n\n\n1898 [4]\nBoston Beaneaters\nNL\n102\n47\n.685\nFrank Selee\nWon National League\n\n\n1899 [5]\nBrooklyn Superbas\nNL\n101\n47\n.682\nNed Hanlon\nWon National League\n\n\n1902 [6]\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNL\n103\n36\n.741\nFred Clarke\nWon National League\n\n\n1904 [7]\nNew York Giants\nNL\n106\n47\n.693\nJohn McGraw\nWon National League\n\n\n1905 [8]\nNew York Giants\nNL\n105\n48\n.686\nJohn McGraw\nWon 1905 World Series\n\n\n1906 [9]\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n116\n36\n.763\nFrank Chance\nLost 1906 World Series\n\n\n1907 [10]\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n107\n45\n.704\nFrank Chance\nWon 1907 World Series\n\n\n1909 [11]\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNL\n110\n42\n.724\nFred Clarke\nWon 1909 World Series\n\n\n1909 [11]\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n104\n49\n.680\nFrank Chance\nFinished 2nd in NL\n\n\n1910 [12]\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n104\n50\n.675\nFrank Chance\nLost 1910 World Series\n\n\n1910 [12]\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAL\n102\n48\n.680\nConnie Mack\nWon 1910 World Series\n\n\n1911 [13]\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAL\n101\n50\n.669\nConnie Mack\nWon 1911 World Series\n\n\n1912 [14]\nBoston Red Sox\nAL\n105\n47\n.691\nJake Stahl\nWon 1912 World Series\n\n\n1912 [14]\nNew York Giants\nNL\n103\n48\n.682\nJohn McGraw\nLost 1912 World Series\n\n\n1913 [15]\nNew York Giants\nNL\n101\n51\n.664\nJohn McGraw\nLost 1913 World Series\n\n\n1915 [16]\nBoston Red Sox\nAL\n101\n50\n.669\nBill Carrigan\nWon 1915 World Series\n\n\n1915 [16]\nDetroit Tigers\nAL\n100\n54\n.649\nHughie Jennings\nFinished 2nd in AL\n\n\n1917 [17]\nChicago White Sox\nAL\n100\n54\n.649\nPants Rowland\nWon 1917 World Series\n\n\n1927 [18]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n110\n44\n.714\nMiller Huggins\nWon 1927 World Series\n\n\n1928 [19]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n101\n53\n.656\nMiller Huggins\nWon 1928 World Series\n\n\n1929 [20]\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAL\n104\n46\n.693\nConnie Mack\nWon 1929 World Series\n\n\n1930 [21]\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAL\n102\n52\n.662\nConnie Mack\nWon 1930 World Series\n\n\n1931 [22]\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAL\n107\n45\n.704\nConnie Mack\nLost 1931 World Series\n\n\n1931 [22]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n101\n53\n.656\nGabby Street\nWon 1931 World Series\n\n\n1932 [23]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n107\n47\n.695\nJoe McCarthy\nWon 1932 World Series\n\n\n1934 [24]\nDetroit Tigers\nAL\n101\n53\n.656\nMickey Cochrane\nLost 1934 World Series\n\n\n1935 [25]\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n100\n54\n.649\nCharlie Grimm\nLost 1935 World Series\n\n\n1936 [26]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n102\n51\n.667\nJoe McCarthy\nWon 1936 World Series\n\n\n1937 [27]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n102\n52\n.662\nJoe McCarthy\nWon 1937 World Series\n\n\n1939 [28]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n106\n45\n.702\nJoe McCarthy\nWon 1939 World Series\n\n\n1940 [29]\nCincinnati Reds\nNL\n100\n53\n.654\nBill McKechnie\nWon 1940 World Series\n\n\n1941 [30]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n101\n53\n.656\nJoe McCarthy\nWon 1941 World Series\n\n\n1941 [30]\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNL\n100\n54\n.649\nLeo Durocher\nLost 1941 World Series\n\n\n1942 [31]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n106\n48\n.688\nBilly Southworth\nWon 1942 World Series\n\n\n1942 [31]\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNL\n104\n50\n.675\nLeo Durocher\nFinished 2nd in NL\n\n\n1942 [31]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n103\n51\n.669\nJoe McCarthy\nLost 1942 World Series\n\n\n1943 [32]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n105\n49\n.682\nBilly Southworth\nLost 1943 World Series\n\n\n1944 [33]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n105\n49\n.682\nBilly Southworth\nWon 1944 World Series\n\n\n1946 [34]\nBoston Red Sox\nAL\n104\n50\n.675\nJoe Cronin\nLost 1946 World Series\n\n\n1953 [35]\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNL\n105\n49\n.682\nChuck Dressen\nLost 1953 World Series\n\n\n1954 [36]\nCleveland Indians\nAL\n111\n43\n.721\nAl López\nLost 1954 World Series\n\n\n1954 [36]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n103\n51\n.669\nCasey Stengel\nFinished 2nd in AL\n\n\n1961 [37]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n109\n53\n.673\nRalph Houk\nWon 1961 World Series\n\n\n1961 [37]\nDetroit Tigers\nAL\n101\n61\n.623\nBob Scheffing\nFinished 2nd in AL\n\n\n1962 [38]\nSan Francisco Giants\nNL\n103\n62\n.624\nAl Dark\nLost 1962 World Series\n\n\n1962 [38]\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNL\n102\n63\n.618\nWalter Alston\nFinished 2nd in NL\n\n\n1963 [39]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n104\n57\n.646\nRalph Houk\nLost 1963 World Series\n\n\n1965 [40]\nMinnesota Twins\nAL\n102\n60\n.630\nSam Mele\nLost 1965 World Series\n\n\n1967 [41]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n101\n60\n.627\nRed Schoendienst\nWon 1967 World Series\n\n\n1968 [42]\nDetroit Tigers\nAL\n103\n59\n.636\nMayo Smith\nWon 1968 World Series\n\n\n1969 [43]\nBaltimore Orioles\nAL\n109\n53\n.673\nEarl Weaver\nLost 1969 World Series\n\n\n1969 [43]\nNew York Mets\nNL\n100\n62\n.617\nGil Hodges\nWon 1969 World Series\n\n\n1970 [44]\nBaltimore Orioles\nAL\n108\n54\n.667\nEarl Weaver\nWon 1970 World Series\n\n\n1970 [44]\nCincinnati Reds\nNL\n102\n60\n.630\nSparky Anderson\nLost 1970 World Series\n\n\n1971 [45]\nBaltimore Orioles\nAL\n101\n57\n.639\nEarl Weaver\nLost 1971 World Series\n\n\n1971 [45]\nOakland Athletics\nAL\n101\n60\n.627\nDick Williams\nLost 1971 ALCS\n\n\n1974 [46]\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNL\n102\n60\n.630\nWalter Alston\nLost 1974 World Series\n\n\n1975 [47]\nCincinnati Reds\nNL\n108\n54\n.667\nSparky Anderson\nWon 1975 World Series\n\n\n1976 [48]\nCincinnati Reds\nNL\n102\n60\n.630\nSparky Anderson\nWon 1976 World Series\n\n\n1976 [48]\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNL\n101\n61\n.623\nDanny Ozark\nLost 1976 NLCS\n\n\n1977 [49]\nKansas City Royals\nAL\n102\n60\n.630\nWhitey Herzog\nLost 1977 ALCS\n\n\n1977 [49]\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNL\n101\n61\n.623\nDanny Ozark\nLost 1977 NLCS\n\n\n1977 [49]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n100\n62\n.617\nBilly Martin\nWon 1977 World Series\n\n\n1978 [50]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n100\n63\n.613\nBilly Martin, Dick Howser, & Bob Lemon\nWon 1978 World Series\n\n\n1979 [51]\nBaltimore Orioles\nAL\n102\n57\n.642\nEarl Weaver\nLost 1979 World Series\n\n\n1980 [52]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n103\n59\n.636\nDick Howser\nLost 1980 ALCS\n\n\n1980 [52]\nBaltimore Orioles\nAL\n100\n62\n.617\nEarl Weaver\nFinished 2nd in AL East\n\n\n1984 [53]\nDetroit Tigers\nAL\n104\n58\n.642\nSparky Anderson\nWon 1984 World Series\n\n\n1985 [54]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n101\n61\n.623\nWhitey Herzog\nLost 1985 World Series\n\n\n1986 [55]\nNew York Mets\nNL\n108\n54\n.667\nDavey Johnson\nWon 1986 World Series\n\n\n1988 [56]\nOakland Athletics\nAL\n104\n58\n.642\nTony La Russa\nLost 1988 World Series\n\n\n1988 [56]\nNew York Mets\nNL\n100\n60\n.625\nDavey Johnson\nLost 1988 NLCS\n\n\n1990 [57]\nOakland Athletics\nAL\n103\n59\n.636\nTony La Russa\nLost 1990 World Series\n\n\n1993 [58]\nAtlanta Braves\nNL\n104\n58\n.642\nBobby Cox\nLost 1993 NLCS\n\n\n1993 [58]\nSan Francisco Giants\nNL\n103\n59\n.636\nDusty Baker\nFinished 2nd in NL West\n\n\n1995 [59]\nCleveland Indians\nAL\n100\n44\n.694\nMike Hargrove\nLost 1995 World Series\n\n\n1997 [60]\nAtlanta Braves\nNL\n101\n61\n.623\nBobby Cox\nLost 1997 NLCS\n\n\n1998 [61]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n114\n48\n.704\nJoe Torre\nWon 1998 World Series\n\n\n1998 [61]\nAtlanta Braves\nNL\n106\n56\n.654\nBobby Cox\nLost 1998 NLCS\n\n\n1998 [61]\nHouston Astros\nNL\n102\n60\n.630\nLarry Dierker\nLost 1998 NLDS\n\n\n1999 [62]\nAtlanta Braves\nNL\n103\n59\n.636\nBobby Cox\nLost 1999 World Series\n\n\n1999 [62]\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNL\n100\n62\n.617\nBuck Showalter\nLost 1999 NLDS\n\n\n2001 [63]\nSeattle Mariners\nAL\n116\n46\n.716\nLou Piniella\nLost 2001 ALCS\n\n\n2001 [63]\nOakland Athletics\nAL\n102\n60\n.630\nArt Howe\nLost 2001 ALDS\n\n\n2002 [64]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n103\n58\n.640\nJoe Torre\nLost 2002 ALDS\n\n\n2002 [64]\nOakland Athletics\nAL\n103\n59\n.636\nArt Howe\nLost 2002 ALDS\n\n\n2002 [64]\n Atlanta Braves\nNL\n101\n59\n.631\nBobby Cox\nLost 2002 NLDS\n\n\n2003 [65]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n101\n61\n.623\nJoe Torre\nLost 2003 World Series\n\n\n2003 [65]\n Atlanta Braves\nNL\n101\n61\n.623\nBobby Cox\nLost 2003 NLDS\n\n\n2003 [65]\n San Francisco Giants\nNL\n100\n61\n.621\nFelipe Alou\nLost 2003 NLDS\n\n\n2004 [66]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n105\n57\n.648\nTony La Russa\nLost 2004 World Series\n\n\n2004 [66]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n101\n61\n.623\nJoe Torre\nLost 2004 ALCS\n\n\n2005 [67]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n100\n62\n.617\nTony La Russa\nLost 2005 NLCS\n\n\n2008 [68]\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\nAL\n100\n62\n.617\nMike Scoscia\nLost 2008 ALDS\n\n\n2009 [69]\nNew York Yankees\nAL\n103\n59\n.636\nJoe Girardi\nWon 2009 World Series\n\n\n2011 [70]\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNL\n102\n60\n.630\nCharlie Manuel\nLost 2011 NLDS\n\n\n2015 [71]\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNL\n100\n62\n.617\nMike Matheny\nLost 2015 NLDS\n\n\n2016 [72]\nChicago Cubs\nNL\n103\n58\n.640\nJoe Maddon\nWon 2016 World Series\n\n\n2017 [73]\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNL\n104\n58\n.642\nDave Roberts\nLost 2017 World Series\n\n\n2017 [73]\n Cleveland Indians\nAL\n102\n60\n.630\nTerry Francona\nLost 2017 ALDS\n\n\n2017 [73]\nHouston Astros\nAL\n101\n61\n.623\nA. J. Hinch\nWon 2017 World Series\n\n\n2018 [74]\n\nBoston Red Sox\n\nAL\n\n108\n\n54\n\n.667\n\nAlex Cora\n\nWon 2018 World Series\n\n\n2018 [74]\n\nHouston Astros\n\nAL\n\n103\n\n59\n\n.636\n\nA. J. Hinch\n\nLost 2018 ALCS\n\n\n2018 [74]\n\nNew York Yankees\n\nAL\n\n100\n\n62\n\n.617\n\nAaron Boone\n\nLost 2018 ALDS\n\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
-8316919450960165084	List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration	List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration - wikipedia List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration Jump to : navigation , search This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2. 5 annual mean concentration measurement whose measurement is greater than or equal to the air quality guideline ( AQG ) of 10 as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2008 to 2015 , with the majority of values being more recent than 2013 . The 2016 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient ( outdoor ) air pollution monitoring from almost 3000 towns and cities in 103 countries . Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter ( PM10 and PM2. 5 , i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometres , respectively ) . Position Country Town / City PM2. 5 PM2. 5 Year PM10 PM10 Year Iran Zabol 217 2012 527 2012 India Gwalior 176 2012 329 2012 India Allahabad 170 2012 317 2012 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 156 2014 368 2014 Saudi Arabia Al Jubail 152 2014 359 2014 6 India Patna 149 2013 167 2012 7 India Raipur 144 2012 268 2012 8 Cameroon Bamenda 132 2012 141 2012 9 China Xingtai 128 2014 193 2014 10 China Baoding 126 2014 190 2014 11 India Delhi 122 2013 229 2012 12 India Ludhiana 122 2012 228 2012 13 China Shijiazhuang 121 2014 305 2013 14 Saudi Arabia Dammam 121 2014 286 2014 15 India Kanpur 115 2012 215 2012 16 India Khanna 114 2012 213 2012 17 India Firozabad 113 2012 212 2012 18 India Lucknow 113 2012 211 2012 19 China Handan 112 2014 169 2014 20 Pakistan Peshawar 111 540 21 India Amritsar 108 2012 202 2012 22 India Gobindgarh 108 2012 201 2012 23 Pakistan Rawalpindi 107 448 24 China Hengshui 107 2014 161 2014 25 Bangladesh Narayangonj 106 2014 191 2014 26 Iran Bushehr 105 255 27 India Agra 105 2012 196 2012 28 Uganda Kampala 104 2013 170 2013 29 China Tangshan 102 2014 153 2014 30 India Jodhpur 101 2012 189 2012 31 India Dehradun 100 2012 188 2012 32 India Jaipur 100 2012 187 2012 33 India Howrah 100 2012 186 2012 34 India Ahmedabad 100 2013 83 2012 35 India Faridabad 98 2012 184 2012 36 Saudi Arabia Yanbu 97 2014 230 2014 37 China Langfang 96 2014 144 2014 38 Iran Ahvaz 95 231 39 India Dhanbad 95 2012 178 2012 40 Bangladesh Chittagong 95 2014 135 2014 41 India Bhopal 93 2012 173 2012 42 Qatar Doha 93 2012 168 2012 43 Nigeria Kaduna 90 2013 423 2013 44 India Khurja 90 2012 168 2012 45 Bangladesh Dhaka 90 2014 158 2014 46 Bangladesh Gazipur 89 2014 155 2014 47 Pakistan Karachi 88 2009 290 2009 48 Kuwait Al Shuwaikh 88 2014 212 2014 49 Iraq Baghdad 88 2015 208 2015 50 China Cangzhou 88 2014 133 2014 51 India Raebareli 87 2012 163 2012 52 China Tianjin 87 2014 150 2013 53 Afghanistan Kabul 86 2009 260 2009 54 China Zhengzhou 86 2014 171 2013 55 Qatar Al Wakrah 85 2012 152 2012 56 Bangladesh Barisal 85 2014 142 2014 57 China Beijing 85 2014 108 2013 58 India Kota 84 2012 156 2012 59 India Udaipur 83 2012 155 2012 60 India Alwar 81 2012 152 2012 61 Republic of Macedonia Tetovo 81 2013 140 2013 62 China Wuhan 80 2014 124 2013 63 India Chandrapur 79 2012 148 2012 64 China Anyang 79 2014 119 2014 65 China Hefei 79 2014 115 2013 66 Myanmar Pyin Oo Lwin 78 2012 140 2012 67 China Shouguang 78 2014 117 2014 68 Egypt Greater Cairo 76 2013 179 2013 69 India Indore 76 2012 143 2012 70 Myanmar Taungoo 76 2013 137 2013 71 Myanmar Kyaukphyu 76 2009 136 2009 72 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 75 165 73 India Jalandhar 75 2012 140 2012 74 Kuwait Ali Subah Al - Salem 74 2014 179 2014 75 Saudi Arabia Makkah 74 2014 176 2014 76 India Akola 74 2012 139 2012 77 India Varanasi 74 2012 138 2012 78 China Jingzhou 74 2014 112 2014 79 China Changsha 74 2014 94 2013 80 India Noida 73 2012 136 2012 81 China Nanjing 72 2014 137 2013 82 China Shenyang 72 2014 129 2013 83 Egypt Delta region 71 2013 167 2013 84 China Chengdu 71 2014 150 2013 85 Myanmar Namkham 71 2012 127 2012 86 China Harbin 71 2014 119 2013 87 China Xi'an 70 2014 189 2013 88 India Jalgaon 70 2012 130 2012 89 China Kaifeng 70 2014 106 2014 90 China Yichang 70 2014 106 2014 91 China Pingdingshan 70 2014 105 2014 92 China Xiangtan 70 2014 105 2014 93 China Yangquan 70 2014 105 2014 94 India Meerut 69 2012 129 2012 95 Myanmar Mawlamyaing 69 2012 124 2012 96 China Zhuzhou 69 2014 105 2014 97 Afghanistan Mazar - e Sharif 68 2009 334 2009 98 Pakistan Lahore 68 198 99 Kuwait Al - Mansouriya 68 2014 165 2014 100 Saudi Arabia Jeddah 68 2014 161 2014 101 China Jiaozuo 68 2014 103 2014 102 China Laiwu 68 2014 103 2014 103 China Jiangyin 68 2014 102 2014 104 China Suqian 68 2014 102 2014 105 China Weinan 68 2014 102 2014 106 China Taiyuan 67 2014 157 2013 107 Mauritius Beau Bassin / Rose Hill , Coromandel 67 2011 131 2011 108 India Raniganj 67 2012 126 2012 109 Myanmar Yenanchaung 67 2009 120 2009 110 Turkey Batman 67 2012 109 2012 111 Turkey Hakkari 67 2012 109 2012 112 Cameroon Bafoussam 67 2012 105 2012 113 China Changzhi 67 2014 101 2014 114 China Wuxi 67 2014 101 2014 115 Nigeria Onitsha 66 2009 594 2009 116 Bahrain Hamad Town 66 2012 318 2012 117 Pakistan Islamabad 66 2011 217 2011 118 Turkey Gaziantep 66 2012 108 2012 119 China Xuzhou 66 2014 100 2014 120 China Zhenjiang 66 2014 99 2014 121 Saudi Arabia Medina 65 2014 153 2014 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuzla 65 106 123 China Changzhou 65 2014 99 2014 124 China Anshan 65 2014 98 2014 125 China Baoji 65 2014 98 2014 126 China Huai'an 65 2014 98 2014 127 China Liuzhou 65 2014 98 2014 128 China Xianyang 65 2014 98 2014 129 China Jurong 65 2014 97 2014 130 China Yangzhou 65 2014 97 2014 131 Bahrain Ma'ameer 64 2012 257 2012 132 Kuwait Al - Ahmadi 64 2014 168 2014 133 Kuwait Al - Salam 64 2014 153 2014 134 China Urumqi 64 2014 146 2013 135 China Changchun 64 2014 130 2013 136 India Navi Mumbai 64 2012 120 2012 137 India Jammu 64 2012 119 2012 138 China Shaoxing 64 2014 105 2013 139 China Suzhou 64 2014 97 2014 140 China Tongchuan 64 2014 97 2014 141 China Zigong 64 2014 97 2014 142 China Sanmenxia 64 2014 96 2014 143 Chile Coyhaique 64 2014 75 2014 144 India Bangalore 63 2012 118 2012 145 India Mumbai 63 2013 117 2012 146 China Huzhou 63 2014 111 2013 147 China Jinhua 63 2014 99 2013 148 China Liaocheng 63 2014 96 2014 149 China Xining 62 2014 163 2013 150 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Bida Zayed 62 2013 146 2013 151 China Linfen 62 2014 94 2014 152 Bangladesh Sylhet 61 2014 170 2014 153 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Gayathi 61 2013 145 2013 154 India Kolkata 61 2014 135 2012 155 Bangladesh Khulna 61 2014 109 2014 156 China Chongqing 61 2014 106 2013 157 China Hangzhou 61 2014 106 2013 158 Turkey Siirt 61 2012 101 2012 159 China Lianyungang 61 2014 92 2014 160 China Wuhu 61 2014 92 2014 161 China Taizhou 61 2014 82 2013 162 South Africa Hartebeespoort 60 2014 119 2014 163 Turkey Afyon 60 2012 98 2012 164 China Heze 60 2014 91 2014 165 China Qinhuangdao 60 2014 91 2014 166 China Zhangjiagang 60 2014 91 2014 167 China Fuyang 60 2014 90 2014 168 China Nantong 60 2014 90 2014 169 India Chandigarh 59 2012 110 2012 170 India Jhansi 59 2012 110 2012 171 India Kolhapur 59 2012 110 2012 172 China Dezhou 59 2014 90 2014 173 China Wafangdian 59 2014 88 2014 174 China Yiwu 59 2014 88 2014 175 China Zhuji 59 2014 88 2014 176 India Hyderabad 59 2014 79 2012 177 Bahrain Nabih Saleh 58 2012 244 2012 178 China Lanzhou 58 2014 153 2013 179 Kuwait Al - Rumaithyia 58 2014 141 2014 180 India Rishikesh 58 2012 109 2012 181 India Sibsagar 58 2012 109 2012 182 India Durgapur 58 2012 108 2012 183 China Pingdu 58 2014 88 2014 184 China Korla 58 2014 87 2014 185 China Lin'an 58 2014 87 2014 186 India Angul 57 2012 106 2012 187 China Quzhou 57 2014 94 2013 188 Turkey Karaman 57 2012 93 2012 189 China Maanshan 57 2014 87 2014 190 China Nanchong 57 2014 86 2014 191 China Yancheng 57 2014 86 2014 192 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Liwa Oasis 56 2013 133 2013 193 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 56 2013 132 2013 194 China Jiaxing 56 2014 94 2013 195 China Luoyang 56 2014 85 2014 196 China Panjin 56 2014 85 2014 197 China Wujiang 56 2014 85 2014 198 China Dalian 56 2014 84 2014 199 China Huludao 56 2014 84 2014 200 China Laixi 56 2014 84 2014 201 China Laizhou 56 2014 84 2014 202 China Linyi 56 2014 84 2014 203 India Bhilai 55 2012 103 2012 204 India Nagda 55 2012 103 2012 205 India Nagpur 55 2012 103 2012 206 India Vadodara 55 2012 102 2012 207 China Zhaoqing 55 2014 85 2013 208 China Jinzhou 55 2014 84 2014 209 China Guilin 55 2014 83 2014 210 China Taian 55 2014 83 2014 211 China Taicang 55 2014 82 2014 212 China Zhaoyuan 55 2014 82 2014 213 China Zibo 55 2014 82 2014 214 Jordan Al - Zarqa 54 2015 128 2015 215 India Jamnagar 54 2012 101 2012 216 India Amravati 54 2012 100 2012 217 India Vapi 54 2012 100 2012 218 Turkey Igdir 54 2012 88 2012 219 China Benxi 54 2014 81 2014 220 China Dongying 54 2014 81 2014 221 China Jining 54 2014 81 2014 222 China Yixing 54 2014 81 2014 223 Iran Kermanshah 53 2011 130 2011 224 India Anklesvar 53 2012 100 2012 225 India Baddi 53 2012 99 2012 226 India Rajkot 53 2012 99 2012 227 China Binzhou 53 2014 80 2014 228 China Changde 53 2014 80 2014 229 China Chengde 53 2014 80 2014 230 China Fushun 53 2014 80 2014 231 China Jiaonan 53 2014 79 2014 232 China Jiaozhou 53 2014 79 2014 233 China Jinan 52 2014 199 2013 234 United Arab Emirates Al Ain 52 2013 123 2013 235 India Rourkela 52 2012 98 2012 236 India Surat 52 2012 97 2012 237 Turkey Isparta 52 2012 86 2012 238 Turkey Duzce 52 2012 85 2012 239 China Shanghai 52 2014 84 2013 240 China Liyang 52 2014 78 2014 241 China Yibin 52 2014 78 2014 242 India Nashik 51 2012 95 2012 243 Myanmar Nyaung Oo 51 2013 91 2013 244 Turkey Bitlis 51 2012 84 2012 245 China Baotou 51 2014 77 2014 246 China Haimen 51 2014 77 2014 247 China Jimo 51 2014 77 2014 248 South Africa Pretoria ) 51 2014 63 2014 249 Myanmar Kyauk Pa Taung 50 2013 89 2013 250 Turkey Cankiri 50 2012 83 2012 251 Turkey Muş 50 2012 83 2012 252 Turkey Osmaniye 50 2012 82 2012 253 Turkey Sakarya 50 2012 82 2012 254 China Jilin 50 2014 76 2014 255 China Luzhou 50 2014 75 2014 256 China Mudanjiang 50 2014 75 2014 257 Nigeria Aba 49 2009 373 2009 258 Kuwait Al - Jahra 49 2014 117 2014 259 China Nanchang 49 2014 116 2013 260 India Dewas 49 2012 92 2012 261 India Guwahati 49 2012 92 2012 262 India Pune 49 2012 92 2012 263 Nepal Kathmandu 49 2013 88 2013 264 China Guiyang 49 2014 85 2013 265 Turkey Bolu 49 2012 80 2012 266 Turkey Nigde 49 2012 80 2012 267 China Changshu 49 2014 74 2014 268 China Dandong 49 2014 74 2014 269 China Zunyi 49 2014 74 2014 270 China Weifang 49 2014 73 2014 271 China Yueyang 49 2014 73 2014 272 Cameroon Yaoundé 49 2012 65 2012 273 India Silchar 48 2012 91 2012 274 India Dimapur 48 2012 90 2012 275 Peru Lima 48 2013 88 2013 276 China Shaoguan 48 2014 73 2014 277 China Yan'an 48 2014 73 2014 278 China Zaozhuang 48 2014 73 2014 279 China Guangzhou 48 2014 72 2013 280 China Jintan 48 2014 72 2014 281 China Rushan 48 2014 72 2014 282 China Yinchuan 47 2014 118 2013 283 Kuwait Al - Mutla 47 2014 114 2014 284 Iran Hamadan 47 2013 114 2013 285 Iran Pakdasht 47 2013 113 2013 286 China Nanning 47 2014 90 2013 287 India Naya Nangal 47 2012 89 2012 288 Turkey Burdur 47 2012 78 2012 289 Turkey Ankara 47 2012 77 2012 290 Turkey Kayseri 47 2012 77 2012 291 Turkey Kutahya 47 2012 77 2012 292 China Zhangjiajie 47 2014 71 2014 293 China Zhangqiu 47 2014 71 2014 294 Kuwait Saad Al - Abdullah 46 2014 112 2014 295 Iran Isfahan 46 2012 111 2012 296 China Qingdao 46 2014 106 2013 297 China Wenzhou 46 2014 94 2013 298 China Kunshan 46 2014 69 2014 299 China Penglai 46 2014 69 2014 300 China Wendeng 46 2014 69 2014 301 Iran Yasuj 45 2013 109 2013 302 Iran Shiraz 45 2012 108 2012 303 China Ningbo 45 2014 86 2013 304 Turkey Edirne 45 2012 74 2012 305 Republic of Macedonia Skopje 45 2013 74 2013 306 Turkey Çorum 45 2012 73 2012 307 Turkey Denizli 45 2012 73 2012 308 China Deyang 45 2014 68 2014 309 Bahrain Ras Hayan 44 2012 250 2012 310 Nigeria Owerri 44 2009 158 2009 311 Kuwait Al - Fahaheel 44 2014 107 2014 312 Brazil Santa Gertrudes 44 2014 95 2014 313 Philippines Baguio City 44 2013 84 2013 314 China Foshan 44 2014 83 2013 315 India Solapur 44 2012 83 2012 316 India Balasore 44 2012 82 2012 317 India Kohima 44 2012 82 2012 318 Bolivia La Paz 44 2013 82 2013 319 India Nalbari 44 2012 82 2012 320 India Ramagundam 44 2012 82 2012 321 Myanmar Sintgaing 44 2009 80 2009 322 Myanmar Thaungtha 44 2009 80 2009 323 Turkey Urfa 44 2012 72 2012 324 Turkey Adiyaman 44 2012 71 2012 325 China Mianyang 44 2014 66 2014 326 India Chennai 44 2014 57 2012 327 China Hohhot 43 2014 146 2013 328 Iran Robatkarim 43 2013 105 2013 329 India Bhubaneswar 43 2012 81 2012 330 India Korba 43 2012 81 2012 331 India Aurangabad 43 2012 80 2012 332 India Berhampur 43 2012 80 2012 333 India Parwanoo 43 2012 80 2012 334 India Sangli 43 2012 80 2012 335 India Ujjain 43 2012 80 2012 336 Bhutan Thimphu 43 2012 78 2012 337 China Jiangmen 43 2014 77 2013 338 Turkey Aydin 43 2012 71 2012 339 Turkey Kahramanmaras 43 2012 71 2012 340 Turkey Mugla 43 2012 71 2012 341 Turkey Zonguldak 43 2012 71 2012 342 China Lishui 43 2014 69 2013 343 China Chaozhou 43 2014 65 2014 344 China Dongguan 43 2014 65 2013 345 Poland Pszczyna 43 2013 58 2013 346 Poland Zywiec 43 2013 58 2013 347 Iran Varamin 42 2013 102 2013 348 India Nagaon 42 2012 79 2012 349 India Nalgonda 42 2012 79 2012 350 Montenegro Pljevlja 42 2014 77 2014 351 El Salvador San Salvador 42 2014 77 2014 352 Myanmar Kathar 42 2013 76 2013 353 Turkey Diyarbakir 42 2012 69 2012 354 Turkey Gumushane 42 2012 69 2012 355 Turkey Tekirdag 42 2012 69 2012 356 Turkey Uşak 42 2012 69 2012 357 Turkey Malatya 42 2012 68 2012 358 China Datong 42 2014 63 2014 359 China Qingyuan 42 2014 63 2014 360 Bulgaria Dimitrovgad 42 2013 59 2013 361 Bahrain Hidd 41 2012 178 2012 362 Iran Sanandaj 41 100 363 South Africa Johannesburg 41 2011 85 364 Turkey Aksaray 41 2012 68 2012 365 Turkey Kirikkale 41 2012 67 2012 366 China Shizuishan 41 2014 62 2014 367 Guatemala Guatemala 41 2013 56 2013 368 Colombia La Estrella 41 2014 47 2014 369 Nigeria Umuahia 40 2009 274 2009 370 India Davanagere 40 2012 75 2012 371 India Guntur 40 2012 75 2012 372 India Trichy 40 2012 75 2012 373 India Kurnool 40 2012 74 2012 374 Republic of Macedonia Bitola 40 2013 69 2013 375 Iran Tabriz 40 2013 68 2012 376 Turkey Van 40 2012 65 2012 377 China Yingkou 40 2014 61 2014 378 China Beihai 40 2014 60 2014 379 China Chifeng 40 2014 60 2014 380 China Heyuan 40 2014 60 2014 381 China Jieyang 40 2014 60 2014 382 China Jiujiang 40 2014 60 2014 383 Poland Rybnik 40 2013 53 2013 384 India Thane 39 2012 73 2012 385 Turkey Bayburt 39 2012 65 2012 386 Turkey Konya 39 2012 65 2012 387 Poland Opoczno 39 2013 53 2013 388 Poland Sucha Beskidzka 39 2013 53 2013 389 Poland Wodzislaw Slaski 39 2013 53 2013 390 Tunisia Tunis 38 90 391 India Kochi 38 2012 70 2012 392 China Zhongshan 38 2014 66 2013 393 China Rizhao 38 2014 57 2014 394 China Rongcheng 38 2014 57 2014 395 China Shantou 38 2014 57 2014 396 Bulgaria Dolny Voden 38 2013 54 2013 397 Poland Godow 38 2013 51 2013 398 Iran Shahryar 37 2013 91 2013 399 Iran Urmia 37 2011 91 2011 400 Iran Sari 37 2012 90 2012 401 Tunisia Sfax 37 87 402 Bangladesh Rajshahi 37 2014 64 2014 403 Turkey Ardahan 37 2012 61 2012 404 Madagascar Antananarivo 37 2008 60 2008 405 Turkey Bartin 37 2012 60 2012 406 Bulgaria Montana 37 2013 52 2013 407 Poland Krakow 37 2013 51 2013 408 Poland Skawina 37 2013 50 2013 409 Mexico Monterrey 36 2011 86 2011 410 Jordan Amman 36 2015 68 2015 411 India Coimbatore 36 2012 68 2012 412 India Cuttack 36 2012 68 2012 413 India Panaji 36 2012 67 2012 414 Sri Lanka Colombo 36 2011 64 2011 415 China Xiamen 36 2014 62 2013 416 Honduras Tegucigalpa 36 2013 59 2013 417 Turkey Kilis 36 2012 58 2012 418 China Daqing 36 2014 54 2014 419 Bulgaria Varna 36 2013 51 2013 420 Poland Knurow 36 2013 48 2013 421 Poland Niepolomice 36 2013 48 2013 422 Poland Tuchow 36 2013 48 2013 423 Poland Nowy Sacz 36 2013 45 2013 424 Oman Muscat 35 2009 82 2009 425 India Shillong 35 2012 65 2012 426 India Vishakhapatnam 35 2012 65 2012 427 Chile Padre las Casas 35 2014 64 2014 428 China Huizhou 35 2014 59 2013 429 China Zhuhai 35 2014 59 2013 430 Turkey Trabzon 35 2012 58 2012 431 Turkey Erzurum 35 2012 57 2012 432 Chile Osorno 35 2014 54 2014 433 China Qiqihar 35 2014 52 2014 434 Poland Nowa Ruda 35 2013 47 2013 435 Poland Wadowice 35 2013 47 2013 436 Poland Zabrze 35 2013 47 2013 437 Poland Gliwice 35 2013 46 2013 438 Poland Katowice 35 2013 45 2013 439 Senegal Dakar 34 2013 141 2013 440 China Kunming 34 2014 82 2013 441 Tunisia Bizerte 34 80 442 India Singrauli 34 2012 64 2012 443 India Kothagudem 34 2012 63 2012 444 China Shenzhen 34 2014 61 2013 445 Bulgaria Plovdiv 34 2013 59 2013 446 South Africa Vereeniging 34 2014 58 2014 447 Turkey Kocaeli 34 2012 55 2012 448 China Meizhou 34 2014 51 2014 449 China Nantou 34 2014 51 2014 450 China Zhangjiakou 34 2014 51 2014 451 Poland Brzeziny 34 2013 46 2013 452 Poland Proszowice 34 2013 46 2013 453 Italy Soresina 34 2013 42 2013 454 Poland Bielsko Biala 34 2013 41 2013 455 Mexico Toluca 33 2011 80 2011 456 Ecuador Santo Domingo 33 2012 69 2012 457 India Patiala 33 2012 63 2012 458 India Nellore 33 2012 62 2012 459 Indonesia Bandung 33 2014 59 2014 460 Myanmar Meikhtilar 33 2013 59 2013 461 Turkey Istanbul 33 2012 53 2012 462 China Karamay 33 2014 50 2014 463 Bulgaria Ruse 33 2013 47 2013 464 Bulgaria Haskovo 33 2013 46 2013 465 Bulgaria Pazardzhik 33 2013 46 2013 466 Czech Republic Cesky Tesin 33 2013 45 2013 467 Czech Republic Havirov 33 2013 45 2013 468 Poland Zdunska Wola 33 2013 45 2013 469 Czech Republic Orlová 33 2013 44 2013 470 Poland Rawa Mazowiecka 33 2013 44 2013 471 Poland Sosnowiec 33 2013 44 2013 472 Lebanon Zahle 33 2014 40 2014 473 Poland Kędzierzyn - Koźle 33 2013 39 2013 474 Italy Settimo Torinese 33 2013 39 2013 475 Iran Bojnord 32 78 476 Iran Mashhad 32 2011 78 2011 477 Iran Tehran 32 2014 77 2014 478 Ecuador Milagro 32 2012 66 2012 479 Philippines San Carlos City 32 2013 61 2013 480 Bolivia Cochabamba 32 2014 60 2014 481 India Salem 32 2012 60 2012 482 Thailand Nakhon Sawan 32 2014 57 2014 483 Turkey İçel 32 2012 53 2012 484 Turkey Nevsehir 32 2012 53 2012 485 Turkey Ordu 32 2012 53 2012 486 Turkey Kars 32 2012 52 2012 487 China Maoming 32 2014 49 2014 488 China Changhua 32 2014 48 2014 489 China Jinchang 32 2014 48 2014 490 China Kinmen 32 2014 48 2014 491 China Panzhihua 32 2014 48 2014 492 China Quanzhou 32 2014 48 2014 493 China Qujing 32 2014 48 2014 494 China Yangjiang 32 2014 48 2014 495 Poland Naklo 32 2013 44 2013 496 Poland Dabrowa Gornicza 32 2013 43 2013 497 Poland Jaroslaw 32 2013 43 2013 498 Czech Republic Karvina 32 2013 43 2013 499 Poland Tomaszow Mazowiecki 32 2013 43 2013 500 Poland Tychy 32 2013 43 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WHO -- Air Quality Guideline -- Page 11 Jump up ^ WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database ( update 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` The most polluted cities in the world , ranked '' . 2017 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The most polluted city in the world is n't Beijing or Delhi '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Ecology portal Environment portal Lists portal tools.russbot@tools-bastion-03 : ~ $ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration&oldid=826441425 '' Categories : Particulates Pollutants Visibility Air pollution Lists of cities World Health Organization Environment by city Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 03 : 17 . About Wikipedia	which city has the most air pollution in the world	[ "\n\nPosition\nCountry\nTown/City\nPM2.5\nPM2.5 Year\nPM10\nPM10 Year\n\n\n1\nIran\nZabol\n217\n2012\n527\n2012\n\n\n2\nIndia\nGwalior\n176\n2012\n329\n2012\n\n\n3\nIndia\nAllahabad\n170\n2012\n317\n2012\n\n\n4\nSaudi Arabia\nRiyadh\n156\n2014\n368\n2014\n\n\n5\nSaudi Arabia\nAl Jubail\n152\n2014\n359\n2014\n\n\n6\nIndia\nPatna\n149\n2013\n167\n2012\n\n\n7\nIndia\nRaipur\n144\n2012\n268\n2012\n\n\n8\nCameroon\nBamenda\n132\n2012\n141\n2012\n\n\n9\nChina\nXingtai\n128\n2014\n193\n2014\n\n\n10\nChina\nBaoding\n126\n2014\n190\n2014\n\n\n11\nIndia\nDelhi\n122\n2013\n229\n2012\n\n\n12\nIndia\nLudhiana\n122\n2012\n228\n2012\n\n\n13\nChina\nShijiazhuang\n121\n2014\n305\n2013\n\n\n14\nSaudi Arabia\nDammam\n121\n2014\n286\n2014\n\n\n15\nIndia\nKanpur\n115\n2012\n215\n2012\n\n\n16\nIndia\nKhanna\n114\n2012\n213\n2012\n\n\n17\nIndia\nFirozabad\n113\n2012\n212\n2012\n\n\n18\nIndia\nLucknow\n113\n2012\n211\n2012\n\n\n19\nChina\nHandan\n112\n2014\n169\n2014\n\n\n20\nPakistan\nPeshawar\n111\n2010\n540\n2010\n\n\n21\nIndia\nAmritsar\n108\n2012\n202\n2012\n\n\n22\nIndia\nGobindgarh\n108\n2012\n201\n2012\n\n\n23\nPakistan\nRawalpindi\n107\n2010\n448\n2010\n\n\n24\nChina\nHengshui\n107\n2014\n161\n2014\n\n\n25\nBangladesh\nNarayangonj\n106\n2014\n191\n2014\n\n\n26\nIran\nBushehr\n105\n2010\n255\n2010\n\n\n27\nIndia\nAgra\n105\n2012\n196\n2012\n\n\n28\nUganda\nKampala\n104\n2013\n170\n2013\n\n\n29\nChina\nTangshan\n102\n2014\n153\n2014\n\n\n30\nIndia\nJodhpur\n101\n2012\n189\n2012\n\n\n31\nIndia\nDehradun\n100\n2012\n188\n2012\n\n\n32\nIndia\nJaipur\n100\n2012\n187\n2012\n\n\n33\nIndia\nHowrah\n100\n2012\n186\n2012\n\n\n34\nIndia\nAhmedabad\n100\n2013\n83\n2012\n\n\n35\nIndia\nFaridabad\n98\n2012\n184\n2012\n\n\n36\nSaudi Arabia\nYanbu\n97\n2014\n230\n2014\n\n\n37\nChina\nLangfang\n96\n2014\n144\n2014\n\n\n38\nIran\nAhvaz\n95\n2010\n231\n2010\n\n\n39\nIndia\nDhanbad\n95\n2012\n178\n2012\n\n\n40\nBangladesh\nChittagong\n95\n2014\n135\n2014\n\n\n41\nIndia\nBhopal\n93\n2012\n173\n2012\n\n\n42\nQatar\nDoha\n93\n2012\n168\n2012\n\n\n43\nNigeria\nKaduna\n90\n2013\n423\n2013\n\n\n44\nIndia\nKhurja\n90\n2012\n168\n2012\n\n\n45\nBangladesh\nDhaka\n90\n2014\n158\n2014\n\n\n46\nBangladesh\nGazipur\n89\n2014\n155\n2014\n\n\n47\nPakistan\nKarachi\n88\n2009\n290\n2009\n\n\n48\nKuwait\nAl Shuwaikh\n88\n2014\n212\n2014\n\n\n49\nIraq\nBaghdad\n88\n2015\n208\n2015\n\n\n50\nChina\nCangzhou\n88\n2014\n133\n2014\n\n\n51\nIndia\nRaebareli\n87\n2012\n163\n2012\n\n\n52\nChina\nTianjin\n87\n2014\n150\n2013\n\n\n53\nAfghanistan\nKabul\n86\n2009\n260\n2009\n\n\n54\nChina\nZhengzhou\n86\n2014\n171\n2013\n\n\n55\nQatar\nAl Wakrah\n85\n2012\n152\n2012\n\n\n56\nBangladesh\nBarisal\n85\n2014\n142\n2014\n\n\n57\nChina\nBeijing\n85\n2014\n108\n2013\n\n\n58\nIndia\nKota\n84\n2012\n156\n2012\n\n\n59\nIndia\nUdaipur\n83\n2012\n155\n2012\n\n\n60\nIndia\nAlwar\n81\n2012\n152\n2012\n\n\n61\nRepublic of Macedonia\nTetovo\n81\n2013\n140\n2013\n\n\n62\nChina\nWuhan\n80\n2014\n124\n2013\n\n\n63\nIndia\nChandrapur\n79\n2012\n148\n2012\n\n\n64\nChina\nAnyang\n79\n2014\n119\n2014\n\n\n65\nChina\nHefei\n79\n2014\n115\n2013\n\n\n66\nMyanmar\nPyin Oo Lwin\n78\n2012\n140\n2012\n\n\n67\nChina\nShouguang\n78\n2014\n117\n2014\n\n\n68\nEgypt\nGreater Cairo\n76\n2013\n179\n2013\n\n\n69\nIndia\nIndore\n76\n2012\n143\n2012\n\n\n70\nMyanmar\nTaungoo\n76\n2013\n137\n2013\n\n\n71\nMyanmar\nKyaukphyu\n76\n2009\n136\n2009\n\n\n72\nMongolia\nUlaanbaatar\n75\n2010\n165\n2010\n\n\n73\nIndia\nJalandhar\n75\n2012\n140\n2012\n\n\n74\nKuwait\nAli Subah Al-Salem\n74\n2014\n179\n2014\n\n\n75\nSaudi Arabia\nMakkah\n74\n2014\n176\n2014\n\n\n76\nIndia\nAkola\n74\n2012\n139\n2012\n\n\n77\nIndia\nVaranasi\n74\n2012\n138\n2012\n\n\n78\nChina\nJingzhou\n74\n2014\n112\n2014\n\n\n79\nChina\nChangsha\n74\n2014\n94\n2013\n\n\n80\nIndia\nNoida\n73\n2012\n136\n2012\n\n\n81\nChina\nNanjing\n72\n2014\n137\n2013\n\n\n82\nChina\nShenyang\n72\n2014\n129\n2013\n\n\n83\nEgypt\nDelta region\n71\n2013\n167\n2013\n\n\n84\nChina\nChengdu\n71\n2014\n150\n2013\n\n\n85\nMyanmar\nNamkham\n71\n2012\n127\n2012\n\n\n86\nChina\nHarbin\n71\n2014\n119\n2013\n\n\n87\nChina\nXi'an\n70\n2014\n189\n2013\n\n\n88\nIndia\nJalgaon\n70\n2012\n130\n2012\n\n\n89\nChina\nKaifeng\n70\n2014\n106\n2014\n\n\n90\nChina\nYichang\n70\n2014\n106\n2014\n\n\n91\nChina\nPingdingshan\n70\n2014\n105\n2014\n\n\n92\nChina\nXiangtan\n70\n2014\n105\n2014\n\n\n93\nChina\nYangquan\n70\n2014\n105\n2014\n\n\n94\nIndia\nMeerut\n69\n2012\n129\n2012\n\n\n95\nMyanmar\nMawlamyaing\n69\n2012\n124\n2012\n\n\n96\nChina\nZhuzhou\n69\n2014\n105\n2014\n\n\n97\nAfghanistan\nMazar-e Sharif\n68\n2009\n334\n2009\n\n\n98\nPakistan\nLahore\n68\n2010\n198\n2010\n\n\n99\nKuwait\nAl-Mansouriya\n68\n2014\n165\n2014\n\n\n100\nSaudi Arabia\nJeddah\n68\n2014\n161\n2014\n\n\n101\nChina\nJiaozuo\n68\n2014\n103\n2014\n\n\n102\nChina\nLaiwu\n68\n2014\n103\n2014\n\n\n103\nChina\nJiangyin\n68\n2014\n102\n2014\n\n\n104\nChina\nSuqian\n68\n2014\n102\n2014\n\n\n105\nChina\nWeinan\n68\n2014\n102\n2014\n\n\n106\nChina\nTaiyuan\n67\n2014\n157\n2013\n\n\n107\nMauritius\nBeau Bassin/Rose Hill, Coromandel\n67\n2011\n131\n2011\n\n\n108\nIndia\nRaniganj\n67\n2012\n126\n2012\n\n\n109\nMyanmar\nYenanchaung\n67\n2009\n120\n2009\n\n\n110\nTurkey\nBatman\n67\n2012\n109\n2012\n\n\n111\nTurkey\nHakkari\n67\n2012\n109\n2012\n\n\n112\nCameroon\nBafoussam\n67\n2012\n105\n2012\n\n\n113\nChina\nChangzhi\n67\n2014\n101\n2014\n\n\n114\nChina\nWuxi\n67\n2014\n101\n2014\n\n\n115\nNigeria\nOnitsha\n66\n2009\n594\n2009\n\n\n116\nBahrain\nHamad Town\n66\n2012\n318\n2012\n\n\n117\nPakistan\nIslamabad\n66\n2011\n217\n2011\n\n\n118\nTurkey\nGaziantep\n66\n2012\n108\n2012\n\n\n119\nChina\nXuzhou\n66\n2014\n100\n2014\n\n\n120\nChina\nZhenjiang\n66\n2014\n99\n2014\n\n\n121\nSaudi Arabia\nMedina\n65\n2014\n153\n2014\n\n\n122\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nTuzla\n65\n2010\n106\n2010\n\n\n123\nChina\nChangzhou\n65\n2014\n99\n2014\n\n\n124\nChina\nAnshan\n65\n2014\n98\n2014\n\n\n125\nChina\nBaoji\n65\n2014\n98\n2014\n\n\n126\nChina\nHuai'an\n65\n2014\n98\n2014\n\n\n127\nChina\nLiuzhou\n65\n2014\n98\n2014\n\n\n128\nChina\nXianyang\n65\n2014\n98\n2014\n\n\n129\nChina\nJurong\n65\n2014\n97\n2014\n\n\n130\nChina\nYangzhou\n65\n2014\n97\n2014\n\n\n131\nBahrain\nMa'ameer\n64\n2012\n257\n2012\n\n\n132\nKuwait\nAl-Ahmadi\n64\n2014\n168\n2014\n\n\n133\nKuwait\nAl-Salam\n64\n2014\n153\n2014\n\n\n134\nChina\nUrumqi\n64\n2014\n146\n2013\n\n\n135\nChina\nChangchun\n64\n2014\n130\n2013\n\n\n136\nIndia\nNavi Mumbai\n64\n2012\n120\n2012\n\n\n137\nIndia\nJammu\n64\n2012\n119\n2012\n\n\n138\nChina\nShaoxing\n64\n2014\n105\n2013\n\n\n139\nChina\nSuzhou\n64\n2014\n97\n2014\n\n\n140\nChina\nTongchuan\n64\n2014\n97\n2014\n\n\n141\nChina\nZigong\n64\n2014\n97\n2014\n\n\n142\nChina\nSanmenxia\n64\n2014\n96\n2014\n\n\n143\nChile\nCoyhaique\n64\n2014\n75\n2014\n\n\n144\nIndia\nBangalore\n63\n2012\n118\n2012\n\n\n145\nIndia\nMumbai\n63\n2013\n117\n2012\n\n\n146\nChina\nHuzhou\n63\n2014\n111\n2013\n\n\n147\nChina\nJinhua\n63\n2014\n99\n2013\n\n\n148\nChina\nLiaocheng\n63\n2014\n96\n2014\n\n\n149\nChina\nXining\n62\n2014\n163\n2013\n\n\n150\nUnited Arab Emirates\nAl Gharbia - Bida Zayed\n62\n2013\n146\n2013\n\n\n151\nChina\nLinfen\n62\n2014\n94\n2014\n\n\n152\nBangladesh\nSylhet\n61\n2014\n170\n2014\n\n\n153\nUnited Arab Emirates\nAl Gharbia - Gayathi\n61\n2013\n145\n2013\n\n\n154\nIndia\nKolkata\n61\n2014\n135\n2012\n\n\n155\nBangladesh\nKhulna\n61\n2014\n109\n2014\n\n\n156\nChina\nChongqing\n61\n2014\n106\n2013\n\n\n157\nChina\nHangzhou\n61\n2014\n106\n2013\n\n\n158\nTurkey\nSiirt\n61\n2012\n101\n2012\n\n\n159\nChina\nLianyungang\n61\n2014\n92\n2014\n\n\n160\nChina\nWuhu\n61\n2014\n92\n2014\n\n\n161\nChina\nTaizhou\n61\n2014\n82\n2013\n\n\n162\nSouth Africa\nHartebeespoort\n60\n2014\n119\n2014\n\n\n163\nTurkey\nAfyon\n60\n2012\n98\n2012\n\n\n164\nChina\nHeze\n60\n2014\n91\n2014\n\n\n165\nChina\nQinhuangdao\n60\n2014\n91\n2014\n\n\n166\nChina\nZhangjiagang\n60\n2014\n91\n2014\n\n\n167\nChina\nFuyang\n60\n2014\n90\n2014\n\n\n168\nChina\nNantong\n60\n2014\n90\n2014\n\n\n169\nIndia\nChandigarh\n59\n2012\n110\n2012\n\n\n170\nIndia\nJhansi\n59\n2012\n110\n2012\n\n\n171\nIndia\nKolhapur\n59\n2012\n110\n2012\n\n\n172\nChina\nDezhou\n59\n2014\n90\n2014\n\n\n173\nChina\nWafangdian\n59\n2014\n88\n2014\n\n\n174\nChina\nYiwu\n59\n2014\n88\n2014\n\n\n175\nChina\nZhuji\n59\n2014\n88\n2014\n\n\n176\nIndia\nHyderabad\n59\n2014\n79\n2012\n\n\n177\nBahrain\nNabih Saleh\n58\n2012\n244\n2012\n\n\n178\nChina\nLanzhou\n58\n2014\n153\n2013\n\n\n179\nKuwait\nAl-Rumaithyia\n58\n2014\n141\n2014\n\n\n180\nIndia\nRishikesh\n58\n2012\n109\n2012\n\n\n181\nIndia\nSibsagar\n58\n2012\n109\n2012\n\n\n182\nIndia\nDurgapur\n58\n2012\n108\n2012\n\n\n183\nChina\nPingdu\n58\n2014\n88\n2014\n\n\n184\nChina\nKorla\n58\n2014\n87\n2014\n\n\n185\nChina\nLin'an\n58\n2014\n87\n2014\n\n\n186\nIndia\nAngul\n57\n2012\n106\n2012\n\n\n187\nChina\nQuzhou\n57\n2014\n94\n2013\n\n\n188\nTurkey\nKaraman\n57\n2012\n93\n2012\n\n\n189\nChina\nMaanshan\n57\n2014\n87\n2014\n\n\n190\nChina\nNanchong\n57\n2014\n86\n2014\n\n\n191\nChina\nYancheng\n57\n2014\n86\n2014\n\n\n192\nUnited Arab Emirates\nAl Gharbia - Liwa Oasis\n56\n2013\n133\n2013\n\n\n193\nUnited Arab Emirates\nAbu Dhabi\n56\n2013\n132\n2013\n\n\n194\nChina\nJiaxing\n56\n2014\n94\n2013\n\n\n195\nChina\nLuoyang\n56\n2014\n85\n2014\n\n\n196\nChina\nPanjin\n56\n2014\n85\n2014\n\n\n197\nChina\nWujiang\n56\n2014\n85\n2014\n\n\n198\nChina\nDalian\n56\n2014\n84\n2014\n\n\n199\nChina\nHuludao\n56\n2014\n84\n2014\n\n\n200\nChina\nLaixi\n56\n2014\n84\n2014\n\n\n201\nChina\nLaizhou\n56\n2014\n84\n2014\n\n\n202\nChina\nLinyi\n56\n2014\n84\n2014\n\n\n203\nIndia\nBhilai\n55\n2012\n103\n2012\n\n\n204\nIndia\nNagda\n55\n2012\n103\n2012\n\n\n205\nIndia\nNagpur\n55\n2012\n103\n2012\n\n\n206\nIndia\nVadodara\n55\n2012\n102\n2012\n\n\n207\nChina\nZhaoqing\n55\n2014\n85\n2013\n\n\n208\nChina\nJinzhou\n55\n2014\n84\n2014\n\n\n209\nChina\nGuilin\n55\n2014\n83\n2014\n\n\n210\nChina\nTaian\n55\n2014\n83\n2014\n\n\n211\nChina\nTaicang\n55\n2014\n82\n2014\n\n\n212\nChina\nZhaoyuan\n55\n2014\n82\n2014\n\n\n213\nChina\nZibo\n55\n2014\n82\n2014\n\n\n214\nJordan\nAl-Zarqa\n54\n2015\n128\n2015\n\n\n215\nIndia\nJamnagar\n54\n2012\n101\n2012\n\n\n216\nIndia\nAmravati\n54\n2012\n100\n2012\n\n\n217\nIndia\nVapi\n54\n2012\n100\n2012\n\n\n218\nTurkey\nIgdir\n54\n2012\n88\n2012\n\n\n219\nChina\nBenxi\n54\n2014\n81\n2014\n\n\n220\nChina\nDongying\n54\n2014\n81\n2014\n\n\n221\nChina\nJining\n54\n2014\n81\n2014\n\n\n222\nChina\nYixing\n54\n2014\n81\n2014\n\n\n223\nIran\nKermanshah\n53\n2011\n130\n2011\n\n\n224\nIndia\nAnklesvar\n53\n2012\n100\n2012\n\n\n225\nIndia\nBaddi\n53\n2012\n99\n2012\n\n\n226\nIndia\nRajkot\n53\n2012\n99\n2012\n\n\n227\nChina\nBinzhou\n53\n2014\n80\n2014\n\n\n228\nChina\nChangde\n53\n2014\n80\n2014\n\n\n229\nChina\nChengde\n53\n2014\n80\n2014\n\n\n230\nChina\nFushun\n53\n2014\n80\n2014\n\n\n231\nChina\nJiaonan\n53\n2014\n79\n2014\n\n\n232\nChina\nJiaozhou\n53\n2014\n79\n2014\n\n\n233\nChina\nJinan\n52\n2014\n199\n2013\n\n\n234\nUnited Arab Emirates\nAl Ain\n52\n2013\n123\n2013\n\n\n235\nIndia\nRourkela\n52\n2012\n98\n2012\n\n\n236\nIndia\nSurat\n52\n2012\n97\n2012\n\n\n237\nTurkey\nIsparta\n52\n2012\n86\n2012\n\n\n238\nTurkey\nDuzce\n52\n2012\n85\n2012\n\n\n239\nChina\nShanghai\n52\n2014\n84\n2013\n\n\n240\nChina\nLiyang\n52\n2014\n78\n2014\n\n\n241\nChina\nYibin\n52\n2014\n78\n2014\n\n\n242\nIndia\nNashik\n51\n2012\n95\n2012\n\n\n243\nMyanmar\nNyaung Oo\n51\n2013\n91\n2013\n\n\n244\nTurkey\nBitlis\n51\n2012\n84\n2012\n\n\n245\nChina\nBaotou\n51\n2014\n77\n2014\n\n\n246\nChina\nHaimen\n51\n2014\n77\n2014\n\n\n247\nChina\nJimo\n51\n2014\n77\n2014\n\n\n248\nSouth Africa\nPretoria]\n51\n2014\n63\n2014\n\n\n249\nMyanmar\nKyauk Pa Taung\n50\n2013\n89\n2013\n\n\n250\nTurkey\nCankiri\n50\n2012\n83\n2012\n\n\n251\nTurkey\nMuş\n50\n2012\n83\n2012\n\n\n252\nTurkey\nOsmaniye\n50\n2012\n82\n2012\n\n\n253\nTurkey\nSakarya\n50\n2012\n82\n2012\n\n\n254\nChina\nJilin\n50\n2014\n76\n2014\n\n\n255\nChina\nLuzhou\n50\n2014\n75\n2014\n\n\n256\nChina\nMudanjiang\n50\n2014\n75\n2014\n\n\n257\nNigeria\nAba\n49\n2009\n373\n2009\n\n\n258\nKuwait\nAl-Jahra\n49\n2014\n117\n2014\n\n\n259\nChina\nNanchang\n49\n2014\n116\n2013\n\n\n260\nIndia\nDewas\n49\n2012\n92\n2012\n\n\n261\nIndia\nGuwahati\n49\n2012\n92\n2012\n\n\n262\nIndia\nPune\n49\n2012\n92\n2012\n\n\n263\nNepal\nKathmandu\n49\n2013\n88\n2013\n\n\n264\nChina\nGuiyang\n49\n2014\n85\n2013\n\n\n265\nTurkey\nBolu\n49\n2012\n80\n2012\n\n\n266\nTurkey\nNigde\n49\n2012\n80\n2012\n\n\n267\nChina\nChangshu\n49\n2014\n74\n2014\n\n\n268\nChina\nDandong\n49\n2014\n74\n2014\n\n\n269\nChina\nZunyi\n49\n2014\n74\n2014\n\n\n270\nChina\nWeifang\n49\n2014\n73\n2014\n\n\n271\nChina\nYueyang\n49\n2014\n73\n2014\n\n\n272\nCameroon\nYaoundé\n49\n2012\n65\n2012\n\n\n273\nIndia\nSilchar\n48\n2012\n91\n2012\n\n\n274\nIndia\nDimapur\n48\n2012\n90\n2012\n\n\n275\nPeru\nLima\n48\n2013\n88\n2013\n\n\n276\nChina\nShaoguan\n48\n2014\n73\n2014\n\n\n277\nChina\nYan'an\n48\n2014\n73\n2014\n\n\n278\nChina\nZaozhuang\n48\n2014\n73\n2014\n\n\n279\nChina\nGuangzhou\n48\n2014\n72\n2013\n\n\n280\nChina\nJintan\n48\n2014\n72\n2014\n\n\n281\nChina\nRushan\n48\n2014\n72\n2014\n\n\n282\nChina\nYinchuan\n47\n2014\n118\n2013\n\n\n283\nKuwait\nAl-Mutla\n47\n2014\n114\n2014\n\n\n284\nIran\nHamadan\n47\n2013\n114\n2013\n\n\n285\nIran\nPakdasht\n47\n2013\n113\n2013\n\n\n286\nChina\nNanning\n47\n2014\n90\n2013\n\n\n287\nIndia\nNaya Nangal\n47\n2012\n89\n2012\n\n\n288\nTurkey\nBurdur\n47\n2012\n78\n2012\n\n\n289\nTurkey\nAnkara\n47\n2012\n77\n2012\n\n\n290\nTurkey\nKayseri\n47\n2012\n77\n2012\n\n\n291\nTurkey\nKutahya\n47\n2012\n77\n2012\n\n\n292\nChina\nZhangjiajie\n47\n2014\n71\n2014\n\n\n293\nChina\nZhangqiu\n47\n2014\n71\n2014\n\n\n294\nKuwait\nSaad Al-Abdullah\n46\n2014\n112\n2014\n\n\n295\nIran\nIsfahan\n46\n2012\n111\n2012\n\n\n296\nChina\nQingdao\n46\n2014\n106\n2013\n\n\n297\nChina\nWenzhou\n46\n2014\n94\n2013\n\n\n298\nChina\nKunshan\n46\n2014\n69\n2014\n\n\n299\nChina\nPenglai\n46\n2014\n69\n2014\n\n\n300\nChina\nWendeng\n46\n2014\n69\n2014\n\n\n301\nIran\nYasuj\n45\n2013\n109\n2013\n\n\n302\nIran\nShiraz\n45\n2012\n108\n2012\n\n\n303\nChina\nNingbo\n45\n2014\n86\n2013\n\n\n304\nTurkey\nEdirne\n45\n2012\n74\n2012\n\n\n305\nRepublic of Macedonia\nSkopje\n45\n2013\n74\n2013\n\n\n306\nTurkey\nÇorum\n45\n2012\n73\n2012\n\n\n307\nTurkey\nDenizli\n45\n2012\n73\n2012\n\n\n308\nChina\nDeyang\n45\n2014\n68\n2014\n\n\n309\nBahrain\nRas Hayan\n44\n2012\n250\n2012\n\n\n310\nNigeria\nOwerri\n44\n2009\n158\n2009\n\n\n311\nKuwait\nAl-Fahaheel\n44\n2014\n107\n2014\n\n\n312\nBrazil\nSanta Gertrudes\n44\n2014\n95\n2014\n\n\n313\nPhilippines\nBaguio City\n44\n2013\n84\n2013\n\n\n314\nChina\nFoshan\n44\n2014\n83\n2013\n\n\n315\nIndia\nSolapur\n44\n2012\n83\n2012\n\n\n316\nIndia\nBalasore\n44\n2012\n82\n2012\n\n\n317\nIndia\nKohima\n44\n2012\n82\n2012\n\n\n318\nBolivia\nLa Paz\n44\n2013\n82\n2013\n\n\n319\nIndia\nNalbari\n44\n2012\n82\n2012\n\n\n320\nIndia\nRamagundam\n44\n2012\n82\n2012\n\n\n321\nMyanmar\nSintgaing\n44\n2009\n80\n2009\n\n\n322\nMyanmar\nThaungtha\n44\n2009\n80\n2009\n\n\n323\nTurkey\nUrfa\n44\n2012\n72\n2012\n\n\n324\nTurkey\nAdiyaman\n44\n2012\n71\n2012\n\n\n325\nChina\nMianyang\n44\n2014\n66\n2014\n\n\n326\nIndia\nChennai\n44\n2014\n57\n2012\n\n\n327\nChina\nHohhot\n43\n2014\n146\n2013\n\n\n328\nIran\nRobatkarim\n43\n2013\n105\n2013\n\n\n329\nIndia\nBhubaneswar\n43\n2012\n81\n2012\n\n\n330\nIndia\nKorba\n43\n2012\n81\n2012\n\n\n331\nIndia\nAurangabad\n43\n2012\n80\n2012\n\n\n332\nIndia\nBerhampur\n43\n2012\n80\n2012\n\n\n333\nIndia\nParwanoo\n43\n2012\n80\n2012\n\n\n334\nIndia\nSangli\n43\n2012\n80\n2012\n\n\n335\nIndia\nUjjain\n43\n2012\n80\n2012\n\n\n336\nBhutan\nThimphu\n43\n2012\n78\n2012\n\n\n337\nChina\nJiangmen\n43\n2014\n77\n2013\n\n\n338\nTurkey\nAydin\n43\n2012\n71\n2012\n\n\n339\nTurkey\nKahramanmaras\n43\n2012\n71\n2012\n\n\n340\nTurkey\nMugla\n43\n2012\n71\n2012\n\n\n341\nTurkey\nZonguldak\n43\n2012\n71\n2012\n\n\n342\nChina\nLishui\n43\n2014\n69\n2013\n\n\n343\nChina\nChaozhou\n43\n2014\n65\n2014\n\n\n344\nChina\nDongguan\n43\n2014\n65\n2013\n\n\n345\nPoland\nPszczyna\n43\n2013\n58\n2013\n\n\n346\nPoland\nZywiec\n43\n2013\n58\n2013\n\n\n347\nIran\nVaramin\n42\n2013\n102\n2013\n\n\n348\nIndia\nNagaon\n42\n2012\n79\n2012\n\n\n349\nIndia\nNalgonda\n42\n2012\n79\n2012\n\n\n350\nMontenegro\nPljevlja\n42\n2014\n77\n2014\n\n\n351\nEl Salvador\nSan Salvador\n42\n2014\n77\n2014\n\n\n352\nMyanmar\nKathar\n42\n2013\n76\n2013\n\n\n353\nTurkey\nDiyarbakir\n42\n2012\n69\n2012\n\n\n354\nTurkey\nGumushane\n42\n2012\n69\n2012\n\n\n355\nTurkey\nTekirdag\n42\n2012\n69\n2012\n\n\n356\nTurkey\nUşak\n42\n2012\n69\n2012\n\n\n357\nTurkey\nMalatya\n42\n2012\n68\n2012\n\n\n358\nChina\nDatong\n42\n2014\n63\n2014\n\n\n359\nChina\nQingyuan\n42\n2014\n63\n2014\n\n\n360\nBulgaria\nDimitrovgad\n42\n2013\n59\n2013\n\n\n361\nBahrain\nHidd\n41\n2012\n178\n2012\n\n\n362\nIran\nSanandaj\n41\n2010\n100\n2010\n\n\n363\nSouth Africa\nJohannesburg\n41\n2011\n85\n2010\n\n\n364\nTurkey\nAksaray\n41\n2012\n68\n2012\n\n\n365\nTurkey\nKirikkale\n41\n2012\n67\n2012\n\n\n366\nChina\nShizuishan\n41\n2014\n62\n2014\n\n\n367\nGuatemala\nGuatemala\n41\n2013\n56\n2013\n\n\n368\nColombia\nLa Estrella\n41\n2014\n47\n2014\n\n\n369\nNigeria\nUmuahia\n40\n2009\n274\n2009\n\n\n370\nIndia\nDavanagere\n40\n2012\n75\n2012\n\n\n371\nIndia\nGuntur\n40\n2012\n75\n2012\n\n\n372\nIndia\nTrichy\n40\n2012\n75\n2012\n\n\n373\nIndia\nKurnool\n40\n2012\n74\n2012\n\n\n374\nRepublic of Macedonia\nBitola\n40\n2013\n69\n2013\n\n\n375\nIran\nTabriz\n40\n2013\n68\n2012\n\n\n376\nTurkey\nVan\n40\n2012\n65\n2012\n\n\n377\nChina\nYingkou\n40\n2014\n61\n2014\n\n\n378\nChina\nBeihai\n40\n2014\n60\n2014\n\n\n379\nChina\nChifeng\n40\n2014\n60\n2014\n\n\n380\nChina\nHeyuan\n40\n2014\n60\n2014\n\n\n381\nChina\nJieyang\n40\n2014\n60\n2014\n\n\n382\nChina\nJiujiang\n40\n2014\n60\n2014\n\n\n383\nPoland\nRybnik\n40\n2013\n53\n2013\n\n\n384\nIndia\nThane\n39\n2012\n73\n2012\n\n\n385\nTurkey\nBayburt\n39\n2012\n65\n2012\n\n\n386\nTurkey\nKonya\n39\n2012\n65\n2012\n\n\n387\nPoland\nOpoczno\n39\n2013\n53\n2013\n\n\n388\nPoland\nSucha Beskidzka\n39\n2013\n53\n2013\n\n\n389\nPoland\nWodzislaw 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Voden\n38\n2013\n54\n2013\n\n\n397\nPoland\nGodow\n38\n2013\n51\n2013\n\n\n398\nIran\nShahryar\n37\n2013\n91\n2013\n\n\n399\nIran\nUrmia\n37\n2011\n91\n2011\n\n\n400\nIran\nSari\n37\n2012\n90\n2012\n\n\n401\nTunisia\nSfax\n37\n2010\n87\n2010\n\n\n402\nBangladesh\nRajshahi\n37\n2014\n64\n2014\n\n\n403\nTurkey\nArdahan\n37\n2012\n61\n2012\n\n\n404\nMadagascar\nAntananarivo\n37\n2008\n60\n2008\n\n\n405\nTurkey\nBartin\n37\n2012\n60\n2012\n\n\n406\nBulgaria\nMontana\n37\n2013\n52\n2013\n\n\n407\nPoland\nKrakow\n37\n2013\n51\n2013\n\n\n408\nPoland\nSkawina\n37\n2013\n50\n2013\n\n\n409\nMexico\nMonterrey\n36\n2011\n86\n2011\n\n\n410\nJordan\nAmman\n36\n2015\n68\n2015\n\n\n411\nIndia\nCoimbatore\n36\n2012\n68\n2012\n\n\n412\nIndia\nCuttack\n36\n2012\n68\n2012\n\n\n413\nIndia\nPanaji\n36\n2012\n67\n2012\n\n\n414\nSri Lanka\nColombo\n36\n2011\n64\n2011\n\n\n415\nChina\nXiamen\n36\n2014\n62\n2013\n\n\n416\nHonduras\nTegucigalpa\n36\n2013\n59\n2013\n\n\n417\nTurkey\nKilis\n36\n2012\n58\n2012\n\n\n418\nChina\nDaqing\n36\n2014\n54\n2014\n\n\n419\nBulgaria\nVarna\n36\n2013\n51\n2013\n\n\n420\nPoland\nKnurow\n36\n2013\n48\n2013\n\n\n421\nPoland\nNiepolomice\n36\n2013\n48\n2013\n\n\n422\nPoland\nTuchow\n36\n2013\n48\n2013\n\n\n423\nPoland\nNowy Sacz\n36\n2013\n45\n2013\n\n\n424\nOman\nMuscat\n35\n2009\n82\n2009\n\n\n425\nIndia\nShillong\n35\n2012\n65\n2012\n\n\n426\nIndia\nVishakhapatnam\n35\n2012\n65\n2012\n\n\n427\nChile\nPadre las Casas\n35\n2014\n64\n2014\n\n\n428\nChina\nHuizhou\n35\n2014\n59\n2013\n\n\n429\nChina\nZhuhai\n35\n2014\n59\n2013\n\n\n430\nTurkey\nTrabzon\n35\n2012\n58\n2012\n\n\n431\nTurkey\nErzurum\n35\n2012\n57\n2012\n\n\n432\nChile\nOsorno\n35\n2014\n54\n2014\n\n\n433\nChina\nQiqihar\n35\n2014\n52\n2014\n\n\n434\nPoland\nNowa Ruda\n35\n2013\n47\n2013\n\n\n435\nPoland\nWadowice\n35\n2013\n47\n2013\n\n\n436\nPoland\nZabrze\n35\n2013\n47\n2013\n\n\n437\nPoland\nGliwice\n35\n2013\n46\n2013\n\n\n438\nPoland\nKatowice\n35\n2013\n45\n2013\n\n\n439\nSenegal\nDakar\n34\n2013\n141\n2013\n\n\n440\nChina\nKunming\n34\n2014\n82\n2013\n\n\n441\nTunisia\nBizerte\n34\n2010\n80\n2010\n\n\n442\nIndia\nSingrauli\n34\n2012\n64\n2012\n\n\n443\nIndia\nKothagudem\n34\n2012\n63\n2012\n\n\n444\nChina\nShenzhen\n34\n2014\n61\n2013\n\n\n445\nBulgaria\nPlovdiv\n34\n2013\n59\n2013\n\n\n446\nSouth Africa\nVereeniging\n34\n2014\n58\n2014\n\n\n447\nTurkey\nKocaeli\n34\n2012\n55\n2012\n\n\n448\nChina\nMeizhou\n34\n2014\n51\n2014\n\n\n449\nChina\nNantou\n34\n2014\n51\n2014\n\n\n450\nChina\nZhangjiakou\n34\n2014\n51\n2014\n\n\n451\nPoland\nBrzeziny\n34\n2013\n46\n2013\n\n\n452\nPoland\nProszowice\n34\n2013\n46\n2013\n\n\n453\nItaly\nSoresina\n34\n2013\n42\n2013\n\n\n454\nPoland\nBielsko Biala\n34\n2013\n41\n2013\n\n\n455\nMexico\nToluca\n33\n2011\n80\n2011\n\n\n456\nEcuador\nSanto Domingo\n33\n2012\n69\n2012\n\n\n457\nIndia\nPatiala\n33\n2012\n63\n2012\n\n\n458\nIndia\nNellore\n33\n2012\n62\n2012\n\n\n459\nIndonesia\nBandung\n33\n2014\n59\n2014\n\n\n460\nMyanmar\nMeikhtilar\n33\n2013\n59\n2013\n\n\n461\nTurkey\nIstanbul\n33\n2012\n53\n2012\n\n\n462\nChina\nKaramay\n33\n2014\n50\n2014\n\n\n463\nBulgaria\nRuse\n33\n2013\n47\n2013\n\n\n464\nBulgaria\nHaskovo\n33\n2013\n46\n2013\n\n\n465\nBulgaria\nPazardzhik\n33\n2013\n46\n2013\n\n\n466\nCzech Republic\nCesky Tesin\n33\n2013\n45\n2013\n\n\n467\nCzech Republic\nHavirov\n33\n2013\n45\n2013\n\n\n468\nPoland\nZdunska Wola\n33\n2013\n45\n2013\n\n\n469\nCzech Republic\nOrlová\n33\n2013\n44\n2013\n\n\n470\nPoland\nRawa Mazowiecka\n33\n2013\n44\n2013\n\n\n471\nPoland\nSosnowiec\n33\n2013\n44\n2013\n\n\n472\nLebanon\nZahle\n33\n2014\n40\n2014\n\n\n473\nPoland\nKędzierzyn-Koźle\n33\n2013\n39\n2013\n\n\n474\nItaly\nSettimo Torinese\n33\n2013\n39\n2013\n\n\n475\nIran\nBojnord\n32\n2010\n78\n2010\n\n\n476\nIran\nMashhad\n32\n2011\n78\n2011\n\n\n477\nIran\nTehran\n32\n2014\n77\n2014\n\n\n478\nEcuador\nMilagro\n32\n2012\n66\n2012\n\n\n479\nPhilippines\nSan Carlos City\n32\n2013\n61\n2013\n\n\n480\nBolivia\nCochabamba\n32\n2014\n60\n2014\n\n\n481\nIndia\nSalem\n32\n2012\n60\n2012\n\n\n482\nThailand\nNakhon Sawan\n32\n2014\n57\n2014\n\n\n483\nTurkey\nİçel\n32\n2012\n53\n2012\n\n\n484\nTurkey\nNevsehir\n32\n2012\n53\n2012\n\n\n485\nTurkey\nOrdu\n32\n2012\n53\n2012\n\n\n486\nTurkey\nKars\n32\n2012\n52\n2012\n\n\n487\nChina\nMaoming\n32\n2014\n49\n2014\n\n\n488\nChina\nChanghua\n32\n2014\n48\n2014\n\n\n489\nChina\nJinchang\n32\n2014\n48\n2014\n\n\n490\nChina\nKinmen\n32\n2014\n48\n2014\n\n\n491\nChina\nPanzhihua\n32\n2014\n48\n2014\n\n\n492\nChina\nQuanzhou\n32\n2014\n48\n2014\n\n\n493\nChina\nQujing\n32\n2014\n48\n2014\n\n\n494\nChina\nYangjiang\n32\n2014\n48\n2014\n\n\n495\nPoland\nNaklo\n32\n2013\n44\n2013\n\n\n496\nPoland\nDabrowa Gornicza\n32\n2013\n43\n2013\n\n\n497\nPoland\nJaroslaw\n32\n2013\n43\n2013\n\n\n498\nCzech Republic\nKarvina\n32\n2013\n43\n2013\n\n\n499\nPoland\nTomaszow Mazowiecki\n32\n2013\n43\n2013\n\n\n500\nPoland\nTychy\n32\n2013\n43\n2013\n\n" ]	[ "Zabol" ]
-4733865910011527774	Diocletianic Persecution	Diocletianic persecution - wikipedia Diocletianic persecution Jump to : navigation , search The Christian Martyrs ' Last Prayer , by Jean - Léon Gérôme ( 1883 ) The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire . In 303 , the Emperors Diocletian , Maximian , Galerius , and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional Roman religious practices . Later edicts targeted the clergy and ordered all inhabitants to sacrifice to the Roman gods ( a policy known as universal sacrifice ) . The persecution varied in intensity across the empire -- weakest in Gaul and Britain , where only the first edict was applied , and strongest in the Eastern provinces . Persecutory laws were nullified by different emperors at different times , but Constantine and Licinius 's Edict of Milan ( 313 ) has traditionally marked the end of the persecution . Christians had always been subject to local discrimination in the empire , but early emperors were reluctant to issue general laws against the sect . It was not until the 250s , under the reigns of Decius and Valerian , that such laws were passed . Under this legislation , Christians were compelled to sacrifice to pagan gods or face imprisonment and execution . After Gallienus 's accession in 260 , these laws went into abeyance . Diocletian 's assumption of power in 284 did not mark an immediate reversal of imperial inattention to Christianity , but it did herald a gradual shift in official attitudes toward religious minorities . In the first fifteen years of his rule , Diocletian purged the army of Christians , condemned Manicheans to death , and surrounded himself with public opponents of Christianity . Diocletian 's preference for activist government , combined with his self - image as a restorer of past Roman glory , forebode the most pervasive persecution in Roman history . In the winter of 302 , Galerius urged Diocletian to begin a general persecution of the Christians . Diocletian was wary , and asked the oracle of Apollo for guidance . The oracle 's reply was read as an endorsement of Galerius 's position , and a general persecution was called on February 24 , 303 . Persecutory policies varied in intensity across the empire . Where Galerius and Diocletian were avid persecutors , Constantius was unenthusiastic . Later persecutory edicts , including the calls for universal sacrifice , were not applied in his domain . His son , Constantine , on taking the imperial office in 306 , restored Christians to full legal equality and returned property that had been confiscated during the persecution . In Italy in 306 , the usurper Maxentius ousted Maximian 's successor Severus , promising full religious toleration . Galerius ended the persecution in the East in 311 , but it was resumed in Egypt , Palestine , and Asia Minor by his successor , Maximinus . Constantine and Licinius , Severus 's successor , signed the Edict of Milan in 313 , which offered a more comprehensive acceptance of Christianity than Galerius 's edict had provided . Licinius ousted Maximinus in 313 , bringing an end to persecution in the East . The persecution failed to check the rise of the Church . By 324 , Constantine was sole ruler of the empire , and Christianity had become his favored religion . Although the persecution resulted in death , torture , imprisonment , or dislocation for many Christians , the majority of the empire 's Christians avoided punishment . The persecution did , however , cause many churches to split between those who had complied with imperial authority ( the traditores ) , and those who had remained `` pure '' . Certain schisms , like those of the Donatists in North Africa and the Meletians in Egypt , persisted long after the persecutions . The Donatists would not be reconciled to the Church until after 411 . Some historians consider that , in the centuries that followed the persecutory era , Christians created a `` cult of the martyrs '' , and exaggerated its barbarity . Such Christian accounts were criticized during the Enlightenment and afterwards , most notably by Edward Gibbon . Modern historians , such as G.E.M. de Ste . Croix , have attempted to determine whether Christian sources exaggerated the scope of the Diocletianic persecution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Prior persecutions 1.2 Persecution and Tetrarchic ideology 1.3 Public support 2 Early persecutions 2.1 Christians in the army 2.2 Manichean persecution 2.3 Diocletian and Galerius , 302 -- 303 3 Great Persecution 3.1 First edict 3.2 Second , third , and fourth edicts 3.3 Abdications , instability , and renewed toleration , 305 -- 311 3.4 The Peace of Galerius and the Edict of Milan , 311 -- 313 4 Regional variation 4.1 Britain and Gaul 4.2 Africa 4.3 Italy and Spain 4.4 Nicomedia 4.5 Palestine and Syria 4.5. 1 Before Galerius 's edict of toleration 4.5. 2 After Galerius 's edict of toleration 4.6 Egypt 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 9.1 Ancient sources 9.2 Modern sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Prior persecutions ( edit ) Further information : Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire From its first appearance to its legalization under Constantine , Christianity was an illegal religion in the eyes of the Roman state . For the first two centuries of its existence , Christianity and its practitioners were unpopular with the people at large . Christians were always suspect , members of a `` secret society '' whose members communicated with a private code and who shied away from the public sphere . It was popular hostility -- the anger of the crowd -- which drove the earliest persecutions , not official action . In Lyon in 177 , it was only the intervention of civil authorities that stopped a pagan mob from dragging Christians from their houses and beating them to death . The governor of Bithynia -- Pontus , Pliny , was sent long lists of denunciations by anonymous citizens , which Emperor Trajan advised him to ignore . To the followers of the traditional cults , Christians were odd creatures : not quite Roman , but not quite barbarian either . Their practices were deeply threatening to traditional mores . Christians rejected public festivals , refused to take part in the imperial cult , avoided public office , and publicly criticized ancient traditions . Conversions tore families apart : Justin Martyr tells of a pagan husband who denounced his Christian wife , and Tertullian tells of children disinherited for becoming Christians . Traditional Roman religion was inextricably interwoven into the fabric of Roman society and state , but Christians refused to observe its practices . In the words of Tacitus , Christians showed `` hatred of the human race '' ( odium generis humani ) . Among the more credulous , Christians were thought to use black magic in pursuit of revolutionary aims , and to practice incest and cannibalism . Nonetheless , for the first two centuries of the Christian era , no emperor issued general laws against the faith or its Church . These persecutions were carried out under the authority of local government officials . At Bithynia -- Pontus in 111 , it was the imperial governor , Pliny ; at Smyrna in 156 and Scilli near Carthage in 180 , it was the proconsul ; at Lyon in 177 , it was the provincial governor . When Emperor Nero executed Christians for their alleged involvement in the fire of 64 , it was a purely local affair ; it did not spread beyond the city limits of Rome . These early persecutions were certainly violent , but they were sporadic , brief and limited in extent . They were of limited threat to Christianity as a whole . The very capriciousness of official action , however , made the threat of state coercion loom large in the Christian imagination . In the 3rd century , the pattern changed . Emperors became more active and government officials began to actively pursue Christians , rather than merely to respond to the will of the crowd . Christianity , too , changed . No longer were its practitioners merely `` the lower orders fomenting discontent '' ; some Christians were now rich , or from the upper classes . Origen , writing at about 248 , tells of `` the multitude of people coming in to the faith , even rich men and persons in positions of honour , and ladies of high refinement and birth . '' Official reaction grew firmer . In 202 , according to the Historia Augusta , a 4th - century history of dubious reliability , Septimius Severus ( r . 193 -- 211 ) issued a general rescript forbidding conversion to either Judaism or Christianity . Maximin ( r . 235 -- 38 ) targeted Christian leaders . Decius ( r . 249 -- 51 ) , demanding a show of support for the faith , proclaimed that all inhabitants of the empire must sacrifice to the gods , eat sacrificial meat , and testify to these acts . Christians were obstinate in their non-compliance . Church leaders , like Fabian , bishop of Rome , and Babylas , bishop of Antioch , were arrested , tried and executed , as were certain members of the Christian laity , like Pionius of Smyrna . The Christian theologian Origen was tortured during the persecution and died about a year after from the resulting injuries . The Decian persecution was a grave blow to the Church . At Carthage , there was mass apostasy ( renunciation of the faith ) . At Smyrna , the bishop , Euctemon , sacrificed and encouraged others to do the same . Because the Church was largely urban , it should have been easy to identify , isolate and destroy the Church hierarchy . This did not happen . In June 251 , Decius died in battle , leaving his persecution incomplete . His persecutions were not followed up for another six years , allowing some Church functions to resume . Valerian , Decius 's friend , took up the imperial mantle in 253 . Though he was at first thought of as `` exceptionally friendly '' towards the Christians , his actions soon showed otherwise . In July 257 , he issued a new persecutory edict . As punishment for following the Christian faith , Christians were to face exile or condemnation to the mines . In August 258 , he issued a second edict , making the punishment death . This persecution also stalled in June 260 , when Valerian was captured in battle . His son , Gallienus ( r . 260 -- 68 ) , ended the persecution and inaugurated nearly 40 years of freedom from official sanctions , praised by Eusebius as the `` little peace of the Church '' . The peace would be undisturbed , save for occasional , isolated persecutions , until Diocletian became emperor . Persecution and Tetrarchic ideology ( edit ) Head from a statue of Diocletian at the Istanbul Archaeological Museum Diocletian , acclaimed emperor on November 20 , 284 , was a religious conservative , faithful to the traditional Roman cult . Unlike Aurelian ( r . 270 -- 75 ) , Diocletian did not foster any new cult of his own . He preferred older gods , Olympian gods . Nonetheless , Diocletian did wish to inspire a general religious revival . As the panegyrist to Maximian declared : `` You have heaped the gods with altars and statues , temples and offerings , which you dedicated with your own name and your own image , whose sanctity is increased by the example you set , of veneration for the gods . Surely , men will now understand what power resides in the gods , when you worship them so fervently . '' As part of his plans for revival , Diocletian invested in religious construction . One quarter of all inscriptions referring to temple repairs in North Africa between 276 and 295 date to Diocletian 's reign . Diocletian associated himself with the head of the Roman pantheon , Jupiter ; his co-emperor , Maximian , associated himself with Hercules . This connection between god and emperor helped to legitimize the emperors ' claims to power and tied imperial government closer to the traditional cult . Diocletian did not insist on exclusive worship of Jupiter and Hercules , which would have been a drastic change in the pagan tradition . For example , Elagabalus had tried fostering his own god and no others , and had failed dramatically . Diocletian built temples for Isis and Sarapis at Rome and a temple to Sol in Italy . He did , however favor gods who provided for the safety of the whole empire , instead of the local deities of the provinces . In Africa , Diocletian 's revival focused on Jupiter , Hercules , Mercury , Apollo and the Imperial Cult . The cult of Saturn , the Romanized Baal - hamon , was neglected . In imperial iconography , too , Jupiter and Hercules were pervasive . The same pattern of favoritism affected Egypt as well . Native Egyptian deities saw no revival , nor was the sacred hieroglyphic script used . Unity in worship was central to Diocletian 's religious policies . Diocletian , like Augustus and Trajan before him , styled himself a `` restorer '' . He urged the public to see his reign and his governing system , the Tetrarchy ( rule by four emperors ) , as a renewal of traditional Roman values and , after the anarchic third century , a return to the `` Golden Age of Rome '' . As such , he reinforced the long - standing Roman preference for ancient customs and Imperial opposition to independent societies . The Diocletianic regime 's activist stance , however , and Diocletian 's belief in the power of central government to effect major change in morals and society made him unusual . Most earlier emperors tended to be quite cautious in their administrative policies , preferring to work within existing structures rather than overhauling them . Diocletian , by contrast , was willing to reform every aspect of public life to satisfy his goals . Under his rule , coinage , taxation , architecture , law and history were all radically reconstructed to reflect his authoritarian and traditionalist ideology . The reformation of the empire 's `` moral fabric '' -- and the elimination of religious minorities -- was simply one step in that process . The unique position of the Christians and Jews of the empire became increasingly apparent . The Jews had earned imperial toleration on account of the great antiquity of their faith . They had been exempted from Decius 's persecution and continued to enjoy freedom from persecution under Tetrarchic government . Because their faith was new and unfamiliar and not typically identified with Judaism by this time , Christians had no such excuse . Moreover , Christians had been distancing themselves from their Jewish heritage for their entire history . Persecution was not the only outlet of the Tetrarchy 's moral fervor . In 295 , either Diocletian or his Caesar ( subordinate emperor ) , Galerius , issued an edict from Damascus proscribing incestuous marriages and affirming the supremacy of Roman law over local law . Its preamble insists that it is every emperor 's duty to enforce the sacred precepts of Roman law , for `` the immortal gods themselves will favour and be at peace with the Roman name ... if we have seen to it that all subject to our rule entirely lead a pious , religious , peaceable and chaste life in every respect '' . These principles , if given their full extension , would logically require Roman emperors to enforce conformity in religion . Public support ( edit ) Christian communities grew quickly in many parts of the empire ( and especially in the East ) after 260 , when Gallienus brought peace to the Church . The data to calculate the figures are nearly non-existent , but the historian and sociologist Keith Hopkins has given crude and tentative estimates for Christian population in the 3rd century . Hopkins estimates that the Christian community grew from a population of 1.1 million in 250 to a population of 6 million by 300 , about 10 % of the empire 's total population . Christians even expanded into the countryside , where they had never been numerous before . Churches in the later 3rd century were no longer as inconspicuous as they had been in the first and second . Large churches were prominent in certain major cities throughout the empire . The church in Nicomedia even sat on a hill overlooking the imperial palace . These new churches probably represented not only absolute growth in Christian population , but also the increasing affluence of the Christian community . In some areas where Christians were influential , such as North Africa and Egypt , traditional deities were losing credibility . It is unknown how much support there was for persecution within the aristocracy . After Gallienus 's peace , Christians reached high ranks in Roman government . Diocletian appointed several Christians to those positions himself , and his wife and daughter may have been sympathetic to the church . There were many individuals willing to be martyrs , and many provincials willing to ignore any persecutory edicts from the emperors as well . Even Constantius was known to have disapproved of persecutory policies . The lower classes demonstrated little of the enthusiasm they had shown for earlier persecutions . They no longer believed the slanderous accusations that were popular in the 1st and 2nd centuries . Perhaps , as the historian Timothy Barnes has suggested , the long - established Church had become another accepted part of their lives . Within the highest ranks of the imperial administration , however , there were men who were ideologically opposed to the toleration of Christians , like the philosopher Porphyry of Tyre , and Sossianus Hierocles , governor of Bithynia . To E.R. Dodds , the works of these men demonstrated `` the alliance of pagan intellectuals with the Establishment '' . Hierocles thought Christian beliefs absurd . If Christians applied their principles consistently , he argued , they would pray to Apollonius of Tyana instead of Jesus . Hierocles considered that Apollonius 's miracles had been far more impressive and Apollonius never had the temerity to call himself `` God '' . He saw the scriptures were full of `` lies and contradictions '' and Peter and Paul had peddled falsehoods . In the early 4th century , an unidentified philosopher published a pamphlet attacking the Christians . This philosopher , who might have been a pupil of the Neoplatonist Iamblichus , dined repeatedly at the imperial court . Diocletian himself was surrounded by an anti-Christian clique . Porphyry was somewhat restrained in his criticism of Christianity , at least in his early works , On the Return of the Soul and Philosophy from Oracles . He had few complaints about Jesus , whom he praised as a saintly individual , a `` humble '' man . Christ 's followers , however , he damned as `` arrogant '' . Around 290 , Porphyry wrote a fifteen - volume work entitled Against the Christians . In the work , Porphyry expressed his shock at the rapid expansion of Christianity . He also revised his earlier opinions of Jesus , questioning Jesus ' exclusion of the rich from the Kingdom of Heaven , and his permissiveness in regards to the demons residing in pigs ' bodies . Like Hierocles , he unfavorably compared Jesus to Apollonius of Tyana . Porphyry held that Christians blasphemed by worshiping a human being rather than the Supreme God , and behaved treasonably in forsaking the traditional Roman cult . `` To what sort of penalties might we not justly subject people , '' Porphyry asked , `` who are fugitives from their fathers ' customs ? '' Pagan priests , too , were interested in suppressing any threat to traditional religion . The Christian Arnobius , writing during Diocletian 's reign , attributes financial concerns to provisioners of pagan services : The augurs , the dream interpreters , the soothsayers , the prophets , and the priestlings , ever vain ... fearing that their own arts be brought to nought , and that they may extort but scanty contributions from the devotees , now few and infrequent , cry aloud , ' The gods are neglected , and in the temples there is now a very thin attendance . Former ceremonies are exposed to derision , and the time - honoured rites of institutions once sacred have sunk before the superstitions of new religions . ' They believed their ceremonies were hindered by the presence of Christians , who were thought to cloud the sight of oracles and stall the gods ' recognition of their sacrifices . Early persecutions ( edit ) Christians in the army ( edit ) Saint George before Diocletian . A 14th - century mural from Ubisi , Georgia . Christian tradition places the martyrdom of St. George , formerly a Roman army officer , in the reign of Diocletian . At the conclusion of the Persian wars in 299 , co-emperors Diocletian and Galerius traveled from Persia to Syrian Antioch ( Antakya ) . The Christian rhetor Lactantius records that , at Antioch some time in 299 , the emperors were engaged in sacrifice and divination in an attempt to predict the future . The haruspices , diviners of omens from sacrificed animals , were unable to read the sacrificed animals and failed to do so after repeated trials . The master haruspex eventually declared that this failure was the result of interruptions in the process caused by profane men . Certain Christians in the imperial household had been observed making the sign of the cross during the ceremonies and were alleged to have disrupted the haruspices ' divination . Diocletian , enraged by this turn of events , declared that all members of the court must make a sacrifice themselves . Diocletian and Galerius also sent letters to the military command , demanding that the entire army perform the sacrifices or else face discharge . Since there are no reports of bloodshed in Lactantius 's narrative , Christians in the imperial household must have survived the event . Eusebius of Caesarea , a contemporary ecclesiastical historian , tells a similar story : commanders were told to give their troops the choice of sacrifice or loss of rank . These terms were strong -- a soldier would lose his career in the military , his state pension and his personal savings -- but not fatal . According to Eusebius , the purge was broadly successful , but Eusebius is confused about the technicalities of the event and his characterization of the overall size of the apostasy is ambiguous . Eusebius also attributes the initiative for the purge to Galerius , rather than Diocletian . Modern scholar Peter Davies surmises that Eusebius is referring to the same event as Lactantius , but that he heard of the event through public rumors and knew nothing of the privileged discussion at the emperor 's private religion ceremony that Lactantius had access to . Since it was Galerius 's army that would have been purged -- Diocletian had left his in Egypt to quell continuing unrest -- Antiochenes would understandably have believed Galerius to be its instigator . The historian David Woods argues instead that Eusebius and Lactantius are referring to completely different events . Eusebius , according to Woods , describes the beginnings of the army purge in Palestine , while Lactantius describes events at court . Woods asserts that the relevant passage in Eusebius 's Chronicon was corrupted in the translation to Latin and that Eusebius 's text originally located the beginnings of the army persecution at a fort in Betthorus ( El - Lejjun , Jordan ) . Eusebius , Lactantius , and Constantine each allege that Galerius was the prime impetus for the military purge , and its prime beneficiary . Diocletian , for all his religious conservatism , still had tendencies towards religious tolerance . Galerius , by contrast , was a devoted and passionate pagan . According to Christian sources , he was consistently the main advocate of such persecution . He was also eager to exploit this position to his own political advantage . As the lowest - ranking emperor , Galerius was always listed last in imperial documents . Until the end of the Persian war in 299 , he had not even had a major palace . Lactantius states that Galerius hungered for a higher position in the imperial hierarchy . Galerius 's mother , Romula , was bitterly anti-Christian , for she had been a pagan priestess in Dacia , and loathed the Christians for avoiding her festivals . Newly prestigious and influential after his victories in the Persian war , Galerius might have wished to compensate for a previous humiliation at Antioch , when Diocletian had forced him to walk at the front of the imperial caravan , rather than inside it . His resentment fed his discontent with official policies of tolerance ; from 302 on , he probably urged Diocletian to enact a general law against the Christians . Since Diocletian was already surrounded by an anti-Christian clique of counsellors , these suggestions must have carried great force . Manichean persecution ( edit ) Affairs quieted after the initial persecution . Diocletian remained in Antioch for the following three years . He visited Egypt once , over the winter of 301 -- 302 , where he began the grain dole in Alexandria . In Egypt , some Manicheans , followers of the prophet Mani , were denounced in the presence of the proconsul of Africa . On March 31 , 302 , in a rescript from Alexandria , Diocletian , after consultation with the proconsul for Egypt , ordered that the leading Manicheans be burnt alive along with their scriptures . This was the first time an Imperial persecution ever called for the destruction of sacred literature . Low - status Manicheans were to be executed ; high - status Manicheans were to be sent to work in the quarries of Proconnesus ( Marmara Island ) or the mines of Phaeno . All Manichean property was to be seized and deposited in the imperial treasury . Diocletian found much to be offended by in Manichean religion . His championing of traditional Roman cults impelled him to use the language of religious fervor . The proconsul of Africa forwarded Diocletian an anxious inquiry on the Manichees . In late March 302 , Diocletian responded : the Manicheans `` have set up new and hitherto unheard of sects in opposition to the older creeds so that they might cast out the doctrines vouchsafed to us in the past by divine favour , for the benefit of their own depraved doctrine '' . He continued : `` ... our fear is that with the passage of time , they will endeavour ... to infect ... our whole empire ... as with the poison of a malignant serpent '' . `` Ancient religion ought not to be criticized by a new - fangled one '' , he wrote . The Christians of the empire were vulnerable to the same line of thinking . Diocletian and Galerius , 302 -- 303 ( edit ) Diocletian was in Antioch in the autumn of 302 , when the next instance of persecution occurred . The deacon Romanus visited a court while preliminary sacrifices were taking place and interrupted the ceremonies , denouncing the act in a loud voice . He was arrested and sentenced to be set aflame , but Diocletian overruled the decision , and decided that Romanus should have his tongue removed instead . Romanus would be executed on November 18 , 303 . The boldness of this Christian displeased Diocletian , and he left the city and made for Nicomedia to spend the winter , accompanied by Galerius . Throughout these years the moral and religious didacticism of the emperors was reaching a fevered pitch ; now , at the behest of an oracle , it was to hit its peak . According to Lactantius , Diocletian and Galerius entered into an argument over what imperial policy towards Christians should be while at Nicomedia in 302 . Diocletian argued that forbidding Christians from the bureaucracy and military would be sufficient to appease the gods , while Galerius pushed for their extermination . The two men sought to resolve their dispute by sending a messenger to consult the oracle of Apollo at Didyma . Porphyry may also have been present at this meeting . Upon returning , the messenger told the court that `` the just on earth '' hindered Apollo 's ability to speak . These `` just '' , Diocletian was informed by members of the court , could only refer to the Christians of the empire . At the behest of his court , Diocletian acceded to demands for a universal persecution . Great persecution ( edit ) First edict ( edit ) On February 23 , 303 , Diocletian ordered that the newly built Christian church at Nicomedia be razed , its scriptures burned , and its treasures seized . February 23 was the feast of the Terminalia , for Terminus , the god of boundaries . It was the day they would terminate Christianity . The next day , Diocletian 's first `` Edict against the Christians '' was published . The key targets of this piece of legislation were , as they had been during Valerian 's persecution , Christian property and senior clerics . The edict prohibited Christians from assembling for worship , and ordered the destruction of their scriptures , liturgical books , and places of worship across the empire . But Christians tried to retain the scriptures as far as possible , though , according to de Ste Croix , `` it appears that giving them up ... was not regarded as a sin '' in the East ; sufficient numbers of them must have been successfully saved , as is evident from the representative findings of `` early biblical papyri '' in the stream of the transmission of the text during this period . Christians might have given up apocryphal or pseudepigraphal works , or even refused to surrender their scriptures at the cost of their own lives , and there were some cases where the scriptures were not in the end destroyed . Christians were also deprived of the right to petition the courts , making them potential subjects for judicial torture ; Christians could not respond to actions brought against them in court ; Christian senators , equestrians , decurions , veterans , and soldiers were deprived of their ranks ; and Christian imperial freedmen were re-enslaved . Diocletian requested that the edict be pursued `` without bloodshed '' , against Galerius 's demands that all those refusing to sacrifice be burned alive . In spite of Diocletian 's request , local judges often enforced executions during the persecution , as capital punishment was among their discretionary powers . Galerius 's recommendation -- burning alive -- became a common method of executing Christians in the East . After the edict was posted in Nicomedia , a man named Eutius tore it down and ripped it up , shouting `` Here are your Gothic and Sarmatian triumphs ! '' He was arrested for treason , tortured , and burned alive soon after , becoming the edict 's first martyr . The provisions of the edict were known and enforced in Palestine by March or April ( just before Easter ) , and it was in use by local officials in North Africa by May or June . The earliest martyr at Caesarea was executed on June 7 , and the edict was in force at Cirta from May 19 . The first edict was the sole legally binding edict in the West ; in Gaul and Britain Constantius did not enforce this edict but the East progressively harsher legislation was devised . Second , third , and fourth edicts ( edit ) In the summer of 303 , following a series of rebellions in Melitene ( Malatya , Turkey ) and Syria , a second edict was published , ordering the arrest and imprisonment of all bishops and priests . In the judgment of historian Roger Rees , there was no logical necessity for this second edict ; that Diocletian issued one indicates that he was either unaware the first edict was being carried out , or that he felt it was not working as quickly as he needed it to . Following the publication of the second edict , prisons began to fill -- the underdeveloped prison system of the time could not handle the deacons , lectors , priests , bishops , and exorcists forced upon it . Eusebius writes that the edict netted so many priests that ordinary criminals were crowded out , and had to be released . In anticipation of the upcoming twentieth anniversary of his reign on November 20 , 303 , Diocletian declared a general amnesty in a third edict . Any imprisoned clergyman could now be freed , so long as he agreed to make a sacrifice to the gods . Diocletian may have been searching for some good publicity with this legislation . He may also have sought to fracture the Christian community by publicizing the fact that its clergy had apostatized . The demand to sacrifice was unacceptable to many of the imprisoned , but wardens often managed to obtain at least nominal compliance . Some of the clergy sacrificed willingly ; others did so on pain of torture . Wardens were eager to be rid of the clergy in their midst . Eusebius , in his Martyrs of Palestine , records the case of a clergy who , after being brought to an altar , had his hands seized and made to complete a sacrificial offering . The clergyman was told that his act of sacrifice had been recognized and was summarily dismissed . Others were told they had sacrificed even when they had done nothing . In 304 , the fourth edict ordered all persons , men , women , and children , to gather in a public space and offer a collective sacrifice . If they refused , they were to be executed . The precise date of the edict is unknown , but it was probably issued in either January or February 304 , and was being applied in the Balkans in March . The edict was in use in Thessalonica ( Thessaloniki , Greece ) in April 304 , and in Palestine soon after . This last edict was not enforced at all in the domains of Maximian and Constantius . In the East , it remained applicable until the issue of the Edict of Milan by Constantine and Licinius in 313 . Abdications , instability , and renewed toleration , 305 -- 311 ( edit ) Diocletian and Maximian resigned on May 1 , 305 . Constantius and Galerius became Augusti ( senior emperors ) , while two new emperors , Severus and Maximinus , became Caesars ( junior emperors ) . According to Lactantius , Galerius had forced Diocletian 's hand in the matter , and secured the appointment of loyal friends to the imperial office . In this `` Second Tetrarchy '' , it seems that only the Eastern emperors , Galerius and Maximinus , continued with the persecution . As they left office , Diocletian and Maximian probably imagined Christianity to be in its last throes . Churches had been destroyed , the Church leadership and hierarchy had been snapped , and the army and civil service had been purged . Eusebius declares that apostates from the faith were `` countless '' ( μυρίοι ) in number . At first , the new Tetrarchy seemed even more vigorous than the first . Maximinus in particular was eager to persecute . In 306 and 309 , he published his own edicts demanding universal sacrifice . Eusebius accuses Galerius of pressing on with the persecution as well . In the West , however , the loose ends of the Diocletianic settlement were about to bring the whole Tetrarchic tapestry down . Constantine , son of Constantius , and Maxentius , son of Maximian , had been overlooked in the Diocletianic succession , offending the parents and angering the sons . Constantine , against Galerius 's will , succeeded his father on July 25 , 306 . He immediately ended any ongoing persecutions and offered Christians full restitution of what they had lost under the persecution . This declaration gave Constantine the opportunity to portray himself as a possible liberator of oppressed Christians everywhere . Maxentius , meanwhile , had seized power in Rome on October 28 , 306 , and soon brought toleration to all Christians within his realm . Galerius made two attempts to unseat Maxentius , but failed both times . During the first campaign against Maxentius , Severus was captured , imprisoned , and executed . The peace of Galerius and the edict of Milan , 311 -- 313 ( edit ) Further information : Edict of Toleration by Galerius In the East , the persecution was officially discontinued on April 30 , 311 , although martyrdoms in Gaza continued until May 4 . Galerius , now on his deathbed , issued a proclamation to end hostilities , and give Christians the rights to exist freely under the law , and to peaceable assembly . Persecution was everywhere at an end . Lactantius preserves the Latin text of this pronouncement , describing it as an edict . Eusebius provides a Greek translation of the pronouncement . His version includes imperial titles and an address to provincials , suggesting that the proclamation is , in fact , an imperial letter . The document seems only to have been promulgated in Galerius 's provinces . Among all the other arrangements that we are always making for the benefit and utility of the state , we have heretofore wished to repair all things in accordance with the laws and public discipline of the Romans , and to ensure that even the Christians , who abandoned the practice of their ancestors , should return to good sense . Indeed , for some reason or other , such self - indulgence assailed and idiocy possessed those Christians , that they did not follow the practices of the ancients , which their own ancestors had , perhaps , instituted , but according to their own will and as it pleased them , they made laws for themselves that they observed , and gathered various peoples in diverse areas . Then when our order was issued stating that they should return themselves to the practices of the ancients , many were subjected to peril , and many were even killed . Many more persevered in their way of life , and we saw that they neither offered proper worship and cult to the gods , or to the god of the Christians . Considering the observation of our own mild clemency and eternal custom , by which we are accustomed to grant clemency to all people , we have decided to extend our most speedy indulgence to these people as well , so that Christians may once more establish their own meeting places , so long as they do not act in a disorderly way . We are about to send another letter to our officials detailing the conditions they ought to observe . Consequently , in accord with our indulgence , they ought to pray to their god for our health and the safety of the state , so that the state may be kept safe on all sides , and they may be able to live safely and securely in their own homes . Galerius 's words reinforce the Tetrarchy 's theological basis for the persecution ; the acts did nothing more than attempt to enforce traditional civic and religious practices , even if the edicts themselves were thoroughly nontraditional . Galerius does nothing to violate the spirit of the persecution -- Christians are still admonished for their nonconformity and foolish practices -- Galerius never admits that he did anything wrong . The admission that the Christians ' god might exist is made only grudgingly . Certain early 20th - century historians have declared that Galerius 's edict definitively nullified the old `` legal formula '' non licet esse Christianos , made Christianity a religio licita , `` on a par with Judaism '' , and secured Christians ' property , among other things . Not all have been so enthusiastic . The 17th - century ecclesiastical historian Tillemont called the edict `` insignificant '' ; likewise , the late 20th - century historian Timothy Barnes cautioned that the `` novelty or importance of ( Galerius ' ) measure should not be overestimated '' . Barnes notes that Galerius 's legislation only brought to the East rights Christians already possessed in Italy and Africa . In Gaul , Spain , and Britain , moreover , Christians already had far more than Galerius was offering to Eastern Christians . Other late 20th - century historians , like Graeme Clark and David S. Potter , assert that , for all its hedging , Galerius 's issuance of the edict was a landmark event in the histories of Christianity and the Roman empire . Galerius 's law was not effective for long in Maximinus 's district . Within seven months of Galerius 's proclamation , Maximinus resumed persecution . Persecution would continue in Maximinus 's district until 313 , soon before his death . At a meeting between Licinius and Constantine in Milan in February 313 , the two emperors drafted the terms of a universal peace . The terms of this peace were posted by the victorious Licinius at Nicomedia on June 13 , 313 . Later ages have taken to calling the document the `` Edict of Milan '' . We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship . When you see that this has been granted to them by us , your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times , that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases ; this regulation is made that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion . Regional variation ( edit ) Martyrdoms in the East ( Dubious ) Asia Minor Oriens Danube Diocletian 's provinces ( 303 -- 305 ) 26 31 Galerius 's provinces ( 303 -- 305 ) 14 Galerius 's provinces ( undatable ) 8 Galerius 's provinces ( 305 -- 311 ) 12 12 After Davies , pp. 68 -- 69 . Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy , showing the dioceses and the four Tetrarchs ' zones of influence . The enforcement of the persecutory edicts was inconsistent . Since the Tetrarchs were more or less sovereign in their own realms , they had a good deal of control over persecutory policy . In Constantius 's realm ( Britain and Gaul ) the persecution was , at most , only lightly enforced ; in Maximian 's realm ( Italy , Spain , and Africa ) , it was firmly enforced ; and in the East , under Diocletian ( Asia Minor , Syria , Palestine and Egypt ) and Galerius ( Greece and the Balkans ) , its provisions were pursued with more fervor than anywhere else . For the Eastern provinces , Peter Davies tabulated the total number of martyrdoms for an article in the Journal of Theological Studies . Davies argued that the figures , although reliant on collections of acta that are incomplete and only partially reliable , point to a heavier persecution under Diocletian than under Galerius . The historian Simon Corcoran , in a passage on the origins of the early persecution edicts , criticized Davies ' over-reliance on these `` dubious martyr acts '' and dismissed his conclusions . Britain and Gaul ( edit ) The sources are inconsistent regarding the extent of the persecution in Constantius 's domain , though all portray it as quite limited . Lactantius states that the destruction of church buildings was the worst thing that came to pass . Eusebius explicitly denies that any churches were destroyed in both his Ecclesiastical History and his Life of Constantine , but lists Gaul as an area suffering from the effects of the persecution in his Martyrs of Palestine . A group of bishops declared that `` Gaul was immune '' ( immunis est Gallia ) from the persecutions under Constantius . The death of Saint Alban , the first British Christian martyr , was once dated to this era , but most now assign it to the reign of Septimius Severus . The second , third and fourth edicts seem not to have been enforced in the West at all . It is possible that Constantius 's relatively tolerant policies were the result of Tetrarchic jealousies ; the persecution , after all , had been the project of the Eastern emperors , not the Western ones . After Constantine succeeded his father in 306 , he urged the recovery of Church property lost in the persecution , and legislated full freedom for all Christians in his domain . Africa ( edit ) While the persecution under Constantius was relatively light , there is no doubt about the force of the persecution in Maximian 's domain . Its effects are recorded at Rome , Sicily , Spain , and in Africa -- indeed , Maximian encouraged particularly strict enforcement of the edict in Africa . Africa 's political elite were insistent that the persecution be fulfilled , and Africa 's Christians , especially in Numidia , were equally insistent on resisting them . For the Numidians , to hand over scriptures was an act of terrible apostasy . Africa had long been home to the Church of the Martyrs -- in Africa , martyrs held more religious authority than the clergy -- and harbored a particularly intransigent , fanatical , and legalistic variety of Christianity . It was Africa that gave the West most of its martyrdoms . Africa had produced martyrs even in the years immediately prior to the Great Persecution . In 298 , Maximilian , a soldier in Tebessa , had been tried for refusing to follow military discipline ; in Mauretania , again in 298 , the soldier Marcellus refused his army bonus and took off his uniform in public . Once persecutions began , public authorities were eager to assert their authority . Anullinus , proconsul of Africa , expanded on the edict , deciding that , in addition to the destruction the Christians ' scriptures and churches , the government should compel Christians to sacrifice to the gods . Governor Valerius Florus enforced the same policy in Numidia during the summer or autumn of 303 , when he called for `` days of incense burning '' ; Christians would sacrifice or they would lose their lives . In addition to those already listed , African martyrs also include Saturninus and the Martyrs of Abitina , another group martyred on February 12 , 304 in Carthage , and the martyrs of Milevis ( Mila , Algeria ) . The persecution in Africa also encouraged the development of Donatism , a schismatic movement that forbade any compromise with Roman government or traditor bishops ( those who had handed scriptures over to secular authorities ) . One of the key moments in the break with the mainline Church occurred in Carthage in 304 . The Christians from Abitinae had been brought to the city and imprisoned . Friends and relatives of the prisoners came to visit , but encountered resistance from a local mob . The group was harassed , beaten , and whipped ; the food they had brought for their imprisoned friends was scattered on the ground . The mob had been sent by Mensurius , the bishop of the city , and Caecilian , his deacon , for reasons that remain obscure . In 311 , Caecilian was elected bishop of Carthage . His opponents charged that his traditio made him unworthy of the office , and declared itself for another candidate , Majorinus . Many others in Africa , including the Abitinians , also supported Majorinus against Caecilian . Majorinus 's successor Donatus would give the dissident movement its name . By the time Constantine took over the province , the African Church was deeply divided . The Donatists would not be reconciled to the Catholic Church until after 411 . Italy and Spain ( edit ) Maximian probably seized the Christian property in Rome quite easily -- Roman cemeteries were noticeable , and Christian meeting places could have been easily found out . Senior churchmen would have been similarly prominent . The bishop of the city , Marcellinus , seems not to have ever been imprisoned , however , a fact which has led some to believe Maximian did not enforce the order to arrest clergy in the city . Others assert that Marcellinus was a traditor . Marcellinus appears in the 4th - century Church 's depositio episcoporum but not its feriale , or calendar of feasts , where all Marcellinus 's predecessors from Fabian had been listed -- a `` glaring '' absence , in the opinion of historian John Curran . Within forty years , Donatists began spreading rumors that Marcellinus had been a traditor , and that he had even sacrificed to the pagan gods . The tale was soon embroidered in the 5th - century forgery , the ' Council of Sinuessa ' , and the vita Marcelli of the Liber Pontificalis . The latter work states that the bishop had indeed apostatized , but redeemed himself through martyrdom a few days afterward . What followed Marcellinus 's act of traditio , if it ever actually happened , is unclear . There appears to have been a break in the episcopal succession , however . Marcellinus seems to have died on October 25 , 304 , and ( if he had apostatized ) was probably expelled from the Church in early 303 , but his successor , Marcellus , was not consecrated until either November or December 306 . In the meantime , two factions diverged in the Roman Church , separating the lapsed , Christians who had complied with the edicts to ensure their own safety , and the rigorists , those who would brook no compromise with secular authority . These two groups clashed in street fights and riots , eventually leading to murders . It is said that Marcellus , a rigorist , purged all mention of Marcellinus from church records , and removed his name from the official list of bishops . Marcellus himself was banished from the city , and died in exile on January 16 , 309 . Maxentius , meanwhile , took advantage of Galerius 's unpopularity in Italy ( Galerius had introduced taxation for the city and countryside of Rome for the first time in the history of the empire ) to declare himself emperor . On October 28 , 306 , Maxentius convinced the Praetorian Guard to support him , mutiny , and invest him with the purple robes of the emperor . Soon after his acclamation , Maxentius declared an end to persecution , and toleration for all Christians in his realm . The news traveled to Africa , where in later years a Christian of Cirta could still recall the precise date when `` peace '' was ushered in . Maxentius did not permit the restitution of confiscated property , however . On April 18 , 308 , Maxentius allowed the Christians to hold another election for the city 's bishop , which Eusebius won . Eusebius was a moderate , however , in a still - divided Church . Heraclius , head of the rigorist faction , opposed readmission of the lapsed . Rioting followed , and Maxentius exiled the combative pair from the city , leaving Eusebius to die in Sicily on October 21 . The office was vacant for almost three years , until Maxentius permitted another election . Miltiades was elected on July 2 , 311 , as Maxentius prepared to face Constantine in battle . Maxentius , facing increasingly strong domestic opposition to his rule , now agreed to the restitution of Christian property . Miltiades sent two deacons with letters from Maxentius to the prefect of Rome , the head of the city , responsible for publishing imperial edicts within the city , to ensure compliance . African Christians were still recovering lost property as late as 312 . Outside Rome , there are fewer sure details of the progress and effects of the persecution in Italy ; there are not many deaths securely attested for the region . The Acta Eulpi records the martyrdom of Euplus in Catania , Sicily , a Christian who dared to carry the holy gospels around , refusing to surrender them . Euplus was arrested on April 29 , 304 , tried , and martyred on August 12 , 304 . In Spain the bishop Ossius of Corduba would later declare himself a confessor . After 305 , the year when Diocletian and Maximian abdicated and Constantius became Augustus , there were no more active persecutions in the West . Eusebius declares that the persecution lasted `` less than two years '' . After a brief military standoff , Constantine confronted and defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge outside Rome on October 28 , 312 ; Maxentius retreated to the Tiber river and drowned . Constantine entered the city the next day , but declined to take part in the traditional ascent up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter . Constantine 's army had advanced on Rome under a Christian sign . It had become , officially at least , a Christian army . Constantine 's apparent conversion was visible elsewhere , too . Bishops dined at Constantine 's table , and many Christian building projects began soon after his victory . On November 9 , 312 , the old headquarters of the Imperial Horse Guard were razed to make way for the Lateran Basilica . Under Constantine 's rule , Christianity became the prime focus of official patronage . Nicomedia ( edit ) Before the end of February 303 , a fire destroyed part of the imperial palace . Galerius convinced Diocletian that the culprits were Christian conspirators who had plotted with palace eunuchs . An investigation into the act was commissioned , but no responsible party was found . Executions followed . The palace eunuchs Dorotheus and Gorgonius were eliminated . One individual , a Peter , was stripped , raised high , and scourged . Salt and vinegar were poured in his wounds , and he was slowly boiled over an open flame . The executions continued until at least April 24 , 303 , when six individuals , including the bishop Anthimus , were decapitated . The persecution intensified . Now presbyters and other clergymen could be arrested without having even been accused of a crime , and condemned to death . A second fire appeared sixteen days after the first . Galerius left the city , declaring it unsafe . Diocletian would soon follow . Lactantius blamed Galerius 's allies for setting the fire ; Constantine , in a later reminiscence , would attribute the fire to `` lightning from heaven '' . Lactantius , still living in Nicomedia , saw the beginnings of the apocalypse in Diocletian 's persecution . Lactantius 's writings during the persecution exhibit both bitterness and Christian triumphalism . His eschatology runs directly counter to Tetrarchic claims to `` renewal '' . Diocletian asserted that he had instituted a new era of security and peace ; Lactantius saw the beginning of a cosmic revolution . Palestine and Syria ( edit ) Before Galerius 's edict of toleration ( edit ) Date Deaths 303 -- 305 13 306 -- 310 34 310 -- 311 44 Palestinian martyrs recorded in the Martyrs of Palestine . After Clarke , 657 -- 58 . Palestine is the only region for which an extended local perspective of the persecution exists , in the form of Eusebius 's Martyrs of Palestine . Eusebius was resident in Caesarea , the capital of Roman Palestine , for the duration of the persecution , although he also traveled to Phoenicia and Egypt , and perhaps Arabia as well . Eusebius 's account is imperfect . It focuses on martyrs that were his personal friends before the persecutions began , and includes martyrdoms that took place outside of Palestine . His coverage is uneven . He provides only bare generalities at the bloody end of the persecutions , for example . Eusebius recognizes some of his faults . At the outset of his account of the general persecution in the Ecclesiastical History , Eusebius laments the incompleteness of his reportage : `` how could one number the multitude of martyrs in each province , and especially those in Africa and Mauretania , and in Thebaid and Egypt ? '' Since no one below the status of governor held the legal power to enforce capital punishment , most recalcitrant Christians would have been sent to Caesarea to await punishment . The first martyr , Procopius , was sent to Caesarea from Scythopolis ( Beit She'an , Israel ) , where he had been a reader and an exorcist . He was brought before the governor on June 7 , 303 , and asked to sacrifice to the gods , and to pour a libation for the emperors . Procopius responded by quoting Homer : `` the lordship of many is not a good thing ; let there be one ruler , one king '' . The governor beheaded the man at once . Further martyrdoms followed in the months thereafter , increasing in the next spring , when the new governor , Urbanus , published the fourth edict . Eusebius probably does not list a complete account of all those executed under the fourth edict -- he alludes in passing to others imprisoned with Thecla of Gaza , for example , though he does not name them . Maximinus , Caesar of Palestine , Syria , and Egypt from 305 to 312 The bulk of Eusebius 's account deals with Maximinus . Maximinus took up the office of emperor in Nicomedia on May 1 , 305 , and immediately thereafter left the city for Caesarea , hurrying , Lactantius alleges , so as to oppress and trample the diocese of Oriens . Initially , Maximinus governed only Egypt and the Levant . He issued his own persecutory edict in the spring of 306 , ordering general sacrifice . The edict of 304 had been difficult to enforce , since the Imperial government had no record of city - dwelling subjects who held no agricultural land . Galerius solved this problem in 306 by running another census . This contained the names of all urban heads of household and the number of their dependents ( past censuses had only listed persons paying tax on land , such as landowners and tenants ) . Using lists drawn up by the civil service , Maximinus ordered his heralds to call all men , women , and children down to the temples . There , after tribunes called everyone by name , everyone sacrificed . At some point after the publication of Maximinus 's first edict , perhaps in 307 , Maximinus changed the penalty for transgressions . Instead of receiving the death penalty , Christians would now be mutilated and condemned to labor in state - owned mines . Since Egyptian mines were overstaffed , mostly due to the influx of Christian prisoners , Egyptian penitents were increasingly sent to the copper mines at Phaeno in Palestine and Cilicia in Asia Minor . At Diocaesarea ( Tzippori , Israel ) in the spring of 308 , 97 Christian confessors were received by Firmilianus from the porphyry mines in the Thebaid . Firmilianus cut the tendons on their left feet , blinded their right eyes , and sent them to the mines of Palestine . On another occasion , 130 others received the same punishment . Some were sent to Phaeno , and some to Cilicia . Eusebius characterizes Urbanus as a man who enjoyed some variety in his punishments . One day , shortly after Easter 307 , he ordered the virgin Theodosia from Tyre ( Ṣūr , Lebanon ) thrown to the sea for conversing with Christians attending trial and refusing sacrifice ; the Christians in court , meanwhile , he sent to Phaeno . On a single day , November 2 , 307 , Urbanus sentenced a man named Domninus to be burned alive , three youths to fight as gladiators , and a priest to be exposed to a beast . On the same day , he ordered some young men to be castrated , sent three virgins to brothels , and imprisoned a number of others , including Pamphilus of Caesarea , a priest , scholar , and defender of the theologian Origen . Soon after , and for unknown reasons , Urbanus was stripped of his rank , imprisoned , tried , and executed , all in one day of expedited proceedings . His replacement , Firmilianus , was a veteran soldier and one of Maximinus 's trusted confidants . Eusebius notes that this event marked the beginning of a temporary respite from persecution . Although the precise dating of this respite is not specifically noted by Eusebius , the text of the Martyrs records no Palestinian martyrs between July 25 , 308 and November 13 , 309 . The political climate probably impinged on persecutory policy here : This was the period of the conference of Carnuntum , which met in November 308 . Maximinus probably spent the next few months in discussion with Galerius over his role in the imperial government , and did not have the time to deal with the Christians . In the autumn of 309 , Maximinus resumed persecution by issuing letters to provincial governors and his praetorian prefect , the highest authority in judicial proceedings after the emperor , demanding that Christians conform to pagan customs . His new legislation called for another general sacrifice , coupled with a general offering of libations . It was even more systematic than the first , allowing no exceptions for infants or servants . Logistai ( curatores ) , strategoi , duumviri , and tabularii , who kept the records , saw to it that there were no evasions . Maximinus introduced some innovations to the process , making him the only known persecuting emperor to have done so . This edict now required food sold in the marketplaces to be covered in libation . Maximinus sent sentries to stand guard at bathhouses and city gates to ensure that all customers sacrificed . He issued copies of the fictitious Acts of Pilate to encourage popular hatred of Christ . Prostitutes confessed , under judicial torture , to having engaged in debaucheries with Christians . Bishops were reassigned to work as stable boys for the Imperial horse guard or keepers of the Imperial camels . Maximinus also worked for a revival of pagan religion . He appointed high priests for each province , men who were to wear white robes and supervise daily worship of the gods . Maximinus demanded that vigorous restoration work be done on decaying temples within his domain . The next few months saw the worst extremes of the persecution . On December 13 , 309 , Firmilianus condemned some Egyptians arrested at Ascalon ( Ashkelon , Israel ) on their way to visit the confessors in Cilicia . Three were beheaded ; the rest lost their left feet and right eyes . On January 10 , 310 , Peter and the bishop Asclepius from the dualist Christian sect Marcionism , both from Anaia , near ( Eleutheropolis , Israel ) , were burned alive . On February 16 , Pamphilus and his six companions were executed . In the aftermath , four more members of Pamphilus 's household were martyred for their displays of sympathy for the condemned . The last martyrs before Galerius 's edict of toleration were executed on March 5 and 7 . Then the executions stopped . Eusebius does not explain this sudden halt , but it coincides with the replacement of Firmilianus with Valentinianus , a man appointed at some time before Galerius 's death . The replacement is only attested to via epigraphic remains , like stone inscriptions ; Eusebius does not mention Valentinianus anywhere in his writings . After Galerius 's edict of toleration ( edit ) After Galerius 's death , Maximinus seized Asia Minor . Even after Galerius 's edict of toleration in 311 , Maximinus continued to persecute . His name is absent from the list of emperors publishing Galerius 's edict of toleration , perhaps through later suppression . Eusebius states that Maximinus complied with its provisions only reluctantly . Maximinus told his praetorian prefect Sabinus to write to provincial governors , requesting that they and their subordinates ignore `` that letter '' ( Galerius 's edict ) . Christians were to be free from molestation , and their mere Christianity would not leave them open to criminal charges . Unlike Galerius 's edict , however , Maximinus 's letter made no provisions for Christian assembly , nor did he suggest that Christians build more churches . Maximinus issued orders in Autumn 311 forbidding Christians to congregate in cemeteries . After issuing these orders , he was approached by embassies from cities within his domain , demanding he begin a general persecution . Lactantius and Eusebius state that these petitions were not voluntary , but had been made at Maximinus 's behest . Maximinus began persecuting Church leaders before the end of 311 . Peter of Alexandria was beheaded on November 26 , 311 . Lucian of Antioch was executed in Nicomedia on January 7 , 312 . According to Eusebius , many Egyptian bishops suffered the same fate . According to Lactantius , Maximinus ordered confessors to have `` their eyes gouged out , their hands cut off , their feet amputated , their noses or ears severed '' . Antioch asked Maximinus if it could forbid Christians from living in the city . In response , Maximinus issued a rescript encouraging every city to expel its Christians . This rescript was published in Sardis on April 6 , 312 , and in Tyre by May or June . There are three surviving copies of Maximinus 's rescript , in Tyre , Arycanda ( Aykiriçay , Turkey ) , and Colbasa . They are all essentially identical . To address a complaint from Lycia and Pamphylia about the `` detestable pursuits of the atheists ( Christians ) '' , Maximinus promised the provincials whatever they wanted -- perhaps an exemption from the poll tax . When Maximinus received notice that Constantine had succeeded in his campaign against Maxentius , he issued a new letter restoring Christians their former liberties . The text of this letter , which is preserved in Eusebius 's Historia Ecclesiastica , however , suggests that the initiative was Maximinus 's alone , and not that of Constantine or Licinius . It is also the only passage in the ancient sources providing Maximinus 's rationale for his actions , without the hostility of Lactantius and Eusebius . Maximinus states that he supported Diocletian and Galerius 's early legislation but , upon being made Caesar , came to realize the drain such policies would have on his labor force , and began to employ persuasion without coercion . He goes on to assert that he resisted petitions from Nicomedians to forbid Christians from their city ( an event Eusebius does not otherwise record ) , and that when he accepted the demands of deputations from other cities he was only following imperial custom . Maximinus concludes his letter by referencing the letter he wrote after Galerius 's edict , asking that his subordinates be lenient . He does not refer to his early letters , which encouraged avid persecution . In the early spring of 313 , as Licinius advanced against Maximinus , the latter resorted to savagery in his dealings with his own citizens , and his Christians in particular . In May 313 , Maximinus issued one more edict of toleration , hoping to persuade Licinius to stop advancing , and win more public support . For the first time , Maximinus issued a law which offered comprehensive toleration and the means to effectively secure it . As in his earlier letter , Maximinus is apologetic but one - sided . Maximinus absolves himself for all the failings of his policy , locating fault with local judges and enforcers instead . He frames the new universal toleration as a means of removing all ambiguity and extortion . Maximinus then declares full freedom of religious practice , encourages Christians to rebuild their churches , and pledges to restore Christian property lost in the persecution . The edict changed little : Licinius defeated Maximinus at the Battle of Adrianople on April 30 , 313 ; the now - powerless Maximinus committed suicide at Tarsus in the summer of 313 . On June 13 , Licinius published the Edict of Milan in Nicomedia . Egypt ( edit ) In Eusebius ' Martyrs of Palestine , Egypt is covered only in passing . When Eusebius remarks on the region , however , he writes of tens , twenties , even hundreds of Christians put to death on a single day , which would seem to make Egypt the region that suffered the most during the persecutions . According to one report that Barnes calls `` plausible , if unverifiable '' , 660 Christians were killed in Alexandria alone between 303 and 311 . In Egypt , Peter of Alexandria fled his namesake city early on in the persecution , leaving the Church leaderless . Meletius , bishop of Lycopolis ( Asyut ) , took up the job in his place . Meletius performed ordinations without Peter 's permission , which caused some bishops to complain to Peter . Meletius soon refused to treat Peter as any kind of authority , and expanded his operations into Alexandria . According to Epiphanius of Salamis , the Church split into two sections : the `` Catholic Church '' , under Peter , and , after Peter 's execution , Alexander ; and the `` Church of the Martyrs '' under Meletius . When the two groups found themselves imprisoned together in Alexandria during the persecution , Peter of Alexandria drew up a curtain in the middle of their cell . He then said : `` There are some who are of my view , let them come over on my side , and those of Melitius 's view , stay with Melitius . '' Thus divided , the two sects went on with their affairs , purposely ignoring each other 's existence . The schism continued to grow throughout the persecution , even with its leaders in jail , and would persist long after the deaths of both Peter and Meletius . Fifty - one bishoprics are attested for Egypt in 325 ; fifteen are only known otherwise as seats of the schismatic Church . Legacy ( edit ) The Diocletianic persecution was ultimately unsuccessful . As one modern historian has put it , it was simply `` too little and too late '' . Christians were never purged systematically in any part of the empire , and Christian evasion continually undermined the edicts ' enforcement . Some bribed their way to freedom . The Christian Copres escaped on a technicality : To avoid sacrificing in court , he gave his brother power of attorney , and had him do it instead . Many simply fled . Eusebius , in his Vita Constantini , wrote that `` once more the fields and woods received the worshippers of God '' . To contemporary theologians , there was no sin in this behavior . Lactantius held that Christ himself had encouraged it , and Bishop Peter of Alexandria quoted Matthew 10 : 23 ( `` when they persecute you in this city , flee ye into another '' ) in support of the tactic . The pagan crowd was more sympathetic to the Christians ' sufferings than they had been in the past . Lactantius , Eusebius and Constantine write of revulsion at the excesses of the persecutors -- Constantine of executioners `` wearied out , and disgusted at the cruelties '' they had committed . The fortitude of the martyrs in the face of death had earned the faith respectability in the past , though it may have won few converts . The thought of martyrdom , however , sustained Christians under trial and in prison , hardening their faith . Packaged with the promise of eternal life , martyrdom proved attractive for the growing segment of the pagan population which was , to quote Dodds , `` in love with death '' . To use Tertullian 's famous phrase , the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church . By 324 , Constantine , the Christian convert , ruled the entire empire alone . Christianity became the greatest beneficiary of imperial largesse . The persecutors had been routed . As the historian J. Liebeschuetz has written : `` The final result of the Great Persecution provided a testimonial to the truth of Christianity which it could have won in no other way . '' After Constantine , the Christianization of the Roman empire would continue apace . Under Theodosius I ( r . 378 -- 95 ) , Christianity became the state religion . By the 5th century , Christianity was the empire 's predominant faith , and filled the same role paganism had at the end of the 3rd century . Because of the persecution , however , a number of Christian communities were riven between those who had complied with imperial authorities ( traditores ) and those who had refused . In Africa , the Donatists , who protested the election of the alleged traditor Caecilian to the bishopric of Carthage , continued to resist the authority of the central Church until after 411 . The Melitians in Egypt left the Egyptian Church similarly divided . In future generations , both Christians and pagans would look back on Diocletian as , in the words of theologian Henry Chadwick , `` the embodiment of irrational ferocity '' . To medieval Christians , Diocletian was the most loathsome of all Roman emperors . From the 4th century on , Christians would describe the `` Great '' persecution of Diocletian 's reign as a bloodbath . The Liber Pontificalis , a collection of biographies of the popes , alleges 17,000 martyrs within a single thirty - day period . In the 4th century , Christians created a `` cult of martyrs '' in homage to the fallen . Hagiographers portrayed a persecution far more extensive than the real one had been , and the Christians responsible for this cult were loose with the facts . Their `` heroic age '' of martyrs , or `` Era of Martyrs '' , was held to begin with Diocletian 's accession to the emperorship in 284 , rather than 303 , when persecutions actually began ; they fabricated a large number of martyrs ' tales ( indeed , most surviving martyrs ' tales are forgeries ) , exaggerated the facts in others , and embroidered true accounts with miraculous details . Of the surviving martyrs ' acts , only those of Agnes , Sebastian , Felix and Adauctus , and Marcellinus and Peter are even remotely historical . These traditional accounts were first questioned in the Enlightenment , when Henry Dodwell , Voltaire , and , most famously , Edward Gibbon questioned traditional accounts of the Christian martyrs . In the final chapter of the first volume of his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1776 ) , Gibbon claims that Christians had greatly exaggerated the scale of the persecutions they suffered : After the church had triumphed over all her enemies , the interest as well as vanity of the captives prompted them to magnify the merit of their respective suffering . A convenient distance of time and place gave an ample scope to the progress of fiction ; and the frequent instances which might be alleged of holy martyrs , whose wounds had been instantly healed , whose strength had been renewed , and whose lost members had miraculously been restored , were extremely convenient for the purpose of removing every difficulty , and of silencing every objection . The most extravagant legends , as they conduced to the honour of the church , were applauded by the incredulous multitude , countenanced by the power of the clergy , and attested by the suspicious evidence of ecclesiastical history . Throughout his history , Gibbon implies that the early Church undermined traditional Roman virtues , and thereby impaired the health of civil society . When Gibbon sought to reduce the numbers of the martyrs in his History , he was perceived as intending to diminish the Church and deny sacred history . He was attacked for his suspected irreligion in print . The contemporary classical scholar Richard Porson mocked Gibbon , writing that his humanity never slept , `` unless when women are ravished , or the Christians persecuted '' . Later historians , however , took Gibbon 's emphases even further . As Marxist historian G.E.M. de Ste . Croix put it in 1954 , `` The so - called Great Persecution has been exaggerated in the Christian tradition to an extent which even Gibbon did not fully appreciate . '' In 1972 , the ecclesiastical Protestant historian Hermann Dörries was embarrassed to admit to his colleagues that his sympathies lay with the Christians rather than their persecutors . W.H.C. Frend guesses that 3,000 -- 3,500 Christians were killed in the persecution . Although the number of verifiably true martyrs ' tales has fallen , and estimates of the total casualty rate have been reduced , some modern writers are less skeptical than Gibbon of the severity of the persecution . As the author Stephen Williams wrote in 1985 , `` even allowing a margin for invention , what remains is terrible enough . Unlike Gibbon , we live in an age which has experienced similar things , and knows how unsound is that civilised smile of incredulity at such reports . Things can be , have been , every bit as bad as our worst imaginings . '' See also ( edit ) List of Christians killed during the reign of Diocletian Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Early pagan opponents of the Christians would see their God as a political criminal , executed under a governor of Judea for proclaiming himself `` King of the Jews '' , and note that their holy texts included an allegorical attack on the Roman state that prophesied its imminent destruction ( Revelation ) . These arguments were less effective as time went on , since Christians were visibly apolitical . Jump up ^ Clarke argues that other evidence ( Cyprian , Epistolae 75.10. 1f ; Origen Contra Celsus 3.15 ) undermines Eusebius 's picture of Maximin 's policy , and vouches for a comparatively light persecution instead . Jump up ^ Although some members of the laity were persecuted , the primary targets of official action were always the clergy and the more prominent lay Christians . Jump up ^ The Palestinian Talmud records that when Diocletian paid a visit to the region , he decreed that `` sacrifices should be offered by all the people except the Jews '' . Jump up ^ The edict illegalized sibling marriage , which had long been customary in the East . Jump up ^ Hopkins assumes a constant growth rate of 3.35 % per annum . Hopkins ' study is cited at Potter , 314 . The historian Robin Lane Fox gives a smaller estimate of the Christian population in 300 -- 4 % or 5 % of the empire 's total population -- but allows that Christian numbers grew as a result of the hardship of the years from 250 to 280 . Jump up ^ Clarke argues against reading a large advancement in either the numbers or the social status of Christians into this data . Jump up ^ Clarke cautions , however , that this shift in attitudes may simply be an artifact of the source material . Jump up ^ Aurelius Victor describes the circle around Diocletian as an imminentium scrutator ; Lactantius describes it as a scrutator rerum futurarum . Jump up ^ Later dates are possible , but discouraged by the statement in the Suda ( written in the 10th century ) that Porphyry only `` survived until ( the reign ) of Diocletian '' . Jump up ^ Helgeland places the event in 301 . Barnes argued for a date of 302 or `` not long before '' in 1976 , but accepted a date of 299 in 1981 . Woods argues for a date of 297 , on the grounds that Diocletian and Galerius were both in the area at this time , and because Eusebius 's Chronicle associates the persecution with Galerius 's defeat by Narseh . ( For , although Eusebius dates the defeat to 302 , it actually occurred in 297 . ) Jump up ^ Davies disputes Barnes ' identification of Constantine 's unnamed emperor ( Oratio ad Coetum Sanctum 22 ) with Galerius . Jump up ^ Barnes argues that Diocletian was prepared to tolerate Christianity -- he did , after all , live within sight of Nicomedia 's Christian church , and his wife and daughter were , if not Christians themselves ( as per Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.1. 3 ; Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.1 ) , at least sympathetic to the faith -- but was successively brought closer and closer to intolerance under Galerius 's influence . Davies takes a more skeptical view of the same evidence . Jump up ^ The edict might not actually have been an `` edict '' in the technical sense ; Eusebius does not refer to it as such , and the passage in the Passio Felicis which includes the word edictum ( `` exiit edictum imperatorum et Caesarum super omnem faciem terrae '' ) may simply have been written to echo Luke 2 : 1 ( `` exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto ut profiteretur universus orbis terrae '' ) . Elsewhere in the passion , the text is called a programma . The text of the edict itself does not actually survive . Jump up ^ This apparently included any house in which scriptures were found . Jump up ^ Gaddis writes that the quotation may be a slur on Galerius 's trans - Danubian ancestry . Jump up ^ The document is not actually an edict , but a letter . The two can be distinguished by the presence of a specific addressee on a letter , and the absence of one on an edict . The version of the document preserved by Lactantius ( De Mortibus Persecutorum 48.2 -- 12 ) is a letter to the governor of Bithynia , and was presumably posted in Nicomedia after Licinius had taken the city from Maximinus . Eusebius 's version ( Historia Ecclesiastica 10.5. 2 -- 14 ) is probably a copy sent to the governor of Palestine and posted in Caesarea . Jump up ^ These figures count only the total number of martyrdoms , not the number of individuals martyred . Davies takes his figures from martyrs ' acts collected by the Bollandists . Jump up ^ S. Lieberman located this event at Lydda ( Lod , Israel ) . Barnes contests this identification , arguing that since Eusebius specifically identifies the city as wholly Jewish , it is unlikely to have been Lydda , which had a Christian bishop by 325 . Diocaesarea , however , was noted for its Jewishness long thereafter . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gaddis , 29 . ^ Jump up to : Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 503 . ^ Jump up to : Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 511 ; de Ste - Croix , `` Persecuted ? '' , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Dodds , 111 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , 35 . Jump up ^ Dodds , 110 . Jump up ^ Schott , Making of Religion , 2 , citing Eusebius , Praeparatio Evangelica 1.2. 1 . Jump up ^ Schott , Making of Religion , 1 . Jump up ^ Dodds , 115 -- 16 , citing Justin , Apologia 2.2 ; Tertullian , Apologia 3 . Jump up ^ Castelli , 38 ; Gaddis , 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ de Ste - Croix , `` Persecuted ? '' , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 15.44. 6 , cited in Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 504 ; Dodds , 110 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 504 , citing Suetonius , Nero 16.2 . Jump up ^ Dodds , 111 -- 12 , 112 n. 1 ; de Ste - Croix , `` Persecuted ? '' , 20 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 616 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 510 . See also : Barnes , `` Legislation '' ; de Sainte - Croix , `` Persecuted ? '' ; Musurillo , lviii -- lxii ; and Sherwin - White , `` Early Persecutions . '' Jump up ^ Drake , Bishops , 87 -- 93 ; Edwards , 579 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 506 -- 8 , citing Pliny , Epistaules 10.96 . Jump up ^ Martyrium Polycarpi ( = Musurillo , 2 -- 21 ) and Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 4.15 ; Frend , 509 ( Smyrna ) ; Martyrium Scillitanarum acta ( = Musurillo , 86 -- 89 ) , cited in Frend , 510 ( Scilli ) . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 5.1 ( = Musurillo , 62 -- 85 ) ; Edwards , 587 ; Frend , 508 . Jump up ^ G.W. Clarke , `` The origins and spread of Christianity , '' in Cambridge Ancient History , vol. 10 , The Augustan Empire , ed . Alan K. Bowman , Edward Champlin , and Andrew Linott ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) , 869 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 616 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 510 ; de Ste - Croix , `` Persecuted ? '' , 7 . ^ Jump up to : Robin Lane Fox , The Classical World : An Epic History of Greece and Rome ( Toronto : Penguin , 2006 ) , 576 . Jump up ^ Castelli , 38 . Jump up ^ Drake , Bishops , 113 -- 14 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 511 . Jump up ^ Origen , Contra Celsum 3.9 , qtd. and tr. in Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 512 . Jump up ^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae , Septimius Severus , 17.1 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 511 . Timothy Barnes , at Tertullian : A Historical and Literary Study ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1971 ) , 151 , calls this supposed rescript an `` invention '' of the author , reflecting his own religious prejudices instead of imperial policy under the Severans . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 6.28 , cited in Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 513 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 621 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 625 -- 27 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 513 ; Rives , 135 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 6.39. 4 ; Clarke , 632 , 634 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 514 . Jump up ^ E. Leigh Gibson , `` Jewish Antagonism or Christian Polemic : The Case of the Martyrdom of Pionius , '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 : 3 ( 2001 ) : 339 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Dodds , 108 , 108 n. 2 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wilson Trigg , Origen ( New York : Routledge , 1998 ) , 61 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 635 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 514 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 514 , citing Cyprian , De lapsis 8 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 514 , citing Martyrium Pionii 15 ( = Musurillo , 156 -- 57 ) . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 514 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 7.10. 3 , qtd. and tr. in Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 515 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 516 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 7.15 ; Digeser , Christian Empire , 52 ; Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 517 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 517 . Jump up ^ Williams , 161 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , 161 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 11 ( 3 ) 6 , qtd. and tr . Williams , 162 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Prelude '' , 3 . Jump up ^ Bowman , `` Diocletian '' , 70 -- 71 ; Corcoran , `` Before Constantine '' , 40 ; Liebeschuetz , 235 -- 52 , 240 -- 43 ; Odahl , 43 -- 44 ; Williams , 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Curran , 47 ; Williams , 58 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Frend , `` Prelude '' , 4 . Jump up ^ Curran , 47 . Jump up ^ Potter , 296 , citing Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 617 , 641 , 618 ; Frend , `` Prelude '' , 3 ; Lane Fox , 593 . See also Millar , 182 , on Tetrarchic triumphalism in the Near East . Jump up ^ Potter , 336 . Jump up ^ Potter , 333 . ^ Jump up to : Curran , 48 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 627 . Jump up ^ Palestinian Talmud , Aboda Zara 5.4 , qtd. and tr. in Curran , 48 . See also : Dodd , 111 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 430 . Jump up ^ Martin Goodman , Rome and Jerusalem ( New York : Allen Lane , 2007 ) , 499 -- 505 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 19 , 295 n. 50 ; New Empire , 62 n. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 295 n. 50 . Jump up ^ Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 6.4 , qtd. and tr. in Clarke , 649 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 20 . See also : Lane Fox , 594 . Jump up ^ Davies , 93 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , 191 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 590 -- 92 . See also : Rodney Stark , The Rise of Christianity : A Sociologist Reconsiders History ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1996 ) . ^ Jump up to : Frend , `` Prelude '' , 2 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 379 ; Lane Fox , 587 ; Potter , 314 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 379 ; Potter , 314 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 379 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 615 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 2 -- 4 , 8.9. 7 , 8.11. 2 , cited in Keresztes , 379 ; Potter , 337 , 661 n. 16 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.2 , cited in Keresztes , 379 ; Potter , 337 , 661 n. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 ; Clarke , 621 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 621 -- 22 . Jump up ^ de Ste - Croix , `` Persecuted ? '' , 21 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Dodds , 109 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , Divinae Institutiones 5.2. 12 -- 13 ; Digeser , Christian Empire , 5 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , Divinae Institutiones 5.2. 3 ; Frend , `` Prelude '' , 13 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , Divinae Institutiones 5.2. 3ff ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 22 . Jump up ^ Aurelius Victor , Caes . 39.48 , cited in Keresztes , 381 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.1 , cited in Keresztes , 381 . Jump up ^ Augustine , De Citivae Dei 10.29 , qtd. and tr. in Frend , `` Prelude '' , 9 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Prelude '' , 10 . Jump up ^ Suda , π , 2098 , qtd. and tr . Frend , `` Prelude '' , 10 n. 64 . See also : Barnes , `` Porphyry 's Against the Christians '' ; Croke ; and Digeser , `` Religious Toleration '' . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Prelude '' , 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 58 ; Frend , `` Prelude '' , 12 . Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 49 ; Frend , `` Prelude '' , 12 . Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 60 , 63 ; Frend , `` Prelude '' , 12 . Jump up ^ Porphyry frg. 1 , tr . Digeser , Christian Empire , 6 ; Frend , `` Prelude '' , 13 n. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , 92 . Jump up ^ Arnobius , Adversus Nationes , 1.24 , qtd. in Davies , 79 -- 80 , from a translation by Bryce and Campbell . Jump up ^ Walter , 111 Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.1 -- 5 ; Barnes , `` Sossianus Hierocles '' , 245 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 18 -- 19 ; Davies , 78 -- 79 ; Helgeland , 159 ; Liebeschuetz , 246 -- 8 ; Odahl , 65 . Jump up ^ Helgeland , 159 . Jump up ^ Barnes , `` Sossianus Hierocles '' , 245 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Woods , `` Two Notes '' , 128 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 380 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.4. 2 -- 3 ; Barnes , `` Sossianus Hierocles '' , 246 ; Helgeland , 159 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , 89 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Woods , `` ' Veturius ' '' , 588 . Jump up ^ Woods , `` ' Veturius ' '' , 589 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6 , 31.1 and Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8 , app . 1 , 3 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 19 , 294 ; Keresztes , 381 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 19 , 294 . Jump up ^ Davies , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 20 ; Corcoran , `` Before Constantine '' , 51 ; Odahl , 54 -- 56 , 62 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Davies , 66 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Jones , 71 ; Liebeschuetz , 235 -- 52 , 246 -- 48 . Contra : Davies , 66 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 65 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 9.9 -- 10 ; Odahl , 303 n. 24 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.1 -- 2 ; Odahl , 66 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 19 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 261 ; Keresztes , 381 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 20 ; Clarke , 648 , citing Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 660 and Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 25.36 -- 8 . Jump up ^ H.M. Gwatkin , `` Notes on Some Chronological Questions Connected with the Persecution of Diocletian , '' English Historical Review 13 : 51 ( 1898 ) : 499 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 15.3. 3f , qtd. and tr. in Clarke , 648 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 647 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 595 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6 -- 11 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 ; Odahl , 67 . Jump up ^ Schott , `` Porphyry on Christians '' , 278 ; Beatrice , 1 -- 47 ; Digeser , Christian Empire , passim . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 2.50 . Davies ( 80 n. 75 ) believes that this should be re-written as `` the profane on earth '' . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 ; Elliott , 35 -- 36 ; Keresztes , 381 ; Lane Fox , 595 ; Liebeschuetz , 235 -- 52 , 246 -- 48 ; Odahl , 67 ; Potter , 338 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 22 ; Clarke , 650 ; Odahl , 67 -- 69 ; Potter , 337 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum , 12.1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 ; Gaddis , 29 ; Keresztes , 381 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 22 ; Clarke , 650 ; Potter , 337 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 75 ; Williams , 176 . Jump up ^ The Old Latin pre-Vulgate version is given here , from Corcoran , Empire , 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 180 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 179 . ^ Jump up to : Curran , 49 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 8 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 22 ; De Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 75 ; Liebeschuetz , 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 4 ; De Martyribus Palestinae praef. 1 ; and Optatus , Appendix 2 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 22 ; Clarke , 650 ; Liebeschuetz , 249 -- 50 ; Potter , 337 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 75 . Jump up ^ de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 75 . Jump up ^ de Ste Croix , `` Christian Persecution '' , 47 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , 476 -- 477 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2014 ) . The Early Church at Work and Worship. 1 . Casemate Publishers . p. 276 . ISBN 0 - 227 - 90374 - 9 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 23 ; Klingshirn , 169 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , 650 -- 51 ; Potter , 337 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 650 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 650 -- 51 ; Potter , 337 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.8 , qtd. in Clarke , 651 ; Keresztes , 381 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 11.8 , cited in Keresztes , 381 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , 651 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 381 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 13.2 and Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.5. 1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 22 ; Corcoran , Empire , 179 ; Williams , 176 . The quotation is from Lactantius , and the translation by Williams . Jump up ^ Gaddis , 30 n. 4 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 4 ; De Martyribus Palestinae praef. ; and Acta Felicis ( = Musurillo , 266 -- 71 ) ; Corcoran , Empire , 180 ; Clarke , 651 ; Keresztes , 382 ; Potter , 337 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 1.1 -- 2 , cited in Corcoran , Empire , 180 . Jump up ^ Optatus , Appendix 1 ; Corcoran , Empire , 180 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 23 ; Corcoran , Empire , 181 -- 82 . Jump up ^ de Ste Croix , `` Christian Persecution '' , 55 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 181 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 5 ; 8.6. 8 -- 9 and De Martyribus Palestinae praef. 2 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 ; Corcoran , Empire , 181 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 76 . Jump up ^ Rees , 63 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 8 -- 9 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 76 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 10 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 ; Corcoran , Empire , 181 -- 82 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Rees , 64 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 , citing Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae ( S ) , praef. 2 ; ( S ) 1.3 -- 4 ; ( L ) 1.5 b ; and Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2. 5 , 6.10 ; Corcoran , Empire , 181 -- 82 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 76 -- 77 ; Keresztes , 383 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 ; Liebeschuetz , 249 -- 50 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 77 . Jump up ^ Baynes , `` Two Notes '' , 189 ; de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 77 . Jump up ^ de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 77 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 , citing Martyrion ton hagion Agapes , Eirenes kai Chiones . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 . Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz , 250 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 26 -- 27 ; Odahl , 72 -- 74 ; Southern , 152 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 18 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 25 -- 26 ; Odahl , 71 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 384 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.3. 1 , qtd. in Clarke , 655 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 655 . Jump up ^ Eusebius De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8 , 9.2 ; Keresztes , 384 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 655 , citing Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.14. 9ff . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9 and Divinae Institutiones 1.1. 13 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 28 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 28 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 30 , 38 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 656 ; Corcoran , Empire , 186 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 656 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 33.11 -- 35 and Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17. 1 -- 11 ; Corcoran , Empire , 186 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1. 1 ; Corcoran , Empire , 186 , 186 n. 68 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 34.1 -- 5 , qtd. and tr. in Potter , 355 -- 56 . See Clarke , 656 -- 57 , for a translation from J.L. Creed . Jump up ^ Potter , 356 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 657 . ^ Jump up to : Knipfing , 705 , cited in Keresztes , 390 . Jump up ^ Knipfing , 705 ; K. Bihlmeyer , `` Das Toleranzedikt des Galerius von 311 '' , Theol . Quartalschr. 94 ( 1912 ) 412 ; and J. Vogt , `` Christenverflolgung '' , RAC 1199 , cited in Keresztes , 390 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 390 . Jump up ^ Louis - Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont , Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers siècles ( Paris , 1693 ) , 5.44 , qtd. and tr. in Keresztes , 390 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 39 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 657 ; Potter , 356 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2. 1 ; Clarke , 659 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 149 . ^ Jump up to : Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 45.1 , 48.2 , qtd. and tr. in Clarke , 662 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 2 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Davies , 68 n. 6 . Jump up ^ Davies , 68 n. 7 . Jump up ^ Davies , 69 n. 8 . Jump up ^ Davies , 69 n. 9 . Jump up ^ Davies , 69 n. 10 . Jump up ^ Davies , 69 n. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , 68 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 651 ; Keresztes , 384 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , `` Before Constantine '' , 45 -- 46 ; Williams , 67 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 596 ; Williams , 180 . Jump up ^ Davies , 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 261 n. 58 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 15.7 ; Clarke , 651 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.13. 13 ; Vita Constantini 1.13 ; and De Martyribus Palestinae 13.12 ; Clarke , 651 , 651 n. 149 . Jump up ^ Optatus , 1.22 ; Clarke , 651 n. 149 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 180 , citing Charles Thomas , Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 ( London : Batsford , 1981 ) , 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Empire , 181 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 28 ; Clarke , 652 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 23 ; Clarke , 651 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 23 . Jump up ^ Williams , 177 . Jump up ^ Frend , `` Genesis and Legacy '' , 510 . Jump up ^ Martyrium Perpetuae et Felicitatis 13.1 ( = Musurillo , 106 -- 31 ) , cited in Tilley , `` North Africa '' , 391 . Jump up ^ Edwards , 585 ; Tilley , `` North Africa '' , 387 , 395 ; Williams , 179 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , 179 . Jump up ^ Acta Maximiliani ( = Musurillo , 244 -- 49 ) ; Tilley , The Bible , 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Acta Marcelli ( = Musurillo , 250 -- 59 ) ; Tilley , The Bible , 46 . Jump up ^ Optatus , Appendix 1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 23 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 23 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Martyr Stories , 25 -- 49 ; Clarke , 652 n. 153 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 652 n. 153 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 652 n. 153 . Jump up ^ Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs 20 ( = Tilley , Martyr Stories , 44 -- 46 ) ; Tilley , Martyr Stories , xi ; The Bible , 9 , 57 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Tilley , The Bible , 10 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 56 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Martyr Stories , xi . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 ; Curran , 49 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 , 303 n. 100 ; Curran , 49 . Jump up ^ ' Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 , 303 n. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 , 304 n. 106 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 , 303 -- 4 n. 105 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 23.5 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 29 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 30 . Jump up ^ Optatus , 1.18 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 . Jump up ^ Optatus , Appendix 1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 , 304 n. 107 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 10.5. 15 -- 17 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 39 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 651 , 651 n. 151 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 13.12 , qtd. in Clarke , 652 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 40 -- 41 ; Odahl , 96 -- 101 Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 -- 44 ; Odahl , 111 . Cf. also Curran , 72 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 48 . Cf . contra : MacMullen , 45 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 1.42. 1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 48 . Jump up ^ Curran , 93 -- 96 , citing Krautheimer , Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum , 5.90 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 ; Lane Fox , 596 ; Williams , 178 . See also : Keresztes , 382 . Jump up ^ Williams , 178 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 ; Southern , 168 ; Williams , 177 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 24 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 68 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , Divinae Institutiones 7 ; Williams , 178 . Jump up ^ Trompf , 120 . Jump up ^ Williams , 181 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 148 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 154 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Keresztes , 389 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.6. 10 , qtd. and tr. in Keresztes , 389 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 150 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae ( L ) 1.1 ff ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae ( L ) 1.5 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 151 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 3.1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 151 , 356 n. 27 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 151 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 151 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8 ; Keresztes , 384 . Jump up ^ de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 97 , 113 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 23.1 ff ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 151 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 4.8 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 152 ; Keresztes , 384 ; Mitchell , 112 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 7.1 -- 4 ; Keresztes , 388 . On Christian condemnation to the mines in general , see J.G. Davies , `` Condemnation to the Mines : A Neglected Chapter in the History of the Persecutions , '' University of Birmingham Historical Journal 6 ( 1958 ) , 99 -- 107 . The same punishment was later used on Christian heretics , on which see Mark Gustafson , `` Condemnation to the Mines in the Later Roman Empire , '' Harvard Theological Review 87 : 4 ( 1994 ) , 421 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 8.1 -- 4 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 ; Keresztes , 388 . Jump up ^ Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves 7 ( 1939 -- 44 ) , 410ff . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 357 n. 39 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 8.13 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 ; Keresztes , 388 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 7.1 f , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 152 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.13. 5 ; De Martyribus Palestinae 7.3 ff ; 13 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 152 -- 53 ; Keresztes , 388 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 7.7 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae ( L ) 8.1 ; ( S ) 11.31 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 9.1 , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 , 357 n. 42 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 9.2 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 ; Keresztes , 384 ; Mitchell , 112 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 596 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 9.2 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 153 ; Keresztes , 384 ; Lane Fox , 596 ; Mitchell , 112 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 596 . On the Acts of Pilate , see also : Johannes Quasten , Patrology , volume I : The Beginnings of Patristic Literature ( Westminster , MD : Newman , 1950 ) , 116 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 596 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , 112 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 154 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 10.1 ff , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 154 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , De Martyribus Palestinae 11.1 ff ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 154 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 154 , 357 n. 49 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 357 n. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , 113 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 660 ; Mitchell , 113 . Jump up ^ Barnes , New Empire , 22 -- 23 ; Michell , 113 n. 21 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1. 1 ; Mitchell , 113 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.1. 2 , 9.1. 3 -- 6 ; Mitchell , 113 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2. 1 ; Clarke , 660 ; Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.2 and Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 36.3 ; Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6. 2 ; Clarke , 660 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6. 3 ; Clarke , 660 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.6. 2 ; Clarke , 660 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 36.7 , qtd. and tr. in Clarke , 660 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.7. 3 -- 14 , cited in Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , 117 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 598 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 4 -- 9 ; Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 2 -- 3 ; Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 4 ; Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 5 -- 6 ; Mitchell , 114 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.9 a. 7 -- 9 ; Mitchell , 114 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 1 -- 2 and Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 37.3 -- 42 ; Mitchell , 115 . Jump up ^ Barnes , New Empire , 68 ; Mitchell , 115 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , 115 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 8 -- 9 ; Mitchell , 115 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 9.10. 10 -- 11 ; Mitchell , 115 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 46.8 -- 9 ; Mitchell , 115 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , 116 . Jump up ^ Keresztes , 389 . On the Egyptian response to the persecutions , see also : Annemarie Luijendijk , `` Papyri from the Great Persecution : Roman and Christian Perspectives , '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 16 : 3 ( 2008 ) : 341 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Timothy Barnes , Athanasius and Constantius : Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1993 ) , 10 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbetter , 259 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Panarion 68.3. 3 , qtd. and tr. in MacMullen , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , 160 n. 17 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 590 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 651 ; Lane Fox , 597 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 597 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Oxyrhynchus Papyri 2601 , tr . J.R. Rhea , quoted in Barnes , `` Constantine and the Bishops '' , 382 ; Lane Fox , 598 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 11.2 , qtd. and tr . Nicholson , 50 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , Divinae Institutiones 4.18. 1 -- 2 , qtd. and tr . Nicholson , 49 . Jump up ^ King James Version , qtd. in Nicholson , 51 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Drake , 149 -- 53 ; Lane Fox , 598 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Constantine , Oratio ad Sanctum Coetum 22 , qtd. and tr. in Drake , 150 . Jump up ^ Drake , 98 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 441 ; MacMullen , 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Lane Fox , 441 . Jump up ^ Dodds , 135 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , Apologeticus 50 ; Dodds , 133 ; MacMullen , 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 48 -- 49 , 208 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz , 252 . Jump up ^ Iole Fargnoli , `` Many Faiths and One Emperor : Remarks about the Religious Legislation of Theodosius the Great , '' Revue Internationale des Droits de l'Antiquité 53 ( 2006 ) : 146 . Jump up ^ Warren Treadgold , A History of the Byzantine State and Society ( Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1997 ) , 122 . See also : MacMullen , vii , and passim . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 56 ; Tilley , Martyr Stories , xi . Jump up ^ Chadwick , 179 . Jump up ^ Richard Gerberding , `` The later Roman Empire , '' in The New Cambridge Medieval History , vol. 1 , c. 500 -- c. 700 , ed . Paul Fouracre ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) , 21 . ^ Jump up to : Curran , 50 . Jump up ^ Liber Pontificalis 1.162 ; Curran , 50 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , New Empire , 177 -- 80 ; Curran , 50 . Jump up ^ de Ste Croix , `` Aspects '' , 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ David Womersley , The Transformation of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 1988 ) , 128 , 128 n. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Womersley , Transformation , 128 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Decline and Fall , ed . David Womersley ( London : Allen Lane , 1994 ) , 1 : 578 . Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , Barbarism and Religion , vol. 5 , Religion : The First Triumph ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) , ix -- xi , 34 ; Patricia B. Craddock , Edward Gibbon : Luminous Historian , 1772 -- 1794 ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1989 ) , 60 -- 61 , 122 . Jump up ^ Porson , Letters to Mr. Archdeacon Travis ( 1790 ) , xxviii , qtd. in Womersley , Gibbon and the ' Watchmen of the Holy City ' : The Historian and his Reputation 1776 -- 1815 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , 184 -- 85 n. 39 . Jump up ^ Weekly Worker obituary , retrieved Sept. 26 , 2010 Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ de Ste . Croix , `` Aspects '' , 104 . Jump up ^ Hermann Dörries , Constantine the Great , trans . R.H. Bainton ( New York : Harper & Row , 1972 ) , 13 n . 11 . Jump up ^ Frend , Martyrdom and Persecution , 393 -- 94 ; Liebeschuetz , 251 -- 52 . References ( edit ) Ancient sources ( edit ) Arnobius . Adversus Nationes ( Against the Heathen ) ca . 295 -- 300 . Bryce , Hamilton , and Hugh Campbell , trans . Against the Heathen . From Ante - Nicene Fathers , Vol. 6 . Edited by Alexander Roberts , James Donaldson , and A. Cleveland Coxe . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1886 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Dessau , Hermann . Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae ( Berlin : Weidmann , 1892 -- 1916 ) Eusebius of Caesarea . Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) first seven books ca . 300 , eighth and ninth book ca . 313 , tenth book ca . 315 , epilogue ca . 325 . Books Eight and Nine . Williamson , G.A. , trans . The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine . London : Penguin , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044535 - 8 Eusebius of Caesarea . De Martyribus Palestinae ( On the Martyrs of Palestine ) . McGiffert , Arthur Cushman , trans . Martyrs of Palestine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 1 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1890 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Cureton , William , trans . History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea , Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript . London : Williams & Norgate , 1861 . Accessed September 28 , 2009 . Eusebius of Caesarea . Vita Constantini ( The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ) ca . 336 -- 39 . Richardson , Ernest Cushing , trans . Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 1 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1890 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Lactantius . Divinae Institutiones ( The Divine Institutes ) ca . 303 -- 311 . Fletcher , William , trans . The Divine Institutes . From Ante - Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7 . Edited by Alexander Roberts , James Donaldson , and A. Cleveland Coxe . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1886 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Lactantius . De Ira Dei ( On the Wrath of God ) ca . 313 . Fletcher , William , trans . On the Anger of God . From Ante - Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7 . Edited by Alexander Roberts , James Donaldson , and A. Cleveland Coxe . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1886 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Lactantius . Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum ( Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors ) ca . 313 -- 15 . Fletcher , William , trans . Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died . From Ante - Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7 . Edited by Alexander Roberts , James Donaldson , and A. Cleveland Coxe . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1886 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Musurillo , Herbert , trans . The Acts of the Christian Martyrs . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1972 . Optatus . Contra Parmenianum Donatistam ( Against the Donatists ) ca . 366 -- 367 . Vassall - Phillips , O.R. , trans . The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists . London : Longmans , Green , & Co. , 1917 . Quick links to the separate books and parts of ' Against the Donatists ' , Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse , 2006 . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Porphyry . Fragments . Brauunsberg , David , and Roger Pearse , eds . `` Porphyry , Against the Christians : Fragments '' , in Selected Fathers of the Church . 2006 . Accessed June 9 , 2009 . Tertullian . Apologeticus ( Apology ) 197 . Thelwall , S. , trans . Apology . From Ante - Nicene Fathers , Vol. 3 . Edited by Alexander Roberts , James Donaldson , and A. Cleveland Coxe . ( Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1885 . ) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Accessed June 16 , 2009 . Tilley , Maureen A , trans . Donatist Martyr Stories : The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 1996 . Modern sources ( edit ) Barnes , Timothy D. `` Legislation Against the Christians . '' Journal of Roman Studies 58 : 1 -- 2 ( 1968 ) : 32 -- 50 . Barnes , Timothy D. `` Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the `` Great Persecution '' . '' Journal of Roman Studies 80 ( 1976 ) : 239 -- 252 . Barnes , Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16531 - 1 Barnes , Timothy D . The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 7837 - 2221 - 4 Barnes , Timothy D. `` Scholarship or Propaganda ? Poprphyry Against the Christians and its Historical Setting . '' Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39 ( 1994 ) : 53 -- 65 . Barnes , Timothy D. `` Review : Constantine and the Bishops : The Politics of Intolerance . '' Phoenix 54 : 3 -- 4 ( 2000 ) : 381 -- 383 . Barnes , Timothy D. `` Monotheists All ? '' Phoenix 55 : 1 -- 2 ( 2001 ) : 142 -- 162 . Baynes , Norman H. `` Two Notes on the Great Persecution . '' The Classical Quarterly 18 : 3 -- 4 ( 1924 ) : 189 -- 194 . Beatrice , Pier Franco . `` Antistes Philosophiae . Ein Christenfeindlicher Propagandist am Hofe Diokletians nach dem Zeugnis des Laktanz . '' Aug 33 ( 1993 ) : 1 -- 47 . ( In German ) Castelli , Elizabeth A. Martyrdom and Memory : Early Christian Culture Making . New York : Columbia University Press , 2004 . Chadwick , Henry . The Church in Ancient Society : From Galilee to Gregory the Great . New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 . Clarke , Graeme . `` Third - Century Christianity . '' In The Cambridge Ancient History , Volume XII : The Crisis of Empire , edited by Alan Bowman , Averil Cameron , and Peter Garnsey , 589 -- 671 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30199 - 8 Corcoran , Simon . The Empire of the Tetrarchs , Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284 -- 324 . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814984 - 0 Corcoran , Simon . `` Before Constantine . '' In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine , edited by Noel Lenski , 35 -- 58 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2006 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 521 - 81838 - 9 Paperback ISBN 0 - 521 - 52157 - 2 Curran , John . Pagan City and Christian Capital : Rome in the Fourth Century . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815278 - 7 Davies , P.S. `` The Origin and Purpose of the Persecution of AD 303 . '' Journal of Theological Studies 40 : 1 ( 1989 ) : 66 -- 94 . Digeser , Elizabeth DePalma . The Making of a Christian Empire : Lactantius and Rome . Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3594 - 3 Dodds , E.R. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety : Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine . New York : Norton , 1970 . Drake , H.A. Constantine and the Bishops : The Politics of Intolerance . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6218 - 3 Edwards , Mark . `` Christianity , A.D. 70 -- 192 . '' In The Cambridge Ancient History , Volume XII : The Crisis of Empire , edited by Alan Bowman , Averil Cameron , and Peter Garnsey , 573 -- 588 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30199 - 8 Elliott , T.G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great . Scranton , PA : University of Scranton Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 940866 - 59 - 5 Fox , see Lane Fox , Robin Frend , William H.C. Martyrdom and persecution in the early church : a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus . New York University Press , 1967 . Reissued in 2008 by James Clarke Company , U.K. ISBN 0 - 227 - 17229 - 9 Frend , W.H.C. `` Prelude to the Great Persecution : The Propaganda War . '' Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 : 1 ( 1987 ) : 1 -- 18 . Frend , W.H.C. `` Persecutions : Genesis and Legacy . '' In The Cambridge History of Christianity , Volume I : Origins to Constantine , edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young , 503 -- 523 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81239 - 9 Gaddis , Michael . There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ : Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24104 - 5 Gibbon , Edward . History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Vol. 1 . edited by David Womersley . London : Penguin Classics , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 043393 - 7 Greenslade , S.L. , ed. ( 1975 ) , The Cambridge History of the Bible , 3 , The West from the Reformation to the Present Day , Cambridge University Press , Paperback ISBN 0 - 521 - 29016 - 3 Helgeland , John . `` Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173 -- 337 . '' Church History 43 : 2 ( 1974 ) : 149 -- 163 , 200 . Hopkins , Keith . `` Christian Number and Its Implications . '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 6 : 2 ( 1998 ) : 185 -- 226 . Jones , A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire , 284 -- 602 : A Social , Economic and Administrative Survey . Oxford : Basil Blackwell , 1964 . Keresztes , Paul . `` From the Great Persecution To the Peace of Galerius . '' Vigiliae Christianae 37 : 4 ( 1983 ) : 379 -- 399 . Klingshirn , William E. ; Safran , Linda , eds. ( 2007 ) , The Early Christian Book , Washington : The Catholic University of America Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 1486 - 3 Knipfing , J.R. `` The Edict of Galerius ( 311 A.D. ) re-considered . '' Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 1 ( 1922 ) : 693 -- 705 . Lane Fox , Robin . Pagans and Christians . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55495 - 7 Leadbetter , William . `` From Constantine to Theodosius ( and Beyond ) . '' In The Early Christian World , ed . Philip Francis Esler , 258 -- 292 . London : Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16496 - 2 Liebeschuetz , J.H.W.G. Continuity and Change in Roman Religion . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814822 - 4 Löhr , Winrich . `` Some Observations on Karl - Heinz Schwarte 's ' Diokletians Christengesetz ' . '' Vigiliae Christianae 56 : 1 ( 2002 ) : 75 -- 95 MacMullen , Ramsay . Christianizing the Roman Empire . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03642 - 6 Millar , Fergus . The Roman Near East , 31 B.C. -- A.D. 337 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1993 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 674 - 77885 - 5 Paperback ISBN 0 - 674 - 77886 - 3 Mitchell , Stephen . `` Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312 : A New Latin Inscription . '' Journal of Roman Studies 78 ( 1988 ) : 105 -- 124 . Nicholson , Oliver . `` Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ : Lactantius ' Divine Institutes IV . 18 , 1 -- 2 . '' Journal of Theological Studies 40 : 1 ( 1989 ) : 48 -- 65 . Odahl , Charles Matson . Constantine and the Christian Empire . New York : Routledge , 2004 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 17485 - 6 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 38655 - 1 Potter , David S . The Roman Empire at Bay : AD 180 -- 395 . New York : Routledge , 2005 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 10057 - 7 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 10058 - 5 Rees , Roger . Diocletian and the Tetrarchy . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1661 - 6 Rives , J.B. `` The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire . '' Journal of Roman Studies 89 ( 1999 ) : 135 -- 154 . de Sainte - Croix , G.E.M. `` Aspects of the Great Persecution . '' Harvard Theological Review 47 ( 1954 ) : 75 -- 113 . de Sainte - Croix , G.E.M. `` Christian Persecution , Martyrdom , and Orthodoxy '' . New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927812 - 1 de Sainte - Croix , G.E.M. `` Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted ? '' Past & Present 26 ( 1963 ) : 6 -- 38 . Schott , Jeremy M. `` Porphyry on Christians and Others : `` Barbarian Wisdom , '' Identity Politics , and Anti-Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution . '' Journal of Early Christian Studies 13 : 3 ( 2005 ) : 277 -- 314 . Schott , Jeremy M. Christianity , Empire , and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity . Philadelphia : University of Philadelphia Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4092 - 4 Sherwin - White , A.N. `` The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again . '' Journal of Theological Studies 3 : 2 ( 1952 ) , 199 -- 213 . Tilley , Maureen A . The Bible in Christian North Africa : The Donatist World . Minneapolis : Fortress Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2880 - 2 Tilley , Maureen A. `` North Africa . '' In The Cambridge History of Christianity , Volume I : Origins to Constantine , edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young , 381 -- 396 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81239 - 9 Trompf , G.W. Early Christian Historiography : Narratives of redistributive justice . New York : Continuum , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5294 - 9 Walter , Christopher . The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition . Ashgate Publishing , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 84014 - 694 - X Williams , Stephen . Diocletian and the Roman Recovery . New York : Routledge , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91827 - 8 Woods , David . `` Two Notes on the Great Persecution . '' Journal of Theological Studies 43 : 1 ( 1992 ) : 128 -- 134 . Woods , David . `` ' Veturius ' and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution . '' Mnemosyne 54 : 5 ( 2001 ) : 587 -- 591 . External links ( edit ) A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked Persecution of Christians from Britannica Persecution of Christians Anti-Christian sentiment By incident Early Christianity New Testament Roman Empire Great Fire of Rome Persecution in Lyon Decian persecution Diocletianic Persecution Early modern French Revolution Revolt in the Vendée Martyrs of Japan Boxer Rebellion Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam Modern 1860 Lebanon conflict Massacres of Diyarbakir Adana massacre Hamidian massacres Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Greek genocide Damour massacre Istanbul pogrom Eastern Bloc Genocide of Christians by ISIL By persecutor Early Christianity Agrippa I Roman Empire Nero Domitian Septimius Severus Maximinus Thrax Decius Valerian Late Antiquity Diocletian Maximian Galerius Shapur II Athanaric Early modern Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu Kangxi Tipu Sultan Minh Mạng Tự Đức Queen Jeongsun Modern Ranavalona I Mwanga II of Buganda Plutarco Elías Calles Tomás Garrido Canabal Bai Chongxi Enver Hoxha Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin Mao Zedong Pol Pot Kim Il - sung Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi By country Afghanistan Algeria Burma Cambodia China Egypt France Germany ( Prussia ) German ( Nazi ) India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Laos Lebanon Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Nigeria North Korea Ottoman Empire Pakistan Saudi Arabia Somalia Soviet Union Spain Sudan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Yemen By group Anti-Catholicism Persecution of Copts Anti-Mormonism Violence against Mormons Persecution of Orthodox Christians Anti-Protestantism Anti-Anabaptist Martyrs ( list ) Massacre of the Innocents Saint Stephen Carthusian Martyrs Chinese Martyrs Drina Martyrs Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Korean Martyrs Martyrs of Japan Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War New Martyr North American Martyrs Saints of the Cristero War Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs 233 Spanish Martyrs 498 Spanish Martyrs 522 Spanish Martyrs Martyrs of Turon Martyrs of Daimiel Eastern Catholics in the USSR 108 Martyrs of World War Two Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocletianic_Persecution&oldid=822979871 '' Categories : 4th - century Christianity 4th - century conflicts Persecution of early Christians Christian terminology 303 4th century in law 300s in the Roman Empire Diocletian Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Español Esperanto Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was targeted in the great persecution that began in 303	[ "The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.[1] In 303, the Emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding the legal rights of Christians and demanding that they comply with traditional Roman religious practices. Later edicts targeted the clergy and ordered all inhabitants to sacrifice to the Roman gods (a policy known as universal sacrifice). The persecution varied in intensity across the empire—weakest in Gaul and Britain, where only the first edict was applied, and strongest in the Eastern provinces. Persecutory laws were nullified by different emperors at different times, but Constantine and Licinius's Edict of Milan (313) has traditionally marked the end of the persecution." ]	[ "Christians" ]
-4509827222488233125	Federal Bureau of Narcotics	Federal Bureau of Narcotics - wikipedia Federal Bureau of Narcotics This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal Bureau of Narcotics First Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger Agency overview Formed June 14 , 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 - 06 - 14 ) Jurisdiction U.S. Government Parent agency Department of Justice Office of the Director of National Intelligence For the Australian bureau , see Australian Federal Police . The Federal Bureau of Narcotics ( FBN ) was an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury . Established in the Department of the Treasury by an act of June 14 , 1930 consolidating the functions of the Federal Narcotics Control Board and the Narcotic Division . These older bureaus were established to assume enforcement responsibilities assigned to the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act , 1914 and the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act , 1922 . ( aka Jones - Miller Act ) Harry J. Anslinger was appointed its first commissioner by Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon under President Herbert Hoover . Under Anslinger , the bureau lobbied for harsh penalties for drug usage . The FBN is credited for criminalizing drugs such as cannabis with the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 , as well as strengthening the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 . Even so , the main focus of the FBN was fighting opium and heroin smuggling . One instance against opium was The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 . To that end the FBN over time established several offices overseas in France , Italy , Turkey , Beirut , Thailand and other hotspots of international narcotics smuggling . These agents ( never totaling more than 17 ) cooperated with local drug enforcement agencies in gathering intelligence on smugglers and also made undercover busts locally . The work against heroin and opium was however hamstrung by US foreign policy considerations : during the Vietnam War for instance great importance was placed on investigating minor Vietnamese smugglers that could be connected to the resistance while investigations of large scale smugglers from the US ally Thailand were left unfinished . Anslinger retired in 1962 and was succeeded by Henry Giordano , who was the commissioner of the FBN until it was merged in 1968 with the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control , an agency of the Food and Drug Administration , to form the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs , an agency of the United States Department of Justice . The BNDD was a predecessor agency of the current Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . See also ( edit ) Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Sherman v. United States : A U.S. Supreme Court case involving the Bureau . List of United States federal law enforcement agencies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Records of the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) '' . 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Anslinger , Harry Jacob ; Tompkins , William F. ( 1 January 1980 ) . `` The Traffic in Narcotics '' . Arno Press -- via Google Books . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Bureau_of_Narcotics&oldid=864825449 '' Categories : Defunct agencies of the United States government United States Department of the Treasury History of drug control Defunct federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Drugs in the United States Government agencies established in 1930 1930 establishments in the United States 1968 disestablishments in the United States Government agencies disestablished in 1968 Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the federal bureau of narcotics (now the dea) established	[ "The Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) was an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury. Established in the Department of the Treasury by an act of June 14, 1930 consolidating the functions of the Federal Narcotics Control Board and the Narcotic Division. These older bureaus were established to assume enforcement responsibilities assigned to the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 1914 and the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, 1922.[1] (aka Jones-Miller Act)\n" ]	[ "June 14, 1930" ]
8722342565842491319	List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories	List of demonyms for U.S. States and territories - wikipedia List of demonyms for U.S. States and territories This is a list of official and notable unofficial terms used to designate the citizens of specific states and territories of the United States . List ( edit ) State , district or territory Official ( recommended by U.S. GPO ) Official , unofficial , or informal alternatives Alabama Alabamian Alabaman Alaska Alaskan American Samoa † American Samoan Arizona Arizonan Sand Cutter Arkansas Arkansan Arkansawyer , Arkie California Californian Californio ( archaic ) Colorado Coloradan Coloradoan ( archaic ) Connecticut Connecticuter Connecticotian , Connecticutensian , Nutmeg , Nutmegger Delaware Delawarean Blue Hen 's Chicken , Muskrat District of Columbia † Washingtonian Florida Floridian Alligator , Cracker , Fly - Up - the - Creek Georgia Georgian Buzzard , Cracker , Goober - grabber Guam † Guamanian Hawaii Hawaiian Islander , Kama'aina . The Associated Press Stylebook restricts use of `` Hawaiian '' to people of Native Hawaiian descent . Idaho Idahoan Fortune Seekers Illinois Illinoisan Illinoisian , Illinoian , Flatlander , Sucker , Sand - hiller , Egyptian Indiana Hoosier Indianan ( former GPO demonym replaced by Hoosier in 2016 ) Iowa Iowan Hawkeye Kansas Kansan Sunflower , Jayhawker , Grasshopper Kentucky Kentuckian Corncracker Louisiana Louisianian Maine Mainer Down Easter or Downeaster , Mainiac , Maryland Marylander Massachusetts Massachusettsan Bay Stater ( official term used by state government ) , Massachusettsian , Massachusite , Masshole ( derogatory as an exonym ; however , it can be affectionate when applied as an endonym ) Michigan Michigander Michigander , Wolverine , Michiganite , Yooper / Troll ( for residents of the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula , respectively ) , Michigoose ( used specifically for female residents , as a play on `` Michi gander '' ) Minnesota Minnesotan Gopher Mississippi Mississippian Missouri Missourian Montana Montanan Nebraska Nebraskan Nevada Nevadan New Hampshire New Hampshirite New Hampshireman or New Hampshirewoman New Jersey New Jerseyan Jerseyite , New Jerseyite New Mexico New Mexican Spanish : Neomexicano , Neomejicano New York New Yorker Knickerbocker North Carolina North Carolinian Tar Heel , Tar Boiler , North Dakota North Dakotan Northern Mariana Islands † Mariana Islander Ohio Ohioan Buckeye , Ohian ( obsolete ) Oklahoma Oklahoman Okie , Sooner Oregon Oregonian Pennsylvania Pennsylvanian Pennamite , Keystoner Puerto Rico † Puerto Rican Boricua Rhode Island Rhode Islander Rhodean , Swamp Yankee South Carolina South Carolinian Sandlapper South Dakota South Dakotan Tennessee Tennessean Volunteer , Big Bender , Butternut Texas Texan Texian ( Anglo - Texan - historical ) , Tejano ( Hispano - Texan ) , Texican ( archaic ) Utah Utahn Utahan Vermont Vermonter Virginia Virginian Virgin Islands † Virgin Islander Washington Washingtonian West Virginia West Virginian Wisconsin Wisconsinite Badger , Cheesehead Wyoming Wyomingite Wyomese † - Not officially a U.S. state , rather a U.S. territory or district . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Demonym List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual . 2016 . § 5.23 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( June 26 , 1994 ) . `` On Language : Foam Fell on Alabama '' . The New York Times . Safire reports that after he used the word `` Alabaman '' in a column , he received a letter from Vic Gold that said in part , `` The natives , I have learned to my sorrow , prefer Alabamian . '' Jump up ^ `` The State of Alabama '' . Netstate . Jump up ^ `` The State of Arizona - An Introduction to the Grand Canyon State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Arkansawyer definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ar kie '' . Dictionary.infoplease.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Writers Style Guide . Colorado State University . p. 62 , . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . The correct name for a person from Colorado is Coloradan ( not Coloradoan ) . Jump up ^ Quillen , Ed ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Coloradan or Coloradoan ? '' . The Denver Post . ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Connecticut - An Introduction to the Constitution State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Delaware - An Introduction to the First State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Florida '' . Netstate . Jump up ^ `` ' Cracker ' Means Something Entirely Different In Florida : A Source Of ' Pride ' '' . Mediaite . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Georgia '' . Netstate . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Hawaii - An Introduction to the Aloha State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Christian , Darrel ; Jacobsen , Sally A. ; Minthorn , David , eds. ( 2013 ) . The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law . New York , NY : Basic Books . p. 112 . ISBN 9780465082995 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Idaho '' . Netstate . Jump up ^ Jim Fitzgerald ( 1987 - 10 - 06 ) . `` A Friend Escapes To Illinois ... And Now Is A Flatlander ! '' . ChicagoTribune.com . Jump up ^ `` The State of Illinois - An Introduction to the Prairie State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Iowa '' . Netstate.com . Jump up ^ `` The State of Kansas - An Introduction to the Sunflower State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Corncracker - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007 . New York : World Almanac Books . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88687 - 995 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Mainiac '' . Time . June 20 , 1938 . ( term used in reference to Maine author Kenneth Roberts ) Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts General Laws , Chapter 2 , Section 35 : Designation of citizens of commonwealth '' . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 29 . : `` Bay Staters shall be the official designation of citizens of the commonwealth . '' Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/06/magazine/on-language.html Jump up ^ Collections . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . 1877 . p. 435 . Jump up ^ Jones , Thomas ( 1879 ) . DeLancey , Edward Floyd , ed . History of New York During the Revolutionary War . New York : New York Historical Society . p. 465 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Naomi ; Irwin , Patricia ( July 2010 ) . `` Boston ( r ) : Neighbo ( r ) s nea ( r ) and fa ( r ) '' . Language Variation and Change . 22 ( 2 ) : 270 . Jump up ^ `` ' Masshole ' among newest words added to Oxford English Dictionary '' . masslive.com . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Michigan - An Introduction to the Great Lakes State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marckwardt , Albert H. ( 1952 ) . `` Wolverine and Michigander '' . Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review . LVIII : 203 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Sperber , Hans ( February 1954 ) . `` Words and Phrases in American Politics : Michigander '' . American Speech. 29 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 453592 . ^ Jump up to : `` MDE - Michigan Glossary '' . Michigan.gov. 2008 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from '' . Netstate.Com. 2009 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Neomexicano definition by Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ New York Knicks , What 's a Knickerbocker ? Jump up ^ Powell , William S. ( March 1982 ) . `` What 's in a Name ? : Why We 're All Called Tar Heels '' . Tar Heel . Tar Heel Magazine , Inc . OCLC 005457348 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Ohio - An Introduction to the Buckeye State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ohian . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Roy P. ( December 20 , 1968 ) . `` Postal Card Proves Sooners Were ' Okies ' Way Back In 1907 '' . The Daily Oklahoman . p. 9 , col. 2 . Now comes Mrs. Agness Hooks of Thomas with a postal card mailed at Newcastle , Ind. in 1907 , address to a Miss Agness Kirkbridge , with the salutation : ' Hello Okie -- Will see you next Monday night . ' Signed : Myrtle M. Pence . Mrs. Hooks says Agness Kirkbridge was an aunt of hers . The Kirkbridge family came to Oklahoma Territory in 1904 and settled south of Custer City . Jump up ^ `` The State of Oklahoma - An Introduction to the Sooner State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` History of '' . Luzerne County . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Providence Journal Rhode Island breaking news , sports , politics , business , entertainment , weather and traffic - providencejournal.com - Providence Journal '' . Projo.com. 2012 - 07 - 17 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.sciway.net/hist/sandlapper.html Jump up ^ `` The State of Tennessee - An Introduction to the Volunteer State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ de la Teja , Jesus F. ( 1997 ) . `` The Colonization and Independence of Texas : A Tejano Perspective '' . In Rodriguez O. , Jaime E. ; Vincent , Kathryn . Myths , Misdeeds , and Misunderstandings : The Roots of Conflict in U.S. -- Mexican Relations . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2662 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Want to Be a Badger ? '' . Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . Jump up ^ Kapler , Joseph , Jr . ( Spring 2002 ) . On Wisconsin Icons : When You Say ' Wisconsin ' , What Do You Say ? . Wisconsin Historical Society . pp. 18 -- 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Foamation : About Us . Foamation . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Daily Tribune '' . 1903 - 06 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutdemonymat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories&oldid=851385372 '' Categories : States of the United States - related lists American regional nicknames Lists of demonyms Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 22 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what do you call a person who lives in washington	[ "\n\n\n\nState, district or territory\n\nOfficial(recommended by U.S. GPO)[1]\n\nOfficial, unofficial, or informal alternatives\n\n\n Alabama\nAlabamian\nAlabaman[2][3]\n\n\n Alaska\nAlaskan\n\n\n\n American Samoa†\n\nAmerican Samoan\n\n\n Arizona\nArizonan\nSand Cutter[4]\n\n\n Arkansas\nArkansan\nArkansawyer,[5] Arkie[6]\n\n\n California\nCalifornian\nCalifornio (archaic)\n\n\n Colorado\nColoradan\nColoradoan (archaic)[7][8]\n\n\n Connecticut\nConnecticuter\nConnecticotian,[9] Connecticutensian,[9] Nutmeg,[9] Nutmegger[9]\n\n\n Delaware\nDelawarean\nBlue Hen's Chicken,[10] Muskrat[10]\n\n\n District of Columbia†\n\nWashingtonian\n\n\n Florida\nFloridian\nAlligator,[11] Cracker,[12] Fly-Up-the-Creek[11]\n\n\n Georgia\nGeorgian\nBuzzard, Cracker, Goober-grabber[13]\n\n\n Guam†\n\nGuamanian\n\n\n Hawaii\nHawaiian\nIslander,[14] Kama'aina. The Associated Press Stylebook restricts use of \"Hawaiian\" to people of Native Hawaiian descent.[15]\n\n\n Idaho\nIdahoan\nFortune Seekers[16]\n\n\n Illinois\nIllinoisan\nIllinoisian, Illinoian, Flatlander,[17] Sucker, Sand-hiller, Egyptian[18]\n\n\n Indiana\nHoosier\nIndianan (former GPO demonym replaced by Hoosier in 2016)[1]\n\n\n Iowa\nIowan\nHawkeye[19]\n\n\n Kansas\nKansan\nSunflower, Jayhawker, Grasshopper[20]\n\n\n Kentucky\nKentuckian\nCorncracker[21]\n\n\n Louisiana\nLouisianian\n\n\n\n Maine\nMainer\nDown Easter or Downeaster,[22] Mainiac,[23]\n\n\n Maryland\nMarylander\n\n\n\n Massachusetts\nMassachusettsan\nBay Stater (official term used by state government),[24] Massachusettsian,[25] Massachusite,[26][27] Masshole (derogatory[28] as an exonym; however, it can be affectionate when applied as an endonym[29])\n\n\n Michigan\nMichigander\nMichigander,[30] Wolverine,[31][32] Michiganite, Yooper/Troll (for residents of the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula, respectively),[33] Michigoose (used specifically for female residents, as a play on \"Michigander\")[33]\n\n\n Minnesota\nMinnesotan\nGopher\n\n\n Mississippi\nMississippian\n\n\n\n Missouri\nMissourian\n\n\n\n Montana\nMontanan\n\n\n\n Nebraska\nNebraskan\n\n\n\n Nevada\nNevadan\n\n\n\n New Hampshire\nNew Hampshirite\nNew Hampshireman or New Hampshirewoman[34]\n\n\n New Jersey\nNew Jerseyan\nJerseyite, New Jerseyite\n\n\n New Mexico\nNew Mexican\nSpanish: Neomexicano, Neomejicano[35]\n\n\n New York\nNew Yorker\nKnickerbocker[36][37]\n\n\n North Carolina\nNorth Carolinian\nTar Heel, Tar Boiler,[38]\n\n\n North Dakota\nNorth Dakotan\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands†\n\nMariana Islander\n\n\n Ohio\nOhioan\nBuckeye,[39] Ohian (obsolete)[40]\n\n\n Oklahoma\nOklahoman\nOkie,[41] Sooner[42]\n\n\n Oregon\nOregonian\n\n\n\n Pennsylvania\nPennsylvanian\nPennamite,[43] Keystoner\n\n\n Puerto Rico†\nPuerto Rican\nBoricua[44]\n\n\n Rhode Island\nRhode Islander\nRhodean, Swamp Yankee[45]\n\n\n South Carolina\nSouth Carolinian\nSandlapper[46]\n\n\n South Dakota\nSouth Dakotan\n\n\n\n Tennessee\nTennessean\nVolunteer, Big Bender, Butternut[47]\n\n\n Texas\nTexan\nTexian (Anglo-Texan - historical),[48] Tejano (Hispano-Texan), Texican (archaic)\n\n\n Utah\nUtahn\nUtahan\n\n\n Vermont\nVermonter\n\n\n\n Virginia\nVirginian\n\n\n\n Virgin Islands†\n\nVirgin Islander\n\n\n Washington\nWashingtonian\n\n\n\n West Virginia\nWest Virginian\n\n\n\n Wisconsin\nWisconsinite\nBadger,[49] Cheesehead[50][51]\n\n\n Wyoming\nWyomingite\nWyomese[52]\n" ]	[ "Washingtonian" ]
2620323876281306831	English school holidays	English school holidays - wikipedia English school holidays Jump to : navigation , search The English school year generally runs from early September to mid July of the following year . Most schools operate a three - term school year , each term divided in half . Autumn term runs from early September to mid December ( half term falls in late October ) . Spring Term runs from early January to Easter ( half term falls in mid February ) . Summer Term runs from Easter to mid July ( half term falls in late May or early June ) . At the end of each half term , in October , February and May , there is a holiday which lasts about one week ( usually nine full days , including two weekends ) . The Christmas holidays separate the autumn and spring terms , and the Easter holidays separate the spring and summer terms . Each holiday lasts about two weeks . The summer holiday begins in late July , and is usually about six weeks long . The local education authority sets the holiday dates for all schools under its control . Academies set their own dates , but often match the dates of other local schools . There may be days when individual schools are closed due to teacher training , bad weather , or other unplanned events . Parents are advised to contact the school directly with regards to closure , but general information can be found on local radio websites and often the local education authority website . Contents ( hide ) 1 English Independent Schools 2 Impact of school holidays on tourism and the economy 3 School holidays in fiction 4 See also 5 References English Independent schools ( edit ) Independent schools ( also known as `` public schools '' ( age about 13 + ) and `` private schools '' or `` preparatory schools '' ( under 13 ) in the UK ) generally operate an academic year ( Independent academic year ) similar to the above , but often have shorter terms and longer holidays . More traditional schools use the term names originating at Oxford University ; namely Michaelmas term ( autumn ) , named after the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels on 29 September , Lent term or Easter term ( spring ) and Trinity term ( summer ) , named after Trinity Sunday which is eight weeks after Easter . Some international schools operate a different system using semesters rather than terms . Impact of school holidays on tourism and the economy ( edit ) The timing of the English school holidays has a major impact on traffic . During holidays there is a marked reduction in traffic congestion at peak periods on many routes , leading to faster journey times . ( Since England does not have a wide network of state - run school transport , many parents prefer to take their children to and from school by car . ) Another important consequence of the timing of English school holidays is the pricing of holiday accommodation . There is generally a steep rise in the cost of accommodation during the school holidays , due to increased demand . The English tourism industry closely monitors various websites that provide up to date school holiday information , and sets its prices accordingly . Prices often drop by hundreds of pounds just one week into the new school term . Since most schools have a strict policy against children being taken out of school , parents who decide to save money by taking a family holiday during the school term risk not only damaging their children 's education but also fines or warnings from their school . Parents can be issued with a penalty notice whenever they take their children on holiday during term time without getting authorisation from the school . Penalty notices can be issued by local councils , headteachers ( including deputy and assistant heads authorised by them ) and the police . Generally , schools will agree to no more than 10 school days of absence in any school year . School holidays in fiction ( edit ) The Swallows and Amazons series of children 's novels by Arthur Ransome are all set in the school holidays , generally the long ( August ) summer holidays although some are set in Easter or winter . For example , in `` Pigeon Post '' , he wrote : Term time was gone as if it had been wiped out . Real life was beginning again . See also ( edit ) School holiday References ( edit ) Jump up ^ List of English school holidays Jump up ^ Holidays during term time - what the law says Jump up ^ Pigeon Post Chapter 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_school_holidays&oldid=805305824 '' Categories : Holidays in England Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 13 : 50 . About Wikipedia	when does school start and end in england	[ "The English school year generally runs from early September to mid July of the following year. Most schools operate a three-term school year, each term divided in half." ]	[ "early September to mid July of the following year" ]
3773908672779198146	It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)	It 's My Party ( Lesley Gore song ) - wikipedia It 's My Party ( Lesley Gore song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's My Party '' Original US single cover Single by Lesley Gore from the album I 'll Cry If I Want To B - side `` Danny '' Released April 1963 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded March 30 , 1963 Genre Pop rock blue - eyed soul Length 2 : 19 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Walter Gold John Gluck Jr . Herb Weiner Seymour Gottlieb Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Lesley Gore singles chronology `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's My Party '' ( 1963 ) `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' ( 1963 ) EP cover `` It 's My Party '' is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s . In 1963 , American singer Lesley Gore 's version hit # 1 on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States . It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theme 2 Background 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version 5 Other cover versions , sampling , and references 6 The sequel : `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Notes 9 References Theme ( edit ) The song lyrically portrays the discomfiture of a teenage girl at her birthday party when her boyfriend Johnny disappears , only to surface in the company of Judy , another girl , who is `` wearing his ring , '' to indicate she 's replaced the birthday girl as his love interest . The song 's chorus , `` It 's my party , and I 'll cry if I want to ... You would cry too if it happened to you ! '' became a part of American pop cultural language as a phrase used to describe being utterly humiliated and miserable during an event that is supposed to be a happy occasion . `` It 's My Party '' is in the key of A major . The song 's effectiveness is enhanced by several musical touches producer Quincy Jones incorporated , including Latin - sounding rhythms , double tracked vocals and effective horn parts . Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny wrote of the song , `` ' It 's My Party ' remains one of the most vivid evocations of adolescent heartbreak ever waxed -- Quincy Jones produced the record , although you 'd swear it was Aaron Spelling instead . '' Background ( edit ) `` It 's My Party '' was credited to John Gluck , Wally Gold and Herb Weiner , staff writers at the Aaron Schroeder Music firm in 1962 . The lyrics were actually written by Seymour Gottlieb , a freelance songwriter . He gave the lyrics to Herb Weiner , with whom he partnered in writing songs , to peddle . It was based on actual events relating to Gottlieb 's daughter Judy 's ' Sweet 16 ' party , before which she cried over the prospect of her grandparents being invited . The demo for the song was cut by Barbara Jean English , a girl group veteran ( the Clickettes , the Fashions ) , who was then working as a receptionist at the firm . She also worked with Jimmy Radcliffe , serving as the firm 's in - house demo singer . Radcliffe produced the demo , and , according to English , `` tried to persuade Musicor ( the label owned by Aaron Schroeder ) to release it as a record , or to take me into a master studio and redo it , but they were n't interested . '' The first recording of the song was in 1962 by The Chiffons for their One Fine Day album . It was also recorded by Helen Shapiro for her Helen in Nashville album in February 1963 with Shapiro 's regular producer , Norrie Paramor , and also Al Kasha . Shapiro would recall : `` Right from the first time we heard the song on the rough demo back in London , we thought we were going to sock them between the eyes with that one '' ; however , Shapiro 's version was not one of the cuts chosen as an advance single from the album and by the time of the album 's release that October the `` It 's My Party '' track was perceived as a cover of Lesley Gore 's hit . Lesley Gore recalls that `` It 's My Party '' was among some two hundred demos producer Quincy Jones brought to review with her in the den of her family home in February 1963 . On hearing `` It 's My Party , '' Gore told Jones : `` That 's not half bad . I like it . Good melody . Let 's put it on the maybe pile . '' The song proved to be the only demo Gore and Jones found agreeable . With Jones producing and Claus Ogerman handling arranging and conducting duties , Gore recorded ' It 's My Party ' at Bell Sound Studios in Manhattan on 30 March 1963 . In March 1963 Phil Spector heard the demo of `` It 's My Party '' while visiting Aaron Schroeder 's office . Wally Gold would recall : `` He ( Spector ) said , ' Great , I love it . I 'm gon na do it with the Crystals . ' We ( the song 's writers ) were really excited , because that would ensure that the record was # 1 ! '' Schroeder apparently only learned of the Lesley Gore recording of `` It 's My Party '' when Quincy Jones invited him to hear the completed track , which Schroeder found formulaic ; believing that Spector would be able to cut a much stronger version of the song with the Crystals and not wanting to lose Spector 's good will , Schroeder attempted to convince Jones to suppress the track . Schroeder did n't mention Spector 's version to Jones but Jones and Spector both happened to attend a concert with Charles Aznavour at Carnegie Hall on the evening of 30 March 1963 and when they met outside it came up in conversation that Spector had recorded a version of `` It 's My Party '' with the Crystals . Jones skipped the concert instead spending that night -- a Saturday -- at Bell Sound Studios making a test pressing of the track comprising one hundred copies . Over the next two days Jones mailed these out to radio programmers in key markets across the US . Gore heard her record played on the radio for the first time that Friday ; the official release of `` It 's My Party '' came later in the month , with the disc ascending to # 1 nationally in four weeks . Jones was abroad at the time of `` It 's My Party '' 's release . On his return he expressed dismay when Aaron Schroeder advised him that the rush release of `` It 's My Party '' had precluded coining a more pleasant name for the singer than `` Lesley Gore , '' to which Schroeder replied : `` Did n't anybody tell you ? ... Quince , the record 's number one . Do you really give a damn what her last name is ? '' In 1980 , WCBN - FM , the University of Michigan freeform student radio station , played `` It 's My Party '' for 18 hours straight the day after Ronald Reagan was elected . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position Australia KMR UK ( OCC ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Cash Box 30 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version ( edit ) `` It 's My Party '' Single by Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin B - side `` Waiting in the Wings '' Released August 1981 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1981 Genre Synthpop new wave Art Pop Label Stiff Songwriter ( s ) Wally Gold John Gluck Jr . Herb Weiner Producer ( s ) Dave Stewart Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin singles chronology `` It 's My Party '' ( 1981 ) `` Johnny Rocco '' ( 1982 ) `` It 's My Party '' ( 1981 ) `` Johnny Rocco '' ( 1982 ) In 1981 , a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria ( # 3 ) , Germany ( # 3 ) , the Netherlands ( # 20 ) , New Zealand ( # 1 ) , South Africa ( # 3 ) and Switzerland ( # 6 ) . The track reached # 72 in the US . This was the first version of the song to reach # 1 in the UK . The video for the Stewart / Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny , Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig . Other cover versions , sampling , and references ( edit ) The Paris Sisters recorded a version of `` It 's my Party '' which was slower than Gore 's version . In 1963 , a Swedish - language version of the song , `` Leva livet '' , with lyrics by Stikkan Anderson , reached number five in the Swedish hit parade Svensktoppen and became a signature song for the singer , Lill - Babs . Donna Reed sang a cover version of the song on the series finale of The Donna Reed Show . Bryan Ferry covered the song for his 1973 album These Foolish Things . In 1977 , Carroll Baker had a number one country hit in Canada with her version of `` It 's My Party '' . The Chipettes covered the song for the 1983 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode `` May the Best Chipmunk Win '' and the soundtrack Songs from Our TV Shows . In 2004 , German pop group Preluders covered the song on their album Prelude to History . Amy Winehouse covered the song on Quincy Jones ' 2010 album Q Soul Bossa Nostra . Icona Pop used the chorus for their version of `` It 's My Party '' while also adding modern day themes . An interpolation of the chorus of `` It 's My Party '' was used in Robin Thicke 's song `` Sex Therapy '' . The chorus of `` It 's My Party '' is sampled in the 2015 single `` Pity Party '' by Melanie Martinez . Also , in `` Pity Party '' 's music video , it is seen that the character `` Cry Baby '' is inviting `` Johnny '' ( from the original song ) to her party . The song `` Necessary Evil '' by Motionless In White contains some elements from `` It 's My Party '' including the chorus except some words are changed to fit the theme of the song . The 1975 references the song `` It 's My Party '' in their song `` You '' with the lyrics `` It 's my party and I 'll cry till the end . '' The sequel : `` Judy 's Turn to cry '' ( edit ) Because of the pop cultural obsession with the song and its tragic nature , Gore recorded a sequel titled `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' . In this song , the teenage girl narrator gets her revenge on Judy . In the lyrics the narrator explicitly finds `` foolish '' how much she cried when she saw Johnny and Judy together , and seems determined to start anew . But after she kisses another boy at another party , Johnny gets jealous , punches the other boy and returns to her . Following just two months on the heels of `` It 's My Party , '' the sequel reached number five on the charts . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 83 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As with `` He 's a Rebel '' , the Crystals ' hit for which it was intended as the follow - up , `` It 's My Party '' was actually recorded not by the Crystals but the Blossoms , who cut the track at Gold Star Studios . Darlene Love says the Spector version was `` kinda slow with me and my sister Edna ( Wright ) singing together on lead . Much more R&B than Lesley Gore 's version . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , J. `` It 's My Party '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ McClary , S. , Knapp , R. , Baur , S. & Warwick , J.C. ( 2008 ) . Musicological identities : essays in honor of Susan McClary . Ashgate . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6302 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tumposky , Ellen ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Brooklyn Woman recall origins of Gore 's ' It 's My Party ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's My Party '' . Cha Cha Charming Magazine . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , F. ( 2003 ) . The Billboard book of number 1 hits ( 5 ed . ) . Random House . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon , Bob . `` Behind The Hits : Stories : It 's My Party '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBN History '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , June 8 , 1963 ^ Jump up to : Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 28 , 1963 Jump up ^ `` 45cat - Dave Stewart With Barbara Gaskin - It 's My Party / Waiting In The Wings - Stiff - UK - BROKEN 2 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for April 2 , 1977 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Preceded by `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' by Jimmy Soul Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Lesley Gore version ) June 1 , 1963 -- June 8 , 1963 Succeeded by `` Sukiyaki '' by Kyu Sakamoto Preceded by `` Another Saturday Night '' by Sam Cooke Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single June 15 , 1963 -- June 29 , 1963 Succeeded by `` Hello Stranger '' by Barbara Lewis Preceded by `` She 's Just an Old Love Turned Memory '' by Charley Pride RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Carroll Baker version ) April 2 , 1977 Succeeded by `` Heart Healer '' by Mel Tillis Preceded by `` Prince Charming '' by Adam and the Ants UK number - one single ( Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin version ) October 17 , 1981 - November 7 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' by The Police Lesley Gore Studio albums I 'll Cry If I Want To Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts Boys , Boys , Boys Girl Talk My Town , My Guy , and Me Lesley Gore Sings All About Love California Nights Someplace Else Now Love Me by Name The Canvas Can Do Miracles Ever Since Compilations Lesley Gore : It 's My Party Singles `` It 's My Party '' `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' `` She 's a Fool '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' `` I Do n't Wanna Be a Loser '' `` Maybe I Know '' `` Look of Love '' `` Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows '' `` California Nights '' Related articles Discography Michael Gore Carroll Baker Notable singles `` It 's Late ( And I Have to Go ) '' `` I 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` The Hungry Fire of Love '' `` One Night of Cheatin ' '' `` Tonight with Love '' `` Why I Had to Pass This Way '' `` It 's My Party '' `` The Morning After Baby Let Me Down '' `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' `` Portrait in the Window '' `` Hooked on a Feeling '' `` I 'm Getting High Remembering '' `` Hollywood Love '' `` Still Falling in Love '' `` I 'm So Excited '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Party_(Lesley_Gore_song)&oldid=805781641 '' Categories : 1962 songs 1963 singles 1981 singles Lesley Gore songs Carroll Baker songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Mercury Records singles Songs written by Wally Gold Debut singles Helen Shapiro songs Lill - Babs songs Amy Winehouse songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings it's my party and ill cry if i want to	[ "\"It's My Party\" is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s. In 1963, American singer Lesley Gore's version hit #1 on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States.[1] It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones." ]	[ "Lesley Gore" ]
-238459935860614485	Postal Index Number	Postal Index number - wikipedia Postal Index number Jump to : navigation , search `` PIN code '' redirects here . For the non-postal usage , see Personal identification number . Example of a PIN : The PIN code of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh A Postal Index Number or PIN or PIN code is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post , the Indian postal administration . The code is six digits long . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Postal zones 3 PIN numbering 3.1 Sorting district 3.2 Service route 3.3 Delivery office 4 Delivery system 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar , an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications . The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses , similar place names and different languages used by the public . Postal zones ( edit ) There are nine PIN zones in India , including eight regional zones and one functional zone ( for the Indian Army ) . The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region . The second digit indicates the sub-region , and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region . The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices . The 9 PIN zones cover the Indian states and union territories as follows : 1 - Delhi , Haryana , Punjab , Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Chandigarh 2 - Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand 3 - Rajasthan , Gujarat , Daman and Diu , Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4 - Maharashtra , Goa , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh 5 - Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka 6 - Tamil Nadu , Kerala , Puducherry , Lakshadweep 7 - West Bengal , Odisha , Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Tripura , Meghalaya , Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Assam , Sikkim 8 - Bihar , Jharkhand 9 - Army Post office ( APO ) and Field Post office ( FPO ) PIN numbering ( edit ) Sorting district ( edit ) 2 - digit postcode areas in India ( defined through the first two postcode digits ) The first three digits of the PIN represent a specific geographical region called a sorting district that is headquartered at the main post office of the largest city and is known as the sorting office . A state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled . PIN prefix ISO 3166 - 2 : IN ( Vehicle Code ) Region 11 DL Delhi 12 to 13 HR Haryana ( Kamania ) 14 to 15 PB Punjab 16 CH Chandigarh 17 HP Himachal Pradesh 18 to 19 JK Jammu and Kashmir 20 to 28 UP , UT ( UK ) Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand 30 to 34 RJ Rajasthan 36 to 39 GJ Gujarat 403 GA Goa 40 to 44 MH Maharashtra 45 to 48 MP Madhya Pradesh 49 CT ( CG ) Chhattisgarh 50 TG ( TS ) Telangana 51 to 53 AP Andhra Pradesh 56 to 59 KA Karnataka 60 to 64 TN Tamil Nadu 67 to 69 KL Kerala 682 LD Lakshadweep ( Islands ) 70 to 74 WB West Bengal 737 SK Sikkim 744 AN Andaman and Nicobar Islands 75 to 76 OR ( OD ) Odisha 78 AS Assam 79 AR Arunachal Pradesh 793 , 794 , 783123 ML Meghalaya 795 MN Manipur 796 MZ Mizoram 797 NL Nagaland 798 NL Nagaland 799 TR Tripura 80 to 85 BR , JH Bihar and Jharkhand 90 to 99 APS Army Postal Service DD Daman and Diu DN Dadra and Nagar Haveli PY Puducherry Service route ( edit ) The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district . This is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district . Delivery office ( edit ) A post box with PIN ( 571120 ) marked on it The last two digits represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO . The numbering of the delivery office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices . If the volume of mails handled at a delivery office is too large , a new delivery office is created and the next available PIN is assigned . Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other will only have the first four digits in common . Delivery system ( edit ) Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction , all of which share the same code . The delivery office can either be a General Post Office ( GPO ) , a Head Office ( HO ) or Sub Office ( SO ) which are usually located in urban areas . The post from the delivery office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN . Branch offices ( BO ) are located in rural areas and have limited postal services . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sometimes also written `` PINcode '' or `` pincode '' . Jump up ^ India . Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . 1974 . p. 305 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mails section '' . Indian government postal department . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Using pincode , maps to trace address '' . timesofindia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Tamilnadu Postal Circle - Pincode '' . tamilnadupost.nic.in . Jump up ^ http://www.icar.org.in/files/circulars/new_pin.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Manuals/PO_Guide_Part-1.pdf External links ( edit ) Find Pincode -- India Post ( hide ) Postal codes in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postal_Index_Number&oldid=815956676 '' Categories : Indian pincodes Postal system of India Postal codes by country Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was pin code system introduced in india	[ "The PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications.[2][3][4] The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names and different languages used by the public.[5]" ]	[ "15 August 1972" ]
-1920515306647500446	The Message (Bible)	The Message ( Bible ) - wikipedia The Message ( Bible ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Message Full name The Message Abbreviation MSG Complete Bible published 2002 Translation type Idiomatic / Dynamic equivalence / Paraphrase Copyright Copyright 2002 Eugene H. Peterson Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 ( show ) First this : God created the Heavens and Earth -- all you see , all you do n't see . Earth was a soup of nothingness , a bottomless emptiness , an inky blackness . God 's Spirit brooded like a bird above the watery abyss . God spoke : `` Light ! '' And light appeared . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 ( show ) This is how much God loved the world : He gave his Son , his one and only Son . And this is why : so that no one need be destroyed ; by believing in him , anyone can have a whole and lasting life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The Message : The Bible in Contemporary Language was created and translated by Eugene H. Peterson and published in segments from 1993 to 2002 . It is an idiomatic translation of the original languages of the Bible . The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages . It is a highly idiomatic translation , using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English , and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Circulation 3 Comparison to other translations 3.1 Psalm 23 : 1 - 4 3.2 Lord 's Prayer ( Matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ) 4 Editions 5 References 6 External links Features ( edit ) According to the Introduction to the New Testament of The Message , its `` contemporary idiom keeps the language of the Message ( Bible ) current and fresh and understandable '' . Peterson notes that in the course of the project , he realized this was exactly what he had been doing in his thirty - five years as a pastor , `` always looking for an English way to make the biblical text relevant to the conditions of the people . '' Circulation ( edit ) The Message was published piecemeal over a nine - year period . The New Testament was published in 1993 . The Hebrew Bible Wisdom Books were published in 1998 . The Hebrew Bible Prophets were published in 2000 . The Hebrew Bible Pentateuch were released in 2001 . The Books of History came out in 2002 . The entire Bible was released the same year and follows the traditional Protestant Biblical canon . Comparison to other translations ( edit ) The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages . It is a highly idiomatic translation , using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English , and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum . Some scholars , like Michael J. Gorman , consider some of Peterson 's idiomatic renderings unconventional . Psalm 23 : 1 - 4 ( edit ) New International Version 1 The Lord is my shepherd , I lack nothing . 2 He makes me lie down in green pastures , he leads me beside quiet waters , 3 he refreshes my soul . He guides me along the right paths for his name 's sake . 4 Even though I walk through the darkest valley , I will fear no evil , for you are with me ; your rod and your staff , they comfort me . King James Version 1 The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want . 2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures : he leadeth me beside the still waters . 3 He restoreth my soul : he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name 's sake . 4 Yea , though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death , I will fear no evil : for thou art with me ; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me . The Message 1 - 3 God , my shepherd ! I do n't need a thing . You have bedded me down in lush meadows , you find me quiet pools to drink from . True to your word , you let me catch my breath and send me in the right direction . 4 Even when the way goes through Death Valley , I 'm not afraid when you walk at my side . Your trusty shepherd 's crook makes me feel secure . Lord 's prayer ( matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ) ( edit ) New International Version 9 `` This , then , is how you should pray : `` ' Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name , 10 your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . 11 Give us today our daily bread . 12 And forgive us our debts , as we also have forgiven our debtors. 13 And lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from the evil one . ' King James Version 9 After this manner therefore pray ye : Our Father which art in heaven , Hallowed be thy name . 10 Thy kingdom come , Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven . 11 Give us this day our daily bread . 12 And forgive us our debts , as we forgive our debtors. 13 And lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil : For thine is the kingdom , and the power , and the glory , for ever . Amen . The Message 9 - 17 Our Father in heaven , Reveal who you are . Set the world right ; Do what 's best -- as above , so below . Keep us alive with three square meals . Keep us forgiven with you and forgiving others . Keep us safe from ourselves and the Devil . You 're in charge ! You can do anything you want ! You 're ablaze in beauty ! Yes . Yes . Yes . Editions ( edit ) Hebrew Bible The Pentateuch : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 196 - 5 The Books of History : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 194 - 9 The Wisdom Books : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 126 - 4 The Prophets : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 195 - 7 New Testament Youth Edition : ISBN 0 - 89109 - 793 - 7 Text Edition : ISBN 0 - 89109 - 728 - 7 Entire Bible With verse markings ( The Message Remix ) : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 434 - 4 Without verse markings : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 289 - 9 With verse markings ( The Message : The Numbered Edition ) : ISBN 1 - 57683 - 673 - 8 ; this edition was recognized as an ECPA Christian Book Award winner . Catholic / Ecumenical Edition : ISBN 978 - 0879464950 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to the New Testament , from The Message '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Version Information '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Michael J. ( 2008 ) . Elements of Biblical Exegesis : A Basic Guide for Students and Ministers . Baker Books . p. 51 . ISBN 9781441232830 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Christian Book Awards Winners - Bibles category '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Publisher 's History & FAQ ( most recently available archived version ) The Message text online Eugene Peterson interview at a U2 fansite ( hide ) English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. Smith Parker Translation 20th century American Standard ( ASV ) Rotherham 's Emphasized Ferrar Fenton Worrell New Testament Moffatt , New Translation Knox Basic English ( BBE ) Revised Standard ( RSV ) Anchor New World ( NWT ) Modern Language ( MLB ) New English ( NEB ) The Bible in Living English New American Standard ( NASB ) Good News ( GNB ) Jerusalem ( JB ) New American ( NAV ) Living New International ( NIV ) New Century Bethel New King James ( NKJV ) New Jerusalem ( NJB ) Green 's Literal Translation ( GLT ) Recovery Christian Community New Revised Standard ( NRSV ) Revised English ( REB ) Contemporary English ( CEV ) The Message ( MSG ) Clear Word ( TCW ) New Life ( NLV ) 21st Century King James ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium ( TMB ) New International Reader 's ( NIrV ) New International Inclusive Language God 's Word New Living ( NLT ) Heinz Cassirer 's translation Complete Jewish Bible International Standard ( ISV ) Holman Christian Standard ( HCSB ) New American Bible ( NAB ) 21st century World English ( WEB ) World Messianic English Standard ( ESV ) Today 's New International ( TNIV ) New English ( NET ) New English Translation of the Septuagint Orthodox Study Bible The Voice Common English ( CEB ) Apostolic Bible Polyglot Open English ( OEB ) Eastern Orthodox New American Bible Revised Edition Lexham English The Orthodox Jewish Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English Divine Name King James Names of God Tree of Life Bible Modern English ( MEV ) Literal English ( LEV ) Christian Standard ( CSB ) Additional lists List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Message_(Bible)&oldid=795715844 '' Categories : 2002 books Bible translations into English 2002 in Christianity Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 01 : 10 . About Wikipedia	who is the author of the message bible	[ "The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language was created and translated by Eugene H. Peterson and published in segments from 1993 to 2002. It is an idiomatic translation of the original languages of the Bible.[1] The Message was translated by Peterson from the original languages.[2] It is a highly idiomatic translation, using contemporary slang from the US rather than a more neutral International English, and it falls on the extreme dynamic end of the dynamic and formal equivalence spectrum." ]	[ "Eugene H. Peterson" ]
5279054866438022416	Liver	Liver - wikipedia Liver For other uses , see Liver ( disambiguation ) . Liver The human liver is located in the upper right abdomen Location of human liver ( in red ) Details Precursor Foregut System Digestive system Artery Hepatic artery Vein Hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein Nerve Celiac ganglia and vagus nerve Identifiers Latin Jecur , iecur Greek Hepar ( ἧπαρ ) root hepat - ( ἡπατ - ) MeSH D008099 TA A05. 8.01. 001 FMA 7197 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The liver , an organ only found in vertebrates , detoxifies various metabolites , synthesizes proteins , and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion . In humans , it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen , below the diaphragm . Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage , decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones . The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile , an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat . Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids . The gallbladder , a small pouch that sits just under the liver , stores bile produced by the liver . The liver 's highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high - volume biochemical reactions , including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules , many of which are necessary for normal vital functions . Estimates regarding the organ 's total number of functions vary , but textbooks generally cite it being around 500 . Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat - from ἡπατο - , the Greek word for liver . No way is yet known to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term , although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term . Artificial livers are yet to be developed to promote long - term replacement in the absence of the liver . As of 2017 , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.1. 1 Lobes 1.1. 2 Surfaces 1.1. 3 Impressions 1.2 Microscopic anatomy 1.3 Functional anatomy 1.4 Couinaud classification system 1.5 Gene and protein expression 2 Development 2.1 Fetal blood supply 3 Function 3.1 Blood supply 3.2 Biliary flow 3.3 Synthesis 3.4 Breakdown 3.5 Other 3.6 With aging 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Symptoms 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Liver regeneration 4.5 Liver transplantation 5 Society and culture 5.1 Food 6 Other animals 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The liver is a reddish - brown , wedge - shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape . A human liver normally weighs 1.44 -- 1.66 kg ( 3.2 -- 3.7 lb ) , and has a width of about 15 cm . It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body . Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity , it rests just below the diaphragm , to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder . The liver is connected to two large blood vessels : the hepatic artery and the portal vein . The hepatic artery carries oxygen - rich blood from the aorta , whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas . These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids , which then lead to lobules . Lobules are the functional units of the liver . Each lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells ( hepatocytes ) , which are the basic metabolic cells . The lobules are held together by a fine , dense , irregular , fibroelastic connective tissue layer which extends from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson 's capsule . This extends into the structure of the liver , by accompanying the blood vessels ( veins and arteries ) , ducts , and nerves at the hepatic hilum . The whole surface of the liver except for the bare area , is covered in a serous coat derived from the peritoneum , and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson 's capsule . Gross Anatomy ( edit ) Lobes ( edit ) Further information : Lobes of liver The liver , viewed from above , showing the left and right lobes separated by the falciform ligament The liver , viewed from below , surface showing four lobes and the impressions The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above -- a right and a left lobe , and four parts when viewed from below ( left , right , caudate , and quadrate lobes ) . The falciform ligament , divides the liver into a left and right lobe . From below , the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes , one in front of the other . A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves . This line is called `` Cantlie 's line '' . Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver ( ligamentum teres ) , which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections . An important anatomical landmark , the porta hepatis , divides this left portion into four segments , which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner . From this parietal view , seven segments can be seen , because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view . Surfaces ( edit ) On the diaphragmatic surface , apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm , the liver is covered by a thin , double - layered membrane , the peritoneum , that helps to reduce friction against other organs . This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm . The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments . These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints , and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance , though they serve as surface landmarks . The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall . The visceral surface or inferior surface , is uneven and concave . It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis . Impressions ( edit ) Impressions of the liver Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs . Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions , one behind the other and separated by a ridge . The one in front is a shallow colic impression , formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland . The suprarenal impression is a small , triangular , depressed area on the liver . It is located close to the right of the fossa , between the bare area and the caudate lobe , and immediately above the renal impression . The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland . Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression , lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder . This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum , and is known as the duodenal impression . The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression . This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach , and to the right of this is a rounded eminence , the tuber omentale , which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum . Microscopic Anatomy ( edit ) Cells , ducts , and blood vessels Microscopic anatomy of the liver Types of capillaries -- sinusoid on right Microscopically , each liver lobe is seen to be made up of hepatic lobules . The lobules are roughly hexagonal , and consist of plates of hepatocytes radiating from a central vein . The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver . A distinctive component of a lobule is the portal triad , which can be found running along each of the lobule 's corners . The portal triad , misleadingly named , consists of five structures : a branch of the hepatic artery , a branch of the hepatic portal vein , and a bile duct , as well as lymphatic vessels and a branch of the vagus nerve . Between the hepatocyte plates are liver sinusoids , which are enlarged capillaries through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery enters via the portal triads , then drains to the central vein . Histology , the study of microscopic anatomy , shows two major types of liver cell : parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells . About 70 -- 85 % of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes . Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40 % of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5 % of its volume . The liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cell , sinusoidal endothelial cells , and phagocytic Kupffer cells . Hepatic stellate cells are nonparenchymal cells found in the perisinusoidal space , between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte . Additionally , intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen . Functional Anatomy ( edit ) The central area or hepatic hilum , includes the opening known as the porta hepatis which carries the common bile duct and common hepatic artery , and the opening for the portal vein . The duct , vein , and artery divide into left and right branches , and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes . The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane , Cantlie 's line , joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava . The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes . The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes . The right lobe is further divided into an anterior and posterior segment by the right hepatic vein . The left lobe is divided into the medial and lateral segments by the left hepatic vein . The hilar area of the liver is described in terms of three plates that contain the bile ducts and blood vessels . The contents of the whole plate system are surrounded by a sheath . The three plates are the hilar plate , the cystic plate and the umbilical plate and the plate system is the site of the many anatomical variations to be found in the liver . Couinaud classification system ( edit ) Main article : Liver segment Shape of human liver in animation , eight Couinaud segments labelled In the widely used Couinaud system , the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein . The caudate lobe is a separate structure that receives blood flow from both the right - and left - sided vascular branches . The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent liver segments . Each segment has its own vascular inflow , outflow and biliary drainage . In the centre of each segment are branches of the portal vein , hepatic artery , and bile duct . In the periphery of each segment is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins . The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units ( numbered I to VIII ) , with unit 1 , the caudate lobe , receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of portal vein . It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the inferior vena cava . The remainder of the units ( II to VIII ) are numbered in a clockwise fashion : Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60 % of these genes are expressed in a normal , adult liver . Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver , with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue . A large fraction of the corresponding liver specific proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins . Other liver specific proteins are certain liver enzymes such as HAO1 and RDH16 , proteins involved in bile synthesis such as BAAT and SLC27A5 , and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs , such as ABCB11 and SLC2A2 . Examples of highly liver - specific proteins include apolipoprotein A II , coagulation factors F2 and F9 , complement factor related proteins , and the fibrinogen beta chain protein . Development ( edit ) Organogenesis , the development of the organs takes place from the third to the eighth week during embryogenesis . The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the foregut endoderm ( endoderm being one of the three embryonic germ layers ) and the constituents of the adjacent septum transversum mesenchyme . In the human embryo , the hepatic diverticulum is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme . The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate , to branch , and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver . A portion of the hepatic diverticulum ( that region closest to the digestive tube ) continues to function as the drainage duct of the liver , and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder . Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme , fibroblast growth factor from the developing heart also contributes to hepatic competence , along with retinoic acid emanating from the lateral plate mesoderm . The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early liver bud . Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts . Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme . After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme , the hepatic architecture begins to be established , with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing . The liver bud separates into the lobes . The left umbilical vein becomes the ductus venosus and the right vitelline vein becomes the portal vein . The expanding liver bud is colonized by hematopoietic cells . The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes . The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins , first producing a monolayer , and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells . In ductal plate , focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer , become surrounded by portal mesenchyme , and undergo tubulogenesis into intrahepatic bile ducts . Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinudoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi . Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion , they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte , and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant glycogen accumulation . In the adult liver , hepatocytes are not equivalent , with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism , carbohydrate metabolism , ammonia detoxification , and bile production and secretion . WNT / β - catenin has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon . At birth , the liver comprises roughly 4 % of body weight and weighs on average 120 g . Over the course of further development , it will increase to 1.4 -- 1.6 kg but will only take up 2.5 -- 3.5 % of body weight . Fetal blood supply ( edit ) In the growing fetus , a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein , which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus . The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver . There , it joins with the left branch of the portal vein . The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava , allowing placental blood to bypass the liver . In the fetus , the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the placenta . The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal thymus , creating the T - cells or T - lymphocytes . After birth , the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red bone marrow . After 2 -- 5 days , the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated ; the former becomes the round ligament of liver and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum . In the disorders of cirrhosis and portal hypertension , the umbilical vein can open up again . Function ( edit ) The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes . The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions , usually in combination with other systems and organs . Currently , no artificial organ or device is capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver . Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis , an experimental treatment for liver failure . Blood supply ( edit ) Liver veins The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries . The hepatic portal vein delivers around 75 % of the liver 's blood supply , and carries venous blood drained from the spleen , gastrointestinal tract , and its associated organs . The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver , accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow . Oxygen is provided from both sources ; about half of the liver 's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein , and half is met by the hepatic arteries . Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule . The central veins coalesce into hepatic veins , which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava . Biliary flow ( edit ) Main article : Enterohepatic circulation Biliary tract The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts . The biliary tract , also known as the biliary tree , is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine , the duodenum . The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi , small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes . The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule , where they merge to form bile ducts . Within the liver , these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts , and once they exit the liver , they are considered extrahepatic . The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts , which exit the liver at the transverse fissure , and merge to form the common hepatic duct . The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct . Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct , or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct . The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla , also known as the ampulla of Vater . Synthesis ( edit ) Further information : Proteins produced and secreted by the liver The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate , protein , amino acid , and lipid metabolism . The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism : The liver synthesizes and stores around 100 g of glycogen via glycogenesis , the formation of glycogen from glucose . When needed , the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis , the breakdown of glycogen into glucose . The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis , which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate , or glycerol . Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breakdown of fat , which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis . The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism , synthesis as well as degradation . It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis . The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors , as well as red blood cell production . Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I ( fibrinogen ) , II ( prothrombin ) , V , VII , VIII , IX , X , XI , XIII , as well as protein C , protein S and antithrombin . In the first trimester fetus , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . By the 32nd week of gestation , the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task . The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin , a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow . The liver plays several roles in lipid metabolism : it performs cholesterol synthesis , lipogenesis , and the production of triglycerides , and a bulk of the body 's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver . The liver plays a key role in digestion , as it produces and excretes bile ( a yellowish liquid ) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet . Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum , and some is stored in the gallbladder . The liver also produces insulin - like growth factor 1 , a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults . Breakdown ( edit ) The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones . The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation , facilitating its excretion into bile . The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products . It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances ( e.g. , methylation ) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism . This sometimes results in toxication , when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor . Preferably , the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine . The liver breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle , and the urea is excreted in the urine . Other ( edit ) The liver stores a multitude of substances , including glucose ( in the form of glycogen ) , vitamin A ( 1 -- 2 years ' supply ) , vitamin D ( 1 -- 4 months ' supply ) , vitamin B12 ( 3 -- 5 years ' supply ) , vitamin K , iron , and copper . The liver is responsible for immunological effects -- the mononuclear phagocyte system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells , acting as a ' sieve ' for antigens carried to it via the portal system . The liver produces albumin , the most abundant protein in blood serum . It is essential in the maintenance of oncotic pressure , and acts as a transport for fatty acids and steroid hormones . The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen , a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin , an enzyme that is released when the kidney senses low blood pressure . The liver produces the enzyme catalase in order to break down hydrogen peroxide , a very toxic substance due to it being a powerful oxidising agent , into water and oxygen . With aging ( edit ) The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging and therefore any medications that require oxidation ( for instance , benzodiazepines ) are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels . However , medications with shorter half - lives , such as lorazepam and oxazepam , are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : Liver disease Left lobe liver tumor The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body . Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions , the liver is also prone to many diseases . The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity . Hepatitis is a common condition of inflammation of the liver . The most usual cause of this is viral , and the most common of these infections are hepatitis A , B , C , D , and E. Some of these infections are sexually transmitted . Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the family Herpesviridae such as the herpes simplex virus . Chronic ( rather than acute ) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of liver cancer . Globally , about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with HBV ( with 843,724 in the U.S. ) and 142 million are chronically infected with HCV ( with 2.7 million in the U.S. ) . Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E respectively , but these generally resolve , and do not become chronic ( see Hepatitis A , Hepatitis E ) . Hepatitis D virus is a `` satellite '' of hepatitis B virus ( can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B ) , and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B , globally ( see Hepatitis D ) . Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver . This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal . Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under alcoholic liver diseases and these include alcoholic hepatitis , fatty liver , and cirrhosis . Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption , but can also include gender , genetics , and liver insult . Liver damage can also be caused by drugs , particularly paracetamol and drugs used to treat cancer . A rupture of the liver can be caused by a liver shot used in combat sports . Budd -- Chiari syndrome is a condition caused by blockage of the hepatic veins ( including thrombosis ) that drain the liver . It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain , ascites and liver enlargement . Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease of the liver . It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver , with the intralobular ducts ( Canals of Hering ) affected early in the disease . When these ducts are damaged , bile and other toxins build up in the liver ( cholestasis ) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage . This can lead to scarring ( fibrosis ) and cirrhosis . Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver , and can result in portal hypertension . Congested anastomoses between the portal venous system and the systemic circulation , can be a subsequent condition . Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system . The bilirubin results from the breakup of the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells ; normally , the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile . There are also many pediatric liver diseases , including biliary atresia , alpha - 1 antitrypsin deficiency , alagille syndrome , progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis , Langerhans cell histiocytosis and hepatic hemangioma a benign tumour the most common type of liver tumour , thought to be congenital . A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue , usually in later life , and usually asymptomatic , is polycystic liver disease . Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes . However , the liver has a great capacity to regenerate and has a large reserve capacity . In most cases , the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage . Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes . It can be palpated in a liver span measurement . Liver diseases may be diagnosed by liver function tests -- blood tests that can identify various markers . For example , acute - phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation . Symptoms ( edit ) The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following : Pale stools occur when stercobilin , a brown pigment , is absent from the stool . Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver . Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine Jaundice ( yellow skin and / or whites of the eyes ) This is where bilirubin deposits in skin , causing an intense itch . Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure . Often this itch can not be relieved by drugs . Swelling of the abdomen , and swelling of the ankles and feet occurs because the liver fails to make albumin . Excessive fatigue occurs from a generalized loss of nutrients , minerals and vitamins . Bruising and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease . The liver makes clotting factors , substances which help prevent bleeding . When liver damage occurs , these factors are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur . Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson 's capsule in conditions of hepatitis and pre-eclampsia . Diagnosis ( edit ) The diagnosis of liver disease is made by liver function tests , groups of blood tests , that can readily show the extent of liver damage . If infection is suspected , then other serological tests will be carried out . A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness , and some form of imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may also be needed . Sometimes a liver biopsy will be necessary , and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage . This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist . Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the subcapsular anterior surface of the liver . Maximum intensity projection ( MIP ) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver Lateral MIP view in the same patient A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown . Liver regeneration ( edit ) Main article : Liver regeneration The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue ; as little as 25 % of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver . This is , however , not true regeneration but rather compensatory growth in mammals . The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function , not original form . This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored . In some other species , such as fish , the liver undergoes true regeneration by restoring both shape and size of the organ . In the liver , large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active . This is predominantly due to the hepatocytes re-entering the cell cycle . That is , the hepatocytes go from the quiescent G0 phase to the G1 phase and undergo mitosis . This process is activated by the p75 receptors . There is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells , called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes ( not to be confused with oval red blood cells of ovalocytosis ) , which are thought to reside in the canals of Hering . These cells can differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes . Cholangiocytes are the epithelial lining cells of the bile ducts . They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts , but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts . Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver . Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek Titan Prometheus who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus where , each day , his liver was devoured by an eagle , only to grow back each night . The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver 's remarkable capacity for self - repair . Liver transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Liver transplantation Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge , England in 1963 and 1967 , respectively . After resection of left lobe liver tumor Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure . Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis , such as chronic hepatitis C , alcoholism , and autoimmune hepatitis . Less commonly , liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure , in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks . Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury . Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person 's liver is removed ( hepatectomy ) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient . This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation . Only 20 percent of an adult 's liver ( Couinaud segments 2 and 3 ) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child . More recently , adult - to - adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor 's right hepatic lobe , which amounts to 60 percent of the liver . Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate , both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well . This procedure is more controversial , as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor , and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases . A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality , and at least 14 cases have been found . The risk of postoperative complications ( and death ) is far greater in right - sided operations than that in left - sided operations . With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging , living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation . The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row computed tomography ( MDCT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry . MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy . Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy , which makes them unsuitable for donation , could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations . MDCT image . Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation MDCT image . 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver , measure the liver volume , and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure . Phase contrast CT image . Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus . Society and culture ( edit ) In Greek mythology , Prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans , by being chained to a rock where a vulture ( or an eagle ) would peck out his liver , which would regenerate overnight . ( The liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent . ) Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of divination called haruspicy , where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals . In Plato , and in later physiology , the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions ( specifically wrath , jealousy and greed ) which drive men to action . The Talmud ( tractate Berakhot 61b ) refers to the liver as the seat of anger , with the gallbladder counteracting this . The Persian , Urdu , and Hindi languages ( جگر or जिगर or jigar ) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings , or `` their best '' ; e.g. , `` This Mecca has thrown to you the pieces of its liver ! '' . The term jan e jigar , literally `` the strength ( power ) of my liver '' , is a term of endearment in Urdu . In Persian slang , jigar is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable , especially women . In the Zulu language , the word for liver ( isibindi ) is the same as the word for courage . The legend of Liver - Eating Johnson says that he would cut out and eat the liver of each man killed after dinner . In the motion picture The Message , Hind bint Utbah is implied or portrayed eating the liver of Hamza ibn ' Abd al - Muttalib during the Battle of Uhud . Although there are narrations that suggest that Hind did `` taste '' , rather than eat , the liver of Hamza , the authenticity of these narrations has to be questioned . On November 26 , 1987 , the city of Ferrol , Spain , inaugurated what is believed to be the only monument to the liver in the world . The then - mayor , Jaime Quintanilla , also happened to be a doctor , and thought it appropriate to promote the monument . At an approximate cost of $3.200 , the monument stands in the village of Balón . A plaque reads ( In Galician , free translation ) : `` The Liver ( is the ) basis of Life '' , and below `` Through History , Mankind tried to cure all illness . By helping it on this duty , you are doing a great job . We are grateful for it '' . Food ( edit ) Main article : Liver ( food ) The liver of mammals , fowl , and fish are commonly eaten as food by humans . Domestic pig , ox , lamb , calf , chicken , and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets . Liver can be baked , boiled , broiled , fried , stir - fried , or eaten raw ( asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine , or liver sashimi in Japanese cuisine . In many preparations , pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys , like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill ( e.g. meurav Yerushalmi ) . Well - known examples include liver pâté , foie gras , chopped liver , and leverpastej . Liver sausages such as Braunschweiger and liverwurst are also a valued meal . Liver sausages may also be used as spreads . A traditional South African delicacy , namely skilpadjies , is made of minced lamb 's liver wrapped in netvet ( caul fat ) , and grilled over an open fire . Animal livers are rich in iron , vitamin A and vitamin B , and cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement . Traditionally , some fish livers were valued as food , especially the stingray liver . It was used to prepare delicacies , such as poached skate liver on toast in England , as well as the beignets de foie de raie and foie de raie en croute in French cuisine . Other animals ( edit ) Sheep 's liver The liver is found in all vertebrates , and is typically the largest visceral ( internal ) organ . Its form varies considerably in different species , and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs . Nonetheless , in most species it is divided into right and left lobes ; exceptions to this general rule include snakes , where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar - like form . The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates . An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus . Although it performs many functions of a liver , it is not considered a true liver but a homolog of the vertebrate liver . The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver - specific proteins vitellogenin , antithrombin , plasminogen , alanine aminotransferase , and insulin / Insulin - like growth factor ( IGF ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Elias , H. ; Bengelsdorf , H. ( 1 July 1952 ) . `` The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 14 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 337 . doi : 10.1159 / 000140715 . 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Jump up ^ `` If a person stops consuming the vitamin , the body 's stores of this vitamin usually take about 3 to 5 years to exhaust '' . Jump up ^ Cirrhosis Overview National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ Hepatitis A , B , and C Center : Symptoms , Causes , Tests , Transmission , and Treatments . Webmd.com ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schweitzer A , Horn J , Mikolajczyk RT , Krause G , Ott JJ ( 2015 ) . `` Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection : a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013 '' . Lancet . 386 ( 10003 ) : 1546 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 15 ) 61412 - X . PMID 26231459 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries , 1990 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . 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PLoS ONE . 10 ( 3 ) : e0119461 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0119461 . PMC 4361685 . PMID 25774519 . Jump up ^ Escriva , Hector ; Chao , Yeqing ; Fan , Chunxin ; Liang , Yujun ; Gao , Bei ; Zhang , Shicui ( 2012 ) . `` A Novel Serpin with Antithrombin - Like Activity in Branchiostoma japonicum : Implications for the Presence of a Primitive Coagulation System '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) : e32392 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0032392 . PMC 3299649 . PMID 22427833 . Jump up ^ Guo , Bin ; Zhang , Shicui ; Wang , Shaohui ; Liang , Yujun ( 2009 ) . `` Expression , mitogenic activity and regulation by growth hormone of growth hormone / insulin - like growth factor in Branchiostoma belcheri '' ( PDF ) . Cell and Tissue Research . 338 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 77 . doi : 10.1007 / s00441 - 009 - 0824 - 8 . PMID 19657677 . Works cited ( edit ) Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders. 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 0985 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up liver in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Livers . Liver at the Human Protein Atlas VIRTUAL Liver -- online learning resource Liver enzymes Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell GND : 4034933 - 0 NDL : 00565010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liver&oldid=854577629 '' Categories : Liver Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 138 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 10 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the liver located at in the body	[ "The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.[2][3][4] In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones.[4]\n" ]	[ "in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm" ]
-4942506162191253919	Kingdom Hearts III	Kingdom Hearts III - wikipedia Kingdom Hearts III Jump to : navigation , search Kingdom Hearts III Developer ( s ) Square Enix Business Division 3 Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Tetsuya Nomura Tai Yasue Producer ( s ) Rie Nishi Composer ( s ) Yoko Shimomura Series Kingdom Hearts Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Release 2018 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player Kingdom Hearts III is an upcoming action role - playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is the twelfth installment in the Kingdom Hearts series , a sequel to Kingdom Hearts II , and the final chapter in the Dark Seeker saga . Set after the events of Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance , returning protagonist Sora is joined by Donald Duck , Goofy , King Mickey and Riku in their search for the seven Guardians of Light and the `` Key to Return Hearts '' as they attempt to thwart Master Xehanort 's plan to bring about a second Keyblade War . Their journey has them cross paths with characters and visit worlds based on different Disney properties and Square Enix 's Final Fantasy franchise . Concepts for the game began as early as 2006 after the release of Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix in Japan , with the game not confirmed to be in development until E3 2013 after years of rumors and speculation . Kingdom Hearts III sees many returning gameplay features from the series , while introducing new `` Attraction Flow '' attacks that incorporate various Disney Parks attractions . The game was built using Unreal Engine 4 , and is scheduled for release in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Story 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Premise 3 Development 3.1 Design 3.2 Music 4 Release 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Gameplay Gameplay in Kingdom Hearts III is similar to its predecessors , with director Tetsuya Nomura stating that the combat would be along the lines of the system seen in Kingdom Hearts II , with an evolution similar to what was seen from Kingdom Hearts to Kingdom Hearts II , and closely tied to the gameplay in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . He also revealed that the handheld games of the series were where he could experiment with the combat , and that some of the well - received additions may appear in Kingdom Hearts III . Nomura noted that new gameplay elements are the `` skeleton '' of the game , saying , `` When creating a Kingdom Hearts game , we start with a gameplay system that I think would be a fun element , and once we have an idea of what kind of gameplay or system we want in place , we flesh out the story around it , surrounding the basic concept of what kind of fun we 're going to have with this new installment . '' Additionally , the development team `` always want to try something new '' , taking previously introduced mechanics and making small `` tweak ( s ) '' to them so they are customized for Kingdom Hearts III . Sora returns as the main playable character , once again joined in the party by Donald Duck and Goofy , with the ability to have two additional characters join the party for a total of five - player parties . This is an increase from previous main entries in the series , where players were limited to two additional party members at any given time along with Sora . Another main playable character will be available in the game , with King Mickey and multiplayer elements being considered . Describing the gameplay , Nomura called the action `` pretty frantic '' , as well as `` really flashy and exciting . The enemy AI is a lot more intricate , too , and I think the gameplay will reflect that new dynamic balance . '' Sora can perform magic , with a new , powerful tier of each spell available to him , similar to what Aqua has available to her in Kingdom Hearts 0.2 : Birth by Sleep -- A Fragmentary Passage . Shotlocks also return , first introduced in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , and uses a focus meter that can target and lock on to individual enemies . Kingdom Hearts III features an updated look for Sora , as well as an `` Attraction Flow '' attack that utilizes Disney Parks attractions . New gameplay elements include new enemy types , traversal elements such as wall running and jumping , summons , Keyblade transformations , and team - up attacks , which combine Sora , Donald , and Goofy into one attack . Sora faces Heartless , Nobodies , and the Unversed in the game , while Dream Eaters also make an appearance . In addition to these traditional `` smaller '' enemies , the player will face giant bosses , which give `` Sora greater freedom of movement and room to experiment with attacks -- including the new theme - park - ride summon attacks , '' known as `` Attraction Flow '' , such as `` Mad Tea Party '' , `` Big Magic Mountain '' , `` Pirate Ship '' , and `` Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters '' . Sora also has the ability to jump on certain enemies , such as ones shaped like a vehicle , and mechs , which are called Gigas . Regarding traversal , Nomura noted the new mechanic , called `` Athletic Flow '' in Japanese , was refined from the Flowmotion mechanic from Dream Drop Distance , which players felt was `` a little too free ... and it was kind of hard to control on their end . '' `` Athletic Flow '' allows the player to utilize the environment to access previously unreachable areas . Situation Commands return from previous entries , which can trigger the Keyblade transformations . Nomura revealed that Keyblade transformations were conceived as early as the development of Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix and would be similar to Aqua 's ability in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , saying , `` Each Keyblade transformation is unlocked by clearing all missions in one of ( the game 's ) worlds , and each individual world offers its own unique Keyblade transformation . '' He further elaborated stating there were two forms each Keyblade can take , with `` multiple layers in terms of transforming '' starting with one transformation and achieving the second after `` successfully connect ( ing ) your combos '' . One of the available forms , the default weapon 's `` Second Form '' , changes Sora 's battle skills rather than transform the Keyblade . The Keyblade transformations have also been referred to as `` Drive Forms '' , a term which was used for a similar mechanic in Kingdom Hearts II . The Gummi Ship also returns as a means of travel between the different worlds of the game . The mechanic has been split into two phases : exploration and combat . Exploration has been likened to being more open - world , while the combat has increased its scale from previous games , with more enemies present . Story Kingdom Hearts chronology Back Cover ( Unchained / Union ) χ Birth by Sleep A Fragmentary Passage Kingdom Hearts Chain of Memories 358 / 2 Days II Coded Dream Drop Distance III Setting Most of the worlds featured in the game based on Disney properties are new to the series , such as the Tangled - themed Kingdom of Corona , the Big Hero 6 - themed San Fransokyo , and worlds based on Pixar films Toy Story and Monsters , Inc ... Returning worlds also appear , such as the Hercules - themed Olympus , Yen Sid 's Mysterious Tower , and the realm of darkness . Twilight Town , which also returns , serves as a tutorial stage at the beginning of the game . Nomura revealed the Tangled world was the first determined to be in the game , as the development team wanted to include Rapunzel due to her strong personality and her hair , saying , `` she is able to utilize her hair in such a way where she 's whipping it around . She can even use it for attacks , and that was just so appealing , and we thought it would make for such great gameplay '' . The Big Hero 6 and Toy Story worlds feature an original story , with the former set after the events of the film , and the latter set between the events of Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . This is different from previous worlds , which loosely follow plot lines from the films on which they are based . Members of Pixar Animation Studios assisted with the Toy Story world 's creation . On the amount of worlds featured in the game , Nomura noted the development team focused on creating `` rich gameplay in an individual world ... designed so players can take their time and enjoy the gameplay that 's available '' opposed to having `` multiple different little worlds '' . The game will not feature any worlds based on Final Fantasy . Since the release of Kingdom Hearts II in 2005 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Pixar , Marvel Entertainment , and Lucasfilm . When asked if any of these properties would appear in Kingdom Hearts III , Nomura said he contacts Disney after he hears of an acquisition , though he noted that `` Disney 's pretty honest ( on the possibility of an inclusion ) . If the situation is really difficult , they 'll say , it 's really difficult . If it 's impossible , they 'll say it 's impossible . '' He later stated that even though the Disney Company had acquired these properties , Disney Interactive Studios may not necessarily have the ability to license the content due to existing deals , such as Disney 's deal with Electronic Arts for Star Wars games . Co-director Tai Yasue added that they were `` looking at all of Disney , the new ones as well '' when choosing worlds for the game , including worlds based on Marvel Comics and Star Wars . He expanded , saying , `` We have to come up with a world that has a lot of originality . We want variety ... so we do n't want too many of one sort of world , that would look the same . For each world there has to be some meaning for it , in the plot ... Also , gameplay-wise , is that world something that would make gameplay fun ? '' In July 2015 , at D23 Expo 2015 , the Marvel world based on Big Hero 6 was revealed . Two years later , at D23 Expo 2017 , the Toy Story world was revealed to be part of the game . Nomura had hoped to include a Toy Story world in the franchise since Kingdom Hearts II , saying he felt `` Sora really fit in and matched well with that world '' and being `` able to execute that into the game is something I 'm really excited for . '' The second Pixar world in the game , based on Monsters , Inc. , was revealed at D23 Expo Japan 2018 . Characters Sora returns as the protagonist of the game , while supporting characters Riku , Kairi , Donald Duck , Goofy , King Mickey , Master Eraqus , and Lea also return . Returning antagonists include Master Xehanort and his various forms -- his Heartless , Ansem ; his Nobody , Xemnas ; and his youthful incarnation , Young Xehanort -- Marluxia , Vanitas , and Disney characters Maleficent and Pete . Disney characters who serve as members of Sora 's party include the returning Hercules , and new to the series , Rapunzel and Flynn Rider , Woody and Buzz Lightyear , and Sulley and Mike Wazowski . Characters that appear as summons for Sora include Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Additional Disney character appearances include Hades , with new characters Baymax , Hamm , Rex , Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers , the Squeeze Toy Aliens , and Boo joining . Premise Continuing from Dream Drop Distance , Sora , Donald , and Goofy attempt to search for seven guardians of light and the `` Key to Return Hearts '' , while King Mickey and Riku search for previous Keyblade wielders , in an attempt to stop Master Xehanort 's plan to balance the light and darkness , which may ultimately lead to the final showdown between Sora and Master Xehanort . By the start of the game , Sora has completed his Mark of Mastery , which he was attempting to do at the end of Dream Drop Distance . Kingdom Hearts III will serve as the final chapter of the `` Dark Seeker / Xehanort '' saga , with Nomura revealing that the plot of the game will pick up `` immediately after the events of Dream Drop Distance . '' He also added that the plot will examine the seven lights and thirteen darknesses coming together for the final battle , but that everyone that is expected to fulfill these roles may not . Development After Square Enix finished development of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix , Tetsuya Nomura was approached by Disney , who expressed interest in a sequel . In regard to a possible release of Kingdom Hearts III , Nomura said `` We have various ideas , but we 're not at the point where we can say that . '' He added that due to the development of Final Fantasy XV -- titled Final Fantasy Versus XIII at the time -- `` it 's physically impossible at the present . I feel that it 's not the right time to talk about the future of Kingdom Hearts . '' In response to questions about the secret film in Final Mix , Nomura noted that it was of a `` new series '' in Kingdom Hearts rather than Kingdom Hearts III . When asked about Kingdom Hearts III , Nomura noted that fans and partners alike were interested in its release , and would work to `` realize it '' as soon as possible . In the Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Ultimania guide book , Nomura announced three upcoming titles , one of which was Kingdom Hearts III . However , Final Fantasy XV was still his primary focus , preventing him from starting production on Kingdom Hearts III . He later noted that Kingdom Hearts III would not see a release until after 2012 , due to his continuing work on Final Fantasy XV , regardless of the 10th anniversary of the series occurring in that year . The Nintendo 3DS video game Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance was announced to connect to Kingdom Hearts III , both in terms of gameplay system and story . Sony announced Kingdom Hearts III for the PlayStation 4 with a teaser trailer at its E3 2013 event in June 2013 . Square Enix later confirmed the game 's cross-platform release for the Xbox One as a port of the PlayStation 4 version . Unlike Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , which were developed by Square Enix 's Product Development Division 1 team , Kingdom Hearts III was developed by Square Enix 's 1st Production Department , who developed Birth by Sleep , Dream Drop Distance , and worked on the HD 1.5 Remix collection and Square Enix 's Business Division 3 . Rie Nishi serves as the game 's producer . Directly after E3 2013 , Nomura claimed that Kingdom Hearts III was announced `` too early '' , based on where the game stood in development . He continued by saying , `` Many fans were feeling impatient due to our continuous releases of spin - off titles , so we decided to announce it at the same time as Final Fantasy XV '' . Kingdom Hearts III is not intended to be the final game in the series . Series producer Shinji Hashimoto stated in September 2013 that as both Kingdom Hearts III and Final Fantasy XV are directed by Nomura , it is expected that there would be a significant gap between the release of the two , `` as ( they ) want each game to be perfect in terms of quality . '' Hashimoto also reiterated Nomura 's statements about the game 's announcement at E3 2013 , as `` the company thought it was about time it addressed speculation about the long - awaited conclusion to the trilogy . '' In early 2014 , Haley Joel Osment , the English voice of Sora in the series , stated he had been in talks with the development team after the announcement and , assuming he would be back . He added that since dialogue was one of the last parts of the process , he believed he would not begin until mid-2014 at the earliest . A short teaser for the game appeared at the end of the Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix trailer at E3 2014 . Yasue revealed that the sequence seen in the teaser was the opening scene for the game . He added that it was created by Nomura , who had `` a real clear picture of ( what ) the starting sequence '' should be , and that the text seen and heard was going to `` be a real integral part of the story '' . In September 2014 , it was announced that Nomura would no longer be the director of Final Fantasy XV , focusing his attention on other projects , including Kingdom Hearts III . Nomura had been the director of Final Fantasy XV since the game was announced as Final Fantasy Versus XIII in 2006 . The following month , Nomura revealed that the game had switched to using Epic Games ' Unreal Engine 4 , due to a `` variety of reasons '' . He also added that the development team had the full support of Epic , and the change would not hinder the game 's development . According to Kotaku and IGN , it was noted that it had been assumed that Square Enix had been using its in - house Luminous Studio engine to develop the game . Bill Farmer , the English voice actor for Goofy , stated in January 2015 that he had completed his voice acting for the game . Also in the month , Yasue revealed that working on HD 2.5 Remix simultaneously allowed the developers to learn all the best qualities from the series to aid in creating III , saying `` For III we want to evolve it in a new direction , but at the same time we do n't want to change what is fundamental about Kingdom Hearts . '' Additionally , he stated the Kingdom Hearts team was sharing knowledge with the Final Fantasy XV team to expand the game and get the most out of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . In June 2015 , Nomura revealed that development was on track and that secret films were being considered . He also stated that the team had an internal release window they were trying to hit . In November 2015 , new footage was shown at D23 Expo Japan 2015 , footage which was cut from the E3 2015 trailer for time . A gameplay trailer was released during the Kingdom Hearts Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles in mid-June 2017 . The next month , it was announced at D23 2017 that the game would release in 2018 . Nomura also stated that a Nintendo Switch version of the game might be created , but wanted to focus on the development and promise of completing the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions before exploring other platform possibilities . Commenting on the long development process , Nomura noted it was not due to problems with development or any choices made by the development team , but rather internal Square Enix corporate decisions , such as changing to the Unreal Engine 4 about a year into the game 's development , which lead to `` extensive delays '' and `` a bit of time that needed to be rewinded and started over '' , and `` certain timing and resources challenges within Square Enix '' , despite submitting and getting approved a plan for when more personal resources would be needed on the project . Regarding downloadable content for the game , Nomura stated that `` nothing is set in stone '' regarding it , but he told the development team to `` be prepared to be able to accommodate for something like that . We ca n't suddenly develop a system where we 're accommodating for downloadable content . So it 's not confirming or denying either way , but just so that the development team will be prepared '' . At D23 Japan 2018 , Square Enix revealed the game was being developed in three sections , with approximately three worlds in each section . At that time , the worlds in the first section were said to be 90 percent complete and development of the middle section at around 60 percent . No update was given on the final section of the game , though Nomura stated its contents were `` something he 's always wanted to do and put into Kingdom Hearts , ever since the days of working on Final Fantasy ... It is bound to surprise everyone . '' Design In June 2013 , Nomura discussed the updated visuals , saying that the development team tried to return the character 's texture to the original `` paintbrush art from Disney productions '' . The resulting visuals were referred to as the Kingdom Shader . Nomura continued , `` It may look like a pretty drastic change , but I see it as a rich evolution of everything we 've shown you up to now . '' Nomura also revealed that Sora is the same proportions as in previous games ; however , they `` muted the volume on his hair -- it 's not as wild . '' Regarding updating Sora 's look from his Kingdom Hearts II design , Nomura noted that outfit 's popularity , but felt `` the desire to change it '' since the game is the first numbered sequel since II 's release . He added that the basis for the resulting design is a mix between Sora 's costumes for Kingdom Hearts II and Dream Drop Distance , one that is `` a lot more sleek and sporty '' since `` Sora does a lot more ... acrobatic ( and ) ... action - oriented movements '' . Riku and King Mickey also receive updated outfits . Speaking on the designs of the worlds , Nomura said the updated graphical capabilities allowed the development team `` to depict the world ( s ) of the original film ( s ) as close to ( their ) original form as possible '' after previously creating worlds to be `` a stylized Kingdom Hearts world '' . Music Main article : Music of Kingdom Hearts Series composer Yoko Shimomura returns to compose the music . Takeharu Ishimoto and Tsuyoshi Sekito are also contributing music to the game . In October 2013 , Teruzane Utada , father of singer Hikaru Utada , stated that Hikaru would once again be involved in the theme song for Kingdom Hearts III , as she did with Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II . In February 2018 , Hikaru 's theme for the game was revealed , titled `` Chikai '' in Japanese and `` Do n't Think Twice '' in English . Release Kingdom Hearts III is scheduled to be released in 2018 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Notes Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts III ( Japanese : キングダムハーツ III , Hepburn : Kingudamu Hātsu Surī ) References ^ Jump up to : Splechta , Mike ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tetsuya Nomura discusses Kingdom Hearts 1.5 , Kingdom Hearts 3 and Final Fantasy 15 '' . GameZone . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Square Enix ( June 25 , 2013 ) . Square Enix Presents E3 2013 - Day1 ( # 03 ) - KINGDOM HEARTS HD 1.5 ReMIX Interview . YouTube . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tetsuya Nomura is ready -- at last -- for ' Kingdom Hearts 3 '' to progress `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Corriea , Alexa Ray ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III Shows Sora at His Most Powerful '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Kimberly ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Gummi Ship Confirmed For Kingdom Hearts III '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yin - Poole , Wesley ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` New Kingdom Hearts 3 gameplay trailer shows off Sora , Donald Duck and Goofy '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ; Schwartz , Terri ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director Hints at Second Playable Character '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gifford , Kevin ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 detailed by game director Tetsuya Nomura '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director Confirms Gummi Ship Will Return , New Magic Ability Tiers '' . IGN . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pramath ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 To Have Situation Commands '' . Gaming Bolt . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Zachary ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Orchestra Trailer : Complete break - down and analysis '' . PlayStation Universe . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopa , Vanessa ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 New Screenshots Hint at Shotlock '' . Gameranx . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III 's Confirmed Weapons , Locations , And Keyblades '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riendeau , Danielle ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch the Kingdom Hearts 3 gameplay trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Futter , Mike ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Sends Sora And Friends to the World of Tangled '' . Game Informer . Game Stop . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Sal ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III has mostly new worlds , release window internally decided '' . Gematsu . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Sal ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` New Kingdom Hearts III and 2.8 trailers coming tomorrow '' . Gematsu . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wood , Chandler ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Monsters Inc . World Confirmed in New Trailer , Lots of Gameplay Footage '' . PlayStationLifeStyle.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III reveals a Monsters , Inc. world in two brand - new trailers '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foster , George ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 : 10 Major Reveals From D23 2018 - 6 . Dream Eaters Return '' . What Culture . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Sal ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tetsuya Nomura and Tai Yasue talk Kingdom Hearts III and Unchained Chi at E3 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DisneyVideoGames ( October 14 , 2013 ) . D23 Expo Japan 2013 . YouTube . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Kimberley ( January 2014 ) . `` Taking Disney attractions for a joyride '' . Game Informer . GameStop. 24 ( 249 ) : 73 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Kimberly ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Nomura Shares More Details on Kingdom Hearts III And Its Toy Story World '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ; Schwartz , Terri ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` 8 Cool Things We Learned About Kingdom Hearts 3 at D23 Expo '' . IGN . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Kimberly ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Nomura Reveals More on Kingdom Hearts III 's Keyblade Transformations And Summons '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Toshi ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Here Are Some Things To Expect in Kingdom Hearts 3 '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : スズタク ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` 『キングダムハーツ III 』は『トイ・ストーリー』抜きでは考えられなかった. 野村さんが武器変形やフォームを説明 '' ( in Japanese ) . Dengeki Online . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 -- via KH13.com . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` A Deep Dive into Kingdom Hearts 3 ' Two New Screenshots '' . IGN . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` New Kingdom Hearts 3 Trailer Shows Monsters Inc . World , New Gameplay Details Revealed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Square Enix Announces Next Generation Development of Kingdom Hearts III '' . Square Enix via PRNewswire . June 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts ( @ KingdomHearts ) ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Heartless Dandelions make quite an entrance in Rapunzel 's Kingdom of Corona in the # kingdomhearts III trailer ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Carle , Chris ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : KINGDOM HEARTS 3 ADDS BIG HERO 6 WORLD '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts III Goes To Infinity And Beyond '' . Square Enix . July 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Allegra ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 gets a new trailer and its first Pixar - based world '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunsmore , Kevin ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Square Enix Releases New Kingdom Hearts III and 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Footage '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Foster , George ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 : 10 Major Reveals From D23 2018 - 4 . Riku And Mickey 's Outfits Revealed '' . What Culture . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III 's Confirmed Weapons , Locations , And Keyblades '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Roy Conli on ' Born in China ' , Joining the ' Frozen ' Family & ' Kingdom Hearts III ' '' . Collider . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Wo n't Feature Final Fantasy Worlds '' . Game Spot . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silva , Marty ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 : Kingdom Hearts ' Creator Speaks on Disney 's Recent Acquisitions '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars in Kingdom Hearts III ? Nomura says it 's complicated '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel and Star Wars are `` Not Off - Limits '' for Kingdom Hearts 3 `` . Kotaku . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marnell , Blair ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Trailer Features Hades And Teases The Return Of ( Spoiler ) '' . Nerdist . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` A Deep Dive into The Kingdom Hearts 3 D23 Expo Trailer Gameplay And Story Details '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` New Kingdom Hearts 3 trailer shows off Monsters Inc. world '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrenhofler , Courtney ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III D23 Trailer -- Toy Story World and Release Window Revealed '' . TechRaptor . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sterling , Jim ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 confirmed , more KH games coming '' . Destructoid . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` Nomura on Kingdom Hearts III '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Griffin ( February 6 , 2010 ) . `` Nomura working to ' realize ' Kingdom Hearts III , explains Sora 's furry origins '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , JC ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Nomura mentions three more Kingdom Hearts games in interview '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` No Kingdom Hearts 3 By 2012 '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3D will connect with III '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 coming to PS4 '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2013 : Kingdom Hearts III Heading to Xbox One '' . IGN . June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Unleashes a Smackdown in an E3 To Remember '' . Game Informer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 17 . July 2013 . Square Enix teased the long - awaited third entry in the Kingdom Hearts series , as well as Final Fantasy XV ( the newly branded name for Final Fantasy Versus XIII ) . While those titles are n't PS4 exclusives , we learned that Sony 's console is the lead platform , with the Xbox One version effectively built as a port . Jump up ^ Ishaan ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Being Developed By Square Enix 's Osaka Studio '' . Siliconera . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 第 3 ビジネス・ディビジョンキャリア採用 Square Enix - Recruiting - '' . Square Enix . March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts III in 7 / 4 Famitsu Weekly ! '' . KHInsider . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Timothy ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 was announced too early , says Tetsuya Nomura '' . PlayStation Universe . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Expect a Wait Between Kingdom Hearts III and Final Fantasy XV '' . IGN . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Spoils of Babylon ' : Haley Joel Osment recalls taxidermy crows , teases ' Kingdom Hearts 3 ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` This Is The Intro To Kingdom Hearts III '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tetsuya Nomura No Longer Directing Final Fantasy XV '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ashcraft , Brian ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III Is Being Made with Unreal Engine 4 '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Switches To Unreal Engine 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Goofy Voice Actor Claims Kingdom Hearts 3 Coming This Year '' . IGN . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` The Kingdom Hearts Remakes Were ' Good Training ' For Kingdom Hearts 3 '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ; Schwartz , Terri ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director : Switch Version ' Maybe ' Possible After Xbox One , PS4 Versions Are Released '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rougeau , Michael ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 3 Director Tetsuya Nomura Explains What Took So Long '' . Game Spot . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( September 2017 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts III Reaches For The Stars '' . Game Informer . GameStop. 27 ( 293 ) : 65 - 67 . With Kingdom Hearts III , I feel like we were able to recreate the world of the original CG film pieces close to its original quality in terms of its graphics and the look of the different worlds , '' Nomura says . `` Up until then , we created the worlds so that it looks like it is a stylized Kingdom Hearts world , but now with Kingdom Hearts III , we were able to depict the world of the original film as close to its original form as possible . Jump up ^ `` 石元丈晴氏 × 野村哲也氏が初対談 ! 『ディシディア FF NT 』サウンドトラック発売記念インタビュー '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . English translation via `` Nomura confirms Takeharu Ishimoto and Tsuyoshi Sekito are working on Kingdom Hearts 3 Soundtrack '' . KH Insider . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chieng , Kevin ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hikaru Utada Returns for Kingdom Hearts 3 Theme Song ( Update : Involvement `` Undecided '' ) `` . GameTrailers . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Listen To Kingdom Hearts III 's Theme Song By Utada Hikaru '' . Kotaku . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . External links Official website ( hide ) Kingdom Hearts series Console games Kingdom Hearts Kingdom Hearts II Kingdom Hearts III Handheld games Chain of Memories Coded 358 / 2 Days Birth by Sleep Dream Drop Distance χ HD Collections HD 1.5 Remix HD 2.5 Remix HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Characters Sora Organization XIII Roxas Terra Ventus Aqua Music Yoko Shimomura `` Hikari '' `` Passion '' `` Chikai '' Other Media Universe Mobile World of Final Fantasy Book 2010s portal Disney portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Hearts_III&oldid=829992099 '' Categories : Action role - playing video games Crossover video games Disney video games Donald Duck video games Goofy ( Disney ) video games Kingdom Hearts Mickey Mouse video games PlayStation 4 games Square Enix games Unreal Engine games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Video game sequels Video games scored by Yoko Shimomura Xbox One games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano مصرى 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is kingdom hearts 3 coming out in america	[ "Kingdom Hearts III is scheduled to be released in 2018 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[35]" ]	[ "2018" ]
-8941698312154348564	The New Colossus	The New Colossus - wikipedia The New Colossus Jump to : navigation , search The New Colossus Emma Lazarus 's manuscript Created 1883 Location Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , New York City , New York , U.S. Author ( s ) Emma Lazarus Purpose Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 , and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . The line `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903 . The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) . Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2nd , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . Classical composer David Ludwig has set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Jewish immigrant poet Emma Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's `` Ozymandias . '' The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode entitled ' New Colossus ' in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . See Also Walt Kelly , The Pogo Papers , 1953 , p. 152 , for reference to right - wing ( McCarran act ) policy & the Goldman quote . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ) , Library of Congress . The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society , New York and Newton Centre , Massachusetts '' . The poem itself , having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- -- , Schor , Esther , ed. , The New Colossus ( interactive ed . ) , Nextbook Press . Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society . Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus . '' Cavitch , Max ( 2008 ) . `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty . '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Ed . Meredith L. McGill . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . 97 - 122 . Marom , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles ' ? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' '' . Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61 . doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=801557554 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 11 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the inscription placed on the statue of liberty	[ "\"The New Colossus\" is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.[2] In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level." ]	[ "1903" ]
4825890731995995723	List of Midsomer Murders episodes	List of Midsomer murders episodes - wikipedia List of Midsomer murders episodes Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997 . The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series , as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz . The current lead character is DCI John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ) , who works for Causton CID . Dudgeon 's character is the younger cousin of former lead character DCI Tom Barnaby ( John Nettles ) . Dudgeon first appeared as randy gardener Daniel Bolt in the Series 4 episode `` Garden of Death '' . Dudgeon permanently joined the show in 2011 following Nettles 's departure . As of 20 May 2018 , 116 episodes have aired over 19 series . Episodes 1 to 100 were originally released on DVD as 25 `` sets , '' which are now discontinued , and have been re-released as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . Series 20 was announced by ITV in April 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 1997 ) 2.2 Series 1 ( 1998 ) 2.3 Series 2 ( 1999 ) 2.4 Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) 2.5 Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.7 Series 6 ( 2003 ) 2.8 Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 2.9 Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) 2.10 Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.11 Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) 2.12 Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) 2.13 Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.14 Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.15 Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.16 Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.17 Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.18 Series 17 ( 2015 ) 2.19 Series 18 ( 2016 ) 2.20 Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) 2.21 Series 20 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) 5 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) 5 5 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) 6 5 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) 7 7 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) 8 8 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) 9 8 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) 10 8 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) 11 7 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) 5 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) 12 7 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 13 8 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) 14 8 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 15 6 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 16 5 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 17 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 18 6 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 19 6 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) 20 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 20 6 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 1997 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` The Killings at Badger 's Drift '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) September / October 1996 When DCI Barnaby and DS Troy arrive in the village of Badger 's Drift to investigate the sudden death of Emily Simpson , her next door neighbour insists that she had been murdered , after she had seen her return from a walk , unnerved and shocked by something she had witnessed . When the post mortem confirms her death was no accident , the pair discover that nothing is what it seems to be within the sleepy village as they try to find out what exactly she saw . Their investigation soon turns up a web of sex , blackmail and lies , and the possibility that the murder could be connected to a shooting accident two years ago , which claimed another woman 's life . First appearances of DCI Tom Barnaby , DS Gavin Troy , Dr George Bullard , Joyce Barnaby and Cully Barnaby . Series 1 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date `` Written in Blood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) July / August 1997 After debating on who their next guest speaker should be , the Midsomer Worthy Writers ' Circle decide to invite famous writer , Max Jennings , to their next meeting , despite opposition to the choice by Gerald Hadleigh , the group 's secretary . When Hadleigh is found dead the day after Jennings visit , brutally bludgeoned and stripped naked , Barnaby and Troy discover that the victim had many mysteries to him , prompting them to delve into his private life and his past . Matters soon become complicated when Jennings disappears and is later found dead , and a witness recalls seeing a mysterious woman in Hadleigh 's house the night before his murder . `` Death of a Hollow Man '' Jeremy Silbertson Caroline Graham 29 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 29 ) August / September 1997 Whilst investigating the murder of Agnes Gray , a quiet animal - loving woman who was bludgeoned to death and found floating in a river near to the village of Ferne Basset , Barnaby gets more than he bargained for when he attends his wife 's performance in the Causton Amateur Dramatics ' production of Amadeus . When Agnes ' cousin , Esslyn Carmichael , inadvertently cuts his own throat during the final act , it 's quickly discovered that the tape on the prop blade he had used was removed without anyone knowing . The detective is left wondering who had wanted to turn Esslyn 's final act into a true coup de theatre , as he and Troy try to determine what the motive was behind the two murders . `` Faithful unto Death '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 22 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 22 ) October 1997 Local villagers in Morton Fendle are up in arms , demanding answers from Alan Hollingsworth , the owner of a local craft centre they had invested in , after news comes out that it has recently fallen into financial turmoil . As tensions begin rising in the village , Barnaby soon suspects that something has happened to Alan 's wife , Simone , when his behaviour suddenly changes . His suspicions are soon confirmed when it transpires that Simone was kidnapped , after one of Alan 's neighbours is murdered , shortly after witnessing something they should n't have . 5 `` Death in Disguise '' Baz Taylor Douglas Watkinson 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) November / December 1997 Bill Carter , one of the founders of a local New Age commune called the Lodge of the Golden Windhorse , dies suddenly after falling down some stairs and breaking his neck . Although there was uncertainty as to whether it was the result of an accident or murder , Barnaby and Troy find themselves having to determine which it was , when Ian Craigie , the commune 's leader , is stabbed to death with a carving knife a few days later , while attending a spiritual seance with the rest of the commune and the parents of one of its members . It 's not long before they discover hidden truths about the commune 's founding and some of its members . Series 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming date Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Death 's Shadow '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) May / June 1998 10.41 Plans by Barnaby to renew his wedding vows at the church of St Michael 's in Badger 's Drift , are quickly put on hold when the body of Richard Bayly , a local developer , is found decapitated in his own home . The detective is left mystified as to why anyone would kill a man who had only been given weeks to live , after being recently diagnosed with a brain tumour . As he and Troy attempt to find out , they soon encounter a hotbed of corruption and property feuding occurring within the village as the body count rises and the mystery deepens . 7 `` Strangler 's Wood '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 3 February 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 03 ) June / July 1998 10.70 Nine years ago , three women were strangled with a neck - tie and left naked in woodland outside Midsomer Worthy , so when a Brazilian woman who recently arrived in the village is murdered in the exact same fashion and found within the same woods , Barnaby is forced to cut short some father - daughter bonding time with Cully to determine if it is the work of the same killer . As he and Troy investigate the area , including a local tobacco company the victim was associated with , they soon encounter several matters , including a retired detective obsessed with the previous murders , problematic evidence , family troubles , and secret affairs , before another death follows . First appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 8 `` Dead Man 's Eleven '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) April / May 1999 11.07 As the cricket team for Fletcher 's Cross prepare for their annual match against Midsomer Worthy , tragedy strikes for their captain and local landowner , Robert Cavendish , when the search for his wife Tara , who went missing whilst walking their dog , turns up her body near to a disused quarry he had owned . For Barnaby and Troy , suspicions are drawn in on Robert 's son , who openly resented his father 's wife , and who owned the cricket bat that killed her . Yet their investigation also turns up a wealth of secrets , lies , affairs , blackmail , and a mysterious death that occurred shortly before a break - in , before matters are complicated when another murder occurs during the cricket match . 9 `` Blood Will Out '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 19 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 19 ) September 1998 9.99 Hector Bridges , a local magistrate , is infuriated when one of his geese is stolen , just as two bands of travellers arrive in Martyr Warren . Although Barnaby and Troy are called in to deal with the theft and later dissuade him from forcefully evicting the travellers from the village , they soon have a murder on their hands , when a short while later Bridges is killed with his own shotgun . It quickly transpires that many in the village had hated the magistrate , who lied , bullied , and committed many an injustice , leaving the detectives determined to find who among them had pulled the trigger after Bridges pushed them past their breaking point . Series 3 ( 1999 -- 00 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Death of a Stranger '' Moira Armstrong Douglas Watkinson 31 December 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) May / June 1999 5.87 Shortly before his retirement , Superintendent Pringle believes he has solved the murder of a tramp who was killed during a fox hunt outside the village of Upper Marshwood . However , Barnaby , who had been in France on holiday during the investigation , is not convinced that the local poacher Pringle arrested , who pleads he is innocent , is the true culprit . Barnaby soon turns out to be right when the poacher 's father is found murdered in the woods with his own shotgun . As Barnaby and Troy reopen the murder case , they soon find themselves dealing with the village 's upper classes , who are none too willing to give much away . 11 `` Blue Herrings '' Peter Smith Hugh Whitemore 22 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 22 ) June / July 1999 8.88 When Alice Bly arrives at the Lawnside nursing home in Aspern Tallow to rest up from hospital treatment , she is unconvinced by the home 's director and its physician that one of the residents had died naturally , on the night shortly after her arrival , especially as the deceased owned a valuable Cartier watch that has since gone missing . Despite having a week off from police work , her nephew Barnaby , concerned for her well being , decides to investigate the matter , and it is not long before he and Troy uncover theft , lies and secret flings , as more deaths follow . 12 `` Judgement Day '' Jeremy Silberston Anthony Horowitz 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) August / September 1999 9.65 Even though Midsomer Mallow is a contender to be the ' Perfect English Village ' in a competition of the same name , underneath the surface of the village not everything is perfect as local thief Peter Drinkwater is up to no good . After robbing a retired actor 's mansion of valuable goods , Mr Drinkwater is stabbed with a pitchfork at the local farm he is using as a base . Despite the villagers ' best efforts to keep the murder quiet so as to not ruin their chances in the competition , several further deaths occur eventually bringing Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby back several decades to uncover the killer . Last appearance of Dr Dan Peterson 13 `` Beyond The Grave '' Peter Cregeen Douglas Livingstone 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) October 1998 9.40 Cully 's latest boyfriend , Nico , decides to shadow Troy in preparation for a TV role he recently got , but gets more hands - on experience than he expected when investigations into a slashed painting at a museum in Aspern Tallow , a 17th century portrait of Royalist Jonathan Lowrie , are overshadowed by the murder of his descendant , Marcus Lowrie . It is n't long before Barnaby and Troy , with Nico 's assistance , find themselves dealing with mysterious , ghostly events , escaped criminals , and a museum trustee who has more to them than meets the eye . Series 4 ( 2000 -- 01 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Garden of Death '' Peter Smith Christopher Russell 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) June / July 2000 7.65 Villagers of Midsomer Deverell are appalled when the Inkpen family plan to turn their public memorial garden into a small tea shop . Yet when Elspeth Inkpen announces that it is none of the village 's business what her family is planning , Barnaby and Troy wonder if someone is determined to stop this happening , when her daughter is soon found murdered in the garden . As the detectives investigate , they slowly uncover greed , snobbery , illegitimacy , mourning and violence , before Elspeth is soon found dead in what appears to have been suicide . 15 `` Destroying Angel '' David Tucker David Hoskins 26 August 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 26 ) July / August 2000 9.99 Following the funeral of local hotelier Karl Wainwright , his hotel 's manager and a well liked Punch and Judy performer , Gregory Chambers , disappears unusually in yet another picturesque Midsomer village . Most people dismiss his disappearance completely but when he does n't turn up , a search is conducted and a severed hand , confirmed to be Gregory 's , turns up in the woods . Further deaths and a mushroom poisoning occur surrounding the beneficiaries of Karl Wainwright 's will . All is not as it seems . 16 `` The Electric Vendetta '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 2 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 02 ) August / September 2000 9.99 A man 's naked body found under mysterious circumstances , within a crop circle on Sir Harry Chatwyn 's wheat field , leads police to investigating how he wound up in the field after being electrocuted . While the nearby village of Midsomer Parva is abuzz with UFO mania , Barnaby is unconvinced by a local ufologist that the man 's death was the result of alien activity , as he uncovers rivalries , theft and hatred during his investigations , soon after a well known burglar is found dead in another crop circle with identical injuries . 17 `` Who Killed Cock Robin ? '' David Tucker Jeremy Paul 9 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 09 ) September / October 2000 9.13 Returning home one night , in a drunken state , the local doctor of Newton Magna calls in the police after he had accidentally hit a man , yet when Barnaby and Troy arrive , the injured man is nowhere to be found . As they investigate the mystery , Barnaby encounters an old adversary who is working to help renovate the village and whose daughter is getting married to a local boy . Matters soon become complicated , when the body of the best man 's father is found in a well that was being renovated , whom the detectives soon discover had disappeared on the day he was planning to run away with a local farmer 's wife . 18 5 `` Dark Autumn '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) October / November 2000 9.77 Goodmans Land is a sleepy Midsomer village , and remains so one Autumn morning apart from the womanising postman Dave Cutler is horrifically killed in the middle of the village whilst doing his early shift . When D.C.I. Barnaby comes in to investigate , he learns that many of the village 's women were ' having it on ' with Mr Cutler . Turning a disused dance hall into the Criminal Investigation Department , numerous unexplained deaths soon occur in Goodmans Land . Can Barnaby riddle out the reason for the strange 1950s dance music heard playing at each murder scene ? And , with the help of WPC Jay Nash and not forgetting D.S. Troy , can Barnaby find the murderer once again ? Series 5 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Tainted Fruit '' Jeremy Silberston Peter J. Hammond 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) April / May 2001 9.80 On the same day that a local district nurse is charged for drink driving following an evening event in Midsomer Malham , a local veterinarian discovers that someone has stolen barbiturates from his surgery . Barnaby and Troy become greatly concerned for the safety of Melissa Townsend , a thoroughly disliked young woman who had recently received death threats that blamed her for the death of a local poacher , but are unable to prevent someone from murdering her , after her body is found with a syringe in the stomach beside her father 's swimming pool . While a wealth of hatred lies within the village , it slowly transpires that someone wanted to hide a secret when the pair uncover blackmail and greed at the heart of their investigations . 20 `` Market For Murder '' Sarah Hellings Christopher Russell 16 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) June / July 2001 8.99 Wealthy stock broker Selwyn Proctor is furious when someone torches his car , but Barnaby and Troy have other things on their mind , when the elderly head of a local reading club , Marjorie Empson , is battered to death with her walking stick , whilst getting ready for bed following the club 's latest meeting . It soon transpires the women of Midsomer Market 's reading club were secretly investing in the stock market and had been doing well , but that two of the members were outvoted from selling their shares . When one of the members is initially suspected of the murder , but later murdered a short while after she is cleared of suspicions , Barnaby discovers the second victim was having secret affairs , leading him to believe the killer is privy to secrets within the village . 21 `` A Worm in the Bud '' David Tucker Michael Russell 23 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 23 ) October / November 2001 9.52 Two farmers of Midsomer Worthy are at loggerheads over the proposed development of Setwale Wood . James Harrington of Abbey Farm wants his land felled , whereas his ex-friend Simon Bartlett of Grange Farm will do anything to stop this going ahead with the help of friend and barrister Bernadette Sullivan . However , all of this is pushed out of their minds when Simon 's wife Susan is found dead in the Wood by some local children . Even though her parents do n't believe her , Julie Fielding is adamant she saw the woman 's body . When Mr Fielding sees the body , too , the next day , it is in the pond in Setwale Wood and it is confirmed that Mrs Bartlett committed suicide . After the trees start to be cut down , another body turns up , leaving Barnaby and Troy to believe that both victims were that of murder . With the help of little Julie and her brother , D.C.I. Barnaby learns of the Wood 's history and a web of lies and secrets beneath the surface of this picturesque village . 22 `` Ring Out Your Dead '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 15 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 15 ) September / October 2001 9.43 The bell ringers at Midsomer Wellow church have high hopes of winning the annual striking competition , but this does n't look likely after one of their number is found shot through the heart in the bell tower during a practise . It is difficult for Mr Barnaby to uncover prospective murderers of this mostly well - liked man , but with a few more deaths , an attempted burglary and some word - processed lines from a local folk poem taking Barnaby and Troy on a journey to the far past , it looks like the killer could be right under their noses . 23 5 `` Murder on St Malley 's Day '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) July / August 2001 9.37 Daniel Talbot , a student of the prestigious Devington School , drops dead shortly after returning for help upon being viciously attacked during the school 's annual St. Malley 's Day race . His father , Anthony Talbot , insists that someone from the nearby village of Midsomer Parva was responsible , but things are not as straightforward for Barnaby and Troy , when they slowly discover that Daniel had wanted to run away during the race . Their investigation quickly turns up hidden conspiracies concerning both the school and its secretive , elite group known as the Pudding Club , whose members throw up a wall of silence , just before more bodies turn up . Series 6 ( 2003 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 24 `` A Talent for Life '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) May / June 2002 9.23 The double murder of eccentric widow , Isobel Hewitt , and adulterous doctor , Duncan Goff , lead Barnaby and Troy into finding out more about their personal and private lives in the village of Malham Bridge . While Troy suspects an antique dealer that Isobel befriended is the culprit , Barnaby is not convinced , believing anyone the victims knew when they were alive could have been the murderer , from the doctor 's wife to the local owner of a restaurant . Even Isobel 's close family and members of a local fly fishing group are suspects as they investigate all possible angles . 25 `` Death and Dreams '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 10 ) June / July 2002 9.46 When Martin Wroath is found dead in his home in Midsomer Worthy , Barnaby is unconvinced that he committed suicide with his own shotgun in an unnecessarily complex fashion . When a second murder occurs on an assault course at a local cottage hospital , in which Wroath was a patient , the detective suspects a link between the two murders , and soon finds a wealth of hatred , jealously and lies , before discovering that rope in the village is mysteriously disappearing . 26 `` Painted in Blood '' Sarah Hellings Andrew Payne 17 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) July / August 2002 9.45 Joyce is taking part in an open - air art class , being held on the village green of Midsomer Florey , when she discovers the body of an elderly fellow student , Ruth Fairfax , concealed beneath some undergrowth shortly after a session . Just as Barnaby begins to learn that Ruth was not all she seemed to be , officers of the NIS pull him off the case . While Troy is allowed to assist them , Barnaby is left handling a local operation into a spate of thefts , yet he decides to continue his investigations in secret . In doing so , he soon turns up armed robbery , unaccounted stolen money , former criminals , and secret liaisons , before discovering that the NIS investigation is not being as thorough as it should be . 27 `` A Tale of Two Hamlets '' Peter Smith Alan Plater 24 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 24 ) September / October 2002 9.28 At his family home in Upper Warden , arrogant actor Larry Smith is killed , when a summer house he walks in to as part of a promotion for the sequel to his hit film , The House of Satan , is suddenly destroyed in an explosion . His family quickly fling accusations for his murder directly at the residents of rival village , Lower Warden , leading Barnaby and Troy to determine if this is the case , especially when Larry 's director , another member of the family , is electrocuted while using an exercise bike . It 's not long before secrets , affairs and blackmail begin to surface from within the two villages . 28 5 `` Birds of Prey '' Jeremy Silberston Michael Russell 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) October / November 2002 9.32 While Troy assists an attractive wildlife liaison officer with an investigation into the illegal sale of protected bird eggs , Barnaby travels to Midsomer Magna to investigate the sudden death of a man , who apparently drowned himself . While there was evidence he was desperately seeking to avoid bankruptcy , and had visited a local millionaire to get back his money from a scheme he had invested in , a post mortem reveals that he had been murdered . The two detectives soon find their investigations crossing over , when a man found to have an illegal collection of bird eggs , is also murdered , prompting concerns that the millionaire 's scheme is being used to defraud many , and that someone is willing to kill to keep the scheme going . Series 7 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` The Green Man '' Sarah Hellings Michael Russell 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) May / June 2003 10.01 When a tunnel collapses on a canal project near to Midsomer Worthy , several skeletons turn up . Barnaby investigates a possible murder when one skeleton is discovered to have teeth bearing modern dental work . Meanwhile , Troy , recently having earned a promotion to Inspector , tackles his last case in the county by visiting the village to investigate a more recent murder - that of a youth , one of several who had caused problems for the villagers , who had been shot with a gun he and his friends had been using the night before to shoot wild animals . Slowly but surely , both begin uncovering a web of lies , affairs and domestic arguments , alongside a mysterious recluse with a hidden past . Last regular appearance of DS Gavin Troy 30 `` Bad Tidings '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 4 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) June / July 2003 9.96 DS Dan Scott , Barnaby 's cocky new sergeant , is thrust into his first case when the two detectives look into the murder of a woman who had been stabbed to death after a Spanish themed evening in Midsomer Mallow , before being left in a field she hated , with a red rose in her mouth . Not long after their investigation begins , a retired doctor , whom she had worked for , is murdered in his home during the village 's open day with an apple left beside his body . It quickly becomes clear the two victims knew a secret about one of the villagers , something that they are prepared to silence by any means necessary . First appearance of DS Dan Scott 31 `` The Fisher King '' Peter Smith Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 18 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) September / October 2003 10.17 Several decades ago , Roger Heldman died in what appeared to be an accident at a dig near to Midsomer Barrow , shortly after it had turned up two important Celtic pieces . When one of them , a spear , is used to kill his son Gareth , a womaniser like his father , Barnaby and Scott delve into a world of falsehoods , rituals , lies and hidden interrelationships , to uncover the truth . Initial suspicions lie to both the local river keeper , Harry Green , and the victim 's half - brother , David Hartley - Reade , until new evidence suggests Roger was murdered . Then David is murdered during the climax of a summer solstice celebration , while performing a ceremony to save his failing marriage . 32 `` Sins of Commission '' Richard Holthouse Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 11 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2003 9.71 While Midsomer St Michael prepares for the 12th year of its Literary Festival , which often becomes a hotbed for feuding writers , editors and publishers , Barnaby and Scott are called to the village to investigate who had expertly broken the neck of a former prize - winning author . They soon find that the world of fictional writing is far darker than it appears , when the victim 's editor is shortly found dead during the festival 's opening ceremony , leading the detectives to uncover lies , fraud and hidden truths , as the pair search for a connection behind the deaths . 33 5 `` The Maid in Splendour '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 25 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) October / November 2003 10.24 As a conflict between residents of Midsomer Worthy and commercial developers brews over the fate of a local pub , the Maid In Splendour , a popular barman who works there , Jamie Cruickshank , is found dead at an abandoned cottage in woods near to the village . As Barnaby and Scott investigate , they wonder who wanted him dead when the pub 's new manager , Stephen Bannerman , seemed a more likely target after they find that he was thoroughly disliked and was threatening to tear the Splendour down . When Bannerman is soon murdered , the detectives wonder if Jamie 's murder was unintentional . 34 6 `` The Straw Woman '' Sarah Hellings Jeff Dodds 29 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 29 ) November / December 2003 10.03 When the village of Midsomer Parva set alight the straw effigy of a woman as part of the revival of an old pagan festival , no one could foresee it ending in tragedy when the local curate screams out in agony from within the effigy . His death quickly turns the community against Liz Francis , the local teacher who organized it , yet as Barnaby and Scott investigate his murder , they soon discover that the curate had been in conflict with Alan Clifford , a pornographer who had moved into the area recently . When more people suddenly die from bouts of spontaneous human combustion , the detectives soon suspect someone is using the illusion of witchcraft to cover up the real motive behind the murders . 35 7 `` Ghosts of Christmas Past '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) January / February 2004 6.90 Nine years after Ferdinand Villiers committed suicide at his family 's home of Draycott Hall , the extended Villiers family gather together to celebrate Christmas . When a note in a Christmas cracker proclaims that two members of the family will be dead by midnight on Boxing Day , everyone assumes it to be nothing more than a joke until Aunt Lydia , the eldest member of the family , nearly dies from smoke suffocation before falling down the stairs during the night . Just before she dies from her injuries , Barnaby learns from her that someone had pushed her and soon discovers her near - death earlier in the evening was no accident . Both he and Scott soon find themselves trying to determine the motive for Lydia 's death , and quickly uncover many secrets and lies tied to Ferdinand 's suicide , before another member of the family is killed in what appears to be a shooting accident . Series 8 ( 2004 -- 05 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 36 `` Things That Go Bump in the Night '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) May / June 2004 8.56 When local undertaker , Patrick Pennyman , is found by his wife bludgeoned to death in his own chapel of rest with a heavy object , Barnaby and Scott find themselves wondering who within Fletcher 's Cross left him with a shocked look upon his face before he was killed . As they investigate , the pair quickly find themselves drawn towards a local spiritualist church that had been heavily controversial in the village , after a friend of Joyce , investigating both the church and the undertaker on suspicion that they were stealing from the dead and using information acquired from them , is murdered shortly after the latest spiritualist meeting . 37 `` Dead in the Water '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 17 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 17 ) June / July 2004 9.13 A day at the annual Midsomer Regatta is cut short for Barnaby , when the body of Guy Sweetman , a member of a local boating club , emerges from the river at Morton Shallows . Both he and Scott quickly learn that Guy was a ladies ' man with many enemies , and had been in secret meetings with a few other members . It 's not long before the two detectives uncover lies , jealously , a planned robbery and blackmail , before the latest woman Guy loved and was planning to marry , is attacked and nearly killed . 38 `` Orchis Fatalis '' Peter Smith Terry Hodgkinson 9 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 09 ) July / August 2004 8.74 When a female classics scholar , a member of a group of orchid lovers , is found poisoned in her own home by a local handyman , Barnaby find himself returning to Midsomer Malham the day after he and his wife had helped out in the village 's annual garden show . It quickly transpires that the victim not only had a secret lover , but had also smuggled a rare , priceless , one - of - a-kind orchid - the Yellow Roth - out of Borneo . It soon becomes clear the orchid was the motive for her murder , when one of the other members who bought the Roth is soon found dead , with their own collection destroyed . 39 `` Bantling Boy '' Sarah Hellings Steve Trafford 16 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 16 ) September / October 2004 8.80 A successful day at the races for the racehorse , Bantling Boy , is overshadowed the following day when Bruce Hartley , one of the horse 's owners and an alcoholic horse trainer , is found murdered within the horse 's stables , having been struck on the back of the head . Barnaby and Scott quickly learn that the night before his murder , Hartley had been in dispute with the other owners of the horse at Bantling Hall , and had refused to allow them to accept an offer to buy the horse . Although they assume the motive was over the sale of the horse , they soon find a darker motive when one of the other owners is murdered in the exact same fashion , but with a pennant of cloth left in their mouth . 40 5 `` Second Sight '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 23 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) October / November 2004 8.69 Barnaby and Scott are drawn into the strange world surrounding the ability of `` Second Sight '' , when they find themselves in the village of Midsomer Mere to investigate the sudden death of John Ransom , shortly after he had been kicked out of the local pub for fighting with his brother - in - law over the upcoming baptism of his niece . John is quickly discovered to have been a lab rabbit for his brother Max , who suspected he had the ability , much like those of local family , the Kirbys . As Barnaby tries to determine if the ability is real , he soon encounters tensions between the two families , an unlucky bookmaker , a priest attempting to save the local church , a man who he swears he saw before , and more murders . 41 6 `` Hidden Depths '' Sarah Hellings David Hoskins 13 March 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 13 ) November / December 2004 8.56 While it appears to be suicide at first , Barnaby is quickly convinced by the evidence he sees that Nick Turner , a solicitor who lived in Midsomer Magna , did not walk off the roof of his home , but was dropped to his death . When it transpires that his neighbour , Jack Wilmot , has disappeared shortly after his death , both Barnaby and Scott begin a search for answers , and soon turn up rumours that Nick had lost money he had stolen from his clients ' accounts . It 's not long before their investigations turn sinister , when Nick 's rival , Otto Benham , is brutally murdered after having wine bottles catapulted at him , all within view of his wife . 42 7 `` Sauce for the Goose '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 3 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 03 ) January / February 2005 9.73 When the body of a man is found dead and naked , within the sterilizer of the Plummer & Son Famous Relish factory in Little Upton , Barnaby finds himself investigating the Plummer family , the makers of his father 's favourite condiment . The victim was well known to the family and had been on a tour of the factory the day before his body was found , around the same time that the Plummers had been discussing the state of the floundering business during a general meeting , to which Ralph Plummer had angered his siblings by refusing to sell it . It 's not long before legal documents , resentment of the family , and odd sightings , add to the mystery of the investigations . 43 8 `` Midsomer Rhapsody '' Richard Holthouse Richard Cameron 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) February / March 2005 6.97 Arthur Leggott , a retired music teacher , is bludgeoned to death in his home in Badger 's Drift , when he confronts an intruder who apparently came for a musical manuscript by the late composer , Joan Alder . It soon becomes clear the manuscript is the key to solving the murders , when a valuable one that had been sold cheaply at auction , shows signs it had been written by another hand , as more murders slowly follow the first . Last appearance of DS Dan Scott Series 9 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 44 `` The House in the Woods '' Peter Smith Barry Simner 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) May / June 2005 8.49 Caroline and Peter Cave are house - hunting in Midsomer Newton . While checking out , they mention they have n't been able to find what they 're looking for : something old and derelict that they can do up . Anne Merrick tells them that Winyard , the perfect abandoned cottage in the woods , might be for sale . At the real estate agency , they are told the house is not yet available for viewing . Later that evening they find the house on their own . However , Caroline has read up on the cottage 's haunted reputation and only reluctantly explores it with Peter . The next morning they are found strangled in their own car . D.C.I. Barnaby starts the investigation with the help of PC Ben Jones ( as Scott has called in sick ) and they come across the world of estate agents , identical twins , ghosts , piano wire , and more before another body turns up . First appearance of PC Ben Jones as Acting DC ( later promoted to DS Ben Jones ) 45 `` Dead Letters '' Renny Rye Peter J. Hammond 26 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) June / July 2005 8.54 Villagers of Midsomer Barton are all set to celebrate Oak Apple Week , especially as the carnival queen event is set to return after an eight year absence . Yet the body of the mother of a deceased , one - time carnival queen , found in a stream , looks set to spoil things , as Barnaby and Jones find themselves digging up the past . From familiar faces , to drunken boasts and hidden obessions , it slowly becomes clear that the mother 's daughter might be the key to solving the murder , when more deaths follow . 46 `` Vixen 's Run '' Peter Smith Michael Aitkens 5 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 05 ) July / August 2005 8.94 Wealthy , eccentric and obese aristocrat Freddy Butler drops dead , shortly after gathering all three of his wives at Haddington Hall to make an announcement . Although George Bullard is adamant his death is from natural causes , the case is far from simple when Freddy 's solicitor is deliberately killed in a house fire shortly afterwards and Freddy 's will goes missing . Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating the extended Butler family , uncovering hidden secrets , illegitimate children and elusive treasure in the process . 47 `` Down Among the Dead Men '' Renny Rye Douglas Watkinson 12 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) September / October 2005 8.07 Martin Barrett , a local council clerk living in Midsomer Worthy , is murdered during the night by shotgun , prompting Barnaby and Jones to find a motive for his murder . When they discover that Barrett was an expert blackmailer , his victims become prime suspects for his death - from a local pub landlord , a cleaner , a prominent member of the police board , to a former marine geologist . As they investigate , finding themselves drawn to the seaside , they slowly uncover deception , theft , attempted blackmail and hatred . 48 5 `` Four Funerals and a Wedding '' Sarah Hellings Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 24 ) October / November 2005 7.29 In the village of Broughton , a ninety - year - old battle of the sexes has often occurred , with men trying to oppose an event that the women have managed to successfully hold without interruption , until it culminates with casualties on both sides - Mildred Danvers , an elderly woman who had returned on the day of a funeral and poisoned in her hotel room , and Rev. Anthony Gant , shot during a major event being held in the village green , in view of many . It soon becomes clear someone may have wished to kill both to cover up a dark truth , and soon Barnaby has to figure out who amongst the village wanted both dead , complicated further when Gant 's curate is murdered next . 49 6 `` Country Matters '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 10 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) November / December 2005 5.80 Villagers in Elverton - cum - Latterly are up in arms and divided , over the building of a supermarket . Things soon come to a head when independent environmental supervisor , Frank Hopkirk , is found stabbed to death at a Jubb 's Timber Yard , the site of the new supermarket , by a pair of children . When Barnaby and Jones investigate to determine who wanted Hopkirk dead , they find out that he secretly came to the village under various aliases for sexual rendezvous with various women in fantasy role - playing scenarios , and that he had been making further investigations on the future development site and having doubts over claims it was contaminated . Either someone did n't like his investigations , or someone did n't like his sexual appetite , but either way , Barnaby finds himself investigating lies and more to uncover the truth . 50 7 `` Death in Chorus '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 3 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 03 ) January / February 2006 6.28 Barnaby and DC Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) find themselves attempting to unravel the deaths of a choir tenor , and later a bird watcher , before more murders occur . The case is complicated by a rivalry between the Midsomer Worthy and Aston Wherry choirs , due to compete in an upcoming competition , and suspicions that an art scam is to be conducted , and soon Barnaby and Jones become concerned about a local woman , who they fear may become a victim herself . Particularly when it becomes clear the bird watcher had been photographing suspicious activity of late . 51 8 `` Last Year 's Model '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) February / March 2006 6.78 A few months ago , Annie Woodrow was arrested , accused of murdering her friend , Frances Trevelyan , on the motive of wanting Frances ' husband . Her time in court has come , but DCI Barnaby is certain she still is holding things back in regards to the murder , and decides to monitor the trial . Yet a chance remark by Frances ' youngest daughter , and a meeting with an old friend and psychiatrist , makes him begin to doubt the evidence for her conviction . Soon he and DC Jones , awaiting news of his promotion to DS , find themselves reinvestigating the case , and it soon becomes clear that they may have missed details that could implicate another in the murder . Series 10 ( 2006 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Dance with the Dead '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) May / June 2006 7.80 A disused airfield near Morton Fendle is the location for a romantic evening between young Simon Bright and his girlfriend Laura Sharp - absolutely nothing could ruin their date . The next morning , when Frances Kirby is out for her morning jog , she notices the vintage car they were in up at the airfield , containing Simon Bright 's dead body , with Laura nowhere to be seen . Confused , Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby and D.S. Jones ca n't work out whether it was a suicide pact or murder . Furthermore , they 've got to find Miss Sharp and their investigation leads them to linking Simon and Laura with the villagers of Morton Fendle , who met at Elaine Trim 's dancing classes . Eventually , the Barnaby family plus Jones make it to a 40s style dance night at the village hall before more villagers start turning up dead . 53 `` The Animal Within '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 19 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 19 ) June / July 2006 6.95 When Faith Alexander ( Lisa Eichhorn ) arrives in Midsomer County to meet her long - lost uncle Rex Masters , she gets a shock - Rex 's staff had been told that she was dead . Things become even more complex when Rex 's body is found in a nearby river , bearing wounds that suggest he was murdered . Barnaby and Jones are soon on the case , trying to establish who would have wanted the elderly man dead . Several people soon come forward with multiple wills , which confuse the matter , but when two more people , close friends of Rex , are also murdered , the investigation raises question on the motive , leading Barnaby to wonder if it was down to finances , passion , or something from Rex 's past . 54 `` King 's Crystal '' Peter Smith Steve Trafford 26 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) July / August 2006 6.88 Following the death of Alan King while on a business trip to China , the family company , King 's Crystal , is in financial trouble . As plans to shut the Midsomer Magna factory are being put into action , Alan 's wife Hilary and brother Charles are married in the village church - much to the dismay of Alan 's son Ian . In addition to strife between members of the family , the factory workers are outraged at the loss of their jobs . So when company accountant Peter Baxter is found murdered , Barnaby and Jones suspect a disgruntled employee is to blame . But in order to investigate the matter further , Jones is forced to work undercover , and infiltrate the local group of Freemasons in the village . 55 `` The Axeman Cometh '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) August / September 2006 6.87 The music lovers of Midsomer County are delighted when a host of bands arrives for the Midsomer Rocks festival . Barnaby himself is particularly looking forward to seeing recently re-formed rock band , Hired Gun , perform on stage , but he soon gets close to the band for rather unfortunate reasons . During their opening performance , the band 's singer , Mimi ( Suzi Quatro ) , falls to the ground dead - electrocuted by a wire that had been run through the microphone stand . Barnaby and Jones soon find the rest of the band could be targets , and when another is killed , questions are raised as to whether former band member , Ginger Foxton , who went missing for 30 years and is presumed dead , is still at large . The detectives soon have to delve into a world of rock music , drug use and greed , to find the truth . First appearance of Simon Dixon ( Cully 's boyfriend and later fiance , portrayed by Sam Hazeldine ) . 56 5 `` Death and Dust '' Sarah Hellings Douglas Watkinson 8 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 08 ) October / November 2006 6.18 The suspicious death of popular young GP Dr Alan Delaney brings Barnaby and Jones to Midsomer Market to investigate . The detectives are baffled as to a motive for murder - until they consider that the newly engaged Dr James Kirkwood may have been the intended victim . Before long , Barnaby and Jones are heading to Wales - former home to Delyth Mostyn , James 's fiancee , to delve deeper into the mystery . There are certainly possible suspects in the murder and attempt on Kirkwood , from Delyth 's children , who oppose the engagement , Delyth 's husband , and more , as the detectives investigate things , in hopes of uncovering the truth before a major walk is to take place on Mount Snowdon . First appearance of WPC ( later DC ) Gail Stephens 57 6 `` Picture of Innocence '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 3 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) November / December 2006 7.31 In the build - up to Luxton Deeping 's annual photographic exhibition , a battle rages between the traditional and digital photographers of the pretty village . The dispute seems harmless enough - until Lionel Bell is found murdered in a nearby woodland , strangled with the cord of his light meter . Barnaby soon gets to work tracking down the killer , but it seems someone is trying to implicate the detective in the murder . And once he is replaced on the case , finding the culprit seems less likely than ever , as his replacement is more concerned of an upcoming wedding than the investigation . Barnaby is forced to work off the case to uncover who is framing him , and who wants dead other photographers in the village . 58 7 `` They Seek Him Here '' Sarah Hellings Barry Purchese 27 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) January / February 2007 7.98 The residents of Midsomer Magna are thrilled when a production crew arrives at the local manor house to film a version of The Scarlet Pimpernel . But the crew members are n't the only visitors to the area - Jones has spotted notorious criminal George Ince nearby . But when the director , Nick Cheney , is found dead - his head severed by a prop guillotine - Barnaby must discover who would have wanted the victim dead . It soon becomes clear that things are not so simple , and the detectives soon have to shift through varying motives , layered by lies , hidden truths , and a possible robbery to be committed . 59 8 `` Death in a Chocolate Box '' Richard Holthouse Tony Etchells 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) February / March 2007 6.88 Barnaby is in Midsomer Holm , bidding farewell to reformed criminal Ronnie Tyler , who has taken part in a rehabilitation scheme in the village . Also present is disgraced ex-policeman Jack Colby , a former colleague of Barnaby 's - but Jack refuses to talk to his old friend . When Jack is murdered , the detective must delve into the dark secrets in the victim 's past . There are certainly dark secrets to uncover , and Barnaby has to determine whether the victim 's part in a scandal years earlier at Causton police station , is key to the mystery behind his death . It is n't long before he finds that Eddie Marston is attempting blackmail , and soon murdered as a result , and that Lord Holm is in love with Jack 's wife , psychotherapist Gina . Series 11 ( 2008 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 60 `` Shot at Dawn '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) July / August 2007 6.62 It 's a good day for the Hicks family , as the name of Tommy Hicks - who was executed during World War I for `` cowardice and desertion '' - is added to the list on Midsomer Parva 's war memorial . Tommy 's son Lionel and grandson Dave , mayor of Causton and whom Barnaby does not like ( owing to dodgy building work by the mayor 's company ) , are thrilled , but the snooty Hammonds are decidedly less pleased . Henry , the patriarch of the Hammond family , is particularly riled by his insalubrious neighbours , and has nurtured a long - running feud with the Hickses . But the evening after a battle re-enactment in the village , Henry is murdered - and Barnaby must delve into the history of the two families to find the killer , discovering a web of fraud , lies , and hidden truths . 61 `` Blood Wedding '' Peter Smith David Lawrence 6 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) June / July 2007 7.20 As the Barnabys prepare for Cully 's wedding , Lord Fitzroy and Beth Porteous are married in the pretty village of Bledlow . At the lavish reception at Bledlow Hall that follows , however , tragedy strikes - maid of honour Marina Fellowes is found murdered in one of the rooms by some of the guests . With their honeymoon cancelled , the Fitzroys must contend with a police presence in their home , as Barnaby and Jones try to learn more about the family history . It soon becomes clear there are secrets , deception , and an illegtimate son involved in the mystery , which is further complicated when the estate manager is killed by an arrow . Last appearance of Simon Dixon and final , guest appearance of DI Gavin Troy 62 `` Left for Dead '' Renny Rye Michael Crompton 20 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 20 ) August / September 2007 7.25 Barnaby and Jones are in Dunstan to investigate the deaths of a reclusive couple . As they try to establish whether Ron and Libby Wilson were murdered or died of natural causes , their attention is drawn to a dispute raging between a local builder and road protesters nearby . When another death occurs , the detectives learn that there are plenty of dark secrets and fierce hostilities in this apparently idyllic village . Will Jack Purdy 's quick temper lead to violence ? How far would the protesters go to prevent the bypass being built ? And do current events somehow relate to the death of Michael Wilson many years earlier ? 63 `` Midsomer Life '' Peter Smith David Hoskins 13 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 13 ) October / November 2007 7.16 When the body of Londoner Charlie Finleyson is discovered in woodland near Midsomer Sonning , Barnaby and Jones find themselves investigating employees at local Midsomer Life magazine . It turns out the dead man was married to the ex-wife of Guy Sandys , the wealthy owner of the publication . As the detectives become aware of a feud between Guy and the proprietor of the Morecroft Hotel , tensions are also heating up between the locals and visiting Londoners . Soon Barnaby and Jones find themselves to trying to piece together the truth about the murder , and soon learn that someone might be trying to conceal something in their past . 64 5 `` The Magician 's Nephew '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 27 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) November / December 2007 7.01 A children 's magic show goes horribly wrong when one of the performers dies during a trick . Barnaby and Jones discover that the victim was poisoned with a rare toxin extracted from Ecuadorean poison frogs - so the hunt is on for a particularly ruthless and imaginative killer . The detectives soon learn that a feud is raging between local occult practitioner Ernest Balliol and famous writer Aloysius Wilmington . While some of the villagers - such as Ernest 's daughter Isolde - believe that powerful magical forces are at play , others think the reasons for the bloodshed may have their roots in the distant past . Barnaby and Jones soon find themselves delving into the occult , magic , and ancients books of power , to determine what happened , and soon sense a mixture of both might be the motive for the murder , when a book shop owner is killed with shattered glass , laced in the same poison . 65 6 `` Days of Misrule '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) February / March 2008 5.89 Barnaby and Jones are forced to take part in a team building exercise and Tom has plenty of problems dealing with the young , new , acting Chief Superintendent , John Cotton ( Nick Fletcher ) . Following an explosion in a truck that had been stored in a truck depot , a body is soon discovered in a nearby lake , which turns out to be Alec Grainger , who had been seen arguing with James Parkes ( Joseph Millson ) , the son of Colonel Matt Parkes ( Tim Pigott - Smith ) . James appears to be involved in shady business deals and is blamed by his grandmother Caroline Halsey ( Judy Parfitt ) -- and others -- for the suicide of a woman he got pregnant two years before . Barnaby and Jones find themselves delving into a mixture of fraud , smuggling , and lies , trying to piece together the truth . 66 7 `` Talking to the Dead '' Sarah Hellings David Lawrence 5 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) March / April 2008 5.92 When two couples vanish into thin air in the village of Monks Barton , Barnaby and Jones hear rumours of haunted woods and witchcraft . Barnaby remains sceptical of this , even when an unidentified body is found in a shallow grave and the missing start turning up dead . He soon has to determine if ghosts , criminals , or something else , is behind the abductions and murders . N.B. : This episode was delayed until 2010 : it finally aired on ITV one week before `` The Made - to - Measure Murders '' . Series 12 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 67 `` The Dogleg Murders '' Richard Holthouse Andrew Payne 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) June / July 2008 6.14 No one could suspect that a prestigious golf club would be the setting for murder , but when one of the major members is found dead , bludgeoned to death in a thicket next to the 13th hole , Barnaby and Jones try to determine what made him leave the fairway . It seems the club has a rift between the snobbish members , and local villagers , the latter only allowed onto the course for a few hours a week . Before long , another member turns up dead , and the detectives soon find the club has a hidden history , involving gambling , illegal money lending and assault , prompting the pair to determine if a club member , or one of its staff , is responsible for the deeds . 68 `` The Black Book '' Peter Smith Nicholas Martin 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) July / August 2008 6.28 A newly discovered masterpiece by landscape artist Henry Hogson causes a stir when it is auctioned for £ 400,000 -- just hours before its former owner is tortured and killed . When another Hogson is stolen , Barnaby decides to become an expert on the Midsomer painter , with the help of art teacher Matilda Simms ( Susannah Harker ) . He soon realises the paintings are not what they seem -- but the death toll is rising . 69 `` Secrets and Spies '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) August / September 2008 6.90 Former secret agent Geoffrey Larkin arrives in Midsomer Parva and stays at Allenby House , a country mansion run by former spies Sir Malcolm Frazer ( Benjamin Whitrow ) , his son Nicky ( Peter Davison ) and Nicky 's wife Jenny ( Alice Krige ) as a safe house . Geoffrey is soon gashed to death after a cricket match in Midsomer Parva , and the locals blame the ' beast of Midsomer ' . However , Barnaby -- a former spy himself -- soon realises that the killing has links to Allenby House and Cold War Berlin , but is initially thrown off the case by MI6 . But when a further murder occurs MI6 Agent Glen Jarvis ( Neil Stuke ) asks Barnaby back on the case . 70 `` The Glitch '' Richard Holthouse Michael Russell 23 September 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) October / November 2008 6.34 Midsomer University science fellow and cycling enthusiast George Jeffers ( David Haig ) threatens to make public a problem with his state - of - the - art invention Kernel Logic , but American software boss Clinton Finn fears he will lose millions if the truth comes out . When a schoolteacher is killed in a hit - and - run , Barnaby suspects Jeffers was the intended target . The subsequent murder of a fellow cyclist ( Philip Jackson ) brings the involvement of fellow University associates ( Jonathan Cecil and Jim Norton ) into sharper focus . 71 5 `` Small Mercies '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) November / December 2008 6.43 In the peaceful village of Little Worthy , Bob Moss was about to open up his beloved model village , when he found a gruesome extra attraction . Young local , Richard Tanner , had been stabbed in the side and his corpse tied down like Gulliver in Lilliput . Barnaby and Jones wonder who wanted him dead , but when the woman he was secretly meeting is killed during the village 's Crazy Craft race , the pair have to delve in and discover who might be lying and hiding secrets . 72 6 `` The Creeper '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 27 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ) February / March 2009 6.35 A cat burglar is on the loose , one known as `` the Creeper '' , but the wave of burglaries they have committed , seem to have finally led to murder , when David Roper ( Rik Mayall ) is found smothered in his bed on the Chettham family estate . Yet Barnaby and Jones learn he may have been planning to write a book that could have been quite uncomfortable for someone , leading the pair to determine whether members of the Chettham family , or their friends , were responsible . 73 7 `` The Great and the Good '' Richard Holthouse David Hoskins 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) March / April 2009 5.46 A sleep - walking school teacher ( Nancy Carroll ) starts to believe she has slit the throats of her mentor ( Tim Wylton ) and a local handyman man in her sleep , but her friends ( Paola Dionisotti and Monica Dolan ) are not convinced that she is the culprit , nor is Barnaby . A local philanthropist ( Paul Chapman ) and his social - climbing wife ( Suzanne Burden ) are planning the annual Frobisher night - but will it go without a hitch , and can they identify the killer ? Series 13 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 74 `` The Made - to - Measure Murders '' Peter Smith Andrew Payne 12 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) June / July 2009 5.53 The residents of Milton Cross , a feudal estate with a church , farms , houses and acres of land , depend on lord of the manor Edward Milton for their livelihoods . But when Sonia Woodley is stabbed in the churchyard two years after the death of her abusive husband Gerald , Barnaby and Jones investigate , trying to work out who killed her . It soon becomes clear someone took a pair of tailor scissors to do the deed , but who amongst the villagers could have done so , is unclear , and the investigation is complicated , when the pair learn the local reverend had received a letter from Sonia . When he himself is killed , the pair believe something in the letter may be key to solving the mystery . 75 `` The Sword of Guillaume '' Renny Rye Michael Aitkens 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) July / August 2009 7.02 Barnaby is not convinced about Mayor David Hicks ' plans to revive an annual trip to Brighton , suspecting his proposal to buy coastal land there , is rather a fraudulent scheme . Naturally , he joins the trip , but during their time in Brighton , a hated property developer ( Tim McInnerny ) is beheaded on a ghost house ride , prompting Barnaby to team up with his cousin to determine whether the developer 's renters , the mayor , a gloomy reverend ( Mark Gatiss ) , or the lady of a large estate are responsible , and soon discovers a hotbed of jealously , debt , lies and more , conceal a far darker secret . First appearance of DCI John Barnaby , cousin of DCI Tom Barnaby . 76 `` Blood on the Saddle '' Richard Holthouse David Lawrence 8 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) August / September 2009 6.07 Ford Florey is a town with a Wild West Society and many grudges . During a Wild West show at the local faire , the witch on the ' Dunk the Witch ' stall is well and truly dunked but laughter soon turns to horror when she does n't get up and the water in the tank starts to turn red . Barnaby and Jones need to be quick on the draw to track down the murderer , and soon begin to wonder whether a dispute over land was the motive , or something far more sinister , especially when more people are killed , with methods linked to the Wild West . 77 `` The Silent Land '' Peter Smith Peter J. Hammond 22 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) October / November 2009 5.45 On a dark night in the village of March Magna , Barnaby 's wife Joyce swerves her car and narrowly misses a shadowy figure in the road - or so she thinks , when later that night a body is discovered in the old cemetery . The victim was a member of the council who was strange and weird , but someone seemed to have quite a grudge on him , and so Barnaby and Jones delve into his background , and the village , attempting to determine who might have wanted him dead , finding ghosts , grudges , and more beneath the village 's surface . 78 5 `` Master Class '' Renny Rye Nicholas Martin 6 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) February / March 2010 6.10 Piano student Zoe Stock has won a place at the Devington Manor Winter School led by internationally renowned musician , Sir Michael Fielding ( James Fox ) . Yet when she is there , things become mysterious when from the river bank in the grounds of the manor she sees a woman jump from the bridge and disappear underwater . When Barnaby and Jones start investigating the possible drowning , they discover unsavoury connections to the past that could prove lethal 20 years later , especially when someone attempts to kill . It is n't long , before murder does occur , and the detectives attempt to fathom what occurred in the drowning , and the present day murders . 79 6 `` The Noble Art '' Richard Holthouse Barry Purchese 13 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) April 2010 5.70 When Midsomer Morchard 's very own boxer , John Kinsella , wins a world title in New York , the success seems to be a joyous time for all , until murder rears its ugly head . When a local solicitor is found dead by his assistant and Kinsella 's manager , Barnaby attempts to determine what is going on , and soon discover issues with inheritance , affairs , anger , and gambling to make matters difficult . Meanwhile Kinsella 's trainer Teddy Molloy ( Phil Daniels ) has his own hidden agenda . When a re-enactment of a Victorian boxing match gets heated , and Kinsella 's manager is found dead in his home 's gym , the pair attempt to determine who is responsible , although Barnaby 's judgement seems to be clouded on this one . 80 7 `` Not in My Back Yard '' Peter Smith J.C. Wilsher 12 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) May / June 2010 6.93 A planning dispute turns to murder , after a leading light in the Midsomer Conservation Society suspects her neighbours are involved in a money - making development scam . Political wrangling , burglaries and sexual liaisons abound in picturesque Great Pelfe - but when a member of the possible scam is themselves murdered , Barnaby wonders what is truly going on behind the scenes of an important by - election . 81 8 `` Fit for Murder '' Renny Rye Andrew Payne 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) June / July 2010 8.10 Barnaby reluctantly accompanies Joyce on a spa weekend to Swavely Manor . But as he attempts to de-stress , a woman is found dead in the flotation chamber . He abandons his treatment to investigate , but his personal worries are never far away as he contemplates his future , while trying to determine if an argument between the spa 's owners and their neighbours is the motive , or something else . Last appearance of Tom Barnaby , Joyce Barnaby , Cully Barnaby , and DC Gail Stephens Series 14 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Death in the Slow Lane '' Richard Holthouse Michael Aitkens 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) July / August 2010 6.44 New DCI John Barnaby arrives in Midsomer and is bemused by the quaint villages and their quirky residents . But when a local DJ is crushed to death at a traditional girls ' boarding school , he soon discovers that murder and deception are never far away . As the death toll rises , could Barnaby 's first case also be his last ? First appearance of Sykes the dog 83 `` Dark Secrets '' Simon Langton Michael Aitkens 30 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) August / September 2010 6.32 The reclusive lives of elderly eccentrics William and Mary Bingham ( Edward Fox and Phyllida Law ) comes under police scrutiny when a social services investigator ( Jeff Rawle ) is murdered . Barnaby and Jones must unearth generations of family secrets and decipher astronomical charts to find the killer . First appearance of Sarah Barnaby 84 `` Echoes of the Dead '' Nick Laughland Peter J. Hammond 20 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) September / October 2010 5.47 When a young woman is dressed like a bride and drowned in a bath , it triggers a spate of ghoulish wedding - themed murders in Great Worthy . The case takes Barnaby and Jones to a donkey sanctuary , a heritage steam railway and a pub run by an ex-copper and former brothel madam . With the serial killer still at large , could history be repeating itself ? 85 `` The Oblong Murders '' Renny Rye David Hoskins 25 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) October / November 2010 5.33 Jones goes undercover at the Oblong Foundation after one of the cult 's young female members disappears suddenly . But he and Barnaby soon start digging into an old case involving the death of a couple in a boat explosion . Last appearance of Dr. George Bullard 86 5 `` The Sleeper Under the Hill '' Nick Laughland David Lawrence 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) March / April 2011 5.83 In Midsomer Mow , the gruesome discovery of a farmer 's eviscerated body in an ancient stone circle is made just days before the spring equinox . First appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding 87 6 `` The Night of the Stag '' Simon Langton Nicholas Martin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) May / June 2011 6.04 A VAT inspector goes missing as he hunts for an illicit cider still responsible for brewing The Beast , a potent local hooch . At the Midsomer Abbas spring fayre which celebrates its friendship with Midsomer Herne , Barnaby and Jones sample the local cider , while temperance preacher Norman Grigor calls on residents to repent of their drunken ways . Suddenly , Barnaby is violently ill as the body of missing man Peter Slim is found floating in the cider vat . Meanwhile Samuel Quested ( Warren Clarke ) , the traditionalist mayor of Midsomer Abbas , seeks to revive the ancient rite known as ' The Stag ' . 88 7 `` A Sacred Trust '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 26 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) June / July 2011 6.38 Barnaby and Jones investigate the cloistered world of Midsomer Priory when a nun is strangled to death . The detectives uncover a complex mystery involving holy orders , teenage romantic liaisons , African art and missing antique silver as the community is forced to open its doors to 21st - century policing . 89 8 `` A Rare Bird '' Nick Laughland Steve Trafford 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) July / August 2011 6.43 A row between keen birdwatchers in Midsomer - in - the - Marsh turns nasty when their president is killed . Patrick Morgan met his death while hoping to sight a rare bird , but is his obsession with ornithology to blame -- or something more sinister ? Series 15 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 90 `` The Dark Rider '' Alex Pillai Michael Aitkens 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) September / October 2011 6.94 When Bentham DeQuetteville falls to his death from a roof after seeing a headless horseman , his aristocratic family seem more concerned about their forthcoming Civil War re-enactment than the incident . As Barnaby and Jones try to find out the truth behind the ghostly figure , their investigation uncovers shocking secrets about the DeQuettevilles . 91 `` Murder of Innocence '' Renny Rye Elizabeth - Anne Wheal 21 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 21 ) November / December 2011 5.60 When a barrister is killed in Midsomer , suspicion falls on convicted murderer Grady Felton . Grady has just returned to the village of Binwell where he committed the murder years ago amid much anger from locals . But Grady has a solid alibi . Barnaby suspects he is working with an accomplice -- until Grady himself is targeted in an arson attack . 92 `` Written in the Stars '' Renny Rye Steve Trafford 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May / June 2012 5.05 As darkness covers Midsomer Stanton during a total eclipse of the sun , amateur astronomer Jeremy Harper is killed by a blow to the head with a meteorite . Barnaby and Jones soon discover intrigue , sexual tension and academic rivalry are rife among the star - seeking community . 93 `` Death and the Divas '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths 2 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) April / May 2012 6.49 The murder of a journalist has chilling echoes of a 1960s horror film starring Midsomer 's own Stella Harris . When Stella 's more famous sister returns after a 40 - year family rift , the killings escalate , each reminiscent of a movie plot . Is life -- and death -- imitating art ? 94 5 `` The Sicilian Defence '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 9 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) June / July 2012 6.95 Harriet Farmer wakes up after being in a coma since the night she tried to elope . Soon afterwards , a serial killer strikes members of a chess club . Could the attack which left Harriet for dead a year ago be linked to moves on a chess board ? And where is her boyfriend Finn ? 95 6 `` Schooled in Murder '' Andy Hay Lisa Holdsworth 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) July / August 2012 6.89 When Debbie Moffett is crushed to death with a giant round of cheese at the home of the world - famous Midsomer Blue , secret and controversial plans to modernise the dairy are revealed while rumours about private lives of the parents cause a row at the prestigious local prep school . As other people linked to the dairy meet agonising deaths , long - held secrets start to emerge . Last regular appearance of DS Ben Jones Series 16 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 96 `` The Christmas Haunting '' Nick Laughland Chris Murray 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) June / July 2013 4.92 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson investigate the fatal stabbing of a man with an antique sword during a ghost - hunting party at a ' haunted ' manor house . Is blacksmith 's daughter Rose Wilton seeking revenge from the beyond the grave , or can Barnaby and Nelson find a more earthly motive behind the murder and trap the killer ? First appearance of DS Charlie Nelson 97 `` Let Us Prey '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 8 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) April / May 2013 6.06 A series of murders in Midsomer St Claire seem to be inspired by macabre images on a medieval fresco recently discovered in the church crypt . As the village prepares for storms and flooding it appears that someone is using ancient torture methods to punish modern - day ' sinners ' . But who is responsible and why ? 98 `` Wild Harvest '' Renny Rye Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 29 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) May / June 2013 6.24 When Martin Strickland , a local farmer is found dead in his own woods , covered by truffle oil and mauled to death by a wild boar , the investigation leads Barnaby to Wyvern House , a posh picturesque country house restaurant run by a very passionate celebrity chef ( Sharon Small ) . But soon , another murder occurs and this time , the poison spreads further than the intended target . 99 `` The Flying Club '' Luke Watson Michael Aitkens 5 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) July / August 2013 6.05 When the owner of Finchmere Airfield is dropped from a plane to meet a gruesome death , Barnaby and Nelson find the exciting world of stunt pilots and military heroes hides many dark secrets . Are anti-aircraft campaigners behind Bernard King 's murder or does it link back to a tragic World War Two mission ? 100 5 `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Alex Pillai Paul Logue 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) September / October 2013 6.54 DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson join forces with two female Danish police detectives after Eric Calder is poisoned by Strychnine coating when opening one of his famous golden clusters . First appearance of baby Betty Barnaby . This is the last episode to have been originally released on Region 1 DVD as 25 `` sets '' , which have now been re-packaged as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . Series 17 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 101 `` The Dagger Club '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) April / May 2014 5.91 The unveiling of a newly - discovered novel by deceased Midsomer crime - writer George Summersbee at the Luxton Deeping Crime Festival is jeopardised when the manuscript is stolen and a woman is fatally electrocuted by a booby - trapped roulette wheel . Can new dad Barnaby untangle a web of jealousy and obsession to find the killer ? 102 `` Murder by Magic '' Charles Palmer Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 4 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) June / July 2014 5.59 Pub landlady Hannah Altman is crushed to death when a stunt goes wrong during a magic show by famous illusionist Gideon Latimer ( Andrew Lee Potts ) , whose life is torn between his wife and his overbearing mother ( Amanda Burton ) . When Kate discovers the safety wires have been sabotaged , a murder investigation is launched . Barnaby and Nelson uncover conflicts between the village church and Midsomer Oaks ' ancient pagan traditions . Vicar Magnus Soane ( Jack Shepherd ) and his curate repeatedly clash over these traditions . But with the murders seemingly all linked to Gideon 's illusions , who is staging the deathly tricks and why ? 103 `` The Ballad of Midsomer County '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) May / June 2014 5.39 It 's the day of the Little Crosby Folk Festival and organiser Toby Winning is found dead , having drowned in a bowl of eggs and live eels . The murder seems to have been inspired by a ballad made famous by the late , lamented star Johnny Carver . Then it comes to light the victim recently announced plans to move the event to a new location , which would have cost local entrepreneur Frank Wainwright dearly . Toby 's estranged wife Alice also comes under suspicion , before two further killings take place , echoing more lyrics from the song . 104 `` A Vintage Murder '' Nick Laughland Lisa Holdsworth 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) August 2014 5.03 The launch of the latest sparkling wine by Midsomer Vinae Winery falls flat when critic Nadia Simons gives it a scathing review , then guests sampling the vintage start to collapse . Owner William Carnarvon suspects the Farmers ' Wives Association of trying to destroy his business , while his wife Diana frets over her mother Matilda , one of the victims . Pathologist Kate reveals the drink was laced with slug poison , but how is the attack connected to the death of a child in a hit - and - run ? Barnaby and Nelson are called in to investigate . Last appearance of Dr. Kate Wilding Series 18 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 105 `` Habeas Corpus '' Alex Pillai Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March / April 2015 6.04 When wealthy landowner Gregory Lancaster 's body goes missing on the night of his death , a sinister web of secrets and lies is exposed in the village of Little Malton . DCI Barnaby , DS Nelson and new Forensic Pathologist Kam Karimore are drawn into a macabre world of body - snatching as they seek to identify the villain . First appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore 106 `` The Incident at Cooper Hill '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 13 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) April / May 2015 5.90 Mysterious lights are seen in the sky over famous UFO hot - spot Cooper Hill . When a local forest - ranger suffers a strange death , the visiting UFO spotters are convinced aliens are responsible . DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson unearth suspicions , betrayals and long - buried secrets in their search for the truth . 107 `` Breaking the Chain '' Rob Evans Chris Murray 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) June / July 2015 5.80 An international cycling competition comes to the Midsomer village of Burwood Mantle . When the race leader is murdered , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson find themselves drawn into a ruthlessly competitive world of blackmail , bribery and bloodshed where winning comes at any cost . 108 `` A Dying Art '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) July / August 2015 5.54 Art comes to the picturesque Midsomer village of Angel 's Rise with the opening of a new Sculpture Park . But when its launch is marred by murder , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to get creative to crack a case where art imitates death , and everything has a deeper meaning . 109 5 `` Saints and Sinners '' Renny Rye Lisa Holdsworth 10 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) August / September 2015 5.83 The discovery of a Saint 's bones at an archaeological dig causes a stir in the village of Midsomer Cicely . But when the leader of the dig is murdered , DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson soon realise that it 's not only skeletons that have been long buried in the hallowed ground . 110 6 `` Harvest of Souls '' Nick Laughland Caleb Ranson 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) September / October 2015 5.60 The annual harvest fair and the daredevil riders of the Wall of Death come to Midsomer village Whitcombe Mallet . When the owner of an equestrian centre is trampled by his horse DCI Barnaby and DS Nelson have to unravel a complex feud from the past , where nothing is what it seems . Last appearance of DS Charlie Nelson and of Sykes the dog . Series 19 ( 2016 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 111 `` The Village That Rose from the Dead '' Nick Laughland Rachel Cuperman & Sally Griffiths 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) April / May 2016 5.68 The ghost village of Little Auburn has been abandoned since the war . When a young man is found murdered during its grand reopening , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter must unravel a sinister web of lies from both past and present in order to catch the killer . First appearances of DS Jamie Winter ( Nick Hendrix ) and Paddy the Dog 112 `` Crime and Punishment '' Renny Rye Paul Logue 4 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) May / June 2016 6.25 The Bleakridge Watch patrols the streets of their remote village , exposing anyone who steps outside the law . When one of their members dies , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover just how far some people will go for power ... 113 `` Last Man Out '' Matt Carter Jeff Povey 11 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) June / July 2016 6.55 Tensions run high in Lower Pampling as a new type of cricket threatens a century of tradition . When a star cricketer dies during a tournament , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter 's investigation draws them into a dangerous game with a surprise visitor from Barnaby 's past ... Guest appearance by DI Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) 114 `` Red in Tooth & Claw '' Steve Hughes Lisa Holdsworth 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) August / September 2016 5.98 When a dead body is discovered covered in live rabbits , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter uncover a sinister side to the local pet show . Is this a rivalry taken too far or is the killer driven by something darker ? 115 5 `` Death by Persuasion '' Alex Pillai Chris Murray 20 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) ( AUS ) 13 May 2018 ( UK ) September / October 2016 5.5 When a young woman slips away from a camp site where a Jane Austen fantasy event is taking place dressed in period attire , and is found stabbed in the woods with a quill , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter discover that the victim was a journalist interested in the village 's healthcare drone delivery program , and are forced to look back in time to find the killer . 116 6 `` The Curse of the Ninth '' Matt Carter Julia Gilbert 27 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) ( AUS ) 20 May 2018 ( UK ) October / November 2016 4.68 Barnaby and Winter uncover multiple motives when the winner of a fought - after music award is found strangled with a violin string moments before a performance , including rivalry over the prize , disagreements about the music festival business , and a missing Stradivarius violin . Last appearance of Dr. Kam Karimore Series 20 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) On 2 May 2018 , all six episodes of series 20 were made available in the U.S. through streaming services Acorn TV and BritBox . No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date Filming Date Viewers ( millions ) 117 `` The Ghost of Causton Abbey '' Matt Carter Helen Jenkins 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Causton is buzzing at the opening of a new brewery on the site of a famously cursed Abbey . But excitement turns to fear when a man is found boiled to death in one of the vats . DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are puzzled ; could this really be about beer ? First appearance of Dr. Fleur Perkins 118 `` Death of the Small Coppers '' Paul Harrison Chris Murray 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA When Mahesh Sidana - butterfly collector and founding member of an elite IQ society - is found murdered , pinned to a wall in a manner akin to his treasured butterfly specimens , DCI Barnaby and DS Winter are thrust into a crime that impacts not only on their community , but internationally . With the help of an old friend , can they catch the culprit before another victim is found ? 119 `` Drawing Dead '' Toby Frow Jeff Povey 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Carver Valley 's comic festival is in full swing when the village is shocked by the murder of a former supermodel . With a scathing comic shaming several villagers as the only lead , Barnaby and Winter are left trying to separate fact from fiction . 120 `` The Lions of Causton '' Matt Carter Nick Hicks - Beach 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Barnaby gets to relive his former days of sporting glory when a death at the local Rugby Club sends Barnaby and Winter into a muddle of rucks , old grudges , new romances ... and artisanal chocolates ? 121 5 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Audrey Cooke Helen Jenkins 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Barnaby is less than impressed when Sarah drags him to a family friend 's wedding . But soon things go from bad to worse when tragedy strikes and Barnaby is called into action to catch a murderer with an apparent penchant for local brides . 122 6 `` Send in the Clowns '' Nick Laughland Julia Gilbert 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBA Things take a gruesome turn when Ferabbees Circus comes to town , bringing with it a chain of sinister clown sightings , threatening notes and deathly dangerous circus acts . Barnaby will have to face up to his fears in order to solve the case . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Guardian ( 2 January 2008 ) . `` Midsomer shines for ITV '' . London . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders celebrates 20th Anniversary '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders says farewell as Sykes retires '' . ITV . ITV PLC . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Moodie , Clemmie ( 26 December 2016 ) . `` TV 's dog star bow - wows out ... at 98 ! Pet who appeared in Midsomer Murders , Cranford and host of TV adverts hangs up his collar for a well - earned retirement '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders : Season 20 '' . Amazon Video . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Full episode guide at IMDB.com hide Midsomer Murders Episodes `` Destroying Angel '' `` Electric Vendetta '' `` Ring Out Your Dead '' `` Market For Murder '' `` Painted in Blood '' `` Dead in the Water '' `` Orchis Fatalis '' `` Second Sight '' `` The Christmas Haunting '' `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Characters Tom Barnaby Novels by Caroline Graham The Killings at Badger 's Drift ( 1987 ) Death of a Hollow Man ( 1989 ) Death in Disguise ( 1992 ) Written in Blood ( 1994 ) Faithful unto Death ( 1996 ) A Place of Safety ( 1999 ) A Ghost in the Machine ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Midsomer_Murders_episodes&oldid=845239476 '' Categories : Lists of British crime television series episodes Midsomer Murders Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use British English from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Magyar Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 12 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many series of midsomer murders are there	[ "As of 20 May 2018, 116 episodes have aired over 19 series. Episodes 1 to 100 were originally released on DVD as 25 \"sets,\" which are now discontinued, and have been re-released as \"series\" 1 to 16 in redesigned packages." ]	[ "19" ]
5601836914271363564	Def Jam Recordings	Def Jam Recordings - wikipedia Def Jam Recordings Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Deaf Jam or Def Poetry Jam . Def Jam Recordings Parent company Universal Music Group Founded 1983 ; 34 years ago ( 1983 ) Founder Rick Rubin Russell Simmons Distributor ( s ) Universal Music Distribution ( International ) Virgin EMI ( United Kingdom ) Universal Music Enterprises ( reissues ) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location New York City , New York , U.S. Official website defjam.com Def Jam Recordings is an American record label focused predominantly on hip hop and urban music , owned by Universal Music Group ( UMG ) . In the UK , the label takes on the name Def Jam UK and is operated through Virgin EMI Records , while in Japan , it is known as Def Jam Japan , operating through Universal Music Japan . The label distributes releases of various record labels , including Kanye West 's GOOD Music , Ludacris ' Disturbing Tha Peace , and ARTium Recordings , headed by Def Jam 's current executive vice president , No I.D. . Current artists include Iggy Azalea , Logic , Big Sean , Kanye West , Leona Lewis , 2 Chainz , Axwell Λ Ingrosso , Mother Mother , Afrojack , Jeezy , Jeremih , Ludacris , Alesso , Pusha T , Vince Staples , Desiigner and Jhené Aiko among others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Company history 1.1 Founding and CBS Records Group era ( 1983 -- 1994 ) 1.2 PolyGram era ( 1994 -- 1998 ) 1.3 The Island Def Jam Music Group founding ( 1998 -- 2000 ) 1.4 2000s 1.5 2010s 2 Notable current artists 3 References 4 External links Company History ( edit ) Founding and CBS Records Group Era ( 1983 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Def Jam was founded by Rick Rubin in his dormitory in Weinstein Hall at New York University and its first release was a single by his punk - rock group Hose . Russell Simmons joined Rubin shortly after they were introduced to each other , according to one story , by Vincent Gallo . Another cites DJ Jazzy Jay as their connector . Rubin has said he met Simmons on the TV show , `` Graffiti Rock '' and recognized him then as `` the face of hip hop '' : `` He was five years older than me , and he was already established in the music business . And I had no experience whatsoever . '' The first single released with the Def Jam Recordings logo was T La Rock & Jazzy Jay 's `` It 's Yours . '' The first releases with Def Jam Recordings catalog numbers were LL Cool J 's `` I Need a Beat '' and the Beastie Boys ' `` Rock Hard , '' both in 1984 . The singles sold well , eventually leading to a distribution deal with CBS Records through Columbia Records the following year . This created a short - lived subsidiary label called OBR Records , short for Original Black Recordings , catered toward R&B artists -- the first artist signed to that imprint was Oran `` Juice '' Jones , who enjoyed success with his hit single `` The Rain '' . A few years later , Russell Simmons and Lyor Cohen started an umbrella label called Rush Associated Labels to handle Def Jam and its numerous spinoff labels . RAL became the home to Nice & Smooth and EPMD after both acts were acquired due to the folding of their former label Sleeping Bag Records . Other acts under the RAL umbrella included Redman , Onyx , Flatlinerz , Domino , Warren G and Jayo Felony . Def Jam also signed its first and only thrash metal band , Slayer , in 1986 , and the band 's third and fourth albums were the only two Def Jam releases to be distributed through Geffen Records under Warner Bros. Records as opposed to Columbia / CBS . As the decade drew to a close , the label signed Public Enemy , whose controversial lyrical content garnered the company both critical acclaim and disdain . Lyor Cohen became president of Def Jam / RAL in 1988 , after winning a power struggle with Rubin , who would shortly thereafter leave the company to form Def American Recordings . Rubin would take Slayer with him to Def American in its initial stages . PolyGram Era ( 1994 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) By 1992 , despite recent multi-platinum selling releases from Public Enemy , and EPMD , Def Jam ran into severe financial troubles and was faced with folding . However , in 1994 , PolyGram purchased Sony 's 50 % stake in Def Jam Recordings -- subsequently bringing the label into its fold . Following PolyGram 's purchase , Def Jam distributed the Violator Records - signed artist Warren G 's Regulate ... G Funk Era album , which went triple platinum and brought much - needed revenue to Def Jam through its distribution deal with Violator . PolyGram acquired an additional 10 % in Def Jam Recordings in 1996 , further strengthening its ownership of Def Jam . Shortly thereafter , Rush Associated Labels was renamed Def Jam Music Group . The label remained profitable as its veteran star LL Cool J released his successful album Mr. Smith in 1995 . The label later signed Foxy Brown , whose debut album Ill Na Na became a platinum seller in 1997 . The Island Def Jam Music Group founding ( 1998 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) In 1998 , PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and merged with the MCA family of labels , which became Universal Music Group . It then purchased the remaining interest of Def Jam Recordings from Russell Simmons for a reported $100 million . UMG merged 14 + record labels including : Def Jam , Island Records and Mercury Records to form The Island Def Jam Music Group . Despite the formation of IDJMG , the Def Jam , Mercury , and Island labels ( among others ) continued to operate as separate imprints underneath the bigger umbrella . Lyor Cohen was appointed co-president of IDJMG , and Kevin Liles succeeded him as president of Def Jam . In 1999 , IDJMG created a R&B spin - off label called Def Soul Recordings to run alongside Def Jam Recordings , which inherited many of Island Records ' urban artists ( and also some from Mercury Records ) , including Dru Hill and its lead singer Sisqó , the Isley Brothers and Kelly Price . Def Soul also issued recordings by Musiq , Montell Jordan , Case , 112 , Patti LaBelle , and Christina Milian . Island 's 4th & B'way Records was also folded into Def Jam . Kevin Liles also served as President of Def Soul Records . Also in 1999 , the label began to distribute releases by Murder Inc . Records , run by former Def Jam executive Irv Gotti . Murder Inc. 's roster of artists would include Ja Rule , Ashanti , Lloyd , Vita . The following year , it launched another subsidiary , Def Jam South , which focused on Southern rap and distributed releases from labels such as Disturbing tha Peace , whose artists have included Ludacris , Chingy , and Bobby Valentino . Russell Simmons tapped Texas - born and raised rap legend Scarface ( a.k.a. Brad Jordan ) as the original head of Def Jam South . After about a 4 - year run at Def Jam South , Scarface negotiated a release from the company in 2003 . In 2014 , Universal Music Group announced that The Island Def Jam Music Group would end operations , and the assets would be separated into three different entities : Def Jam Recordings , Island Records , and Motown Records . The Mercury Records label has been dormant since IDJMG was dismantled . 2000s ( edit ) In 2000 , The Island Def Jam Music Group announced the formation of Def Jam Germany , the first international Def Jam company . This increased the label 's presence around the world . Def Jam Germany signed German rappers Spezializtz and Philly MC . The label was located in Berlin and opened on May 23 , 2000 . In addition to signing and marketing local artists , Def Jam Germany also marketed all U.S. signed Def Jam artists in the German territory . But the German division folded just two years later in 2002 . Many of the artists were picked up by Universal / Urban , while others did not get a new contract . The second international label is a Japanese branch , Def Jam Japan ( デフ・ジャム・ジャパン , Defu Jamu Japan ) , also founded in 2000 . Their artist roster has included AI , Teriyaki Boyz , Nitro Microphone Underground , and South Korean boy band BTS . In 2003 , Murder Inc. became the center of a money laundering investigation involving illegal profits from drug trade , leading to the label 's eventual release from its distribution contract by 2005 . The final shares of Roc - A-Fella Records were sold to The Island Def Jam Music Group in 2004 , by which time it had launched the career of producer - turned - rapper Kanye West . In 2004 , Cohen left IDJMG for Warner Music Group , and was replaced by former Arista - now Epic executive L.A. Reid . An unhappy Liles eventually decided to follow Cohen to Warner . A bidding war for Jay - Z 's contract began , and Reid appointed Jay - Z president of Def Jam . Under Jay - Z 's leadership , Def Jam launched the successful careers of contemporary R&B singers Rihanna and Ne - Yo . At the end of 2007 , Jay - Z decided not to renew his contract as the President and CEO of Def Jam in order to start his new venture , Roc Nation . Following Jay - Z 's departure , L.A. Reid took over leadership of the label , as opposed to hiring a replacement . In June 2008 , Shakir Stewart was appointed as Executive Vice President of Def Jam , a position that was previously left vacant since December 2007 . 2010s ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was announced that former Warner Bros. Records executive Joie Manda would become the first president of Def Jam since Jay - Z . Until March 2013 when he exited his post at Def Jam and it was announced he 'd be heading up the urban division of Interscope Records by his former boss , Barry Weiss . The - Dream served as Def Jam 's executive vice president between 2012 and 2014 . No I.D. upholds the position of executive vice president after helping to establish GOOD Music with Kanye West ; Steve Bartels is the current CEO of Def Jam . On April 1 , 2014 , it was announced that Island Def Jam would no longer be active following the resignation of CEO Barry Weiss . A press release serviced by Universal Music Group stated that IDJMG , and all of its assets would be reorganized into Def Jam Recordings , Island Records and Motown Records , all as separate entities . Def Jam Recordings operates as a stand - alone label within Universal Music Group . Steve Bartels serves a time as President / CEO of Def Jam Recording till it was announced on August 3 , 2017 , that as of January 2018 , Eminem 's longtime manager and co-founder of Shady Records , Paul Rosenberg has been appointed the new President / CEO of Def Jam Recordings . Notable current artists ( edit ) 2 Chainz Afrojack Alessia Cara Alesso Amir Obé August Alsina Axwell Λ Ingrosso Babyface Bibi Bourelly Big Sean BTS Common Conway Dave East Desiigner Earl St. Clair Elijah Blake Fabolous Flesh - N - Bone Iggy Azalea Jadakiss Jahkoy Jeezy Jeremih Jhené Aiko Juelz Santana Justin Bieber Kacy Hill Kanye West Leona Lewis Lil Durk Logic Mark Battles Maejor Ali Mother Mother Moxie Raia Nas Q - Tip Teyana Taylor Toni Braxton Trap Beckham Vince Staples Westside Gunn YG References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom . `` Kanye 's G.O.O.D. Music Signs With Def Jam '' . pitchfork.com . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West 's G.O.O.D. Music Signs Worldwide Deal With Island Def Jam '' . billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Herschberg , Lynn ( September 2 , 2007 ) . `` The Music Man '' . New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ Turner , Edwin ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ) . `` I Review Def Jam 25 , the Overstuffed Illustrated Oral History of a Record Label that Helped Change American Culture '' . Biblioklept . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Def Jam Records launched by Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin '' . The Guardian . 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Rubin , Russell Simmons : Def Jam 's First 25 Years '' . NPR. 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Maurice . `` Indianapolis : CRUSH Ent Presents : EPMD & DJ Scratch @ The Vogue '' . bestevents.us . Best Events . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` PolyGram acquires 50 % of Def Jam '' . Business Wire. 1994 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hiphop Geschichte des Labels DefJam '' . netzfeuilleton.de. 2014 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Def Jam Japan ( A Universal Music Company ) '' . Universal-music.co.jp . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hip - Hop 's Irv ' Gotti ' Surrenders to FBI - Celebrity Gossip Entertainment News Arts And Entertainment '' . FOXNews.com. 2005 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ogunnaike , Lola ( Aug. 28 , 2005 ) . `` Jay - Z , From Superstar to Suit '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Jay - Z Stepping Down As Def Jam President / CEO '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Def Jam Names Joie Manda New President '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Joie Manda Resigns as Def Jam President , Moving to Interscope '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ pologod . `` No I.D. Is The New Executive Vice President Of Def Jam Recordings '' . The Source . Jump up ^ miranda ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` Island Def Jam Is Over '' . XXL Mag . Jump up ^ `` Eminem 's Manager Paul Rosenberg Named New CEO of Def Jam '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Alessia Cara Speaks Up for the Outsiders on ' Here ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Jams ' Fab 5 List : Spotlight On August Alsina '' . MTV . 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Axwell Λ Ingrosso Sign To Def Jam Recordings Def Jam '' . Def Jam. 2014 - 09 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Common ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Common Signs To No I.D. 's Artium / Def Jam Recordings '' . Def Jam . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Conway ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) . `` CONWAY THE MACHINE SPEAKS ON SHADY DEAL AND REVEALS DETAILS ABOUT ' G.O.A.T. ' '' . Mass Appeal . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Elijah Blake ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Elijah Blake '' . Def Jam . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Interview with Shakir Stewart , HitQuarters Nov 5 Def Jam Recordings Discography Founders Russell Simmons Rick Rubin Subsidiaries ARTium Records Def Jam South Def Soul Disturbing tha Peace GOOD Music Radio Killa Records Roc - A-Fella Records Def Jam South Founders Russell Simmons Related articles and record labels Def Jam Recordings We the Best Music Group Disturbing tha Peace Slip - n - Slide Records Vivendi History List of owned assets Directors Vincent Bolloré Arnaud de Puyfontaine Pierre Rodocanachi Universal Music Group Universal Music Distribution Universal Music Publishing Group Decca Label Group Decca Records Deutsche Grammophon Island Records Mercury Records Roc Nation StarRoc Takeover Roc Nation Republic Records Cash Money Records Big Machine Label Group Universal Music Enterprises Hip - O Records Def Jam Recordings Show Dog - Universal Music Vevo Capitol Christian Music Group Motown Gospel Sparrow Records Tooth & Nail Records Capitol Music Group Astralwerks Apple Records Blue Note Records Capitol Records Caroline Distribution Harvest Records mau5trap Motown Priority Records Virgin Records Interscope Geffen A&M Records A&M Records A&M Octone Records DGC Records Geffen Records Interscope Records UM Latin Entertainment Capitol Latin Disa Records Fonovisa Records Machete Music UMG Nashville MCA Nashville Mercury Nashville Records Lost Highway Records Capitol Records Nashville EMI Records Nashville UM UK Capitol UK Decca Records Island UK Polydor Records Virgin EMI Records Verve Records GRP Records Impulse ! Records Verve Forecast Records Film / TV units Eagle Rock Entertainment PolyGram Entertainment Universal Music TV Canal+ Group Canal+ Canalsat Afrique Calédonie Caraïbes D8 StudioCanal UK Other assets Dailymotion ( 90 % ) Gameloft ( 96 % ) Telecom Italia ( 20.03 % ) Mediaset ( 12.3 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Def_Jam_Recordings&oldid=802446668 '' Categories : American record labels Companies based in New York City Labels distributed by Universal Music Group Hip hop record labels Record labels established in 1983 Rhythm and blues record labels Vivendi subsidiaries Def Jam Recordings Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 05 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did jay z became president of def jam	[ "In 2004, Cohen left IDJMG for Warner Music Group, and was replaced by former Arista-now Epic executive L.A. Reid. An unhappy Liles eventually decided to follow Cohen to Warner.[12] A bidding war for Jay-Z's contract began, and Reid appointed Jay-Z president of Def Jam.[12]" ]	[ "2004" ]
6664108622228237110	Fall of Constantinople	Fall of Constantinople - wikipedia Fall of Constantinople Jump to : navigation , search For other sieges of the city , see List of sieges of Constantinople . Conquest of Constantinople Part of the Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars and Ottoman wars in Europe The last siege of Constantinople , contemporary 15th century French miniature Date 6 April -- 29 May 1453 ( 53 days ) Location Constantinople ( present - day Istanbul ) Result Decisive Ottoman victory Fall of the Byzantine Empire Constantinople becomes the Ottoman Empire 's new capital Belligerents Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Ottoman Defectors Commanders and leaders Mehmed II Zagan Pasha Suleiman Baltoghlu Hamza Bey Constantine XI † Loukas Notaras Theophilos Palaiologos † Giovanni Giustiniani Longo ( WIA ) Orhan Çelebi Strength Ottomans Land forces : 50,000 -- 80,000 100,000 -- 160,000 -- 200,000 70 cannons 14 large and 56 small caliber ) Naval forces : 70 ships , 20 galleys 90 -- 126 ships Byzantines Land forces : 7,000 -- 10,000 - 12,000 , many of whom were civilians 600 Ottoman defectors Naval forces : 26 ships Casualties and losses Unknown but heavy 4,000 killed in total ( including combatants and civilians ) 30,000 enslaved or deported Jump up ^ More specifically , the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty Jump up ^ The Venetians decided to make a peace treaty with the Ottomans in September 1451 , because they were on good terms already with the Ottomans and they did not want to ruin a relationship . They also did not want the Ottomans to interfere with their trade in the Black Sea and Mediterranean . The Venetians ' efforts mainly included giving Constantine XI ships and a total of 800 soldiers in February 1453 . The Venetians also promised that a larger fleet would arrive to save Constantine , this fleet would be full of ammunition , fresh soldiers and supplies . This fleet arrived too late . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Sicily mainly donated ships and a few soldiers , it was not official however , and was done by several Cardinals . Jump up ^ The Genoese captain Giovanni Giustiniani Longo was wounded in battle , but managed to escape , he died during the early days of June 1453 . Jump up ^ Figures according to recent estimates and Ottoman archival data . The Ottoman Empire , for demographic reasons , would not have been able to put more than 80,000 men into the field at the time . Jump up ^ Figures according to contemporaneous Western / Christian estimates Jump up ^ By nationality , there were 5,000 Greeks and 2,000 foreigners , mostly of Genoese and Venetian origin . Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Bapheus Dimbos Catalan campaign Prusa Pelekanon Nicaea Nicomedia 1st Gallipoli 2nd Gallipoli Adrianople 1st Thessalonica Philadelphia 1st Constantinople 2nd Constantinople 2nd Thessalonica 3rd Constantinople Trebizond The Fall of Constantinople ( Greek : Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως , Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs ; Turkish : İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 . The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror , who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos . The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453 . The capture of Constantinople ( and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter ) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire , a continuation of the Roman Empire dating to 27 BC , an imperial state lasting for nearly 1,500 years . The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom , as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left unchecked to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear . After the conquest , Sultan Mehmed II transferred the capital of the Ottoman Empire from Edirne to Constantinople . It was also a watershed moment in military history . Since ancient times , cities had used ramparts and city walls to protect themselves from invaders , and Constantinople 's substantial fortifications had been a model followed by cities throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe . The Ottomans ultimately prevailed due to the use of gunpowder ( which powered formidable cannons ) . The conquest of the city of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire was a key event in the Late Middle Ages which also marks , for some historians , the end of the Middle Ages . Contents ( hide ) 1 State of the Byzantine Empire 2 Preparations 2.1 Strength 2.1. 1 Ottoman dispositions and strategies 2.1. 2 Byzantine dispositions and strategies 3 Siege 3.1 Final assault 3.2 Plundering phase 4 Aftermath 4.1 Third Rome 4.2 Impact on the Churches 5 Cultural references 5.1 Legends 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Impact on the Renaissance 5.4 Megali idea 5.5 Renaming of the city 5.6 In historical fiction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links State of the Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman Emperor , Constantine the Great . In the following eleven centuries , the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once : during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 . The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remaining empire splintered into a number of Byzantine successor states , notably Nicaea , Epirus and Trebizond . They fought as allies against the Latin establishments , but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne . The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 . Thereafter there was little peace for the much - weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins , the Serbians , the Bulgarians , and , most importantly , the Ottoman Turks . The Black Plague between 1346 and 1349 killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople . The city was severely depopulated due to the general economic and territorial decline of the empire , and by 1453 consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth - century Theodosian walls . By 1450 the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square miles outside the city of Constantinople itself , the Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara , and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras . The Empire of Trebizond , an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade , also survived on the coast of the Black Sea . Preparations ( edit ) When Sultan Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451 , he was just nineteen years old . Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean . This calculation was boosted by Mehmed 's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court . But Mehmed 's mild words were not matched by actions . By early 1452 , work began on the construction of a second fortress ( Rumeli hisarı ) on the Bosphorus , on the European side several miles north of Constantinople , set directly across the strait on the Asian side from the Anadolu Hisarı fortress , built by his great - grandfather Bayezid I . This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus ; and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north . ( This new fortress , was called Boğazkesen , which means ' strait - blocker ' or ' throat - cutter ' , to emphasize its strategic position . ) In October 1452 , Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios ( despotes in Southern Greece ) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople . Michael Critobulus says about the speech of Mehmed II to his soldiers : `` My friends and men of my empire ! You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that , having passed it along in succession from their fathers , from father to son , they handed it down to me . For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by them -- those at least of you who are of maturer years -- and the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers . They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time . Still the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before . '' Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed 's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help ; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid . Since the mutual excommunications of 1054 , the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing authority over the eastern church . Nominal union had been negotiated in 1274 , at the Second Council of Lyon , and indeed , some Palaiologoi emperors ( Latin , Palaeologan ) had since been received into the Latin church . Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV , with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union . These events , however , stimulated a propaganda initiative by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople ; the population , as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church , became bitterly divided . Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians , stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins , played a significant role . Finally , the attempted Union failed , greatly annoying Pope Nicholas V and the hierarchy of the Roman church . The Byzantine Empire in the first half of the 15th century . Thessaloniki was captured by the Ottomans in 1430 . A few islands in the Aegean and the Propontis remained under Byzantine rule until 1453 ( not shown on the map ) . In the summer of 1452 , when Rumelı Hisari was completed and the threat had become imminent , Constantine wrote to the Pope , promising to implement the Union , which was declared valid by a half - hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452 . Although he was eager for an advantage , Pope Nicholas V did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes , some of whom were wary of increasing Papal control , and these had not the wherewithal to contribute to the effort , especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years ' War , Spain being in the final part of the Reconquista , the internecine fighting in the German Principalities , and Hungary and Poland 's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444 . Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city states in the north of Italy , the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength . Some Western individuals , however , came to help defend the city on their own account . Cardinal Isidore , funded by the pope , arrived in 1452 with 200 archers One of these was an accomplished soldier from Genoa , Giovanni Giustiniani , who arrived with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios , in January 1453 . As a specialist in defending walled cities , he was immediately given the overall command of the defense of the land walls by the emperor . Around the same time , the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor , barring contrary orders from Venice , and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions , which set sail near the end of March . In Venice , meanwhile , deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople . The Senate decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453 , but there were delays , and when it finally set out late in April , it was already too late for it to be able to take part in the battle . Further undermining Byzantine morale , seven Italian ships with around 700 men slipped out of the capital at the moment when Giustiniani arrived , men who had sworn to defend the capital . At the same time , Constantine 's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor 's ambassadors -- even Byzantine diplomacy could not save the city . Restored Walls of Constantinople The chain that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453 , now on display in the İstanbul Archaeology Museums . Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn , Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour . This chain , which floated on logs , was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour . This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help . This strategy was enforced because in 1204 the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople 's land defenses by breaching the Golden Horn Wall . Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall ( Theodosian Walls ) . Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district 's wall were the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards . The land fortifications comprised a 60 ft ( 18 m ) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 45 -- 55 metres . Strength ( edit ) Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers The army defending Constantinople was relatively small , totaling about 7,000 men , 2,000 of whom were foreigners . At the onset of the siege , probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls , including the refugees from the surrounding area . Turkish commander Dorgano , who was in Constantinople in the pay of the Emperor , was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay . These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle . The defending army 's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped , while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well - trained soldiers , armed civilians , sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities , and finally monks . The garrison used a few small - calibre artillery bullets , which nonetheless proved ineffective . The rest of the city repaired walls , stood guard on observation posts , collected and distributed food provisions , and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers . The Ottomans had a much larger force . Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were about 50,000 -- 80,000 Ottoman soldiers including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries , an elite infantry corps , and thousands of Christian troops , notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that the Serbian lord Đurađ Branković was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan -- just a few months before , he had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople . Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege , who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan , provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 200,000 and to 300,000 ( Niccolò Barbaro : 160,000 ; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi and the Great Logothete George Sphrantzes : 200,000 ; the Cardinal Isidore of Kiev and the Archbishop of Mytilene Leonardo di Chio : 300,000 ) . At this time cannons were being made . Ottoman dispositions and strategies ( edit ) The Dardanelles Gun , cast in 1464 and based on the Orban bombard that was used by the Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople in 1453 ( British Royal Armouries collection ) . Mehmed built a fleet to besiege the city from the sea ( partially manned by Greek sailors from Gallipoli ) . Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span between about 100 ships ( Tedaldi ) , 145 ( Barbaro ) , 160 ( Ubertino Pusculo ) , 200 -- 250 ( Isidore of Kiev , Leonardo di Chio ) to 430 ( Sphrantzes ) . A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 126 ships comprising 6 large galleys , 10 ordinary galleys , 15 smaller galleys , 75 large rowing boats , and 20 horse - transports . Before the siege of Constantinople , it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium - sized cannons , but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders ' expectations . Instrumental to this Ottoman advancement in arms production was a somewhat mysterious figure by the name of Orban ( Urban ) , a Hungarian ( though some suggest he was German ) . One cannon designed by Orban was named `` Basilica '' and was 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) long , and able to hurl a 600 lb ( 272 kg ) stone ball over a mile ( 1.6 km ) . Modern painting of Mehmed and the Ottoman Army approaching Constantinople with a giant bombard , by Fausto Zonaro The master founder initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines , who were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him . Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II , claiming that his weapon could blast ' the walls of Babylon itself ' . Given abundant funds and materials , the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne , from which it was dragged by sixty oxen to Constantinople . In the meantime , Orban also produced other cannons for the Turkish siege forces . Orban 's cannon had several drawbacks : it took three hours to reload ; cannonballs were in very short supply ; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks ( this is disputed , however , given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio and in the later and often unreliable Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander ) . Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles ( 240 km ) away , Mehmed now had to undergo the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces . Orban 's giant cannon was said to have been accompanied by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men . In preparation for the final assault , Mehmed had an artillery train of seventy large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne , in addition to the bombards cast on the spot . Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls , the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West , the only part of the city not surrounded by water . His army encamped outside the city on the Monday after Easter , 2 April 1453 . The bulk of the Ottoman army were encamped south of the Golden Horn . The regular European troops , stretched out along the entire length of the walls , were commanded by Karadja Pasha . The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara . Mehmed himself erected his red - and - gold tent near the Mesoteichion , where the guns and the elite regiments , the Janissaries , were positioned . The Bashi - bazouks were spread out behind the front lines . Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn . Communication was maintained by a road that had been constructed over the marshy head of the Horn . Byzantine dispositions and strategies ( edit ) Painting of the Fall of Constantinople , by Theophilos Hatzimihail The city had about 20 km of walls ( land walls : 5.5 km ; sea walls along the Golden Horn : 7 km ; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara : 7.5 km ) , one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence . The walls had recently been repaired ( under John VIII ) and were in fairly good shape , giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived.In addition , the defenders were relatively well - equipped with a fleet of 26 ships : 5 from Genoa , 5 from Venice , 3 from Venetian Crete , 1 from Ancona , 1 from Aragon , 1 from France , and about 10 Byzantine . On 5 April , the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops , and the defenders took up their positions . As their numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety , it had been decided that only the outer walls would be manned . Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion , the middle section of the land walls , where they were crossed by the river Lycus . This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most . Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor , at the Charisian Gate ( Myriandrion ) ; later during the siege , he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine , leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers . Minotto and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae palace , together with Teodoro Caristo , the Langasco brothers , and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios . To the left of the emperor , further south , were the commanders Cataneo , with Genoese troops , and Theophilus Palaeologus , who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers . The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate ( itself guarded by a certain Genoese called Manuel ) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini , while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall . The sea walls were manned more sparsely , with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion , a makeshift defense force of Greek monks to his left hand , and prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherius . Pere Julià was stationed at the Great Palace with Genoese and Catalan troops ; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom . The sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano . Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city , one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the Church of the Holy Apostles , under the command of Loukas Notaras and Nicephorus Palaeologus , respectively . The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbor . Although the Byzantines also had cannons , they were much smaller than those of the Ottomans and the recoil tended to damage their own walls . According to David Nicolle , despite many odds , the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is wrong , and the overall situation was not as one - sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest.It has also been claimed that Constantinople was `` the best - defended city in Europe '' at that time . Siege ( edit ) At the beginning of the siege , Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople . The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days . The Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu 's fleet . Mehmed 's massive cannon fired on the walls for weeks , but due to its imprecision and extremely slow rate of reloading the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot , limiting the cannon 's effect . The Ottoman Turks transport their fleet overland into the Golden Horn . Meanwhile , despite some probing attacks , the Ottoman fleet under Suleiman Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain the Byzantines had previously stretched across the entrance . Although one of the fleet 's main tasks was to prevent any ships from outside from entering the Golden Horn , on 20 April a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to slip in after some heavy fighting , an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan . Baltoghlu 's life was spared after his subordinates testified to his bravery during the conflict . Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn , and dragged his ships over the hill , directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April , bypassing the chain barrier . This seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the -- nominally neutral -- colony of Pera , and demoralized the Byzantine defenders . On the night of 28 April , an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships , but the Ottomans had been warned in advance and forced the Christians to retreat with heavy losses . Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore . On orders of Mehmed , they were impaled on stakes , in sight of the city 's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn . In retaliation , the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners , 260 in all , to the walls , where they were executed , one by one , before the eyes of the Ottomans . With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels , the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn . The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople , but were always repelled with heavy losses . Venetian surgeon Niccolò Barbaro , describing in his diary one of such frequent land attacks especially by the Janissaries , wrote : `` They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle , particularly the Janissaries ... and when one or two of them were killed , at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones ... without caring how near they came to the city walls . Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows , aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman , and both of them would fall to the ground dead , and then there came other Turks and took them away , none fearing death , but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls . '' Siege of Constantinople as depicted between 1453 and 1475 . After these inconclusive frontal offensives , the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing underground tunnels in an effort to mine them from mid-May to 25 May . Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo by the Serbian despot . They were placed under the command of Zagan Pasha . However , an engineer named Johannes Grant , a German who came together with the Genoese contingent , had counter-mines dug , allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the workers . The Byzantines intercepted the first Serbian tunnel on the night of 16 May . Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21 , 23 , and 25 May , and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat . On 23 May , the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers , who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels , which were then destroyed . On 21 May , Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city . He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitants to leave with their possessions . Moreover , he would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese . Lastly , he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city . Constantine XI only agreed to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possession . `` Giving you though the city depends neither on me nor on anyone else among its inhabitants ; as we have all decided to die with our own free will and we shall not consider our lives . '' Around this time , Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers . Here he encountered some resistance ; one of his Viziers , the veteran Halil Pasha , who had always disapproved of Mehmed 's plans to conquer the city , now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity . Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha , and insisted on an immediate attack . Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force , expecting that the weakened Byzantine defense by the prolonged siege would now be worn out before he ran out of troops and started preparations for a final all - out offensive . Final assault ( edit ) Painting by the Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail showing the battle inside the city , Constantine is visible on a white horse Preparations for the final assault were started in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day . For 36 hours after the war council decision to attack , the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower in order to prepare for the general offensive . Prayer and resting would be then granted to the soldiers on the 28th , and then the final assault would be launched . On the Byzantine side , a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships , after having searched the Aegean , reached the Capital on May 27 and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way . On May 28 , as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault , large - scale religious processions were held in the city . In the evening a last solemn ceremony was held in the Hagia Sophia , in which the Emperor and representatives of both the Latin and Greek church partook , together with nobility from both sides . Shortly after midnight on May 29 the all - out offensive began . The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first , followed by the successive waves of the irregular azaps , who were poorly trained and equipped , and Anatolians who focused on a section of the Blachernae walls in the northwest part of the city , which had been damaged by the cannon . This section of the walls had been built earlier , in the eleventh century , and was much weaker . The Anatolians managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders . Finally , as the battle was continuing , the last wave , consisting of elite Janissaries , attacked the city walls . The Genoese general in charge of the land troops , Giovanni Giustiniani , was grievously wounded during the attack , and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders . Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople , painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ) . With Giustiniani 's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbor , Constantine and his men , now left to their own devices , kept fighting and managed to successfully hold off the Janissaries for a while , but eventually they could not stop them from entering the city . The defenders were also being overwhelmed at several points in Constantine 's section . When Turkish flags were seen flying above a small postern gate , the Kerkoporta , which was left open , panic ensued , and the defense collapsed , as Janissary soldiers , led by Ulubatlı Hasan pressed forward . Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families , the Venetians ran over to their ships , and a few of the Genoese got over to Galata . The rest committed suicide by jumping off the city walls or surrendered . The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans . It is said that Constantine , throwing aside his purple regalia , led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans , perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets just like his soldiers . On the other hand , Nicolò Barbaro , a Venetian eyewitness to the siege , wrote in his diary that it was said that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate , although his ultimate fate remains unknown . After the initial assault , the Ottoman Army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city , the Mese , past the great forums , and past the Church of the Holy Apostles , which Mehmed II wanted to provide a seat for his newly appointed patriarch which would help him better control his Christian subjects . Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect key buildings such as the Church of the Holy Apostles . A small few lucky civilians managed to escape . When the Venetians retreated over to their ships , the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn . Luckily for the occupants of the city , the Ottomans were not interested in killing them , but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city 's houses , so they decided to attack the city instead . The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn . Having done so , the Venetians left in ships filled with soldiers and refugees . Shortly after the Venetians left , a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor 's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn . This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn , which was accomplished by midday . The Army converged upon the Augusteum , the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building , hoping for divine protection . After the doors were breached , the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets . Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be very heavy due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault . Barbaro described blood flowing in the city `` like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm '' , and bodies of the Turks and Christians floating in the sea `` like melons along a canal '' . Plundering phase ( edit ) Mehmed II had promised to his soldiers three days to plunder the city , to which they were entitled . Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war . According to the Venetian surgeon Nicolò Barbaro `` all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city '' . According to Philip Mansel , widespread persecution of the city 's civilian inhabitants took place , resulting in thousands of murders and rapes and 30,000 civilians being enslaved or forcibly deported . The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city . Weeks later on 2 June , the Sultan would find the city largely deserted and half in ruins ; churches had been desecrated and stripped , houses were no longer habitable and stores and shops were emptied . He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this , speaking `` What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On the third day of the conquest , Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation , although many had no homes to return to , and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed . Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes , an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople , described the Sultan 's actions : `` On the third day after the fall of our city , the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great , joyful triumph . He issued a proclamation : the citizens of all ages who had managed to escape detection were to leave their hiding places throughout the city and come out into the open , as they were to remain free and no question would be asked . He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege . If they returned home , they would be treated according to their rank and religion , as if nothing had changed . '' The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque , but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople . This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system , however , it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century . Following the city 's conquest , the Church of the Holy Wisdom ( the Hagia Sophia ) was converted into a mosque . After the sack , many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople . Two possible responses emerged amongst the humanists and churchmen of that era : Crusade or dialogue . Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade , while Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans . The Morean ( Peloponnesian ) fortress of Mystras , where Constantine 's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled , constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well , held out until 1460 . Long before the fall of Constantinople , Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas , Constantine , and their other brothers John and Theodore. Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state , but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life . In Rome , Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile , until 1503 . In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed . Constantine XI had died without producing an heir , and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother , who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople . The oldest boy , renamed to Murad , became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey ( Governor - General ) of Rumeli ( the Balkans ) . The younger son , renamed Mesih Pasha , became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg ( Governor ) of the Province of Gallipoli . He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed 's son , Bayezid II . With the capture of Constantinople , Mehmed II had acquired the `` natural '' capital of its kingdom , albeit one in decline due to years of war . The loss of the city was a crippling blow to Christendom , and it exposed the Christian west to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the east . The Christian re-conquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the House of Osman . Rumors of Constantine XI 's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands . Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade . When no European monarch was willing to lead the crusade , the Pope himself decided to go , but his early death stopped this plan . As Western Europe entered the 16th century , the age of Crusading began to come to an end . For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city - states , a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati , chancellor of Florence , who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras , a Byzantine scholar to lecture at the University of Florence . After the conquest many Greeks , such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris , fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West , bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco - Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance . Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city . The Phanariotes , as they were called , provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers . Third Rome ( edit ) Main article : Third Rome Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror , by Gentile Bellini Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire . In its own time , the Empire ruled from Constantinople ( or `` New Rome '' as some people call it , although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title ) was considered simply as `` the Roman Empire . '' The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle . Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire 's own claim . In Mehmed 's view , he was the successor to the Roman Emperor , declaring himself Kayser - i Rum , literally `` Caesar of Rome '' , that is , of the Roman Empire , though he was remembered as `` the Conqueror '' . He founded a political system that survived until 1922 with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey . Stefan Dušan , Tsar of Serbia , and Ivan Alexander , Tsar of Bulgaria both made similar claims , regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire . Other potential claimants , such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history . Impact on the churches ( edit ) In 17th century Russia , the Fall of Constantinople had a role in the fierce theological and political controversy between adherents and opponents of the reforms in the Russian Orthodox Church , carried out by Patriarch Nikon and intended to bring the Russian Church closer to the norms and practices of other Orthodox churches . Avvakum and other of the `` Old Believers '' saw these reforms as a corruption of the Russian Church , which they considered to be the `` true '' Church of God . As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies , Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices . The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church . Today , the four ancient sees of Jerusalem , Antioch , Alexandria and Constantinople are almost completely void of followers and believers due to the Islamization and Dhimma system that Christians lived under since the earliest days of Islam . As a result of this process , the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and became centered in Eastern Europe ( e.g. , Russia ) rather than previously , in the former Byzantine Middle East . Cultural references ( edit ) Legends ( edit ) There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople . It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city 's demise . Four days later , the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog , a condition unknown in that part of the world in May . When the fog lifted that evening , a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia , which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city . `` This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence , and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion , for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears . '' For others , there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city . Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered . According to the legend , the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands . Another legend refers to the Marble King ( Constantine XI ) , holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city , turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate , where he waits to be brought to life again ( a variant of the sleeping hero legend ) . Cultural impact ( edit ) Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church , and the duke of Burgundy , Philip the Good , avowed to take up arms against the Turks . However , as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation , the recapture of Constantinople became an ever - distant dream . Even France , once a fervent participant of the Crusades , became an ally of the Ottomans . Nonetheless , depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor 's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted . Impact on the Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Greek scholars in the Renaissance The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and émigrés in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism and science . These émigrés were grammarians , humanists , poets , writers , printers , lecturers , musicians , astronomers , architects , academics , artists , scribes , philosophers , scientists , politicians and theologians . They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of their own ( Greek ) civilization . Megali idea ( edit ) Between 1919 and 1922 , Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos attempted to implement the Megali Idea ( recapture of Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire ) in the Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 1922 ) since the Ottoman Empire was severely weakened by its defeat in World War I and by the occupation of Constantinople by the British and French . However , in the course of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey . Renaming of the city ( edit ) Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city 's name `` Kostantiniyye , '' ( القسطنطينية ) , as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents . Islambol ( اسلامبول , Full of Islam ) or Islambul ( find Islam ) or Islam ( b ) ol ( old Turkic : be Islam ) , both in Turkish Language , were folk - etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city 's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire . It is first attested shortly after the conquest , and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself . The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase īs tīmbolī ( n ) ( Greek : εἰς τὴν πόλιν , translit . eis tēn pólin , `` to the City '' ) , and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest . However , Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk 's reforms . In historical fiction ( edit ) Lew Wallace , The Prince of India ; or , Why Constantinople Fell . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers , 1893 . 2 volumes Mika Waltari , The Dark Angel ( Original title Johannes Angelos ) 1952 . Translated from the Finnish by Naomi Walford and pub. in English edition , New York : Putnam , 1953 Muharem Bazdulj , `` The Bridge on Land '' from The Second Book , 2000 . Translated from Bosnian by Oleg Andric and Andrew Wachtel and pub. in English edition , Evanston : Northwestern University Press , 2005 Andrew Novo , Queen of Cities , Seattle : Coffeetown Press , 2009 Jack Hight , Siege . London : John Murray Publisher Ltd , 2010 James Shipman , `` Constantinopolis '' , Amazon Digital Services , 2013 C.C. Humphreys , A Place called Armageddon . London : Orion , 2011 Emanuele Rizzardi , L'ultimo Paleologo . PubMe Editore , 2017 See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire portal Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal Fetih 1453 `` How many angels can dance on the head of a pin ? '' , question linked to the imagery of pointless debate while the city was falling . Military of the Ottoman Empire Tursun Beg ( Turkish historian ) Ulubatlı Hasan Dolfin Dolfin , venetian , naval commander during the siege Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople , he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter 's two sons , Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg , to invade the Morea and to remain there all winter also to prevent the despots Thomas and Demetrius from giving aid to Constantine XI . Jump up ^ According to Sphrantzes , whom Constantine had ordered to make a census , the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983 . Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks . Jump up ^ The Spanish Cristóbal de Villalón claims there were ' 60,000 Turkish households , 40,000 Greek and Armenian , 10,000 Jewish . Jump up ^ Another expert who was employed by the Ottomans was Ciriaco de ' Pizzicolli , also known as Ciriaco of Ancona , a traveler and collector of antiquities . Jump up ^ These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope , joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople . Jump up ^ Runciman speculates that he may have been Scottish Jump up ^ Original text : Τὸ δὲ τὴν πόλιν σοῖ δοῦναι οὔτ ' ἐμὸν ἐστίν οὔτ ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ κοινῇ γὰρ γνώμῃ πάντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καὶ οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν . Jump up ^ Sources hostile towards the Genoese ( such as the Venetian Nicolò Barbaro ) , however , report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all , but , overwhelmed by fear , simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield , determining the fall of the city . These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the Republic of Genoa had to deny them by sending diplomatic letters to the Chancelleries of England , France , the Duchy of Burgundy and others . Giustiniani was carried to Chios , where he succumbed to his wounds a few days later . Jump up ^ Barbaro added the description of the emperor 's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward . According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south , presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea . Jump up ^ It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic Kuwae volcanic eruption in the Pacific Ocean . The `` fire '' seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tekbaşina . `` 1453'de İstanbul'u Fatih'e karşı savunan Osmanlı Şehzadesi kim ? '' ( Who Were the Ottoman Princes Defending Istanbul against the Conqueror in 1453 ? ) . Milliyet blog ( in Turkish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Vasiliev , Alexander ( 1928 ) . A History of the Byzantine Empire , Vol. II. II . Translated by Ragozin , S. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ^ Jump up to : Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , I : Le testimonianze dei contemporanei scrittori greci e latini ( The Fall of Constantinople , I : The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers ) ( in Italian ) . I. Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . ^ Jump up to : Nicol , Donald M. ( 1993 ) . The Last Centuries of Byzantium , 1261 - 1453 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 ( Canto ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521398329 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , J.E. ; Kaufmann , Hanna W. ( 2004 ) . The Medieval Fortress : Castles , Forts , and Walled Cities of the Middle Agess . Boston , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sehgal , Ikram ul - Majeed ( 2005 ) . `` Defence Journal '' ( 8 ) . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45908 - 7 . Jump up ^ Patrick , James ( 2007 ) . ' Renaissance And Reformation . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7650 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolle , David ( 2000 ) . Constantinople 1453 : The End of Byzantium ( Campaign ) . 78 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 091 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : İnalcıkt , Halil ( 2001 ) . Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ ( 1300 -- 1600 ) ( The Ottoman Empire , The Classical Age , 1300 - 1600 ) . Translated by Itzkouritz , Norman ; Imber , Colin . London : Orion . ^ Jump up to : Severy , Merle ( December 1983 ) . `` Byzantine Empire '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 6 . ^ Jump up to : Sphrantzes , George . Οικτρός Γεώργιος ο Φραντζής ο και Πρωτοβεσιαρίτης Γρηγόριος τάχα μοναχός ταύτα έγραψεν υπέρ των καθ ' αυτών και τινων μερικών γεγονότων εν τώ της αθλίας ζωής αυτε χρόνω ( The Pitiful George Frantzes Who was Protovestiaros , Now a Monk , Wrote This for the Βetterment of Others and as Recompense for Some Deeds in His Miserable Life , This Chronicle ) ( in Greek ) . Jump up ^ Pears , Edwin ( 1903 ) . The Destruction of the Greek Empire . London : Longman 's , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2005 ) . The Battle 100 : The Stories Behind History 's Most Influential Battles . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 2475 - 3 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Saul S. ( 2006 ) . A history of the Middle East . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 5134 - 3 . Jump up ^ Uyar , Mesut ; Erickson , Edward J. ( 2009 ) . A military history of the Ottomans : from Osman to Atatürk . Santa Barbara : Praeger . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy Hickman . `` Fall of Constantinople , 1453 -- Byzantine - Ottoman Wars '' . About.com Education . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2009 ) . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABL - CLIO . Jump up ^ Heath , Ian ( 1995 ) . Byzantine Armies AD 1118 -- 1461 ( Men - at - Arms ) . 287 . Oxford : Osprey Publishers . ISBN 1855323478 . Jump up ^ Bartusis , Mark C. ( 1997 ) . The Late Byzantine Army : Arms and Society , 1204 -- 1453 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ `` İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri , Fatih'e karşı savaştı '' ( In the Conquest of Istanbul 600 Turkish Military Fought Against the Conqueror ) . Osmanlı Arauştırmalarlı ( in Turkish ) . ^ Jump up to : Hatzopoulos , Dionysios . `` Fall of Constantinople , 1453 '' . Hellenic Electronic Center . ^ Jump up to : `` Part II : Fall of Constantinople '' . The American Legion 's Burnpit . Jump up ^ Momigliano & Schiavone ( 1997 ) , Introduction ( `` La Storia di Roma '' ) , p . XXI Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Frantzes , Georgios ; Melisseidis ( Melisseides ) , Ioannis ( Ioannes ) A. ; Zavolea - Melissidi , Pulcheria ( 2004 ) . Εάλω η ΠόλιςΤ ο χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης : Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440 - 1453 ( The City has Fallen : Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople : Concise History of Events in Constantinople in the Period 1440 - 1453 ) ( in Greek ) ( 5 ed . ) . Athens : Vergina Asimakopouli Bros. ISBN 9607171918 . Jump up ^ Foster , Charles ( 22 September 2006 ) . `` The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire '' . Contemporary Review . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . It is the end of the Middle Ages ) ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1997 ) . A Short History of Byzantium . New York : Vintage Books . Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas ( 2005 ) . Crusades : The Illustrated History . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Haldon , John ( 2000 ) . Byzantium at War 600 -- 1453 . New York : Osprey . ^ Jump up to : Mango , Cyril ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` The Black Death '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Channel 4 -- History . Jump up ^ Runciman Fall . p. 60 Jump up ^ Norwich Short Byz . Hist . p. 373 Jump up ^ `` Bosphorus ( i.e. Bosporus ) , View from Kuleli , Constantinople , Turkey '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1900 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ name = `` norwichshortbyzhist '' / > Jump up ^ Setton , Kenneth M. ( 1978 ) . The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 -- 1571 ) : The Fifteenth Century . 2 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 127 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hachette Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Spilling , ed. , Battles That Changed History : Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London , Amber Books Ltd. 2010 ) p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolò Barbaro , Giornale dell'Assedio di Costantinopoli , 1453 . The autograph copy is conserved in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice . Barbaro 's diary has been translated into English by John Melville - Jones ( New York : Exposition Press , 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Concasty , M. - L. , Les `` Informations '' de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople ^ Jump up to : Rutheniae , Isidorus ( 6 July 1453 ) . `` Isidore of Ruthenia '' ( Letter ) ( in Latin ) . Letter to Bisarion . ^ Jump up to : ( in Latin ) Leonardo di Chio , Letter to Pope Nicholas V , dated 16 August 1453 , edited by J. - P. Migne , Patrologia Graeca , 159 , 923A -- 944B . Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 927B : `` three hundred thousand and more '' . Jump up ^ Ubertino Pusculo , Constantinopolis , 1464 Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 930C . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles . Oxford . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514366 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arnold ( 2001 ) p. 111 Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Jump up ^ Crowley ( 2005 ) , pp. 150 -- 54 Jump up ^ Marios Philippides and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2011 ) , 520 . Jump up ^ From Jean Chartier , Chronicle of Charles VII , king of France , MS Bnf Français 2691 , f. 246v ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger . 1453 : the holy war for Constantinople and the clash of Islam and the West . New York : Hyperion , 2005 . pp. 168 -- 171 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0850 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 29 Μαϊου 1453 : Όταν `` η Πόλις εάλω ... '' ( 29 May 1453 : When the City Fell ... ) . `` iefemerida.com '' ( in Greek ) . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Desimoni , C. ( 1874 ) . Adamo di Montaldo . Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria ( Proceedings of the Ligurian Society for Homeland History ) ( in Italian ) . X . Genoa . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael Llewellyn , The Fall of Constantinople , History Makers magazine No. 5 , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson ( London ) . Jump up ^ Reinert , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford UP . Jump up ^ Mansel , Philip ( 1995 ) . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire . Hachette UK . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5076 - 9 . Jump up ^ George Sphrantzes . The Fall of the Byzantine Empire : A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401 -- 1477 . Translated by Marios Philippides . University of Massachusetts Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 290 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos ( or Kritoboulos ) . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by Charles T. Riggs . Greenwood Press Reprint , 1970 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 3119 - 1 . Jump up ^ Braude , Benjamin ( 1982 ) . `` Foundation Myths of the Millet System '' . In Braude , Benjamin ; Bernard Lewis . Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire . 1 . New York : Holmes & Meier . pp. 69 -- 90 . ISBN 0841905193 . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ( 2009 ) . `` Millet '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . pp. 383 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Volf , Miroslav ( 2010 ) . `` Body counts : the dark side of Christian history '' . The Christian Century . 127 ( Journal Article ) : 11 -- . ISSN 0009 - 5281 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1995 ) . Byzantium : The Decline and Fall . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41650 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Heath W. ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . p. 115 - 116 . Jump up ^ N.G. Wilson , From Byzantium to Italy . Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance , London , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2418 - 0 Jump up ^ `` John Argyropoulos '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 2 October 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Byzantines in Renaissance Italy Jump up ^ `` Saving the Third Rome . `` Fall of the Empire '' , Byzantium and Putin 's Russia `` . IWM . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Guillermier , Pierre ; Serge Koutchmy ( 1999 ) . Total Eclipses : Science , Observations , Myths , and Legends . Springer . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 160 - 7 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos , Michael . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by C.T. Riggs . Princetone , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1954 . Pg. 59 . Jump up ^ `` # 1543 '' ( Press release ) . Pasadena , California : Public Information Office , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , National Aeronautics & Space Administration ( NASA ) . 1993 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Marble King ( in Greek ) Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Greeks in Italy Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sakaoğlu , Necdet ( 1993 -- 94 ) . `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( The names of Istanbul ) . Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ( in Turkish ) . Istanbul : Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı . Jump up ^ Robinson , Richard D. ( 1965 ) . The First Turkish Republic : A Case Study in National Development . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Room , Adrian , ( 1993 ) , Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991 , ( Metuchen , N.J. , & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ) , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46 , 86 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Turkey '' . BBC News . 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Babinger , Franz ( 1992 ) : Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01078 - 1 Crowley , Roger ( 2005 ) : 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 Fletcher , Richard A. : The Cross and the Crescent ( 2005 ) Penguin Group ISBN 0 - 14 - 303481 - 2 Harris , Jonathan ( 2007 ) : Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Hambledon / Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 179 - 4 Harris , Jonathan ( 2010 ) : The End of Byzantium . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11786 - 8 Melville Jones , John , The Siege of Constantinople 1453 : Seven Contemporary Accounts , Amsterdam 1972 Momigliano , Arnaldo ; Schiavone , Aldo ( 1997 ) . Storia di Roma , 1 ( in Italian ) . Turin : Einaudi . ISBN 88 - 06 - 11396 - 8 . Murr Nehme , Lina ( 2003 ) . 1453 : The Conquest of Constantinople . Aleph Et Taw . ISBN 2 - 86839 - 816 - 2 . Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , II : L'eco nel mondo ( The Fall of Constantinople , II : The Echo in the World ) ( in Italian ) . II . Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . Philippides , Marios and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , Ashgate , Farnham and Burlington 2011 . Smith , Michael Llewellyn , `` The Fall of Constantinople '' , in History Makers magazine No. 5 ( London , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson , 1969 ) p. 192 Wheatcroft , Andrew ( 2003 ) : The Infidels : The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam , 638 -- 2002 . Viking Publishing ISBN 0 - 670 - 86942 - 2 Wintle , Justin ( 2003 ) : The Rough Guide History of Islam . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 018 - X External links ( edit ) Media related to Fall of Constantinople at Wikimedia Commons Ancient History Encyclopedia - 1453 : The Fall of Constantinople Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian - Valentinian era ( Constantinian dynasty - Valentinian dynasty ) Theodosian era Leonid era Justinian era Heraclian era Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian era Nikephorian era Amorian era Macedonian era Doukid era Komnenian era Angelid era ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Frankokratia represented by Latin Empire Byzantine Successor States ( Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond ) Palaiologan era Decline of the Byzantine Empire Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal Major sieges by the Ottoman Empire by century 14th 1326 Prusa 1331 Nicaea 1333 Nicomedia 1360s Adrianople 1385 Sofia 1393 Tarnovo 15th 1422 Constantinople 1422 -- 30 Thessalonica 1448 Svetigrad 1453 Constantinople 1456 Belgrade 1461 Trebizond 1462 Mytilene 1470 Negroponte 1478 Scutari 1480 Rhodes 1481 Otranto 16th 1517 Cairo 1521 Belgrade 1522 Rhodes 1529 Peñón of Algiers 1529 Vienna 1532 Güns ( Kőszeg ) 1532 Maribor 1534 Tunis 1534 Baghdad 1537 Klis 1537 Corfu 1538 Diu 1538 Aden 1539 Castelnuovo 1541 Buda 1543 Nice 1543 Esztergom 1547 Van 1551 Tripoli 1552 Muscat 1552 Hormuz 1552 Temesvár 1552 Eger 1556 Oran 1563 Oran 1565 Malta 1566 Szigetvar 1574 Tunis 1578 Gvozdansko 1593 Sisak 1596 Eger 17th 1638 Baghdad 1663 Uyvar 1664 Novi Zrin 1648 -- 69 Candia 1672 Kamenets 1683 Vienna 18th -- 19th 1739 Belgrade 1825 -- 26 Missolonghi Ottoman defeats shown in italics . GND : 4128316 - 8 Coordinates : 41 ° 01 ′ 00 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 37 '' E / 41.0167 ° N 28.9769 ° E / 41.0167 ; 28.9769 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=826606733 '' Categories : Fall of Constantinople 1453 in the Ottoman Empire 1450s in the Byzantine Empire Battles of the Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Conflicts in 1453 East -- West Schism Sieges involving Serbia Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire Sieges of Constantinople Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror History of Istanbul Massacres in the Byzantine Empire Last stand battles Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with French - language external links CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles with Latin - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 01 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	under whose leadership were the ottomans finally able to capture constantinople	[ "The Fall of Constantinople (Greek: Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs; Turkish: İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53-day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453." ]	[ "Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror" ]
8713317254552244566	British and Irish Lions	British and Irish Lions - wikipedia British and Irish Lions Jump to : navigation , search For the Great Britain Lions rugby league team , see Great Britain national rugby league team . For the 2017 Lions tour , see 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand . The British & Irish Lions Unions Rugby Football Union Irish Rugby Football Union Scottish Rugby Union Welsh Rugby Union Nickname ( s ) The Lions Coach ( es ) Warren Gatland ( 2017 tour ) Captain ( s ) Sam Warburton ( 2017 tour ) Peter O'Mahony ( 2017 tour ) Most caps Willie John McBride ( 17 ) Top scorer Jonny Wilkinson ( 67 ) Most tries Tony O'Reilly ( 6 ) Team kit First match Otago 3 -- 8 Shaw & Shrewsbury Team ( 28 April 1888 ) Largest win Western Australia 10 -- 116 British and Irish Lions ( 8 June 2001 ) Largest test win Argentina 0 -- 46 British Lions ( 7 Aug 1927 ) Largest defeat New Zealand 38 -- 6 British Lions ( 16 July 1983 ) Largest test defeat New Zealand 38 -- 6 British Lions ( 16 July 1983 ) Current season ← 2013 2021 → The British and Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations -- the national sides of the British Isles ; England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The Lions are a Test side , and generally select international players , but they can pick uncapped players available to any one of the four unions . The team currently tours every four years , with these rotating among Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa . The 2009 Test series was lost 1 -- 2 to South Africa , while the 2013 Test series was won 2 -- 1 over Australia . The most recent series , the 2017 Test series against the world champions , New Zealand , was drawn 1 -- 1 -- 1 . From 1888 onwards combined rugby sides from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland toured the Southern Hemisphere . The first tour was a commercial venture , and was undertaken without official backing . The six subsequent visits enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities , before the 1910 South Africa tour , which was the first tour representative of the four Home Unions . In 1949 the four Home Unions formally created a Tours Committee and for the first time , every player of the 1950 Lions squad had played internationally before the tour . The 1950s tours saw high win rates in provincial games , but the Test series were typically lost or drawn . The winning series in 1971 ( New Zealand ) and 1974 ( South Africa ) changed this pattern . The last tour of the amateur age took place in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming and symbols 1.1 Team members 1.2 Team anthem 1.3 Team colours and strip 1.3. 1 Unsanctioned tours 1.3. 2 Blue jerseys , the Lions named and the crest adopted 1.3. 3 Red jerseys 1.3. 4 Jersey evolution 2 History 2.1 1888 -- 1909 2.2 1910 -- 1949 2.3 1950 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 1979 2.5 1980 -- 2005 2.6 2009 2.7 2013 2.8 2017 3 Overall 4 Tours 4.1 Format 4.2 Results 4.2. 1 Tour Test matches 4.2. 2 Other International matches 4.3 Lions non-tour and home matches 5 Records 5.1 Most capped players 5.2 Top point scorers 5.3 Top try scorers 6 See also 7 Sources 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Naming and symbols ( edit ) Team members ( edit ) Main article : List of British and Irish Lions players The multi-nation team that is today named the British and Irish Lions first came into existence in 1888 as the Shaw & Shrewsbury Team . It was then primarily English in composition but also contained players from Scotland and Wales . Later the name British Isles became associated with the team . On their 1950 tour of New Zealand and Australia they officially adopted the name British Lions , the nickname first used by British and South African journalists on the 1924 South African tour after the lion emblem on their ties , the emblem on their jerseys having been dropped in favour of the four - quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions . When the team first emerged in the 19th century , it represented the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , then one single state . The team continued to exist after the Irish war of independence and civil war and the subsequent division of Ireland in 1922 into the Irish Free State ( later the state of Ireland ) and Northern Ireland . To avoid ambiguity and possible offence to Irish players , it was later decided to define the team 's identity as representing the two sovereign states -- the United Kingdom and Ireland -- with the team members being either `` British '' or `` Irish '' . From the 2001 tour of Australia , the official name British and Irish Lions has been used . The team is often referred to simply as the Lions . Team anthem ( edit ) As the Lions represent two sovereign states , they do not have a national anthem . For the 2005 tour to New Zealand , the Lions management commissioned a song , `` The Power of Four '' , although it was met with little support among Lions fans at the matches and has not been used since . Team colours and strip ( edit ) For more than half a century , the Lions have been synonymous with the red jersey that sports the amalgamated crests of the four unions . However , prior to 1950 the strip went through a number of significantly different formats . Unsanctioned tours ( edit ) In 1888 , the promoter of the first expedition to Australia and New Zealand , Arthur Shrewsbury , demanded `` something that would be good material and yet take them by storm out here '' . The result was a jersey in thick red , white and blue hoops , worn above white shorts and dark socks . The tours to South Africa in 1891 and 1896 retained the red , white and blue theme but this time as red and white hooped jerseys and dark blue shorts and socks . The 1899 trip to Australia saw a reversion to red , white and blue jerseys , but with the blue used in thick hoops and the red and white in thin bands . The shorts remained blue , as did the socks although a white flash was added to the latter . The one - off test in 1999 between England and Australia that was played to commemorate Australia 's first test against Reverend Matthew Mullineux 's British side saw England wear an updated version of this jersey . In 1903 , the South Africa tour followed on from the 1896 tour , with red and white hooped jerseys . The slight differences were that the red hoops were slightly thicker than the white ( the opposite was true in 1896 ) , and the white flash on the socks introduced in 1899 was partially retained . The Australia tour of 1904 saw exactly the same kit as in 1899 , and it seemed that the British touring sides had settled on kits particular to the host destination . However , in 1908 with the Scottish and Irish unions refusing to be involved , the Anglo - Welsh side only sported red jerseys with a thick white band on their jerseys on tour to Australia and New Zealand . Blue shorts were retained , but the socks were for the first time red , with a white flash . Blue jerseys , the Lions named and the crest adopted ( edit ) The Scots were once again involved in Dr Tom Smyth 's 1910 team to South Africa . Thus , dark blue jerseys , were introduced with white shorts and the red socks of 1908 . The jerseys also had a single lion - rampant crest . The 1924 tour returned to South Africa , retaining the blue jerseys but now with shorts to match . It is the 1924 tour that is credited as being the first in which the team were referred to as `` the Lions '' , the irony being that it was on this tour that the single lion - rampant crest was replaced with the forerunner of the four - quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions , that is still worn today . Although the lion had been dropped from the jersey , the players had worn the lion motif on their ties as they arrived in South Africa , which led the press and public referring to them as `` the Lions '' . The unofficial 1927 Argentina tour used the same kit and badge . So powerful was the attribution of `` the Lions '' nickname that three heraldic versions of the animal returned as the jersey badge in 1930 . This was the tour to New Zealand where the tourists ' now standard blue jerseys caused some controversy . The convention in rugby is for the home side to accommodate its guests when there is a clash of kit . The New Zealand side , by then already synonymous with the appellation `` All Blacks '' , had an all black kit that clashed with the Lions ' blue . After much reluctance and debate New Zealand agreed to change for the Tests and the All Blacks became the All Whites for the first time . On the 1930 tour a delegation led by the Irish lock George Beamish expressed their displeasure at the fact that whilst the blue of Scotland , white of England and red of Wales were represented in the strip there was no green for Ireland . A green flash was added to the socks , which from 1938 became a green turnover ( although on blue socks thus eliminating red from the kit ) , and that has remained a feature of the strip ever since . In 1936 , the four - quartered badge returned for the tour to Argentina and has remained on the kits ever since , but other than that the strip remained the same . Red jerseys ( edit ) The adoption of the red jersey happened in the 1950 tour . A return to New Zealand was accompanied by a desire to avoid the controversy of 1930 and so red replaced blue for the jersey with the resultant kit being that which is still worn today , the combination of red jersey , white shorts and green and blue socks , representing the four unions . The only additions to the strip since 1950 began appearing in 1993 , with the addition of kit suppliers logos in prominent positions . Umbro had in 1989 asked for `` maximum brand exposure whenever possible '' but this did not affect the kit 's appearance . Since then , Nike , Adidas and Canterbury have had more overt branding on the shirts , with sponsors Scottish Provident ( 1997 ) , NTL ( 2001 ) , Zurich ( 2005 ) , HSBC ( 2009 and 2013 ) and Standard Life Investments ( 2017 ) . Jersey evolution ( edit ) 1888 , 1891 1899 , 1904 1908 1910 -- 1938 1950 -- present History ( edit ) 1888 -- 1909 ( edit ) Shaw & Shrewsbury Team , 1888 , The first British or Irish touring rugby team , a private - enterprise trip to Australia and New Zealand . Despite its label as an England side , the team which toured South Africa in 1891 contained several Scots . England v Cape Colony , 1891 . The first match of the Bill MacLagan undefeated tour of South Africa . The earliest tours date back to 1888 , when a 21 - man squad visited Australia and New Zealand . The squad drew players from England , Scotland and Wales , though English players predominated . The 35 - match tour of two host nations included no tests , but the side played provincial , city and academic sides , winning 27 matches . They played 19 games of Australian rules football , against prominent clubs in Victoria and South Australia , winning six and drawing one of these ( see Australian rules football in England ) . The first tour , although unsanctioned by rugby bodies , established the concept of Northern Hemisphere sporting sides touring to the Southern Hemisphere . Three years after the first tour , the Western Province union invited rugby bodies in Britain to tour South Africa . Some saw the 1891 team -- the first sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union -- as the English national team , though others referred to it as `` the British Isles '' . The tourists played a total of twenty matches , three of them tests . The team also played the regional side of South Africa ( South Africa did not exist as a political unit in 1891 ) , winning all three matches . In a notable event of the tour , the touring side presented the Currie Cup to Griqualand West , the province they thought produced the best performance on the tour . Five years later a British Isles side returned to South Africa . They played one extra match on this tour , making the total of 21 games , including four tests against South Africa , with the British Isles winning three of them . The squad had a notable Irish orientation , with the Irish national team contributing six players to the 21 - man squad . In 1899 the British Isles touring side returned to Australia for the first time since the unofficial tour of 1888 . The squad of 23 for the first time ever had players from each of the home nations . The team again participated in 21 matches , playing state teams as well as northern Queensland sides and Victorian teams . A four - test series took place against Australia , the tourists winning three out of the four . The team returned via Hawaii and Canada playing additional games on route . Four years later , in 1903 , the British Isles team returned to South Africa . The opening performance of the side proved disappointing from the tourists ' point of view , with defeats in its opening three matches by Western Province sides in Cape Town . From then on the team experienced mixed results , though more wins than losses . The side lost the test series to South Africa , drawing twice , but with the South Africans winning the decider 8 to nil . No more than twelve months passed before the British Isles team ventured to Australia and New Zealand in 1904 . The tourists devastated the Australian teams , winning every single game . Australia also lost all three tests to the visitors , even getting held to a standstill in two of the three games . Though the New Zealand leg of the tour did not take long in comparison to the number of Australian games , the British Isles experienced considerable difficulty across the Tasman after whitewashing the Australians . The team managed two early wins before losing the test to New Zealand and only winning one more game as well as drawing once . Despite their difficulties in New Zealand , the tour proved a raging success on - field for the British Isles . In 1908 , another tour took place to Australia and New Zealand . In a reversal of previous practice , the planners allocated more matches in New Zealand rather than in Australia : perhaps the strength of the New Zealand teams and the heavy defeats of all Australian teams on the previous tour influenced this decision . Some commentators thought that this tour hoped to reach out to rugby communities in Australia , as rugby league ( infamously ) started in Australia in 1908 . The Anglo - Welsh side ( Irish and Scottish unions did not participate ) performed well in all the non-test matches , but drew a test against New Zealand and lost the other two . 1910 -- 1949 ( edit ) Three members of the team that toured Argentina in 1927 . Visits that took place before the 1910 South Africa tour ( the first selected by a committee from the four Home Unions ) had enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities , although only one of these included representatives of all four nations . The 1910 tour to South Africa marked the official beginning of British Isles rugby tours : the inaugural tour operating under all four unions . The team performed moderately against the non-test parties , claiming victories in just over half their matches . The test series , however , went to South Africa , who won two of the three games . A side managed by Oxford University -- supposedly the England rugby team , but actually including three Scottish players -- toured Argentina at the time : the people of Argentina termed it the `` Combined British '' . The next British Isles team tour did not take place until 1924 , again in South Africa . The team , led by Ronald Cove - Smith , struggled with injuries and lost three of the four test matches , drawing the other 3 -- 3 . In total , 21 games were played , with the touring side winning 9 , drawing 3 and losing 9 . In 1927 a short , nine - game series took place in Argentina , with the British isles winning all nine encounters ; the tour did however become a financial success for Argentine rugby . After a seemingly long absence from New Zealand , the Lions returned in 1930 to some success . The Lions won all of their games that did not have test status except for the matches against Auckland , Wellington and Canterbury ; they did however lose three of their four test matches against New Zealand , winning the first test 6 -- 3 . The side also visited Australia , losing a test but winning five out of the six non-test games . In 1936 the British Isles visited Argentina for the second time , winning all ten of their matches and only conceding nine points in the whole tour . Two years later in 1938 the British Isles toured in South Africa , winning more than half of their normal matches . Despite having lost the test series to South Africa by game three , they won the final test . This is when they were named THE LIONS by their then Captain Sam Walker . 1950 -- 1969 ( edit ) The first post-war tour went to New Zealand and Australia in 1950 . The Lions , sporting newly redesigned jerseys and displaying a fresh style of play , managed to win 22 and draw one of 29 matches over the two nations . The Lions won the opening four fixtures before losing to Otago and Southland , but succeeded in holding the All Blacks to a 9 -- 9 draw . The Lions performed well in the remaining All Black tests though they lost all three , the team did not lose another non-test in the New Zealand leg of the tour . The Lions won all their games in Australia except for their final fixture against a New South Wales XV in Newcastle . They won both tests against Australia , in Brisbane , Queensland and in Sydney . In 1955 the Lions toured South Africa and left with another imposing record , one draw and 19 wins from the 25 fixtures . The four - test series against South Africa , a thrilling affair , ended in a drawn series . The 1959 tour to Australia and New Zealand marked once again a very successful tour for the Lions , who only lost six of their 35 fixtures . The Lions easily won both tests against Australia and lost the first three tests against New Zealand , but did find victory ( 9 -- 6 ) in the final test . After the glittering decade of the 1950s , the first tour of the 1960s proved not nearly as successful as previous ones . The 1962 tour to South Africa saw the Lions still win 16 of their 25 games , but did not fare well against the Springboks , losing three of the four tests . For the 1966 tour to Australia and New Zealand John Robins became the first Lions Coach , and the trip started off very well for the Lions , who stormed through Australia , winning five non-tests and drawing one ; and most notably defeating Australia in two tests as well . The Lions however experienced mixed results during the New Zealand leg of the tour , as well as losing all of the tests against the All Blacks . The Lions also played a test against Canada on their way home , winning 19 to 8 in Toronto . The 1968 tour of South Africa saw the Lions win 15 of their 16 provincial matches , but the team actually lost three tests against the Springboks and drew one . 1970 -- 1979 ( edit ) The 1970s saw a renaissance for the Lions . The 1971 team , centred around the skilled Welsh half - back pairing of Gareth Edwards and Barry John , secured a series win over the All Blacks . The tour started with a loss to Queensland but proceeded to storm through the next provincial fixtures , winning 11 games in a row . The Lions then went on to defeat the All Blacks in Dunedin . The Lions would only lose a single match on the rest of the tour , and won the test series against New Zealand , winning and drawing the last two games , to take the series two wins to one . One of the best - known and most successful Lions team toured South Africa in 1974 under the esteemed Irish forward Willie John McBride . It went through 22 games unbeaten , and triumphed 3 -- 0 ( with one drawn ) in the test open series . The test series featured a lot of violence . The management of the Lions concluded that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression . At that time , test match referees came from the home nation , substitutions took place only if a doctor found a player unable to continue and there were no video cameras or sideline officials to prevent violent play . The Lions decided `` to get their retaliation in first '' with the infamous `` 99 call '' . The Lions postulated that a South African referee would probably not send off all of the Lions if they all retaliated against `` blatant thuggery '' . Famous video footage of the ' battle of Boet Erasmus Stadium ' shows JPR Williams running over half of the pitch and launching himself at Van Heerden after such a call . The 1977 tour to New Zealand saw the Lions drop only one non-test out of 21 games , a loss to a Universities side . The team did not win the test series though , winning one game but losing the other three . In August 1977 the British Lions made a stopover in Fiji on the way home from their tour of New Zealand . Fiji beat them 25 -- 21 at Buckhurst Park , Suva . 1980 -- 2005 ( edit ) The British and Irish Lions against the All Blacks in 2005 The Lions toured South Africa in 1980 , and completed a flawless non-test record , winning 14 out of 14 matches . The Lions however lost the first three tests to South Africa , winning the last one , with the series already won by the Springboks . The 1983 tour to New Zealand saw the team successful in the non-test games , winning all but two games , but being whitewashed in the test series against the All Blacks . A tour to South Africa by the Lions was anticipated in 1986 . However , the invitation for the Lions to tour South Africa was never accepted because of controversy surrounding Apartheid , and the tour did not go ahead . The Lions did not return to South Africa until 1997 , after the Apartheid era . A Lions team was selected in April 1986 for the International Rugby Board centenary match against a ' The Rest ' . The team was organised by the Four Home Unions Committee and the players were given the status of official British Lions . The Lions tour to Australia in 1989 was a short affair , being only 12 matches in total . The tour was very successful for the Lions , who won all eight non-test matches and won the test series against Australia , two to one . The tour to New Zealand in 1993 was the last of the amateur era . The Lions won six and lost four non-test matches , and lost the test series 2 -- 1 . The tour to South Africa in 1997 was a success for the Lions , who completed the tour with only two losses , and won the test series 2 -- 1 . In 2001 , the ten - game tour to Australia saw the Wallabies win the test series 2 -- 1 . This series saw the first award of the Tom Richards Trophy . In the Lions ' 2005 tour to New Zealand , coached by Clive Woodward , the Lions won seven games against provincial teams , were defeated by the New Zealand Maori team , and suffered heavy defeats in all three tests . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa The Lions faced the World Cup winners South Africa , with Ian McGeechan leading a coaching team including Warren Gatland , Shaun Edwards and Rob Howley . The Lions were captained by Irish lock Paul O'Connell . The initial Lions selection consisted of fourteen Irish players , thirteen Welsh , eight English and two Scots in the 37 - man squad . In the first Test on 20 June , they lost 26 -- 21 , and lost the series in the second 28 -- 25 in a tightly - fought game at Loftus Versfeld on 27 June . The Lions won the third Test 28 -- 9 at Ellis Park , and the series finished 2 -- 1 to South Africa . 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia During June 2013 the British and Irish Lions toured Australia . Former Scotland and Lions full - back Andy Irvine was appointed as tour manager in 2010 . Wales head coach Warren Gatland was the Lions ' head coach , and their tour captain was Sam Warburton . The tour started in Hong Kong with a match against the Barbarians before moving on to Australia for the main tour featuring six provincial matches and three tests . The Lions won all but one non-test matches , losing to the Brumbies 14 -- 12 on 18 June . The first test was followed shortly after this , which saw the Lions go 1 - up over Australia winning 23 -- 21 . Australia did have a chance to take the win in the final moments of the game , but a missed penalty by Kurtley Beale saw the Lions take the win . The Wallabies drew the series in the second test winning 16 -- 15 , though the Lions had a chance to steal the win had it not been because of a missed penalty by Leigh Halfpenny . With tour captain Warburton out of the final test due to injury , Alun Wyn Jones took over the captaincy in the final test in Sydney . The final test was won by the Lions in what was a record win , winning 41 -- 16 to earn their first series win since 1997 and their first over Australia since 1989 . 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand Following his winning tour of Australia in 2013 , Warren Gatland was reappointed as Lions head coach for the tour to New Zealand in June and July 2017 . In April 2016 , it was announced that the side would again be captained again by Sam Warburton . The touring schedule included 10 games : an opening game against the Provincial Barbarians , challenge matches against all five of New Zealand 's Super Rugby sides , a match against the Māori All Blacks and three tests against New Zealand . The Lions defeated the Barbarians in the first game of the tour , before being beaten by the Blues three days later . The team recovered to beat the Crusaders but this was followed up with another midweek loss , this time against the Highlanders . The Lions then faced the Māori All Blacks , winning comfortably to restore optimism and followed up with their first midweek victory of the tour against the Chiefs . On 24 June , the Lions , captained by Peter O'Mahony , faced New Zealand in Eden Park in the first test and were beaten 30 -- 15 . This was followed by the final midweek game of the tour , a draw against the Hurricanes . For the second test , Gatland recalled Warburton to his starting team , restoring his captaincy . In Wellington Regional Stadium , the Lions beat New Zealand 24 -- 21 to tie the series going into the final game , ending the side 's 47 - game winning run at home . In the final test at Eden Park the following week , the team 's played out a draw , ending the test match series in a tie for the first time in history of competition between the sides . Overall ( edit ) Overall test matches Updated after the 2017 Tour Against Played Won Lost Drawn For Against % Won Argentina 7 6 0 236 31 86 Australia 23 17 6 0 414 248 74 New Zealand 41 7 30 399 700 17 South Africa 46 17 23 6 470 546 37 Total 117 47 59 11 1,519 1,525 40 Overall tour results Against Tours Won Lost Drawn % Won Argentina 0 0 100 % Australia 9 7 0 78 % New Zealand 12 10 8 % South Africa 13 8 31 % Total 37 15 20 41 % Tours ( edit ) Format ( edit ) The Lions currently tour three Southern Hemisphere nations ; Australia , South Africa and New Zealand . They also routinely toured in Argentina before the Second World War . Tours currently take place every four years . The most recent tour was to New Zealand in 2017 , and before that the Lions toured visited Australia in June -- July 2013 . In a break with tradition , a `` home '' fixture against Argentina took place at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 23 May 2005 , before the Lions went to New Zealand . It finished in a draw , 25 -- 25 . On tour , games take place against local provinces , clubs or representative sides as well as the full tests against the host 's national team . The Lions , and their predecessor teams , have often played games against other nearby countries on tour . For example , they played Rhodesia ( the future Zimbabwe ) in 1910 , 1924 , 1938 , 1955 , 1962 , 1968 & 1974 during their tours to South Africa . They also were beaten by Fiji on their 1977 tour to New Zealand . In addition , they toured pre-independence Namibia ( then South West Africa ) , in 1955 , 1962 , 1968 , and 1974 . There have also been games in other countries on the way home . These include games in Canada in 1959 and 1966 , East Africa ( then mostly Kenya , and held in Nairobi ) , and an unofficial game against Ceylon ( future Sri Lanka ) in 1950 . Previous tours have seen some non-Test players become demotivated , but more recently this issue has reduced because of high injury rates , increased use of replacements and greater selection flexibility . In recent tours a common issue has been weak opposition in many non-Test games , partly as opposition countries have their top players in national training camps , partly as sides protect top players for domestic games which are seen as more commercially important than Lions games , and possibly partly to prevent the Lions having high standard preparatory games . Results ( edit ) Tour Test matches ( edit ) Year To Captain Head coach Top scorer in Tests Result Tests record 1888 New Zealand & Australia Robert Seddon Andrew Stoddart Alfred Shaw Arthur Shrewsbury No Test matches played 1891 South Africa Bill Maclagan Edwin Ash Arthur Rotherham , 4 Won 3 -- 0 1896 South Africa Johnny Hammond Thomas Crean Roger Walker J.F. Byrne , 12 Won 3 -- 1 1899 Australia Matthew Mullineux Frank Stout Matthew Mullineux Charlie Adamson , 17 Won 3 -- 1 1903 South Africa Mark Morrison Johnny Hammond John Gillespie , 4 Lost 0 -- 1 1904 Australia & New Zealand David Bedell - Sivright Teddy Morgan Arthur O'Brien Percy Bush , 20 Won Lost 3 -- 0 ( Australia ) 0 -- 1 ( New Zealand ) 1908 New Zealand & Australia Arthur ' Boxer ' Harding George Harnett Reggie Gibbs , 3 Jack Jones , 3 Lost 0 -- 2 -- 1 ( NZ ) No tests against Australia 1910 South Africa Tommy Smyth Jack Jones William Cail Walter E. Rees Jack Spoors , 9 Lost 1 -- 2 1910 Argentina John Raphael R.V. Stanley Harold Monks , 10 ( no test caps awarded ) Won 1 -- 0 1924 South Africa Ronald Cove - Smith Harry Packer Tom Voyce , 6 Lost 0 -- 3 -- 1 1927 Argentina David MacMyn James Baxter Ernest Hammett , 40 ( no test caps awarded ) Won 4 -- 0 1930 New Zealand & Australia Doug Prentice Carl Aarvold James Baxter Carl Aarvold , 9 Lost Lost 1 -- 3 ( New Zealand ) 0 -- 1 ( Australia ) 1936 Argentina Bernard Gadney Doug Prentice John Brett , 7 ( no test caps awarded ) Won 1 -- 0 1938 South Africa Sam Walker Major B.C. Hartley Vivian Jenkins , 9 Lost 1 -- 2 1950 New Zealand & Australia Karl Mullen Bleddyn Williams Leslie B. Osborne Lewis Jones , 26 Lost Won 0 -- 3 -- 1 ( NZ ) 2 -- 0 ( Australia ) 1955 South Africa Robin Thompson Cliff Morgan Jack Siggins Jeff Butterfield , 12 Tied 2 -- 2 1959 Australia & New Zealand Ronnie Dawson O.B. Glasgow David Hewitt , 16 Won Lost 2 -- 0 ( Australia ) 1 -- 3 ( New Zealand ) 1962 South Africa Arthur Smith Dickie Jeeps Harry McKibbin John Willcox , 5 Lost 0 -- 3 -- 1 1966 Australia , & New Zealand David Watkins Mike Campbell - Lamerton John Robins Stewart Wilson , 30 Won Lost 2 -- 0 ( Australia ) 0 -- 4 ( New Zealand ) 1968 South Africa Tom Kiernan Ronnie Dawson Tom Kiernan , 35 Lost 0 -- 3 -- 1 1971 New Zealand John Dawes Carwyn James Barry John , 30 Won 2 -- 1 -- 1 South Africa Willie John McBride Syd Millar Phil Bennett , 26 Won 3 -- 0 -- 1 1977 New Zealand Phil Bennett John Dawes Phil Bennett , 18 Lost 1 -- 3 1980 South Africa Bill Beaumont Noel Murphy Tony Ward , 18 Lost 1 -- 3 New Zealand Ciaran Fitzgerald Jim Telfer Ollie Campbell , 15 Lost 0 -- 4 1989 Australia Finlay Calder Ian McGeechan Gavin Hastings , 28 Won 2 -- 1 1993 New Zealand Gavin Hastings Ian McGeechan Gavin Hastings , 38 Lost 1 -- 2 1997 South Africa Martin Johnson Ian McGeechan Jim Telfer Neil Jenkins , 41 Won 2 -- 1 2001 Australia Martin Johnson Graham Henry Jonny Wilkinson , 36 Lost 1 -- 2 2005 New Zealand Brian O'Driscoll Martin Corry Gareth Thomas Sir Clive Woodward Stephen Jones , 14 Lost 0 -- 3 2009 South Africa Paul O'Connell Ian McGeechan Stephen Jones , 39 Lost 1 -- 2 2013 Australia Sam Warburton Alun Wyn Jones Warren Gatland Leigh Halfpenny , 49 Won 2 -- 1 2017 New Zealand Sam Warburton Peter O'Mahony Warren Gatland Owen Farrell , 31 Tied 1 -- 1 -- 1 Other International matches ( edit ) Main article : History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries Year Against Captain Head coach Top Scorer Result Related tour 1910 Southern Rhodesia Jack Jones William Cail Walter E. Rees Reg Plummer , 6 Won 1910 British Lions tour to South Africa 1924 Rhodesia Neil MacPherson Harry Packer Ian Smith , 6 Won 1924 British Lions tour to South Africa 1930 Ceylon James Leo Farrell James Baxter Won 1930 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia 1938 Rhodesia Sam Walker Bernard Charles Hartley Viv Jenkins , 7 Won 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa 1938 Rhodesia Sam Walker Bernard Charles Hartley Elvet Jones , 9 Won 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa 1950 Ceylon Leslie B. Osborne Won 1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia 1955 South - West Africa Angus Cameron Jack Siggins Tony O'Reilly , 3 Frank Sykes , 3 Haydn Morris , 3 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1955 Rhodesia Cliff Morgan Jack Siggins Frank Sykes , 9 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1955 Rhodesia Cliff Morgan Jack Siggins Doug Baker , 6 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1955 East Africa ( Kenya , Uganda , Tanganyika ) Robin Thompson Jack Siggins Arthur Smith , 15 Won 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa 1962 Rhodesia Arthur Smith Harry McKibbin Mike Weston , 12 Won 1962 British Lions tour to South Africa 1962 South - West Africa Dickie Jeeps Harry McKibbin Mike Weston , 3 Keith Rowlands , 3 Raymond Hunter , 3 Won 1962 British Lions tour to South Africa 1962 East Africa Mike Campbell - Lamerton Harry McKibbin Richard Sharp , 14 Won 1962 British Lions tour to South Africa 1966 Canada Mike Campbell - Lamerton John Robins Noel Murphy , 6 Won 1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand 1968 Rhodesia Tom Kiernan Ronnie Dawson Keith Jarrett , 10 Won 1968 British Lions tour to South Africa 1968 South - West Africa Jim Telfer Ronnie Dawson Bob Hiller , 11 Won 1968 British Lions tour to South Africa South - West Africa Gareth Edwards Syd Millar Andy Irvine , 8 Won 1974 British Lions tour to South Africa Rhodesia Gareth Edwards Syd Millar Andy Irvine , 22 Won 1974 British Lions tour to South Africa 1977 Fiji Phil Bennett John Dawes Phil Bennett , 13 Lost 1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand 1977 Barbarian F.C. Phil Bennett John Dawes Phil Bennett , 8 Won Home match as part of Queen Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee celebrations after returning from New Zealand 1986 The Rest Colin Deans Mick Doyle John Beattie , 4 Lost Home match as part of IRB centenary celebrations 1989 France Rob Andrew Ian McGeechan Gavin Hastings , 22 Won One - off match as part of French bi-centennial celebrations 1990 Rest of Europe David Sole Roger Uttley Gavin Hastings , 19 Won Charity match in aid of Romania . Not billed as Lions , but as Four Home Unions 2005 Argentina Michael Owen Clive Woodward Jonny Wilkinson , 20 Draw 2005 New Zealand tour warm - up -- Home match 2013 Barbarians F.C. Paul O'Connell Warren Gatland Owen Farrell , 15 Won 2013 Australia tour warm - up -- Away match Lions non-tour and home matches ( edit ) Main article : History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries The Lions have played a number of `` home matches '' against international opposition . With the exception of the 2005 home match against Argentina ( which was played as a warm - up to the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand ) , these matches have been one - offs to mark special occasions : The Lions played an unofficial international match in 1955 at Cardiff Arms Park against a Welsh XV to mark the 75th anniversary of the Welsh Rugby Union . The Lions won 20 -- 17 but did not include all the big names of the 1955 tour , such as Tony O'Reilly , Jeff Butterfield , Phil Davies , Dickie Jeeps , Bryn Meredith and Jim Greenwood , for example . In 1977 , the Lions played their first official home game , against the Barbarians as a charity fund - raiser held as part of the Queen 's silver jubilee celebrations . The Baa - Baas line - up featured JPR Williams , Gerald Davies , Gareth Edwards , Jean - Pierre Rives and Jean - Claude Skrela . The Lions included 13 of the team which played in the fourth test vs New Zealand three weeks before , and won 23 -- 14 . In 1986 , a match was organised against The Rest as both a warm - up to the 1986 South Africa tour , which was subsequently cancelled , and as a celebration match to mark the International Rugby Board 's centenary . The Lions lost 15 -- 7 , but never toured that year . In 1989 , Rob Andrew captained the Lions in their victory against France in Paris . The game formed part of the celebrations of the bi-centennial of the French Revolution . The Lions won 29 -- 27 . In 1990 , a team titled the `` Four Home Unions '' was put together to play the `` Rest of Europe XV '' . This was a match to raise money for the rebuilding of Romania following the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in December 1989 . The team 's logo was that used by the Lions , i.e. the crests of the four home unions united in a shield . The Rest of Europe played under the symbol of the Federația Română de Rugby . Records ( edit ) Players in bold are still active at club level . Most capped players ( edit ) Updated 03 July 2017 # Name Tours Caps Position Willie John McBride 1962 -- 1974 17 Lock Dickie Jeeps 1955 -- 1962 13 Scrum - half Mike Gibson 1966 -- 1971 12 Centre Graham Price 1977 -- 1983 12 Prop 5 Tony O'Reilly 1955 -- 1959 10 Wing Rhys Williams 1955 -- 1959 10 Lock Gareth Edwards 1968 -- 1974 10 Scrum - half 8 Syd Millar 1955 -- 1959 9 Prop Andy Irvine 1974 -- 1980 9 Full - back Alun Wyn Jones 2009 -- 2017 9 Lock Top point scorers ( edit ) Updated 03 July 2017 # Name Career Points Caps Position Jonny Wilkinson 2001 -- 2005 67 6 Fly - half Gavin Hastings 1989 -- 1993 66 6 Full - back Stephen Jones 2005 -- 2009 53 6 Fly - half Leigh Halfpenny 2013 -- 2017 49 Full - back 5 Phil Bennett 1974 -- 1977 44 8 Fly - half 6 Neil Jenkins 1997 -- 2001 41 Fly - half 7 Tom Kiernan 1962 -- 1968 35 5 Full - back 8 Owen Farrell 2013 -- 2017 31 Fly - half 9 Stewart Wilson 1966 - 1966 30 5 Full - back Barry John 1968 -- 1971 30 5 Fly - half Top try scorers ( edit ) Updated 03 July 2017 # Name Career Tries Caps Position Tony O'Reilly 1955 -- 1959 6 10 Wing J.J. Williams 1974 -- 1977 5 7 Wing Willie Llewellyn 1904 - 1904 Wing Malcolm Price 1959 - 1959 5 Centre 5 Alf Bucher 1899 - 1899 Wing Jack Spoors 1910 - 1910 Full - back Carl Aarvold 1930 - 1930 5 Centre Jeff Butterfield 1955 - 1955 Centre Ken Jones 1962 -- 1966 6 Centre Gerald Davies 1968 -- 1971 5 Wing See also ( edit ) Rugby union portal List of British and Irish Lions test matches Rugby union and apartheid Sources ( edit ) Godwin , Terry ; Rhys , Chris ( 1981 ) . The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats . London : Guinness Superlatives . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 214 - 0 . Griffiths , John ( 1987 ) . The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records . London : Phoenix House . ISBN 0 - 460 - 07003 - 7 . Notes ( edit ) a . Names of the Lions in the languages of Britain and Ireland : English : British and Irish Lions Irish : Leoin na Breataine agus na hÉireann Scots : Breetish an Erse Lions Scottish Gaelic : Leòghainn Bhreatainn agus Èireann Welsh : Llewod Prydeinig a Gwyddelig Cornish : Lewyow Predennek ha Iwerdhonek References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lions History -- The History of the British & Irish Lions '' . www.lionsrugby.com . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Lions captain Warburton on bench , O'Mahony leads team '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN Scrum 's Statsguru '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Griffiths ( 1987 ) , pg 9 : 3 . Jump up ^ Griffiths ( 1987 ) , pg 9 : 6 . ^ Jump up to : Godwin ( 1981 ) , pg 231 . Jump up ^ Griffiths ( 1987 ) , pg 9 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lions change stripes '' at Lions website , 17 April 2005 ( archive ) ^ Jump up to : Bath , Richard ( 2008 ) . The British & Irish Lions Miscellany . London : Vision Sports Publishing . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Richard Bath , The British & Irish Lions Miscellany , page 1 , 2008 , ( Vision Sports Publishing : London ) ^ Jump up to : Richard Bath , The British & Irish Lions Miscellany , page 77 , 2008 , ( Vision Sports Publishing : London ) Jump up ^ Lions name is a source of great pride The Times 19 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` 2013 British Lions Shirt Launched '' . 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pics : Lions Release New Jersey Ahead of 2017 Tour To New Zealand '' . Pundit Arena. 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , John ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` The Lions tour that never was , Cecil Afrika 's Sevens ' career and Shane Williams ' try - scoring rate '' . ESPN scrum . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Clem ( 2005 ) . The History of the British and Irish Lions . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing . p. 202 . ISBN 1 - 84596 - 030 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` O'Connell handed Lions captaincy '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Springboks Take The Series : SA 28 Lions 25 '' . Rugby Breakdown. 27 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Andy Irvine proud to be named Lion king for Australia tour '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lions line up match in Hong Kong '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lions at Home '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International legends celebrate WRU landmark '' . wru.co.uk. 15 December 2005 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Seeckts , Richard . `` Lions prevail in Queen 's silver jubilee celebrations '' . espnscrum.co.uk . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) British and Irish Lions website British and Irish Lions Supporters Site Results from rugbydata.com Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine Head - to - head records of the British and Irish Lions British and Irish Lions vs : Argentina Australia New Zealand South Africa Other countries British and Irish Lions tours Australia 1888 1899 1904 1908 1930 1950 1959 1966 1971 1989 2001 2013 New Zealand 1888 1899 1904 1908 1930 1950 1959 1966 1971 1977 1993 2005 2017 South Africa 1891 1896 1903 1910 1924 1938 1955 1962 1968 1980 1997 2009 Argentina 1910 1927 1936 Home matches 1955 v Wales XV 1977 v Barbarians 1986 v World XV 1989 v France 1989 v Europe XV 2005 v Argentina 2013 v Barbarians International rugby union teams Tier 1 teams Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Tier 2 teams Canada Fiji Georgia Japan Namibia Portugal Romania Russia Samoa Spain Tonga United States Uruguay Tier 3 ( Development One ) teams Belgium Brazil Chile Germany Hong Kong Ivory Coast Kenya South Korea Zimbabwe Tier 3 ( Development Two ) teams American Samoa Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cayman Islands China Chinese Taipei Colombia Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland Ghana Greece Guam Guyana Hungary India Indonesia Iran Israel Jamaica Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Rwanda Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovenia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka St Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tahiti Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Zambia French Rugby Federation Mayotte Réunion Guadeloupe Martinique New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna Non-affiliated to World Rugby Algeria Benin Burkina Faso Catalonia Central Africa Chad Congo Curaçao Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Egypt Estonia Gabon Gibraltar Guatemala Jordan Lebanon Libya Macau Montenegro Niger Panama Qatar San Marino Slovakia St. Kitts and Nevis Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Combination teams African Leopards British and Irish Lions Pacific Islanders South American XV Defunct teams Arabian Gulf Commonwealth of Independent States Czechoslovakia East Africa East Germany Nyasaland ( Malawi ) Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year 1954 Ken Jones 1955 John Disley 1956 Joe Erskine 1957 Dai Rees 1958 Howard Winstone 1959 Graham Moore 1960 Brian Curvis 1961 Bryn Meredith 1962 Ivor Allchurch 1963 Howard Winstone 1964 Lynn Davies 1965 Clive Rowlands 1966 Lynn Davies 1967 Howard Winstone 1968 Martyn Woodroffe 1969 Tony Lewis 1970 David Broome 1971 John Dawes , the Wales national rugby union team & the Welsh Lions 1972 Richard Meade 1973 Berwyn Price 1974 Gareth Edwards 1975 Arfon Griffiths 1976 Mervyn Davies & the Wales national rugby union team 1977 Phil Bennett 1978 Johnny Owen 1979 Terry Griffiths 1980 Duncan Evans 1981 John Toshack 1982 Steve Barry 1983 Colin Jones 1984 Ian Rush 1985 Steve Jones 1986 Kirsty Wade 1987 Ian Woosnam 1988 Colin Jackson 1989 Stephen Dodd 1990 Ian Woosnam 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Tanni Grey 1993 Colin Jackson 1994 Steve Robinson 1995 Neville Southall 1996 Ryan Giggs 1997 Scott Gibbs 1998 Iwan Thomas 1999 Colin Jackson 2000 Tanni Grey - Thompson 2001 Joe Calzaghe 2002 Mark Hughes 2003 Nicole Cooke 2004 Tanni Grey - Thompson 2005 Gareth Thomas 2006 Joe Calzaghe 2007 Joe Calzaghe 2008 Shane Williams 2009 Ryan Giggs 2010 Gareth Bale 2011 Chaz Davies 2012 Jade Jones 2013 Leigh Halfpenny 2014 Geraint Thomas 2015 Dan Biggar 2016 Jade Jones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_and_Irish_Lions&oldid=806849526 '' Categories : British and Irish Lions International rugby union teams Multinational rugby union teams 1888 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing Scots - language text Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles containing Cornish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Māori Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 15 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first lions tour in nz	[ "The earliest tours date back to 1888, when a 21-man squad visited Australia and New Zealand. The squad drew players from England, Scotland and Wales, though English players predominated. The 35-match tour of two host nations included no tests, but the side played provincial, city and academic sides, winning 27 matches. They played 19 games of Australian rules football, against prominent clubs in Victoria and South Australia, winning six and drawing one of these (see Australian rules football in England)." ]	[ "1888" ]
4569015357668285373	Gunfight at the O.K. Corral	Gunfight at the O.K. Corral - wikipedia Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( film ) . `` O.K. Corral '' redirects here . For the location , see O.K. Corral ( building ) . `` The OK Corral '' redirects here . For the episode of Doctor Who titled `` The OK Corral '' , see The Gunfighters . Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Tombstone in 1881 Date October 26 , 1881 Location Tombstone , Arizona Territory , United States Participants Virgil , Morgan , and Wyatt Earp , and Doc Holliday vs . Tom and Frank McLaury , Billy and Ike Clanton , and Billy Claiborne Outcome Virgil and Morgan wounded , Holliday grazed ; Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton killed Deaths Three O.K. Corral gunfight Principal events Gunfight at the O.K. Corral O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath Earp Vendetta Ride Lawmen Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Morgan Earp Doc Holliday Johnny Behan Outlaw Cowboys Ike Clanton Billy Clanton Tom McLaury Frank McLaury Billy Claiborne The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30 - second shootout between lawmen and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that took place at about 3 : 00 p.m. on Wednesday , October 26 , 1881 , in Tombstone , Arizona Territory . It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West . The gunfight was the result of a long - simmering feud , with Cowboys Billy Claiborne , Ike and Billy Clanton , and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp , Special Policeman Morgan Earp , Special Policeman Wyatt Earp , and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side . All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys , who objected to the Earps ' interference in their illegal activities . Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed . Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight , along with Billy Claiborne . Virgil , Morgan , and Doc Holliday were wounded , but Wyatt Earp was unharmed . The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws , largely unopposed by law enforcement officers who were spread thin over vast territories . The gunfight was not well - known to the American public until 1931 , when Stuart Lake published the initially well - received biography Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal two years after Earp 's death . The book was the basis for the 1946 film My Darling Clementine , directed by John Ford , and the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral , after which the shootout became known by that name . Since then , the conflict has been portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy in numerous Western films and books , and has become an archetype for much of the popular imagery associated with the Old West . Despite its name , the gunfight did not take place within or next to the O.K. Corral , which fronted Allen Street and had a rear entrance lined with horse stalls on Fremont Street . The shootout actually took place in a narrow lot on the side of C.S. Fly 's Photographic Studio on Fremont Street , six doors west of the O.K. Corral 's rear entrance . Some members of the two opposing parties were initially only about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) apart . About 30 shots were fired in 30 seconds . Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton were killed . Ike Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday . The lawmen were eventually exonerated by a local justice of the peace after a 30 - day preliminary hearing and then by a local grand jury . The gunfight was not the end of the conflict . On December 28 , 1881 , Virgil Earp was ambushed and maimed in a murder attempt by the Cowboys . On March 18 , 1882 , Cowboys fired from a dark alley through the glass door of a saloon , killing Morgan Earp . The suspects in both incidents furnished alibis supplied by other Cowboys and were not indicted . Wyatt Earp , newly appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal in Cochise County , then took matters into his own hands in a personal vendetta . He was pursued by county sheriff Johnny Behan , who had received a warrant from Tucson for Wyatt 's shooting of Frank Stilwell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Conflicting versions of events 3 Origins of the conflict 3.1 Earps versus Cowboys 3.2 The Earps as lawmen 3.3 Rural Cowboys vs. Tombstone interests 3.4 Relevant law in Tombstone 3.5 Smuggling and stock thefts 3.6 Earp loses sheriff 's office to Behan 4 Earp conflicts with Cowboys 4.1 March stagecoach robbery and murder 4.1. 1 Suspects identified 4.1. 2 Suspect escapes Behan 's jail 4.1. 3 Earp pursues suspects 4.1. 4 Wyatt offers Ike reward money 4.1. 5 Earp , Cowboy fallout 4.2 Earp and Behan attracted to Josephine Marcus 4.3 September stage holdup 4.3. 1 Stilwell and Spence arrests 4.3. 2 Cowboys accuse Holliday of robbery 4.4 Ike Clanton 's conflict with Doc Holliday 5 Morning of the gunfight 5.1 Events leading up to the Ike Clanton court hearing 5.2 Ike Clanton court hearing 5.3 Tom McLaury 's concealed weapon 5.4 More Cowboys enter town 5.5 Virgil and Wyatt Earp 's reactions 5.6 Behan attempts to disarm Cowboys 5.7 Virgil decides to disarm Cowboys 6 The Gunfight 6.1 Physical proximity 6.2 Gun battle begins 7 Outcome of the battle 7.1 Cowboy wounds 7.2 Weapons carried by the Cowboys 8 Public reaction 8.1 Sympathy for Cowboys 8.2 Spicer hearings 9 In popular culture 9.1 Gunfight sketch 9.2 Paintings 9.3 Origin of the gunfight 's name 9.4 Film and television 9.5 In print 9.6 In mathematics 9.7 In Music 10 References 10.1 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Tombstone , Arizona Southeastern Arizona near Tombstone in 1887 Tombstone , near the Mexican border , was founded in March 1879 . After silver was discovered in the area , Tombstone grew rapidly into a frontier mining boomtown . At its founding , it had a population of just 100 , and only two years later , in late 1881 , the population was more than 7,000 ( excluding Chinese , Mexicans , women , and children ) , making it the largest boomtown in the Southwest . Silver mining and its attendant wealth attracted many professionals and merchants , who brought their wives and families . With them came churches and ministers . They brought a Victorian sensibility and became the town 's elite . By 1881 there were fancy restaurants , a bowling alley , four churches , an ice house , a school , an opera house , two banks , three newspapers , and an ice cream parlor , along with 110 saloons , 14 gambling halls , and numerous brothels , all situated among a number of dirty , hardscrabble mines . Horse rustlers and bandits from the countryside often came to town , and shootings were frequent . In the 1880s , illegal smuggling and theft of cattle , alcohol , and tobacco across the Mexico -- United States border , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Tombstone , were common . The Mexican government assessed heavy export taxes on these items , and smugglers earned a handsome profit by stealing them in Mexico and selling them across the border . Fire insurance map of Tombstone in 1886 James , Virgil , and Wyatt Earp arrived in Tombstone on December 1 , 1879 , when the small town was mostly composed of tents as living quarters , a few saloons and other buildings , and the mines . Virgil had been hired as Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County , with his offices in Tombstone , only days before his arrival . In June 1881 he was also appointed as Tombstone 's town marshal ( or police chief ) . Though not universally liked by the townspeople , the Earps tended to protect the interests of the town 's business owners and residents ; even so , Wyatt Earp helped protect Cowboy `` Curly Bill '' Brocius from being lynched after he accidentally killed Tombstone city Marshal Fred White . In contrast , Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan was generally sympathetic to the interests of the rural ranchers and members of the loosely organized outlaw group called the Cochise County Cowboys , or simply the Cowboys ( in that time and region , the term cowboy generally meant an outlaw ; legitimate cowmen were instead referred to as cattle herders or ranchers . ) Conflicting versions of events ( edit ) Newspaper coverage of the fight Many of the supporting facts about the events leading up to the gunfight and details of the gunfight itself are uncertain . Newspapers of the day were not above taking sides , and news reporting often editorialized on issues to reflect the publisher 's interests . John Clum , publisher of The Tombstone Epitaph , had helped organize a `` Committee of Safety '' ( a vigilance committee ) in Tombstone in late September 1881 . He was elected as the city 's first mayor under the new city charter of 1881 . Clum and his newspaper tended to side with the interests of local business owners and supported Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp . Harry Woods , the publisher of the other major newspaper , The Daily Nugget , was an undersheriff to Behan . He and his newspaper tended to side with Behan , the Cowboys ( some of whom were part - time ranchers and landowners ) , and the rural interests of the ranchers . Much of what is known of the event is based on a month - long preliminary hearing held afterward , generally known as the Spicer hearings . Reporters from both newspapers covered the hearings and recorded the testimony there and at the coroner 's inquest , but only the reporter from The Daily Nugget knew shorthand . The testimony recorded by the court recorder and the two newspapers varied greatly . According to the Earps ' version of events , the fight was in self - defense because the Cowboys , armed in violation of local ordinance , aggressively threatened the lawmen and defied a lawful order to hand over their weapons . The Cowboys maintained that they raised their hands , offering no resistance , and were shot in cold blood by the Earps . Sorting out who was telling the truth was difficult and remains so . Though usually opposing each other in their reporting of events , reporting by both the Epitaph and the Nugget initially supported the lawmen 's version of events . Woods , the publisher of the pro-Cowboy Nugget , was out of town during the hearings , and an experienced reporter , Richard Rule , wrote the story . The Nugget staff had a close relationship with Sheriff Behan , but Rule 's story , as printed in the Nugget the day after the shootout , backed up the Earps ' version of events . This varied widely from Behan 's and the Cowboys ' later court testimony . Subsequent stories about the gunfight published in the Nugget after that day supported Behan 's and the Cowboys ' view of events . Other stories in the Epitaph countered the Nugget 's later view entirely and supported the lawmen . In addition , Dr. George Goodfellow , who examined the Cowboys after their death , told the court that the angle of the wound in Billy Clanton 's wrist indicated that his hands could not have been in the air , or holding his coats open by the lapels , as witnesses loyal to the Cowboys testified . Part - time newspaper reporter Howell `` Pat '' Hayhurst transcribed the testimony from the hearings in the early 1930s as part of a Federal Writers ' Project , part of the Works Progress Administration . According to one report , Hayhurst was a friend of the Behan family . After he completed his transcription , he kept the original document in his home , where it was destroyed in a house fire . Origins of the conflict ( edit ) Earps versus Cowboys ( edit ) Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp The interpersonal conflicts and feuds leading to the gunfight were complex . Each side had strong family ties . The brothers James , Virgil , Wyatt , Morgan , and Warren Earp were a tight - knit family , working together as pimps , lawmen , and saloon owners in several frontier towns , among other occupations , and had moved together from one town to another . Virgil served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and in 1877 became a police officer in Prescott , Arizona . He followed that with a job as a night watchman before he became a constable . Wyatt had held two jobs as a police officer in the cattle - drive towns of Wichita and Dodge City , Kansas . James , Virgil , and Wyatt Earp , together with their wives , arrived in Tombstone on December 1 , 1879 , during the early period of rapid growth associated with mining , when there were only a few hundred residents . Virgil was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal shortly before he arrived in Tombstone . In the summer of 1880 , Morgan and Warren Earp also moved to Tombstone . Wyatt arrived hoping he could leave `` lawing '' behind . He bought a stagecoach , only to find the business was already very competitive . The Earps invested together in several mining claims and water rights . The Earps were Republicans and Northerners who had never worked as cowmen or ranchers . The Earps quickly came into conflict with Frank and Tom McLaury , Billy and Ike Clanton , Johnny Ringo , and William `` Curly Bill '' Brocius , among others . They were part of a large , loose association of cattle smugglers and horse thieves known as the Cowboys , outlaws who had been implicated in various crimes . Ike Clanton was prone to drinking heavily and threatened the Earp brothers numerous times . Tombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary , `` A Cowboy is a rustler at times , and a rustler is a synonym for desperado -- bandit , outlaw , and horse thief . '' The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial , `` Cowboys ( are ) the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country ... infinitely worse than the ordinary robber . '' At that time during the 1880s in Cochise County , it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a `` Cowboy '' . The Cowboys teamed up for various crimes and came to each other 's aid . Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston , Arizona , and taken `` an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Johnny Ringo , the leader , that they would kill us . '' The Earps as lawmen ( edit ) Among the lawmen involved in the O.K. Corral shooting , only Virgil had any real experience in combat , and he had far more experience than any of his brothers as a sheriff , constable , and marshal . The Earps ' work as lawmen was not welcomed by the Cowboys , who viewed the Earps as badge - toting tyrants who ruthlessly enforced the business interests of the town . In direct conflict with the Earps ' roles as lawmen , Johnny Behan was Cochise County Sheriff . Virgil Earp had served for three years during the Civil War and had also been involved in a police shooting in Prescott , Arizona Territory . He was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County by U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake , on November 27 , 1879 , before the Earps arrived in Tombstone on December 1 , 1879 . He was appointed acting Tombstone 's town marshal ( or police chief ) on September 30 , 1880 , after popular Tombstone town marshal Fred White was shot and killed by Curly Bill Brocius . Only a few days later , Virgil ran for the office on November 12 , 1880 but lost to Ben Sippy . However , on June 6 , 1881 , Sippy asked for a two - week leave of absence . The city soon discovered $3,000 in financial improprieties in Sippy 's records . A few days later Virgil was appointed as town marshal in his place . At the time of the gunfight , Virgil was both Deputy U.S. Marshal and town marshal . The city suspended him as town marshal after Ike Clanton filed murder charges , and after he was wounded in an assassination attempt on December 29 , 1881 , Wyatt replaced him as Deputy U.S. Marshal . After Wyatt Earp first arrived in Tombstone , his business efforts yielded little profit , and he took a job as a stagecoach shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo , guarding shipments of silver bullion . On July 28 , 1880 Wyatt was appointed Pima County Deputy Sheriff . He held this position for only three months until after the election of November 9 , 1880 , when he resigned . When Virgil was maimed by an assassination attempt , Wyatt was appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal in his place . He held that position until he left Cochise County in April 1882 . Wyatt Earp was an imposing , handsome man : blond , 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall , weighing about 165 to 170 pounds ( 75 to 77 kg ) , broad - shouldered , long - armed , and muscular . He had been a boxer and was reputed to be an expert with a pistol . According to author Leo Silva , Earp showed no fear of any man . Wyatt had been an assistant marshal when he and policeman James Masterson , along with a few other citizens , fired their pistols at several cowboys who were fleeing town after shooting up a theater . A member of the group , George Hoyt ( sometimes spelled Hoy ) , was shot in the arm and died of his wound a month later . Wyatt always claimed to have been the one to shoot Hoyt , although it could have been anyone among the lawmen . Wyatt had developed a reputation as a no - nonsense , hard - nosed lawman , but prior to the gunfight in October 1881 , he had been involved in only one other shooting , in Dodge City , Kansas during the summer of 1878 . The 1931 book Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal was a best - selling biography by Stuart N. Lake . It established Wyatt Earp 's role as a fearless lawman in the American Old West and the legend of the `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral '' in the public consciousness . But Lake and many others in the popular media wildly exaggerated Wyatt 's role as the central figure in the gunfight . It was only discovered much later that Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal , based on eight interviews with Earp , was largely fictional . The book and later Hollywood portrayals embellished Wyatt 's reputation and magnified his mystique as a western lawman . Morgan Earp had no known experience with gunfighting prior to their arrival in Tombstone . While Wyatt was Pima County Deputy Sheriff on July 27 , 1881 , Morgan Earp took over his job as shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo . Morgan also occasionally assisted Virgil and at the time of the gunfight was wearing a deputy city marshal 's badge and drawing pay . Doc Holliday had a reputation as a gunman and had reportedly been in nine shootouts during his life , although it has only been verified that he killed three men . One well - documented episode occurred on July 19 , 1879 , when Holliday and his business partner , former deputy marshal John Joshua Webb , were seated in their saloon in Las Vegas , New Mexico . Former U.S. Army scout Mike Gordon got into a loud argument with one of the saloon girls that he wanted to take with him . Gordon stormed from the saloon and began firing his revolver into the building . Before Gordon could get off his second shot , Holliday killed him . Holliday was tried for the murder but acquitted , mostly based on the testimony of Webb . Holliday had saved Wyatt Earp 's life at one time and had become a close friend . He had been living in Prescott , Arizona Territory and making a living as a gambler since late 1879 . There , he first met future Tombstone sheriff Johnny Behan , a sometime gambler and saloon owner . In late September 1880 , Holliday followed the Earps to Tombstone . Rural Cowboys vs. Tombstone interests ( edit ) Further information : Cochise County Cowboys and Cochise County in the Old West Ike Clanton The ranch owned by Newman Haynes Clanton near Charleston , Arizona was believed to be the local center for the Cowboys ' illegal activities . Tom and Frank McLaury worked with the rustlers buying and selling stolen cattle . Many of the rural ranchers and Cowboys resented the growing influence of the city residents over county politics and law enforcement . The ranchers largely maintained control of the country outside Tombstone , due in large part to the sympathetic support of Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan , who favored the Cowboys and rural ranchers , and who also grew to intensely dislike the Earps . Behan tended to ignore the Earps ' complaints about the McLaurys ' and Clantons ' horse thieving and cattle rustling . The Earps were known to bend the law in their favor when it affected their gambling and saloon interests , which earned them further enmity with the Cowboy faction . Relevant law in Tombstone ( edit ) To reduce crime in Tombstone , on April 19 , 1881 , the city council passed ordinance 9 , requiring anyone carrying a bowie knife , dirk , pistol or rifle to deposit their weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town . The ordinance was the legal basis for City Marshal Virgil Earp 's decision to confront the Cowboys on the day of the shootout . Smuggling and stock thefts ( edit ) For more details on the ambush and murder of outlaw Cowboys , see Guadalupe Canyon Massacre . In the borderlands south of Tombstone there was only one passable route between Arizona and Mexico , a passage known as Guadalupe Canyon . In August 1881 , 15 Mexicans carrying gold , coins and bullion to make their purchases were ambushed and killed in Skeleton Canyon . The next month Mexican Commandant Felipe Neri dispatched troops to the border , where they killed five Cowboys , including Old Man Clanton , in Guadalupe Canyon . The Earps knew that the McLaurys and Clantons were reputed to be mixed up in the robbery and murder in Skeleton Canyon . Wyatt Earp said in his testimony after the shootout , `` I naturally kept my eyes open and did not intend that any of the gang should get the drop on me if I could help it . '' Earp loses Sheriff 's office to Behan ( edit ) For more details on his service as a lawman in Tombstone , see Johnny Behan . Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell appointed Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff over eastern Pima County On July 27 , 1880 , Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell , whose offices were in the county seat of Tucson , appointed Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff . On October 28 , 1880 , Tombstone Town Marshal Fred White attempted to disarm some late - night revelers who were shooting their pistols in the air . When he attempted to disarm Curly Bill Brocius , the gun discharged , striking White in the abdomen . Wyatt saw the shooting and pistol - whipped Brocius , knocking him unconscious , and arrested him . Wyatt later told his biographer John Flood that he thought Brocius was still armed at the time , and did n't see Brocius ' pistol on the ground . Brocius waived the preliminary hearing so he and his case could be immediately transferred to Tucson . Wyatt and a deputy took Brocius in a wagon the next day to Tucson to stand trial , possibly saving him from being lynched . Wyatt testified that he thought the shooting was accidental . It was also demonstrated that Brocius ' pistol could be fired from half - cock . Fred White left a statement before he died two days later that the shooting was not intentional . Based on the evidence presented , Brocius was not charged with White 's death . The Tombstone council convened and appointed Virgil Earp as `` temporary assistant city marshal '' to replace White for a salary of $100 per month until an election could be held on November 12 . For the next few weeks , Virgil represented federal and local law enforcement and Wyatt represented Pima County . In the November 2 , 1880 election for Pima County sheriff , Democrat Shibell ran against Republican Bob Paul , who was expected to win . Votes arrived as late as November 7 , and Shibell was unexpectedly reelected . He immediately appointed Johnny Behan as the new deputy sheriff for eastern Pima County , a job that Wyatt wanted . A controversy ensued when Paul uncovered ballot - stuffing by Cowboys and he sued to overturn the election . Paul finally became sheriff in April 1881 , but it was too late to reappoint Wyatt Earp as deputy sheriff because on January 1 , 1881 , the eastern portion of Pima County containing Tombstone had been split off into the new Cochise County , which would need its own sheriff , based in the county 's largest city , Tombstone . This position was filled by a political appointment from the governor , and Wyatt and Behan both wanted the job . The Cochise County sheriff 's position was worth more than $40,000 a year ( about $992,690 today ) because the office holder was also county assessor and tax collector , and the board of supervisors allowed him to keep ten percent of the amounts paid . Behan utilized his existing position and his superior political connections to successfully lobby for the position . He also promised Wyatt a position as his undersheriff if he was appointed over Wyatt . Wyatt withdrew from the political contest and the governor and legislature appointed Behan to the job of Cochise County sheriff on February 10 , 1881 . Behan reneged on his deal with Earp and appointed Harry Woods as undersheriff instead . Behan said he broke his promise to appoint Earp because Wyatt Earp used Behan 's name to threaten Ike Clanton when Wyatt recovered his stolen horse from Clanton . Earp conflicts with Cowboys ( edit ) Tensions between the Earp family and both the Clanton and McLaury clans increased through 1881 . On July 25 , 1880 , Captain Joseph H. Hurst , of Company A , 12th Infantry , and Commanding Officer of Fort Bennett , asked Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp to help him track Cowboys who had stolen six U.S. Army mules from Camp Rucker . This was a federal matter because the animals were U.S. property . Hurst brought four soldiers , and Virgil invited Wyatt and Morgan Earp , as well as Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams . The posse found the mules on the McLaury 's Ranch on Babacomari Creek , northwest of Tombstone , as well as the branding iron used to change the `` US '' brand to `` D8 '' . To avoid bloodshed , Cowboy Frank Patterson promised Hurst they would return the mules and Hurst persuaded the posse to withdraw . Hurst went to nearby Charleston , but the Cowboys showed up two days later without the mules , laughing at Hurst and the Earps . In response , Hurst had printed and distributed a handbill in which he named Frank McLaury as specifically assisting with hiding the mules . He reprinted this in The Tombstone Epitaph on July 30 , 1880 . Virgil later said that McLaury had asked him if he had posted the handbills . When Virgil said he had not , McLaury said if Virgil had printed the handbills it was Frank 's intention to kill Virgil . He warned Virgil , `` If you ever again follow us as close as you did , then you will have to fight anyway . '' This incident was the first run - in between the Clantons and McLaurys and the Earps . March stagecoach robbery and murder ( edit ) A Kinnear Express stagecoach operating from Tombstone to Bisbee in the 1880s . This thoroughbrace stagecoach used thick leather straps to support the body of the carriage and serve as shock - absorbing springs . On the evening of March 15 , 1881 , a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying US $26,000 in silver bullion ( about $645,248 in today 's dollars ) was en route from Tombstone to Benson , Arizona , the nearest freight terminal . Bob Paul , who had run for Pima County Sheriff and was contesting the election he lost due to ballot - stuffing , was temporarily working once again as the Wells Fargo shotgun messenger . He had taken the reins and driver 's seat in Contention City because the usual driver , a well - known and popular man named Eli `` Budd '' Philpot , was ill . Philpot was riding shotgun . Near Drew 's Station , just outside Contention City , a man stepped into the road and commanded them to `` Hold ! '' Three Cowboys attempted to rob the stage . Paul , in the driver 's seat , fired his shotgun and emptied his revolver at the robbers , wounding a Cowboy later identified as Bill Leonard in the groin . Philpot , riding shotgun , and passenger Peter Roerig , riding in the rear dickey seat , were both shot and killed . The horses spooked and Paul was n't able to bring the stage under control for almost a mile , leaving the robbers with nothing . Paul , who normally rode shotgun , later said he thought the first shot killing Philpot had been meant for him . Suspects identified ( edit ) Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson in 1876 as lawmen in Dodge City , Kansas Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp , along with temporary federal deputies Wyatt and Morgan Earp , Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams , former Kansas Sheriff Bat Masterson ( who was dealing faro at the Oriental Saloon ) , and County Sheriff Behan set out to find the robbers . Wells Fargo issued a wanted poster offering a US $3,600 ( $1,200 per robber ) reward for capture of the robbers , dead or alive . Robbery of a mail - carrying stagecoach was both a federal crime and territorial crime , and the posse consisted of both county and federal authorities and deputies . The posse trailed the robbers to a nearby ranch where they found a drifter named Luther King . He would n't tell who his confederates were until the posse lied and told him that Doc Holliday 's girlfriend had been shot . Fearful of Holliday 's reputation , he confessed to holding the reins of the robbers ' horses , and identified Bill Leonard , Harry `` The Kid '' Head and Jim Crane as the robbers . They were all known Cowboys and rustlers . Behan and Williams escorted King back to Tombstone . Suspect escapes Behan 's jail ( edit ) Somehow King walked in the front door of the jail and a few minutes later out the back . King had arranged with Undersheriff Harry Woods ( publisher of the Nugget ) to sell the horse he had been riding to John Dunbar , Sheriff Behan 's partner in the Dexter Livery Stable . On March 19 , King conveniently escaped while Dunbar and Woods were making out the bill - of - sale . Woods claimed that someone had deliberately unlocked a secured back door to the jail . The Earps and the townspeople were furious at King 's easy escape . Williams was later dismissed from Wells Fargo , leaving behind a number of debts , when it was determined he had been stealing from the company for years . Earp pursues suspects ( edit ) The Earps pursued the other two men for 17 days , riding for 60 hours without food and 36 hours without water , during which Bob Paul 's horse died , and Wyatt and Morgan 's horses became so weak , that the two men walked 18 miles ( 29 km ) back to Tombstone to obtain new horses . After pursuing the Cowboys for over 400 miles ( 640 km ) they could not obtain more fresh horses and were forced to give up the chase . They returned to Tombstone on April 1 . Behan submitted a bill for $796.84 to the county for posse expenses , but he refused to reimburse the Earps for any of their costs . Virgil was incensed . They were finally reimbursed by Wells , Fargo & Co. later on , but the incident caused further friction between county and federal law enforcement , and between Behan and the Earps . Wyatt offers Ike reward money ( edit ) After he was passed over by Johnny Behan for the position of undersheriff , Wyatt thought he might beat him in the next Cochise County election in late 1882 . He thought catching the murderers of Bud Philpot and Peter Roerig would help him win the sheriff 's office . Wyatt later said that on June 2 , 1881 he offered the Wells , Fargo & Co. reward money and more to Ike Clanton if he would provide information leading to the capture or death of the stage robbers . According to Wyatt , Ike was initially interested , but the plan was foiled when the three suspects -- Leonard , Head and Crane -- were killed in unrelated incidents . Ike began to fear that word of his possible cooperation had leaked , threatening to compromise his standing among the Cowboys . Undercover Wells Fargo Company agent M. Williams suspected a deal , and said something to Ike , who was fearful that other Cowboys might learn of his double - cross . Ike now began to threaten Wyatt and Doc Holliday ( who had learned of the deal ) for apparently revealing Ike 's willingness to help arrest his friends . Earp , Cowboy fallout ( edit ) The fallout over the Cowboys ' attempt to implicate Holliday and the Earps in the robbery , along with Behan 's involvement in King 's escape , was the beginning of increasingly bad feelings between the Earp brothers and Cowboy factions . Earp and Behan attracted to Josephine Marcus ( edit ) Wyatt Earp and Cochise County sheriff Johnny Behan were interested in the same sheriff 's position and also may have shared an interest in the same woman , Josephine Marcus , known as Sadie . Citizens of Tombstone believed that Behan and Marcus were married , but Behan was a known womanizer and had sex with prostitutes and other women . Marcus ended the relationship after she came home and found Behan in bed with the wife of a friend and kicked him out , although she used the Behan surname through the end of that summer . She rented her home sometime before April 1881 to a doctor , George Goodfellow . Wyatt Earp was still living with his common - law wife , Mattie Blaylock , who was listed as his wife in the 1880 census , but she had a growing addiction to the opiate laudanum . There are no contemporary Tombstone records that indicate a relationship between Marcus and Earp , but Earp certainly knew her , because both Behan and Earp had offices above the Crystal Palace Saloon . Sadie , traveling as either Mrs. J.C. Earp or Mrs. Wyatt Earp , left for Los Angeles on March 25 , 1882 , and then returned to her family in San Francisco . In July 1882 , Wyatt left Colorado and went to San Francisco , where he sought out Sadie and his brother Virgil , who was seeking treatment for his arm . In February or March 1883 , Sadie and Earp left San Francisco for Gunnison , where Earp ran a Faro bank until he received a request in April for assistance from Luke Short in Dodge City . Sadie was his common - law wife for the next 46 years . September stage holdup ( edit ) Tensions between the Earps and the McLaurys further increased when another passenger stage on the ' Sandy Bob Line ' in the Tombstone area , bound for Bisbee , was held up on September 8 , 1881 . The masked bandits robbed all of the passengers of their valuables since the stage was not carrying a strongbox . During the robbery , the driver heard one of the robbers describe the money as `` sugar '' , a phrase known to be used by Frank Stilwell . Stilwell had until the prior month been a deputy for Sheriff Behan but had been fired for `` accounting irregularities '' . Tom McLaury Wyatt and Virgil Earp rode with a sheriff 's posse and tracked the Bisbee stage robbers . Virgil had been appointed Tombstone 's town marshal ( i.e. , chief of police ) on June 6 , 1881 , after Ben Sippy abandoned the job . However , Virgil at the same time continued to hold his position of deputy U.S. marshal , and it was in this federal capacity that he continued to chase robbers of stage coaches outside Tombstone city limits . At the scene of the holdup , Wyatt discovered an unusual boot print left by someone wearing a custom - repaired boot heel . The Earps checked a shoe repair shop in Bisbee known to provide widened boot heels and were able to link the boot print to Stilwell . Stilwell and Spence arrests ( edit ) Frank Stilwell had just arrived in Bisbee with his livery stable partner , Pete Spence , when the two were arrested by Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp for the holdup . Both were friends of Ike Clanton and the McLaurys . At the preliminary hearing , Stilwell and Spence were able to provide several witnesses who supported their alibis . Judge Spicer dropped the charges for insufficient evidence just as he had done for Doc Holliday earlier in the year . Released on bail , Spence and Stilwell were re-arrested October 13 by Marshal Virgil Earp for the Bisbee robbery on a new federal charge of interfering with a mail carrier . The newspapers , however , reported that they had been arrested for a different stage robbery that occurred on October 8 near Contention City . Ike and other Cowboys believed the new arrest was further evidence that the Earps were illegally persecuting the Cowboys . They told the Earps that they could expect retaliation . While Virgil and Wyatt were in Tucson for the federal hearing on the charges against Spence and Stilwell , Frank McLaury confronted Morgan Earp . He told him that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest Spence , Stilwell , or the McLaurys again . The Tombstone Epitaph reported `` that since the arrest of Spence and Stilwell , veiled threats ( are ) being made that the friends of the accused will ' get the Earps . ' '' Cowboys accuse Holliday of robbery ( edit ) Milt Joyce , a county supervisor and owner of the Oriental Saloon , had a contentious relationship with Doc Holliday . In October 1880 , Holliday had trouble with a gambler named Johnny Tyler in Milt Joyce 's Oriental Saloon. Tyler had been hired by a competing gambling establishment to drive customers from the Oriental Saloon . Holliday challenged Tyler to a fight , but Tyler ran . Joyce did not like Holliday or the Earps and he continued to argue with Holliday . Joyce ordered Holliday removed from the saloon but would not return Holliday 's revolver . But Holliday returned carrying a double - action revolver . Milt brandished a pistol and threatened Holliday , but Holliday shot Joyce in the palm , disarming him , and then shot Joyce 's business partner William Parker in the big toe . Joyce then hit Holliday over the head with his revolver . Holliday was arrested and pleaded guilty to assault and battery . Holliday and his on - again , off - again mistress Big Nose Kate had many fights . After a particularly nasty , drunken argument , Holliday kicked her out . County Sheriff John Behan and Milt Joyce saw an opportunity and exploited the situation . They plied Big Nose Kate with more booze and suggested to her a way to get even with Holliday . She signed an affidavit implicating Holliday in the attempted stagecoach robbery and murders . Holliday was a good friend of Bill Leonard , a former watchmaker from New York , one of three men implicated in the robbery . Judge Wells Spicer issued an arrest warrant for Holliday . The Earps found witnesses who could attest to Holliday 's location at the time of the murders and Kate sobered up , revealing that Behan and Joyce had influenced her to sign a document she did n't understand . With the Cowboy plot revealed , Spicer freed Holliday . The district attorney threw out the charges , labeling them `` ridiculous . '' Doc gave Kate some money and put her on a stage out of town . Ike Clanton 's conflict with Doc Holliday ( edit ) Wyatt Earp testified after the gunfight that five or six weeks prior he had met Ike Clanton outside the Alhambra Hotel . Ike told Wyatt that Doc Holliday had told him he knew of Ike 's meetings with Wyatt and about Ike providing information on Head , Leonard , and Crane , as well as their attempted robbery of the stage . Ike now accused Earp of telling Holliday about these conversations . Earp testified that he told Ike he had not told Holliday anything . Wyatt Earp offered to prove this when Holliday and the Clantons next returned to town . A month later , the weekend before the shootout , Morgan Earp , concerned about possible trouble with the Cowboys , brought Doc Holliday back from a fiesta celebration in Tucson where Holliday had been gambling . Upon his return , Wyatt Earp asked Holliday about Ike 's accusation . On the morning of Tuesday , October 25 , 1881 , the day before the gunfight , Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury drove 10 miles ( 16 km ) in a spring wagon from Chandler 's Milk Ranch at the foot of the Dragoon Mountains to Tombstone . They were in town to sell a large number of beef stock , most of them owned by the McLaurys . Seeing Ike Clanton in the Alhambra Saloon around midnight , Holliday confronted Ike , accusing him of lying about their previous conversations . They got into a heated argument . Wyatt Earp ( who was not wearing a badge ) encouraged his brother , Tombstone Deputy City Marshal Morgan Earp , to intervene . Morgan escorted Holliday out onto the street and Ike , who had been drinking steadily , followed them . City Marshal Virgil Earp arrived a few minutes later and threatened to arrest both Holliday and Clanton if they did not stop arguing . Ike and Wyatt talked again a few minutes later , and Ike threatened to confront Holliday in the morning . Ike told Earp that the fighting talk had been going on for a long time and that he intended to put an end to it . Ike told Earp , `` I will be ready for you in the morning . '' Wyatt Earp walked over to the Oriental Saloon and Ike followed him . Ike sat down to have another drink , his revolver in plain sight , and told Earp `` You must not think I wo n't be after you all in the morning . '' Morning of the gunfight ( edit ) Events leading up to the Ike Clanton court hearing ( edit ) O.K. Corral after a fire in 1882 After Holliday 's confrontation with Ike Clanton , Wyatt Earp took Holliday back to his room at Camillus Sidney `` Buck '' Fly 's Lodging House to sleep off his drinking , then went home and to bed . Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp played cards with Ike Clanton , Tom McLaury , Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan and a fifth man ( unknown to Ike and to history ) , until morning . At about dawn on October 26 , the card game broke up and Behan and Virgil Earp went home to bed . Ike Clanton testified later he saw Virgil take his six - shooter out of his lap and stick it in his pants when the game ended . Not having rented a room , Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton had no place to go . Shortly after 8 : 00 am barkeeper E.F. Boyle spoke to Ike Clanton in front of the telegraph office . Clanton had been drinking all night and Boyle encouraged him to get some sleep , but Ike insisted he would not go to bed . Boyle later testified he noticed Ike was armed and covered his gun for him . Boyle later said that Ike told him , `` ' As soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street , the ball would open -- that they would have to fight ' ... I went down to Wyatt Earp 's house and told him that Ike Clanton had threatened that when him and his brothers and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street that the ball would open . '' Ike said in his testimony afterward that he remembered neither meeting Boyle nor making any such statements that day . Later in the morning , Ike picked up his rifle and revolver from the West End Corral , where he had deposited his weapons and stabled his wagon and team after entering town . By noon that day , Ike was still drinking and once again armed , in violation of the city ordinance against carrying firearms in the city . He told others he was looking for Holliday or an Earp . At about 1 : 00 pm , Virgil and Morgan Earp surprised Ike on 4th Street where Virgil pistol whipped him from behind . Disarming him , the Earps took Ike to appear before Judge Wallace for violating the ordinance . Wyatt waited with Clanton while Virgil went to find Judge Wallace so the court hearing could be held . Ike Clanton court hearing ( edit ) Morgan Earp While Wyatt waited for Virgil to return with Judge Wallace , witnesses overheard Wyatt tell Clanton , `` you cattle thieving son - of - a-bitch , and you know that I know you are a cattle thieving son - of - a-bitch , you 've threatened my life enough , and you 've got to fight ! '' , and Ike Clanton made the remark , `` Fight is my racket , and all I want is four feet of ground ! '' Ike reported in his testimony afterward that Wyatt Earp cursed him . He said Wyatt , Virgil and Morgan offered him his rifle and to fight him right there in the courthouse , which Ike declined . Ike also denied ever threatening the Earps . Ike was fined $25 plus court costs and after paying the fine left unarmed . Virgil told Ike he would leave Ike 's confiscated rifle and revolver at the Grand Hotel , which was favored by Cowboys when in town . Ike testified that he picked up the weapons from William Soule , the jailer , a couple of days later . Tom McLaury 's concealed weapon ( edit ) Pete Spence , an alias for Elliot Larkin Ferguson , in an 1893 Yuma Penitentiary prison mugshot Outside the court house where Ike was being fined , Wyatt almost walked into 28 year - old Tom McLaury as the two men were brought up short nose - to - nose . Tom , who had arrived in town the day before , was required by the well - known city ordinance to deposit his pistol when he first arrived in town . When Wyatt demanded , `` Are you heeled or not ? '' , McLaury said he was not armed . Wyatt testified that he saw a revolver in plain sight on the right hip of Tom 's pants . As an unpaid deputy marshal for Virgil , Wyatt habitually carried a pistol in his waistband , as was the custom of that time . Witnesses reported that Wyatt drew his revolver from his coat pocket and pistol whipped Tom McLaury with it twice , leaving him prostrate and bleeding on the street . Saloon - keeper Andrew Mehan testified at the Spicer hearing afterward that he saw McLaury deposit a revolver at the Capital Saloon sometime between 1 -- 2 : 00 pm , after the confrontation with Wyatt , which Mehan also witnessed . Wyatt said in his deposition afterward that he had been temporarily acting as city marshal for Virgil the week before while Virgil was in Tucson for the Pete Spence and Frank Stilwell trial . Wyatt said that he still considered himself a deputy city marshal , which Virgil later confirmed . Since Wyatt was an off - duty officer , he could not legally search or arrest Tom for carrying a revolver within the city limits - -- a misdemeanor offense . Only Virgil or one of his city police deputies , including Morgan Earp and possibly Warren Earp , could search him and take any required action . Wyatt , a non-drinker , testified at the Spicer hearing that he went to Haffords and bought a cigar and went outside to watch the Cowboys . At the time of the gunfight about two hours later , Wyatt could not know if Tom was still armed . It was early afternoon by the time Ike and Tom had seen doctors for their head wounds . The day was chilly , with snow still on the ground in some places . Both Tom and Ike had spent the night gambling , drinking heavily , and without sleep . Now they were both out - of - doors , both wounded from head beatings , and at least Ike was still drunk . More Cowboys enter town ( edit ) Frank McLaury At around 1 : 30 -- 2 : 00 pm , after Tom had been pistol - whipped by Wyatt , Ike 's 19 - year - old younger brother Billy Clanton and Tom 's older brother Frank McLaury arrived in town . They had heard from their neighbor , Ed `` old man '' Frink , that Ike had been stirring up trouble in town overnight , and they had ridden into town on horseback to back up their brothers . They arrived from Antelope Springs , 13 miles ( 21 km ) east of Tombstone , where they had been rounding up stock with their brothers and had breakfasted with Ike and Tom the day before . Both Frank and Billy were armed with a revolver and a rifle , as was the custom for riders in the country outside Tombstone . Apache warriors had engaged the U.S. Army near Tombstone just three weeks before the O.K. Corral gunfight , so the need for weapons outside of town was well established and accepted . Billy and Frank stopped first at the Grand Hotel on Allen Street , and were greeted by Doc Holliday . They learned immediately after of their brothers ' beatings by the Earps within the previous two hours . The incidents had generated a lot of talk in town . Angrily , Frank said he would not drink , and he and Billy left the saloon immediately to seek Tom . By law , both Frank and Billy should have left their firearms at the Grand Hotel . Instead , they remained fully armed . Virgil and Wyatt Earp 's reactions ( edit ) Wyatt said that he saw Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury in Spangenberger 's gun and hardware store on 4th Street filling their gun belts with cartridges . Ike testified afterward that Tom was not there and that he had tried to buy a new revolver but the owner saw Ike 's bandaged head and refused to sell him one . Ike apparently had not heard Virgil tell him that his confiscated weapons were at the Grand Hotel around the corner from Spangenberger 's shop . When Virgil Earp learned that Wyatt was talking to the Cowboys at Spangenberg 's gun shop , he went there himself . Virgil testified afterward that he thought he saw all four men , Ike Clanton , Billy Clanton , Frank McLaury , and Tom McLaury , buying cartridges . Virgil went around the corner on Allen Street to the Wells Fargo office , where he picked up a 10 - gauge or 12 - gauge , short , double - barreled shotgun . It was an unusually cold and windy day in Tombstone , and Virgil was wearing a long overcoat . To avoid alarming Tombstone 's public , Virgil hid the shotgun under his overcoat when he returned to Hafford 's Saloon . From Spangenberg 's , the Cowboys moved to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps . For unknown reasons the Cowboys then walked out the back of the O.K. Corral and then west , stopping in a narrow , empty lot next to C.S. Fly 's boarding house . Virgil initially avoided a confrontation with the newly arrived Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton , who had not yet deposited their weapons at a hotel or stable as the law required . The statute was not specific about how far a recently arrived visitor might `` with good faith , and within reasonable time '' travel into town while carrying a firearm . This permitted a traveler to keep his firearms if he was proceeding directly to a livery , hotel or saloon . The three main Tombstone corrals were all west of 4th street between Allen and Fremont , a block or two from where Wyatt saw the Cowboys buying cartridges . Miner Ruben F. Coleman later told The Tombstone Epitaph : I was in the O.K. Corral at 2 : 30 p.m. when I saw the two Clantons and the two McLaurys in an earnest conversation across the street at Dunbar 's corral . I went up the street and notified Sheriff Behan and told them it was my opinion that they meant trouble , and it was his duty , as sheriff , to go and disarm them . I told him they had gone to the West End Corral . I then went and saw Marshal Virgil Earp and notified him to the same effect . Behan attempts to disarm Cowboys ( edit ) Johnny Behan Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan , a friend of the Cowboys , later testified that he woke up about 1 : 30 pm after the late - night card game , and went to get a shave at a barbershop . That 's where he first learned that the Cowboys were armed . Behan stated he quickly finished his shave and went to locate the Cowboys . At about 2 : 30 pm he found Frank McLaury holding a horse and talking to someone on Fourth Street near the corner of Fremont . When he saw Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury near C.S. Fly 's photography studio , he walked there with Frank . He told the Cowboys that they must give up their arms . Ike Clanton said he was not armed , and Tom McLaury pulled his coat open to show he was not carrying a weapon . The Cowboys were located in a narrow 15 -- 20 feet ( 4.6 -- 6.1 m ) lot between the Harwood house and Fly 's 12 - room boarding house and photography studio at 312 Fremont Street , where Doc Holliday roomed . Behan later said he attempted to persuade Frank McLaury to give up his weapons , but Frank insisted that he would only give up his guns after City Marshal Virgil Earp and his brothers were first disarmed . The Cowboys were about a block and a half from the West End Corral at 2nd Street and Fremont , where Ike and Tom 's wagon and team were stabled . Virgil Earp later testified that he thought Ike and Tom were stabled at the O.K. Corral on Allen between 3rd and 4th , from which he thought they would be departing if they were leaving town . While Ike Clanton later said he was planning to leave town , Frank McLaury reported that he had decided to remain behind to take care of some business . Will McLaury , Tom and Frank 's brother and a judge in Fort Worth , Texas , claimed in a letter he wrote during the preliminary hearing after the shootout that Tom and Frank were still armed because they were planning to conduct business before leaving town to visit him in Texas . He wrote that Billy Clanton , who had arrived on horseback with Frank , intended to go with the McLaurys to Fort Worth . Will McLaury came to Tombstone after the gun fight and joined the prosecution team in an attempt to convict the Earps and Holliday for his brothers ' murder . Paul Johnson told a different story , that the McLaurys were about to leave for Iowa to attend the wedding of their sister , Sarah Caroline , in Iowa . Tom and Frank were especially close to Sarah , one of their 14 siblings and half - siblings . Caroline married James Reed in Richland , Iowa at the end of November that year . Virgil decides to disarm Cowboys ( edit ) Citizens reported to Virgil on the Cowboys ' movements and their threats told him that Ike and Tom had left their livery stable and entered town while armed , in violation of the city ordinance . Virgil Earp was told by several citizens that the McLaurys and the Clantons had gathered on Fremont Street . Virgil decided he had to disarm the Cowboys . His decision to take action may have been influenced by the Cowboy 's repeated threats to the Earps , their proximity to Holliday 's room in Fly 's boarding house , and their location on the route the Earps usually took to their homes two blocks further west on Fremont Street . Several members of the citizen 's vigilance committee offered to support him with arms , but Virgil said no . He had during the prior month appointed Morgan as a Special Policeman . He had also appointed Wyatt as a Special Policeman while Virgil had been in Prescott on business . He had also called on Doc Holliday that morning for help with disarming the Clantons and McLaurys . Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the `` marshals '' while he acted as `` deputy . '' Virgil Earp picked up the shotgun he had retrieved from the Wells Fargo office earlier . He gave the shotgun to Doc Holliday who hid it under his overcoat . He took Holliday 's walking - stick in return . As usual , the Earps carried their revolvers in their coat pockets or in their waistbands . Wyatt Earp was carrying a . 44 caliber American 1869 Smith & Wesson revolver . Holliday was carrying a nickel - plated pistol in a holster , but this was concealed by his long coat , as was the shotgun . The Earps and Holliday walked west , down the south side of Fremont Street past the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral , but out of visual range of the Cowboys ' last reported location . Near the corner of Fourth St. and Fremont St. , the Earps ran into Sheriff Behan . He had left the Cowboys and came toward them , though he looked nervously backward several times . Virgil testified afterward that Behan told them , `` For God 's sake , do n't go down there or they will murder you ! '' Wyatt said Behan told him and Morgan , `` I have disarmed them . '' Behan testified afterward that he 'd only said he 'd gone down to the Cowboys `` for the purpose of disarming them , '' not that he 'd actually disarmed them . One eye witness , laundryman Peter H. Fallehy , wrote in his testimony afterward that Virgil Earp told Behan , `` those men have made their threats and I will not arrest them but I will kill them on sight . '' When Behan said he had disarmed them , Virgil attempted to avoid a fight . `` I had a walking stick in my left hand and my hand was on my six - shooter in my waist pants , and when he said he had disarmed them , I shoved it clean around to my left hip and changed my walking stick to my right hand . '' Wyatt said I `` took my pistol , which I had in my hand , under my coat , and put it in my overcoat pocket . '' The Earps walked further down Fremont street and came into full view of the Cowboys in the lot . Wyatt testified he saw `` Frank McLaury , Tom McLaury , and Billy Clanton standing in a row against the east side of the building on the opposite side of the vacant space west of Fly 's photograph gallery . Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne and a man I do n't know ( Wes Fuller ) were standing in the vacant space about halfway between the photograph gallery and the next building west . '' Addie Bourland corroborated Wyatt 's testimony , stating that she saw `` five men opposite my house , leaning against a small house west of Fly 's Gallery and one man was holding a horse , standing a little out from the house . '' The gunfight ( edit ) Annotated 1886 fire map of Tombstone indicating the actual shootout location ( in green ) and the O.K. Corral ( in yellow ) on the other side of the block Third St. in Tombstone , Arizona in 1909 from the roof of the Cochise County Courthouse . The O.K. Corral was located on Allen St. , the first right turn off Third St. The white building at the center right is Schiefflin Hall on Fremont St . In the preceding weeks and hours , Ike Clanton had repeatedly threatened Doc Holliday and the Earps . The Earps were tired of the threats . Martha J. King was in Bauer 's butcher shop on Fremont Street . She testified that when the Earp party passed by her location , one of the Earps on the outside of the group looked across and said to Doc Holliday nearest the store , `` ... let them have it ! '' to which Holliday replied , `` All right . '' Physical proximity ( edit ) When the Earps approached the lot , the four law men were initially facing five Cowboys : Frank McLaury , Tom McLaury , Billy Clanton , Wes Fuller , and Ike Clanton . The Cowboys stepped away from the Harwood house . In testimony given by witnesses afterward , they disagreed about the precise location of the men and animals at the beginning of the gunfight and during . The coroner 's inquest and the Spicer hearing produced a sketch showing the Cowboys standing , from left to right facing Fremont Street , with Billy Clanton and then Frank McLaury near the Harwood house and Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton roughly in the middle of the lot . Opposite them and initially only about 6 to 10 feet ( 1.8 to 3.0 m ) away , Virgil Earp was on the left end of the Earp party , standing a few feet inside the vacant lot and nearest Ike Clanton . Behind him a few feet near the corner of C.S. Fly 's boarding house was Wyatt . Morgan Earp was standing on Fremont Street to Wyatt 's right , and Doc Holliday anchored the end of their line in Fremont Street , a few feet to Morgan 's right . Wyatt Earp drew a sketch in 1924 and another with John Flood on September 15 , 1926 that depicted Billy Clanton near the middle of the lot , close to the Harwood house . Tom and Frank McLaury stood deeper in the lot . Frank was in the center between the two buildings , holding the reins of his horse . Tom was closer to C.S. Fly 's boarding house . According to Wyatt 's sketches , Morgan was on the right of the lawmen , close to the Harwood house , opposite Billy Clanton near the Harwood house and close to Fremont St. Virgil was deeper in the lot , opposite Frank and Ike Clanton . Wyatt was to Virgil 's left , opposite Tom . Doc Holliday hung back a step or two on Fremont Street . Neither of Wyatt 's sketches included Ike Clanton or Billy Clairborne , who ran from the fight . Gun battle Begins ( edit ) Wyatt Earp 19 months after the famous gunfight , during the bloodless Dodge City War Virgil Earp was not expecting a fight . Once Behan said that he 'd disarmed the Cowboys , Virgil traded the short , double - barreled shotgun he was carrying for Holliday 's cane . Virgil carried the cane in his right hand and shifted the pistol in his waistband from the right side to his left . Holliday concealed the short shotgun under his long jacket . Wyatt too was not expecting a fight and put his pistol in his overcoat pocket . Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury wore revolvers in holsters on their belts and stood alongside their saddled horses with rifles in their scabbards , possibly in violation of the city ordinance prohibiting carrying weapons in town . When Virgil saw the Cowboys , he testified , he immediately commanded the Cowboys to `` Throw up your hands , I want your guns ! '' Wyatt said Virgil told the Cowboys , `` Throw up your hands ; I have come to disarm you ! '' Virgil and Wyatt both testified they saw Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton draw and cock their six - shooters . Virgil yelled : `` Hold ! I do n't mean that ! '' or `` Hold on , I do n't want that ! '' The single - action revolvers carried by both groups had to be cocked before firing . Jeff Morey , who served as the historical consultant on the film Tombstone , compared testimony by partisan and neutral witnesses and came to the conclusion that the Earps described the situation accurately . Who started shooting first is not certain ; accounts by both participants and eyewitnesses are contradictory . The smoke from the black powder used in the weapons added to the confusion of the gunfight in the narrow space . Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories , and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first . The six or seven men with guns fired about 30 shots in around 30 seconds . First two shots Virgil Earp reported afterward , `` Two shots went off right together . Billy Clanton 's was one of them . '' Wyatt testified , `` Billy Clanton leveled his pistol at me , but I did not aim at him . I knew that Frank McLaury had the reputation of being a good shot and a dangerous man , and I aimed at Frank McLaury . '' He said he shot Frank McLaury after both he and Billy Clanton went for their revolvers : `` The first two shots were fired by Billy Clanton and myself , he shooting at me , and I shooting at Frank McLaury . '' Morey agreed that Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp fired first . Clanton missed , but Earp shot Frank McLaury in the stomach . All witnesses generally agreed that the first two shots were almost indistinguishable from each other . General firing immediately broke out . Virgil and Wyatt thought Tom was armed . When shooting started , the horse that Tom McLaury held jumped to one side . Wyatt said he also saw Tom throw his hand to his right hip . Virgil said Tom followed the horse 's movement , hiding behind it , and fired once or twice over the horse 's back . Holliday shoots Tom According to one witness , Holliday drew a `` large bronze pistol '' ( interpreted by some as Virgil 's coach gun ) from under his long coat , stepped around Tom McLaury 's horse , and shot him with the double - barreled shotgun in the chest at close range . Witness C.H. `` Ham '' Light saw Tom running or stumbling westward on Fremont Street towards Third Street , away from the gunfight , while Frank and Billy were still standing and shooting . Light testified that Tom fell at the foot of a telegraph pole on the corner of Fremont and 3rd Street and lay there , without moving , through the duration of the fight . Fallehy also saw Tom stagger across the street until he fell on his back . After shooting Tom , Holliday tossed the empty shotgun aside , pulled out his nickel - plated revolver , and continued to fire at Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton . Ike Clanton runs Wyatt told the court afterward that Ike Clanton had bragged that he would kill the Earps or Doc Holliday at his first opportunity , but when the gunfight broke out , Clanton ran forward and grabbed him , exclaiming that he was unarmed and did not want a fight . To this protest Wyatt said he responded , `` Go to fighting or get away ! '' Clanton ran through the front door of Fly 's boarding house and escaped , unwounded . Other accounts say that Ike drew a hidden pistol and fired at the Earps before disappearing . Billy Claiborne also ran from the fight . Billy Clanton shot According to The Tombstone Epitaph , `` Wyatt Earp stood up and fired in rapid succession , as cool as a cucumber , and was not hit . '' Morgan Earp fired almost immediately , as Billy Clanton drew his gun right - handed . Morgan 's shot hit Billy in the right wrist , disabling his hand . Forced to shift the revolver to his left hand , Clanton continued shooting until he emptied the gun . Virgil and Wyatt were now firing . Morgan Earp tripped and fell over a newly buried waterline and fired from the ground . Wyatt shot Frank McLaury in the abdomen , and Frank took his horse by its reins and struggled across Fremont Street . He tried and failed to grab his rifle from the scabbard but lost control of the horse . Frank crossed Fremont Street firing his revolver instead . Frank and Holliday exchanged shots as Frank moved across Fremont Street , and Frank hit Holliday in his pistol pocket , grazing him . Holliday followed him , exclaiming , `` That son of a bitch has shot me and I am going to kill him . '' Morgan Earp picked himself up and also fired at Frank . Frank fell to the sidewalk on the east side of Fremont Street . A number of witnesses observed a man leading a horse into the street and firing near it and Wyatt in his testimony thought this was Tom McLaury . Claiborne said only one man had a horse in the fight , and that this man was Frank , holding his own horse by the reins , then losing it and its cover , in the middle of the street . Wes Fuller also identified Frank as the man in the street leading the horse . Morgan Earp wounded Though wounded , Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury kept shooting . One of them , perhaps Billy , shot Morgan Earp across the back in a wound that struck both shoulder blades and a vertebra . Morgan went down for a minute before picking himself up . Either Frank or Billy shot Virgil Earp in the calf ( Virgil thought it was Billy ) . Virgil , though hit , fired his next shot at Billy Clanton . Frank , now entirely across Fremont street and still walking at a good pace according to Claiborne 's testimony , fired twice more before he was shot in the head under his right ear . Both Morgan and Holliday apparently thought they had fired the shot that killed Frank , but since neither of them testified at the hearing , this information is only from second - hand accounts . A passerby testified to having stopped to help Frank , and saw Frank try to speak , but he died where he fell , before he could be moved . Billy Clanton was shot in the wrist , chest and abdomen , and after a minute or two slumped to a sitting position near his original position at the corner of the MacDonald house in the lot between the house and Fly 's Lodging House . Claiborne said Clanton was supported by a window initially after he was shot , and fired some shots after sitting , with the pistol supported on his leg . After he ran out of ammunition , he called for more cartridges , but C.S. Fly took his pistol at about the time the general shooting ended . A few moments later , Tom McLaury was carried from the corner of Fremont and Third into the Harwood house on that corner , where he died without speaking . Passersby carried Billy Clanton to the Harwood house , where Tom had been taken . Billy was in considerable pain and asked for a doctor and some morphine . He told those near him , `` They have murdered me . I have been murdered . Chase the crowd away and from the door and give me air . '' Billy gasped for air , and someone else heard him say , `` Go away and let me die . '' Ike Clanton , who had repeatedly threatened the Earps with death , was still running . William Cuddy testified that Ike passed him on Allen Street and Johnny Behan saw him a few minutes later on Toughnut Street . Outcome of the battle ( edit ) Ike Clanton , who had been threatening to kill the Earps for several months , including the day before , and Billy Claiborne were both unarmed . They ran from the fight unhurt . Wesley Fuller , a Cowboy who had been at the rear of the lot , left as soon as the firing began . Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McLaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse . Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury exchanged gunfire with the lawmen . During the gunfight , Doc Holliday was bruised by a bullet fired by Frank that struck his holster and grazed his hip . Virgil Earp was shot through the calf , he thought by Billy Clanton . Morgan Earp was struck across both shoulder blades by a bullet that Morgan thought Frank McLaury had fired . Wyatt Earp was unhurt . Tom McLaury , his brother Frank , and Billy Clanton were killed . As the wounded lawmen were carried to their homes , they passed in front of the Sheriff 's Office , and Johnny Behan told Wyatt Earp he was under arrest . Wyatt paused two or three seconds and replied very forcibly : `` I wo n't be arrested today . I am right here and am not going away . '' Dr. George Goodfellow treated the Earps ' wounds . Cowboy wounds ( edit ) Dr. Henry M. Mathews examined the dead Cowboys late that night . He found Frank McLaury had two wounds : a gunshot beneath the right ear that horizontally penetrated his head , and a second entering his abdomen one inch to the left of his navel . Mathews stated that the wound beneath the ear was at the base of the brain and caused instant death . Sheriff Behan testified that he had heard Morgan Earp yell `` I got him '' after Frank was shot . However , during the gunfight , Frank moved across Fremont street , putting Holliday on Frank 's right and Morgan on his left . This makes it much more likely that Holliday shot the fatal round that killed Frank . When he examined Tom McLaury 's body , Mathews found twelve buckshot wounds from a single shotgun blast on the right side under his arm , between the third and fifth ribs . The wound was about four inches across . The nature and location of the wound indicated that it could not have been received if Tom 's hands were on his coat lapels as the Cowboys later testified . Both Virgil and Wyatt stated that Holliday had shot Tom , which the coroner 's exam supported . Dr. George Goodfellow testified about Billy Clanton 's wounds at the Spicer hearing . He stated that the angle of the wrist wound indicated that Billy 's hand could not have been raised over his head as claimed by Cowboy witnesses . In his coroner 's report , Mathews did not mention Billy 's arm wound , but witness Keefe , who examined the arm closely , testified later that Clanton was shot through the right arm , close to the wrist joint and `` the bullet passed through the arm from `` inside to outside , '' entering the arm close to the base of the thumb , and exiting `` on the back of the wrist diagonally '' with the latter wound larger . This indicated to the judge that Billy could not have been holding his coat 's lapels open , his arms raised , as the Cowboys testified . Dr. Mathews found two other wounds on Billy 's body . The first was two inches from Clanton 's left nipple , penetrated his lung . The other was in the abdomen beneath the twelfth rib , six inches to the right of the navel . Both were fired from the front . Neither passed completely through his body . The wound to Billy Clanton 's right wrist may have been inflicted by Morgan Earp or Doc Holliday immediately at the outset of the fight as Billy was drawing his gun . Weapons carried by the Cowboys ( edit ) Billy Clanton Billy Clanton was armed with Colt Frontier 1873 revolvers which were identified by their serial numbers at the Spicer hearing . C.S. Fly found Billy Clanton 's empty revolver in his hand where he lay and took it from him . Frank McLaury Frank McLaury was also armed with a Colt Frontier 1873 revolver which was recovered by laundryman Fallehy on the street about 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) feet from his body with two rounds remaining in it . Fallehy placed it next to Frank 's body before he was moved to the Harwood house . Dr. Mathews laid Frank 's revolver on the floor while he examined Billy and Tom . Cowboy witness Wes Fuller said he saw Frank in the middle of the street shooting a revolver and trying to remove a Winchester rifle from the scabbard on his horse . The two Model 1873 rifles were still in the scabbards on Frank and Tom McLaury 's horses when they were found after the gunfight . If , as was customary , Frank carried only five rounds , then he had fired only three shots . Tom McLaury Witnesses differed about whether Tom McLaury was carrying a weapon during the shootout or not . No revolver or rifle was found near his body and he was not wearing a cartridge belt . Wyatt testified that he had arrested Tom earlier that day when he found him carrying a weapon earlier in violation of a city ordinance . He pistol - whipped him and took him to the courthouse where he was fined . Saloon - keeper Mehan testified that Tom had deposited his revolver at the Capital Saloon on 4th Street and Fremont after his arrest and before the fight , between 1 and 2 p.m. Several Cowboy witnesses testified that Tom was unarmed and claimed that the Earps had murdered a defenseless man . Behan testified that when he searched Tom McLaury for a weapon prior to the gunfight , he was not thorough , and that Tom might have had a pistol hidden in his waistband . Behan 's testimony was significant , since he was a prime witness for the prosecution but had equivocated on this point . Behan 's sympathy to the Cowboys was well known , and during the trial he firmly denied he had contributed money to help Ike with his defense costs . However , documents were located in 1997 that showed Behan served as guarantor for a loan to Ike Clanton during the Spicer hearing . Since Wyatt planned to run against Behan for County Sheriff , Behan had an incentive to help convict Wyatt . A story in the Cowboy - friendly newspaper , the Nugget , stated without attribution that `` The Sheriff stepped out and said ( to the Earps ) : ' Hold up boys , do n't go down there or there will be trouble ; I have been down there to disarm them . ' '' In his testimony , Behan repeatedly insisted he told the Earps that he only intended to disarm the Cowboys , not that he had actually done so . The article said that Behan `` was standing near by commanding the contestants to cease firing but was powerless to prevent it . '' Given the Nugget 's close relationship to Behan ( it was owned by Behan 's deputy sheriff ) , it is likely they interviewed him . By Williams ' account , Behan told Virgil Earp immediately after the gunfight a story that corroborated the Nugget report , which the newspaper altered afterward to a version that matched the story Behan later told at the coroner 's inquest . Though saloon - keeper Andrew Mehan had seen Tom deposit his pistol after his beating by Earp and before the gunfight , none of the Earps had any way of knowing that Tom had left his revolver at the saloon . Hotel keeper Albert `` Chris '' Billickie , whose father Charles owned the Cosmopolitan Hotel , saw Tom McLaury enter Bauer 's butcher shop about 2 : 00 p.m. He testified that Tom 's right - hand pants pocket was flat when he went in but protruded , as if it contained a pistol ( so he thought ) , when he emerged . Retired army surgeon Dr. J.W. Gardiner also testified that he saw the bulge in Tom 's pants . However , the bulge in Tom 's pants pocket may have been the nearly $3,300 in cash and receipts found on his body , perhaps in payment for stolen Mexican beef purchased by the butcher . Wyatt and Virgil Earp and Doc Holliday believed that Tom had a revolver at the time of the gunfight . Wyatt thought Tom fired a revolver under the horse 's neck and believed until he died that Tom 's revolver had been removed from the scene by Wesley Fuller . Witness Fallehy wrote that he saw Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday shooting at a man who was using a horse to barricade himself , and once shot the man fell . In his statement , Fallehy wrote that the man still held his pistol in his hand . Although he did not see him shoot , he thought Tom McLaury was armed . Ruben F. Coleman also said afterward that he thought Tom was armed , though he later equivocated on this point . He was quoted in the October 27 issue of The Tombstone Epitaph in which he said , `` Tom McLaury fell first , but raised and fired again before he died . '' Coleman also testified at the coroner 's inquest one day later . Part - time newspaper reporter Howell ' Pat ' Hayhurst transcribed all of the testimony from the hearing in the early 1930s as part of the Federal Writers ' Project , in the Works Progress Administration . When he transcribed Coleman 's second testimony , he quoted Coleman as saying , `` Tom McLaury , after the first two shots were fired , ran down Fremont Street and fell ... I think that the report I gave to the Epitaph was pretty near correct as published . '' However , it 's known that Hayhurst arbitrarily removed text that he decided was not relevant . Author Stuart N. Lake later said Hayhurst ' mutilated ' the transcription . The documents were subsequently lost and are still unaccounted for . Even if Tom was n't armed with a revolver , Virgil Earp testified Tom attempted to grab a rifle from the scabbard on the horse in front of him before he was killed . Judge Spicer ruled afterward that `` if Thomas McLaury was one of a party who were thus armed and were making felonious resistance to an arrest , and in the melee that followed was shot , the fact of his being unarmed , if it be a fact , could not of itself criminate the defendants ( Earps ) , if they were not otherwise criminated . '' Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne both said they were unarmed when they fled the gunfight . Public reaction ( edit ) Tom McLaury , Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton ( left to right ) in the window of the undertakers . This is the only known photo of 19 - year - old Billy . Graves of Tom McLaury , Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton at Boot Hill The bodies of the three dead Cowboys were displayed in a window at Ritter and Reams undertakers with a sign : `` Murdered in the Streets of Tombstone . '' Sympathy for Cowboys ( edit ) The funerals for Billy Clanton ( age 19 ) , Tom McLaury ( age 28 ) and his older brother Frank ( age 33 ) were well attended . About 300 people joined in the procession to Boot Hill and as many as two thousand watched from the sidewalks . Both McLaurys were buried in the same grave , and Billy Clanton was buried nearby . The story was widely printed in newspapers across the United States . Most versions favored the lawmen . The San Francisco Exchange headlines their story , `` A Good Riddance '' . Three days after the shootout , the ruling of the Coroner 's Jury convened by Dr. Henry Matthews neither condemned nor exonerated the lawmen for shooting the Cowboys . `` William Clanton , Frank and Thomas McLaury , came to their deaths in the town of Tombstone on October 26 , 1881 , from the effects of pistol and gunshot wounds inflicted by Virgil Earp , Morgan Earp , Wyatt Earp , and one -- Holliday , commonly called ' Doc Holliday ' . '' Spicer hearings ( edit ) Main article : O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath Four days after the shootout , Ike Clanton filed murder charges against Doc Holliday and the Earps . Wyatt and Holliday were arrested and brought before Justice of the Peace , Wells Spicer . Morgan and Virgil were still recovering at home . Only Wyatt and Holliday were required to post $10,000 bail , which was paid by their attorney Thomas Fitch , local mine owner E.B. Gage , Wells Fargo undercover agent Fred Dodge , and other business owners appreciative of the Earps ' efforts to maintain order . Virgil Earp was suspended as town marshal pending the outcome of the trial . Justice Spicer convened a preliminary hearing on October 31 to determine if there was enough evidence to go to trial . The prosecution was led by Republican District Attorney Lyttleton Price , assisted by John M. Murphy , James Robinson , and Benoodrich . They were joined by William McLaury , Frank and Tom 's older brother , he also being an able attorney , who played a key role on the prosecutor 's team . The Earp 's attorney Thomas Fitch was an experienced trial lawyer and had earned a reputation as the `` silver - tongued orator of the Pacific . '' Spicer took written and oral testimony from a number of witnesses over more than a month . Accounts by both participants and eye - witnesses were contradictory . Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first . Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan testified on the third day of the hearing . During two days on the stand , he gave strong testimony that the Cowboys had not resisted but either threw up their hands and turned out their coats to show they were not armed . Behan 's views turned public opinion against the Earps , who were free on bail . He and other prosecution witnesses testified that Tom McLaury was unarmed , that Billy Clanton had his hands in the air , and that neither of the McLaurys were troublemakers . They portrayed Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury as being unjustly bullied and beaten by the vengeful Earps on the day of the gunfight . On the strength of the prosecution case , Spicer revoked the bail for Doc and Wyatt Earp and had them jailed on November 7 . They spent the next 16 days in jail . Defense accounts contradicted the testimony of Behan , Claiborne and Allen , who all said that a man had fired a nickel - plated pistol first . Claiborne and Allen both said it was Holliday . Virgil , Wyatt and other witnesses testified that Holliday was carrying a shotgun . ( Morgan remained bedridden throughout the trial and did not testify . ) The prosecution 's scenario would have required Holliday to fire with his pistol first , switch to the shotgun to shoot Tom McLaury , then switch back again to his pistol to continue firing . Three witnesses gave key evidence that swayed Justice Spicer to hold that Virgil had acted within his capacity as Sheriff and that there was insufficient evidence to indict the Earps and Doc Holliday for murder . H.F Sills was an AT&SF RR engineer who had just arrived in town and knew none of the parties involved . He testified that he saw `` the marshal go up and speak to this other party . I ... saw them pull out their revolvers immediately . The marshal had a cane in his right hand at the time . He throwed up his hand and spoke . I did not hear the words though . By that time Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp had fired their guns off . '' Grilled by the prosecution , he corroborated virtually all of the defense 's testimony . Addie Bourland was a dressmaker whose residence was across Fremont Street from Fly 's Boarding House . She testified that she saw both sides facing each other , that none of the Cowboys had held their hands up , that the firing was general , and that she had not seen Billy Clanton fall immediately as the Cowboys had testified . Judge J.H. Lucas of the Cochise County Probate Court had offices in the Mining Exchange Building about 200 feet ( 61 m ) from the shootout . Lucas ' corroborated Addie Bourland 's testimony that Billy Clanton was standing throughout the fight , which contradicted prosecution witnesses who maintained he went down immediately after being shot at close range in the belly . Spicer noted that no powder burns were found on his clothing . These witnesses ' testimony , especially that of H.F. Sills , a disinterested party , discredited much of the testimony given by Sheriff Johnny Behan , Ike Clanton and the other Cowboy witnesses . After hearing all the evidence , Justice Spicer ruled on November 30 that Virgil , as the lawman in charge that day , had acted within his office and that there was not enough evidence to indict the men . He described Frank McLaury 's insistence that he would not give up his weapons unless the marshal and his deputies also gave up their arms as a `` proposition both monstrous and startling ! '' He noted that the prosecution claimed that the Cowboys ' purpose was to leave town , yet Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne did not have their weapons with them . Spicer noted that the doctor who examined the dead Cowboys established that the wounds they received could not have occurred if their hands and arms had been in the positions that prosecution witnesses described . Spicer did not condone all of the Earps ' actions and criticized Virgil Earp 's use of Wyatt and Holliday as deputies , but he concluded that no laws were broken . He said the evidence indicated that the Earps and Holliday acted within the law and that Holliday and Wyatt had been properly deputized by Virgil Earp . In popular culture ( edit ) The public perceptions were controversial concerning the Earp brothers ' actions , and especially those of Wyatt . Even today , the brothers have strongly opinionated admirers and detractors . Gunfight sketch ( edit ) A hand - drawn sketch of the gunfight was made by John Flood with Wyatt Earp 's assistance on September 15 , 1921 ; it was sold at auction in October 2010 for $380,000 . The map describes the position of a number of witnesses and all of the participants with the exception of Ike Clanton , who fled from the gunfight . Paintings ( edit ) In 1952 , Victor Clyde Forsythe , a popular painter of desert scenes and cowboy artist , painted `` Gunfight at O.K. Corral '' , a 43 by 60 inches ( 110 by 150 cm ) oil painting regarded by some as the most accurate depiction of the gunfight for many years . Forsythe 's father William Bowen Forsyth and uncle Ira Chandler owned the store Chandler & Forsyth C.O.D. at 328 Fremont Street , west of the back entrance to the O.K. Corral and half a block from the site of the gunfight . They claimed that they had been present and witnessed the shootout . Newspaper accounts of the painting reported that Forsythe had interviewed Tombstone residents and examined many of the existing buildings before beginning to plan his painting . In May 1988 , his studio printed and sold a limited edition of 390 copies of the painting . John Gilchriese became friends with John Flood , who had been Wyatt Earp 's secretary , confidante , and best friend for many years . When Earp died , Flood inherited many of his personal belongings . Flood in turn willed them to Gilchriese , who amassed over a number of years one of the largest collections of personal items belonging to Wyatt and Virgil Earp , along with many unpublished photos of them and their family . Gilchriese opened the Wyatt Earp Museum in Tombstone in 1966 and commissioned Western artist Don Perceval to paint the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral . The oil on masonite painting titled The Street Fight is 6 feet 4 inches by 4 feet ( 1.93 m by 1.22 m ) . It was the largest work ever executed by Perceval . He referred to original documents in Gilchriese 's collection , including Wyatt Earp 's own diagram of the shootout , and unpublished notes made by John Flood , to create what is regarded as the most accurate depiction of the shootout . Gilchreise had 500 lithographic prints reproduced from the original , which Perceval signed . The prints were sold by the museum for $10 . After Gilchriese closed his museum , the painting and other contents of the museum were sold at auction by John 's Western Gallery of San Francisco . The estimated auction price for the painting had been $200,000 to $300,000 ; the final sale price on June 25 , 2004 was $40,250 . It was put up for auction again on June 14 , 2014 with an estimated selling price of $40,000 -- $60,000 but failed to sell . Origin of the gunfight 's name ( edit ) Less than a month after the shootout it was described by a local newspaper as the `` Gunfight at The O.K. Corral ''. Breakenridge in his 1928 book Helldorado : Bringing Law to the Mesquite as `` The Incident Near the O.K. Corral . '' Stuart Lake titled his chapter about the conflict `` At the O.K. Corral '' in his popular book Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal . But it was the popular movie Gunfight at the O.K. Corral that cemented the incident and its erroneous location in popular consciousness . The movie and accompanying mythologizing also altered the way that the public thought of the Earps and the outlaws . Prior to the movie , the media often criticized the Earps ' actions in Tombstone . In the movies , they became the good guys , always ready to stand for what is right . The incident has become a fixture in American history due to the personal nature of the feud between the Earps and the McLaury and Clanton brothers and the symbolism of the fight between lawmen and the Cowboys . The Cowboys maimed Virgil and murdered Morgan but escaped prosecution , and Wyatt 's extra-legal campaign for revenge captured people 's attention . The gunfight and its aftermath stand for the change overcoming America as the Western frontier ceased to exist , as a nation that was rapidly industrializing pushed out what had been a largely agrarian economy . Daily reenactment at the O.K. Corral The town of Tombstone has capitalized on interest in the gunfight . A portion of the town is a historical district that has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. National Park Service . A local company produces daily theatrical re-enactments of the gunfight . Film and television ( edit ) With the widespread sales of televisions after World War II , producers spun out a large number of western - oriented shows . At the height of their popularity in 1959 , there were more than two dozen `` cowboy '' programs on each week . At least six of them were directly or indirectly connected with Wyatt Earp : The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp , Bat Masterson , Tombstone Territory , Broken Arrow , Johnny Ringo , and Gunsmoke . Hugh O'Brian portrayed Earp on the namesake show Wyatt Earp which ran for six seasons , and he was forever associated with that role . A 2003 episode of Discovery Channel 's Unsolved History used modern technology to attempt to re-enact the gunfight . They utilized a movie set to recreate a space similar to the lot where the original gun fight took place . They confirmed that the front - to - back wrist wound suffered by Billy Clanton could only have occurred if his arm was raised in the manner of one holding a pistol , and that the black powder may have obscured the shooters ' view of each other . The episode concluded that the three eyewitnesses for the prosecution ( Sheriff Behan , Ike Clanton , and Billy Clanton ) likely offered perjured testimony . They found that Tom McLaury may have been hit by the shotgun round under his armpit as he reached over his horse for a rifle in his scabbard , as the horse turned away from him at the same time . The stories about the gunfight written in the 20th century affected American culture . Numerous dramatic , fictional , and documentary works have been produced about or in reference to the event , with varying degrees of accuracy . These works include : Law and Order ( 1932 ) with Walter Huston Frontier Marshal ( 1934 ) with George O'Brien Dodge City ( 1939 ) with Errol Flynn Frontier Marshal ( 1939 ) with Randolph Scott Tombstone , the Town Too Tough to Die ( 1942 ) with Richard Dix My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) with Henry Fonda Angel and the Badman ( 1947 ) with John Wayne The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp ( 1955 ) , TV series with Hugh O'Brian Wichita ( 1955 ) with Joel McCrea Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) with Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas Warlock ( 1959 ) with Henry Fonda , who had played Earp by name in My Darling Clementine ; he plays a fictionalized version named Clay Blaisdell in this film . Cheyenne Autumn ( 1964 ) with James Stewart Gunmen of the Rio Grande ( 1965 ) The Gunfighters ( 1966 ) , a Doctor Who serial Hour of the Gun ( 1967 ) with James Garner `` Spectre of the Gun '' ( 1968 ) , an original Star Trek episode Doc ( 1971 ) written by Pete Hamill `` Showdown at O.K. Corral '' ( 1972 ) , an Appointment with Destiny episode narrated by Lorne Greene `` Ghost Fight at the OK Corral '' ( 1987 ) , The Real Ghostbusters episode Tombstone ( 1993 ) with Kurt Russell Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) with Kevin Costner `` Shootout at Fly 's Photographic Studio '' , a History Bites episode Days That Shook the World ( 2004 ) in the episode `` Rule of the Gun '' . In print ( edit ) Saint Johnson ( 1930 ) , ISBN 978 - 2330051051 -- A novel by W.R. Burnett . A thinly fictionalized depiction of the conflict between the outlaws and the law officers . Who Rides with Wyatt ( 1955 ) , ISBN 978 - 0843942927 -- A novel by Will Henry . Warlock ( 1958 ) , ISBN 978 - 1590171615 -- A novel by Oakley Hall . Bloody Season ( 1987 ) , ISBN 978 - 0515125313 -- A novel by Loren D. Estleman , a carefully researched depiction of events leading up the shootout and gunfight itself . Frontier Earth ( 1999 ) , ISBN 978 - 0441005895 -- a sci - fi / western novel by actor Bruce Boxleitner , about the events leading up to the gunfight . The Return of Little Big Man ( 1999 ) , ISBN 978 - 0316091176 -- in which novelist Thomas Berger 's wandering protagonist Jack Crabb becomes a witness to the event . Gunman 's Rhapsody ( 2001 ) , ISBN 978 - 0425182895 -- by Robert B. Parker Telegraph Days ( 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0739470169 -- a novel by Larry McMurtry , includes a representation of the gunfight , told by a fictional journalist and eyewitness Territory ( July 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 0312857356 -- a novel by Emma Bull offers a fantasy retelling of the events leading up to the fight . The Buntline Special ( 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 1616142490 -- by Mike Resnick , a Steampunk re-imagining of the gunfight . The Last Kind Words Saloon ( 2014 ) , ISBN 978 - 0393351194 -- by Larry McMurtry , culminates with a version of the gunfight . Epitaph : A Novel of the O.K. Corral ( 2015 ) , ISBN 978 - 0062198778 -- by Mary Doria Russell tells Wyatt Earp 's story . In mathematics ( edit ) David Williams and Paul McIlroy introduced a mathematical model for the O.K. Corral gunfight , which they published in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society ( 1998 ) . Later this model was analyzed by Sir John Kingman ( 1999 , 2002 ) , and Kingman and Volkov ( 2003 ) . They analyzed the probability of `` survival of exactly S gunmen given an initially fair configuration . '' In Music ( edit ) Tombstone A song by the Swedish power metal band Civil War References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Michael ( July 30 , 2005 ) . Wyatt Earp . p. 95 . ISBN 1583413391 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shootout at the OK Corral '' . History Channel . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone , Arizona -- Boothill '' . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : WGBH American Experience : Wyatt Earp , Complete Program Transcript . January 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Old Tombstone '' . Discover Arizona . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Skeleton Canyon '' . Ghost Towns of Arizona . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lubet , Steven ( 2004 ) . Murder in Tombstone : the Forgotten Trial of Wyatt Earp . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11527 - 7 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Walter Noble ( 1 September 1999 ) . Tombstone : An Iliad of the Southwest . UNM Press . pp. 252 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2154 - 1 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opinions of the Press '' . 2 ( 32 ) . Tombstone , Arizona : The Tombstone Epitaph . December 26 , 1881 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Joe ( March 2011 ) . `` Born to Uphold the Law : Frank Sulloway 's Principles Applied to the Earp - Clanton Feud of 1879 -- 1882 '' ( PDF ) . Drexel University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Did Tom McLaury Have a Gun '' . September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Did Tom McLaury Have a Gun '' . HistoryNet . September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Desperate Street Fight '' . The Daily Nugget . October 27 , 1881 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barra , Allen ( 2008 ) . Inventing Wyatt Earp : His Life and Many Legends . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . p. 440 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2058 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Love , Harold O. ( March 1979 ) . `` The Gunfight At The O.K. Corral '' . www.jcs-group.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Marshall ( September 1 , 2004 ) . `` Has an original copy of the official inquest into the O.K. Corral shooting survived ? A book by Al Turner purports to include the complete testimonies of the participants , but I also read that the original findings were lost in one of Tombstone 's fires '' . True West . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` The Earp - Holliday Trial : An Account '' . University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Law . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1023000 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp History Page '' . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ashford , David ( September 3 , 1994 ) . `` First action hero : Wyatt Earp was an elderly movie groupie who failed to make it as an extra ... '' The Independent . London . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Swansburg , John ( November -- December 2004 ) . `` Wyatt Earp Takes the Stand '' . LegalAffairs.com . Jump up ^ Adams Jr. , Ramon F. ( 1989 ) . Burs Under the saddle : A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West ( First ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2170 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Virgil Earp -- Upholding the Law of the West '' . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp '' . Legends of America . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guinn , Jeff . The Last Gunfight : The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral and How it Changed the American West ( First hardcover ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 5424 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Gary L. ( 2007 ) . Doc Holliday : The Life and Legend . New York , NY : Wiley , J. ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12822 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Leo Silva ( Jan -- Feb 2003 ) . `` Was Wyatt Earp a good guy who was both a gambler and a lawman by profession ? Or was he a bad guy who wore a badge merely to protect his crooked gambling interests ? '' . 9 ( 5 ) . Active Interest Media , Inc. : 106 . ISSN 1079 - 3690 . Jump up ^ Miller , Nyle H. ; Snell , Joseph W. ( 2003 ) . Why the West Was Wild : A Contemporary Look at the Antics of Some Highly Publicized Kansas Cowtown Personalities . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0806135267 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ramon F. ( 1989 ) . Burs Under the Saddle : A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West ( First paperback ed . ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 0806121703 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lake , Stuart N. ( 1994 ) . Wyatt Earp , Frontier Marshal . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 9780671885373 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , Paul I. ( 1988 ) . The Trampling Herd : The Story of the Cattle Range in America . illustrated by F. Miller ( reprint . Philadelphia 1939 . ed . ) . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9723 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp in Popular Culture '' . American Experience . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Dan ( November 1999 ) . `` Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of America : Doc Holliday '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Joshua Webb '' . Legends of America . Jump up ^ History.com . `` Doc Holliday Kills for the First Time '' . This Day in History . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gamblers ' War in Tombstone '' . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tensions Grow in Tombstone , Arizona , After a Stage Coach Robbery '' . History.com . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Law in Tombstone '' . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Paul Lee ( July 30 , 2012 ) . The McLaurys in Tombstone , Arizona : An O.K. Corral Obituary ( First ed . ) . Denton , Texas : University of North Texas Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1574414509 . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Ordinances Enforced by the Earps in the OK Corral Shoot - out '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( ed . ) ( 1992 ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest . Jump up ^ Casey Tefertiller ( 1997 ) . Wyatt Earp : The Life Behind the Legend . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18967 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Paula Mitchell Marks ( 1989 ) . And Die in the West : the Story of the O.K. Corral Gunfight . New York : Morrow . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70614 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Doc Holliday '' . Outlaws & Gunslingers Legends . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of Wyatt S. Earp in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Archived from the original on 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Gunfight at the O.K. Corral at Find a Grave Jump up ^ John H. Flood Manuscript , 1926 , p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Wyatt vs. Curly '' . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cochise County Arizona '' . County Website . Cochise County . 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Breakenridge , William M. ; Brown , Richard Maxwell . ( 1992 ) . Helldorado : Bringing the Law to the Mesquite . Lincoln , NB : University of Nebraska Press . p. 448 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6100 - 6 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Times of Billy Clanton 1862 -- 1881 '' . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Arizona Affairs '' An Interview With Virgil W. Earp -- Tombstone History Archives ( originally published by the San Francisco Examiner on May 28 , 1882 ) `` . Real West Magazine . January 1982 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Bill ( 1979 ) . Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2335 - 6 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone , AZ '' . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wyatt Earp Trial : 1881 -- A Mysterious Stage Coach Robbery -- Clanton , Holliday , Told , Leonard , Doc , and Ike '' . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History Raiders '' . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , William ( 2009 ) . History 's Greatest Lies : the Startling Truths Behind World Events our History Books Got Wrong . Beverly , MA : Fair Winds Press . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 59233 - 336 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jahns , Patricia ( 1998 ) . The Frontier World of Doc Holliday . Lincoln , NB : University of Nebraska Press . p. 305 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 7608 - 6 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Ball , Larry Durwood . The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories , 1846 -- 1912 . University of New Mexico Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 0617 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` The McLaury Brother 's Tombstone Story pt. II '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone History -- Ike Clanton '' . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp : Timeline -- Tombstone and Increasing Tensions '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Barra , Alan . `` Who Was Wyatt Earp ? '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 7 May 2006 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Cecilia ( June 4 , 2000 ) . `` LA Then and Now : Mrs. Wyatt Earp Packed Her Own Punch '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marks , Paula Mitchell ( 1996 ) . And Die in the West : The Story of the O.K. Corral Gunfight ( paperback ed . ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2888 - 7 . Jump up ^ Calchi , Pat ( Fall 2000 ) . `` Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp '' . New York : Western Women 's Autobiographies Database . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Aker , Andrea ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` Doc Goodfellow : Arizona 's Gutsiest Physician from the Territorial Days '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers Due This Evening '' . Los Angeles Herald . 17 ( 29 ) . March 25 , 1882 . p. 3 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete List of Historical Women -- Last Name Begins with B '' . LegendsofAmerica.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Woog , Adam ( February 28 , 2010 ) . Wyatt Earp . Chelsea House Publications . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 60413 - 597 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tefertiller , Casey . Wyatt Earp -- Life Behind The Legend . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Decision of Judge Wells Spicer after the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . November 30 , 1881 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Karen Holliday ; Dearment , Robert K. ( 2001 ) . Doc Holliday : a Family Portrait . Norman : Univ Of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3320 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Spence -- Escaping the Wrath of the Earps '' . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Fred ( June 30 , 2005 ) . The Historical Atlas of American Crime . New York : Facts on File . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4841 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Daily Nugget , October 12 , 1880 Jump up ^ `` Doc Holliday '' . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of Ike Clanton in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of E.F. Boyle in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Turner , Alford E. ( 1981 ) . The OK Corral Inquest . College Station , Texas : Creative Publishing company . ISBN 0 - 932702 - 16 - 3 . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of R.J. Campbell in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of A. Bauer in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral '' . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of Virgil Earp in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Did Tom McLaury Have a Gun '' . HistoryNet . September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yesterday 's Tragedy '' . Tombstone Epitaph. 27 October 1881 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner 's Inquest '' . Tombstone Epitaph . October 29 , 1881 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Tefertiller , Casey ; Morey , Jeff . `` O.K. Corral : A Gunfight Shrouded in Mystery '' . HistoryNet.com . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Jack ( May 5 , 2000 ) . `` C.S. Fly : Frontier Photographer '' . Benson News - Sun . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of John Behan in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` New epitaphs for dead in O.K. Corral shootout '' . USA Today . May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Robert Houston McLaury Family '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp ( 1976 ) . I Married Wyatt Earp . Glenn G. Boyer , editor . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . Jump up ^ Shillingberg , William B. ( Summer 1976 ) . `` Wyatt Earp and the Buntline Special Myth '' . Kansas Historical Quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 154 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online : The Gunfight at the OK Corral '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of Addie Bourland in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of Martha King in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Paul ( 11 October 2010 ) . `` $380,000 for Wyatt Earp 's sketch of the infamous Gunfight at the OK Corral '' . Paul Fraser Collectibles . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morey , Jeffrey J. `` The Streetfight by Jeff Morey -- Tombstone History Archives '' . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gilchriese Collections '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco : Johns ' Western Gallery . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ortega , Tony ( 24 December 1998 ) . `` Who Shot First ? '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Scott P. ( August 2003 ) . Gunfight at the O.K. Corral : Wyatt Earp Upholds the Law . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 4393 - 7 . Jump up ^ Weir , William ( 2009 ) . History 's Greatest Lies : the Startling Truths Behind World Events our History Books Got Wrong . Beverly , Mass. : Fair Winds Press . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 59233 - 336 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Steve . `` Inquest '' . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wyatt Earp -- Frontier Lawman of the American West -- Page 5 '' . legendsofamerica.com . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morey , Jeff . `` Blaze Away '' . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed . ( November 7 , 1881 ) . `` Testimony of William F. Claiborne '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas , ed . ( November 7 , 1881 ) . `` Testimony of Wesley Fuller '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Another Chapter in the Bloody Episode '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Fred ; Lake , Carolyn ( 1999 ) . Under Cover for Wells Fargo The Unvarnished Recollections of Fred Dodge . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3106 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Daily Nugget , October 27 , 1881 ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas , ed . ( November 30 , 1881 ) . `` Decision of Judge Wells Spicer after the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Guinn , Jeff . The Last Gunfight : The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral and How it Changed the American West ( First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 5424 - 3 . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of Albert Billickie in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` Full Details for Lot 522 '' . Wyatt Earp 's sketch map of gunfight . Alexander Autographs . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of P.H. Fallehy and clerk 's cover and file sheet '' . Cochise County Clerk of the Superior Court . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erwin , Richard E. ( March 22 , 2000 ) . The Tuth about Wyatt Earp . San Jose , CA : iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0595001279 . Jump up ^ `` The Clanton Gang aka The Cowboys '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virgil Earp '' . Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul Lee . `` 2014 Six - Shooter Award : The Will of McLaury '' . History Net . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Tefertiller , Casey ; Morey , Jeff ( October 2001 ) . `` O.K. Corral : A Gunfight Shrouded in Mystery '' . Wild West Magazine . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas ( 2005 ) . `` The Earp - Holliday Trial '' . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Testimony of William Allen in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp - Holliday Case '' . Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial . Famous Trials . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . From Turner , Alford ( Ed . ) , The O.K. Corral Inquest ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` The Spicer Hearing Testimony of H.F. Stills '' . Western Outlaw . Archived from the original on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ledoux , Gary ( August 1 , 2010 ) . Tombstone Tales ; Stories from The Town too Tough to Die ... and Beyond . Goose Flats Publishing . ASIN B003YDXJJ4 . Jump up ^ Fattig , Tim . `` Tombstone Times -- Wyatt Earp , Tombstonian '' . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ de Haas , David D. `` Victor Clyde Forsythe -- Art of the West '' . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 44098 : Wonderful Painting of the O.K. Corral Gunfight , '' . Live Auctioneers . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Gunfight Recreated On Canvas '' . version October 17 , 1966 Tucson , Arizona : Tucson Daily Citizen . October 17 , 1966 . p. 21 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Magazine '' . 48 ( 2 ) . February 2003 : 141 . ISSN 1522 - 9149 . Jump up ^ `` Lot 44098 : Wonderful Painting of the O.K. Corral Gunfight , Commissioned by John Gilchriese in 1966 for his Legendary Tombstone Museum '' . June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ DeArment , Robert K. ( 1989 ) . Bat Masterson : The Man and the Legend . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2221 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Historic District '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` O.K. Corral '' . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Shoot - Out at the O.K. Corral . Unsolved History . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Shoot - Out at the O.K. Corral on IMDb Jump up ^ Silva , Robert ( 10 October 2009 ) . `` The Ten Faces of Wyatt Earp -- From Kevin Costner to Erroll Flynn '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodge City on IMDb Jump up ^ Frontier Marshall on IMDb Jump up ^ Tombstone , the Town Too Tough to Die on IMDb Jump up ^ Angel and the Badman on IMDb Jump up ^ My Darling Clementine on IMDb Jump up ^ Wichita on IMDb Jump up ^ Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on IMDb Jump up ^ Gunmen of the Rio Grande on IMDb Jump up ^ Doctor Who on IMDb Jump up ^ Hour of the Gun on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Spectre of the Gun '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Doc on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Ghost Fight at the OK Corral '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Tombstone on IMDb Jump up ^ Wyatt Earp on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Gunfight at the O.K. Corral '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The O.K. Corral / Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Solution to the OK Corral Model via Decoupling of Friedman 's Urn '' . Journal of Theoretical Probability. 16 ( 1 ) : 267 -- 276 . January 2003 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Further reading ( edit ) Steve Gatto ( 2000 ) . The Real Wyatt Earp : A Documentary Biography . Silver City : High - Lonesome Books . ISBN 0 - 944383 - 50 - 5 . Allen Barra ( 1998 ) . Inventing Wyatt Earp : His Life and Many Legends . New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0685 - 6 . An analysis of the O.K. Corral fight . Casey Tefertiller ( 1997 ) . Wyatt Earp : The Life Behind the Legend . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18967 - 7 . A discussion of the police issues and moral issues relating to the O.K. Corral shootings . Paula Mitchell Marks ( 1989 ) . And Die in the West : the Story of the O.K. Corral Gunfight . New York : Morrow . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70614 - 4 . Examines the gunfight , vendettas , and the myth - making about the gunfight . Grace McCool ( 1990 ) . Gunsmoke : The True Story of Old Tombstone . Tucson : Treasure Chest Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 918080 - 52 - 5 . Alford E. Turner ( 1981 ) . The O.K. Corral Inquest . College Station , Texas : Creative Publishing Co. , . ISBN 0 - 932702 - 14 - 7 . Jeffrey J. Morey ( October -- December 1994 ) . `` The Curious Vendetta of Glenn G. Boyer '' . Quarterly of the National Association for Outlaw and Lawman History ( NOLA ) . XVIII ( 4 ) : 22 -- 28 . Glenn G. Boyer , editor ( 1998 ) . I Married Wyatt Earp : The Recollections of Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 0583 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Largely discredited by later historians and researchers . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gunfight at the O.K. Corral . Witness Transcripts Legal and Court History of Cochise County The Inquest answers reprinted from The Daily Nugget Linder , Douglas , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Famous Trials : The O.K. Corral Trial '' . Transcript of Wyatt Earp 's Testimony Wyatt Earp Photo Page at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2008 ) Clanton Family History Cochise County in the Old West Rural outlaw cowboys and allies vs. business owners , townspeople , and the law Supporting rural interests Lawmen Johnny Behan Billy Breakenridge Phin Clanton Johnny Ringo Frank Stilwell Cowboys , smugglers , ranchers Frederick Bode William `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Billy Claiborne Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Newman `` Old Man '' Clanton Phin Clanton Jim Crane `` Indian Charlie '' Cruz Pony Diehl Harry `` The Kid '' Head Bill Hicks Milt Hicks Bill Johnson Luther King Bill Leonard Ed Lyle Johnny Lyle Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Frank Patterson Johnny Ringo Pete Spence Frank Stilwell Supporting town interests Lawmen John Clum Crawley Dake Wyatt Earp Warren Earp Morgan Earp Virgil Earp George McKelvey Bob Paul Charles A. Shibell Ben Sippy John Slaughter Fred White Gamblers , businessmen , cowboys , ranchers Fred Dodge James Earp Jack `` Turkey Creek '' Johnson Doc Holliday Henry Hooker Buckskin Frank Leslie Sherman McMaster George W. Parsons Charles `` Hairlip Charlie '' Smith John `` Texas Jack '' Vermillion Daniel `` Tip '' Tipton Marshall Williams C.S. Fly Conflicts and events Skeleton Canyon Massacres Guadalupe Canyon Massacre Gunfight at the O.K. Corral O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath Earp Vendetta Ride Locations Cochise County Benson Bisbee Charleston Contention Fairbank Fort Huachuca Tombstone Tucson Contention City Gunfights and feuds in the Old West Gunfights Gunfight at Hide Park Goingsnake massacre Battle of Bates Point Gunfight at Blazer 's Mill Battle of Lincoln ( 1878 ) Variety Hall shootout Mussel Slough Tragedy Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight Guadalupe Canyon Massacre Battle of the Plaza Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Trinidad Gunfight Vaudeville Theater ambush Hunnewell gunfight Frisco shootout Battle of Cimarron Battle of Stone Corral Battle of Tres Jacales Battle of Ingalls Gunfight at Morenci Blackwell gunfight Shootout on Juneau Wharf Hot Springs gunfight Shootout at Wilson Ranch Gunfight in Moab Battleground Gunfight Chinese Massacre Cove Big Fight at the Jenkins Saloon Thibodaux massacre Gunfight at Spokogee Canyon Diablo shootout Shootout in Benson Naco Gunfight Battle of Eufaula Shootout in Sonoratown Gleeson gunfight Power 's Cabin shootout Skeleton Canyon shootout Duels and Showdowns Sandbar Fight Hickok -- Tutt Shootout Duels of Jim Levy Duels of Tom Carberry Short -- Courtright Shootout Bull -- Peel Duel Mart Duggan Duel Long Branch Saloon gunfight South Pass Shootout Walker - Graham Duel Anderson - McCluskie Duel Burton Mossman Duel Silks - Fulton Duel Higgins - Standifer Duel Western Code Duello Feuds Railroad Wars County seat war Tutt -- Everett War Regulator -- Moderator War Lincoln County War Lee -- Peacock feud Sutton -- Taylor feud Horrell -- Higgins feud Brooks -- Baxter War Colorado Railroad War Earp Vendetta Ride Dodge City War Las Cuevas War Flynn -- Doran feud Gray County War Jaybird -- Woodpecker War Enid -- Pond Creek Railroad War Brooks -- McFarland feud Reese -- Townsend feud McIntosh County Seat War Deschutes Railroad War Boyce -- Sneed feud Placer County Railroad War Bellevue War Colorado Labor Wars Idaho labor strike Range wars Johnson County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Castaic Range War Colorado Range War Colfax County War San Elizario Salt War Bandit War Fence Cutting Wars Sheep Wars Sheepshooters ' War Stuart 's Stranglers Hashknife Outfit Deep Creek murders Spring Creek raid Robberies Jonathan R. Davis Gunfight Northfield Bank Robbery Skeleton Canyon massacres Battle of Coffeyville Canyon Diablo Train Robbery Wham Paymaster robbery Black Bart Robberies Fairbank Train Robbery Gage Train Robbery Big Springs Robbery Overland Flyer Train Robbery Baxter 's Curve Train Robbery Jarbidge Stage Robbery See also Gunfighter Cowboy Lexington murders Bisbee massacre Hay Meadow massacre Rock Springs massacre Morewood massacre Further information : List of Old West gunfights , List of Old West gunfighters , and List of Old West lawmen American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C. Frémont Liver - Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis William John Murphy John Wesley Powell Jedediah Smith Ora Rush Weed Henry Wickenburg Brigham Young Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Irataba Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Sitting Bull Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Henry Garfias Pat Garrett Jack Helm `` Wild Bill '' Hickok Bat Masterson `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William `` Bill '' Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Bill Dalton Bill Doolin John Wesley Hardin Johnny Ringo Jesse James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta Cochise County Cowboys Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Cole Younger Soldiers and scouts Frederick Russell Burnham Kit Carson `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody Texas Jack Omohundro James C. Cooney George Crook George Armstrong Custer Samuel P. Heintzelman Tom Horn Calamity Jane Luther Kelly Ranald S. Mackenzie Charley Reynolds Philip Sheridan Al Sieber Others John Jacob Astor William H. Boring Jonathan R. Davis George Flavel C.S. Fly John Joel Glanton George E. Goodfellow Doc Holliday Seth Kinman Nat Love Sylvester Mowry Emperor Norton Annie Oakley Thomas William Sweeny Jack Swilling Native Americans Apache Arapaho Arikara Assiniboine ( Nakota ) Blackfoot Cahuilla Cayuse Cheyenne Chinook Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) Caddo Cocopah Comanche Crow Dakota Five Civilized Tribes Hidatsa Hopi Hualapai Kickapoo Kiowa Ktunaxa Kumeyaay Lakota Mandan Maricopa Modoc Mohave Navajo Nez Perce Nootka ( Nuu - chah - nulth ) Paiute Pawnee Pend d'Oreilles Pima Pueblo Shoshone Sioux Tohono O'odham Tonkawa Umpqua Ute Washoe Yaqui Yavapai Yuma ( Quechan ) Frontier culture American bison Barbed wire Boot Hill Cattle drive Cowboy poetry Cattle rustling Cow town Fast draw Ghost town Gunfights Homesteading Land rush Manifest destiny Moonshine One - room schoolhouse Rodeo Stagecoach Train robbery Vigilante justice Western saloon Tack piano Westward expansion Wild West shows Transport and trails Barlow Road Bozeman Trail Butterfield Trail California Trail Chisholm Trail Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail Lolo Pass Meek Cutoff Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Santa Fe Trail Southern Emigrant Trail Tanner Trail First Transcontinental Railroad Folklore Dead man 's hand Dime novel John Henry Johnny Kaw Lone Ranger Long Tom 's treasure Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Montezuma 's treasure Paul Bunyan Pecos Bill Seven Cities of Gold Gold rushes Black Hills Gold Rush California Gold Rush Confederate Gulch and Diamond City Klondike Gold Rush Pike 's Peak Gold Rush Gunfights Battle of Coffeyville Battle of Lincoln Frisco shootout Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Sand Creek massacre Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp - Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton -- Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Influence Western genre Western lifestyle Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Pine Ridge Rapid City Yankton Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St. Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Sill Oklahoma City Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie Coordinates : 31 ° 42 ′ 50 '' N 110 ° 04 ′ 03 '' W / 31.71389 ° N 110.06750 ° W / 31.71389 ; - 110.06750 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral&oldid=808529948 '' Categories : Arizona folklore 1881 in Arizona Territory Conflicts in 1881 American Old West gunfights American folklore History of Cochise County , Arizona Cochise County conflict Crimes in Arizona Territory October 1881 events Tombstone , Arizona Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Pages with login required references or sources Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from January 2014 Good articles CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 12 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was killed in the ok corral gunfight	[ "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second shootout between lawmen and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp, and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys, who objected to the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers who were spread thin over vast territories.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second shootout between lawmen and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp, and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys, who objected to the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers who were spread thin over vast territories." ]	[ "Billy Clanton", "Tom and Frank McLaury" ]
-6975699768128687808	Row, Row, Row Your Boat	Row , row , row your boat - wikipedia Row , row , row your boat Jump to : navigation , search `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' Sheet music Nursery rhyme Published 1852 `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' is an English language nursery rhyme and a popular children 's song . It can also be an `` action '' nursery rhyme , whose singers sit opposite one another and `` row '' forwards and backwards with joined hands . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19236 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Origins 3 Additional or alternative verses 4 Notes and references Lyrics ( edit ) The most common modern version is often sung as a round for four voice parts ( play ( help info ) ) . A possible arrangement for SATB is as follows : Soprano Contralto Tenor Bass Row , row , row your boat , Gently down the stream . Row , row , row your boat , Merrily , merrily , merrily , merrily , Gently down the stream . Row , row , row your boat , Life is such a dream . Merrily , merrily , merrily , merrily , Gently down the stream . Row , row , row your boat , Life is such a dream . Merrily , merrily , merrily , merrily , Gently down the stream . Life is such a dream . Merrily , merrily , merrily , merrily , Life is but a dream . The text above is often sung multiple times in succession to allow for the different voices to interweave with each other , forming four - part harmony . Origins ( edit ) It has been suggested that the song may have originally arisen out of American minstrelsy . The earliest printing of the song is from 1852 , when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today , but with a very different tune . It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune . The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881 , mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter . Additional or alternative verses ( edit ) People often add additional verses , a form of children 's street culture , with the intent of either extending the song or ( especially in the case of more irreverent versions ) to make it funny , parody it , or substitute another sensibility for the perceived innocent one of the original . In Bean , where Rowan Atkinson ( Mr. Bean ) and Peter MacNicol ( David Langley ) also used this parody singing in the film . Versions include : Row , row , row your boat , Gently down the stream . If you see a crocodile , Do n't forget to scream . And : Row , row , row your boat , Gently down the stream . Throw your teacher overboard And listen to her scream . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Studwell , S.M. ( 1997 ) . The Americana Song Reader . New York : Haworth Press . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 7890 - 0150 - 0 . Jump up ^ Johnson , B. & Cloonan , M. ( 2009 ) . Dark Side of the Tune : Popular Music and Violence . Aldershot : Ashgate . p. 98 . ISBN 1 - 4094 - 0049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot , C. ( 1997 ) . The Culture of Adolescent Risk - Taking Culture and Human Development . New York : Guilford Press . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 232 - 1 . ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row,_Row,_Row_Your_Boat&oldid=798284791 '' Categories : 1852 songs American nursery rhymes Children 's songs Roud Folk Song Index songs Rounds ( music ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français മലയാളം Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 00 : 59 . About Wikipedia	where did row your boat song come from	[ "It has been suggested that the song may have originally arisen out of American minstrelsy. The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune. It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune. The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter.[1]" ]	[ "American minstrelsy" ]
8426767336389223352	Admission to the Union	Admission to the Union - wikipedia Admission to the Union For the admission of new member states to the European Union , see Enlargement of the European Union . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution , oftentimes called the New States Clause , and found at Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 , authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect . The Constitution went into effect on June 21 , 1788 , after ratification by 9 of the 13 states , and the federal government began operations under it on March 4 , 1789 . Since then , 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence . Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress , all but six have been established within an existing U.S. organized incorporated territory . A state so created might encompass all or a portion of a territory . When the people of a territory or a region thereof would make their desire for statehood known to the federal government , in most cases Congress passed an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory or region to frame a proposed state constitution as a step toward admission to the Union . Although the use of an enabling act was a common historic practice , a number of states were admitted to the Union without one . In many instances , an enabling act would detail the mechanism by which the territory would be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers . Although the use of such an act is a traditional historic practice , a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted . The broad outline for this process was established by the Land Ordinance of 1784 and the 1787 Northwest Ordinance , both of which predate the present U.S. Constitution . The Admission to the Union Clause also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress . The primary intent of this caveat was to give Eastern states that still had western land claims ( there were four at that time ) a veto over whether their western counties could become states . This clause has served the same function since , each time a proposal to partition an existing state or states has arisen . Contents 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Articles of Confederation 2.2 1787 Constitutional Convention 3 Equal footing doctrine 4 Admission process 5 States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory 5.1 Notes 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References Text ( edit ) New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or Parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . Background ( edit ) Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Between 1781 and 1789 the United States was governed by a unicameral Congress , the Congress of the Confederation , which operated under authority granted to it by the Articles of Confederation , the nation 's first constitution . The 11th Article authorized Congress to admit new states to the Union provided nine states consented . Under the Articles , each state cast one vote on each proposed measure in Congress . During this period , the Confederation Congress enacted two ordinances governing the admission of new states into the Union . The first such ordinance was the Land Ordinance of 1784 , enacted April 23 , 1784 . Thomas Jefferson was its principal author . The Ordinance called for the land ( recently confirmed as part of the United States by the Treaty of Paris ) west of the Appalachian Mountains , north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to eventually be divided into ten separate states . Once a given area reached 20,000 inhabitants , it could call a constitutional convention and form a provisional government . Then , upon enacting a state constitution which affirmed that the new state would forever be part of the Confederation , would be subject to the Articles of Confederation and acts of Congress , would be subject to payment for federal debts and would not tax federal properties within the state border or tax non-residents at a rate higher than residents , and would have a republican form of government , and also after reaching a population equal to that of the least - populated of the established states , it would be admitted , on an equal footing with all other states , based on a majority vote in Congress . Jefferson 's original draft of the ordinance gave names to the proposed states , and also contained a provision that `` After the year 1800 there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of them . '' The 1784 ordinance was superseded three years later by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . Enacted by the Confederation Congress on July 13 , 1787 , it created the Northwest Territory , the first organized incorporated territory of the United States . The Northwest Ordinance ( Article V ) provided for the admission of several new states from within its bounds : There shall be formed in the said territory , not less than three nor more than five States ( ... ) And , whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein , such State shall be admitted , by its delegates , into the Congress of the United States , on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever , and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government : Provided , the constitution and government so to be formed , shall be republican , and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles ; and , so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy , such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period , and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand . Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress , it established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states , rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation . No new states were formed in the Northwest Territory under either ordinance . In August , 1789 , the ordinance was replaced by the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 , in which the new Congress ( under the present Constitution ) reaffirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications . The territory itself remained in existence until 1803 , when the southeastern portion of it was admitted to the Union as the State of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized . While the articles of Confederation were in effect , the Congress considered various ordinances admitting particular new states into the Union : On August 20 , 1781 , Congress passed a resolution stating conditions under which the Vermont Republic ( at the time a de facto but unrecognized sovereign state ) could enter the Union . It needed only to give up its claims to territory west of Lake Champlain and east of the Connecticut River . The following February , the legislature of Vermont agreed to those terms . However , Vermont 's admission would be delayed for nearly a decade , due largely to opposition from New York , which asserted a disputed claim to the region . On May 16 , 1785 , a resolution to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) to the Union was introduced in Congress . Eventually , seven states voted to admit what would have been the 14th state . This was , however , less than the nine states required by the Articles of Confederation . This would - be state was created in 1784 from part of the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains that had been offered by North Carolina as a cession to Congress to help pay off debts related to the Revolutionary War . It continued to exist as an extra-legal state through mid-1788 , when North Carolina re-assumed full control of the area . Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory , which still later became the state of Tennessee . In July , 1788 , Congress began deliberations on whether to admit Kentucky to the Union . Kentucky was then a part of Virginia . The legislature of Virginia had consented to the creation of the new state from its western district . However , when Congress began to discuss the matter , they received notification that New Hampshire had ratified the Constitution , becoming the ninth state to do so , causing it to go into effect in the ratifying states . Congress instead passed a resolution stating that it was `` unadvisable '' to admit a new state under those circumstances and the matter should wait until the federal government under the Constitution came into existence . As a result , no new states were admitted to the Union while the Articles of Confederation was in effect . 1787 constitutional convention ( edit ) At the 1787 Constitutional Convention , a proposal to include the phrase , `` new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States '' , in the new states clause was defeated . That proposal would have taken the policy articulated in the Ordinance of 1784 and made it a constitutional imperative . Many delegates objected to including the phrase however , fearing that the political power of future new western states would ultimately overwhelm that of the established eastern states . Delegates , understanding that the number of states would inevitably increase , did agree to include wording into this clause to preclude formation of a new state out of an established one without the consent of the established state as well as the Congress . It was anticipated that Kentucky ( which was a part of Virginia ) , Franklin ( which was a part of North Carolina , and later became part of the Southwest Territory ) , Vermont ( to which New York asserted a disputed claim ) , and Maine ( which was a part of Massachusetts ) , would become states . As a result of this compromise , new breakaway states are permitted to join the Union , but only with the proper consents . Equal footing doctrine ( edit ) Shortly after the new Constitution went into effect Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms with the existing 13 states , and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states . Thus the Congress , utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers , adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states . The constitutional principle derived from these actions is known as the equal footing doctrine . With the growth of states ' rights advocacy during the antebellum period , the Supreme Court asserted , in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan ( 1845 ) , that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality . Admission process ( edit ) The order in which the original 13 states ratified the constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union . Historically , most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated U.S. territory , created and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution . In some cases , an entire territory became a state ; in others some part of a territory became a state . In most cases , the organized government of a territory made known the sentiment of its population in favor of statehood , usually by referendum . Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution . Upon acceptance of that constitution , by the people of the territory and then by Congress , would adopt a joint resolution granting statehood and the President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union . While Congress , which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states , has usually followed this procedure , there have been occasions ( due to unique case - specific circumstances ) where it did not . Congress is under no obligation to admit states , even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood . In one instance , Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849 . It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress . In another , leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Seminole ) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905 , as a means to retain control of their lands . The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress . Instead , the Indian Territory was incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907 . Some U.S. territories existed only a short time before becoming states , while others remained territories for decades . The shortest - lived was Alabama Territory at 2 years , while New Mexico and Hawaii territories both were in existence for more than 50 years . The entry of several states into the Union has been delayed due to complicating factors . Among them , Michigan Territory , which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835 , was not admitted to the Union until 1837 , due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio . The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837 , but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years . Also , statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years ( 1854 -- 61 ) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions . Once established , most state borders have , with few exceptions , been generally stable . Notable exceptions include : the various portions ( the Western land claims ) of several original states ceded over a period of several years to the federal government , which in turn became the Northwest Territory , Southwest Territory , and Mississippi Territory ; the 1791 cession by Maryland and Virginia of land to create the District of Columbia ( Virginia 's portion was returned in 1847 ) ; and the creation , on at least three separate occasions , of a new state ( Kentucky , Maine and West Virginia ) from a region of an existing state ( Vermont was created from what was disputedly claimed to be a part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented ) ; two large additions to Nevada , which became a state in 1864 , were made in 1866 and 1867 . However , there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys , resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions , or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes . One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York , in which New Jersey won roughly 90 % of Ellis Island from New York in 1998 . States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory ( edit ) U.S. states that were never part of an organized territory . In addition to the original 13 , six subsequent states were never part of an organized incorporated U.S. territory . Kentucky , Maine , and West Virginia were each set off from already existing states . Texas and Vermont both entered the Union after having been sovereign states ( only de facto sovereignty in Vermont 's case , as the region was claimed by New York ) . California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican -- American War . State Date of admission Formed from California September 9 , 1850 Unorganized territory ( part ) Kentucky June 1 , 1792 Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties ) Maine March 15 , 1820 Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) Texas December 29 , 1845 Republic of Texas Vermont March 4 , 1791 Vermont Republic ( earlier known as the New Hampshire Grants ) West Virginia June 20 , 1863 Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Area Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The cession consisted of present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850 . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the state and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the state ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . The Act of Congress establishing Maine as the 23rd state was part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and on March 6 , 1790 the state of New York ceded its New Hampshire Grants claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars . Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for the creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents required to become a separate state . See also ( edit ) 51st state Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 Legal status of Hawaii Federalism in the United States List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union List of U.S. state partition proposals State cessions Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Perpetual Union Further reading ( edit ) The Uniting States : The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States , three volumes , edited by Benjamin F. Shearer , Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32703 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article IV : New States Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grupo de Investigadores Puertorriqueños ( 1984 ) . Breakthrough From Colonialism : An Interdisciplinary Study of Statehood. 1 . University of Puerto Rico . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 9780847724895 . OCLC 836947912 . Jump up ^ `` Report from the Committee for the Western Territory to the United States Congress '' . Envisaging the West : Thomas Jefferson and the Roots of Lewis and Clark . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and University of Virginia . March 1 , 1784 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ; July 13 , 1787 '' . Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance '' . loc.gov . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horsman , Reginald ( Autumn 1989 ) . `` The Northwest Ordinance and the Shaping of an Expanding Republic '' . The Wisconsin Magazine of History . Wisconsin Historical Society . 73 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . JSTOR 4636235 . Jump up ^ Mello , Robert A. ( 2014 ) . Moses Robinson and the Founding of Vermont . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ Vasan , Kesavan ( 2002 ) . `` When did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates , July 23 , 1787 '' . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ; Paulsen , Michael Stokes ( March 2002 ) . `` Is West Virginia Unconstitutional ? '' . California Law Review . University of California , Berkeley , School of Law . 90 ( 2 ) : 395 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property and Territory : Powers of Congress '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huddle , F.P. ( 1946 ) . `` Admission of new states '' . Editorial research reports . CQ Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Museum of the Red River -- The Choctaw '' . Museum of the Red River . 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Winders , Richard Bruce ( 2002 ) . Crisis in the Southwest : the United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 82 , 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2801 - 1 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States Got Their Shapes . New York : HarperCollins . pp. xvi , 334 . ISBN 9780061431395 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( May 27 , 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riccards , Michael P. ( 1997 ) . `` Lincoln and the Political Question : The Creation of the State of West Virginia '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 27 ( 3 ) : 549 -- 564 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 -- via Questia . Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- March 15 : The Pine Tree State '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. ( 200 ) . The fate of their country : politicians , slavery extension , and the coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Barre , Vermont : Vermont Historical Society . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- June 20 : Mountaineers Always Freemen '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which article gives congress the authority to admit new states to the union	[ "The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, oftentimes called the New States Clause, and found at Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect.\n" ]	[ "Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1" ]
-6892241601320940308	List of FA Community Shield matches	List of FA Community Shield matches - wikipedia List of FA Community Shield matches Jump to : navigation , search The FA Community Shield , which the winner receives The FA Community Shield ( formerly the Charity Shield ) is an annual association football match organised by the Football Association and presently contested between the champions of the Premier League and the winners of the FA Cup . In the event where a club achieves the domestic double , it will go on to face the league runners - up instead . The match is played every August as the `` traditional curtain - raiser '' to the new English domestic football season . Since 1974 , all but seven of the matches have been held at either the original or new Wembley stadiums . Stamford Bridge , which was where the inaugural Charity Shield was played in 1908 , has hosted the second-most finals with 11 . The format of the competition has been modified many times over the years . The game was initially contested between the champions of the Football League and the Southern Football League from its inception until 1912 , after which both professional and amateurs players participated . Following a six - year suspension as a result of the First World War , the competition resumed in 1920 with a game between the champions of the Football League First and Second Divisions . The following year saw the match arrangement changed again to become a match between the Football League champion and the winner of the FA Cup , switching several more times between the amateur / professional and league champion / FA Cup winner matches during the 1920s . From 1930 onwards it settled to a standard fixture between the FA Cup winner and the Football League champion , except on three occasions . In 1950 , the England World Cup squad played the England team who toured Canada that summer , while double - winning Tottenham Hotspur played an `` F.A. Selected XI '' in 1961 that was described by The Times as being an `` England team masquerading '' . A decade later in 1971 , Arsenal won the double and opted against contesting the Shield in favour of playing in more profitable friendlies in Europe ; Leicester City -- the champions of the Second Division -- took their place . Manchester United hold the record for the most victories , winning the competition 21 times since its inception . They also hold the distinction of having the most appearances ( 30 ) and most losses ( 9 ) . Although the Shield has had its share of historical moments -- from Eric Cantona 's first career hat - trick in 1992 , to Manchester United 's first loss of 1999 ending a streak of 33 consecutive games without a defeat -- it has been dismissed as a ceremonial friendly that is not on par with other domestic honours in terms of prestige . Winning the Shield has proven to be an unreliable indicator of success in the forthcoming season . Since the establishment of the Premier League in 1992 , only seven clubs that won the Shield proceeded to become League champions in the same season , the last being Manchester United in 2010 -- 11 . Indeed , Gianluca Vialli was sacked only weeks after guiding Chelsea to the victory in the 2000 match , following a lacklustre start to the season . The current holders are Arsenal , who defeated Chelsea in a penalty shootout after a 1 -- 1 draw in the 2017 edition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results 2 Results by club 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Results ( edit ) Manchester United won the first FA Charity Shield in 1908 ( trophy pictured at the front left ) . Key ( R ) Replay § Title was shared after match finished in a draw Match decided by a penalty shootout after full time Team was established for this match only FA Community Shield winners Year Winner ( s ) Score Runner - up Venue Attendance Ref ( s ) 1908 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Queens Park Rangers Stamford Bridge 6,000 1908 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Stamford Bridge 50,000 1909 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Northampton Town Stamford Bridge 7,000 1910 Brighton and Hove Albion 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Stamford Bridge 13,000 1911 Manchester United 8 -- 4 Swindon Town Stamford Bridge 10,000 1912 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queens Park Rangers White Hart Lane 7,100 1913 English Professionals XI 7 -- 2 English Amateurs XI The Den ( original ) 15,000 1920 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur White Hart Lane 38,168 1921 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Burnley White Hart Lane 18,000 1922 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Liverpool Old Trafford 20,000 1923 English Professionals XI 2 -- 0 English Amateurs XI Stamford Bridge 11,000 1924 English Professionals XI 3 -- 1 English Amateurs XI Highbury Stadium 10,000 1925 English Amateurs XI 6 -- 1 English Professionals XI White Hart Lane 5,000 1926 English Amateurs XI 6 -- 3 English Professionals XI Maine Road 1,500 1927 Cardiff City 2 -- 1 Corinthian Stamford Bridge 16,500 1928 Everton 2 -- 1 Blackburn Rovers Old Trafford 4,000 1929 English Professionals XI 3 -- 0 English Amateurs XI The Den ( original ) 6,000 1930 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday Stamford Bridge 18,000 1931 Arsenal 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Villa Park 21,276 1932 Everton 5 -- 3 Newcastle United St James ' Park 10,000 1933 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Everton Goodison Park 20,000 1934 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Manchester City Highbury Stadium 10,888 1935 Sheffield Wednesday 1 -- 0 Arsenal Highbury Stadium 15,000 1936 Sunderland 2 -- 1 Arsenal Roker Park 15,000 1937 Manchester City 2 -- 0 Sunderland Maine Road 14,000 1938 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Preston North End Highbury Stadium 7,233 1948 Arsenal 4 -- 3 Manchester United Highbury Stadium 31,000 1949 Portsmouth Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 1 -- Highbury Stadium 35,140 1950 England World Cup XI 4 -- 2 FA Canadian Touring Team Stamford Bridge 38,468 1951 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Newcastle United White Hart Lane 27,760 1952 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Newcastle United Old Trafford 11,381 1953 Arsenal 3 -- 1 Blackpool Highbury Stadium 39,853 1954 West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 4 -- Molineux Stadium 45,035 1955 Chelsea 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Stamford Bridge 12,802 1956 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Manchester City Maine Road 30,495 1957 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Old Trafford 27,923 1958 Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Burnden Park 36,029 1959 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Nottingham Forest Molineux Stadium 32,329 1960 Burnley Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 2 -- Turf Moor 19,873 1961 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 FA Select XI White Hart Lane 36,593 1962 Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 1 Ipswich Town Portman Road 20,067 1963 Everton 4 -- 0 Manchester United Goodison Park 54,844 1964 Liverpool West Ham United 2 -- 2 -- Anfield 38,858 1965 Liverpool Manchester United 2 -- 2 -- Old Trafford 48,502 1966 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Everton Goodison Park 63,329 1967 Manchester United Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 3 -- Old Trafford 54,106 1968 Manchester City 6 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion Maine Road 35,510 1969 Leeds United 2 -- 1 Manchester City Elland Road 39,835 1970 Everton 2 -- 1 Chelsea Stamford Bridge 43,547 1971 Leicester City 1 -- 0 Liverpool Filbert Street 25,104 1972 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Villa Park 34,859 1973 Burnley 1 -- 0 Manchester City Maine Road 23,988 Liverpool 1 -- 1 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 67,000 Derby County 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 59,000 1976 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Southampton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 76,500 1977 Liverpool Manchester United 0 -- 0 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,000 1978 Nottingham Forest 5 -- 0 Ipswich Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 68,000 1979 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,800 1980 Liverpool 1 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1981 Aston Villa Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,500 1982 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1984 Everton 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 Everton 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,000 1986 Everton Liverpool 1 -- 1 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 88,231 Everton 1 -- 0 Coventry City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 88,000 1988 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Wimbledon Wembley Stadium ( original ) 54,887 1989 Liverpool 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 63,149 1990 Liverpool Manchester United 1 -- 1 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 66,558 1991 Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 0 -- Wembley Stadium ( original ) 65,483 1992 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 61,291 1993 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 66,519 1994 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 60,402 1995 Everton 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 40,149 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 73,214 1997 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 73,636 1998 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 67,342 1999 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 70,185 2000 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 65,148 2001 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 70,227 2002 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Liverpool Millennium Stadium 67,337 2003 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 59,923 Arsenal 3 -- 1 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 63,317 2005 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 58,014 2006 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 56,275 2007 Manchester United 1 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 80,731 2008 Manchester United 0 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 84,808 2009 Chelsea 2 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 85,896 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 84,623 2011 Manchester United 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 77,169 2012 Manchester City 3 -- 2 Chelsea Villa Park 36,394 2013 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Wigan Athletic Wembley Stadium ( new ) 80,235 2014 Arsenal 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 71,523 2015 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 85,437 2016 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 85,437 2017 Arsenal 1 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 83,325 Results by club ( edit ) Arsenal ( team pictured after winning in 2014 ) are tied second all - time in Shields won ( 15 ) and tied second in final appearances ( 22 ) . Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence , or were established only for the purpose of playing in these matches . FA Community Shield winners by club Club Wins Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total appearances Manchester United 21 2016 9 2009 30 Arsenal 15 2017 7 2005 22 Liverpool 15 2006 6 2002 21 Everton 9 1995 1966 11 Tottenham Hotspur 7 1991 1982 9 Chelsea 2009 8 2017 12 Manchester City 2012 6 2014 10 English Professionals XI 1929 1926 6 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1960 1958 5 English Amateurs XI 1926 1929 6 West Bromwich Albion 1954 1968 Burnley 1973 1921 Leeds United 1992 Newcastle United 1909 5 6 Aston Villa 1981 1972 Blackburn Rovers 1912 1995 West Ham United 1964 1980 Leicester City 1971 2016 Nottingham Forest 1978 1959 Portsmouth 1949 2008 Sheffield Wednesday 1935 1930 Sunderland 1936 1937 Bolton Wanderers 1958 0 & -- Brighton and Hove Albion 1910 0 & -- Cardiff City 1927 0 & -- Derby County 0 & -- English World Cup XI 1950 0 & -- Huddersfield Town 1922 0 & -- Ipswich Town 0 & -- 1978 Queens Park Rangers 0 & -- 1912 Blackpool 0 & -- 1953 Corinthian 0 & -- 1927 Coventry City 0 & -- English FA Canadian Touring XI 0 & -- 1950 FA Select XI 0 & -- 1961 Northampton Town 0 & -- 1909 Preston North End 0 & -- 1938 Southampton 0 & -- 1976 Swindon Town 0 & -- 1911 Wigan Athletic 0 & -- 2013 Wimbledon 0 & -- 1988 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 2001 -- 2006 , the Millennium Stadium was the venue for Shield matches while the new Wembley Stadium was being constructed . In 2012 , the match was held at Villa Park because Wembley was hosting the Olympic football tournament . Jump up ^ Manchester United won 17 titles outright and shared 4 titles . Jump up ^ If the match finishes in a draw after 90 minutes , no extra time is played and the teams proceed directly to a penalty shootout . ^ Jump up to : This attendance figure is not exact and is only an approximation . Jump up ^ Liverpool won the 1974 match 6 -- 5 in a penalty shootout . Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1993 match 5 -- 4 in a penalty shootout . Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1997 match 4 -- 2 in a penalty shootout . Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2003 match 4 -- 3 in a penalty shootout . Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2007 match 3 -- 0 in a penalty shootout . Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2008 match 3 -- 1 in a penalty shootout . Jump up ^ Chelsea won the 2009 match 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout . Jump up ^ Villa Park replaced Wembley Stadium as the venue for the 2012 Community Shield match due to the latter 's hosting of the Olympic football tournament at the time . Jump up ^ Arsenal won the 2017 match 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout . References ( edit ) General `` English Community Shield : Honours '' . Statto.com . Archived from the original on 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . `` Community Shield '' . Footballsite.co.uk . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Ross , James . `` England -- List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Warren , Dan ( 5 August 2005 ) . `` Beware winning Community Shield '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Charity Shield '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 August 2001 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Community Shield '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 6 August 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` FA must find new venue for 2012 Community Shield '' . The Independent . London . Press Association . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Tom ( 18 May 2012 ) . `` Villa Park to host 2012 FA Community Shield '' . Goal.com . Perform Group . Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Community Shield quiz '' . BBC Sport . BBC . August 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Community Shield gallery '' . ChelseaFC.com . Chelsea FC. 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The F.A. Charity Shield '' . The Times . 7 October 1913 . p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` F.A. Charity Cup : Defeat of Tottenham Hotspur '' . The Times . 17 May 1920 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` F.A. Charity Shield : Burnley Beaten at Tottenham '' . The Times . 17 May 1921 . p. 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield '' . The Times . 17 July 1930 . p. 7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield Match '' . The Times . 2 September 1950 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tottenham Football Back In The Old Routine '' . The Times . 14 August 1961 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Liew , Jonathan ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Community Shield is generally contested by good teams who often win more things -- but does it mean anything ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevan , Chris ( 7 August 2016 ) . `` Leicester City 1 -- 2 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Joe ( 9 August 1992 ) . `` Cantona lifts the occasion : Champions flourish on French flair in a Wembley spectacle which outshone its modest promise '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Mark ( 2 August 1999 ) . `` Sweet Charity for Gunners as Parlour 's Strike Settles Issue ; Arsenal 2 Manchester United 1 '' . Birmingham Post . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Sheen , Tom ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` Arsenal winning the Community Shield does n't mean much in the title race -- just ask Chelsea , Manchester United and Liverpool '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brave Tracey has Liverpool fighting all way '' ( PDF ) . The Sunday Times . London . 20 August 1988 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( 13 August 2001 ) . `` Football : FA Charity Shield -- Ref Returns to Haunt Fergie 's Red Devils ; Liverpool 2 Man United 1 '' . The News Letter . Belfast . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Rostance , Tom ( 6 August 2017 ) . `` Arsenal 1 -- 1 Chelsea ( Arsenal won 4 -- 1 on pens ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Information for Community Shield '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal FC. 8 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-match briefing : Chelsea v Arsenal -- part one '' . ChelseaFC.com . Chelsea Football Club . 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football Association Charity Match '' . The Times . 28 April 1908 . p. 11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Football Association Charity Match '' . The Times . 31 August 1908 . p. 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Association Football Charity Shield '' . The Times . 29 April 1909 . p. 17 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Football Association Charity Shield '' . The Times . 6 September 1910 . p. 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Football Association Charity Shield '' . The Times . 26 September 1911 . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Association Football '' . The Times . 6 May 1912 . p. 14 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Football '' . Daily Express . 11 May 1922 . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Professionals Beat Amateurs in Charity Shield Match '' . Daily Mirror. 9 October 1923 . p. 18 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Professionals Hard Pressed to Keep Amateurs Out '' . Daily Express . 7 October 1924 . p. 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Amateurs Surprise the Pros '' . Daily Express . 9 October 1925 . p. 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` An Amateur Triumph '' . The Times . 7 October 1926 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Corinthians Beaten by Cardiff City '' . The Times . 13 October 1927 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` League Champions Win Charity Shield '' . Daily Express . 25 October 1928 . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prentice , David ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Everton FC legend Dixie Dean scored 85 goals in a year -- just like Lionel Messi and Gerd Muller '' . Liverpool Echo . Archived from the original on 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Charity Shield '' . The Times . 8 October 1929 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Win The F.A. Charity Shield '' . The Times . 9 October 1930 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Charity Shield '' . The Times . 8 October 1931 . p. 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield '' . The Times . 13 October 1932 . p. 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Win F.A. Shield '' . The Times . 19 October 1933 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Win The F.A. Charity Shield '' . The Times . 29 November 1934 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Charity Shield Match '' . The Times . 24 October 1935 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sunderland Beat Arsenal '' . The Times . 29 October 1936 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Every Trophy Now Won '' . Daily Express . 4 November 1937 . p. 21 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sports in Brief '' . The Times . 27 September 1938 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A Pleasant Revival '' . The Times . 7 October 1948 . p. 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield To Be Shared '' . The Times . 20 October 1949 . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Shield -- A brief history '' . The FA Cup & Competitions . TheFA.com . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Win The Charity Shield '' . The Times . 25 September 1951 . p. 7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Depleted Newcastle Beaten at Old Trafford '' . The Times . 25 September 1952 . p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Recover '' . The Times . 13 October 1953 . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Drawn Match Under Floodlights '' . The Times . 30 September 1954 . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Out Of Touch , An Untidy Victory Over Newcastle '' . The Times . 15 September 1955 . p. 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United Defeat City , Charity Shield at Manchester '' . The Times . 25 October 1956 . p. 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Villa Out Of Depth , Outclassed At Old Trafford , Cup Final Reversal '' . The Times . 23 October 1957 . p. 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bolton Wanderers Win Charity Shield , Reserves ' Big Part In Defeat Of League Champions '' . The Times . 7 October 1958 . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` To - day 's Football Fixtures '' . The Times . 15 August 1959 . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Aperitif To The New Season '' . The Times . 15 August 1960 . p. 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Give Ipswich Rude Awakening '' . The Times . 13 August 1962 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` F.A. Charity Shield , Manchester United Shed Wembley Sparkle '' . The Times . 19 August 1963 . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Find West Ham Full Of Confidence '' . The Times . 17 August 1964 . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Colourful Foretaste Of New Season '' . The Times . 16 August 1965 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring about Liverpool 's win '' . The Times . 15 August 1966 . p. 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ German , Tom ( 14 August 1967 ) . `` Kidd has makings of a star '' . The Times . p. 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Green , Geoffrey ( 5 August 1968 ) . `` Manchester City Defence Still Raises Doubts '' . The Times . p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ German , Tom ( 4 August 1969 ) . `` Leeds Justify Lavish Expenditure '' . The Times . p. 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Green , Geoffrey ( 10 August 1970 ) . `` Two For Vanguard Again '' . The Times . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ingall , Peter ( 9 August 1971 ) . `` Bloomfield 's Secret is Out '' . Daily Mirror . p. 17 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Villa impress Manchester City '' . The Times . 7 August 1972 . p. 7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For The Record '' . The Times . 20 August 1973 . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Green , Geoffrey ( 12 August 1974 ) . `` Clubs should be hit where it hurts for conduct unbecoming the game '' . The Times . London . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Showpiece in spite of acts of violence '' . The Times . London . 11 August 1975 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Keegan an export that Britain can not afford to sell '' . The Times . London . 15 August 1976 . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 15 August 1977 ) . `` Liverpool shows signs of staying on top '' . The Times . London . p. 7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones , Stuart ( 14 August 1978 ) . `` An early kindling of the Forest fire '' . The Times . London . p. 7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mossop , James ( 12 August 1979 ) . `` Kings of Anfield Make Arsenal Suffer '' . Sunday Express . p. 28 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Doubt knocks on door as new season opens '' . The Times . London . 11 August 1980 . p. 7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones , Stuart ( 24 August 1981 ) . `` Cobwebs fail to obscure a recent theme recalled by Spurs and Villa '' . The Times . London . p. 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones , Stuart ( 23 August 1982 ) . `` Lured into the Liverpool fly - trap '' . The Times . London . p. 16 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones , Stuart ( 22 August 1983 ) . `` Mersey ripple may raise sea of troubles '' . The Times . London . p. 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ White , Clive ( 20 August 1984 ) . `` The Blues rush in where Souness used to tread '' . The Times . London . p. 16 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones , Stuart ( 12 August 1985 ) . `` Wembley charity performance that was in urgent need of live aid '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Battle of Merseysiders ends in a tie at Wembley '' . Toronto Star . Reuters. 17 August 1986 . p . E4 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Everton captures Charity Shield '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . 2 August 1987 . p . G4 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Curry , Steve ( 22 August 1988 ) . `` Aldridge Nails His Colour to the Mast '' . Daily Express . p. 31 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jones , Stuart ( 14 August 1989 ) . `` Beardsley shows no charity '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Curry , Steve ( 20 August 1990 ) . `` Barnes Hits a Blindspot '' . Daily Express . pp. 40 -- 41 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 18 August 1991 ) . `` Always room for faith and hope '' . The Guardian Weekly . London . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 9 August 1992 ) . `` French Fried ! Grobbelaar stunner as Eric canters to victory '' . The People . London . p. 40 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Harris , Bob ( 8 August 1993 ) . `` It 's Gunner Be All Wright -- Arsenal hammer out a title warning to Fergie 's champs '' . The Sunday Mirror . p . S54 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jones , Grahame L. ( 15 August 1994 ) . `` World Cup Stars Scattered Across Europe '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 August 1995 ) . `` Blackburn bow to Samways ' inspiration '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 12 August 1996 ) . `` United puncture the £ 15m dreams '' . The Times . London . p. 1 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 3 August 1997 ) . `` United fall back on a gritty display '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 9 August 1998 ) . `` Arsenal show United little charity '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parlour gives Gunners Wembley win '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 August 1999 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 1 August 1999 ) . `` Kanu ignites the Gunners '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keane sees red as Chelsea triumph '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 13 August 2000 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Mark ( 14 August 2000 ) . `` Champs Hassled To Distraction By Improved Blues '' . Birmingham Post . p. 21 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Liverpool edge out Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 August 2001 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 12 August 2001 ) . `` United suffer shock from electric Owen '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slick Arsenal win Shield '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 August 2002 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win Community Shield '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Matt ; Jacob , Gary ( 11 August 2003 ) . `` United remain ahead of pack '' . The Times . London . p . S12 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 3 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 August 2004 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 7 August 2005 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 1 -- 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 5 August 2007 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 10 August 2008 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Portsmouth '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 August 2009 ) . `` Chelsea 2 -- 2 Man Utd ( 4 -- 1 pens ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 8 August 2010 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 7 August 2011 ) . `` Manchester City 2 -- 3 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` Chelsea 2 -- 3 Man City '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rostance , Tom ( 11 August 2013 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 10 August 2014 ) . `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cryer , Andy ( 2 August 2015 ) . `` Arsenal 1 -- 0 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) FA Charity / Community Shields FA Charity Shield ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 FA Community Shield ( 2002 -- present ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of matches Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Community_Shield_matches&oldid=803915019 '' Categories : FA Community Shield Lists of association football matches Association football in England lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from March 2012 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times has arsenal won the community shield	[ "\nFA Community Shield winners by club\n\nClub\nWins\nLast final won\nRunners-up\nLast final lost\nTotal appearances\n\n\nManchester United\n21\n2016\n9\n2009\n30\n\n\nArsenal\n15\n2017\n7\n2005\n22\n\n\nLiverpool\n15\n2006\n6\n2002\n21\n\n\nEverton\n9\n1995\n2\n1966\n11\n\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n7\n1991\n2\n1982\n9\n\n\nChelsea\n4\n2009\n8\n2017\n12\n\n\nManchester City\n4\n2012\n6\n2014\n10\n\n\nEnglish Professionals XI\n4\n1929\n2\n1926\n6\n\n\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n4\n1960\n1\n1958\n5\n\n\nEnglish Amateurs XI\n2\n1926\n4\n1929\n6\n\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n2\n1954\n2\n1968\n4\n\n\nBurnley\n2\n1973\n1\n1921\n3\n\n\nLeeds United\n2\n1992\n1\n1974\n3\n\n\nNewcastle United\n1\n1909\n5\n1996\n6\n\n\nAston Villa\n1\n1981\n3\n1972\n4\n\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n1\n1912\n3\n1995\n4\n\n\nWest Ham United\n1\n1964\n2\n1980\n3\n\n\nLeicester City\n1\n1971\n1\n2016\n2\n\n\nNottingham Forest\n1\n1978\n1\n1959\n2\n\n\nPortsmouth\n1\n1949\n1\n2008\n2\n\n\nSheffield Wednesday\n1\n1935\n1\n1930\n2\n\n\nSunderland\n1\n1936\n1\n1937\n2\n\n\nBolton Wanderers\n1\n1958\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n\n\nBrighton and Hove Albion\n1\n1910\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n\n\nCardiff City\n1\n1927\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n\n\nDerby County\n1\n1975\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n\n\nEnglish World Cup XI\n1\n1950\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n\n\nHuddersfield Town\n1\n1922\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n\n\nIpswich Town\n0\n&\n—\n\n2\n1978\n2\n\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n0\n&\n—\n\n2\n1912\n2\n\n\nBlackpool\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1953\n1\n\n\nCorinthian\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1927\n1\n\n\nCoventry City\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1987\n1\n\n\nEnglish FA Canadian Touring XI\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1950\n1\n\n\nFA Select XI\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1961\n1\n\n\nNorthampton Town\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1909\n1\n\n\nPreston North End\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1938\n1\n\n\nSouthampton\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1976\n1\n\n\nSwindon Town\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1911\n1\n\n\nWigan Athletic\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n2013\n1\n\n\nWimbledon\n0\n&\n—\n\n1\n1988\n1\n\n" ]	[ "15" ]
3047999550790180042	Danny Porush	Danny Porush - wikipedia Danny Porush This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 July 2018 . Daniel Mark Porush ( born February 1957 ) is an American businessman and former stock broker who ran a `` pump and dump '' stock fraud scheme in the 1990s . In 1999 , Porush was convicted of securities fraud and money laundering at the Stratton Oakmont brokerage , for which he served 39 months in prison . The character of Donny Azoff portrayed by Jonah Hill in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street was loosely based on Porush , although Porush described the portrayal as inaccurate . After prison , Porush became involved with a Florida - based medical supply company , Med - Care , which was the subject of federal investigations . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stratton Oakmont 2.2 Medical supplies 3 Personal life 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Danny Porush , the son of a doctor , was raised in a Jewish family in Lawrence , Nassau County , New York . Porush graduated from Lawrence Woodmere Academy . He attended Dickinson College and Boston University but did not graduate . According to New York magazine , Porush then `` bounced from job to job , working for , and starting up , a variety of small businesses . '' Career ( edit ) Stratton Oakmont ( edit ) In the late 1980s , Porush helped Jordan Belfort found Stratton Oakmont , a Long Island , New York `` over-the - counter '' ( OTC ) brokerage house in which Belfort was chairman and Porush was president . Stratton Oakmont specialized in selling `` penny stocks '' and underwriting initial public offerings for small companies , including for Steve Madden ( a childhood friend of Porush ) , Master Glazier 's Karate International Inc. , Dualstar Technologies , Select Media Communications , United Leisure Corporation and Questron Technology. . In 1994 , Porush took over as Chairman and CEO of Stratton after Belfort was barred from the industry . Beginning in 1989 , Stratton Oakmont became the subject of numerous disciplinary actions by the National Association of Securities Dealers ( NASD ) and Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . It was determined that Stratton Oakmont was involved in pump and dump stock fraud that involved artificially inflating the price of stocks through false and misleading positive statements , in order to sell cheaply purchased stock at a higher price . Once the operators of the scheme `` dumped '' their overvalued shares , the price fell and investors lost their money . In December 1996 , the NASD permanently expelled Stratton Oakmont and barred Porush as well as fined him $250,000 . The NASD rejected Porush 's claim that he was only `` a figurehead , '' citing him as the salesperson with the largest individual allocation . In their decision to bar Porush and his head trader , Steven P. Sanders , the NASD wrote that `` ( they ) continue to deny responsibility and exhibit no remorse for ( their ) misconduct , and , but for the bar , would continue to pose an on - going risk to the investing public . '' Following a federal indictment , Porush and Belfort pleaded guilty to 10 counts of securities fraud and money laundering in 1999 . In an exchange for reduced sentences , Porush and Belfort cooperated with the federal investigations of their colleagues . Porush was `` convicted of insider trading , perjury , conspiracy and money laundering and ordered to pay $200 million in restitution . '' He was sentenced to four years in prison and Belfort was sentenced to two years . Porush was released on probation in 2004 after serving 39 months . In 2013 , the story of Stratton Oakmont as told by Jordan Belfort in his 2007 memoir was made into Martin Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street . In the film , Jonah Hill portrays a character named Donnie Azoff , loosely based on Porush . Porush has stated that many of the movie 's incidents are fictional . The character 's name was changed during movie development after Porush threatened to sue Paramount Pictures if he was depicted . Medical Supplies ( edit ) Following his release from prison in 2004 , Porush became involved with a Boca Raton , Florida - based medical supply and medical equipment company which , according to Forbes magazine , has operated under the names Med - Care Diabetic & Medical Supplies , Christian Diabetics and the Christian Healthcare Network . The Med - Care company was the subject of a congressional hearing on Medicare fraud in April 2013 . In May 2014 , Porush 's involvement with Med - Care was cited as reason for a portion of the federal `` Stop Scams Act of 2014 '' which would require Medicare providers to disclose their ownership interests . According to Med - Care 's attorney , the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services had been informed and had previously reviewed , and approved , Porush 's role with the company . In 2014 , Porush and five other personnel of the Med - Care company were named in a whistleblower lawsuit alleging fraudulent Medicare claims . The case was initially dismissed in federal court for lack of specific proof . However , the lawsuit was refiled and was accepted for federal court when the initial whistleblower was joined by two more former Med - Care employees alleging the company of defrauding the federal government . The lawsuit alleged that telemarketers , under the guidance of Porush , made unsolicited calls to citizens and used high - pressure sales tactics to push them to accept medical supplies they may not want nor need . On January 14 , 2015 , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents , Florida fraud department , and local police `` raided the offices of Med - Care Diabetic & Medical Supplies '' in Boca Raton and removed boxes of files . On January 16 , 2015 , the attorneys for Med - Care filed a motion in court to disqualify the whilstleblowers ' attorneys for professional conflict of interest . The case was later dismissed . Personal Life ( edit ) In 1986 , Porush married his cousin , Nancy , and they had three children together . They divorced in 2000 . Porush married his second wife , Lisa Krause , with whom he had one child and four step - children . They live in Boca Raton , Florida . In 2006 , Porush was sued by his first wife for failure to pay child support . Porush said that he owned no assets and that everything belonged to his second wife . See also ( edit ) Stratton Oakmont , Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sharon R. King , `` Two Former Stratton Officials Indicted on Fraud Charges '' , New York Times , 4 September 1998 ^ Jump up to : Maiello , Michael ; Stewart , Emily ( 2008 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Blood Money '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Suebsaeng , Asawin ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Dwarf - Tossing , 3 - Way With Teen Employee Never Happened , Says Real `` Wolf of Wall Street '' Exec `` . Mother Jones . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Harrigan , Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Castles Made of Sand '' . In Andrew Leckey . The Best Business Stories of the Year : 2002 Edition . Vintage Books . pp. 227 -- 257 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 72501 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Pfefferman , Naomi ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Jonah Hill 's not - so - nice Jewish guy '' . Jewish Journal . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jennifer ( February 2014 ) . `` Oscars are light on Jewish nominees '' . Jewish News . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johanna Berkman ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` Steve Madden : Crisis of the Sole '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . After five years at Boston University , he left without getting a degree and bounced from job to job , working for , and starting up , a variety of small businesses , including an ambulance company called SureRide Ambulette . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( September 24 , 1999 ) . `` Stratton Oakmont Executives Admit Stock Manipulation '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Order Making Findings and Imposing Remedial Sanctions '' . Administrative Proceeding File 3 - 9491 . Securities and Exchange Commission . August 18 , 1998 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Questron Technology Inc '' . SEC Info . SEC database . November 15 , 1995 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Condon , Nancy A. ( December 5 , 1996 ) . `` NASD Regulation Expels Stratton Oakmont ; Principals Also Barred '' . Press Release . Financial Industry Regulation Authority . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Leslie ( December 6 , 1996 ) . `` The N.A.S.D. expels Stratton Oakmont , ordering repayment '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pump and Dump Schemes '' . Fast Answers . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . March 12 , 2001 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( September 24 , 1999 ) . `` Stratton Oakmont Executives Admit Stock Manipulation '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Laura ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Former employees say Med - Care defrauded government '' . Palm Beach Post . Washington . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . It said the company cold - called seniors and other consumers , pushing them to accept medical equipment they may not have wanted or needed ... The complaint alleges telemarketers were guided by Danny Porush , `` who is an expert in running high - pressure telemarketing operations . '' Jump up ^ Baynes , Terry ; Michael Pell ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Health fraud lawsuit echoes ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . New York : Reuters . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Nehme , Farran Smith ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` Good Film , Extremely Bad Wolf '' . Barron 's . Jump up ^ Crowley , Kieran ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) . `` With film release approaching , ' Wolves of Wall Street ' scammers are back on top '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Baynes , Terry ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Health fraud lawsuit echoes ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Laura ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Legislation aims to curb Medicare scams '' . West Palm Beach Post . Washington . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All - out press to combat Medicare fraud '' . Media Release . United States Senator Bill Nelson . May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Green , Laura ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Judge throws out fraud claim against Med - care '' . West Palm Beach Post . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Green , Laura ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Boca Raton firm with link to ' Wolf of Wall Street ' raided by feds '' . Palm Beach Post . Washington . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Aruna Viswanatha and Zachary Fagenson ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` FBI raids Florida firm with ' Wolf of Wall Street ' link : witnesses '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bess Levin ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Whose Life Of Crime Was Memorialized In Leonardo DiCaprio Flick Not Yet Done With Life Of Crime '' . Dealbreaker.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Elianna ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf of Wall Street : The True Story '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Lewak , Doree ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` I was the wife of a Wall Street ' Wolf ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How the Wolf Of Wall Street 's partner in crime lives '' . NewsComAu . External links ( edit ) Danny Porush on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Porush&oldid=851057848 '' Categories : Living people American people convicted of fraud American money launderers 1957 births American Jews People from Lawrence , Nassau County , New York American businesspeople convicted of crimes Businesspeople from New York ( state ) People from Boca Raton , Florida Lawrence Woodmere Academy alumni Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 19 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays donny in wolf of wall street	[ "Daniel Mark Porush[1] (born February 1957) is an American businessman and former stock broker who ran a \"pump and dump\" stock fraud scheme in the 1990s. In 1999, Porush was convicted of securities fraud and money laundering at the Stratton Oakmont brokerage, for which he served 39 months in prison.[2] The character of Donny Azoff portrayed by Jonah Hill in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street was loosely based on Porush, although Porush described the portrayal as inaccurate.[3] After prison, Porush became involved with a Florida-based medical supply company, Med-Care, which was the subject of federal investigations.\n" ]	[ "Jonah Hill" ]
-2222916109997580204	Vic Mignogna	Vic Mignogna - wikipedia Vic Mignogna Vic Mignogna Mignogna in 2017 Victor Joseph Mignogna Greensburg , Pennsylvania , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Voice actor , musician Years active 1999 -- present Musical career Genres Pop , Christian & Gospel Instruments Piano , Vocals Years active 1989 -- present Website vicsworld.net Victor Joseph Mignogna ( / mɪnˈjɒnə / ) is an American actor and musician known for his prolific voice - over work in the English dubs of Japanese anime shows , the most notable being Edward Elric from the Fullmetal Alchemist series , for which he earned the American Anime Award for Best Actor in 2007 . Other notable anime roles include Broly from the Dragon Ball films , Tamaki Suoh in Ouran High School Host Club , Fai D. Flowright in Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle , Dark in D.N. Angel , Kurz Weber in the Full Metal Panic ! series , Zero and Ichiru Kiryu in the Vampire Knight series , Christopher Aonuma in Digimon Fusion , Nagato in Naruto Shippuden , Ikkaku Madarame in Bleach and Matt Ishida in Digimon Adventure tri ... In video games , he is the voice of E-123 Omega in the Sonic the Hedgehog series and Junpei Iori from Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 . In live - action work , he has participated in several Star Trek fan productions , including Star Trek Continues where he plays Captain Kirk . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Anime 3.2 Animation 3.3 Films 3.4 Live - action dubbing 3.5 Video games 3.6 Live action 3.7 Documentary 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Audio recordings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Mignogna grew up in Greensburg , Pennsylvania . He graduated from Liberty University with a degree in television and film production . He helped produce and arrange some of the songs on DC Talk 's eponymous first album . Mignogna taught drama and speech in Jacksonville , Florida , and was an officer with the Ocean City Police Department . In 1990 , he moved to Houston , Texas , where he was a film and video production instructor at The Art Institute of Houston . In 1993 , he was a contestant on American television talent show Star Search , on which he sang `` Worth Waiting For '' . Career ( edit ) Mignogna at a comic expo in Calgary , Canada , June 2011 While working in video production with John Gremillion in Houston , Mignogna got involved in voice acting in anime at ADV Films . He made his debut as Vega in the video game based anime series Street Fighter II V. He started attending anime conventions , where he contacted Funimation and landed the voice role of Broly in the Dragon Ball films . In 2007 , the American Anime Awards presented Mignogna with an award for Best Actor for his work on Fullmetal Alchemist . He often gains attention for his role in Fullmetal Alchemist , and he attends between 15 and 25 conventions each year . One of Mignogna 's career goals was `` to record at all of the major places where dubbing is done . '' He said he was `` the first ADV voice actor to record at Funimation in Dallas and then I was the first to go to New York '' . He has also recorded in Los Angeles ; he tried out for Bleach and received the part of Ikkaku Madarame . In non-anime productions , he voiced Qrow Branwen in the American web series RWBY . In addition to voice acting , Mignogna has been involved in production for music , sound , and video . He has produced hundreds of jingles for commercials , and he was a worship leader with Houston 's First Baptist Church . He has sung the U.S. national anthem at several Houston Astros baseball games . As a musician , Mignogna has released several albums , some of which feature English cover versions of anime songs from shows including One Piece and the Dragon Ball series . He also handled some of the ADR direction for the English dub of Claymore , in which he voices Rigaldo . Mignogna has been involved with several fan productions , including Fullmetal Fantasy and Star Trek : Phase II . In the latter series , he co-directed the episode `` Enemy : Starfleet '' and played the Andorian Captain . He directed `` KITUMBA '' and played Malkthon the Klingon , and was slated to direct the episode `` Mindsifter '' . In 2012 , Mignogna worked with the Starship Farragut production group . He directed and starred as Captain Kirk in their web series Star Trek Continues . Filmography ( edit ) Anime ( edit ) List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 1999 Street Fighter II V Vega ADV dub , debut role 1999 Martian Successor Nadesico Ikeda Episode 19 2000 Gasaraki Colonel Ogawa 2000 Generator Gawl Gawl Kudo 2001 Orphen Cox , Lai 2001 Princess Nine Hiroki Takasugi 2002 Steel Angel Kurumi Bully Leader Episodes 1 , 4 2002 Excel Saga Wolf Episode 10 2003 Noir Domenic , Heinz , Wellman 2003 RahXephon Mamoru Torigai 2003 Rune Soldier Leonard 2003 Saiyuki Kougaiji 2003 -- 05 Full Metal Panic ! series Kurz Weber , Pony Man , Béart 2003 Aura Battler Dunbine Neal Given 2003 Najica Blitz Tactics Yoshiki , Various characters 2003 Super GALS ! Good Looking Guy , Kouichi Akagi Episodes 18 , 20 2003 Angelic Layer Host 2003 Saint Seiya Jabu , Lizard Misty 2003 Cat Girl Nuku Nuku Young President 2003 Dirty Pair Flight 005 Conspiracy Dornenschtern 2003 Dirty Pair Affair on Nolandia Officer 2003 Orphen Revenge Lai , Montgomery 2003 Legend of the Mystical Ninja Goemon 2003 -- 04 Yu Yu Hakusho Urashima , Bui Neon Genesis Evangelion Shigeru Aoba Director 's Cut Kiddy Grade Dextera Kino 's Journey Various characters Kaleido Star Master Linn , Ian , Investor , Arlon Brass Episodes 9 , 12 , 24 , 25 Megazone 23 series Shogo Yahagi Gravion series Raven Aquarian Age : Sign for Evolution Shingo Hirota Peacemaker Kurogane Tatsunosuke Ichimura Mezzo DSA Mugiyama Sister Princess Mac Yamato Episode 2 Giant Robo Zangetsu Episode 6 2004 -- 06 Fullmetal Alchemist Edward Elric D.N. Angel Dark Mousy Cyber Team in Akihabara Shimabukuro Sengakuji ( Grandpa ) Spiral : The Bonds of Reasoning Hunter Episodes 18 , 19 , 20 2005 Science Ninja Team Gatchaman Takahara ADV dub , Episode 3 2005 Daphne in the Brilliant Blue Davis Episodes 15 , 16 2005 Initial D Shingo Shoji Funimation dub 2005 Madlax Carrossea Doon 2006 Diamond Daydreams Radio Boy Episode 9 2006 Misaki Chronicles Goemon Ishikawa Episodes 3 , 4 2006 The Super Dimension Fortress Macross Hikaru Ichijyo 2006 Princess Tutu Femio Episode 17 2006 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie Mar 2006 Tactics Sugino 2006 Papuwa Gionkamen Arashiyama 2006 Trinity Blood Virgil Walsh 2006 Nerima Daikon Brothers Katuhama Episode 7 2007 Jinki : Extend Kalis 2007 Utawarerumono Benawi 2007 Guyver : The Bioboosted Armor Dr. Shirai 2007 Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle Fai D. Flowright 2007 Rozen Maiden Mada Pearl 2007 The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Yutaka Tamaru 2007 009 - 1 Priest , Egg Episodes 1 , 3 2007 Mushishi Kisuke Episode 14 2007 Air Yukito Kunisaki 2007 Innocent Venus Jin Tsurasawa 2007 Pumpkin Scissors Hans 2007 Xenosaga : The Animation Wilhelm 2007 Suzuka Tetsuhito Kinugasa 2007 Air Gear Sora Takeuchi Episode 13 , 14 , 15 2007 Le Chevalier D'Eon Sir Dashwood 2007 Kurau Phantom Memory Regal Delyus 2007 -- 14 Bleach Ikkaku Madarame 2008 Hell Girl Yoshiyuki Honjo Episode 4 2008 Shuffle ! Forbesii ( King of Demons ) 2008 Tokyo Majin Tendo Kozunu 2008 The Wallflower Takenaga Oda 2008 Lucky Star Guest characters Episodes 13 -- 16 2008 Claymore Rigaldo 2008 Darker than Black Itzahk Episodes 13 , 14 2008 -- 09 Code Geass R2 Luciano Bradley 2008 -- 09 Ouran High School Host Club Tamaki Suoh 2009 Kenichi : The Mightiest Disciple Kensei Ma 2009 D. Gray - man Akuma Clown , Alphonse Clouse 2009 Chrome Shelled Regios Lintens Savoled Harden 2009 Murder Princess Falis 's Father Episode 5 2009 Heroic Age Rom Ror 2009 Kaze no Stigma Takeya Ōgami 2010 -- 11 Kekkaishi Yoshimori Sumimura Linebarrels of Iron Eiji Kiriyama 2010 , 2016 One Piece Wetton , Sabo Funimation dub Soul Eater Spirit Albarn 2010 -- 12 Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Edward Elric Also OVAs 2010 -- 14 Hetalia series Greece A Certain Scientific Railgun Trick Episode 9 Oh ! Edo Rocket Tetsuju Vampire Knight series Zero Kiryu , Ichiru Kiryu 2010 -- 17 Naruto Shippuden Young Obito Uchiha , Nagato , Fuen 2011 Birdy the Mighty Decode Kinzel Episode 5 2011 Sengoku Basara : Samurai Kings Akechi Mitsuhide 2011 Marvel Anime : Wolverine Hideki Kurohagi 2011 Coicent Shinichi 2011 Chaos : HEad Shogon / General Also on Chaos : Child Episode 00 2012 Dream Eater Merry Ryota Iijima 2012 Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt Oscar Episode 5 2012 Persona 4 : The Animation Kou Ichijo 2012 Nura : Rise of the Yokai Clan Inugamigyobu Tamazuki 2012 Level E Prince Baka 2013 Accel World Yellow Radio Episodes 11 , 12 2013 -- 14 Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne series Moid 2013 -- 15 Digimon Fusion Christopher Aonuma , MadLeomon , Leomon , Piximon 2013 Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic Koubun Ka 2013 Tiger & Bunny 2014 Karneval Karoku 2014 Sailor Moon Ryo Urawa Viz dub , Episodes 27 , 41 2014 Attack on Titan Eld Gin 2014 Space Dandy Gentle Nobra Episodes 18 , 19 2015 Tokyo Ravens Yoshitaka Makihara 2015 Unbreakable Machine - Doll Sin 2015 -- 16 Durarara ! ! × 2 Kasuka Heiwajima 2015 The Heroic Legend of Arslan Silvermask 2015 Show by Rock ! ! series SHU ☆ ZO ( English lyricist for Trichronika 's songs ) 2015 Free ! series Rin Matsuoka 2016 Rage of Bahamut : Genesis Beelzebub 2016 Black Butler : Book of Circus Peter 2016 Brothers Conflict Futo Asahina 2016 Garo : The Animation Mendoza 2016 The Vision of Escaflowne Folken Fanel Funimation dub 2016 The Asterisk War Randy Hooke 2016 Fairy Tail Mard Geer 2016 One - Punch Man Melzargard 2016 Nanbaka Kenshirou Yozakura 2016 - 18 Touken Ranbu : Hanamaru series Mikazuki Munechika Episode 5 2016 Joker Game Price Episode 10 2016 Drifters Saint - Germi Episode 6 2017 The Reflection X-On 2017 Juni Taisen : Zodiac War ADR Director 2018 Twin Star Exorcists Yuto Ijika Animation ( edit ) List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source 2006 - present Rock ' N Learn series Bill , Marko the Pencil , others 2009 -- 10 Starship Farragut : The Animated Episodes Shealar , Medical Assistant # 1 Ep . `` The Needs of the Many '' , `` Power Source '' 2015 -- present RWBY Qrow Branwen Films ( edit ) List of voice performances in direct - to - video , television films and feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 2000 Sin : The Movie Tim Perko 2003 Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Broly 2003 Martian Successor Nadesico : The Motion Picture -- Prince of Darkness Araragi , Hokushin 's Six A RahXephon : Pluralitas Concentio Mamoru Torigai 2005 Saiyuki : Requiem Kougaiji 2005 Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- Second Coming Broly 2005 Dragon Ball Z : Bio-Broly Broly 2006 Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa Edward Elric 2007 Air Yukito Kunisaki 2008 Bleach : Memories of Nobody Ikkaku Madarame 2009 Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion Ikkaku Madarame 2011 Bleach : Fade to Black Ikkaku Madarame 2011 The Lion of Judah Raven 1 2012 Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Keldeo 2012 Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos Edward Elric 2012 Mass Effect : Paragon Lost Messner 2012 Sengoku Basara : The Last Party Tenkai 2016 Escaflowne Folken Fanel Funimation dub 2016 - 2018 Digimon Adventure tri . Matt Ishida 2017 One Piece Film : Gold Sabo Funimation dub Live - action dubbing ( edit ) List of voice performances in live - action films Year Title Role Notes Source 2003 Gamera 3 : The Revenge of Iris Male Newscaster 1 , Doctor Shinobi Rokkaku Movie series directed by Kenji Tanigaki 2005 Guns & Talks Jung - woo 2005 Dark Water Kono Video games ( edit ) List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 2003 Unlimited Saga Mythe , Armand First video game role 2004 -- present Dragon Ball game franchise Broly 2005 Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel Edward 2005 Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir Edward 2006 Fullmetal Alchemist : Dual Sympathy Edward 2006 -- 09 Bleach series Ikkaku Madarame Dark Souls , Shattered Blade and The 3rd Phantom 2007 Project Sylpheed Katana Faraway 2007 Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 series Junpei Iori ( uncredited ) 2008 Star Ocean : First Departure T'nique Arcana 2009 Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Spear 2009 MagnaCarta 2 Others 2009 -- 16 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja series Nagato , Young Obito Uchiha , Cee , Madara Uchiha ( Imposter ) / Tobi Sengoku Basara : Samurai Heroes Tenkai 2010 -- present Sonic the Hedgehog series E-123 Omega 2011 -- 13 Mario & Sonic series E-123 Omega London 2012 and Sochi 2014 2012 Divina Orwell 2013 Marvel Heroes Uatu 2013 Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures Spiral Live action ( edit ) List of live - action appearances Year Title Role Notes Source 2003 Holly 's Story : A Journey to Freedom and Hope Jim Hudson 2011 Fallout : Nuka Break Merchant / Narrator 2012 -- 17 Star Trek Continues Captain Kirk 2012 Todd of the Rings Vodo 2013 Star Trek : New Voyages Andorian Captain , Klingon Commander Malkthon 2015 Star Trek : Renegades Garis 2016 Fan - O-Rama : A Futurama Fan Film Zapp Brannigan 2017 Altered Spirits Skip aka Broken Spirits Documentary ( edit ) List of voice performances in live - action films Year Title Role Notes Source 2008 Adventures in Voice Acting Himself Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) If These Walls Could Talk ( 1992 ) Selah -- Music for the Quiet Time ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Metafiction ( 2006 ) Christmas ( 2008 ) Selah II ( 2009 ) Revix ( 2010 ) -- a remix album of some of his earlier singles Audio recordings ( edit ) Gospel of John A Howl at the Moon ( 2014 ) -- audiobook narrator Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The closing credits or manual does not list the voice actors involved . Jump up ^ 1999 was the year that Mignogna began voice acting for anime dubs for television shows and videos . He has been composing and producing music since DC Talk 's album in 1989 , and appeared on television in 1993 as a contestant on Star Search . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ohanesian , Liz ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fullmetal Trekkie : Voice Actor Vic Mignogna to Direct Star Trek : Phase II Episode '' . LA Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` About Vic Mignogna '' . Risembool Rangers . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mignogna , Vic . `` Vic 's Professional Resume '' ( doc ) . Vic 's World . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Flori ( July 21 , 2005 ) . `` Career in TV Cartoons is no joke : Uptown man juggles careers , builds success in Japanese anime '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` last.fm '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Vic Mignogna ( MCM London Expo ) '' . Otaku News and Voiceacting.co.uk . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ At his panel in Anime Expo 2006 , Mignogna said his first starring role was Gawl in Generator Gawl . ^ Jump up to : `` Vic Mignogna : Heavy Metal '' . TotalSciFi online . September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Anime Awards '' . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Anime Award Winners : First Large Scale Fan - Driven Awards '' . icv2 . February 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 American Anime Awards Vic Mignogna Best Actor . YouTube . February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Vic Mignogna Biography '' . AnimeCons.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dong , Bamboo ( August 1 , 2005 ) . `` Interview : Vic Mignogna '' . Anime News Network . ^ Jump up to : Vic talks VIZ at AOD 06 . YouTube . August 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Vic Explains Ikkakus Lucky Dance . YouTube . April 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` RWBY at RTX2015 '' . Rooster Teeth . Jump up ^ Mignogna , Vic . `` Music and Sound Production '' . Vic 's World . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mignogna , Vic . `` Video Production '' . Vic 's World . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Voice Actor Vic Mignogna `` . Beneaththetangles.com . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vic Mignogna Slated to Direct `` Kitumba '' `` . startreknewvoyages.com . May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kate , Laura ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Interview with Vic Mignogna '' . MCM Buzz . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Farragut Films Adds to Management Team and Secures Largest Studio of Trek Sets '' ( PDF ) . Farragut Films ( Press release ) . December 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starship Farragut : New Team Members and Studio '' . Farragut Films . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vic Mignogna Directing Star Trek Continues '' . Star Trek Continues ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Farragut Films . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jeng , Way ( 2005 ) . `` Being a Brief Discussion with Vic Mignogna '' . Anime on DVD . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Martian Successor Nadesico ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Gasaraki ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 25 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles . `` Generator Gawl -- Perfect Collection ( 1998 ) -- Editorial Review '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Orphen ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 24 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mead , Karen . `` Review : Princess Nine '' . Japanator . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Steel Angel Kurumi ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 24 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Menchi 's Great Adventure '' . Excel Saga . Episode 10 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Noir ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of the Capital '' . RahXephon . Episode 1 . Hulu . Jump up ^ `` A True Hero Appears ? '' . Rune Soldier . Episode 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guests Anime Expo ® 2014 Los Angeles Conventions Center ( LACC ) July 3 -- 6 2014 '' . Anime Expo . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hard Sell Fetish '' . Full Metal Panic ? Fumoffu ! . Episode 6 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Period Hot Spot '' . Full Metal Panic ? Fumoffu ! . Episode 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Sky of the Desire Appears with the Flame by the Battle '' . Najica Blitz Tactics . Episode 8 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast - Najica Blitz Tactics ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 8 ) '' . Crystal Acids . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Odaiba ♡ Crackling → Great Final Battle ! '' . Super GALS ! . Manga Entertainment . Event occurs at 23 : 05 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mami - rin ♡ Dreamy - Eyed → Her First Love '' . Super GALS ! . Manga Entertainment . Event occurs at 23 : 00 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Do You Do ? My Very Own Angel '' . Angelic Layer . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` Burn ! Meteor Punch of Pegasus ! '' . Knights of the Zodiac . Episode 2 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Saint ! Vain and Boastful Assassin '' . Knights of the Zodiac . Episode 23 . Jump up ^ `` Enter Nuku Nuku ! Keep the Peace on Earth ! '' . Cat Girl Nuku Nuku . Episode 1 . 2004 . Jump up ^ Manga Entertainment . DIRTY PAIR `` Flight 005 Conspiracy : Part II '' . YouTube . Event occurs at 28 : 53 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vic Mignogna '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Orphen : Revenge ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 23 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OIRA ga seigi no GOEMON dei ! '' . Legend of the Mystical Ninja . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` Many Faces , Many Forms '' . Yu Yu Hakusho . Episode 46 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath Bui 's Armor '' . Yu Yu Hakusho . Episode 57 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Neon Genesis Evangelion : Directors ' Cut ( TV ) ( episodes 21 to 26 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Kino 's Journey ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 13 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Kaleido Star ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Megazone 23 Part I '' . Megazone 23 . Jump up ^ `` Super Heavy Battlefield '' . Gravion . Episode 8 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Blue Overture '' . Aquarian Age : Sign for Evolution . Episode 1 . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Shell of Love '' . Mezzo DSA . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Sister Princess ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 4 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Giant Robo ( OVA ) ( episodes 1 to 7 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DNAngel -- Vol. 1 : The Dawn of Dark DVD '' . ADV. 2005 . OCLC 144962455 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- CyberTeam in Akihabara ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Spiral ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 25 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Giant Mummy That Summons Storms '' . Gatchaman . Episode 3 . Jump up ^ `` Die Hard , Play Hard ( 1 ) '' . Daphne in the Brilliant Blue . Episode 15 . Jump up ^ `` Shingo Arrives '' . Initial D. Episode 11 . Jump up ^ `` ADV Announces Madlax Cast '' . CrystalAcids.com . February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awakening Sound ~ awake ~ '' . Madlax . Episode 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sapporo : Shouko Saibara ( Part 2 ) '' . Diamond Daydreams . Episode 9 -- via Hulu . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Misaki Chronicles ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 13 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vic Mignogna Interview Streamed by Manga UK -- News '' . Interviewed by Jeremy Graves . Anime News Network . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crime and Punishment '' . Princess Tutu . Episode 17 . 22 minutes in . Hulu / The Anime Network . Jump up ^ `` About the Relationship Between Girls and Glasses '' . UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie . Season 3 . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` Dancer in the Darkness '' . Tactics ( manga ) . Episode 5 . Jump up ^ `` Brush of Literalization ! Miyagi Touhoku Appears '' . Papuwa . Episode 3 . Jump up ^ `` Play with Mine ! Sue Me ! '' . Nerima Daikon Brothers . Episode 7 . Hulu . Jump up ^ `` Silvery - Winged Visitor '' . Jinki : Extend . Episode 8 . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Utawarerumono ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 5 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Guyver ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 26 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Remote Island Syndrome Part 2 '' . The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya . Episode 8 . Event occurs at 23 : 14 . Jump up ^ `` Infiltrators '' . 009 - 1 . Episode 1 . ADV / Funimation. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Boiled '' . 009 - 1 . Episode 3 . ADV / Funimation. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Cage '' . Mushishi . Episode 14 . Jump up ^ Amith , Dennis ( May 16 , 2009 ) . `` AIR -- The Complete Series ( a J ! - ENT Anime DVD Review ) '' . J ! - ENT . Jump up ^ `` Hell '' . Innocent Venus . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Darkness That Cannot Be Saved '' . Pumpkin Scissors . Episode 17 . 22 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Encephalon '' . Xenosaga : The Animation . Episode 7 . Jump up ^ `` Encouragement '' . Suzuka . Episode 23 . 22 minutes in . Hulu . Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean by Icarus ' Wings ? I 'll Show You My Talent , Rika - nee '' . Air Gear . Episode 13 . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Sign '' . Le Chevalier D'Eon . Episode 13 . 23 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Each Path '' . Kurau : Phantom Memory . ^ Jump up to : `` Anime voice actor lectures at Northeast State '' . Northeast State -- Community and Media Relations . Northeast State Community College . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Silent Cries '' . Hell Girl . Season 1 . Episode 4 . Event occurs at 1 : 38 : 20 into DVD . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Jeff ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` 411mania Interviews : Vic Mignogna '' . 411mania.com . Jump up ^ `` The Gathering '' . Tokyo Majin . Episode 4 . Event occurs at 22 : 52 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast -- Lucky Star ( TV ) ( episodes 1 to 24 ) '' . CrystalAcids.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Pieta ( Part 1 ) '' . Claymore . Episode 21 . Jump up ^ `` A Heart Unswaying On the Water 's Surface , Part 1 '' . Darker Than Black . Episode 13 -- via Hulu . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Ouran High School Host Club Cast '' . Anime News Network . July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ohanesian , Liz ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Fullmetal Trekkie : Voice Actor Vic Mignogna to Direct Star Trek : Phase II Episode Public Spectacle Los Angeles Los Angeles News and Events '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryōzanpaku : Where the Powerful Gather ! '' . Kenichi : The Mightiest Disciple . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Ghost of Mater '' . D. Gray - man . Episode 3 . Jump up ^ `` Strange Mansion '' . D. Gray - man . Episode 45 . Jump up ^ `` The Conscious City '' . Chrome Shelled Regios . Episode 1 . Event occurs at Closing credits , Cast . Jump up ^ `` Fate '' . Murder Princess . Episode 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Four '' . Heroic Age . Episode 23 . Jump up ^ `` Return of the Wind '' . Kaze no Stigma . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 22 : 50 . Netflix . Jump up ^ `` Black Executioner '' . Linebarrels of Iron . Episode 13 . Jump up ^ Homer , Chris . `` One Piece Collection 6 UK Anime DVD Review '' . The Fandom Post . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ vic mignogna ( @ vicmignogna ) ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Yay ! ! Sabo merchandise ! My One Piece character gets some love ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Partial English Cast for Hetalia ( Update 8 ) -- News '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Majority Report '' . A Certain Scientific Railgun . Episode 9 . Funimation . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Announces English Dub Cast of Oh Edo Rocket '' . Anime News Network . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vampire Knight 's Yuki , Kaname , and Zero say hello from Comic Con ! . YouTube . Viz Media . July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Naruto Shippuden 10 ( DVD ) . Viz Media . April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anime voice actor , Vic Mignogna comes to Philly for '' . J1 - Con . August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation . `` Another World '' . Birdy the Mighty Decode . Episode 5 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Justin ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sengoku Basara Cast & Trailer Time ! '' . Funimation.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kurohagi '' . Marvel Anime : Wolverine . Episode 11 . Jump up ^ `` General '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals English Dub Cast For Chaos ; Child Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Dream Eater Merry Anime 's English Dub Cast Revealed -- Interest '' . Anime News Network . January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Runny '' . Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt . Episode 5 . Jump up ^ `` Tamazuki and the Seven Shadows '' . Nura : Rise of the Yokai Clan . Episode 12 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Level E BD + DVD -- Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obligation '' . Accel World . Episode 11 . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Kamo - gama '' . Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ Amith , Dennis . `` Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic -- Complete DVD Set Vol. 2 ( a J ! - ENT Anime DVD Review ) : J ! - ENT -- '' . J-entonline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sky 's the Limit '' . Tiger & Bunny . Episode 15 . Jump up ^ `` Rainbow Colored Flower Fuse '' . Karneval . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` Karneval English Cast Announcement '' . Funimation Blog . Funimation. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crushing on Ami : The Boy Who Can See The Future '' . Sailor Moon ( BD / DVD ) . Episode 27 . Viz . Jump up ^ Funimation ( @ FUNimation ) ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` # AttackonTitan Part1 Extras give a 1st glimpse at Vic Mignogna ( Eld ) & Ian Sinclair ( Nile ) in their roles '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' . Attack on Titan . Episode 15 . August 16 , 2014 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Gallant Space Gentleman , Baby '' . Space Dandy . Episode 19 . August 9 , 2014 . Event occurs at 25 : 10 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Clifford Chapin , Bryn Apprill Star in Unbreakable Machine Doll English Dub '' . Anime News Network . December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Durarara ! ! × 2 English Dub to Premiere March 10 '' . Anime News Network . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ AniplexUS ( September 2 , 2015 ) . DURARARA ! ! x2 Second Arc English Dub Announcement . YouTube . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Announcement hosted by Vic Mignogna and Cristina Vee Jump up ^ Christopher Bevins ( @ VoiceofBevins ) ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ep 3 of Heroic Legend of # Arslan is up ! Please welcome @ vicmignogna as Silver Mask & @ justinbriner as Elam ! Oh , and I 'm playing Narsus ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Justin Rojas ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcasting Dub English Cast Announcements At A-kon 26 '' . Funimation.com . Jump up ^ `` Music & Anime : A Relationship -- Caitlin Glass Talks Dubbed Music In Anime Pt 2 - Funimation -- Blog ! '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Free ! Iwatobi Swim Club Anime with English Dub '' . Anime News Network . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Free Eternal Summer English Dub Casts Vic Mignogna as Rin '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rage of Bahamut : Genesis -- English Voice Cast Announcement ! '' . funimation.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Butler 's Latest Installments Come to Home Video in Book of Circus and Book of Murder ! + Cast Announcement '' . funimation.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GARO THE ANIMATION - English Voice Cast Announcement ! '' . Funimation . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Funimation 's Escaflowne Dub Casts Vic Mignogna , Felecia Angelle , Michele Rojas '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex of America Announces The Asterisk War English Dub and Product Release Details '' . Anime News Network . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail -- Part 21 Cast Announcement and Home Video Street Date Reminder '' . Funimation . August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blog / One - Punch Man Cast Announcement ! '' . Viz Media . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FUNimation Fall 2016 SimuDub Cast Updates '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Fall 2016 Simudub Announcements '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Drifters SimuDub Cast Updates '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Reflection English Cast Announcement '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Jūni Taisen : Zodiac War Anime 's English Dub Cast '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Star Exorcists English Dub Stars Bryce Papenbrook , Cassandra Lee Morris and More ! '' . 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Reading Comprehension -- Rock ' N Learn '' . Rock ' N Learn . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Learn Math : Money & Making Change . YouTube ( trailer ) . Rock ' N Learn . November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Starship Farragut : The Animated Episodes '' . farragutanimated.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Starship Farragut : The Animated Episodes Episode `` Power Source '' Closing credits Jump up ^ Shawcross , Kerry ; Luna , Miles ; Haddock , Grey ; Jones , Lindsay ; Dunkelman , Barbara ; Eberle , Kara ; Zech , Arryn ( August 7 , 2015 ) . RWBY Panel . RTX . Austin , Texas . Event occurs at 23 : 30 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sin ( movie ) '' . CrystalAcids.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Martian Successor Nadesico : Prince of Darkness ( movie ) '' . CrystalAcids.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RahXephon : Pluralitas Concentio ( movie ) '' . CrystalAcids.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Air ( movie ) '' . CrystalAcids.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion of Judah ( 2011 ) '' . ChristianAnswers.net . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice . 2012 . 70 minutes in . Jump up ^ Amith , Dennis . `` Pokémon the Movie 15 : Kyurem vs. The Sword of Justice ( a J ! - ENT Anime DVD Review ) : '' . J ! - ENT . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly Complete tri . Part 1 Dub Cast '' . With the Will . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece Film Gold '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gamera : Revenge of Iris ( live action ) '' . Crystal Acids . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Kaiju Experience Festival in New England , November 21 -- 23 '' . SciFi Japan . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shinobi ( live action ) '' . Crystal Acids . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guns & Talks ( live action ) '' . Crystal Acids . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dark Water ( DVD ) . 2004 . Event occurs at Closing credits , English Voice Cast . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , John ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` Gamevoices Interview with Mr. Vic Mignogna speaking about his break into voice acting '' . Gamevoices . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ouran highschool host club tamaki english voice actor	[ "Victor Joseph Mignogna (/mɪnˈjɒnə/) is an American actor and musician known for his prolific voice-over work in the English dubs of Japanese anime shows, the most notable being Edward Elric from the Fullmetal Alchemist series, for which he earned the American Anime Award for Best Actor in 2007. Other notable anime roles include Broly from the Dragon Ball films, Tamaki Suoh in Ouran High School Host Club, Fai D. Flowright in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Dark in D.N.Angel, Kurz Weber in the Full Metal Panic! series, Zero and Ichiru Kiryu in the Vampire Knight series, Christopher Aonuma in Digimon Fusion, Nagato in Naruto Shippuden, Ikkaku Madarame in Bleach and Matt Ishida in Digimon Adventure tri.. In video games, he is the voice of E-123 Omega in the Sonic the Hedgehog series and Junpei Iori from Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 3. In live-action work, he has participated in several Star Trek fan productions, including Star Trek Continues where he plays Captain Kirk.\n" ]	[ "Victor Joseph Mignogna" ]
-3412446814415844805	Cashew	Cashew - wikipedia Cashew Jump to : navigation , search Cashew Ripe cashew fruit Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Sapindales Family : Anacardiaceae Genus : Anacardium Species : A. occidentale Binomial name Anacardium occidentale L . The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale ) is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple . It can grow as high as 14 m ( 46 ft ) , but the dwarf cashew , growing up to 6 m ( 20 ft ) , has proved more profitable , with earlier maturity and higher yields . The species is originally native to northeastern Brazil . Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s . Major production of cashews occurs in Vietnam , Nigeria , India , and Ivory Coast . The cashew nut , often simply called a cashew , is widely consumed . It is eaten on its own , used in recipes , or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter . The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants , waterproofing , paints , and arms production , starting in World War II . The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit , whose pulp can be processed into a sweet , astringent fruit drink or distilled into liquor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Habitat and growth 3 Cashew nut and shell 4 Production 5 Nutrition 5.1 Allergy 6 Cashew oil 6.1 Cashew shell oil 7 Cashew apple 7.1 Alcohol 8 Animal feed 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Mameluca woman under a fruiting cashew tree ( 1641 -- 1644 ) by Albert Eckhout . National Museum of Denmark . Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree cajú ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( kaˈʒu ) ) , which itself is derived from the Tupian word acajú , literally meaning `` nut that produces itself '' . The generic name Anacardium , derived from Greek ἀνά ( aná or above ) and καρδία ( kardía or heart ) , refers to the unusual location of the seed above the core or heart of the fruit . A mid-seventeenth century ethnographic painting by Albert Eckhout , who accompanied Dutch governor - general Johan Maurits , shows a woman under a fruiting cashew tree . Habitat and growth ( edit ) Flower of cashew tree Cashew tree The cashew tree is large and evergreen , growing to 14 m ( 46 ft ) tall , with a short , often irregularly shaped trunk . The leaves are spirally arranged , leathery textured , elliptic to obovate , 4 -- 22 cm ( 1.6 -- 8.7 in ) long and 2 -- 15 cm ( 0.79 -- 5.91 in ) broad , with smooth margins . The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm ( 10 in ) long ; each flower is small , pale green at first , then turning reddish , with five slender , acute petals 7 -- 15 mm ( 0.28 -- 0.59 in ) long . The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m ( 81,000 sq ft ) ; it is located in Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil . The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit ( sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit ) . What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear - shaped structure , a hypocarpium , that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower . Called the cashew apple , better known in Central America as marañón , it ripens into a yellow and / or red structure about 5 -- 11 cm ( 2.0 -- 4.3 in ) long . It is edible and has a strong `` sweet '' smell and a sweet taste . The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy , but the skin is fragile , making it unsuitable for transport . In Latin America , a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango , raw green pepper , and just a little hint of grapefruit - like citrus . The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing - glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple . The drupe develops first on the tree , and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple . Within the true fruit is a single seed , which is often considered a nut , in the culinary sense . The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin , anacardic acid , a potent skin irritant chemically related to the better - known allergenic oil urushiol which is also a toxin found in the related poison ivy . Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin , but it must be done outdoors as the smoke ( not unlike that from burning poison ivy ) contains urushiol droplets which can cause severe , sometimes life - threatening , reactions by irritating the lungs . People who are allergic to cashew ( or poison ivy ) urushiols may cross-react to mango or pistachio which are also in the Anacardiaceae family . Some people are allergic to cashews , but cashews are a less frequent allergen than tree nuts or peanuts . While the cashew plant is native to northeast Brazil , the Portuguese took it to Goa , India , between 1560 and 1565 . From there it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa . Cashew nut and shell ( edit ) A woman uses a machine to shell cashews in Phuket , Thailand . Cashews as a snack Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts . Cashew nuts are commonly used in Indian cuisine , whole for garnishing sweets or curries , or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries ( e.g. , korma ) , or some sweets ( e.g. , kaju barfi ) . It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts . In Goan cuisine , both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets . Cashew nuts are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines , generally in whole form . In the Philippines , cashew is a known product of Antipolo , and is eaten with suman . Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy , which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers . In Indonesia , roasted and salted cashew nut is called kacang mete or kacang mede , while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet ( translates in English to monkey rose apple ) . In Mozambique , bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients . This dessert is popular in South Africa . In Brazil , the cashew fruit juice is popular . Brazilians prefer the fruit to the nut . In Panama , the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet , brown , paste - like dessert called dulce de marañón , with marañón as a Spanish name for cashew . In the 21st century , cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk , a plant milk alternative to dairy milk . The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds which may cause contact dermatitis similar in severity to that of poison ivy , primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids , anacardic acid , and cardanol . Due to the possible dermatitis , cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers . Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells , cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology . Production ( edit ) Cashew Nut Production ( as Kernels ) - 2015 Country Production ( tonnes ) India 172,719 Côte d'Ivoire 171,111 Vietnam 113,059 Brazil 33,000 World 738,861 Source : Nuts and Dried Fruits , Global Statistical Review , 2015 In 2015 , global production of cashew nuts ( as the kernel ) was 738,861 tonnes , led by India and Côte d'Ivoire each with 23 % of the world total ( table ) . Vietnam and Brazil also had significant production of cashew kernels . In 2014 , rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire made this country the top African exporter . Fluctuations in world market prices , poor working conditions , and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry . The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25 ° N and 25 ° S , and is supremely adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season , where also the mango and tamarind trees thrive . The traditional cashew tree is tall ( up to 14 m ) and takes three years from planting before it starts production , and eight years before economic harvests can begin . More recent breeds , such as the dwarf cashew trees , are up to 6 m tall , and start producing after the first year , with economic yields after three years . The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare , in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety . Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards . Cashew nuts being inspected after harvest Nutrition ( edit ) Cashews , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 553 kcal ( 2,310 kJ ) Carbohydrates 30.19 g Starch 0.74 g Sugars lactose 5.91 g 0.00 g Dietary fiber 3.3 g Fat 43.85 g Saturated 7.783 g Monounsaturated 23.797 g Polyunsaturated 7.845 g Protein 18.22 g Vitamins Vitamin A 0 IU Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 37 % ) 0.423 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 5 % ) 0.058 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 7 % ) 1.062 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 17 % ) 0.86 mg Vitamin B6 ( 32 % ) 0.417 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 6 % ) 25 μg Vitamin B12 ( 0 % ) 0 μg Vitamin C ( 1 % ) 0.5 mg Vitamin D ( 0 % ) 0 μg Vitamin E ( 6 % ) 0.90 mg Vitamin K ( 32 % ) 34.1 μg Minerals Calcium ( 4 % ) 37 mg Copper ( 110 % ) 2.2 mg Iron ( 51 % ) 6.68 mg Magnesium ( 82 % ) 292 mg Manganese ( 79 % ) 1.66 mg Phosphorus ( 85 % ) 593 mg Potassium ( 14 % ) 660 mg Selenium ( 28 % ) 19.9 μg Sodium ( 1 % ) 12 mg Zinc ( 61 % ) 5.78 mg Other constituents Water 5.20 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database In a 100 - gram serving , raw cashews provide 553 Calories , 67 % of the Daily Value ( DV ) in total fats , 36 % DV of protein , 13 % DV of dietary fiber and 11 % DV of carbohydrates ( table ) . Cashews are rich sources ( > 19 % DV ) of dietary minerals , including particularly copper , manganese , phosphorus , and magnesium ( 79 - 110 % DV ) , and of thiamin , vitamin B and vitamin K ( 32 - 37 % DV ) ( table ) . Iron , potassium , zinc , and selenium are present in significant content ( 14 - 61 % DV ) ( table ) . Cashews ( 100 grams , raw ) contain 113 milligrams ( 1.74 gr ) of beta - sitosterol . Allergy ( edit ) For some 6 % of people , cashews can lead to complications or allergic reactions which may be life - threatening . These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts , and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins . Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing , handling , or manufacturing , particularly in Europe . Cashew oil ( edit ) Cashew oil is a dark yellow oil for cooking or salad dressing pressed from cashew nuts ( typically broken chunks created during processing ) . This may be produced from a single cold pressing . Cashew shell oil ( edit ) See also : Urushiol Cashew nutshell liquid ( CNSL ) or cashew shell oil ( CAS registry number 8007 - 24 - 7 ) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell , and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts . It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing drugs , antioxidants , fungicides , and biomaterials . It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti termite treatment of timber . Its composition varies depending on how it is processed . Cold , solvent - extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids ( 70 % ) , cardol ( 18 % ) and cardanol ( 5 % ) . Heating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids , producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol . Distillation of this material gives distilled , technical CNSL containing 78 % cardanol and 8 % cardol ( cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol ) . This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl - phenols present in CNSL . Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol , which is used for resins , coatings , and frictional materials . These substances are skin allergens , like the oils of poison ivy , and present danger during manual cashew processing . This natural oil phenol has been found to have interesting chemical structural features which enable a range of chemical modifications to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers capitalizing on the chemically versatile construct , containing three different functional groups : the aromatic ring , the hydroxyl group , and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain . These can be split into key groups , used as polyols , which have recently seen a dramatic increase in demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity , range of functionalities , reduction in blowing agents , and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of ridged polyurethanes aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass . CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products . CNSL - based Novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material . Cashew apple ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The cashew apple , also called cashew fruit , is the fleshy part of the cashew fruit attached to the cashew nut . The top end of the cashew apple is attached to the stem that comes off the tree . The bottom end of the cashew apple attaches to the cashew nut , which is encased in a shell . In botanical terms , the cashew apple is an accessory fruit that grows on the cashew seed ( which is the nut ) . The cashew apple can be eaten fresh , cooked in curries , or fermented into vinegar , as well as an alcoholic drink . It is also used to make preserves , chutneys , and jams in some countries such as India and Brazil . In many countries , particularly in South America , the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks , both alcoholic and nonalcoholic . Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples , because the apple , unlike the nut , is easily bruised and has very limited shelf life . Cashew apple juice , however , may be used for manufacturing blended juices . Cashew apples have a sweet but astringent taste traced to the waxy layer on the skin that contains a chemical , urushiol , which can cause minor skin irritation to areas that have had contact with it . In cultures that consume cashew apples , this astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water ; alternatively , boiling the fruit in salt water for five minutes or soaking it in gelatin solution also reduces the astringency . Alcohol ( edit ) In Goa , the cashew apple is mashed and the juice extracted and kept for fermentation for a few days . Fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process . The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny . Feni is about 40 -- 42 % alcohol . The single - distilled version is called urrac , which is about 15 % alcohol . In the southern region of Mtwara , Tanzania , the cashew apple ( bibo in Swahili ) is dried and saved . Later , it is reconstituted with water and fermented , then distilled to make a strong liquor often referred to by the generic name , gongo . In Mozambique , cashew farmers commonly make a strong liquor from the cashew apple . It is known under various names in the local languages of Mozambique ( muchekele in Emakua spoken in the North , xicadju in Changana spoken in the South ) . In contrast to the above - mentioned Feni of Goa , the cashew liquor made in Mozambique does not involve the extraction of the juice from the cashew apples . Following harvest and the removal of the nuts , the apples are spread on the ground under trees and courtyards and allowed to lose water and ferment . The shrivelled fruits are then used for distillation . According to one source , an alcohol had been distilled in the early 20th century from the juice of the fruit , and was manufactured in the West Indies . Animal feed ( edit ) Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption , alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels , can be used to feed livestock . Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees . Gallery ( edit ) Young cashew fruits Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked Distilling cashew apple liquor or `` muchekele '' in Mozambique Shriveled , fermented cashew apples ready for distillation , Mozambique ' Anacardium occidentale ' , from Koehler 's ' Medicinal - Plants ' ( 1887 ) See also ( edit ) Cajuína Cashew pie List of culinary nuts Semecarpus anacardium ( the Oriental Anacardium ) is a native of India and is closely related to the cashew . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Morton , Julia F ( 1987 ) . `` Cashew apple , Anacardium occidentale L '' . Fruits of warm climates , Julia F. Morton . Center for New Crops and Plant Products , Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture , Purdue University , W. Lafayette , IN . pp. 239 -- 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9610184 - 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Jostock , `` Cashew Industry '' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 2 , p. 5 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers -- Countries By Commodity '' . United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization , Statistics Division . 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jostock , `` Cashew Industry '' , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Varghese , T. ; Pundir , Y. ( 1964 ) . `` Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L '' . Proceedings : Plant Sciences . 59 ( 5 ) : 252 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Rosen , T. ; Fordice , D.B. ( April 1994 ) . `` Cashew Nut Dermatitis '' . Southern Medical Journal . 87 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 546 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 199404000 - 00026 . PMID 8153790 . Jump up ^ Phillippa Cheifitz ( 2009 ) . South Africa Eats . Jump up ^ Jostock , `` Cashew Industry '' p. 5 . Jump up ^ Osborn M ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Access to Market Data and Supply Chain Visibility offer Economic Boost to Ghana Cashew Farmers '' . Consumer Goods Technology . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosen T. ; Fordice , D.B. ( 1994 ) . `` Cashew nut dermatitis '' . South Med J. 87 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 46 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 199404000 - 00026 . PMID 8153790 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cashews Are n't Sold In The Shell '' . Moment of Science , Indiana Public Media . September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamad F.B. ; Mubofu E.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Potential biological applications of bio-based anacardic acids and their derivatives '' . Int J Mol Sci. 16 ( 4 ) : 8569 -- 90 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms16048569 . PMC 4425097 . PMID 25894225 . Jump up ^ `` Nuts & Dried Fruits Global Statistical Review 2015 / 2016 , p22 '' ( PDF ) . International Nut and Dried Fruit Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bavier , Joe ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` War - scarred Ivory Coast aims to conquer the world of cashews '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tanzania riots over cashew nut payments '' . BBC . 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lamble L. ( 2 November 2013 ) . `` Cashew nut workers suffer ' appalling ' conditions as global slump dents profits '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson B. ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` ' Blood cashews ' : the toxic truth about your favourite nut '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cultivating Cashew Nuts '' . ARC - Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops , South Africa . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Report ( All Nutrients ) : 12087 , Nuts , cashew nuts , raw , database version SR 27 '' . Agricultural Research Service -- United States Department of Agriculture . 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McWilliam V. ; Koplin J. ; Lodge C. ; Tang M. ; Dharmage S. ; Allen K. ( 2015 ) . `` The prevalence of tree nut allergy : a systematic review '' . Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 15 ( 9 ) : 555 . doi : 10.1007 / s11882 - 015 - 0555 - 8 . PMID 26233427 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cashew Allergies '' . Informall Database -- funded by European Union . 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Food Allergies -- INFOSAN '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cashew Oil '' . Smart Kitchen . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Agriculture and the Environment '' , by Jason W. Clay , p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Alexander H. Tullo ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` A Nutty Chemical '' . Chemical and Engineering News . 86 ( 36 ) : 26 -- 27 . doi : 10.1021 / cen - v086n033. p026 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exposure and Use Data for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid '' ( PDF ) . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ferri , Enrico ( 22 May 2011 ) . `` Bioresins Derived from Cashew Nutshell Oil '' . MaterialsToday . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Stephanie ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Cashew Juice , the Apple of Pepsi 's Eye '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Azam - Ali and Judge ( 2004 ) . Small - scale cashew nut processing ( PDF ) . FAO , United Nations . Jump up ^ Percival , Robert ( 1803 ) . An Account of the Island of Ceylon : Its History , Geography , Natural History , with the Manners and Customs of its various Inhabitants . London : C. & R. Baldwin . Jump up ^ Heuzé V. , Tran G. , Hassoun P. , Bastianelli D. , Lebas F. , 2017 . Cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ) nuts and by - products . Feedipedia , a programme by INRA , CIRAD , AFZ and FAO . https://www.feedipedia.org/node/56 Further reading ( edit ) Jostock , Carolyn . `` Cashew Industry '' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 2 , p. 5 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Olaya , Clara Inés . `` Cajú / Marañon / Merey / Acaiu / Cashew Nut '' , in Americas 42 , no . 3 ( 1990 ) , 52 -- 53 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anacardium occidentale . Handbook of Energy Crops -- Anacardium occidentale L . Nuts True , or botanical nuts Acorn Beech American beech European beech Breadnut Candlenut Chestnut Sweet chestnut Hazelnut American hazel Beaked hazel European hazel Filbert Asian hazel Johnstone River almond Kola nut Kurrajong Malabar chestnut Mongongo Palm nut Karuka Planted karuka Wild karuka Red bopple nut Yellow walnut Drupes Almond Australian cashew nut Betel nut Borneo tallow nut Breadfruit Cashew Chilean hazel Coconut Durian Gabon nut Hickory Mockernut hickory Pecan Shagbark hickory Shellbark hickory Irvingia gabonensis Jack nut Panda oleosa Pekea nut Pili nut Pistachio Walnut Black walnut Butternut English walnut Heartnut Gymnosperms Cycad Burrawang nut Ginkgo nut Araucaria spp . Bunya nut Monkey - puzzle nut Pine nut Chilgoza pine Colorado pinyon Korean pine Mexican pinyon Single - leaf pinyon Stone pine Angiosperms Brazil nut Macadamia Macadamia nut Queensland macadamia nut Paradise nut Peanut Peanut tree Soybean Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Bacon fat Fatback Lardo Salo Salt pork Szalonna Lard Lardon Pork belly Pancetta Tocino Speck Beef / mutton fats Dripping Suet Tallow Tail fat Dairy fats Butter Clarified butter Ghee Niter kibbeh Smen Poultry fats Chicken fat Duck fat Schmaltz Other animal fats Blubber Muktuk Vegetable fats Cocoa butter Margarine Shea butter Vegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oil Shark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Palm oil palm kernel oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Canola oil and Colza oil ( toxic oil syndrome ) Safflower oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Nut oils Almond oil Argan oil Cashew oil Hazelnut oil Macadamia oil Marula oil Mongongo nut oil Pecan oil Pine nut oil Pistachio oil Walnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oil Avocado oil Castor oil Grape seed oil Hemp oil Linseed oil ( flaxseed oil ) Mustard oil Olive oil Perilla oil Poppyseed oil Pumpkin seed oil Rice bran oil Sesame oil Tea seed oil Watermelon seed oil See also List of vegetable oils Cooking oil Essential oil Taxon identifiers Wd : Q34007 APDB : 5652 EoL : 582263 EPPO : ANAOC FloraBase : 44542 FoC : 200012676 GBIF : 5421368 GRIN : 3060 iNaturalist : 122988 IPNI : 69191 - 1 ITIS : 28793 NCBI : 171929 Plant List : kew - 2635912 PLANTS : ANOC Tropicos : 1300006 GND : 4240091 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cashew&oldid=828326731 '' Categories : Anacardium Crops originating from Brazil Crops originating from South America Cashew Edible nuts and seeds Flora of the Cerrado Medicinal plants of South America Nut oils Plants described in 1753 Resins Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Trees of Brazil Trees of Colombia Trees of French Guiana Trees of Guyana Trees of Suriname Trees of Venezuela Tropical agriculture Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which part of a cashew flower becomes its fruits	[ "The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit).[1] What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower.[5] Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón, it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5–11 cm (2.0–4.3 in) long. It is edible and has a strong \"sweet\" smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. In Latin America, a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango, raw green pepper, and just a little hint of grapefruit-like citrus." ]	[ "the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower" ]
-2722013745731478662	Gary Anthony Williams	Gary Anthony Williams - wikipedia Gary Anthony Williams Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gary Anthony Williams Williams performing with Laughing Matters at Manuel 's in May 2007 ( 1966 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Fayetteville , Georgia , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 1990 -- present Gary Anthony Williams ( born March 14 , 1966 ) is an American actor and comedian who provided the voice of Uncle Ruckus on The Boondocks , Yancy Westridge in the video game Alpha Protocol , and Horace Warfield in StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty . He appeared on the television series Weeds , Boston Legal , Blue Collar TV , and as `` Abe '' Kenarban in Malcolm in the Middle . Williams co-founded and is Artistic Director of the L.A. Comedy Shorts film festival in Hollywood , California . He also starred alongside Cedric the Entertainer on the hit TV Land sitcom The Soul Man . Williams is currently a regular on Whose Line is it Anyway ? . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Television 3 Film 4 Improvisational comedy 5 References 6 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Born in Fayetteville , Georgia , Williams was involved in theater , comedy , and television in Atlanta , where his credits include acting with the Georgia Shakespeare Festival , performing and writing for Agatha 's : A Taste of Mystery , and being a longtime member of Atlanta 's longest running improv troupe , Laughing Matters . Williams had recurring roles in the television series I 'll Fly Away and In the Heat of the Night , both filmed in the Atlanta area . He moved to Los Angeles in 1998 . Television ( edit ) Williams ' past roles include Abraham Kenarban ( Stevie 's dad ) in the Fox TV sitcom Malcolm in the Middle and as Judge Trudy 's Bailiff on Nickelodeon 's The Amanda Show . Williams was a series regular on the WB Television Network sketch comedy series , Blue Collar TV . In 2003 , Williams had a small role in an episode of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , `` Invisible Evidence . '' During season three and four of Boston Legal , Williams appeared as part - time lawyer Clarence Bell , a pathologically shy man who expresses himself through characters , including crossdressing as women ( including a nun and celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey ) . The role of Clarence / Clarice was originally to appear in one episode , but was expanded into a recurring role and then a regular role . Williams plays parts in five different shows on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block , Adult Swim , one being a STRATA technician on Saul of the Molemen , another as the self - hating African American , Uncle Ruckus on The Boondocks , Coroner Rick , a recurring character on Stroker and Hoop , he also played the role of Paul Revere on the television special , The Young Person 's Guide to History , and served as the voice - over announcer for The Eric Andre Show until 2013 . He also voiced Riff Tamson in the opening three episodes of season four of Star Wars : The Clone Wars . He is also the voice of Mr. Dos on Special Agent Oso . He appeared on an episode of Hot in Cleveland as a drama teacher and soccer coach . In 2009 and 2010 , Williams provided the voice of the supervillain Mongul for several episodes of the animated series , Batman : The Brave and the Bold . On one occasion , he voiced the character 's sister , Mongal . He also voiced the supervillain Thunderball in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes . Williams is currently working on a new Mike Judge animated series . He was part of a segment in the show Beyond Belief : Fact or Fiction , and guest - starred on How I Met Your Mother and Two and a Half Men . Williams also guest stars as the halfway house director in the 7th season of the TV show Weeds . In 2011 , he joined the cast of the animated series China , IL as the voice of Doctor Falgot . Williams was also in an episode of the show Workaholics . He was a series regular for the animated sketch comedy series Mad and is currently voicing Mr. McStuffins for the animated Disney Junior series , Doc McStuffins and Dirty Dan and Dusty for the animated Disney Junior series Sheriff Callie 's Wild West . He is also the narrator for the TV One series UNSUNG . From 2012 to 2016 , Williams appeared as the recurring character Lester on the TV Land original sitcom The Soul Man . Since 2013 , Williams has been a recurring performer on the CW revival of the television show Whose Line Is It Anyway , where he improvises scenes and songs . He also provides the voice for Mufasa in The Lion Guard , and has provided voices for Star Wars Rebels . In 2017 , he voiced Bark Knight and Baboo from the animated Disney Junior series Puppy Dog Pals . Film ( edit ) Williams has appeared in films such as Undercover Brother , appearing as Smart Brother ( having previously voiced the Undercover Brother character in the original internet animated series ) , Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , and Soul Plane . On the Boondocks second season premiere , `` ... Or Die Trying '' , Riley Freeman and Robert Freeman are seen watching the Soul Plane 2 trailer , when they distinctly hear Williams and voice of grandad , John Witherspoon ( who also had an acting role in Soul Plane ) , having a conversation on the plane . He also voiced Sweet in The Trumpet of the Swan . Williams also appeared in the film The Factory , starring John Cusack . In 2011 , Williams narrated the feature - length documentary Ayn Rand and the Prophecy of Atlas Shrugged . Perhaps his most recent role is as Melvin ( a father ) in House Party : Tonight 's the Night . Williams played Bebop in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) . Improvisational comedy ( edit ) Williams , Fuzzbee Morse and Nick Jameson perform as the Flying Fannoli Brothers , an improv comedy band . He performs in the improvisational shows Cookin ' With Gas and The Black Version at The Groundlings Theatre in Los Angeles . Williams also returns to Atlanta to perform with Laughing Matters once or twice a year . Since 2013 he has been a recurring performer on The CW 's revival of Whose Line is it Anyway ? . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Today in History '' . Philadelphia Tribune . March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( 2006 ) . Historical Dictionary of African - American Television . Scarecrow Press . pp. 483 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5335 - 5 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eldridge , Richard L. `` Atlantic Station 's set for taste of Hollywood '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . October 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Garretson , Shari . `` Cat on a Hot Tin Streetcar '' . ' `` The Atlanta Journal . May 25 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Gincel , Richard . `` Instant comedy requires quick wits '' . The Atlanta Journal . July 22 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Downey , Maureen ; Shurling , Bo . `` No secret : TV role ` Smart ' move '' . The Atlanta Journal . October 18 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney . `` Dad 's Garage goes big at Fox with new fundraiser The Fabulous Fox Theatre plays host to this year 's event '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Mashaun D. `` Georgian Stars With Eddie Griffin In New Action - Comedy '' . Atlanta Daily World . May 2 , 2002 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Don . `` Gary Anthony Williams : A Theatrically Trained Performer '' . New York Beacon . May 1 , 2002 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney . `` Random Bits '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . December 27 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Ho , Rodney. `` No bitterness about losing role on show '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Junior Celebrates Black History Month with `` We Are Doc Mcstuffins '' `` . Chicago Citizen . February 13 , 2013 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` EUR Hollywood Gossip Scoop '' . The Jacksonville Free Press ( Jacksonville , Florida ) . May 21 , 2009 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cahillane , Kevin . `` Homegrown : A Stoner Comedy Straight Out of Randolph '' . ' `` The New York Times . August 16 , 2004 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Foran , Chris . `` TMNT return to spotlight '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . June 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Gary Anthony Williams on IMDb This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ex-Fayetteville Resident Goes Legal by Rodney Ho for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , January 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 23 , 2007 Comic Makes Time for a Pal in Need by Richard L. Eldredge for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , May 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 23 , 2007 Gary Anthony Williams Causes a ' Ruckus ' by Janice Rhoshalle Littlejohn for the Associated Press , November 11 , 2007 . Retrieved on November 11 , 2007 . ( hide ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? UK version Episodes US version Episodes Additional versions UK radio version Israeli version Dutch version Australian version Related topics Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Fast and Loose Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us with Your Life VIAF : 4696504 LCCN : no2006128524 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Anthony_Williams&oldid=805331778 '' Categories : Living people 1966 births American male film actors Male actors from Atlanta American male voice actors American male television actors People from Fayetteville , Georgia African - American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles needing cleanup from March 2012 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2012 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2012 BLP articles lacking sources from March 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 17 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of uncle ruckus on the boondocks	[ "Gary Anthony Williams (born March 14, 1966[1]) is an American actor and comedian[2] who provided the voice of Uncle Ruckus on The Boondocks, Yancy Westridge in the video game Alpha Protocol, and Horace Warfield in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty. He appeared on the television series Weeds, Boston Legal, Blue Collar TV, and as \"Abe\" Kenarban in Malcolm in the Middle. Williams co-founded and is Artistic Director of the L.A. Comedy Shorts film festival in Hollywood, California. He also starred alongside Cedric the Entertainer on the hit TV Land sitcom The Soul Man. Williams is currently a regular on Whose Line is it Anyway?." ]	[ "Gary Anthony Williams" ]
-4884067718714502368	Senior Bowl	Senior Bowl - wikipedia Senior Bowl Jump to : navigation , search For the bridge competition , see Senior Bowl ( bridge ) . For the stealth reconnaissance system codenamed SENIOR BOWL , see Lockheed D - 21 . Senior Bowl Reese 's Senior Bowl Stadium Ladd -- Peebles Stadium Location Mobile , Alabama Previous stadiums Gator Bowl Stadium ( 1950 ) Previous locations Jacksonville , Florida ( 1950 ) Operated 1950 -- present Sponsors Delchamps ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Food World ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Under Armour ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Nike ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Reese 's ( 2014 -- present ) 2017 matchup North vs. South ( South 16 -- 15 ) 2018 matchup North vs. South ( South 45 -- 16 ) The Senior Bowl is a post-season college football all - star game played each January in Mobile , Alabama , which showcases the best NFL Draft prospects of those players who have completed their college eligibility . First played in 1950 in Jacksonville , Florida , the game moved to Mobile 's Ladd -- Peebles Stadium the next year . Produced by the non-profit Mobile Arts & Sports Association , the game is also a charitable fund - raiser benefiting various local and regional organizations with over US $5.9 million in donations over its history . In 2007 , telecast of the game moved from ESPN to NFL Network . In 2013 , Reese 's took over sponsorship , starting with the 2014 game . In January 2018 , Reese 's announced that they were extending their sponsorship of the game ; a specific duration was not given . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Game results 3 Game MVPs 4 50th Anniversary Senior Bowl All - Time Team 5 Senior Bowl Hall of Fame 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Two teams , representing the North and the South , are coached by select coaching staff from two NFL teams . In recent years , the coaching staffs have come from teams who finished near the bottom of the league standings , but whose coaches were not subsequently terminated . Organizers stipulate a number of specific rules for the game , some of which are intended to reduce the chance of injury ( e.g. `` All blocks below the waist are prohibited '' ) , and others that simplify what the teams need to practice and prepare for ( e.g. `` Only four rushers allowed , no 5 - man pressures or blitzes from secondary permitted '' ) . The week - long practice that precedes the game is attended by key NFL personnel ( including coaches , general managers and scouts ) , who oversee the players as possible prospects for pro football . At one point the Senior Bowl was the first chance its participants had to openly receive pay for participation in an athletic event . This was one reason that participation was limited to seniors whose eligibility for further participation in collegiate football had expired , and the game was also their first exposure to the slightly different professional rules . Players who wished to participate in collegiate spring sports had to avoid participation in the Senior Bowl . The significance of all of this has waned in recent years as there has been some lessening of the former strict separation of professional and amateur athletes . Athletes sometimes decline invitations to participate in the Senior Bowl , opting instead to prepare for the NFL scouting combine or their colleges ' pro day . In 2013 , two players ( D.J. Fluker and Justin Pugh ) with a year of college football eligibility remaining , but who had already graduated , became the first `` fourth - year juniors '' to be granted clearance to play in the Senior Bowl . The game has consistently been played on a Saturday in January , with the exception of 1976 , when it was held on a Sunday . The scheduling date within January has varied -- the earliest playing has been January 3 ( 1953 and 1959 ) , while the latest playing has been January 30 ( 2010 and 2016 ) . Since 1967 , it has been traditionally set for the week before the NFL 's Super Bowl ( which itself is now played in February ) . It is usually scheduled as the final game of the college football season , but for a period during the 1980s and 1990s , it was the next - to - the - last game , followed a week later by either the Hula Bowl or the Gridiron Classic , both of which are now defunct . From 2007 through 2011 , and also in 2013 , the Senior Bowl was again the next - to - the - last game , followed by the Texas vs. The Nation Game a week later . The single - season record for number of players sent to the Senior Bowl from one school is 10 by Alabama in 1987 , followed by nine sent by Auburn in 1988 and Southern California in 2008 . Game results ( edit ) Date Winner Score North team coach ( AFC 1991 -- 93 ) South team coach ( NFC 1991 -- 93 ) Notes January 7 , 1950 South 22 -- 13 Bo McMillin , Detroit Lions Steve Owen , New York Giants January 6 , 1951 South 19 -- 18 Bo McMillin , Detroit Lions Steve Owen , New York Giants January 5 , 1952 North 20 -- 6 Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns Steve Owen , New York Giants January 3 , 1953 North 28 -- 13 Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns Steve Owen , New York Giants January 9 , 1954 North 20 -- 14 Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns Steve Owen , New York Giants January 8 , 1955 South 12 -- 6 Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns Steve Owen , New York Giants January 7 , 1956 South 12 -- 2 Buddy Parker , Detroit Lions Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns January 5 , 1957 South 21 -- 7 Joe Kuharich , Washington Redskins Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns January 11 , 1958 North 15 -- 13 Joe Kuharich , Washington Redskins Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns January 3 , 1959 South 21 -- 12 Joe Kuharich , Washington Redskins Paul Brown , Cleveland Browns January 9 , 1960 North 26 -- 7 Jim Lee Howell , New York Giants Weeb Ewbank , Baltimore Colts January 7 , 1961 South 33 -- 26 Jim Lee Howell , New York Giants Weeb Ewbank , Baltimore Colts January 6 , 1962 South 42 -- 7 Tom Landry , Dallas Cowboys Weeb Ewbank , Baltimore Colts January 5 , 1963 South 33 -- 27 Tom Landry , Dallas Cowboys Weeb Ewbank , Baltimore Colts January 4 , 1964 South 28 -- 21 George Wilson , Detroit Lions Tom Landry , Dallas Cowboys January 9 , 1965 Tie 7 -- 7 George Wilson , Detroit Lions Tom Landry , Dallas Cowboys January 8 , 1966 South 27 -- 18 Mike Holovak , Boston Patriots Weeb Ewbank , New York Jets January 7 , 1967 North 35 -- 13 Norm Van Brocklin , Atlanta Falcons Otto Graham , Washington Redskins January 6 , 1968 South 34 -- 21 Mike Holovak , Boston Patriots Hank Stram , Kansas City Chiefs January 11 , 1969 North 27 -- 16 Allie Sherman , New York Giants Charley Winner , St. Louis Cardinals January 10 , 1970 Tie 37 -- 37 Lou Saban , Denver Broncos Don Shula , Baltimore Colts January 9 , 1971 North 31 -- 13 Lou Saban , Denver Broncos Weeb Ewbank , New York Jets January 8 , 1972 South 26 -- 21 Alex Webster , New York Giants J.D. Roberts , New Orleans Saints January 6 , 1973 South 33 -- 30 Lou Saban , Buffalo Bills Weeb Ewbank , New York Jets January 12 , 1974 North 16 -- 13 Mike McCormack , Philadelphia Eagles Don McCafferty , Detroit Lions January 11 , 1975 Tie 17 -- 17 John Ralston , Denver Broncos Dick Nolan , San Francisco 49ers January 11 , 1976 North 42 -- 35 Chuck Fairbanks , New England Patriots Jack Pardee , Chicago Bears January 8 , 1977 North 27 -- 24 Forrest Gregg , Cleveland Browns Don Shula , Miami Dolphins January 7 , 1978 North 17 -- 14 Don Coryell , St. Louis Cardinals Leeman Bennett , Atlanta Falcons January 13 , 1979 South 41 -- 21 Walt Michaels , New York Jets Dick Nolan , New Orleans Saints January 12 , 1980 North 57 -- 3 Bud Grant , Minnesota Vikings Ray Perkins , New York Giants January 17 , 1981 North 23 -- 10 Bill Walsh , San Francisco 49ers Red Miller , Denver Broncos January 16 , 1982 South 27 -- 10 Marv Levy , Kansas City Chiefs Chuck Noll , Pittsburgh Steelers January 22 , 1983 North 14 -- 6 Frank Kush , Baltimore Colts Bum Phillips , New Orleans Saints January 14 , 1984 South 21 -- 20 Kay Stephenson , Buffalo Bills Don Coryell , San Diego Chargers January 12 , 1985 South 23 -- 7 Jim Hanifan , St. Louis Cardinals Forrest Gregg , Green Bay Packers January 18 , 1986 North 31 -- 17 Dan Reeves , Denver Broncos Leeman Bennett , Tampa Bay Buccaneers January 17 , 1987 South 42 -- 38 John Robinson , Los Angeles Rams Don Shula , Miami Dolphins January 23 , 1988 North 21 -- 7 Chuck Knox , Seattle Seahawks Jim Mora , New Orleans Saints January 21 , 1989 South 13 -- 12 Dan Reeves , Denver Broncos John Robinson , Los Angeles Rams January 20 , 1990 North 41 -- 0 Marty Schottenheimer , Kansas City Chiefs Buddy Ryan , Philadelphia Eagles January 19 , 1991 AFC 38 -- 28 Marty Schottenheimer , Kansas City Chiefs Jim Mora , New Orleans Saints January 18 , 1992 AFC 13 -- 10 Art Shell , Los Angeles Raiders Mike Ditka , Chicago Bears January 16 , 1993 NFC 21 -- 6 Ted Marchibroda , Indianapolis Colts Bill Belichick , Cleveland Browns January 22 , 1994 South 35 -- 32 Rich Kotite , Philadelphia Eagles Don Shula , Miami Dolphins January 21 , 1995 South 14 -- 7 Dan Reeves , New York Giants Ted Marchibroda , Indianapolis Colts January 20 , 1996 North 25 -- 10 Dennis Erickson , Seattle Seahawks Dave Wannstedt , Chicago Bears January 18 , 1997 North 35 -- 14 Norv Turner , Washington Redskins Marty Schottenheimer , Kansas City Chiefs January 17 , 1998 South 31 -- 8 Ted Marchibroda , Baltimore Ravens Norv Turner , Washington Redskins January 23 , 1999 South 31 -- 21 Jon Gruden , Oakland Raiders Tony Dungy , Tampa Bay Buccaneers January 22 , 2000 North 24 -- 21 George Seifert , Carolina Panthers Gunther Cunningham , Kansas City Chiefs January 20 , 2001 South 21 -- 16 Bill Cowher , Pittsburgh Steelers Mike Sherman , Green Bay Packers January 26 , 2002 South 41 -- 26 Mike Holmgren , Seattle Seahawks Dave McGinnis , Arizona Cardinals January 18 , 2003 North 17 -- 0 Dom Capers , Houston Texans Marty Mornhinweg , Detroit Lions January 24 , 2004 South 28 -- 10 Marvin Lewis , Cincinnati Bengals Marty Schottenheimer , San Diego Chargers January 29 , 2005 North 23 -- 13 Norv Turner , Oakland Raiders Jon Gruden , Tampa Bay Buccaneers January 28 , 2006 North 31 -- 14 Jeff Fisher , Tennessee Titans Mike Nolan , San Francisco 49ers January 27 , 2007 North 27 -- 0 Jon Gruden , Tampa Bay Buccaneers Mike Nolan , San Francisco 49ers notes January 26 , 2008 South 17 -- 16 Lane Kiffin , Oakland Raiders Mike Nolan , San Francisco 49ers notes January 24 , 2009 South 35 -- 18 Marvin Lewis , Cincinnati Bengals Jack Del Rio , Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 30 , 2010 North 31 -- 13 Jim Schwartz , Detroit Lions Tony Sparano , Miami Dolphins notes January 29 , 2011 South 24 -- 10 Marvin Lewis , Cincinnati Bengals Chan Gailey , Buffalo Bills notes January 28 , 2012 North 23 -- 13 Leslie Frazier , Minnesota Vikings Mike Shanahan , Washington Redskins notes January 26 , 2013 South 21 -- 16 Dennis Allen , Oakland Raiders Jim Schwartz , Detroit Lions notes January 25 , 2014 South 20 -- 10 Mike Smith , Atlanta Falcons Gus Bradley , Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 24 , 2015 North 34 -- 13 Ken Whisenhunt , Tennessee Titans Gus Bradley , Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 30 , 2016 South 27 -- 16 Jason Garrett , Dallas Cowboys Gus Bradley , Jacksonville Jaguars notes January 28 , 2017 South 16 -- 15 John Fox , Chicago Bears Hue Jackson , Cleveland Browns notes January 27 , 2018 South 45 -- 16 Vance Joseph , Denver Broncos Bill O'Brien , Houston Texans notes All - time series ( through the 2018 game ) : South ( 35 - 28 -- 3 ) ; AFC ( 2 -- 1 ) From 1991 to 1993 the two teams were designated `` AFC '' and `` NFC '' to distinguish where their coaching staffs were from and to stress the professional nature of the game . This was confusing to some , as the game occurred well before the NFL draft and there was no way of determining which conference the players were actually going to wind up in to start their professional careers . In 1994 this was dropped and the designations were reverted to the traditional `` North vs. South '' format . The first game in 1950 was played in Jacksonville , Florida . All subsequent games have been played in Mobile , Alabama . Game MVPs ( edit ) Year Name College 1950 Travis Tidwell Auburn 1951 Bucky Curtis Vanderbilt 1952 Al Dorow Michigan State 1953 Harry Agganis Boston University 1954 Gene Filipski Villanova 1955 Bobby Freeman Auburn 1956 Don Goss SMU 1957 Don Bosseler Miami ( FL ) 1958 Jim Taylor LSU 1959 Theron Sapp Norm Odyniec Georgia Notre Dame 1960 Jacky Lee Cincinnati 1961 Dick Norman Stanford 1962 Earl Gros Ronnie Bull LSU Baylor 1963 Glynn Griffing Ole Miss 1964 Ode Burrell Mississippi State 1965 Steve DeLong Tennessee 1966 Howard Twilley Tulsa 1967 Bubba Smith Michigan State 1968 Kim Hammond Florida State 1969 Jerry Levias SMU 1970 Terry Bradshaw Louisiana Tech 1971 J.D. Hill Arizona State 1972 Pat Sullivan Auburn 1973 Chuck Foreman Miami ( FL ) Bill Kollar Montana State Steve Bartkowski California 1976 Craig Penrose San Diego State 1977 Tommy Kramer Rice 1978 James Lofton Stanford 1979 Willie Jones Florida State 1980 Marc Wilson Brigham Young 1981 Neil Lomax Portland State 1982 John Fourcade Steve Clark Ole Miss Utah Dan Marino Terry Kinard Pittsburgh Clemson Year Name College 1984 Walter Lewis Doug Smith Alabama Auburn 1985 Paul Ott Carruth Alabama 1986 Napoleon McCallum Navy Don Smith Mississippi State 1988 Thurman Thomas Oklahoma State 1989 Cleveland Gary Miami ( FL ) 1990 Blair Thomas Penn State 1991 Alvin Harper Tennessee 1992 Tony Smith Southern Miss 1993 Eric Hunter Purdue 1994 Stan White Auburn 1995 Derrick Brooks Florida State Bobby Hoying Ohio State 1997 Pat Barnes California 1998 Dameyune Craig Auburn 1999 Cade McNown UCLA 2000 Chad Pennington Marshall 2001 LaDainian Tomlinson TCU 2002 Antwaan Randle El Indiana 2003 Larry Johnson Penn State Philip Rivers NC State 2005 Charlie Frye Akron 2006 Sinorice Moss Miami ( FL ) 2007 Tony Hunt Penn State 2008 Matt Forte Tulane 2009 Pat White West Virginia Brandon Graham Michigan 2011 Christian Ponder Florida State 2012 Isaiah Pead Cincinnati 2013 EJ Manuel Florida State 2014 Dee Ford Auburn 2015 Ameer Abdullah Nebraska 2016 Dak Prescott Mississippi State 2017 Davis Webb California 2018 Kyle Lauletta Richmond 50th anniversary Senior Bowl all - Time team ( edit ) The following team was selected by fan voting before the 1999 game : Offense Pos . Name College Year HOF QB Joe Namath Alabama 1965 -- P RB Walter Payton Jackson State CP RB Bo Jackson Auburn 1986 C -- RB Franco Harris Penn State 1972 -- P WR Steve Largent Tulsa 1976 -- P WR Lynn Swann USC CP WR Art Monk Syracuse 1980 CP TE Ozzie Newsome Alabama 1978 CP OL Gene Upshaw Texas A&I 1967 -- P OL Jerry Kramer Idaho 1958 -- -- OL Mike Webster Wisconsin 1973 -- P OL Randall McDaniel Arizona State 1988 CP OL Tom Banks Auburn 1970 -- -- PK Morten Andersen Michigan State 1982 -- P Defense Pos . Name College Year HOF DL Joe Greene North Texas State 1969 CP DL Ed Jones Tennessee State -- -- DL Bubba Smith Michigan State 1967 C -- DL Jack Youngblood Florida 1971 CP LB Lee Roy Jordan Alabama 1963 C -- LB Ray Nitschke Illinois 1958 -- P LB Derrick Thomas Alabama 1989 CP LB Ted Hendricks Miami ( FL ) 1969 CP DB Paul Krause Iowa 1964 -- P DB Dale Carter Tennessee 1992 -- -- DB Albert Lewis Grambling -- -- DB Roger Wehrli Missouri 1969 CP HOF : C = College , P = Pro Senior Bowl Hall of Fame ( edit ) Established in 1987 , the Senior Bowl Hall of Fame seeks to pay tribute to the many outstanding former Senior Bowl players who have made lasting contributions to the game of football . The Senior Bowl Hall of Fame also allows enshrinement to former coaches , administrators and other individuals whose efforts helped the Senior Bowl . 1988 -- Joe Greene , Lee Roy Jordan , Steve Largent , Joe Namath , Walter Payton , Pat Sullivan , Jim Taylor , Travis Tidwell 1989 -- Ed Jones , Ozzie Newsome , John Stallworth , Gene Upshaw , Jack Youngblood 1990 -- Paul Brown , Tucker Frederickson , Jerry Kramer , Neil Lomax , Wellington Mara , Finley McRae , Jack Pardee , Rea Scheussler 1991 -- Morten Andersen , James Brooks , Dave Butz , Weeb Ewbank , Doug Williams 1992 -- Franco Harris , Mike Holovak , Sam Huff , Dan Marino , Don Shula , Pat Swilling 1993 -- Cornelius Bennett , Bear Bryant , Ralph Jordan , Tom Landry , Marty Schottenheimer , Lynn Swann 1994 -- Robert Brazile , Rickey Jackson , Mark Rypien , Jim Simpson 1995 -- Bob Baumhower , Pat Dye , Bo Jackson , Gene Washington 1996 -- James Lofton , Dick Steinberg , Kellen Winslow 1997 -- Bob Hayes , Sterling Sharpe , Doak Walker 1998 -- Jim McMahon , Ray Nitschke , Thurman Thomas 1999 -- Tom Banks , Dale Carter , Paul Krause , Albert Lewis , Randall McDaniel , Art Monk , E.B. Peebles , Jr. , Derrick Thomas , Roger Wehrli 2000 -- Hanford Dixon , Brett Favre , Chuck Howley 2001 -- William Andrews , Ron Jaworski , Eddie Robinson 2002 -- Todd Christensen , Bert Jones , Steve McNair 2003 -- Terry Beasley , Jeremiah Castille , Ted Hendricks 2004 -- Derrick Brooks , Christian Okoye , Richard Todd 2005 -- Larry Allen , Al Del Greco , Ray Perkins 2006 -- Curtis Martin , Tony Nathan , Michael Strahan 2007 -- E.J. Junior , Jake Plummer , Hines Ward 2008 -- Dean Kleinschmidt , Kevin Mawae , Brian Urlacher 2009 -- Jason Taylor , Shaun Alexander 2010 -- Larry Johnson , Terrell Owens 2011 -- None , due to NFL lockout 2012 -- Keith Brooking , Donovan McNabb , Dan Reeves 2013 -- John Abraham , Sylvester Croom , Aeneas Williams 2014 -- Bill Kolar , Torry Holt , DeMarcus Ware 2015 -- Woodrow Lowe , Tony Richardson , Kyle Williams 2016 -- Steve Hutchinson , Bill Curry , Tamba Hali 2017 -- Blaine Bishop , Lance Briggs , Jim Harbaugh See also ( edit ) Cactus Bowl ( Division II ) List of college bowl games References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Senior Bowl , Reese 's announce extension '' . seniorbowl.com ( Press release ) . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Playing Rules '' . seniorbowl.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brugler , Dane ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 NFL Draft : UCLA QB Brett Hundley declines Senior Bowl '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First non-seniors to compete in Senior Bowl '' . CBS Sports . January 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( January 22 , 2008 ) . `` Former Trojans happy to be reunited with Kiffin '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/nflnetwork/status/957385965697368065 Jump up ^ `` All - Time Senior Bowl Team '' . seniorbowl.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame '' . seniorbowl.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Senior Bowl Players Drill in Cold Weather '' . Prescott Evening Courier . Associated Press . January 8 , 1958 . p. 5 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Twitter feed Senior Bowl at NFL.com Senior Bowl 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division I FBS bowl games College Football Playoff Championship Game Cotton Fiesta Orange Peach Rose Sugar Other bowl games Alamo Arizona Armed Forces Bahamas Belk Birmingham Boca Raton Cactus Camellia Camping World Citrus Cure Dollar General Famous Idaho Potato Foster Farms Frisco Gasparilla Hawaii Heart of Dallas Holiday Independence Las Vegas Liberty Military Music City New Mexico New Orleans Outback Pinstripe Quick Lane Sun TaxSlayer Texas All - Star games East -- West Shrine Game NFLPA Collegiate Bowl Senior Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senior_Bowl&oldid=822738377 '' Categories : Senior Bowl College football all - star games Sports in Mobile , Alabama Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the senior bowl to be played	[ "The Senior Bowl is a post-season college football all-star game played each January in Mobile, Alabama, which showcases the best NFL Draft prospects of those players who have completed their college eligibility. First played in 1950 in Jacksonville, Florida, the game moved to Mobile's Ladd–Peebles Stadium the next year. Produced by the non-profit Mobile Arts & Sports Association, the game is also a charitable fund-raiser benefiting various local and regional organizations with over US$5.9 million in donations over its history." ]	[ "January" ]
2254950154551481928	Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows	Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows - wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows For the 2013 video game of the same name , see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( video game ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Theatrical release poster Directed by Dave Green Produced by Michael Bay Andrew Form Brad Fuller Galen Walker Scott Mednick Written by Josh Appelbaum André Nemec Based on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Starring Megan Fox Stephen Amell Will Arnett Laura Linney Noel Fisher Jeremy Howard Pete Ploszek Alan Ritchson Brian Tee Tyler Perry Music by Steve Jablonsky Cinematography Lula Carvalho Edited by Jim May Debra Neil - Fisher Bob Ducsay Production companies Nickelodeon Movies Platinum Dunes Gama Entertainment Mednick Productions Smithrowe Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) ( Madison Square Garden ) June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $135 million Box office $245.6 million Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows is a 2016 American superhero film based on the fictional superhero team the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . It is the sixth film in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film series , the second in the reboot series , and a sequel to the 2014 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . The film was directed by Dave Green , written by Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec , and stars Megan Fox , Stephen Amell , Will Arnett , Laura Linney , Brian Tee , Brittany Ishibashi and Tyler Perry , and featuring the voices of Pete Ploszek , Alan Ritchson , Noel Fisher , Jeremy Howard , Tony Shalhoub , Gary Anthony Williams , Sheamus and Brad Garrett . Principal photography on the film began on April 27 , 2015 , in New York City . It was released on June 3 , 2016 , in 3D , RealD 3D , 4DX and in IMAX 3D . It received mixed reviews from critics , being considered by many an improvement over its predecessor , but was not as successful , grossing $245 million against a $135 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice actors and motion - capture 2.2 Live action 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Music 3.4 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after their battle with Shredder and Eric Sacks , the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , Leonardo , Donatello , Raphael , and Michelangelo , still live beneath the sewers of New York City , having allowed Vern Fenwick to take the credit for Shredder 's defeat . At Grand Central Station , April O'Neil discovers and informs the turtles that scientist Baxter Stockman is working for Shredder and plans to bust him out of prison . As Shredder is transferred between prisons alongside criminals Bebop and Rocksteady by corrections officer Casey Jones , the Foot Clan attack the convoy transporting them . Despite the turtles ' interference , Shredder escapes when Stockman uses a teleportation device . Shredder is hijacked mid-teleport , winds up in another dimension , and meets the alien warlord Krang , who reveals his plans to invade Earth . He gives Shredder a purple mutagenic compound in exchange for his promise to find three components of a machine that Krang sent to Earth long ago which will open a portal to his dimension when united , knowing that Shredder and Stockman have the first piece . Casey tells NYPD chief Rebecca Vincent what happened to Shredder but is met with disbelief , and decides to go out on his own . Shredder returns to NY , recruits Bebop and Rocksteady , who also escaped , and has Stockman use Krang 's mutagen to transform them into powerful animal mutants -- a humanoid warthog and rhinoceros. April witnesses their transformation and is able to steal the remaining mutagen vial . Pursued by the Foot , she is rescued by Casey , who uses hockey gear , but the vial is taken into police custody . April then introduces Casey to the turtles , and Raphael and Michelangelo make fun of and pull pranks on him . In the lair , Donatello deduces that the mutagen could be used to turn the turtles into humans , enabling them to live normal lives above ground , but Leonardo refuses and insists on keeping it a secret from the others . However , Michelangelo overhears their conversation and tells Raphael , which enrages Raphael and leads to a fierce argument between the brothers . Leonardo benches Raphael and takes Michelangelo off the mission . In the Natural History Museum , Shredder , Bebop , and Rocksteady find the second piece and steal it before Leonardo and Donatello arrive . Still furious , Raphael recruits Michelangelo , April , Casey , and Vern to break into the NYPD headquarters and retrieve the mutagen . Vern distracts the police while April and Casey retrieve the mutagen , but the Foot arrive ahead of them . In the ensuing battle , the turtles ' existence is revealed to the police , who react with fear and hatred , and April and Casey are arrested while helping the brothers escape with the mutagen . Vincent also sees on TCRI 's cameras that April stole the mutagen , but Stockman had edited the tape so only April is seen . The turtles track Bebop and Rocksteady as they recover the final piece of the device in the rainforests of Manaus , Brazil , and board Rocksteady and Bebop 's jet in midair . In the resulting battle , the jet is critically damaged after Rocksteady fires a tank - mounted machine gun in the cargo hold , and crashes into a river . As the Turtles fight Bebop in the river for control of the piece , Rocksteady emerges in the tank and helps Bebop escape with the piece . The turtles return to NY as Shredder and Stockman complete the device and open a portal to Krang 's dimension through which his modular war machine , the Technodrome , begins to emerge . Shredder betrays Stockman and his men take him to their headquarters in Tokyo . When entering the Technodrome , Krang likewise betrays Shredder , freezing him and locking him with his collection of other defeated foes . Seeing no way to reach the Technodrome as the police pursue them , the turtles debate over taking the mutagen to become human and fight openly . While Leonardo agrees , Raphael shatters the vial , realizing they must accept who they are . Upon April 's request , Vern recovers the security footage from a hidden TCRI camera disguised as a clock that proves Stockman and Shredder 's collaboration and secures April and Casey 's release . April arranges a meeting between the turtles and Vincent , and convinces her that they are not enemies and were the ones who defeated Shredder in the first place . With the help of the police , the turtles are able to jump from the Chrysler Building and confront Krang aboard the still - assembling Technodrome . Although Krang is able to overpower all four turtles easily , they defeat him when Donatello short circuits Krang 's robotics body . April , Casey and Vern raid the Foot Clan facility , defeat Bebop , Rocksteady and Shredder 's lieutenant Karai and take control of the device . The turtles are able to hurl the ship 's beacon back through the portal , taking Krang and the rest of the Technodrome with it , as April , Casey , and Vern shut the portal down . As he disappears , Krang vows to return stronger for revenge . A week later , Bebop and Rocksteady are back in custody , while Stockman remains at large . At night , the turtles are honored by Vincent and the NYPD along with April , Casey , and Vern , and given golden keys to the city . Vincent offers to introduce the turtles to the public , allowing them to lead normal lives , but the turtles opt to keep their existence a secret while still helping as they always have . On top of the Statue of Liberty , the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles celebrate their victory over the vanquished Krang . Cast ( edit ) Voice actors and motion - capture ( edit ) Pete Ploszek as Leonardo : The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle Alan Ritchson as Raphael : The hot - headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle . Noel Fisher as Michelangelo : The light - hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle . Jeremy Howard as Donatello : The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo - staff in battle . Peter D. Badalamenti ( motion - capture ) and Tony Shalhoub ( voice ) as Splinter : The mentor and father - figure of the turtles . His motion - capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film . Gary Anthony Williams as Bebop : A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog . Sheamus as Rocksteady : A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros . Brad Garrett as Krang : A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life - form equipped with a robotic prototype body , who seeks to destroy Earth and enslave the universe . Live action ( edit ) Megan Fox as April O'Neil : A reporter for Channel 6 who had befriended the turtles in the previous film , who now helps them fight the released Shredder and his allies . Stephen Amell as Casey Jones : A corrections officer turned vigilante who wears a hockey - mask and wields a hockey stick as a weapon . He eventually meets and befriends the turtles and April . Will Arnett as Vern Fenwick : April 's cameraman and friend who is revealed to have taken credit for the turtles actions in saving New York City . He again assists the turtles in stopping Shredder once again . Laura Linney as Police Chief Rebecca Vincent : the chief of NYPD who initially detests but later allies with the turtles in saving New York City . Brian Tee as The Shredder : The leader of the Foot Clan who now seeks revenge on the turtles and allies with Krang . He was previously portrayed by Tohoru Masamune in the first film . Tyler Perry as Dr. Baxter Stockman : A mad scientist and former worker at Sacks Industries who allies with Shredder in the latter 's aims to take over New York City . Brittany Ishibashi as Karai : Shredder 's second in - command . Dean Winters appears as a bartender . Supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio has a cameo appearance . NBA players Carmelo Anthony , DeAndre Jordan , Lou Amundson , J.J. Redick , Austin Rivers , Matt Barnes , and Spencer Hawes also made cameos in the film . Series co-creator Kevin Eastman makes a cameo appearance as a pizza delivery man named after himself in the film 's opening . Jill Martin also made a cameo appearance in the basketball scene in the film . Judith Hoag , who previously played April O'Neil in the original 1990 film , plays a cameo as Rita , April 's boss , in a deleted scene . Jane Wu plays Jade , a police officer . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After the 2014 film exceeded box office expectations , Paramount and Nickelodeon officially announced a sequel was greenlit , and set to be released in theatres on June 3 , 2016 , with plans to incorporate the characters Casey Jones and Bebop and Rocksteady . Jonathan Liebesman and Bradley Fuller were also interested in doing a storyline that involved Dimension X and Krang . In December 2014 , it was revealed Paramount was in early negotiations with Earth to Echo director Dave Green to helm the sequel , also revealing Jonathan Liebesman was no longer a part of the project . Known briefly as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Half Shell , Paramount revealed in December 2015 that the title had officially been changed to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows . Casting ( edit ) Megan Fox and Will Arnett were confirmed to be returning as April O'Neil and Vern Fenwick respectively ; also confirmed were the Shredder 's return , and Bebop and Rocksteady debut in the movie . In an interview , William Fichtner stated that he would be returning as Eric Sacks , but for unknown reasons , he ultimately did not appear in the final film . However , he could return in the third installment , considering he ( along with the turtle actors , Noel Fisher , Jeremy Howard , Alan Ritchson and Pete Ploszek ) signed on for three TMNT films . Production was confirmed to start in April 2015 , along with the casting of Alessandra Ambrosio , and several members of the Los Angeles Clippers . On March 31 , Stephen Amell was cast as Casey Jones , after test reading alongside several different actors . Amell acknowledged the character bore similarities to his Oliver Queen from Arrow . He stated the characters are `` fundamentally different '' from one another , but that Casey did resemble Oliver from older versions . On April 23 , Tyler Perry was cast as scientist Baxter Stockman , replacing K. Todd Freeman , who played the role in the 2014 film . On April 27 , Brian Tee joined the cast as the Shredder , replacing Tohoru Masamune from the first film . On April 30 , Laura Linney was cast in an unspecified role . On May 14 , Gary Anthony Williams was cast as Bebop , while on May 28 , WWE wrestler Sheamus was confirmed to play Rocksteady . On May 27 , Minae Noji was replaced with Brittany Ishibashi in the role of Karai . In August 2015 , CM Punk revealed that he lost the role of Rocksteady to Sheamus . In March 2016 , it was announced that Fred Armisen would voice Krang in the film . However , in May 2016 , shortly before the film 's release , it was revealed that Brad Garrett would voice Krang instead due to Armisen having schedule conflicts . In April 2016 , while promoting Elvis & Nixon , Johnny Knoxville revealed that he was not asked to return for the sequel as the voice of Leonardo . Music ( edit ) On April 2 , 2016 , Steve Jablonsky revealed that he would compose the music score , replacing Brian Tyler from the first film . Mexican teen boy band CD9 performed an updated version of the original show 's theme song for the film . The film score soundtrack was released on June 3 , 2016 , on digital platforms but excluded compact discs . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in April in New York City and Buffalo , spending about $70 million in the state . Filming began on April 27 , 2015 , when the film crew was spotted filming in Midtown Manhattan and moved out to Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil . Filming in Buffalo began on May 4 , 2015 , along the Kensington Expressway and ended May 17 , 2015 . Filming wrapped up in August 2015 . Additional filming occurred in New York City on January 30 , and ended on February 1 . Farelly and Williams recorded additional dialogue for the film in February 2016 . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in New York City on May 22 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on May 30 , 2016 , and the United States on June 3 , 2016 . Marketing ( edit ) Concept art of Bebop and Rocksteady was shown at Paramount Pictures ' CinemaCon panel on April 22 , 2015 . A 14 - second teaser of the trailer was released by Stephen Amell on December 9 , 2015 . The full trailer debuted the following day . On January 5 , 2016 , a toy catalog for the film was leaked online . The toys debuted at the 2016 Toy Fair in February . A 30 - second TV spot premiered at the 2016 Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 . A 7 - second sneak preview of the TV spot was released three days prior . On February 12 , 2016 , a second TV spot was released . On February 17 , 2016 , Paramount released four character posters featuring the four turtles . On February 25 , 2016 , Megan Fox and Stephen Amell announced a sweepstakes for the film . On March 2 , 2016 , Paramount released four more ninja turtle posters . Will Arnett debuted the first official clip from the film at the 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards , on March 12 , 2016 . That same evening , the awards show and Brian Tee gave fans the first look at Shredder in full armor . On March 24 , 2016 , it was announced that the toys from the film will be released in stores in April . The following day , Paramount released two more Bebop and Rocksteady posters and a new trailer from the film . New footage of the film was also shown during that week at WonderCon . On April 1 , 2016 , another Bebop and Rocksteady poster was released . On April 8 , 2016 , another teaser trailer was released . Another trailer with brand new footage debuted on April 11 , 2016 , along with a new poster . Two new TV spots were released on April 18 , 2016 . The next day , another TV spot was released . Two days later , another TV spot debuted . On May 3 , 2016 , another trailer debuted . From May 12 -- 16 , 2016 , six new TV spots debuted . On May 19 , 2016 , Paramount debuted two additional TV spots . The final full trailer for the film was released the following day . Paramount released a trailer , which focused primarily on Bebop and Rocksteady , on May 26 , 2016 , which also aired during the May 30th episode of WWE Raw since Sheamus was in the film as Rocksteady . Four new TV spots then debuted from May 28 -- 30 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows was released on Digital HD on September 6 , 2016 , and on 4K Ultra HD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on September 20 , 2016 . The film debuted in first place on the overall home video sales chart and in second place on the Blu - ray sales chart for the week ending on September 25 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows grossed $82.1 million in the United States and Canada and $163.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $245.6 million , against its production budget of $135 million . It made around 50 % less than its predecessor , which had grossed $493 million . In October 2016 , in response to the film 's poor commercial performance , producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller said they still `` love '' the movie and `` loved making it '' , but they were still `` surprised '' by the film 's performance and `` it just did n't find an audience . '' The Hollywood Reporter estimated the film lost the studio at least $75 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . In the U.S. and Canada , the film was projected to gross around $30 -- 40 million from 4,071 theaters in its opening weekend , with some estimates going as high as $49 million . It received a one - week special run across 331 IMAX and IMAX 3D theaters from June 2 up to June 9 . The film made $2 million from Thursday night previews which began at 5 p.m. , compared to the first film 's $4.6 million . On its opening day it earned $12.5 million ( including previews ) , with $4.4 million ( 36 % ) coming from 3D showings . In its opening weekend , it grossed $35.3 million , finishing first at the box office . However , its opening was down 45 % from the first film 's $65.6 million debut . Paramount vice chairman Rob Moore said that while the studio was hoping for a stronger opening , he believed that the film could make up some ground in the coming weeks since most films aimed at younger audiences play at better multiples . Outside North America , the film was released in about 30 overseas IMAX markets , beginning Wednesday , June 1 , with additional markets throughout the summer , including China on July 2 . It opened across 40 markets the same weekend as its U.S. release , including big markets like the United Kingdom , Mexico and Russia , which is about 39 % of its total international marketplace , and was projected to make around $36 million . It ended up grossing $33 million , which is down 11 % when compared to the first film 's same suite of markets , and had No. 1 debuts in 21 markets out of the 40 . The top openings were in China ( $26.1 million ) , the UK ( $5.1 million ) , Russia ( $4.8 million ) and Mexico ( $4.5 million ) . In the United Kingdom , it came in second place -- behind Warcraft -- with a £ 3.49 million ( $5 million ) seven - day opening from 513 theaters . In China the film was granted a rare July release date ( along with The Legend of Tarzan , where it grossed an estimated $26.1 million from 6,600 screens in two days . It had a limited opening on Friday , July 1 and opened wide the following day . It faced competition from local film Bounty Hunters which had the advantage of opening wide right from Friday . Yet , Out of the Shadows emerged victorious at the end of the weekend ahead of the latter 's $18 million opening . As a result , Out of the Shadows became the ninth consecutive Hollywood import film to debut atop the chart beginning from May 6 , 2016 . In comparable to Saturday releases , the figure is almost double the launch of Big Hero 6 ; 41 % above the first film ; and 18 % higher than The Angry Birds Movie . It fell precipitously in its second weekend by 74 % , earning $6.6 million and thereby slipped in to fourth place . It opened in key markets such as Germany and Austria on August 11 as well as Japan on August 26 , 2016 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 37 % based on 161 reviews , with a rating average of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows is a slight improvement over its predecessor , but still lacks the wit or anarchic energy of the comics that birthed the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 40 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale , an improvement over the first film 's `` B '' . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a positive review writing , `` This movie is , it happens , easier to sit through than the 2014 film '' , while also adding that `` The 3 - D action , overseen by the director Dave Green , is not wholly incoherent . The production values ( showcasing new mutants and many gear - heavy extra-dimensional machines undreamed of in any actual engineering philosophy ) are ultrashiny . And there are even a couple of amusing , albeit unmemorable , sight gags and one - liners . '' Edward Douglas of New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying , `` As with the best popcorn flicks , Out of the Shadows offers plenty of mindless entertainment and mind - numbing silliness that somehow works well enough to leave even the Ninja Turtles ' biggest detractors shell - shocked . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film 's action sequences and story while overall writing that , `` Out of the Shadows is , at least , deliciously silly , even if it is also decidedly forgettable . Like a well - plated but nutrition - free meal , it registers on the senses while being bad for you . '' Peter Hartlaub of San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , writing , `` Your 11 - year - old is going to love this film . Then he 'll grow up and wonder what he was thinking . '' Sara Stewart of The New York Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote , `` despite the title , the wisecracking turtles named for Renaissance painters are never allowed to shine ... It 's a bummer , dude . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press gave the film one star out of four and said , `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows is a Saturday morning cartoon on Michael Bay steroids . For the under 12 set , that 's fine . For the rest of us ? It 's something to actively avoid . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipients Result Ref . 2016 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Megan Fox Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Stephen Amell 2017 37th Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Prequel , Remake , Ripoff or Sequel Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Worst Actress Megan Fox 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Favorite Movie Actress Megan Fox Favorite Movie Actor Will Arnett Squad Noel Fisher , Jeremy Howard , Pete Ploszek and Alan Ritchson Future ( edit ) On August 16 , 2014 , Noel Fisher stated in an interview that he and the other Turtle actors have signed on for three more films . Megan Fox has also signed on for three films . On May 20 , 2016 , Tyler Perry said that if a third film is to be made , his character , Baxter Stockman , would probably mutate into his fly form during the movie . Pete Ploszek has also expressed his interests in reprising his role in a third film as Leonardo . On October 29 , 2016 , producer Andrew Form indicated that no plans were underway for a third film . On June 20 , 2018 , it was reported that Paramount Pictures will once again reboot the series . Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comedy portal 2010s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES - OUT OF THE SHADOWS ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows '' . AMC Theatres . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : As Blockbusters Bomb , Tentpoles Arrive Not With Excitement But With Dread '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln . `` Gary Anthony Williams Mutates Into ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Spencer Perry . `` WWE Star Sheamus Confirmed as Rocksteady for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 '' . comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ `` Brad Garrett is the new voice of Krang in ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ' '' Los Angeles Times , Retrieved May 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' 13 Hours ' : Can Michael Bay Pull Off a Gritty Movie About Benghazi ? '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` Laura Linney Joining ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Brian Tee Joins ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle ' Sequel as Shredder '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erik Pedersen . `` Brittany Ishibashi Joins ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ′ - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio Joins ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Reyes , Mike ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Is Adding A Few NBA Stars '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carson , Dan ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Carmelo Anthony and a Bunch of Clippers Players to Cameo in ' TMNT ' Sequel '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Set Photos Reveal Surprise Appearance '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My TMNT Cameo - Kevin Eastman Studios '' . Fan.kevineastmanstudios.net . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel set for 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Ben Kendrick . `` ' TMNT ' Filmmakers Want Bebop , Rocksteady , & Casey Jones for Sequels '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' TMNT ' Filmmakers Talk Aliens & Dimension X in ' Ninja Turtles ' Sequels '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Eyes ' Earth to Echo ' Director Dave Green ( Exclusive ) - TheWrap '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ Dave McNary. `` Tyler Perry in ' Brain on Fire ' : Actor Joins Chloe Grace Moretz - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry . `` First Footage from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt . `` Sneak peek : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel focuses on the fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ninja Turtles 2 Bebop and Rocksteady : They 'll Appear In the Sequel '' . Slashfilm . Jump up ^ MovieWeb ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` William Fichtner Talks Shredder and ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' - EXCLUSIVE '' . MovieWeb . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 to shoot next month '' . Den of Geek . Jump up ^ `` Alessandra Ambrosio Ninja Turtles : VS Model Joins Sequel '' . Slashfilm . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Is Adding A Few NBA Stars '' . cinemablend.com . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll . `` ' Arrow 's ' Stephen Amell to Star in ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ′ - Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Luke Owen . `` Stephen Amell talks Casey Jones in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 '' . Flickering Myth . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll. `` Tyler Perry Joins ' TMNT 2 ′ as Baxter Stockman - Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Laura Prudom . `` ' TMNT 2 ′ Casts Shredder : Brian Tee Plays Turtles ' Villainous Nemesis - Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` CM Punk as Rocksteady in ' Ninja Turtles ' ? Former WWE Champ said he auditioned for role '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Grobar . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Adds Fred Armisen As New Footage Unveiled -- WonderCon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terr ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` KRANG 'S VOICE ACTOR AND 7 MORE TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES : OUT OF THE SHADOWS DETAILS LEARNED AT WONDERCON '' . IGN . Jump up ^ TMNT : Out of the Shadows Changes Its Krang Voice Comingsoon.net , Retrieved May 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW : Johnny Knoxville Talks To Me About ' Elvis & Nixon ' '' . Rama 's Screen. 2016 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Jablonsky on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tortugas Ninja - ¡ Exclusiva ! Nuevo video de CD9 cantando ... '' Facebook.com . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Out of the Shadows Movie Soundtrack '' . Soundtrack-movie.com . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ FERMINO , JENNIFER ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' to film in New York City and Buffalo , bringing an estimated $70 million in spending '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First look at ' Teenage Mutant Ninja 2 ′ filming in NYC ! '' . onlocationvacations.com. April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gryta , Matt ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' crew thanks city for `` incredible experience '' `` . buffalonews.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowabunga ! `` Ninja Turtles '' action starts Monday on the Kensington - The Buffalo News `` . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Belcher , Mark ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Buffalo to be taken over by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for two weeks '' . wivb.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Alex ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Currently In The Works ; ' Half Shell ' Updates You Might Have Missed '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Street Transcripts ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Viacom ( VIA ) Earnings Report : Q3 2015 Conference Call Transcript '' . The Street . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Middleton ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Sheamus Working On TMNT , Titus O'Neil Talks , Nikki Bella And Natalya Train ( Photos ) , WWE 2K16 Video '' . Wrestling Inc . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES : OUT OF THE SHADOWS - Landing Page '' . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows - Official UK Site - Paramount Pictures UK '' . Jump up ^ Jonathon Dornbush ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Bebop and Rocksteady are coming to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` First Footage from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary Sollosi ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` See the first trailer for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Trailer ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Comingsoon.net Staff ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Super Bowl Spot ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Preview the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Super Bowl Spot '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 character posters show the turtles watching over New York '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Amell & Megan Fox Announce New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows Promotion '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows Character Posters Released '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` First Clip From Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ! '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Romano ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` See the new Shredder in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Trailer '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Poster : Bebop & Rocksteady Are Mean on the Scene '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Chow Down on Pizza in New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Trailer Tease '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Comingsoon.net Staff ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Trailer and Poster Released ! '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamie Lovett ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Two New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of the Shadows TV Spots Released '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Turtles On A Plane In New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV Spot '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucas Siegel ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Turtle Van Gets Spotlight in New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Spot '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christian Holub ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows trailer offers turtle refresher course '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russ Burlingame ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's Baxter Stockman Featured In New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 TV Spot '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christian Hoffer ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Krang Featured In New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 TV Spots '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` 3 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows TV Spots Released '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows Footage In Latest TV Spots '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` You 'll Believe a Turtle Can Fly in New TMNT : Out of the Shadows Trailer '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Bebop And Rocksteady Trailer Released '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Three New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV Spots Released '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` New `` Let 's Go ! '' TV Spot For Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out Of The Shadows `` . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica . `` New DVD Releases : When To Buy The Latest Movies In September 2016 '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) '' . DVD Release Dates . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows 4K Blu - ray '' . Blu Ray.com . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows Blu - ray Announced '' . Comingsoon.net . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ninja Turtles ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Split Top Disc Sales Honors '' . Variety . 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Box - Office Revenue Hits $4.48 B Against the Odds : `` It 's Tough Out There '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Form on Why Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Flopped '' . Matt Goldberg . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ; Mia Galuppo ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ben Hur ' to ' BFG ' : Hollywood 's Biggest Box - Office Bombs of 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Meriah Doty ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Sequel to Top Box Office , But Faces Troubled Waters Ahead '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Bound To Toss ' X-Men ' Out Of First Place -- Weekend B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' to Knockout ' Popstar ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' to Battle ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Sciretta ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 Gets One - Week IMAX Release '' . / Film . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Eyes $28 M - $30 M No. 1 Debut , ' Me Before You ' Seduces $15 M -- Noon B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Fights Off ' Me Before You ' With $2 Million on Thursday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Fights Off ' Me Before You ' With $2 Million on Thursday '' . Variety.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ' Takes $2 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Muscles Up On Saturday For OK Est . $35.3 M Opening ; ' Me Before You ' Opens To $18.3 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Stumbles , ' Me Before You ' Shines , ' Popstar ' Bombs '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Tops With $35.3 Million , ' Popstar ' Flops '' . Variety . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Whipping Up $69 M Offshore Cume In 2nd Frame -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Wins Ho - Hum Weekend With $35.3 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $33 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $69.6 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Triumphant Warcraft puts Ninja Turtles in the shadows at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Growth Returns in August After Prolonged Downturn '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Turtles ' Beats ' Bounty Hunters ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Tops Chinese Box Office a Ninth Straight Weekend '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 ' Struggles With Sequelitis ; ' Me Before You ' Lures In The Ladies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : With the Latest ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , ' an Existential Crisis '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ' provides some comic relief for the summer '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' franchise finds a sense of fun again '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' : Not this franchise 's best effort '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sara Stweart ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` This teenage turtles sequel was cowa - bungled '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindsey Bahr ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' sequel is for kids ; adults should run away : 1 star '' . Kansascity.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Exclusive ! The Final Wave of 2016 Teen Choice Nominees ExtraTV , Retrieved July 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Razzie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations led by ' Zoolander 2 ' Goldderby '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Variety , Retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Noel Fisher Talks Mikey in ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' EXCLUSIVE '' . movieweb.com . August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Surprises with $25.6 Million Box Office Opening '' . comingsoon.net . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Its likely that Paramount will announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 very shortly , especially since Megan Fox and the four main Turtle actors all have a three - picture deal in place . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Tyler Perry Talks Potential Return as a Fly in Ninja Turtles 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Ploszek interview : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Dan of Geek . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Ninja Turtles ' Movie in the Works With ' Bad Words ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Developing Third ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Movie '' . Variety . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows on IMDb Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at AllMovie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at Box Office Mojo Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at Metacritic Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows at Rotten Tomatoes Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters and ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archie comic series Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comic series IDW comic series Television 1987 series episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation episodes villains 2003 series episodes season 1 5 6 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series characters episodes season 1 5 Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power ! '' `` Spin That Wheel '' Dimension X Technodrome Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Turtle Power : The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Category Films directed by Dave Green Earth to Echo ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Wonder Park ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie : It 's a Wonderful Sponge ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Dora the Explorer ( 2019 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 , sequels planned ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Category Platinum Dunes Company founders Michael Bay Brad Fuller Andrew Form Films The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Amityville Horror ( 2005 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) The Hitcher ( 2007 ) The Unborn ( 2009 ) Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Horsemen ( 2009 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) The Purge ( 2013 ) The Purge : Anarchy ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Ouija ( 2014 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) The Purge : Election Year ( 2016 ) Ouija : Origin of Evil ( 2016 ) A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) The First Purge ( 2018 ) Dora the Explorer ( 2019 ) Television series Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Last Ship ( 2014 -- present ) Billion Dollar Wreck ( 2016 ) Jack Ryan ( 2018 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Out_of_the_Shadows&oldid=855963617 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films Paramount Pictures films Nickelodeon Movies films Platinum Dunes films 2016 3D films 2010s action comedy films 2010s comedy science fiction films 2010s martial arts films 2010s superhero films Alien invasions in films American 3D films American action adventure films American action comedy films American martial arts films American science fantasy films American science fiction action films American comedy science fiction films American sequel films Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Films about revenge Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in 2015 Films set in Brazil Films set in New York City Films set on airplanes Films shot in Buffalo , New York Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New York City Live - action films based on comics IMAX films Ninja films Motion capture in film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films Powered exoskeletons in film Films scored by Steve Jablonsky Films directed by Dave Green Films produced by Michael Bay Films produced by Andrew Form Films produced by Bradley Fuller Screenplays by Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec Teleportation in films 2016 martial arts films Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the ninja turtles in the new movie 2016	[ "Pete Ploszek as Leonardo: The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle\nAlan Ritchson as Raphael: The hot-headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle.\nNoel Fisher as Michelangelo: The light-hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle.\nJeremy Howard as Donatello: The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo-staff in battle.\nPeter D. Badalamenti (motion-capture) and Tony Shalhoub (voice) as Splinter: The mentor and father-figure of the turtles. His motion-capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film.\nGary Anthony Williams as Bebop:[6] A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog.\nSheamus as Rocksteady:[7] A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros.\nBrad Garrett as Krang:[8][9] A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life-form equipped with a robotic prototype body, who seeks to destroy Earth and enslave the universe.", "Pete Ploszek as Leonardo: The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle\nAlan Ritchson as Raphael: The hot-headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle.\nNoel Fisher as Michelangelo: The light-hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle.\nJeremy Howard as Donatello: The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo-staff in battle.\nPeter D. Badalamenti (motion-capture) and Tony Shalhoub (voice) as Splinter: The mentor and father-figure of the turtles. His motion-capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film.\nGary Anthony Williams as Bebop:[6] A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog.\nSheamus as Rocksteady:[7] A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros.\nBrad Garrett as Krang:[8][9] A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life-form equipped with a robotic prototype body, who seeks to destroy Earth and enslave the universe.", "Pete Ploszek as Leonardo: The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle\nAlan Ritchson as Raphael: The hot-headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle.\nNoel Fisher as Michelangelo: The light-hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle.\nJeremy Howard as Donatello: The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo-staff in battle.\nPeter D. Badalamenti (motion-capture) and Tony Shalhoub (voice) as Splinter: The mentor and father-figure of the turtles. His motion-capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film.\nGary Anthony Williams as Bebop:[6] A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog.\nSheamus as Rocksteady:[7] A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros.\nBrad Garrett as Krang:[8][9] A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life-form equipped with a robotic prototype body, who seeks to destroy Earth and enslave the universe.", "Pete Ploszek as Leonardo: The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle\nAlan Ritchson as Raphael: The hot-headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle.\nNoel Fisher as Michelangelo: The light-hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle.\nJeremy Howard as Donatello: The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo-staff in battle.\nPeter D. Badalamenti (motion-capture) and Tony Shalhoub (voice) as Splinter: The mentor and father-figure of the turtles. His motion-capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film.\nGary Anthony Williams as Bebop:[6] A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog.\nSheamus as Rocksteady:[7] A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros.\nBrad Garrett as Krang:[8][9] A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life-form equipped with a robotic prototype body, who seeks to destroy Earth and enslave the universe." ]	[ "Pete Ploszek as Leonardo", "Alan Ritchson as Raphael", "Noel Fisher as Michelangelo", "Jeremy Howard as Donatello" ]
-3243991320733904457	Old Kingdom of Egypt	Old Kingdom of Egypt - wikipedia Old Kingdom of Egypt Jump to : navigation , search `` Old Kingdom '' redirects here . For other uses , see Old Kingdom ( disambiguation ) . Old Kingdom of Egypt c. 2686 BC -- c. 2181 BC During the Old Kingdom of Egypt ( circa 2686 BC -- circa 2181 BC ) , Egypt consisted of the Nile River region south to Elephantine , as well as Sinai and the oases in the western desert . Capital Memphis Languages Ancient Egyptian Religion Ancient Egyptian religion Government Divine , Absolute Monarchy Pharaoh c. 2686 -- c. 2649 BC Djoser ( first ) c. 2184 -- c. 2181 BC Last king depends on the scholar , Neitiqerty Siptah ( 6th Dynasty ) or Neferirkare ( 7th / 8th Dynasty ) History Established c. 2686 BC Disestablished c. 2181 BC Preceded by Succeeded by Early Dynastic Period of Egypt First Intermediate Period Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre -- 3150 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3150 -- 2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686 -- 2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181 -- 2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 -- 1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650 -- 1550 BC New Kingdom 1550 -- 1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069 -- 744 BC Kushite Egypt 744 -- 656 BC Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664 -- 525 BC Classical antiquity Achaemenid Egypt 525 -- 404 BC Twenty - eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404 -- 398 BC Twenty - ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 -- 380 BC Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 -- 343 BC Achaemenid Egypt 343 -- 332 BC Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 -- 30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC -- 641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619 -- 629 Middle Ages Rashidun Egypt 641 -- 661 Umayyad Egypt 661 -- 750 Abbasid Egypt 750 -- 935 Tulunid Egypt 868 -- 905 Ikhshidid Egypt 935 -- 969 Fatimid Egypt 969 -- 1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171 -- 1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250 -- 1517 Early modern Ottoman Egypt 1517 -- 1867 French occupation 1798 -- 1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805 -- 1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867 -- 1914 Modern Egypt British occupation 1882 -- 1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914 -- 1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 -- 1953 Republic 1953 -- present Egypt portal The Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium ( c. 2686 -- 2181 BC ) also known as the ' Age of the Pyramids ' or ' Age of the Pyramid Builders ' as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed under the kings Khufu , Khafre , and Menkaure . Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization -- the first of three so - called `` Kingdom '' periods ( followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom ) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley . The term itself was coined by eighteenth - century historians and the distinction between the Old Kingdom and the Early Dynastic Period is not one which would have been recognized by Ancient Egyptians . Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom , but the ' capital ' , the royal residence , remained at Ineb - Hedg , the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis . The basic justification for a separation between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of large - scale building projects . The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) . The 4th -- 6th Dynasties of Egypt , are scarce and historians regard the history of the era as literally ' written in stone ' and largely architectural in that it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history . Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis . While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity , it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period . During the Old Kingdom , the king of Egypt ( not called the Pharaoh until the New Kingdom ) became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects . Under King Djoser , the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom , the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis , where Djoser established his court . A new era of building was initiated at Saqqara under his reign . King Djoser 's architect , Imhotep is credited with the development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form -- the Step Pyramid . The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for the large number of pyramids constructed at this time as burial places for Egypt 's kings . For this reason , the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as `` the Age of the Pyramids . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Third Dynasty 2 Fourth Dynasty 3 Fifth Dynasty 4 Sixth Dynasty 5 Culture 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Third Dynasty ( edit ) The Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara . The first Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser ( sometime between 2691 and 2625 BC ) of the third dynasty , who ordered the construction of a pyramid ( the Step Pyramid ) in Memphis ' necropolis , Saqqara . An important person during the reign of Djoser was his vizier , Imhotep . Temple of Djoser at Saqqara Head of a King , ca . 2650 - 2600 BC , Brooklyn Museum ; The earliest representations of Egyptian Kings are on a small scale . From the 3rd dynasty , statues were made showing the ruler life - size ; this head wearing the crown of Upper Egypt even surpasses human scale . It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as nomes , under the rule of the Pharaoh . The former rulers were forced to assume the role of governors or otherwise work in tax collection . Egyptians in this era worshipped their Pharaoh as a god , believing that he ensured the annual flooding of the Nile that was necessary for their crops . Egyptian views on the nature of time during this period held that the universe worked in cycles , and the Pharaoh on earth worked to ensure the stability of those cycles . They also perceived themselves as a specially selected people . Fourth Dynasty ( edit ) The Great Sphinx of Giza in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza . The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached a zenith under the Fourth Dynasty ( 2613 -- 2494 BC ) , which began with Sneferu ( 2613 -- 2589 BC ) . After Djoser , Pharaoh Snefru was the next great pyramid builder . Snefru commissioned the building of not one , but three pyramids . The first is called the Meidum pyramid , named for its location in Egypt . Snefru abandoned it after the outside casing fell off of the pyramid . The Meidum pyramid was the first to have an above - ground burial chamber . Using more stones than any other Pharaoh , he built the three pyramids : a now collapsed pyramid in Meidum , the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur , and the Red Pyramid , at North Dahshur . However , the full development of the pyramid style of building was reached not at Saqqara , but during the building of ' The Great Pyramids ' at Giza . Sneferu was succeeded by his son , Khufu ( 2589 -- 2566 BC ) , who built the Great Pyramid of Giza . After Khufu 's death , his sons Djedefra ( 2566 -- 2558 BC ) and Khafra ( 2558 -- 2532 BC ) may have quarrelled . The latter built the second pyramid and ( in traditional thinking ) the Sphinx in Giza . Recent reexamination of evidence has led Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev to propose that the Sphinx had been built by Djedefra as a monument to his father Khufu . Alternatively , the Sphinx has been proposed to be the work of Khafra and Khufu himself . There were military expeditions into Canaan and Nubia , with Egyptian influence reaching up the Nile into what is today the Sudan . The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were king Menkaure ( 2532 -- 2504 BC ) , who built the smallest pyramid in Giza , Shepseskaf ( 2504 -- 2498 BC ) and , perhaps , Djedefptah ( 2498 -- 2496 BC ) . Khufu , the builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza . Fifth Dynasty ( edit ) Late Period statue of Imhotep , Musée du Louvre . The Fifth Dynasty ( 2494 -- 2345 BC ) began with Userkaf ( 2494 -- 2487 BC ) and was marked by the growing importance of the cult of sun god Ra . Consequently , fewer efforts were devoted to the construction of pyramid complexes than during the 4th dynasty and more to the construction of sun temples in Abusir . Userkaf was succeeded by his son Sahure ( 2487 -- 2475 BC ) who commanded an expedition to Punt . Sahure was in turn succeeded by Neferirkare Kakai ( 2475 -- 2455 BC ) who was Sahure 's son . Neferirkare introduced the prenomen in the royal titulary . He was followed by two short - lived kings , his son Neferefre ( 2455 -- 2453 BC ) and Shepseskare , the latter of uncertain parentage . Shepseskare may have been deposed by Neferefre 's brother Nyuserre Ini ( 2445 -- 2421 BC ) , a long lived pharaoh who built extensively in Abusir and re-started royal activity in Giza . The last Pharaohs of the dynasty were Menkauhor Kaiu ( 2421 -- 2414 BC ) , Djedkare Isesi ( 2414 -- 2375 BC ) and Unas ( 2375 -- 2345 ) , the earliest ruler to have the pyramid texts inscribed in his pyramid . Egypt 's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony , incense such as myrrh and frankincense , gold , copper and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for navigation of the open sea . They traded with Lebanon for cedar and travelled the length of the Red Sea to the Kingdom of Punt -- possibly modern day Somalia -- for ebony , ivory and aromatic resins . Ship builders of that era did not use pegs ( treenails ) or metal fasteners , but relied on rope to keep their ships assembled . Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together . Sixth Dynasty ( edit ) During the sixth dynasty ( 2345 -- 2181 BC ) the power of pharaoh gradually weakened in favor of powerful nomarchs ( regional governors ) . These no longer belonged to the royal family and their charge became hereditary , thus creating local dynasties largely independent from the central authority of the Pharaoh . However , Nile flood control was still the subject of very large works , including especially the canal to Lake Moeris around 2300 BC , which was likely also the source of water to the Giza pyramid complex centuries earlier . Internal disorders set in during the incredibly long reign of Pepi II ( 2278 -- 2184 BC ) towards the end of the dynasty . His death , certainly well past that of his intended heirs , might have created succession struggles . The country slipped into civil wars mere decades after the close of Pepi II 's reign . The final blow was the 22nd century BC drought in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation . For at least some years between 2200 and 2150 BC , this prevented the normal flooding of the Nile . Whatever its cause , the collapse of the Old Kingdom was followed by decades of famine and strife . An important inscription on the tomb of Ankhtifi , a nomarch during the early First Intermediate Period , describes the pitiful state of the country when famine stalked the land . Culture ( edit ) Egypt 's Old Kingdom ( Dynasties 3 -- 6 , ca . 2649 -- 2150 BC ) was one of the most dynamic periods in the development of Egyptian art . During this period , artists learned to express their culture 's worldview , creating for the first time images and forms that endured for generations . Architects and masons mastered the techniques necessary to build monumental structures in stone . Sculptors created the earliest portraits of individuals and the first lifesize statues in wood , copper , and stone . They perfected the art of carving intricate relief decoration and , through keen observation of the natural world , produced detailed images of animals , plants , and even landscapes , recording the essential elements of their world for eternity in scenes painted and carved on the walls of temples and tombs . These images and structures had two principal functions : to ensure an ordered existence and to defeat death by preserving life into the next world . To these ends , over a period of time , Egyptian artists adopted a limited repertoire of standard types and established a formal artistic canon that would define Egyptian art for more than 3,000 years , while remaining flexible enough to allow for subtle variation and innovation . Although much of their artistic effort was centered on preserving life after death , Egyptians also surrounded themselves with objects to enhance their lives in this world , producing elegant jewelry , finely carved and inlaid furniture , and cosmetic vessels and implements made from a wide range of materials . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Old Kingdom of Egypt '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Malek , Jaromir. 2003 . `` The Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2160 BCE ) '' . In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , edited by Ian Shaw . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0192804587 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Carl Roebuck , The World of Ancient Times , pp. 55 & 60 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Roebuck , The World of Ancient Times , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Bothmer , Bernard ( 1974 ) . Brief Guide to the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . p. 22 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Herlin , Susan J. ( 2003 ) . `` Ancient African Civilizations to ca . 1500 : Pharaonic Egypt to Ca . 800 BC '' . p. 27 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2003 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancient Egypt - the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom '' . www.penfield.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Carl Roebuck , The World of Ancient Times , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Vassil Dobrev , French Institute , Cairo , link 1 , link 2 Jump up ^ p. 5 , ' The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History ' ( 4th edition , 1993 ) , Dupuy & Dupuy . Jump up ^ Miroslav Verner : Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology , Archiv Orientální , Volume 69 : 2001 Jump up ^ Jean - Daniel Stanley ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom , Egypt : Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence '' . Geoarchaeology. 18 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 402 . doi : 10.1002 / gea. 10065 . ^ Jump up to : `` Select Egypt '' . selectegypt.com . Further reading ( edit ) Brewer , Douglas J. Ancient Egypt : Foundations of a Civilization . Harlow , UK : Pearson , 2005 . Callender , Gae . Egypt In the Old Kingdom : An Introduction . South Melbourne : Longman , 1998 . Kanawati , Naguib . Governmental Reforms In Old Kingdom Egypt . Warminster : Aris & Phillips , , 1980 . Kanawati , Naguib. , and Alexandra Woods . Artists of the Old Kingdom : Techniques and Achievements . 1st English ed . Egypt : Supreme Council of Antiquities Press , 2009 . Lehner , Mark . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson , 1997 . Málek , Jaromír. , and Werner Forman . In the Shadow of the Pyramids : Ancient Egypt During the Old Kingdom . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1986 . McFarlane , A. , and Anna - Latifa Mourad . Behind the Scenes : Daily Life In Old Kingdom Egypt . North Ryde , N.S.W. : Australian Centre for Egyptology , 2012 . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art , 1999 . Papazian , Hratch . Domain of Pharaoh : The Structure and Components of the Economy of Old Kingdom Egypt . Hildesheim : Gerstenberg , 2012 . Ryholt , Kim S.B. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 -- 1550 BC . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum , 1997 . Sowada , K. , and Peter Grave . Egypt In the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom : An Archaeological Perspective . Fribourg : Academic Press , 2009 . Strudwick , Nigel . The Administration of Egypt In the Old Kingdom : The Highest Titles and Their Holders . London : KPI , 1985 . Warden , Leslie Anne . Pottery and Economy In Old Kingdom Egypt . Boston : Brill , 2013 . Wilkinson , Toby . Early Dynastic Egypt . London : Routledge , 2001 . External links ( edit ) The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom from BBC History Middle East on The Matrix : Egypt , The Old Kingdom -- Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom Old Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan Preceded by Early Dynastic Period Time Periods of Egypt 2686 -- 2181 BCE Succeeded by Middle Kingdom ( hide ) Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt&oldid=838868630 '' Categories : Former countries in Africa Old Kingdom of Egypt Dynasties of ancient Egypt 27th century BC 22nd century BC 3rd millennium BC in Egypt Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the old kingdom in egypt located	[ "\n\nOld Kingdom of Egypt\n\n\n\n\n\n\nc. 2686 BC–c. 2181 BC\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDuring the Old Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2686 BC – circa 2181 BC), Egypt consisted of the Nile River region south to Elephantine, as well as Sinai and the oases in the western desert.\n\n\n\nCapital\nMemphis\n\n\nLanguages\nAncient Egyptian\n\n\nReligion\nAncient Egyptian religion\n\n\nGovernment\nDivine, Absolute Monarchy\n\n\nPharaoh\n\n\n\n • \nc. 2686–c. 2649 BC\nDjoser (first)\n\n\n • \nc. 2184–c. 2181 BC\nLast king depends on the scholar, Neitiqerty Siptah (6th Dynasty) or Neferirkare (7th/8th Dynasty)\n\n\nHistory\n\n\n\n • \nEstablished\nc. 2686 BC\n\n\n • \nDisestablished\nc. 2181 BC\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nSucceeded by\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEarly Dynastic Period of Egypt\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst Intermediate Period\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nOld Kingdom of Egypt\n\n\n\n\n\n\nc. 2686 BC–c. 2181 BC\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDuring the Old Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2686 BC – circa 2181 BC), Egypt consisted of the Nile River region south to Elephantine, as well as Sinai and the oases in the western desert.\n\n\n\nCapital\nMemphis\n\n\nLanguages\nAncient Egyptian\n\n\nReligion\nAncient Egyptian religion\n\n\nGovernment\nDivine, Absolute Monarchy\n\n\nPharaoh\n\n\n\n • \nc. 2686–c. 2649 BC\nDjoser (first)\n\n\n • \nc. 2184–c. 2181 BC\nLast king depends on the scholar, Neitiqerty Siptah (6th Dynasty) or Neferirkare (7th/8th Dynasty)\n\n\nHistory\n\n\n\n • \nEstablished\nc. 2686 BC\n\n\n • \nDisestablished\nc. 2181 BC\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nSucceeded by\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEarly Dynastic Period of Egypt\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst Intermediate Period\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "the Nile River region south to Elephantine", "Sinai and the oases in the western desert" ]
-6722533824621099301	The Purpose Driven Life	The Purpose Driven Life - wikipedia The Purpose Driven Life Jump to : navigation , search The Purpose Driven Life book cover The Purpose Driven Life ( 2002 ) is a devotional book written by Christian author Rick Warren and published by Zondervan . The book topped the Wall Street Journal best seller charts as well as Publishers Weekly charts with over 30 million copies sold by 2007 . The Purpose Driven Life was also on the New York Times Bestseller List for over 90 weeks . The book offers readers a 40 - day personal spiritual journey and presents what Warren says are God 's five purposes for human life on Earth and describes itself as `` a blueprint for Christian living in the 21st Century ( ... ) using about 350 references to the Bible , maybe this amounts to over 1200 Biblical verses and quotes to challenge the conventional definitions of Christian Worship , Fellowship , Discipleship , Christian Ministry and Evangelism . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Sales 2 Content 3 Impact 4 Criticism 5 Ashley Smith 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography Sales ( edit ) The Purpose Driven Life sold 60 million copies . Content ( edit ) The book is intended to be read as a daily inspiration , with each of the 40 short chapters read on consecutive days . Each chapter contains a personal application section at the end with a `` point to ponder , '' a verse to remember , and a question to consider over the course of that day . Rick Warren described his book as an `` anti-self - help book . '' The first sentence of the book reads , `` It 's not about you , '' and the remainder of the chapter goes on to explain how the quest for personal fulfillment , satisfaction , and meaning can only be found in understanding and doing what God placed you on Earth to do . The book 's 40 chapters are divided into six major sections , with the following titles : What on Earth Am I Here For ? Purpose # 1 : You Were Planned for God 's Pleasure ( Worship ) Purpose # 2 : You Were Formed for God 's Family ( Fellowship ) Purpose # 3 : You Were Created to Become Like Christ ( Discipleship ) Purpose # 4 : You Were Shaped for Serving God ( Ministry ) Purpose # 5 : You Were Made for a Mission ( Mission ) In later versions of the book , 2 additional chapters were added about the 2 biggest reasons why Christians do n't live purpose driven lives , envy and `` people pleasing . '' Impact ( edit ) A May 2005 survey of American pastors and ministers conducted by George Barna asked Christian leaders to identify what books were the most influential on their lives and ministries . The Purpose Driven Life was the most frequent response . The Purpose Driven Church , Warren 's second book , was the second most frequent response . Billy Graham described the book as one that would `` guide you to greatness -- through living the Great Commandment and the Great Commission of Jesus . '' NFL legend Ray Lewis gave the book to 23 time Olympic goal medalist Michael Phelps when he went to rehab . Phelps read the book daily while in rehab . Criticism ( edit ) Biblical scholar Robert M. Price criticized Warren for applying eisegesis , which includes quoting various translations of the Bible and selectively choosing whichever paraphrase or translation supports his theses . Jason Harris criticized the book for giving Scripture references in the end notes which leaves readers unaware of the context of the Scripture he cites . Ashley Smith ( edit ) In March 2005 Brian Nichols , who was wanted for the shooting of four people in Atlanta , held Ashley Smith hostage in her apartment for seven hours . Smith reported to news outlets that during this time she read chapter 32 of The Purpose Driven Life to Nichols , which she credited as influencing his decision to release her from captivity. Smith later admitted that she had also given Nichols crystal methamphetamine to pacify him . Sales of The Purpose Driven Life rose greatly , with the book becoming Amazon 's second best selling book after news of Smith 's captivity and release was announced . Smith later released a book through HarperCollins Publishers about her life and encounter with Nichols entitled Unlikely Angel : The Untold Story of the Atlanta Hostage Hero . In the book Smith discussed her drug addiction , writing that the hostage ordeal made her aware that she was an addict . A film version of her ordeal , Captive , was released in September 2015 . David Oyelowo portrays Brian Nichols and Kate Mara portrays Ashley Smith . See also ( edit ) Biblical literalism Cafeteria Christianity Christian literature Saddleback Church References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Warren : Purpose - Driven Strife '' . Abcnews.go.com. 2007 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Donadio , Rachel ( 2004 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Faith - Based Publishing '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , Rick , The Purpose Driven Life , 2002 , p17 Jump up ^ Warren , Rick , The Purpose Driven Life , 2002 , p25 Jump up ^ Warren , Rick , The Purpose Driven Life , 2002 , Table of Contents Jump up ^ Sun , Baltimore . `` Ray Lewis tweets strange thing about Michael Phelps ' medal count , deletes it '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Price , Robert M. The Reason - Driven Life pp. 307 - 312 Jump up ^ Harris , Jason . InFocus . `` The Purpose Driven Life '' by Rick Warren Jump up ^ `` Ex-hostage : ' I wanted to gain his trust ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting suspect 's hostage : I gave him meth '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Purpose Driven Life sales pick up pace in Upstate '' . Herald - Journal . Mar 17 , 2005 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Warren : The Purpose - Driven Pastor '' . NPR . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Smith 's ' Unlikely Angel ' '' . CBS News . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Warren , Rick ( 2002 ) . The Purpose Driven Life . Michigan : Zondervan . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Purpose_Driven_Life&oldid=824565424 '' Categories : 2002 books Books about Christianity Self - help books Zondervan books Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of the purpose driven life	[ "The book offers readers a 40-day personal spiritual journey and presents what Warren says are God's five purposes for human life on Earth and describes itself as \"a blueprint for Christian living in the 21st Century [...] using about 350 references to the Bible, maybe this amounts to over 1200 Biblical verses and quotes to challenge the conventional definitions of Christian Worship, Fellowship, Discipleship, Christian Ministry and Evangelism.\"" ]	[ "a blueprint for Christian living in the 21st Century" ]
7864415546305193610	Erin Hannon	Erin Hannon - wikipedia Erin Hannon Kelly `` Erin '' Hannon Ellie Kemper as Erin Hannon First appearance `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Ellie Kemper Information Gender Female Occupation Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton , PA Family Reed ( foster brother ) Mr. and Mrs. Hannon ( parents ) Significant other ( s ) Pete Miller ( boyfriend ) Andy Bernard ( ex-boyfriend ) Gabe Lewis ( ex-boyfriend ) Nationality American Kelly Erin Hannon ( born May 1 , 1986 ) is a fictional character from the U.S. comedy television series The Office . She is the office receptionist for the Scranton branch of the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company , Inc. , a position previously held by Pam Beesly before she quit to go work for the Michael Scott Paper Company . Erin is portrayed by Ellie Kemper . She is an original character , although her closest equivalent in the British version of the series would be Mel the receptionist , who appears briefly in The Office Christmas specials , as Dawn Tinsley 's replacement . Contents 1 Biography 2 Season 5 3 Season 6 4 Season 7 5 Season 8 6 Season 9 7 Behind the scenes 8 Reception 9 References Biography ( edit ) Erin Hannon is the receptionist hired to replace Pam Beesly ( after Kevin 's brief stint in the job ) in `` Dream Team '' . She first appears in `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' , and is referred to by her middle name , Erin , to distinguish her from Kelly Kapoor . Although at times rather intellectually challenged , with her cheerful , silly demeanor , and childlike naïveté , Erin is usually the most consistently nice , optimistic Dunder - Mifflin employee . Contrasting with her predecessor , Pam , she not only loves being a receptionist but admires her coworkers including Michael Scott and Dwight Schrute . In a deleted scene from `` Niagara '' , she admits she was born four months prematurely and could not eat hard foods until she turned 6 . `` St. Patrick 's Day '' reveals further that she was sick and in the hospital between the ages of 3 and 6 . She grew up in foster families and has said that when she was younger `` my hair was my room '' , i.e. , the place she hid from stress and trauma . In `` WUPHF.com '' , she said all of her peers were getting their drivers licenses eight years ago which would give her a birth year of approximately 1986 . It is hinted that Erin was brought up in a very religious Christian household , as seen in `` Nepotism '' , when Michael argues with the staff about nepotism and defends it by saying the Person God sent to help Earth was His Son , Jesus Christ , which Erin claims is a `` really tight argument '' , and another example is in `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' , when she is shocked to learn Gabe is an atheist , and is even more shocked when he states there might be a God , but he does not believe it is just some `` guy with a long white beard . '' She is seen repeatedly following Dwight 's insane directions . Dwight and Andy both admit to being attracted to Erin , as does Ryan . Erin seems to have a fun - loving and bubbly personality similar to Kelly Kapoor , although Erin is much more naïve . She admires Kelly 's casual Friday outfit , commenting that she looks like J. Lo , and the two restart Michael 's Cafe Disco after he shuts it down . The two also ride to Pam and Jim 's wedding together with Andy , both listening to their iPods in the backseat . In `` Counseling '' , she took the term `` disposable camera '' literally as she throws a disposable camera away after taking the last picture , commenting that she thinks disposable cameras are wasteful and you never get to see the pictures . Erin also tells Michael she used to work at a Taco Bell Express but could not keep up when they turned it into a regular Taco Bell . In a deleted scene from `` Mafia '' , Meredith tells Erin that the office will always like Pam better than her , saddening Erin as she does not like conflicts . She also accidentally ruins Pam 's painting of the office building while trying to clean it . Later when asking Kelly to help her fix the painting , we find out Erin has a seizure condition -- because Kelly demands her medical alert bracelet as payment for her services . Erin may have attended Keystone College , as a pennant for the school can be seen at her desk in `` The Boat '' and in `` Pool Party '' . Season 5 ( edit ) After Kevin fails miserably as Pam 's replacement , Charles Miner hires Erin as the new receptionist , whose first name is Kelly but the office decided to call her by her middle name , Erin , to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor . She becomes good friends with Kelly and in `` Cafe Disco '' , they help to generate interest in Michael 's `` Cafe Disco . '' Erin greatly admires her predecessor , calling her `` a living legend '' to DeAngelo Vickers , and often asks her advice on various aspects of the job . However , Pam is at first somewhat impatient with Erin 's enthusiasm for a job she never took seriously and often dismisses her requests for approval by saying `` it looks great . '' Initially , Dwight and Andy compete for her attention , but Dwight withdraws in acknowledgment of his new friendship with Andy . For the remainder of the season , Andy awkwardly flirts with Erin . Season 6 ( edit ) In `` Koi Pond '' , Erin is shown to be self - conscious about being an orphan , and is attracted to Andy , whom she calls `` the coolest guy I 've ever met . '' She also does not know who Marlon Brando is , mistaking a reference to him for Marlon Wayans . In `` Murder '' , Andy asks her out on a real date while they are playing characters as a part of the Belles , Bourbon , and Bullets . Erin accepts , but then is disappointed when Andy tells her later there was no real date . It was `` just a part of the game '' , though both wanted to go out . Andy later begs to get Erin as his Secret Santa . He gives her gifts based on `` The 12 Days of Christmas '' . Unfortunately the first four gifts are all birds resulting in harm to herself , geese swarming her car and an incident where her cat ate one of the turtle doves . She asks her secret Santa to please stop . When asked if it is him Andy brushes it off , but later Michael reveals him and he is somewhat surprised to see her legitimately angry at him . At the end of the day , Andy has twelve drummers appear á la the last part of the song . Despite the fiasco of the earlier gifts , Erin easily forgives him and is seen enjoying the drummers and smiling warmly . Erin finally earns Michael 's respect in `` Scott 's Tots '' when she points out the benefit of the promise Michael could not fulfill to a group of underprivileged high school students . She eventually figures out Michael 's idiosyncratic habits ( such as having ants on a log served every day at 2 : 30 and being spun around in his desk chair until he is dizzy ) and , unlike Pam , gladly accommodates them , she seems disappointed when Jim Halpert declines to continue them during his brief tenure as branch manager . She also tells Michael that she would like to be an accountant someday , even though she is bad at math . After Andy 's massive effort for Erin 's Secret Santa gift , Andy thinks that the `` ball is in Erin 's court '' , while Erin assumes that after Andy 's last spectacular display involving a band drumline that he will surely be the one to ask . Andy , in `` Sabre '' , then awkwardly confronts Erin about her weekend plans , revealing that she has none . Andy exits with exasperation , hoping that his `` hint '' would be sufficient for her to ask . Later , in `` Manager and Salesman '' , Andy gives everyone in the office a card for Valentine 's Day to mask his affection for Erin . Kelly takes this card to heart and believes Andy is in love with her . Andy makes it clear that he does not love Kelly , and Erin begins to realize Andy really does have feelings for her . In `` The Delivery '' , Erin shows a knowledge of horse racing history as she names the Triple Crown winners to distract Pam before she goes to the hospital . Erin later has lunch with Kevin after Michael lied and told Kevin that Erin liked him . Erin feels sorry for Kevin because Michael told her Kevin had the heart of an actual elephant . Erin later confronts Michael and tells him that she likes Andy . Andy 's response is to snoop behind plants and spy on Kevin and Erin . Later in the same episode , Andy gives Erin a fax which asks her on a date . After getting confrontational about it , Andy admits that he wanted to take Erin on a date , which she happily accepts . In `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , Erin and Andy are set to go on their first date , but Erin gets very sick , prompting Jo Bennett to tell her to go home . Andy decides to see Erin anyway by showing up at her house . The two enjoy watching TV together until Erin 's foster brother Reed comes into the room and steals Andy 's spot on the couch next to Erin . Reed behaves with Erin in a way that makes Andy uncomfortable , but when Andy gets ready to leave , Erin kisses him on the cheek . In `` New Leads '' , after Michael distributes the sales leads to rest of the staff , Erin hides Andy 's leads . The Hot & Cold game she plays with him in the reception area turns into an uncomfortable situation where Andy almost fondles Erin 's chest . At the end of episode , Erin offers a cold Andy her jacket in a landfill where they share their first kiss . In `` Happy Hour '' , Erin and Andy tell the crew that they are trying to keep their relationship a secret because of Andy 's aversion to drama . This continues as they go to the Happy Hour with the other members of the Office . After several uncomfortable situations in which they continue to try to keep the secret and a rather animated argument in a photobooth , Andy declares to the entire building that he has been on `` two dates with Erin Hannon and they went well and there will probably be more . '' They tell the crew that they found more drama trying to keep it a secret . In `` Secretary 's Day '' , Andy plans the perfect Secretary 's Day for Erin , including a lunch with Michael . During the lunch , Michael reveals Andy 's prior year - long engagement with Angela , a fact which was previously concealed from Erin . When Erin speaks with Pam at her desk , a Keystone College pennant is visible . At the end of the episode , Erin informs Andy that she needs some time alone from him . Feeling bad over the whole affair , Michael smooths things over a bit with Erin and has a talk with her . And in `` Whistleblower '' , while the characters have not resumed dating yet , Erin does express concern when Andy tells her he is afraid for his safety ( because of the fire - catching printers , though he does not directly tell her about them ) and she agrees to distribute the `` demonstration video '' he made with Darryl if anything happens to him . Erin warmly pats Andy on the leg and tells him she thinks he did the right thing , after he is outed for leaking the printer story to a local paper and everyone else in the office shuns him . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Nepotism '' , Erin reveals that Gabe asked her out over the summer . She only accepted because Gabe was her boss but eventually the two began seriously dating , much to Andy 's chagrin . Her relationship with Gabe has been presented as boring and lame , as highlighted by her unsuccessful efforts to defeat him at online Scrabble and avoid watching his favored horror films in `` The Seminar '' , his long - winded Valentine 's Day surprise for her that consists mostly of her bonding with Andy and getting a hand - kiss gesture in `` PDA '' , and letting the staff know she and Gabe were late to work because he fell in the shower and had to be rescued by the fire department in `` Todd Packer '' . In `` Andy 's Play '' , Andy is performing in a local production of Sweeney Todd . He pressures the entire office to go , but really just wants to get Erin to attend , in order to spend time with her and win her back from Gabe . Andy is delighted that Erin is coming without Gabe , however ultimately his plan backfires when she agrees to babysit Cecilia so Jim and Pam can attend . Ultimately Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together , however Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe leaving Andy despondent . In `` Sex Ed '' , the Office believes Michael has herpes , and Andy uses the situation to host a Sex Ed class in the office . The class is in actuality an attempt by Andy to figure out if Gabe and Erin are having sex . Upset after realizing the two are possibly having sex , Andy throws a tantrum and storms off . Gabe admonishes Andy later , explaining he only asked Erin out after Andy gave him his blessing . In `` Christening '' , Erin expresses admiration over Michael 's spontaneous decision to go down to Mexico to help build a school for local children . In an effort to impress Erin , Andy goes along with Michael . After Michael and Andy start having cold feet and get off the bus , Erin picks them up and laughs with them about it . In `` Viewing Party '' , Erin and Gabe are hosting a Glee viewing party at Gabe 's apartment . Andy desperately attempts to get Erin 's attention during the party , however ultimately ends up getting sick and is comforted by Gabe . Meanwhile , Erin attempts to get Michael to bond with Gabe , however Michael 's insecurities over Gabe 's position cause him to sabotage the party . After Erin confronts Michael over his hostile feelings for Gabe , Michael angrily questions why she needs his approval as he is not her father . Erin is silent and Michael has an insightful moment , realizing Erin admires him and views him as a father figure . The two share a joke as they pointedly make fun of their developing father - daughter relationship . As he leaves the party , Michael warns Gabe that he will , both figuratively and literally , kill Gabe if he breaks Erin 's heart . In `` WUPHF.com '' , Erin is annoyed with Ryan 's abuse of company property to fuel his own social networking company , WUPHF.com . In `` Classy Christmas '' , Erin assists Michael in preparing for when Holly returns to Scranton . However , when she meets Holly for the first time , she is disappointed with her appearance after Michael spoke so highly of her . She admits in a talking head that she does not see why Michael is attracted to Holly , and when Holly tries to reason with Michael after he admits being upset with her , Erin shoos her away in defending Michael . She then tries to shoo Holly 's boyfriend A.J. away when he arrives to surprise Holly . Erin remains unkind to Holly in `` Ultimatum '' but finally warms to her when she sees the passionate kiss between Michael and Holly that came at the end of `` The Search '' . In `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , Erin starts avoiding Gabe at work because she does not feel attracted to him anymore . Erin reveals how she feels to Pam and Jim , with Pam encouraging her to tell Gabe to avoid leading him on . She then breaks up with Gabe while accepting her Dundie in front of everyone at a packed restaurant . Gabe tells everyone he is upset with Erin but tries to joke it off , only to reveal he is genuinely upset and leaves the award show . Later she joins the rest of the office in serenading a teary - eyed Michael with a song . During `` Goodbye , Michael '' , a distraught Gabe is tenacious in trying to win Erin back , even following her into the women 's bathroom . Erin later has a heart - to - heart conversation with Michael about her love life , and admits that she might be in love with Andy . Michael dismisses both Gabe and Andy and advises Erin that the right guy will come along and she will know it . Michael then tells her that he is just a phone call away in Colorado if she needs advice , and kisses her on the head before walking away . At the end of `` The Inner Circle '' , when Deangelo escapes the hospital and returns to the office , Jim asks Erin to call 911 . She asks who should she say is calling , causing Jim to give her a deadpan look while flatly saying her name . In `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' , Erin and Andy are shown hanging out together again . However , after Gabe invites Andy to go to the conference room to speak in private , Gabe breaks down , and Andy promises he will not date Erin again . Later , at reception , Gabe confesses his love to Erin again , but it does not win her back . In a talking - head interview , Erin says she is taking a break from dating , and she admits that while Gabe was a great guy with many wonderful qualities , `` it was a challenge being touched by him '' . When Dwight accidentally fires the gun right by Andy , causing him temporary hearing loss , Erin is the most worried about him , and tries to accompany him to the hospital , but is stopped by Gabe , who , as an excuse , says that she needs to stay for her receptionist duties . When Andy comes back from the hospital , he and Erin hang out in the kitchen , only for Gabe to confront Andy with the promise , but Andy stands up for himself and embarrasses Gabe by describing Gabe 's crying fit to Erin . When asked whether or not he wants to date Erin , he does not give a straight answer , and eventually claims that it is between him and his diary . In `` Search Committee '' , Erin and Phyllis await the results of a DNA test to see if Erin is the daughter previously given up by Phyllis in high school . After some advice from Phyllis , Erin tells Andy in front of the entire Office that she still has feelings for him . Andy denies her , later stating to the camera that he is still hurt from being dumped in favor of Gabe . Phyllis finds out the results are negative , but holds off telling Erin and continues to show maternal affection toward her . Season 8 ( edit ) In Season 8 , Erin is on Robert 's loser side of the list . She helps Andy out with his challenges of being manager and is the only one to congratulate him on his new job . In `` Lotto '' , she helps out in the warehouse and suggests easier ways to move the boxes . In `` Spooked '' , Erin is in charge of the Halloween party , but is forced to make it more adult when co-workers think the decorations are childish . She also finds out that Andy is in a relationship with someone . During `` Christmas Wishes '' , Erin finally meets Jessica , Andy 's girlfriend . Erin tells her that she is welcome to the office and the party , but later on Robert California talks Erin into being an `` adult woman and a free spirit '' and having a drink . But this does not just stop at one , Erin tells Andy that she has had `` a thousand '' . Later that night , she tells Andy that she wants Jessica dead and that was her Christmas wish , which shows she still has feelings for Andy . She later gets a ride home from Robert , who tells her to take some aspirin and get some rest . Later on , Erin remains hopeful that Andy will end things with Jessica and reunite with her ( and it becomes clear Andy still has feelings for her ) but she later decides that this is not going to happen . As a result , when she ends up assigned to the team joining Dwight on the Sabre Store project in Tallahassee , she tells the camera that she is never returning to Scranton . In `` Test the Store '' Erin meets an elderly woman , Irene ( Georgia Engel ) , and she becomes her live in maid . In `` Get the Girl '' , Andy goes to Florida , to try to win her back . Erin initially wants to stay , but the two get back together and travel back to Scranton to find Nelly Bertram in Andy 's office . Andy then gets fired and Erin supports him For the rest of the season , Erin is seen supporting Andy in his attempts to move on , and eventually reclaim , his job at Dunder Mifflin . Season 9 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) Erin is excited to have Andy back from his Outward Bound program , but is surprised to see a more confident and cocky Andy . A new love interest for her is introduced in the new guy Pete . In the episode `` The Boat '' , Erin and Pete go out for drinks . There are multiple other instances in the beginning of season 9 in which Pete and Erin bond while Andy is on his boat trip . In the episode `` Customer Loyalty '' , Erin seems to miss Pete when they are split up by Nellie . Erin decides to break up with Andy prior to his return , but when he returns she can not find the confidence to break up . After telling Pete and giving him a kiss , she runs back up to Andy 's office and breaks up with him . By the time he decides to quit his job and seek fame and fortune , though , Erin feels kinder towards him and gives him sound advice before being greatly moved by his farewell rendition of `` I Will Remember '' . In `` Finale '' , she is reunited with her birth parents , who had seen the documentary and showed up at a Q&A forum with the office members . It is indicated that she is still dating Pete , as they are shown dancing at Dwight and Angela 's wedding . Behind the scenes ( edit ) `` Being on set with them is like being in a dream , except the dream is real and I can reach out and touch them . Except I am trying not to touch them too much , because I was raised right . '' -- Ellie Kemper , on The Office Starting in the fifth season of NBC 's The Office , Kemper was cast in a supporting role as the Dunder Mifflin office receptionist Erin Hannon . Kemper described herself as a `` huge fan '' of the show and was thrilled to be cast . In May 2009 , The Office screenwriter Jennifer Celotta described Kemper as a `` fun addition '' to the show . Reception ( edit ) Critics and fans have commented on Kemper 's addition to the show , mostly positive . Joshua Ostroff of Eye Weekly described Erin as one of the best new television characters of the 2008 -- 2009 season and said , `` Erin 's high - grade adorability , up - for - anything attitude and sheer niceness is unlike anyone else in the office , adding a welcome new wrinkle for next season . '' Andy Shaw of TV Fodder said she `` adds some freshness to the cast '' and Josh McAuliffe of The Times - Tribune in Scranton , Pennsylvania , said he liked Erin 's `` cheerful , appealingly goofy personality '' . Her performance was notably praised during the show 's eighth season , where she was the highlight of the season for many critics . Myles McNutt noted that `` regardless of how down I was on this or any other episode , Ellie Kemper really has been tremendous all season . '' In addition , Kemper 's performance in the episodes `` Spooked , '' `` Christmas Wishes , '' `` Pool Party , '' and `` Special Project , '' in particular , were praised by critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In `` Search Committee '' , Phyllis indicates Erin was born the year the film Porky 's came out . But Phyllis may be thinking of Porky 's Revenge . In `` Couple 's Discount '' Erin said she technically did n't break up with her boyfriend when she was in first grade & it 's now their 20th anniversary . That would make her age around 26 , which indicates approximately 1986 . Episode `` WUPHF.com '' also indicates her birthday to be approximately 1986 . Jump up ^ Mafia Jump up ^ NBC.com -- `` Mafia '' deleted scene Jump up ^ Like The Office . `` The Office - All Videos : Newest - Videos '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Tomlinson , Brett ( 2009 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Office Addition '' . Princeton Alumni Weekly . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` '' Company Picnic '' Q&A with Jen Celotta `` . OfficeTally. 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ostroff , Joshua ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Leaders of the New School : Great performances in the margins brought a so - so season to life '' . Eye Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Andy ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` The Office : `` Cafe Disco '' `` . TV Fodder . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ McAuliffe , Josh ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` '' Cafe Disco '' Recap `` . The Times - Tribune . Scranton , Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Myles , McNutt ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Tallahassee '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hertz , Barry ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Office , Season 8 , Episode 5 : Recap '' . National Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Spooked '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Christmas Wishes '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mader , Jill . `` The Office -- Episode 8 - 12 Review -- `` A Party To Remember '' `` . InsidePulse . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Recap : Florida Facts '' . New York . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Hannon&oldid=854078302 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional receptionists The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional orphans Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does erin show up in the office	[ "Kelly “Erin” Hannon\nEllie Kemper as Erin HannonFirst appearance\n\"Michael Scott Paper Company\"Last appearance\n\"Finale\"Created by\nGreg DanielsPortrayed by\nEllie KemperInformationGender\nFemaleOccupation\nReceptionist, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton, PAReceptionist, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton, PAFamily\nReed (foster brother)Mr. and Mrs. Hannon (parents)Significant other(s)\nPete Miller (boyfriend) Andy Bernard (ex-boyfriend) Gabe Lewis (ex-boyfriend)Nationality\nAmerican" ]	[ "\"Michael Scott Paper Company\"" ]
1633221720111299511	Fritzl case	Fritzl case - wikipedia Fritzl case The Fritzl case emerged in April 2008 , when a woman named Elisabeth Fritzl ( born 6 April 1966 ) told police in the town of Amstetten , Austria , that she had been held captive for 24 years by her father , Josef Fritzl ( born 9 April 1935 ) . Fritzl had assaulted , sexually abused , and raped her numerous times during her imprisonment inside a concealed area in the basement of the family home . The abuse by Elisabeth 's father resulted in the birth of seven children : three of them remained in captivity with their mother , one had died just days after birth , and the other three were brought up by Fritzl and his wife , Rosemarie , having been reported as foundlings . Contents 1 Case history 1.1 Captivity 1.2 Discovery 2 Cell 3 Key events 4 Josef Fritzl 4.1 Biography 4.2 Criminal history 4.3 Self - portrayal and psychiatric assessment 4.4 Prosecutor 's investigation 5 Trial of Josef Fritzl 5.1 Government response 6 Aftermath 7 See also 8 References Case history ( edit ) Wikinews has related articles : Austrian man kept daughter prisoner in cellar for 24 years Police : Austrian children kept in dungeon were in ' oppressive ' conditions Trial date scheduled for Austrian man who kept his daughter in a dungeon for 24 years Austrian man who imprisoned daughter pleads guilty at start of trial Josef Fritzl was born on 9 April 1935 , in Amstetten , Austria . In 1956 , at age 21 , he married 17 - year - old Rosemarie , with whom had two sons and five daughters , including Elisabeth , who was born in 1966 . Fritzl reportedly began abusing Elisabeth in 1977 when she was 11 . After completing compulsory education at age 15 , Elisabeth started a course to become a waitress . In January 1983 , she ran away from home and went into hiding in Vienna with a friend from work . She was found by police within three weeks and returned to her parents . She rejoined her waitress course , finished it in mid-1984 , and was offered a job in nearby Linz . Captivity ( edit ) On 28 August 1984 , after Elisabeth turned 18 , Fritzl lured her into the basement of the family home , saying he needed help carrying a door . This was the last piece needed to seal what would turn out to be the chamber where Elisabeth was held captive . After Elisabeth held the door in place while Fritzl fitted it into the frame , he held an ether - soaked towel on his daughter 's face until she was unconscious , then threw her into the chamber . After Elisabeth 's disappearance , Rosemarie filed a missing persons report . Almost a month later , Fritzl handed over a letter to the police , the first of several that he had forced Elisabeth to write while in captivity . The letter , postmarked Braunau , stated that Elisabeth was tired of living with her family and was staying with a friend ; she warned her parents not to look for her or she would leave the country . Fritzl told police that she had most likely joined a religious cult . Over the next 24 years , Fritzl visited Elisabeth in the hidden chamber every three days on average , bringing food and other supplies . After his arrest , he admitted that he repeatedly raped her . Elisabeth gave birth to seven children during her captivity . One child died shortly after birth , and three -- Lisa , Monika and Alexander -- were removed from the cellar as infants to live with Fritzl and his wife , who were approved by local social services authorities as their foster parents . Officials said that Fritzl `` very plausibly '' explained how three of his infant grandchildren had appeared on his doorstep . The family received regular visits from social workers , who saw and heard nothing to arouse their suspicions . Following the fourth child 's birth in 1994 , Fritzl allowed the enlargement of the prison , from 35 to 55 m ( 380 to 590 sq ft ) , putting Elisabeth and her children to work for years digging out soil with their bare hands . The captives had a television , radio , and videocassette player . Food could be stored in a refrigerator and cooked or heated on hot plates . Elisabeth taught the children to read and write . At times , Fritzl shut off their lights or refused to deliver food for days at a time to punish them . Fritzl told Elisabeth and the three children who remained ( Kerstin , Stefan , and Felix ) that they would be gassed if they tried to escape . Investigators concluded that this was just an empty threat to frighten the captives ; there was no gas supply to the basement . He stated after his arrest that he told them that they would receive an electric shock and die if they meddled with the cellar door . According to Fritzl 's sister - in - law Christine , he went into the basement every morning at 09 : 00 , ostensibly to draw plans for machines which he sold to firms . Often he stayed there for the night and did not allow his wife to bring him coffee . A tenant who rented a ground - floor room in the house for twelve years claimed to hear noises from the basement , which Fritzl explained were from the gas heating system . Discovery ( edit ) On 19 April 2008 , Fritzl agreed to seek medical attention after Kerstin , the eldest daughter , fell unconscious . Elisabeth helped him carry Kerstin out of the chamber and saw the outside world for the first time in 24 years . Fritzl forced her to return to the chamber , where she remained for a final week . Kerstin was taken by ambulance to a local hospital , the Landesklinikum Amstetten , and was admitted in serious condition with life - threatening kidney failure . Fritzl later arrived at the hospital claiming to have found a note written by Kerstin 's mother . He discussed Kerstin 's condition and the note with Dr. Albert Reiter . Medical staff found aspects of Fritzl 's story puzzling and alerted the police on 21 April , who then broadcast an appeal via public media for the missing mother to come forward and provide additional information about Kerstin 's medical history . The police reopened the case file on Elisabeth 's disappearance . Fritzl repeated his story about Elisabeth being in a cult , and presented what he claimed was the `` most recent letter '' from her , dated January 2008 , posted from the town of Kematen . The police contacted Manfred Wohlfahrt , a church officer and expert on cults , who raised doubts about the existence of the group Fritzl described . He noted that Elisabeth 's letters seemed dictated and oddly written . Elisabeth pleaded with Fritzl to be taken to the hospital . On 26 April , he released her from the cellar along with her sons Stefan and Felix , bringing them upstairs . He and Elisabeth went to the hospital where Kerstin was being treated on 26 April 2008 . Following a tip - off from Reiter that Josef and Elisabeth were at the hospital , the police detained them on the hospital grounds and took them to a police station for questioning . Elisabeth did not provide police with more details until they promised her that she would never have to see her father again . Over the next two hours , she told the story of her 24 years in captivity . Elisabeth told the police that Fritzl raped her and forced her to watch pornographic videos , which he made her reenact with him in front of her children in order to humiliate her . Shortly after midnight , police officers completed the interview . Fritzl , aged 73 , was arrested on 26 April on suspicion of serious crimes against family members . During the night of 27 April , Elisabeth , her children and her mother Rosemarie were taken into care . Police said Fritzl told investigators how to enter the basement chamber through a small hidden door , opened by a secret keyless entry code . Rosemarie had been unaware of what had been happening to Elisabeth . On 29 April , it was announced that DNA evidence confirmed Fritzl as the biological father of his daughter 's children . His defense lawyer , Rudolf Mayer , said that although the DNA test proved incest , evidence was still needed for the allegations of rape and enslavement . In their 1 May daily press conference , Austrian police said that Fritzl had forced Elisabeth to write a letter the previous year indicating that he may have been planning to release her and the children . The letter said that she wanted to come home but `` it 's not possible yet '' . Police believe Fritzl was planning to pretend to have rescued his daughter from her fictitious cult . Police spokesman Franz Polzer said police planned to interview at least 100 people who had lived as tenants in the Fritzl apartment building in the previous 24 years . Cell ( edit ) The Fritzl property in Amstetten is a building dating from around 1890 . A newer building was added after 1978 , when Fritzl applied for a building permit for an `` extension with basement '' . In 1983 , building inspectors visited the site and verified that the new extension had been built according to the dimensions specified on the permit . Fritzl had illegally enlarged the room by excavating space for a much larger basement , concealed by walls . Around 1981 or 1982 , according to his statement , Fritzl started to turn this hidden cellar into a prison cell and installed a washbasin , toilet , bed , hot plate and refrigerator . In 1983 , he added more space by creating a passageway to a pre-existing basement area under the old part of the property , of which only he knew . The concealed cellar had a 5 - metre - long ( 5.5 yd ) corridor , a storage area , and three small open cells , connected by narrow passageways ; and a basic cooking area and bathroom facilities , followed by two sleeping areas , which were equipped with two beds each . It covered an area of approximately 55 m ( 590 sq ft ) . The cell had two access points : a hinged door that weighed 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) which is thought to have become unusable over the years because of its weight , and a metal door , reinforced with concrete and on steel rails that weighed 300 kg ( 650 lb ) and measured 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) high and 60 cm ( 2 ft ) wide . It was located behind a shelf in Fritzl 's basement workshop , protected by an electronic code entered using a remote control unit . In order to reach this door , five locking basement rooms had to be crossed . To get to the area where Elisabeth and her children were held , eight doors in total needed to be unlocked , of which two doors were additionally secured by electronic locking devices . Key events ( edit ) The key events are as follows : Date Key event 1977 Fritzl begins sexually abusing his 11 - year - old daughter Elisabeth . 1981 -- 82 Fritzl begins to turn the hidden cellar into a prison cell . 28 August 1984 Fritzl lures 18 - year - old Elisabeth into the basement and imprisons her . November 1986 Elisabeth has a miscarriage in the 10th week of pregnancy . August 1988 Kerstin is born , and lives in the cellar until 2008 . February 1990 Stefan is born . He also stays in the cellar until 2008 . August 1992 Lisa is born . In May 1993 , at 9 months old , she is discovered outside the family home in a cardboard box , allegedly left there by Elisabeth with a note asking for the child to be looked after . After repeated requests by Elisabeth , Fritzl allows the enlargement of the prison , putting Elisabeth and her children to work for years digging out soil with their hands . The prison was enlarged from 35 m2 ( 380 sq ft ) to 55 m2 ( 600 sq ft ) . February 1994 The fourth child , Monika , is born . December 1994 10 - month - old Monika is found in a stroller outside the entrance of the house . Shortly afterwards , Rosemarie receives a phone call , asking her to take care of the child . The caller sounds like Elisabeth , but it 's assumed that Fritzl used a recording of her voice . Rosemarie reported the incident to the police , expressing astonishment that Elisabeth knew their new , unlisted phone number . April 1996 Elisabeth gives birth to twin boys . One dies after less than 3 days and Fritzl removes and cremates the body . The surviving twin , Alexander , is taken upstairs at 15 months old and `` discovered '' in circumstances similar to those of his two sisters . December 2002 Felix is born . According to a statement by Fritzl , he kept Felix in the cellar with Elisabeth and her two eldest children because his wife could not look after another child . 19 April 2008 Fritzl arranges for critically ill 19 - year - old Kerstin to be taken to a local hospital . 26 April 2008 During the evening , Fritzl releases Elisabeth , Stefan and Felix from the cellar and brings them upstairs , informing his wife that Elisabeth had decided to come home after a 24 - year absence . Later that evening , after an anonymous tipoff during a visit to the hospital , Fritzl and Elisabeth are taken into police custody where she reveals her decades - long imprisonment during questioning . 19 March 2009 After a 4 - day trial in the town of St. Pölten , just days before his 74th birthday , Fritzl pleads guilty to the charges of the murder by negligence of his infant son ( and grandson ) Michael , as well as the decades of enslavement , incest , rape , coercion and false imprisonment of his daughter Elisabeth , and is sentenced to life imprisonment . Josef Fritzl ( edit ) Josef Fritzl ( 1935 - 04 - 09 ) April 9 , 1935 ( age 83 ) Amstetten , Austria Nationality Austrian Known for imprisoning and raping his daughter , Elisabeth Criminal penalty Life imprisonment Criminal status Incarcerated at Garsten Abbey Spouse ( s ) Rosemarie Fritzl Conviction ( s ) Murder by negligence and other charges Biography ( edit ) Josef Fritzl ( now known as Mayrhoff ) was born on 9 April 1935 , in Amstetten to Josef Fritzl Sr and Maria Fritzl . He grew up as an only child raised solely by his working mother . His father had deserted the family when Fritzl was four , and never again came into contact with him . Fritzl Sr later fought as a soldier in the Wehrmacht during World War II , and was killed in action in 1944 . His name appears on a memorial plaque in Amstetten . In 1956 , at the age of 21 , he married Rosemarie , 17 , with whom he had two sons and five daughters . After completing his education at an HTL Technical College with a qualification in electrical engineering , Fritzl obtained a job at Voestalpine in Linz . From 1969 until 1971 , he obtained a job in a construction material firm in Amstetten . Later , he became a technical equipment salesman , travelling throughout Austria . He retired from active employment when he turned 60 in 1995 , but continued some commercial activities thereafter . In addition to his apartment building in Amstetten , Fritzl rented out several other properties . In 1972 , he purchased a guesthouse and an adjacent campsite at Lake Mondsee . He ran it , together with his wife , until 1996 . Criminal history ( edit ) In 1967 , Fritzl broke into the Linz home of a 24 - year - old nurse while her husband was away and raped her while holding a knife to her throat , threatening to kill her if she screamed . According to an annual report for 1967 and a press release of the same year , he was also named as a suspect in a case of attempted rape of a 21 - year - old woman , and was known for indecent exposure . Fritzl was arrested and served twelve months of an eighteen - month prison sentence . In accordance with Austrian law , his criminal record was expunged after fifteen years . As a result , more than 25 years later , when he applied to adopt and / or foster Elisabeth 's children , the local social service authorities did not discover his criminal history . Self - portrayal and psychiatric assessment ( edit ) After his arrest , Fritzl claimed that his behavior toward his daughter did not constitute rape but was consensual . Mayer forwarded extracts from the minutes of his talks with his client to the Austrian weekly News for publication . According to these statements , Fritzl said that he `` always knew during the whole 24 years that what I was doing was not right , that I must have been crazy to do such a thing , yet it became a normal occurrence to lead a second life in the basement of my house . '' Regarding his treatment of the family he had with his wife , Fritzl stated , `` I am not the beast the media make me to be '' . Regarding his treatment of Elisabeth and her children in the cellar , he explained that he brought flowers for Elisabeth and books and toys for the children into the `` bunker '' , as he called it , and often watched videos with the children and ate meals with Elisabeth and the children . Fritzl decided to imprison Elisabeth after she `` did not adhere to any rules any more '' when she became a teenager . `` That is why I had to do something ; I had to create a place where I could keep Elisabeth , by force if necessary , away from the outside world . '' He suggested that the emphasis on discipline in the Nazi era , during which he grew up , might have influenced his views about decency and good behavior . The chief editors of News magazine noted in their editorial that they expected Fritzl 's statement to form the basis of the defence strategy of his lawyer . Critics said his statement may have been a ploy to prepare an insanity defence . Reflecting on his childhood , Fritzl initially described his mother as `` the best woman in the world '' and `` as strict as it was necessary '' . Later , he expressed a negative opinion of his mother and claimed that `` she used to beat me , hit me until I was lying in a pool of blood on the floor . It left me feeling totally humiliated and weak . My mother was a servant and she used to work hard all her life , I never had a kiss from her , I was never cuddled although I wanted it -- I wanted her to be good to me . '' He also claimed that she called him `` a Satan , a criminal , a no - good '' , that he `` had a horrible fear of her '' . In 1959 , after Fritzl had married and bought his house , his mother moved in with them . Over time , their roles reversed , and his mother came to fear him . Eventually , he also admitted he had later locked his mother in the attic and bricked up her window after telling neighbors that she had died , and kept her locked up until her death in 1980 . It is unknown how long Fritzl kept his mother locked up in his attic , but newspapers have speculated that it may have been up to 20 years . In a report by forensic psychiatrist Adelheid Kastner , Fritzl 's mother is described as unpredictable and abusive . Fritzl referred to himself as an `` alibi '' child , meaning that his mother only gave birth to him to prove that she was not barren and could produce children . Fritzl claims that his pathological behavior is innate . He admits that he planned to lock his daughter up during his prison stint for the earlier rape conviction so that he could contain and express his `` evil side '' . He said , `` I was born to rape , and I held myself back for a relatively long time . I could have behaved a lot worse than locking up my daughter . '' The forensic psychiatrist diagnosed Fritzl as having a `` severe combined personality disorder '' which included borderline , schizotypal , and schizoid personalities and a sexual disorder and recommended that Fritzl receive psychiatric care for the rest of his life . Recent reports have brought to light Fritzl 's premeditated plan to lock his daughter up not for discipline but for his own gratification . Prosecutor 's investigation ( edit ) In keeping with the agreement that she would never have to see her father again , Elisabeth Fritzl gave videotaped testimony before Austrian prosecutors and investigators on 11 July 2008 . On 13 November 2008 , authorities in Austria released an indictment against Josef Fritzl . He would stand trial for the murder of the infant Michael , who died shortly after birth , and face between 10 years and life imprisonment . He was also charged with rape , incest , kidnapping , false imprisonment and slavery , which carry a maximum 20 - year term . Trial of Josef Fritzl ( edit ) The trial of Josef Fritzl commenced on 16 March 2009 , in the city of Sankt Pölten , presided over by Judge Andrea Humer . Journalists during the Fritzl trial On day one , Fritzl entered the courtroom attempting to hide his face from cameras behind a blue folder , which he was entitled to do under Austrian law . After opening comments , all journalists and spectators were asked to leave the courtroom , whereupon Fritzl lowered his binder . Fritzl pleaded guilty to all charges with the exception of murder and grievous assault by threatening to gas his captives if they disobeyed him . In his opening remarks , Rudolf Mayer , the defending counsel , appealed to the jury to be objective and not be swayed by emotions . He insisted Fritzl was `` not a monster '' , stating that Fritzl had brought a Christmas tree down to his captives in the cellar during the holiday season . Christiane Burkheiser , prosecuting her first case since being appointed Chief Prosecutor , pressed for life imprisonment in an institution for the criminally insane . She demonstrated for jurors the low height of the ceiling in the cellar dungeon by making a mark on the door to the courtroom at 1m 74 cm ( 5 ft 8.5 in ) , and described the cellar as `` damp and mouldy '' , passing around a box of musty objects taken from the cellar , the odour of which made jurors flinch . On the first day of testimony , jurors watched 11 hours of testimony recorded by Elisabeth in sessions with police and psychologists in July 2008 . The tape is said to have been so `` harrowing '' that the eight jurors did not watch more than two hours at a time . Four replacement jurors were on standby to replace any of the regular jurors in case they could not bear to hear any more of the evidence . Besides the video testimony , Elisabeth 's older brother Harald testified , as did a doctor specialising in neonatal medicine and the court psychiatrist . Josef 's wife , Rosemarie , and Elisabeth 's children refused to testify . On 18 March 2009 Elisabeth Fritzl attended the second day of the criminal trial against her father Josef , in preparation for a book she is to write about her ordeal . She does not plan to see her father again . Fritzl 's attorney , Rudolf Mayer , confirmed that she had been in the visitors ' gallery in disguise at the time her video testimony was aired . `` Josef Fritzl recognised that Elisabeth was in court and , from this point on , you could see Josef Fritzl going pale and he broke down '' , Mayer said . `` It was a meeting of eyes that changed his mind . '' The next day , Fritzl began the proceedings by approaching the judge and changing his pleas to guilty on all charges . On 19 March 2009 , Fritzl was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for 15 years . He said that he accepted the sentence and would not appeal . Fritzl is currently serving out his sentence in Garsten Abbey , a former monastery in Upper Austria that has been converted into a prison . Government response ( edit ) Describing the `` abominable events '' as linked to one individual case , Chancellor of Austria Alfred Gusenbauer said he planned to launch an image campaign to restore the country 's reputation abroad . Aftermath ( edit ) Judge Andrea Humer , who presided over the trial , stated medical experts reported Elisabeth and her children were in `` relatively good health '' . After being taken into care , Elisabeth , all six of her surviving children and her mother were housed in a local clinic where they were shielded from the outside environment and received medical and psychological treatment . Members of the Fritzl family were offered new identities but it was emphasized that it was their choice to make . Berthold Kepplinger , head of the clinic where Elisabeth and her children were being treated , said that Elisabeth and the three children held captive in the cellar required further therapy to help them adjust to the light after years in semi-darkness . They also needed treatment to help them cope with all the extra space that they now had in which to move about . In May 2008 , a handmade poster created by Elisabeth , her children and her mother at the therapy facility was displayed in the Amstetten town centre . The message thanked local people for their support . `` We , the whole family , would like to take the opportunity to thank all of you for sympathy at our fate '' , they wrote in their message . `` Your compassion is helping us greatly to overcome these difficult times , and it shows us there also are good and honest people here who really care for us . We hope that soon there will be a time where we can find our way back into a normal life . '' Kerstin was reunited with her family on 8 June 2008 , when she was awakened from her artificially induced coma . Doctors said that she would make a full recovery . It was revealed that Elisabeth and her children were more traumatized than previously thought . During captivity , Kerstin tore out her hair in clumps , and was reported to have shredded her dresses before stuffing them in the toilet . Stefan could not walk properly , because of his height of 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) , which had forced him to stoop in the 1.68 - metre - high ( 5 ft 6 in ) cellar . It has also been revealed that normal everyday occurrences , such as the dimming of lights or the closing of doors , plunge Kerstin and Stefan into anxiety and panic attacks . The other three of Elisabeth 's children who were raised by their father are being treated for anger and resentment at the events . In late July 2008 , it emerged that Elisabeth ordered her mother Rosemarie out of the villa they had been sharing in a secret location set up for them by a psychiatric clinic . Elisabeth was upset about Rosemarie 's passiveness during Elisabeth 's upbringing . Lawyer Christoph Herbst , who represents Elisabeth and her family , said , `` Fortunately , everything is going very well '' ; they spend their time answering hundreds of letters from all over the world . Felix , Kerstin , and Stefan , brought up underground with their mother , have learned to swim . All of Elisabeth 's children attended a four - day summer camp organised by firefighters , with 4,000 other young campers , in August 2008 . The children , along with their mother , also have made day trips , including swimming outings , on which care was taken to keep them out of reach of the paparazzi and to protect their privacy . In March 2009 , Elisabeth and her children were forced to move out of the family 's hide - away home and returned to the psychiatric clinic where medical staff had started trying to heal the family and unite the `` upstairs '' and `` downstairs '' siblings during the previous year . Elisabeth was reported to be distraught and close to a breakdown after a British paparazzo had burst into her kitchen and started taking photographs . After the trial , Elisabeth and her six children were moved to an unnamed village in northern Austria , where they are living in a fortress - like house . All of the children require ongoing therapy . Factors that traumatised the `` upstairs '' children include learning that Josef had lied to them about their mother abandoning them , the abuse they had received from him during their childhood , and finding out that their siblings had been imprisoned in the cellar . The `` downstairs '' children receive therapy due to their deprivation from normal development , the lack of fresh air and sunshine while living confined in the basement , and the abuse that they and their mother had received from Josef when he visited them in the basement . All of the children might have genetic problems common to children born of an incestuous relationship . Elisabeth was said to be estranged from her mother , Rosemarie , who accepted Josef 's story about Elisabeth joining a cult and did not pursue the matter further , but Elisabeth allows her three children who grew up in Josef and Rosemarie 's house to visit their grandmother regularly . Rosemarie lives alone in a small apartment . An article in March 2010 in The Independent stated that Elisabeth and her children recovered remarkably well , given the difficult lives they endured for so long . According to Josef 's sister - in - law , Christine , Elisabeth enjoys spending her time shopping , taking frequent showers , and driving . She has passed her driving test without difficulty . Her relationship with Thomas , one of her bodyguards , was reported to be ongoing , with him becoming a big - brother figure to her children . All of Elisabeth 's children have developed normal sibling relationships with each other , and after having trouble dealing with the traumatic events , the three `` upstairs '' children slowly began recognising Elisabeth as their mother . The children enjoy being outdoors , playing video games , and spending time with their mother and grandmother . Despite their strained relationship , Elisabeth and her mother Rosemarie started visiting each other more , and Elisabeth has reportedly forgiven her mother for believing her father 's story . On 28 June 2013 , workers began filling the basement of the Fritzl home with concrete . Estate liquidator Walter Anzboeck stated that the construction would cost € 100,000 and would take a week to complete . The house was to be sold on the open market . While most neighbours approved of the proposal , some preferred that the property be demolished due to its sordid history . Asylum seekers were offered the house to live in . The house was sold for € 160,000 in December 2016 , and will be turned into apartments . In May 2017 , Josef Fritzl changed his name to Josef Mayrhoff . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Austria portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fritzl case . List of kidnappings List of child abuse cases featuring long - term detention Alvarez case Ariel Castro kidnappings Kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard Lydia Gouardo Mongelli case Natascha Kampusch Sheffield incest case Moe incest case Armando Lucero Room ( novel ) Room ( 2015 film ) Incest Inbreeding References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dahlkamp , Jürgen ; Kraske , Marion ; Von Mittelstaedt , Juliane ; Röbel , Sven ; Von Rohr , Mathieu ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` How Josef Fritzl Created his Regime of Terror '' . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellar in abuse case described '' . BBC News . 5 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amstetten Horror House : 8,516 Days in Darkness '' . Spiegel Online . 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Susan Donaldson James ( 2 May 2008 ) . `` Elisabeth Fritzl 's Trauma Like ' Walking Dead ' '' . abcNEWS . pp. 1 -- 4 . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Allan ( 2008 ) . Monster . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103970 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Josef Fritzl '' . BBC News . 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cellar monster Josef Fritzl faces 3,000 rape charges in December trial '' . London : London Evening Standard . 25 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eben Harrell , Austria 's Sex - Slave Father Tells His Side of the Story , 23 October 2008 , Time . Jump up ^ Sam , Adreas ( 16 May 2008 ) . `` Josef Fritzl 's threats to gas family were a bluff '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Stewart and agencies ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` ' The urge to taste forbidden fruit was too strong ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Second man ' at Austrian cellar '' . BBC News . 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor found note from victim '' . BBC News . 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fritzl girl wakes from coma and is reunited with her family '' . The Daily Telgraph. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 28 April 2008 ) . `` Austria Says Man Locked Up Daughter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Austrian cellar case '' . BBC News . 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DNA ' backs Austrian incest claim ' '' . BBC News . 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Lawyer : Fritzl denies rape and abduction '' . London : telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fritzl made daughter write ' fake ' release letter '' . metro.co.uk. 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Fritzl Planned To Blame Years Of Torture On Evil Sect '' . Daily Express . 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Family Man of Amstetten : Double life of a pillar of Austrian society '' . The Independent . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Josef Fritzl 's cellar dungeon '' . BBC News . 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 10 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ( 28 April 2008 ) . `` Timeline : Austrian cellar case '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gammell , Caroline ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Josef Fritzl trial : Elisabeth gave birth alone and afraid '' . The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Pidd , Helen ( 18 March 2009 ) . `` Timeline : Fritzl cellar case '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kate ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Fritzl began plans for dungeon in 1978 '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Kate ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Josef Fritzl trial : ' She spent the first five years entirely alone . He hardly ever spoke to her ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Secrets of the Cellar : John Glatt Jump up ^ `` Wer ist Josef Fritzl ? '' ( in German ) . ORF. 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bradley S. Klapper ( 2 May 2008 ) . `` Josef Fritzl : a shrewd liar and an obsessive tyrant '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Fritzl Could Face Murder Charges '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sex slave dungeon : I knew Fritzl had raped his daughter , says man upstairs '' . The Evening Standard . London . 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Police study old Fritzl sex case '' . BBC News . 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathieu , von Rohr ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Der Fall Amstetten : Wie Josef Fritzl die Behörden täuschte '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sam , Andreas ( 10 May 2008 ) . `` Fritzl blames Nazis and speaks of mother 's love '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 10 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Balakrishnan , Angela ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` Josef Fritzl kept sick mother locked in attic , leaked papers reveal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthew Moore , Josef Fritzl admits locking mother in bricked - up room at dungeon house , 29 October 2008 , The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Fritzl 's troubled childhood analysed in court '' . The Guardian . 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fritzl trial - accused - hides - face - with - folder - in - court '' . The Telegraph . The Telegraph . 16 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fritzl lets the mask slip as his daughter tells her tragic story '' . The Independent . The Independent . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austria incest suspect charged with murder '' . CNN International Edition : Europe . CNN . 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austria incest trial under way '' . Al Jazeera English . 16 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Jenny ; Boyes , Roger ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Josef Fritzl claims he was abused as a child '' . London : Times Online . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl : The absolute ruler of his underground concrete hell '' . The Scotsman . The Scotsman. 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Kate ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` Fritzl trial puts spotlight on Austria but grisly case leaves long shadow '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Roger ( 18 March 2009 ) . `` Josef Fritzl on suicide watch as `` avenging angel '' daughter gives damning testimony `` . London : Times Online . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Fritzl ' was in court to watch father ' '' . Metro. 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Fritzl : I never want to see my father Josef again '' . Daily Telegraph . 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` '' Fritzl met Elisabeth 's eyes -- that changed his mind , '' says lawyer `` . London : Times Online . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl admits all charges '' . BBC News . 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Roger ( 20 March 2009 ) . `` Jozef Fritzl : no plans for investigation into police and social service failings '' . London : Times Online . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Pancevski , Bojan ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Fritzl prison has gym , choir and tennis classes '' . The Times of London . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cellar father refuses to explain '' . BBC News . 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Alan ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Amstetten cellar victims thank town for support '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cellar incest girl ' will recover ' '' . BBC News . 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Hall , Allan ( 21 August 2008 ) . `` Fritzl 's victims face life in care '' . Melbourne : The Age . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Mulchrone , Patrick ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Fritzl family split : Elisabeth kicks Rosemarie out of safe house '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian abuse victims slowly exposed '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Associated Press . 12 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Roger ( 21 March 2009 ) . `` Elisabeth Fritzl seeks refuge with children in a fortress '' . London : Times Online . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Boyes , Roger ( 20 March 2009 ) . `` Josef Fitzl 's upstairs , downstairs families united for a new life in the open '' . London : Times Online . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Whatever became of Elisabeth Fritzl ? '' . The Independent . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl 's cellar in Austria concreted in '' . BBC . 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl 's ' House of Horror ' to be offered to ASYLUM SEEKERS - because no one wants it '' . Daily Express . Daily Express . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House where Josef Fritzl held daughter captive is sold '' . The Irish Times . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Josef Fritzl ( 82 ) heißt jetzt mit Nachnamen Mayrhoff '' ( Josef Fritzl ( 82 ) is now named by the surname Mayrhoff ) . Heute ( in German ) . Heutectic. 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Coordinates : 48 ° 07 ′ 00 '' N 14 ° 52 ′ 00 '' E / 48.1167 ° N 14.8667 ° E / 48.1167 ; 14.8667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritzl_case&oldid=853878475 '' Categories : 2008 crimes in Austria 2008 in Austria 2009 in Austria Lower Austria Rape in Austria Missing person cases in Austria Kidnappings in Austria Child abuse incidents and cases People convicted of incest Incestual abuse Incidents of violence against women Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	austrian woman kept in cellar for 24 years	[ "\nThe Fritzl case emerged in April 2008, when a woman named Elisabeth Fritzl (born 6 April 1966) told police in the town of Amstetten, Austria, that she had been held captive for 24 years by her father, Josef Fritzl (born 9 April 1935). Fritzl had assaulted, sexually abused, and raped her numerous times during her imprisonment inside a concealed area in the basement of the family home.[1][2] The abuse by Elisabeth's father resulted in the birth of seven children:[3] three of them remained in captivity with their mother, one had died just days after birth, and the other three were brought up by Fritzl and his wife, Rosemarie, having been reported as foundlings.\n" ]	[ "Elisabeth Fritzl" ]
8258257993515666078	Brooklyn Nine-Nine	Brooklyn Nine - Nine - wikipedia Brooklyn Nine - Nine Jump to : navigation , search Brooklyn Nine - Nine Genre Police procedural Sitcom Created by Dan Goor Michael Schur Starring Andy Samberg Andre Braugher Terry Crews Melissa Fumero Joe Lo Truglio Stephanie Beatriz Chelsea Peretti Dirk Blocker Joel McKinnon Miller Theme music composer Dan Marocco Jacques Slade Lamar Van Sciver Frank Greenfield Composer ( s ) Dan Marocco Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 91 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Goor Michael Schur David Miner Phil Lord Chris Miller Luke Del Tredici Producer ( s ) Andy Samberg Marshall Boone Norm Hiscock Matt Nodella Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Camera setup Single - camera Running time 21 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Fremulon Dr. Goor Productions 3 Arts Entertainment Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Fox Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) Audio format Surround with Descriptive Video Service on SAP channel Original release September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows New Girl External links Official website www.fox.com/brooklyn-nine-nine/ Brooklyn Nine - Nine is an American police sitcom that premiered on Fox on September 17 , 2013 , garnering 6.17 million viewers . Created by Dan Goor and Michael Schur , the series revolves around Jake Peralta ( Andy Samberg ) , an immature but talented NYPD detective in Brooklyn 's 99th Precinct , who comes into immediate conflict with his new commanding officer , the serious and stern Captain Raymond Holt ( Andre Braugher ) . The ensemble and supporting cast feature Stephanie Beatriz as Rosa Diaz , Terry Crews as Terrence `` Terry '' Jeffords , Melissa Fumero as Amy Santiago , Joe Lo Truglio as Charles Boyle , Chelsea Peretti as Regina `` Gina '' Linetti , Dirk Blocker as Michael Hitchcock and Joel McKinnon Miller as Norman `` Norm '' Scully . Produced in Los Angeles as a single - camera comedy , Fox originally ordered thirteen episodes for its first season , eventually expanding to 22 episodes . Since its debut , the series has received critical acclaim , with the cast , especially Samberg , being singled out for praise . It has won two Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and two Golden Globe Awards : one for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy and one for Andy Samberg for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . Andre Braugher has also been nominated for three consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for his performance . On May 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , which premiered on September 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 3 Development and production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Popular culture and tie - ins 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Set in the fictional 99th Precinct of the New York City Police Department in Brooklyn , Brooklyn Nine - Nine follows a team of detectives headed by newly appointed Captain Ray Holt ( Andre Braugher ) . Among the detectives is Jake Peralta ( Andy Samberg ) , who frequently tops the squad in collars despite his relaxed , carefree attitude , much to the annoyance of his more by - the - book colleague , Amy Santiago ( Melissa Fumero ) . Charles Boyle ( Joe Lo Truglio ) is a reliable but quirky detective whose emotions can sometimes go wild , as opposed to the stoic and mysterious Rosa Diaz ( Stephanie Beatriz ) . The final two detectives , Michael Hitchcock ( Dirk Blocker ) and Norman `` Norm '' Scully ( Joel McKinnon Miller ) , are older and often incompetent , although not without their usefulness . The detectives report to Sergeant Terry Jeffords ( Terry Crews ) , a devoted family man who is initially afraid to go back to active police work for fear that he might die in the line of duty and thus leave his two children without a father . Rounding out the precinct is sarcastic civilian administrator Gina Linetti ( Chelsea Peretti ) , who seems to value everything like dancing and her social life over work , and does anything to avoid her job . Cast and characters ( edit ) The NYPD 78th precinct building in Brooklyn . An exterior image is used as an establishing shot during the show . See also : List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine characters Andy Samberg as Detective Jacob `` Jake '' Peralta Stephanie Beatriz as Detective Rosa Diaz Terry Crews as Detective Sergeant Terence `` Terry '' Jeffords Melissa Fumero as Detective Amy Santiago Joe Lo Truglio as Detective Charles Boyle Chelsea Peretti as Administrator Regina `` Gina '' Linetti Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Jacob `` Ray '' Holt Dirk Blocker as Detective Third Grade Michael Hitchcock ( season 2 - present ; recurring season 1 ) Joel McKinnon Miller as Detective Norman `` Norm '' Scully ( season 2 - present ; recurring season 1 ) Development and production ( edit ) On May 8 , 2013 , Fox placed a thirteen - episode order for the single - camera ensemble comedy . On October 18 , 2013 , the series was picked up for a full season of 22 episodes , and was later chosen to air with New Girl in a `` special one - hour comedy event '' as the Super Bowl XLVIII lead - out programs . The exterior view of the fictional 99th Precinct building , complete with numerous NYPD vehicles parked in front of it , is the actual 78th Precinct building at the corner of Sixth Avenue and Bergen Street , one block south of the Barclays Center and one block east of the Bergen Street station on the New York City Subway 's 2 3 4 5 routes . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 23 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 23 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 5 TBA September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gave Season 1 a score of 88 % based on 49 reviews . The consensus is : `` Led by the surprisingly effective pairing of Andy Samberg and Andre Braugher , Brooklyn Nine - Nine is a charming , intelligently written take on the cop show format . '' For Season 2 , it received a score of 100 % based on 11 reviews . That season 's consensus is : `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine 's winning cast , appealing characters and wacky gags make it good comfort food . '' Metacritic gives the first season of the show a weighted average rating of 70 / 100 based on 33 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The Huffington Post posted a list of `` 9 Reasons You Need To Start Watching Brooklyn Nine - Nine '' , while Paste magazine celebrated `` The 10 Best Moments from Brooklyn Nine - Nine 's First Season '' in 2014 . Popular culture and tie - ins ( edit ) During the 2013 Comedy Central Roast of James Franco , Bill Hader wore a white wig and pretended to be `` The President of Hollywood . '' Hader joked to Andy Samberg , `` Looking forward to your new show , Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Funny cops . You 're always pushing the envelope , Andy . What 's going to happen when you run out of funny crimes like graffiti and pickpockets ? Ca n't wait to see episode 10 when Brooklyn 99 has to deal with a rape . ' Oh , I dropped the rape kit . Sporgie Dorg ! ' '' Hader would later go on to appear on the show 's third season premiere , as Captain Seth Dozerman . Chelsea Peretti , who plays Gina , told an interviewer , `` I remember as a writer when actors would come in to Parks and Rec they were like , ' Oh my god this is the nicest set . ' And I think similarly people feel the same with Brooklyn Nine - Nine . '' In September 2014 , The A.V. Club featured an interview with property master Chris Call , who talked about his hectic job ; for example : `` On a show like Brooklyn Nine - Nine , everything is a gag -- and a lot of them are sight gags -- so there 's a lot of different props that come up . If I was doing a show like Parenthood , it would be your standard everyday things that people have , like a cup of coffee or their dinner . Comedy -- I 've discovered especially -- is filled with props . And on Brooklyn Nine - Nine , it seems to be even more so . It 's such an ever - changing beast -- comedy -- because jokes change all the time . '' On January 3 , 2015 , Universal Partnerships & Licensing partnered with RED Games to launch a real - life version of the addictive puzzle game Kwazy Cupcakes ! based on the very same app from Brooklyn Nine - Nine . The app is available on iOS and Android mobile devices . Ratings ( edit ) Season No. of episodes Timeslot ( ET ) Premiered Ended Nielsen ratings Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 2013 -- 14 22 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm ( episodes 1 - 14 ) Sunday 10 : 30 pm ( episode 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm ( episodes 16 - 22 ) September 17 , 2013 6.17 March 25 , 2014 2.59 98 4.80 2014 -- 15 23 Sunday 8 : 30 pm September 28 , 2014 5.46 May 17 , 2015 2.35 113 4.87 2015 -- 16 23 Sunday 8 : 30 pm ( 2015 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2016 ) September 27 , 2015 3.14 April 19 , 2016 2.02 118 3.98 2016 -- 17 22 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 2016 -- 17 ) Tuesday 8 : 30 pm ( 2017 ) September 20 , 2016 2.39 May 23 , 2017 1.50 137 2.87 5 2017 -- 18 Tuesday 9 : 30 pm September 26 , 2017 2.00 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Brooklyn Nine - Nine Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result People 's Choice Awards January 8 , 2014 Favorite Actor In a New TV Series Andy Samberg Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 12 , 2014 Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Won Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Won NAACP Image Award February 22 , 2014 Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Satellite Awards February 23 , 2014 Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated GLAAD Media Awards April 12 , 2014 Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated American Comedy Awards May 8 , 2014 Comedy Series Nominated Comedy Actor -- TV Andy Samberg Won Comedy Supporting Actress -- TV Chelsea Peretti Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards June 19 , 2014 Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Won TCA Awards July 19 , 2014 Outstanding New Program Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Nominated Imagen Awards August 1 , 2014 Best Supporting Actress -- Television Stephanie Beatriz Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 10 , 2014 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards August 16 , 2014 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Brooklyn Nine - Nine Won EWwy Award August 18 , 2014 Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor , Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated 66th Primetime Emmy Awards August 25 , 2014 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2015 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated NAACP Image Award February 6 , 2015 Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Terry Crews Nominated Satellite Awards February 15 , 2015 Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated NHMC Impact Awards February 20 , 2015 Outstanding Achievements and Contributions to the Positive Portrayals of Latinos in Media Melissa Fumero Won GLAAD Media Awards March 21 , 2015 Outstanding Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 16 , 2015 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Imagen Awards August 21 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress -- Television Melissa Fumero Nominated Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards September 12 , 2015 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Won 67th Primetime Emmy Awards September 20 , 2015 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 6 , 2016 Favorite Comedic TV Actor Andy Samberg Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards January 17 , 2016 Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Won NAACP Image Award February 5 , 2016 Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Terry Crews Nominated Satellite Awards February 21 , 2016 Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated GLAAD Media Awards April 2 , 2016 Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Imagen Awards September 9 , 2016 Best Supporting Actress -- Television Melissa Fumero Nominated Stephanie Beatriz Nominated Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards September 10 , 2016 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Nominated Poppy Awards September 13 , 2016 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Andy Samberg Won Best Supporting Actress , Comedy Chelsea Peretti Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards September 18 , 2016 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Andre Braugher Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards December 11 , 2016 Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Comedic TV Actor Andy Samberg Nominated Satellite Awards February 18 , 2017 Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Andre Braugher Nominated GLAAD Media Awards April 1 , 2017 Outstanding Comedy Series Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice TV Actor : Comedy Andy Samberg Nominated Imagen Awards August 18 , 2017 Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards September 10 , 2017 Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine was broadcast on City in Canada up to the second episode in the second season . In the United Kingdom , the show premiered on E4 in January 2014 The second season debuted on January 15 , 2015 , the third began on January 7 , 2016 and the fourth on January 5 , 2017 . The series airs on RTÉ Two in Ireland . In New Zealand , Brooklyn Nine - Nine premiered on TV2 on February 13 , 2014 . In South Asia , it airs on Comedy Central India . In Australia , Brooklyn Nine - Nine premiered on SBS on July 28 , 2014 , and airs repeats on Universal Channel from January 7 , 2015 . It moved to SBS 2 in 2015 commencing with the second season , which premiered on March 3 , 2015 , and currently airs on Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 8 p.m. every week . In Singapore , the show airs on Tuesdays at 11 : 00 pm on Mediacorp Channel 5 . In December 2014 , Netflix UK added the first season of Brooklyn Nine - Nine to its listings , with Netflix Australia following suit in March 2015 . Since 2016 Netflix Germany / Austria / Switzerland carries the first season in both English and German audio . In South East Asia and Sri Lanka , Brooklyn Nine - Nine airs right after the U.S. on Diva . DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season One 22 September 23 , 2014 Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season Two 23 September 8 , 2015 Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season Three 23 August 23 , 2016 Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season Four 22 August 22 , 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Michael ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` How The Goldbergs and Other New Shows Kept Their Theme Songs '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : CNN Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes 2014 : The winners list '' . Awards Season 2014 . Cable News Network . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ; Schwartz , Ryan ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Cops Season 5 Renewal at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ; Goldberg , Lesley ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Comedy Series Orders : Chris Meloni Entry , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' Enlisted , ' ' Us & Them ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Orders Brooklyn Nine - Nine , Enlisted , Us & Them and Surviving Jack '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Picks Up Andy Samberg & Chris Meloni Comedies , ' Us & Them ' And ' Enlisted ' , Almost Doubles New Series Volume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Roots , Kimberly ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Scores Touchdown , Snags Full - Season Pick - Up and Post-Super Bowl Berth '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Filming Locations '' . Movie Maps . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster / Warner Bros. Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Average Rating : 8.4 / 10 . Reviews Counted : 10 . Fresh : 10 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duca , Lauren ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Reasons You Need To Start Watching Brooklyn Nine - Nine '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . As it happens , `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine '' is actually pretty good . Not only does it have an excellent ( and diverse ! ) ensemble cast , but it subverts stereotypes , while delivering the kind of silliness and absurdity that perhaps only `` 30 Rock '' has executed so well . Arguably , the show is still finding ( its ) footing , so before the entire world starts watching without you , we have some convincing to do . Jump up ^ Walters , Eric ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 Best Moments from Brooklyn Nine - Nine 's First Season '' . Paste magazine . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Carrie ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` James Franco 's Comedy Central Roast : The 26 best lines '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Phil ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsea Peretti on Brooklyn Nine - Nine , Writing for SNL , and Her New Netflix Special '' . Splitsider . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` The story behind the things actors pick up and hold on Brooklyn Nine - Nine , Alias , and more '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Mobile Game to Launch January 3rd '' . TV By the Numbers . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mind Games ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 2015 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` 18th Annual NHMC Impact Awards Gala '' . National Hispanic Media Coalition . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Global Showbiz Briefs : ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' To UK 's Channel 4 ; Henry Winkler - Penned Kids Books In TV Deal ; ' Voice UK ' : More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Season 2 '' . TV Wise . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos - Universal Channel Australia - Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine to switch to SBS 2 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Returning : Brooklyn Nine - Nine '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine - Search Results - TV Tonight '' . tvtonight.com.au . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Brooklyn Nine - Nine Official website Brooklyn Nine - Nine on IMDb Brooklyn Nine - Nine Episodes Season 1 Related Characters New Girl `` Homecoming '' Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) Ghosted ( 2017 ) The Gifted ( 2017 ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. 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About Wikipedia	how many seasons are in brooklyn nine nine	[ "\n\nBrooklyn Nine-Nine\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPolice procedural\nSitcom\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nDan Goor\nMichael Schur\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nAndy Samberg\nAndre Braugher\nTerry Crews\nMelissa Fumero\nJoe Lo Truglio\nStephanie Beatriz\nChelsea Peretti\nDirk Blocker\nJoel McKinnon Miller\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\n\n\n\nDan Marocco[1]\nJacques Slade[1]\nLamar Van Sciver[1]\nFrank Greenfield[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\nDan Marocco\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n5\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n91 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nDan Goor\nMichael Schur\nDavid Miner\nPhil Lord\nChris Miller\nLuke Del Tredici\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nAndy Samberg\nMarshall Boone\nNorm Hiscock\nMatt Nodella\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nCamera setup\nSingle-camera\n\n\nRunning time\n21–23 minutes[2]\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nFremulon\nDr. Goor Productions\n3 Arts Entertainment\nUniversal Television\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nNBCUniversal Television Distribution\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nFox\n\n\nPicture format\nHDTV (1080i)\n\n\nAudio format\nSurround with Descriptive Video Service on SAP channel\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 17, 2013 (2013-09-17) – present (present)\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nNew Girl\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\nwww.fox.com/brooklyn-nine-nine/\n\n" ]	[ "5" ]
-5959656614364561883	List of most expensive buildings	List of most expensive buildings - wikipedia List of most expensive buildings This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below lists the most expensive buildings in the world , which cost the most money to construct . Rank Building City Country Architect / designer Current owner ( s ) Completed Nominal Cost ( $ US billion ) Inflation - Adjusted Cost , 2015 ( $ US billion ) Abraj Al Bait ( Mixed ) Mecca Saudi Arabia Dar Al - Handasah King Abdulaziz 2012 15.00 15.49 Berlin Brandenburg Airport Berlin Germany Gerkan , Marg & Partners Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH 2020 10.70 10.70 Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3 Eurajoki Finland Areva NP and Siemens AG Teollisuuden Voima 2018 9.06 9.22 Marina Bay Sands Singapore Singapore Moshe Safdie Las Vegas Sands 5.50 5.98 Apple Park Cupertino , California United States Foster and Partners Apple Inc . 2017 5.00 5.00 6 Resorts World Sentosa Singapore Singapore Michael Graves Genting Group 4.93 7.16 7 The Cosmopolitan Las Vegas United States Friedmutter Group with Arquitectonica The Blackstone Group 3.90 4.24 8 One World Trade Center New York City United States Skidmore , Owings & Merrill The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2012 3.80 3.92 9 Emirates Palace Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates John Elliott Abu Dhabi Government 2005 3.00 3.64 10 Palace of the Parliament Bucharest Romania Anca Petrescu Romanian Government 3.00 4.43 11 Wynn Resort Las Vegas United States Butler / Ashworth Architects and Jerde Partnership Wynn Resorts 2005 2.70 3.28 12 Venetian Macau Macau Macau Aedas Las Vegas Sands 2005 2.40 2.91 13 City of Dreams Macau Macau Arquitectonica Melco Crown Entertainment 2009 2.40 2.65 14 Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide Australia Perkins & Will Government of South Australia 2017 3.0 3.0 15 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan C.Y. Lee & Partners Taipei Financial Center Corporation 1.80 2.26 16 The Palazzo Las Vegas United States HKS , Inc . Las Vegas Sands 2007 1.80 2.06 17 Nya Karolinska Hospital Stockholm Sweden 1.6 1.6 18 Bellagio Las Vegas United States DeRuyter Butler and Atlandia Design Bellagio ( MGM Resorts International is the owner of the company ) 1998 1.60 2.33 19 Seat of the ECB Frankfurt Germany Coop Himmelb ( l ) au European Central Bank 2013 1.57 1.60222 20 Wembley Stadium London UK Foster and Partners The Football Association 2006 1.50 1.76 21 Yankee Stadium New York City United States Populous New York City 2009 1.50 1.66 22 Termoelektrarna Šoštanj blok 6 Šoštanj Slovenia n.a. Sloveinan Government 2014 1.6 1.6 23 Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates Skidmore , Owings , & Merrill Emaar Properties 1.50 1.63 24 Gigafactory 1 Storey County , Nevada United States HOK , Bennett Wagner & Grody Architects , RMH Group , Rocky Mountain Institute , Mortenson Construction , and CH2M HILL Tesla , Inc . 2020 1.31 1.31 25 Petronas Twin Towers Kuala Lumpur Malaysia César Pelli KLCC Holdings 1999 1.16 1.65 26 Australian Parliament Canberra Australia Romaldo Giurgola Australian Government 1.10 2.87 27 Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Atlantic City , New Jersey United States Francis Xavier Dumont Hard Rock International 1.10 2.00 See also ( edit ) Megaproject List of megaprojects List of largest buildings in the world List of tallest buildings in the world List of largest hotels in the world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wainwright , Oliver ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Mecca 's mega architecture casts shadow over hajj '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Röbel , Sven ; Wassermann , Andreas ( 2012 - 07 - 30 ) . `` BERLIN : `` Nicht mehr beherrschbar '' `` . Der Spiegel . 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hauptstadtflughafen : Kosten für BER übersteigen sieben Milliarden Euro '' . Spiegel Online . 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Suomenkin uusi ydinvoimala maksaa 8 , 5 miljardia euroa '' . 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Oliver ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` All hail the mothership : Norman Foster 's $5 bn Apple HQ revealed '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ - Apple Campus 2 cost 5 billion Projects : Foster and Partners Jump up ^ `` Resorts World Sentosa : Singapore Buildings - e-architect '' . 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas - Arquitectonica '' . 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One World Trade Center Will Cost $3.8 Billion , Making It The Most Expensive Building In The World '' . 31 January 2012 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ http://www.aedas.com/Venetian-Macao-Resort-Hotel Jump up ^ eub2 . `` ECB 's new building to cost more than expected , says official -- EUbusiness.com - EU news , business and politics '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Parliament House , Canberra Jump up ^ Topics , Lenny Glynn ; Lenny Glynn Is A. Freelance Writer Who Specializes In Financial ( 8 April 1990 ) . `` Trump 's Taj - Open at Last , With a Scary Appetite '' -- via NYTimes.com . 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About Wikipedia	what is the most expensive skyscraper in the world	[ "\n\nRank\n\nBuilding\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nArchitect/designer\n\nCurrent owner(s)\n\nCompleted\n\nNominal Cost ($USbillion)\n\nInflation-Adjusted Cost, 2015 ($USbillion)\n\n\n1\n\nAbraj Al Bait (Mixed)\n\nMecca\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\nDar Al-Handasah\n\nKing Abdulaziz\n\n2012\n\n15.00[1]\n\n15.49\n\n\n2\n\nBerlin Brandenburg Airport\n\nBerlin\n\n Germany\n\nGerkan, Marg & Partners[2]\n\nFlughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH\n\n2020\n\n10.70[3]\n\n10.70\n\n\n\n3\n\nOlkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3\n\nEurajoki\n\n Finland\n\nAreva NP and Siemens AG\n\nTeollisuuden Voima\n\n2018\n\n9.06[4]\n\n9.22\n\n\n4\n\nMarina Bay Sands\n\nSingapore\n\n Singapore\n\nMoshe Safdie\n\nLas Vegas Sands\n\n2010\n\n5.50[citation needed]\n\n5.98\n\n\n5\n\nApple Park\n\nCupertino, California\n\n United States\n\nFoster and Partners[5]\n\nApple Inc.\n\n2017\n\n5.00[6]\n\n5.00\n\n\n6\n\nResorts World Sentosa\n\nSingapore\n\n Singapore\n\nMichael Graves\n\nGenting Group\n\n2010\n\n4.93[7]\n\n7.16\n\n\n7\n\nThe Cosmopolitan\n\nLas Vegas\n\n United States\n\nFriedmutter Group with Arquitectonica\n\nThe Blackstone Group\n\n2010\n\n3.90[8]\n\n4.24\n\n\n8\n\nOne World Trade Center\n\nNew York City\n\n United States\n\nSkidmore, Owings & Merrill\n\nThe Port Authority of New York and New Jersey\n\n2012\n\n3.80[9]\n\n3.92\n\n\n9\n\nEmirates Palace\n\nAbu Dhabi\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nJohn Elliott\n\nAbu Dhabi Government\n\n2005\n\n3.00\n\n3.64\n\n\n10\n\nPalace of the Parliament\n\nBucharest\n\n Romania\n\nAnca Petrescu\n\nRomanian Government\n\n1997\n\n3.00\n\n4.43\n\n\n11\n\nWynn Resort\n\nLas Vegas\n\n United States\n\nButler/Ashworth Architects and Jerde Partnership\n\nWynn Resorts\n\n2005\n\n2.70\n\n3.28\n\n\n12\n\nVenetian Macau\n\nMacau\n\n Macau\n\nAedas\n\nLas Vegas Sands\n\n2005\n\n2.40[10]\n\n2.91\n\n\n13\n\nCity of Dreams\n\nMacau\n\n Macau\n\nArquitectonica\n\nMelco Crown Entertainment\n\n2009\n\n2.40\n\n2.65\n\n\n14\n\nRoyal Adelaide Hospital\n\nAdelaide\n\n Australia\n\nPerkins & Will\n\nGovernment of South Australia\n\n2017\n\n3.0\n\n3.0\n\n\n15\n\nTaipei 101\n\nTaipei\n\n Taiwan\n\nC.Y. Lee & Partners\n\nTaipei Financial Center Corporation\n\n2004\n\n1.80\n\n2.26\n\n\n16\n\nThe Palazzo\n\nLas Vegas\n\n United States\n\nHKS, Inc.\n\nLas Vegas Sands\n\n2007\n\n1.80\n\n2.06\n\n\n17\n\nNya Karolinska Hospital\n\nStockholm\n\n Sweden\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1.6\n\n1.6\n\n\n\n18\n\nBellagio\n\nLas Vegas\n\n United States\n\nDeRuyter Butler and Atlandia Design\n\nBellagio(MGM Resorts International is the owner of the company)\n\n1998\n\n1.60\n\n2.33\n\n\n\n19\n\nSeat of the ECB\n\nFrankfurt\n\n Germany\n\nCoop Himmelb(l)au\n\nEuropean Central Bank\n\n2013\n\n1.57[11]\n\n1.60222\n\n\n20\n\nWembley Stadium\n\nLondon\n\n UK\n\nFoster and Partners\n\nThe Football Association\n\n2006\n\n1.50\n\n1.76\n\n\n21\n\nYankee Stadium\n\nNew York City\n\n United States\n\nPopulous\n\nNew York City\n\n2009\n\n1.50\n\n1.66\n\n\n22\n\nTermoelektrarna\nŠoštanj blok 6\n\n\nŠoštanj\n\nSlovenia\n\nn.a.\n\nSloveinan Government\n\n2014\n\n1.6\n\n1.6\n\n\n23\n\nBurj Khalifa\n\nDubai\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nSkidmore, Owings, & Merrill\n\nEmaar Properties\n\n2010\n\n1.50\n\n1.63\n\n\n\n\n24\n\nGigafactory 1\n\nStorey County, Nevada\n\n United States\n\nHOK, Bennett Wagner & Grody Architects, RMH Group, Rocky Mountain Institute, Mortenson Construction, and CH2M HILL\n\nTesla, Inc.\n\n2020\n\n1.31[12]\n\n1.31\n\n\n25\n\nPetronas Twin Towers\n\nKuala Lumpur\n\n Malaysia\n\nCésar Pelli\n\nKLCC Holdings\n\n1999\n\n1.16\n\n1.65\n\n\n26\n\nAustralian Parliament\n\nCanberra\n\n Australia\n\nRomaldo Giurgola\n\nAustralian Government\n\n1988\n\n1.10[13]\n\n2.87\n\n\n27\n\nHard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City\n\nAtlantic City, New Jersey\n\n United States\n\nFrancis Xavier Dumont\n\nHard Rock International\n\n1990\n\n1.10[14]\n\n2.00\n" ]	[ "Abraj Al Bait" ]
2338656778938626946	Rebar	Rebar - wikipedia Rebar For other uses , see Rebar ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A tied rebar beam cage . This will be embedded inside cast concrete to increase its tensile strength . Rebar ( short for reinforcing bar ) , collectively known as reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel , is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression . Concrete is strong under compression , but has weak tensile strength . Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure . Rebar 's surface is often patterned to form a better bond with the concrete . The most common type of rebar is carbon steel , typically consisting of hot - rolled round bars with deformation patterns . Other readily available types include stainless steel , and composite sections made of glass fiber , carbon fiber , or basalt fiber . These alternate types tend to be more expensive or have lesser mechanical properties and are thus more often used in specialty construction where their physical characteristics fulfill a specific performance requirement that carbon steel does not provide . In practice , any material with sufficient tensile strength that is materially compatible with concrete could potentially be used to reinforce concrete , for example bamboo might be considered a viable substitution in regions where steel is not available . Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion , so a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stress as the temperature changes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Use in concrete and masonry 3 Physical characteristics 4 Sizes and grades 4.1 US sizes 4.2 Canadian sizes 4.3 European sizes 4.4 Australian sizes 4.4. 1 Bars 4.5 India 4.6 Jumbo and Threaded Bar sizes 4.7 Grades 5 Placing rebar 5.1 Stirrups 5.2 Welding 5.3 Mechanical connections 5.4 Safety 6 Designations 7 Reuse and recycling 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Reinforced concrete § History Rebar inside the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk Reinforcing bars in masonry construction have been used since at least the 15th century ( 2,500 meters of rebar was used in the Château de Vincennes ) . During the 18th century , rebar was used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia , built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov . The cast iron used for the rebar was of high quality , and there is no corrosion on the bars to this day . The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron tented roof , crowned with one of the first known lightning rods . However , it was not until the mid-19th century that rebar displayed its greatest strengths with the embedding of steel bars into concrete , thus producing modern reinforced concrete . Several people in Europe and North America developed reinforced concrete in the 1850s . These include Joseph - Louis Lambot of France , who built reinforced concrete boats in Paris ( 1854 ) and Thaddeus Hyatt of the United States , who produced and tested reinforced concrete beams . Joseph Monier of France is one of the most notable figures for the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete . As a French gardener , Monier patented reinforced concrete flower pots in 1867 , before proceeding to build reinforced concrete water tanks and bridges . The Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park Ernest L. Ransome , an English engineer and architect who worked in the United States , made a significant contribution to the development of reinforcing bars in concrete construction . He invented twisted iron rebar , which he initially thought of while designing self - supporting sidewalks for the Masonic Hall in Stockton , California . His twisted rebar was , however , not initially appreciated and even ridiculed at the Technical Society of California , where members stated that the twisting would weaken the iron . In 1889 , Ransome worked on the West Coast mainly designing bridges . One of these , the Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park , was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States . He used twisted rebar in this structure . At the same time Ernest L. Ransome was inventing twisted steel rebar , C.A.P. Turner was designing his `` mushroom system '' of reinforced concrete floor slabs with smooth round rods and Julius Kahn ( inventor ) was experimenting with an innovative rolled diamond - shaped rebar with flat - plate flanges angled upwards at 45 ° ( patented in 1902 ) . Kahn predicted concrete beams with this reinforcing system would bend like a Warren Truss , and also thought of this rebar as shear reinforcement . Kahn 's reinforcing system was built in concrete beams , joists , and columns . The system was both praised and criticized by Kahn 's engineering contemporaries : C.A.P. Turner voiced strong objections to this system as it could cause catastrophic failure to concrete structures . He rejected the idea that Kahn 's reinforcing system in concrete beams would act as a Warren Truss and also noted that this system would not provide the adequate amount of shear stress reinforcement at the ends of the simply supported beams , the place where the shear stress is greatest . Furthermore , Turner warned that Kahn 's system could result in a brittle failure as it did not have longitudinal reinforcement in the beams at the columns . This type of failure manifested in the partial collapse of the Bixby Hotel in Long Beach , California and total collapse of the Eastman Kodak Building in Rochester , New York , both during construction in 1906 . It was , however , concluded that both failures were the consequences of poor quality labor . With the increase in demand of construction standardization , innovative reinforcing systems such as Kahn 's were pushed to the side in favor of the concrete reinforcing systems seen today . Requirements for deformations on steel bar reinforcement were not standardized in U.S. construction until about 1950 . Modern requirements for deformations were established in `` Tentative Specifications for the Deformations of Deformed Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement '' , ASTM A305 - 47T . Subsequently , changes were made that increased rib height and reduced rib spacing for certain bar sizes , and the qualification of `` tentative '' was removed when the updated standard ASTM A305 - 49 was issued in 1949 . The requirements for deformations found in current specifications for steel bar reinforcing , such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706 , among others , are the same as those specified in ASTM A305 - 49 . Use in concrete and masonry ( edit ) `` Primary reinforcement '' and `` Secondary reinforcement '' redirect here . For primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement in psychology ( operant conditioning ) , see Reinforcement § Primary reinforcers and Reinforcement § Secondary reinforcers . Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression , but relatively weak in tension . To compensate for this imbalance in concrete 's behavior , rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile loads . Most steel reinforcement is divided into primary and secondary reinforcement , but there are other minor uses : Primary reinforcement refers to the steel which is employed to guarantee the resistance needed by the structure as a whole to support the design loads . Secondary reinforcement , also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement , is employed for durability and aesthetic reasons , by providing enough localized resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature changes and shrinkage . Rebar is also employed to confer resistance to concentrated loads by providing enough localized resistance and stiffness for a load to spread through a wider area . Rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to accommodate their loads . External steel tie bars can constrain and reinforce masonry structures , as illustrated by the Nevyansk Tower or ancient structures in Rome and the Vatican . Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads . Some standard masonry units like blocks and bricks are made with voids to accommodate rebar , which is then secured in place with grout . This combination is known as reinforced masonry . Physical characteristics ( edit ) Steel has a thermal expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete . If this were not so , it would cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different from the temperature of the setting . Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete , it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses , an occurrence that often accompanies a larger - scale collapse of the structure . To prevent such a failure , rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members ( 40 -- 60 times the diameter ) , or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar . This first approach increases the friction locking the bar into place , while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete . Common rebar is made of unfinished tempered steel , making it susceptible to rusting . Normally the concrete cover is able to provide a pH value higher than 12 avoiding the corrosion reaction . Too little concrete cover can compromise this guard through carbonation from the surface , and salt penetration . Too much concrete cover can cause bigger crack widths which also compromises the local guard . As rust takes up greater volume than the steel from which it was formed , it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete , leading to cracking , spalling , and , ultimately , structural failure . This phenomenon is known as oxide jacking . This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water , as in bridges where salt is applied to roadways in winter , or in marine applications . Uncoated , corrosion - resistant low carbon / chromium ( microcomposite ) , silicon bronze , epoxy - coated , galvanized , or stainless steel rebars may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense , but significantly lower expense over the service life of the project . Extra care is taken during the transport , fabrication , handling , installation , and concrete placement process when working with epoxy - coated rebar , because damage will reduce the long - term corrosion resistance of these bars . Even damaged bars have shown better performance than uncoated reinforcing bars , though issues from debonding of the epoxy coating from the bars and corrosion under the epoxy film have been reported . These bars are used in over 70,000 bridge decks in the USA . The requirements for deformations are found in standard product specifications for steel bar reinforcing , such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706 , and dictate lug spacing and height . Fibre - reinforced plastic rebar is also used in high - corrosion environments . It is available in many forms , such as spirals for reinforcing columns , common rods , and meshes . Most commercially available rebar is made from unidirectional fibers set in a thermoset polymer resin , and is often referred to as FRP . Some special construction such as research and manufacturing facilities with very sensitive electronics may require the use of reinforcement that is non-conductive to electricity , and medical imaging equipment rooms may require non-magnetic properties to avoid interference . FRP rebar , notably glass fibre types have low electrical conductivity and are non-magnetic which is commonly used for such needs . Stainless steel rebar with low magnetic permeability is available and is sometimes used to avoid magnetic interference issues . Reinforcing steel can also be displaced by impacts such as earthquakes , resulting in structural failure . The prime example of this is the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland , California as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , causing 42 fatalities . The shaking of the earthquake caused rebars to burst from the concrete and buckle . Updated building designs , including more circumferential rebar , can address this type of failure . Sizes and grades ( edit ) US sizes ( edit ) US / Imperial bar sizes give the diameter in units of 1⁄8 inch for bar sizes # 2 through # 8 , so that # 8 = ⁄ inch = 1 inch diameter . The cross-sectional area , as given by πr2 , works out to ( bar size / 9.027 ) 2 , which is approximated as ( bar size / 9 ) 2 square inches . For example , the area of # 8 bar is ( 8 / 9 ) 2 = 0.79 square inches . Bar sizes larger than # 8 follow the 1⁄8 inch rule imperfectly and skip sizes # 12 - 13 , and # 15 - 17 due to historical convention . In early concrete construction bars 1 inch and larger were only available in square sections , and when large format deformed round bars became available around 1957 the industry manufactured them to provide the cross-sectional area equivalent of standard square bar sizes that were formerly used . The diameter of the equivalent large format round shape is rounded to the nearest 1⁄8 inch to provide the bar size . For example , # 9 bar has a cross section of 1.00 square inches , and therefore a diameter of 1.128 inches . # 10 , # 11 , # 14 , and # 18 sizes correspond to 1 ⁄ inch , 1 ⁄ , 1 ⁄ , and 2 inch square bars , respectively . # 14 rebar is particularly affected by this approximation ; by diameter it would be # 13.5 . Sizes smaller than # 3 are no longer recognized as standard sizes . These are most commonly manufactured as plain round undeformed rod steel , but can be made with deformations . Sizes smaller than # 3 are typically referred to as `` wire '' products and not `` bar '' , and specified by either their nominal diameter or wire gage number . # 2 bars are often informally called `` pencil rod '' as they are about the same size as a pencil . When US / Imperial sized rebar are used in projects with metric units , the equivalent metric size is typically specified as the nominal diameter rounded to the nearest millimeter . These are not considered standard metric sizes , and thus is often referred to as a soft conversion or the `` soft metric '' size . The US / Imperial bar size system recognizes the use of true metric bar sizes ( No. 10 , 12 , 16 , 20 , 25 , 28 , 32 , 36 , 40 , 50 and 60 specifically ) which indicates the nominal bar diameter in millimeters , as an `` alternate size '' specification . Substituting a true metric size for a US / Imperial size is called a hard conversion , and sometimes results in the use of a physically different sized bar . There are no fractional bar sizes in this system . The `` # '' symbol in this system indicates the number sign , and thus `` # 6 '' is read as `` number six '' . The use of the `` # '' sign is customary for US sizes , however `` No . '' is sometimes used instead . Steel reinforcement bars with color codes indicating the grade U.S. rebar size chart Imperial bar size Metric bar size ( soft ) Linear Mass Density Nominal diameter Nominal area ⁄ ( kg / m ) ( in ) ( mm ) ( in2 ) ( mm2 ) # 2 No. 6 0.167 0.249 0.250 = ⁄ 6.35 0.05 32 # 3 No. 10 0.376 0.561 0.375 = ⁄ 9.525 0.11 71 # 4 No. 13 0.668 0.996 0.500 = ⁄ 12.7 0.20 129 # 5 No. 16 1.043 1.556 0.625 = ⁄ 15.875 0.31 200 # 6 No. 19 1.502 2.24 0.750 = ⁄ 19.05 0.44 284 # 7 No. 22 2.044 3.049 0.875 = ⁄ 22.225 0.60 387 # 8 No. 25 2.670 3.982 1.000 = ⁄ 25.4 0.79 509 # 9 No. 29 3.400 5.071 1.128 ≈ ⁄ 28.65 1.00 645 # 10 No. 32 4.303 6.418 1.270 ≈ ⁄ 32.26 1.27 819 # 11 No. 36 5.313 7.924 1.410 ≈ ⁄ 35.81 1.56 1006 # 14 No. 43 7.650 11.41 1.693 ≈ ⁄ 43 2.25 1452 # 18 No. 57 13.60 20.284 2.257 ≈ ⁄ 57.3 4.00 2581 Jump up ^ Historic size designation that is no longer in common use . Canadian sizes ( edit ) Corroded concrete and rebar at the bridge of Queen Elizabeth Way crossing the Welland River in Niagara Falls , Ontario , Canada . Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters , rounded to the nearest 5 mm . Metric bar size Linear Mass Density ( kg / m ) Nominal diameter ( mm ) Cross-sectional Area ( mm2 ) 10M 0.785 11.3 100 15M 1.570 16.0 200 20M 2.355 19.5 300 25M 3.925 25.2 500 30M 5.495 29.9 700 35M 7.850 35.7 1000 45M 11.775 43.7 1500 55M 19.625 56.4 2500 European sizes ( edit ) Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimetres . Preferred bar sizes in Europe are specified to comply with Table 6 of the standard EN 10080 , although various national standards still remain in force ( e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom ) . In Switzerland some sizes are different from European standard . Steel reinforcement in storage Metric bar size Linear mass density ( kg / m ) Nominal diameter ( mm ) Cross-sectional area ( mm2 ) 6 , 0 0.222 6 28.3 8 , 0 0.395 8 50.3 10 , 0 0.617 10 78.5 12 , 0 0.888 12 113 14 , 0 1.21 14 154 16 , 0 1.58 16 201 20 , 0 2.47 20 314 25 , 0 3.85 25 491 28 , 0 4.83 28 616 32 , 0 6.31 32 804 40 , 0 9.86 40 1257 50 , 0 15.4 50 1963 Australian sizes ( edit ) Reinforcement for use in concrete construction is subject to the requirements of Australian Standards AS3600 - 2009 ( Concrete Structures ) and AS / NZS4671 - 2001 ( Steel Reinforcing for Concrete ) . There are other standards that apply to testing , welding and galvanising . The designation of reinforcement is defined in AS / NZS4671 - 2001 using the following formats : Bars ( edit ) Shape code Yield strength ( MPa ) Ductility class Nominal diameter ( mm ) D - deformed bar - Grade 300 300 MPa N - normal 10 D - deformed bar - Grade 500 500 MPa N - normal 10 R - round bar 250 MPa L - low 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Examples : D500N12 is deformed bar , 500 MPa strength , normal ductility and 12 mm nominal diameter - also known as `` N12 '' R250N20 is round bar , 250 MPa strength , normal ductility and 20 mm nominal diameter - also known as `` R20 '' Bars are typically abbreviated to simply ' N ' ( hot - rolled deformed bar ) , ' R ' ( hot - rolled round bar ) , ' RW ' ( cold - drawn ribbed wire ) or ' W ' ( cold - drawn round wire ) , as the yield strength and ductility class can be implied from the shape . For example , all commercially available wire has a yield strength of 500 MPa and low ductility , while round bars are 250 MPa and normal ductility . India ( edit ) Rebars are available in the following grades as per IS : 1786 - 2008 FE 415 / FE 415D / FE 415S / FE 500 / FE 500D / FE 500S / FE 550 , FE550D , FE 600 . Rebars are quenched with water at a high level pressure so that the outer surface is hardened while the inner core remains soft . Rebars are ribbed so that the concrete can have a better grip . Coastal regions use galvanized rebars to prolong their life . Weight chart of Indians Rebars with tolerances and sizes . Jumbo and threaded bar sizes ( edit ) Very large format rebar sizes are widely available and produced by specialty manufacturers . The tower and sign industries commonly use `` jumbo '' bars as anchor rods for large structures which are fabricated from slightly oversized blanks such that threads can be cut at the ends to accept standard anchor nuts . Fully threaded rebar is also produced with very coarse threads which satisfy rebar deformation standards and allow for custom nuts and couplers to be used . Note that these customary sizes while in common use , do not have consensus standards associated with them , and actual properties may vary by manufacturer . Jumbo rebar size chart Imperial bar size Metric bar size ( soft ) Linear Mass Density Nominal diameter ( outside of threaded zone ) Nominal area ( outside of threaded zone ) ⁄ ( kg / m ) ( in ) ( mm ) ( in2 ) ( mm2 ) # 14J - 9.48 14.14 1.88 47.8 2.78 1794 # 18J - 14.60 21.78 2.34 59.4 4.29 2768 Threaded rebar size chart Imperial bar size Metric bar size ( soft ) Linear Mass Density Maximum diameter Nominal area ⁄ ( kg / m ) ( in ) ( mm ) ( in2 ) ( mm2 ) ( # 18 and smaller are the same as US / Imperial sizes ) # 20 No. 63 16.70 24.85 2.72 69 4.91 3168 # 24 No. 75 24.09 35.85 3.18 81 7.06 4555 # 28 No. 90 32.79 48.80 3.68 94 9.62 6207 1 '' No. 26 3.01 4.48 1.25 32 0.85 548 1 ⁄ '' No. 32 4.39 6.53 1.45 37 1.25 806 1 ⁄ '' No. 36 5.56 8.27 1.63 41 1.58 1019 1 ⁄ '' No. 46 9.23 13.73 2.01 51 2.58 1665 2 ⁄ '' No. 65 18.20 27.08 2.80 71 5.16 3329 3 '' No. 75 24.09 35.85 3.15 80 6.85 4419 Grades ( edit ) Rebar is available in grades and specifications that vary in yield strength , ultimate tensile strength , chemical composition , and percentage of elongation . The use of a grade by itself only indicates the minimum permissible yield strength , and it must be used in the context of a material specification in order to fully describe product requirements for rebar . Material specifications set the requirements for grades as well as additional properties such as , chemical composition , minimum elongation , physical tolerances , etc . Fabricated rebar must exceed the grade 's minimum yield strength and any other material specification requirements when inspected and tested . In US use , the grade designation is equal to the minimum yield strength of the bar in ksi ( 1000 psi ) for example grade 60 rebar has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi . Rebar is most commonly manufactured in grades 40 , 60 , and 75 with higher strength readily available in grades 80 , 100 , 120 and 150 . Grade 60 ( 420 MPa ) is the most widely used rebar grade in modern US construction . Historic grades include 30 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 50 and 55 which are not in common use today . Some grades are only manufactured for specific bar sizes , for example under ASTM A615 , Grade 40 ( 280 MPa ) is only furnished for US bar sizes # 3 through # 6 ( soft metric No. 10 through 19 ) . Sometimes limitations on available material grades for specific bar sizes is related to the manufacturing process used , as well as the availability of controlled quality raw materials used . Some material specifications cover multiple grades , and in such cases it is necessary to indicate both the material specification and grade . For example , material specification ASTM A615 has four grades ( 40 , 60 , 75 and 80 ) and one would need to indicate `` ASTM A615 Gr. 60 '' to be unequivocal . On the other hand , material specification ASTM A706 has only one grade which is 60 , therefore indicating `` ASTM A706 '' is technically equivalent to `` ASTM A706 Gr. 60 '' , however the latter is unambiguous . Rebar grades are customarily noted on engineering documents , even when there are no other grade options within the material specification , in order to eliminate confusion and avoid potential quality issues such as might occur if a material substitution is made . Note that `` Gr . '' is the common engineering abbreviation for `` grade '' , with variations on letter capitalization and the use of a period . In certain cases , such as earthquake engineering and blast resistant design where post-yield behavior is expected , it is important to be able to predict and control properties such as the maximum yield strength and minimum ratio of tensile strength to yield strength . ASTM A706 is an example of a controlled property range material specification which has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi ( 420 MPa ) , maximum yield strength of 78 ksi ( 540 MPa ) , minimum tensile strength of 80 ksi ( 550 MPa ) and not less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength , and minimum elongation requirements that vary by bar size . In countries that use the metric system , the grade designation is typically the yield strength in megapascals MPa , for example grade 400 ( similar to US grade 60 , however metric grade 420 is actually the exact substitution for the US grade ) . Common US specifications , published by ACI and ASTM , are : American Concrete Institute : `` ACI 318 - 14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary '' , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87031 - 930 - 3 ( 2014 ) ASTM A82 : Specification for Plain Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A184 / A184M : Specification for Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A185 : Specification for Welded Plain Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A496 : Specification for Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A497 : Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A615 / A615M : Deformed and plain carbon - steel bars for concrete reinforcement ASTM A616 / A616M : Specification for Rail - Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A617 / A617M : Specification for Axle - Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A706 / A706M : Low - alloy steel deformed and plain bars for concrete reinforcement ASTM A722 / A722M : Standard Specification for High - Strength Steel Bars for Prestressed Concrete ASTM A767 / A767M : Specification for Zinc - Coated ( Galvanized ) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A775 / A775M : Specification for Epoxy - Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars ASTM A934 / A934M : Specification for Epoxy - Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars ASTM A955 : Deformed and plain stainless - steel bars for concrete reinforcement ( Supplementary Requirement S1 is used when specifying magnetic permeability testing ) ASTM A996 : Rail - steel and axle - steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement ASTM A1035 : Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain , Low - carbon , Chromium , Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM marking designations are : ' S ' billet A615 ' I ' rail A616 `` ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ( Withdrawn 1999 , superseded by A996 ) '' . Astm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24. ) ' IR ' Rail Meeting Supplementary Requirements S1 A616 `` ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ( Withdrawn 1999 , superseded by A996 ) '' . Astm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24. ) ' A ' Axle A617 `` ASTM A617 / A617M - 96a Standard Specification for Axle Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ( Withdrawn 1999 , superseded by A996 ) '' . Astm.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24. ) ' W ' Low - alloy -- A706 Historically in Europe , rebar is composed of mild steel material with a yield strength of approximately 250 MPa ( 36 ksi ) . Modern rebar is composed of high - yield steel , with a yield strength more typically 500 MPa ( 72.5 ksi ) . Rebar can be supplied with various grades of ductility . The more ductile steel is capable of absorbing considerably more energy when deformed - a behavior that resists earthquake forces and is used in design . These high yield strength ductile steels are usually produced using the TEMPCORE process , a method of thermomechanical processing . The manufacture of reinforcing steel by re-rolling finished products ( e.g. sheets or rails ) is not allowed . In contrast to structural steel , rebar steel grades are not harmonized yet across Europe , each country having their own national standards . However some standardization of specification and testing methods exist under EN 10080 and EN ISO 15630 : BS EN 10080 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete . Weldable reinforcing steel . General . ( 2005 ) BS 4449 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete . Weldable reinforcing steel . Bar , coil and decoiled product . Specification. ( 2005 / 2009 ) BS 4482 : Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products . Specification ( 2005 ) BS 4483 : Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete . Specification ( 2005 ) BS 6744 : Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in concrete . Requirements and test methods . ( 2001 / 2009 ) DIN 488 - 1 : Reinforcing steels - Part 1 : Grades , properties , marking ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 2 : Reinforcing steels - Part 2 : Reinforcing steel bars ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 3 : Reinforcing steels - Part 3 : Reinforcing steel in coils , steel wire ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 4 : Reinforcing steels - Part 4 : Welded fabric ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 5 : Reinforcing steels - Part 5 : Lattice girders ( 2009 ) DIN 488 - 6 : Reinforcing steel - Part 6 : Assessment of conformity ( 2010 ) BS EN ISO 15630 - 1 : Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete . Test methods . Reinforcing bars , wire rod and wire . ( 2010 ) BS EN ISO 15630 - 2 : Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete . Test methods . Welded fabric . ( 2010 ) Placing rebar ( edit ) Steel wire used to secure rebar before concrete is poured over it . A scale marked in centimetres is shown for size reference . Rebar cages are fabricated either on or off the project site commonly with the help of hydraulic benders and shears . However , for small or custom work a tool known as a Hickey , or hand rebar bender , is sufficient . The rebars are placed by steel fixers `` rodbusters '' or concrete reinforcing iron workers , with bar supports and concrete or plastic rebar spacers separating the rebar from the concrete formwork to establish concrete cover and ensure that proper embedment is achieved . The rebars in the cages are connected by spot welding , tying steel wire , sometimes using an electric rebar tier , or with mechanical connections . For tying epoxy coated or galvanised rebars , epoxy coated or galvanized wire is normally used , respectively . Stirrups ( edit ) Stirrups form the outer part of a rebar cage . Stirrups are usually rectangular , and are placed at regular intervals along a column or beam to prevent shear failure . Welding ( edit ) The American Welding Society ( AWS ) D 1.4 sets out the practices for welding rebar in the U.S. Without special consideration the only rebar that is ready to weld is W grade ( Low - alloy -- A706 ) . Rebar that is not produced to the ASTM A706 specification is generally not suitable for welding without calculating the `` carbon - equivalent '' . Material with a carbon - equivalent of less than 0.55 can be welded . ASTM A 616 & ASTM A 617 ( now replaced by the combined standard A996 ) reinforcing bars are re-rolled rail steel and re-rolled rail axle steel with uncontrolled chemistry , phosphorus and carbon content . These materials are not common . Rebar cages are normally tied together with wire , although spot welding of cages has been the norm in Europe for many years , and is becoming more common in the United States . High strength steels for prestressed concrete may absolutely not be welded . Mechanical connections ( edit ) Also known as `` mechanical couplers '' or `` mechanical splices '' , mechanical connections are used to connect reinforcing bars together . Mechanical couplers are an effective means to reduce rebar congestion in highly reinforced areas for cast - in - place concrete construction . These couplers are also used in precast concrete construction at the joints between members . The structural performance criteria for mechanical connections varies between countries , codes , and industries . As a minimum requirement , codes typically specify that the rebar to splice connection meets or exceeds 125 % of the specified yield strength of the rebar . More stringent criteria also requires the development of the specified ultimate strength of the rebar . As an example , ACI 318 specifies either Type 1 ( 125 % Fy ) or Type 2 ( 125 % Fy and 100 % Fu ) performance criteria . Rebars with safety caps installed before being covered in concrete For concrete structures designed with ductility in mind , it is recommended that the mechanical connections are also capable of failing in a ductile manner , typically known in the reinforcing steel industry as achieving `` bar - break '' . As an example , Caltrans specifies a required mode of failure ( i.e. , `` necking of the bar '' ) . Safety ( edit ) To prevent injury , the protruding ends of steel rebar are often bent over or covered with special steel - reinforced plastic `` plate '' caps . `` Mushroom '' caps may provide protection from scratches and other minor injuries , but provide little to no protection from impalement . Designations ( edit ) Reinforcement is usually tabulated in a `` reinforcement schedule '' on construction drawings . This eliminates ambiguity in the notations used around the world . The following list provides examples of the notations used in the architectural , engineering , and construction industry . New Zealand Designation Explanation HD - 16 - 300 , T&B , EW High strength ( 500 MPa ) 16 mm diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm centers ( center - to - center distance ) on both the top and bottom face and in each way as well ( i.e. , longitudinal and transverse ) . 3 - D12 Three mild strength ( 300 MPa ) 12 mm diameter rebars R8 Stirrups @ 225 MAX D grade ( 300 MPa ) smooth bar stirrups , spaced at 225 mm centres . By default in New Zealand practice all stirrups are normally interpreted as being full , closed , loops . This is a detailing requirement for concrete ductility in seismic zones ; If a single strand of stirrup with a hook at each end was required , this would typically be both specified and illustrated . United States Designation Explanation # 4 @ 12 OC , T&B , EW Number 4 rebars spaced 12 inches on center ( center - to - center distance ) on both the top and bottom faces and in each way as well , i.e. longitudinal and transverse . ( 3 ) # 4 Three number 4 rebars ( usually used when the rebar perpendicular to the detail ) # 3 ties @ 9 OC , ( 2 ) per set Number 3 rebars used as stirrups , spaced at 9 inches on center . Each set consists of two ties , which is usually illustrated . # 7 @ 12 '' EW , EF Number 7 rebar spaced 12 inches apart , placed in each direction ( each way ) and on each face . Reuse and recycling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Workers extracting rebar from demolition rubble In China and many other countries , after the demolition of a concrete structure , workers are called in to remove the rebar . They scour the site , extracting the metal using bolt cutters , welding equipment , sledgehammers , and other tools . The metal is partially straightened , bundled and sold . Rebar , like almost all metal products , can be recycled as scrap . It is usually combined with other steel products , melted down , and re-formed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merritt , Frederic S. , M. Kent Loftin and Jonathan T. Ricketts , Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers , Fourth Edition , McGraw - Hill Book Company , 1995 , p. 8.17 Jump up ^ `` Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion '' . The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Le donjon de Vincennes livre son histoire '' . Jump up ^ The office of the first Russian oligarch ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Allen , Edward , and Joseph Iano . Fundamentals of Building Construction : Materials and Methods . 4th ed . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley , 2004 . Jump up ^ Ransome , Ernest L , and Alexis Saurbrey . Reinforced Concrete Buildings : A Treatise on the History , Patents , Design and Erection of the Principal Parts Entering Into A Modern Reinforced Concrete Building . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Rebar and the Alvord Lake Bridge '' . 99 % Invisible . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Salmon , Ryan ; Elliott , Meghan ( April 2013 ) . `` The Kahn System of Reinforced Concrete : Why It Almost Mattered '' . Structure : 9 -- 11 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ SEAOSC Design Guide Vol. 1 `` City of Los Angeles Mandatory Earthquake Hazard Reduction in Existing Non-Ductile Concrete Buildings '' . International Code Council . 2016 . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60983 - 697 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` GFRP Bar Transverse Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Effects on Concrete Cover '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Matthew ; Darwin , David ; Browning , JoAnn ; Locke Jr , Carl E. ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Evaluation of multiple corrosion protection systems for reinforced concrete bridge decks '' . Jump up ^ `` Cost - Effective Corrosion Protection Systems for Reinforced Concrete - Epoxy Interest Group ( based on the KU study ) '' . epoxyinterestgroup.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Recommended Field Handling of Expoy - Coated Reinforcing Bars , Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Jump up ^ Ramniceanu , Andrei ( 1 ) Parameters Governing the Corrosion Protection Efficiency of Fusion - Bonded Epoxy Coatings on Reinforcing Steel , Virginia Transportation Research Council , January 2008 Jump up ^ Epoxy Interest Group . `` Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI '' . Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of Reinforcing Steel '' . www.crsi.org . CRSI . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wang , Chu - Kia ; Salmon , Charles ; Pincheira , Jose ( 2007 ) . Reinforced Concrete Design . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26286 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` BS EN 10080 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete . Weldable reinforcing steel . General . '' , pp. 19 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Reinforcement Bars / Re-barsAs / TMT as Per IS. 1786 '' . Indana . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rebar - # 14J & # 18J '' . www.haydonbolts.com . Haydon Bolts , Inc . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Threaded Rebar '' . www.portlandbolt.com . Portland Bolt & Manufacturing Company . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THREADBAR Reinforcing System '' . www.dsiamerica.com . DYWIDAG - Systems International . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Ways to Abbreviate Grade '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noville , J.F. ( June 2015 ) . TEMPCORE , the most convenient process to produce low cost high strength rebars from 8 to 75 mm ( PDF ) . 2nd ESTAD - METEC . Düsseldorf . Jump up ^ `` BS EN 10080 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete . Weldable reinforcing steel . General . '' , clause 6.4 , pp. 13 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Jesse ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Reinforced Concrete Beam Design : Concrete Beam Stirrups ? What are they and why are they important ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ ACI committee 318 ( 2014 ) . ACI 318 - 14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary . American Concrete Institute ( ACI ) . ISBN 978 - 0870319303 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ California Dept. of Transportation . `` METHOD OF TESTS FOR MECHANICAL AND WELDED REINFORCING STEEL SPLICES '' ( PDF ) . Caltrans . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Occupational Safety and Health Administration . `` Mushroom Style Plastic Rebar Covers Used For Impalement Protection '' . OSHA . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rebar . OSHA rebar impalement protection measures hide Concrete History Roman concrete Roman engineering Ancient Roman architecture Composition Cement Portland cement Water Water -- cement ratio Aggregate Reinforcement Fly ash Ground granulated blast furnace slag Silica fume Metakaolin Production Plant Concrete mixer Volumetric mixer Reversing drum mixer Slump test Flow table test Curing Concrete cover Cover meter Rebar Science Properties Degradation Environmental impact Recycling Segregation in concrete Alkali -- silica reaction Types Energetically modified cement Fiber reinforcement Rosendale cement ( natural cement ) Perviousity Precasting Pre-stressing Ready - mix Reinforcement Roller - compacting Self - consolidating Self - leveling Mass Polymer Filigree Voided biaxial slab Lunarcrete Reinforced column Foam Polished Construction Formwork Climbing formwork Slip forming Screed Power screed Finisher Power trowel Pump Float Sealer Organizations American Concrete Institute Institution of Structural Engineers Indian Concrete Institute Nanocem Portland Cement Association International Federation for Structural Concrete Standards Eurocode 2 EN 197 - 1 EN 206 - 1 EN 10080 Book : Concrete Category : Concrete Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebar&oldid=846456384 '' Categories : Building materials Concrete Foundations ( buildings and structures ) Reinforced concrete Russian inventions Steels Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Кыргызча Lietuvių Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська West - Vlams 粵語中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did they start using rebar in concrete	[ "Reinforcing bars in masonry construction have been used since at least the 15th century (2,500 meters of rebar was used in the Château de Vincennes).[3] During the 18th century, rebar was used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. The cast iron[citation needed] used for the rebar was of high quality, and there is no corrosion on the bars to this day. The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron tented roof, crowned with one of the first known lightning rods.[4] However, it was not until the mid-19th century that rebar displayed its greatest strengths with the embedding of steel bars into concrete, thus producing modern reinforced concrete. Several people in Europe and North America developed reinforced concrete in the 1850s. These include Joseph-Louis Lambot of France, who built reinforced concrete boats in Paris (1854) and Thaddeus Hyatt of the United States, who produced and tested reinforced concrete beams. Joseph Monier of France is one of the most notable figures for the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete. As a French gardener, Monier patented reinforced concrete flower pots in 1867, before proceeding to build reinforced concrete water tanks and bridges.[5]" ]	[ "the mid-19th century" ]
8999276669531250604	Benson (surname)	Benson ( surname ) - wikipedia Benson ( surname ) Benson Language ( s ) English Origin Region of origin England Meaning `` Son of Ben '' Other names Variant ( s ) Benison , Bensone , Bennison , Bennsone , Bennisoun , Bennisone Footnotes : Frequency Comparisons : Benson is a common patronymic surname of English origin meaning `` son of Ben '' ( Benedict , Benjamin , Bennett ) . Benson is uncommon as a first name , but quite common as a surname in English speaking countries . Notable people with the name Benson include : A.C. Benson ( 1862 -- 1925 ) , English poet and essayist Ada Benson ( 1840 -- 1882 ) , British headmistress and educationist Adolph B. Benson ( 1881 -- 1961 ) , Swedish - American educator and historian Al Benson ( 1908 -- 1978 ) , American radio DJ , music promoter and record label owner Al Benson ( basketball ) , American professional basketball player Alexander Benson ( 1872 -- 1947 ) , American diplomat Alfred W. Benson ( 1843 -- 1916 ) , United States Senator from Kansas Allan L. Benson ( 1871 -- 1940 ) , American journalist and Socialist Presidential candidate Allen Benson ( 1908 -- 1999 ) , American professional baseball player Amanda Benson ( born 1995 ) , volleyball player Amber Benson ( born 1977 ) , American actress Ambrosius Benson ( c. 1495 / 1500 -- 1550 ) , Italian painter , part of the Northern Renaissance Andrew Benson ( 1917 -- 2015 ) , American chemist Anna Benson ( born 1976 ) , American model Annette Benson ( 1895 -- 1965 ) , British film actress Sir Arthur Benson ( 1907 -- 1987 ) , British colonial administrator and governor Arthur W. Benson ( c. 1798 -- 1889 ) , American industrialist and real - estate developer Ashley Benson ( born 1989 ) , American actress Aslag Benson ( 1855 -- 1937 ) , member of the North Dakota Senate from 1903 to 1906 Benny Benson ( 1913 -- 1972 ) , creator of Alaska 's state flag Bernadette Benson , Canadian born athlete specialising in ultra distance events Bernard Benson ( 1922 -- 1996 ) , British inventor , author of The Peace Book Berry Benson ( 1843 -- 1923 ) , American Civil War soldier depicted on the Augusta Confederate Monument , later an accountant who discovered the `` Ponzi scheme '' Bertil W. Benson ( 1843 -- 1907 ) , Norwegian - born American politician in North Dakota Bill Benson ( rugby league ) ( 1893 -- 1968 ) , Australian rugby league player Bob Benson ( 1883 -- 1916 ) , English professional footballer Bobby Benson ( 1922 -- 1983 ) , entertainer and musician who influenced the Nigerian music scene Brad Benson ( born 1955 ) , American football player Brendan Benson ( born 1970 ) , American musician Bruce Benson ( disambiguation ) Bryan Benson , Governor of the Bank of England from 1735 to 1737 Carl Benson , pseudonym of American writer Charles Astor Bristed ( 1820 -- 1874 ) Carla L. Benson , American vocalist , most known for her recorded background vocals Carville Benson ( 1872 -- 1929 ) , American politician Catherine Benson ( born 1992 ) , American rugby union player Catherine Brewer Benson ( 1822 -- 1908 ) , one of the earliest women to earn a college bachelor 's degree in the U.S. Cedric Benson ( born 1982 ) , American football player for the Green Bay Packers Charles Benson ( American football ) ( born 1960 ) , American former professional football defensive end Chima Simone Benson ( born 1982 ) , TV personality and freelance journalist Christopher Benson ( 1788 -- 1868 ) , Cambridge educated theologian Claus Benson ( born 1889 ) , American basketball player Cliff Benson ( born 1961 ) , former American football tight end Connie Benson ( 1889 -- 1969 ) , Canadian professional ice hockey player Constance Benson ( 1864 -- 1946 ) , British stage and film actress Constantine Walter Benson ( 1909 -- 1982 ) , British ornithologist Craig Benson ( born 1954 ) , American businessman and politician Craig Benson ( swimmer ) ( born 1994 ) , Scottish double Olympian ( London 2012 and Rio 2016 ) David Benson - Pope ( born 1950 ) , New Zealand politician Dee Benson ( born 1948 ) , American judge Doug Benson ( born 1964 ) , American comedian and actor E.F. Benson ( Edward Frederic Benson , 1867 -- 1940 ) , English novelist Edgar Benson ( born 1923 ) , Canadian politician Edward Benson ( bishop ) ( Edward White Benson , 1829 -- 1896 ) , Archbishop of Canterbury Edwin Benson ( 1931 -- 2016 ) , American educator Egbert Benson ( 1746 -- 1833 ) , American politician and jurist Elmer Austin Benson ( 1895 -- 1985 ) , American politician Ezra Taft Benson ( 1899 -- 1994 ) , American politician and the 13th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Frank Benson ( disambiguation ) George Benson ( disambiguation ) Gordon Benson ( born 1994 ) , British triathlete Henry N. Benson ( 1872 -- 1960 ) , American politician Herbert Benson ( born 1935 ) , American cardiologist and Harvard professor , author of The Relaxation Response Howard Benson ( born 1956 ) , music producer Ivy Benson ( 1913 -- 1993 ) , British bandleader James Benson ( disambiguation ) Jessica Benson ( born 1988 ) , American singer Joanne Benson ( born 1943 ) , American politician Jodi Benson ( born 1961 ) , American voice actress and singer John Benson ( disambiguation ) Karl Benson ( born 1951 ) , American college sports administrator Kent Benson ( born 1954 ) , American basketball player Kris Benson ( born 1974 ) , American baseball player Lee Benson , American sports writer Margaret Benson ( 1865 -- 1916 ) , English author and amateur Egyptologist Margaret Jane Benson ( 1859 - 1936 ) , British botanist and scholar Mark Benson ( engineer ) , German - born inventor of the Benson boiler Mark Benson ( born 1958 ) , English cricketer Martin Benson ( actor ) ( 1918 -- 2010 ) , British actor Mary Benson ( hostess ) ( 1841 -- 1918 ) , English hostess Mary Benson ( campaigner ) ( 1919 -- 2000 ) , South African writer and anti-apartheid activist Michael Benson ( disambiguation ) Mildred Benson ( 1905 -- 2002 ) , American writer Mykel Benson ( born 1987 ) , American football player Nicholas John Benson ( born 1961 ) , Ghanaian - American soldier , lawyer , businessman , writer Nicholas Benson ( born 1964 ) , American stone carver Nigel Benson ( born 1955 ) , British author and illustrator . Ray Benson ( born 1951 ) , American actor and composer Raymond Benson ( born 1955 ) , American author Renaldo Benson ( `` Obie '' Benson , 1936 -- 2005 ) , American soul and R&B singer and songwriter Rhian Benson ( born 1977 ) , Ghanaian singer Richard Meux Benson ( 1824 -- 1915 ) , Anglican clergyman and founder of an Anglican religious order Robert Benson ( disambiguation ) Ron Benson ( 1925 -- 1997 ) , English professional footballer Sally Benson ( 1897 -- 1972 ) , American screenwriter Sally Benson ( professor ) , professor of energy engineering at Stanford University Sam Benson , CBE ( 1909 -- 1995 ) , Australian politician Samuel P. Benson ( 1804 -- 1876 ) , United States Representative from Maine Seve Benson ( born 1986 ) , English professional golfer Shaun Benson ( born 1976 ) , Canadian actor Shebin Benson ( born 1995 ) , Indian film actor from the Malayalam film industry Sheila Benson , American journalist and film critic Sheri Benson , Canadian politician Simon Benson ( 1851 -- 1942 ) , Norwegian - born American logging entrepreneur and philanthropist Stella Benson ( 1892 -- 1933 ) , English feminist , novelist , poet , and travel writer Stephanie Benson ( Princess Akua Ohenewaa Asieanem of Kokobin ) , UK based Ghanaian singer and performer Stephen Allen Benson ( 1816 -- 1865 ) , President of Liberia 1856 -- 1864 Steve Benson ( disambiguation ) T.D. Benson ( 1857 -- 1926 ) , British socialist activist T.O.S. Benson ( 1917 -- 2008 ) , Nigerian lawyer Taylor Benson ( 1922 -- 1996 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Senate Teco Benson , Nigerian film director and producer Tom Benson ( disambiguation ) Tony Benson ( athlete ) ( born 1942 ) , Australian long - distance runner Tony Benson ( rugby league ) ( born 1965 ) , New Zealand rugby league coach Troy Benson ( born 1963 ) , former professional American football player Trudy Benson ( born 1985 ) , American artist Vern Benson ( 1924 -- 2014 ) , American baseball player Violet Benson , ( online alias Daddy Issues ) , Russian - born American Internet personality Warren Benson ( 1924 -- 2005 ) , American composer and timpanist Wayne Benson , American mandolinist and songwriter in the bluegrass tradition Wendy Benson ( born 1971 ) , American actress seen in many television shows William Benson ( disambiguation ) Fiction ( edit ) Carly Corinthos ( née Benson ) , role played by Sarah Joy Brown and Laura Wright in American soap opera General Hospital Freddie Benson , role played by Nathan Kress in American TV sitcom iCarly Kurt Benson , character in British soap opera Hollyoaks Olivia Benson , character in American polica drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Benson , brother - in - law of Deputy Arthel Queen in the novel Deliverance Jamesir Bensonmum , character played by Sir Alec Guinness in the 1976 comedy film `` Murder By Death '' Zoe Benson , character played by Taissa Farmiga in American Horror Story : Coven Barry B. Benson , Bee protagonist played by Jerry Seinfeld in Bee Movie See also ( edit ) Benson ( disambiguation ) Benton ( disambiguation ) Bengtsson , a similar surname References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Benson Surname Meaning and Distribution '' . forebears.co.uk . Retrieved 23 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Benson Surname Meaning and Distribution '' . ancestry.co.uk . Retrieved 23 January 2014 Surname list This page lists people with the surname Benson . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benson_(surname)&oldid=854346814 '' Categories : Surnames Surnames of English origin Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Čeština Deutsch Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 17 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does the last name benson come from	[ "Benson is a common patronymic surname of English origin meaning \"son of Ben\" (Benedict, Benjamin, Bennett).[1][2] Benson is uncommon as a first name, but quite common as a surname in English speaking countries.\n" ]	[ "English origin" ]
-2965908704794029551	National Human Rights Commission of India	National human rights Commission of India - Wikipedia National human rights Commission of India Jump to : navigation , search National Human Rights Commission राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग national human rights commission logo Agency overview Formed 12 October 1993 Jurisdictional structure Federal agency India Operations jurisdiction India General nature Federal law enforcement Headquarters New Delhi , India Agency executives Justice H.L. Dattu , Chairman Ambuj Sharma , Secretary General Website Official website The Rights Commission'u ( NHRC ) of India ' is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993 . It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act , 1993 ( TPHRA ) . The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India , responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights , defined by the Act as `` rights relating to life , liberty , equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants '' . `` Human Rights '' means the rights relating to life , liberty , equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India . `` Commission '' means the National Human Rights Commission constituted under section of All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights known as Human rights , as commonly understood , are the rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion , race , caste , sex and nationality , etc . ( Jagdish chand , 2007 ) In Declaration of Independence acknowledged the fundamental human rights . Human right means different thing to different people . Human Rights are not static , but are rather dynamic in nature . New rights are recognized and enforced from time to time . Only persons fully conversant with the latest development about the expanding horizons of Human Rights can promote their awareness better other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Composition 2.1 Chairman and Members 2.2 State Human Rights Commission 3 Appointment 4 Former chairpersons 4.1 Acting Chairpersons 5 Controversy 6 Human Rights Campaign 's recommendations 7 References 8 External links Functions ( edit ) TPHRA mandates the NHRC to perform the following functions : proactively or reactively inquire into violations of government of India human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant by leave of the court , to intervene in court proceeding relating to human rights make recommendations review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation review the factors , including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures to study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation undertake and promote research in the field of human rights engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications , the media , seminars and other available means encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights such other function as it may consider it necessary for the protection of human rights . requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office . Composition ( edit ) The NHRC consists of : A Chairperson , should be retired Chief Justice of India ( though GoI mulling appointment of retired SC Judges as chairperson ) One member who is , or has been , a Judge of the Supreme Court of India One member who is , or has been , the Chief Justice of a High Court Two members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of , or practical experience in , matters relating to human rights In addition , the Chairpersons of four National Commissions ( Scheduled Castes , Scheduled Tribes , Women and Minorities ) serve as ex officio members . The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court . Chairman and members ( edit ) Justice JS Kehar is going to be next chairman after H.L. Dattu The chairman of the NHRC is Justice H.L. Dattu and the other members are : Justice Cyriac Joseph Justice D. Murugesan , Chief Justice of Delhi High Court Sharad Chandra Sinha , former Director General , National Investigation Agency Jyotika Kalra , Ex-officio members : Ram shankar Katheria , Chairperson , National Commission for Scheduled Castes Nand Kumar Sai , Chairperson , National Commission for Scheduled Tribes Syed Gayorul Hasan Rizvi , Chairperson , National Commission for Minorities Rekha Sharma , Chairperson , National Commission for Women State Human Rights Commission ( edit ) A State Government may constitute a body known as the Human Rights Commission of that State to exercise the powers conferred upon , and to perform the functions assigned to , a State Commission . In accordance to the amendment brought in TPHRA , 1993 point No. 10 below is the list of State Human Rights Commissions formed to perform the functions of the commission as stated under chapter V of TPHRA , 1993 ( with amendment act 2006 ) . At present , 25 states have constituted SHRC State Commission City Date constituted Assam Human rights Commission Guwahati 19 January 1996 Andhra Pradesh State Human rights Commission Hyderabad 2 August 2006 Bihar Human rights Commission Patna 3 January 2000 Chhattisgarh Human Rights Commission Raipur 16 April 2001 Gujarat State Human Rights Commission Gandhinagar 12 September 2006 Goa Human Rights Commission Panaji 2011 Meghalaya State Human Right Commission 2013 Himachal Pradesh State Human rights Commission Shimla -- Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission Srinagar January 1997 Kerala State Human Rights Commission Thiruvananthapuram 11 December 1998 Karnataka State Human Rights Commission Bangalore 28 June 2005 Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission Bhopal 1 September 1995 Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission Mumbai 6 March 2001 Manipur State Human Rights Commission Imphal 2003 Odisha Human rights Commission Bhubaneswar 27 January 2000 Punjab Human Rights Commission Chandigarh Rajasthan State Human rights Commission Jaipur 18 January 1999 State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu Chennai 17 April 1997 Uttar Pradesh Human Rights Commission Lucknow 7 October 2002 West Bengal Human Rights Commission Kolkata 8 January 1994 Jharkhand State Human Rights Commission Ranchi Sikkim State Human Rights Commission Gangtok 18 October 2008 Uttarakhand Human Rights Commission Dehradun 13 May 2013 Haryana Human Rights Commission Chandigarh 2012 Tripura Human rights Commission Agartala 2015 Appointment ( edit ) Section 2 Sections 3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC . The Chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India , on the recommendation of a committee consisting of : The Prime Minister ( Chairperson ) The Home Minister The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) Former chairpersons ( edit ) Sr No Name Tenure 1 . Justice Ranganath Misra 12 October 1993 -- 24 November 1996 2 . Justice MN Venkatachaliah 26 November 1996 -- 24 October 1999 3 . Justice JS Verma 4 November 1999 -- 17 January 2003 4 . Justice AS Anand 17 February 2003 -- 31 October 2006 5 . Justice S. Rajendra Babu 2 April 2007 - 31 May 2009 6 . Justice KG Balakrishnan 7 June 2010 - 11 May 2015 7 . Justice H.L. Dattu 29 Feb - 2016 Acting Chairpersons ( edit ) Justice Cyriac Joseph from 11 May 2015 to 28 February 2016 Dr. Justice Shivaraj Patil , from 1 November 2006 to 1 April 2007 Justice G.P. Mathur , from 1 June 2009 to 6 June 2010 . Controversy ( edit ) A report concerning the manner of which the Shivani Bhatnagar murder controversy case was rejected , a case which involved high - ranking officials being implicated in the murder of a journalist , opened the organisation up to questioning over the usefulness of human rights commissions set up by the government at the national and state levels . In mid-2011 , the chairman of the NHRC , ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan came under a cloud for allegedly owning assets disproportionate to his income . His son - in - law P.V. Srinijan , an Indian National Congress politician , had to resign for suddenly coming into possession of land worth Rs. 25 lakhs . Many prominent jurists , including former CJ J.S. Verma , SC ex-Judge V.R. Krishna Iyer , noted jurist Fali S. Nariman , former NHRC member Sudarshan Agrawal and prominent activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan , have called on Balakrishnan 's resignation pending from the HRC pending inquiry . In February 2012 , the Supreme Court inquired of the government regarding the status of the inquiry . Human rights campaign 's recommendations ( edit ) NHRC held that 16 out of 19 police encounters with suspected maoists in Guntur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh , prior to 2002 were fake and recommended to Government payment of compensation of Rs 5 lakh each to the kin of the families . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual Report 1993 - 94 of the National Human Rights Commission ^ Jump up to : The Protection of Human Rights Act , 1993 , as amended by the Protection of Human Rights ( Amendment ) Act , 2006 Jump up ^ Nath , Damini . `` NHRC issues notice to T.N. '' The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-sc-judges-could-soon-be-appointed-nhrc-chiefs/article19824595.ece Jump up ^ NHRC website Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/documents/Publications/HRActEng.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/GujratOrders.htm Jump up ^ The NHRC , and the Shivani Murder Controversy . Indiatogether.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ CBDT to probe ex-CJI Balakrishnan 's assets - Videos India : IBNLive Videos . Ibnlive.in.com ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ex-CJI's son amasses property in four years . Deccanherald.com ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fali Nariman wants judicial probe against ex-CJI , kin 's assets : South News -- India Today . Indiatoday.intoday.in ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ SC asks Centre about action taken against ex-CJI KG Balakrishnan -- India News -- IBNLive . Ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NHRC declares 16 out of 19 encounters fake , orders compensation of Rs. 80 lakh '' . 13 July 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the chairman of the national human rights commission	[ "\n\nNational Human Rights Commission\nराष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग\n\n\n\nnational human rights commission logo\n\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\n12 October 1993\n\n\nJurisdictional structure\n\n\nFederal agency\nIndia\n\n\nOperations jurisdiction\nIndia\n\n\nGeneral nature\n• Federal law enforcement\n\n\nHeadquarters\nNew Delhi, India\n\n\n\n\n\nAgency executives\n\n\n\nJustice H. L. Dattu, Chairman\nAmbuj Sharma, Secretary General\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n" ]	[ "Justice H. L. Dattu" ]
-4873636565175690395	Mary, mother of Jesus	Mary , mother of Jesus - Wikipedia Mary , mother of Jesus Jump to : navigation , search For the 1999 television film , see Mary , Mother of Jesus ( film ) . Mary ( Miriam ) Madonna in the Church by Jan van Eyck , c. 1440 September 8 ( traditional ; Nativity of Mary ) c. 18 BC Home town Nazareth , Galilee Spouse ( s ) Joseph Children Jesus , possibly the brothers and sisters of Jesus . Parent ( s ) unknown , according to some apocryphic scripts : Joachim and Anne A series of articles on Mother of Jesus Chronology Presentation of Mary Annunciation Visitation Marriage Joseph Virgin birth Nativity Holy Family Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Flight into Egypt Finding in the Temple Cana Crucifixion Resurrection Pentecost Marian perspectives Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Anglican Lutheran Ecumenical Latter Day Saint Islamic Catholic Mariology Mariology History of Mariology Papal teachings Saints Marian dogmas Immaculate Conception Theotokos ( Mother of God ) Assumption Perpetual virginity Mary in culture Art Feast days Hymns Music Shrines Titles Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal Mary was a 1st - century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth , and the mother of Jesus , according to the New Testament and the Quran . The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin ; according to Christian teaching she conceived Jesus while a virgin , through the Holy Spirit . The miraculous conception took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph . She accompanied Joseph to Bethlehem , where Jesus was born . The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary 's life with the Annunciation , when the angel Gabriel appeared to Mary and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus . According to canonical gospel accounts , Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem . According to Catholic and Orthodox teachings , at the end of her earthly life her body was assumed directly into Heaven ; this is known in the Christian West as the Assumption . Mary has been venerated since early Christianity , and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion . She is claimed to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries . The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox , Catholic , Anglican , and Lutheran churches believe that Mary , as mother of Jesus , is the Mother of God ( Greek : Θεοτόκος , translit . Theotokos , lit . ' God - bearer ' ) . There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions . The Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas , namely her status as the Mother of God , her Immaculate Conception , her perpetual virginity , and her Assumption into heaven . Many Protestants minimize Mary 's role within Christianity , based on the argued brevity of biblical references . Mary also has a revered position in Islam , where one of the longer chapters of the Quran is devoted to her . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names and titles 1.1 In Christianity 1.2 In Islam 2 New Testament 2.1 Genealogy 2.2 Annunciation 2.3 Birth of Jesus 2.4 In the life of Jesus 2.5 After the Ascension of Jesus 2.6 Later Christian writings and traditions 3 Perspectives on Mary 3.1 Christian 3.1. 1 Catholic 3.1. 2 Eastern Orthodox 3.1. 3 Protestant 3.1. 3.1 Anglican 3.1. 3.2 Lutheran 3.1. 3.3 Methodist 3.1. 4 Nontrinitarian 3.2 Jewish 3.3 Islam 3.3. 1 Birth of Mary 3.3. 2 Motherhood 3.4 Baha'i 3.5 Others 3.5. 1 Biblical scholars 3.5. 2 Pre-Christian Rome 4 Christian devotion 4.1 2nd to 5th centuries 4.1. 1 4th - century Arabia 4.1. 2 Byzantium 4.2 Middle Ages 4.2. 1 Depiction in Renaissance art 4.3 Since the Reformation 4.4 Marian feasts 5 Catholic Mariology 6 Cinematic portrayals 7 Image gallery 8 Music 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Names and titles Virgin and Child with angels and Sts . George and Theodore . Icon from around 600 , from Saint Catherine 's Monastery . Main article : Titles of Mary Mary 's name in the original manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name מרים ‎ , translit . Maryam or Mariam . The English name `` Mary '' comes from the Greek Μαρία , which is a shortened form of Μαριάμ . Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament . In Christianity In Christianity , Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary , in accordance with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit without her husband 's involvement . Among her many other names and titles are the Blessed Virgin Mary ( often abbreviated to `` BVM '' ) , Saint Mary ( occasionally ) , the Mother of God ( primarily in Western Christianity ) , the Theotokos ( primarily in Eastern Christianity ) , Our Lady ( Medieval Italian : Madonna ) , and Queen of Heaven ( Latin : Regina Coeli ) , although the title `` Queen of Heaven '' was also a name for a pagan goddess being worshipped during the prophet Jeremiah 's lifetime . Titles in use vary among Anglicans , Lutherans , Catholics , Orthodox , Protestants , Mormons , and other Christians . The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos ( Greek : Θεοτόκος , lit . ' God - bearer ' or loosely `` Mother of God '' ) , Aeiparthenos ( Greek : ἀειπαρθὲνος , lit . ' Ever - virgin ' ) as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 , and Panagia ( Greek : Παναγία , lit . ' All - holy ' ) . Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary , and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions . For example , the title Our Lady of Sorrows has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelo 's Pietà . The title Theotokos was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431 . The direct equivalents of title in Latin are Deipara and Dei Genetrix , although the phrase is more often loosely translated into Latin as Mater Dei ( Mother of God ) , with similar patterns for other languages used in the Latin Church . However , this same phrase in Greek ( Μήτηρ Θεοῦ ) , in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ , is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons . The Council stated that the Church Fathers `` did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God '' . Some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis . For instance , the title `` Queen Mother '' has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus , who was sometimes referred to as the `` King of Kings '' due to his ancestral descent from King David . Other titles have arisen from reported miracles , special appeals , or occasions for calling on Mary . To give a few examples , Our Lady of Good Counsel , Our Lady of Navigators , and Our Lady Undoer of Knots fit this description . In Islam Main article : Mary in Islam In Islam , she is known as Maryam ( Arabic : مريم ‎ , translit . Maryām ) , mother of Isa ( Arabic : عيسى بن مريم ‎ , translit . ʿĪsā ibn Maryām , lit . ' Jesus , son of Mary ' ) . She is often referred to by the honorific title sayyidatuna , meaning `` our lady '' ; this title is in parallel to sayyiduna ( `` our lord '' ) , used for the prophets . A related term of endearment is Siddiqah , meaning `` she who confirms the truth '' and `` she who believes sincerely completely '' . Another title for Mary is Qānitah , which signifies both constant submission to God and absorption in prayer and invocation in Islam . She is also called `` Tahira '' , meaning `` one who has been purified '' and representing her status as one of two humans in creation ( and the only woman ) to not be touched by Satan at any point . New Testament The Annunciation by Eustache Le Sueur , an example of 17th - century Marian art . The Angel Gabriel announces to Mary her pregnancy with Jesus and offers her White Lilies . The Gospel of Luke mentions Mary the most often , identifying her by name twelve times , all of these in the infancy narrative ( 1 : 27 , 30 , 34 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 46 , 56 ; 2 : 5 , 16 , 19 , 34 ) . The Gospel of Matthew mentions her by name six times , five of these ( 1 : 16 , 18 , 20 ; 2 : 11 ) in the infancy narrative and only once ( 13 : 55 ) outside the infancy narrative . The Gospel of Mark names her once ( 6 : 3 ) and mentions her as Jesus ' mother without naming her in 3 : 31 and 3 : 32 . The Gospel of John refers to her twice but never mentions her by name . Described as Jesus ' mother , she makes two appearances . She is first seen at the wedding at Cana . The second reference , listed only in this gospel , has her standing near the cross of Jesus together with Mary Magdalene , Mary of Clopas ( or Cleophas ) , and her own sister ( possibly the same as Mary of Clopas ; the wording is semantically ambiguous ) , along with the `` disciple whom Jesus loved '' . John 2 : 1 - 12 is the only text in the canonical gospels in which the adult Jesus has a conversation with Mary . He does not address her as `` Mother '' but as `` Woman '' . In Koine Greek ( the language that John 's Gospel was composed in ) , calling one 's mother `` Woman '' was not disrespectful , and could even be tender . Accordingly , some versions of the Bible translate it as `` Dear woman '' . ( John 2 : 4 NLT ; NCV ; AMP ; NIV ) . In the Acts of the Apostles , Mary and the brothers of Jesus are mentioned in the company of the Eleven ( apostles ) who are gathered in the upper room after the Ascension of Jesus . In the Revelation to John , Mary is never explicitly identified as the `` woman clothed with the sun '' . Jean - Pierre Ruiz makes that connection in an article in New Theology Review but the belief is quite ancient , as is the association of Mary and the Ark of the Covenant , mentioned at . Genealogy The New Testament tells little of Mary 's early history . The Gospel of Matthew does give a genealogy for Jesus by his father 's patristic line though only identifying Mary as the wife of Joseph . John 19 : 25 states that Mary had a sister ; semantically it is unclear if this sister is the same as Mary the wife of Clopas or if she is left unnamed . Jerome identifies Mary of Cleopas as the sister of Mary , mother of Jesus . According to the early second - century historian Hegesippus , Mary of Clopas was likely Mary 's sister - in - law , understanding Clopas ( Cleophas ) to have been Joseph 's brother . According to the writer of Luke , Mary was a relative of Elizabeth , wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah , who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi . Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side , consider that Mary , like Joseph , to whom she was betrothed , was of the royal House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah , and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan , third son of David and Bathsheba , is in fact the genealogy of Mary , while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph . ( Aaron 's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah , so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah . ) Annunciation The Virgin 's first seven steps , mosaic from Chora Church , c. 12th century Main article : Annunciation Mary resided in `` her own house '' in Nazareth in Galilee , possibly with her parents , and during her betrothal -- the first stage of a Jewish marriage -- the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit , and , after initially expressing incredulity at the announcement , she responded , `` I am the handmaid of the Lord . Let it be done unto me according to your word . '' Joseph planned to quietly divorce her , but was told her conception was by the Holy Spirit in a dream by `` an angel of the Lord '' ; the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife , which Joseph did , thereby formally completing the wedding rites . Since the angel Gabriel had told Mary that Elizabeth -- having previously been barren -- was then miraculously pregnant , Mary hurried to see Elizabeth , who was living with her husband Zechariah in `` Hebron , in the hill country of Judah '' . Mary arrived at the house and greeted Elizabeth who called Mary `` the mother of my Lord '' , and Mary spoke the words of praise that later became known as the Magnificat from her first word in the Latin version . After about three months , Mary returned to her own house . Birth of Jesus A nativity scene in France . Santons featuring the Virgin Mary . Main article : Nativity of Jesus According to the Gospel of Luke , a decree of the Roman Emperor Augustus required that Joseph return to his hometown of Bethlehem to register for a Roman census . While he was there with Mary , she gave birth to Jesus ; but because there was no place for them in the inn , she used a manger as a cradle . After eight days , he was circumcised according to Jewish law , and named `` Jesus '' ( Hebrew : ישוע ‎ , translit . Yeshua ) , which means `` Yahweh is salvation '' . After Mary continued in the `` blood of her purifying '' another 33 days for a total of 40 days , she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem , so the priest could make atonement for her sins , being cleansed from her blood . They also presented Jesus -- `` As it is written in the law of the Lord , Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord '' ( Luke 2 : 23 other verses ) . After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2 : 25 - 38 concluded , Joseph and Mary took Jesus and `` returned into Galilee , to their own city Nazareth '' . According to the author of the gospel according to Matthew , the Magi arrived at Bethlehem where Jesus and his family were living . Joseph was warned in a dream that King Herod wanted to murder the infant , and the Holy Family fled by night to Egypt and stayed there for some time . After Herod 's death in 4 BC , they returned to the land of Israel . Because Herod 's son Archelaus was ruler of Judaea , they did not return to Bethlehem , but took up residence in Nazareth in Galilee instead . In the life of Jesus Stabat Mater in the Valle Romita Polyptych by Gentile da Fabriano , c. 1410 - 1412 Mary is involved in the only event in Jesus ' adolescent life that is recorded in the New Testament . At the age of twelve , Jesus , having become separated from his parents on their return journey from the Passover celebration in Jerusalem , was found in the Temple among the religious teachers . Mary was present when , at her suggestion , Jesus worked his first miracle during a wedding at Cana by turning water into wine . Subsequently there are events when Mary is present along with James , Joseph , Simon , and Judas , called Jesus ' brothers , and unnamed sisters . Following Jerome , the Church Fathers interpreted the words translated as `` brother '' and `` sister '' as referring to close relatives . The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels . These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament : `` And his mother and his brothers arrived , and standing outside , they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him , Jesus said , ' These are my mother and my brothers . Whoever does the will of God is my brother , and sister , and mother ' . '' Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family , including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because `` he is out of his mind '' , and the famous quote : `` A prophet is not without honor except in his own town , among his relatives and in his own home . '' Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near `` the disciple whom Jesus loved '' along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene , to which list Matthew 27 : 56 adds `` the mother of the sons of Zebedee '' , presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15 : 40 . This representation is called a Stabat Mater . While not recorded in the Gospel accounts , Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art , called a `` pietà '' or `` pity '' . After the Ascension of Jesus In Acts 1 : 26 , especially v. 14 , Mary is the only one other than the eleven apostles to be mentioned by name who abode in the upper room , when they returned from Mount Olivet . Some speculate that the `` elect lady '' mentioned in 2 John 1 : 1 may be Mary . From this time , she disappears from the biblical accounts , although it is held by Catholics that she is again portrayed as the heavenly woman of Revelation . Her death is not recorded in the scriptures , but Catholic and Orthodox tradition and doctrine have her assumed ( taken bodily ) into Heaven . Belief in the corporeal assumption of Mary is a dogma of the Catholic Church , in the Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches alike , and is believed as well by the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Coptic Orthodox Church , and parts of the Anglican Communion and Continuing Anglican movement . Later Christian writings and traditions The Dormition : ivory plaque , late 10th - early 11th century ( Musée de Cluny ) According to the apocryphal Gospel of James , Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne . Before Mary 's conception , Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years . Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old , much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament . Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph , Mary was 12 -- 14 years old , and he was ninety years old , but such accounts are unreliable . According to ancient Jewish custom , Mary could have been betrothed at about 12 . Hyppolitus of Thebes claims that Mary lived for 11 years after the death of her son Jesus , dying in 41 AD . The earliest extant biographical writing on Mary is Life of the Virgin attributed to the 7th - century saint , Maximus the Confessor , which portrays her as a key element of the early Christian Church after the death of Jesus . In the 19th century , a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found , based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich , an Augustinian nun in Germany . It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption . The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved , identified as John the Evangelist . Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus , which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John . Perspectives on Mary Blessed Virgin Mary The Virgin in Prayer , by Sassoferrato , c. 1650 Western Christianity : Mother of God , Queen of Heaven , Mother of the Church ( see Titles of Mary ) Eastern Christianity : Theotokos Islam : Sayyidatna ( `` Our Lady '' ) , Greatest Woman , the Chosen One , the Purified One Honored in Christianity , Islam Canonized Pre-Congregation Major shrine Santa Maria Maggiore ( See Marian shrines ) Feast See Marian feast days Attributes Blue mantle , crown of 12 stars , pregnant woman , roses , woman with child , woman trampling serpent , crescent moon , woman clothed with the sun , heart pierced by sword , rosary beads Patronage See Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary Christian See also : Mariology , Theotokos , and Hymns to Mary Chinese Madonna , St. Francis ' Church , Macao Christian Marian perspectives include a great deal of diversity . While some Christians such as Catholics and Eastern Orthodox have well established Marian traditions , Protestants at large pay scant attention to Mariological themes . Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglican , and Lutherans venerate the Virgin Mary . This veneration especially takes the form of prayer for intercession with her Son , Jesus Christ . Additionally it includes composing poems and songs in Mary 's honor , painting icons or carving statues of her , and conferring titles on Mary that reflect her position among the saints . Catholic Main articles : Roman Catholic Mariology and Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism In the Catholic Church , Mary is accorded the title `` Blessed '' ( Latin : beata , Greek : μακάρια , translit . makaria ) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her . There is a difference between the usage of the term `` blessed '' as pertaining to Mary and its usage as pertaining to a beatified person . `` Blessed '' as a Marian title refers to her exalted state as being the greatest among the saints ; for a person who has been declared beatified , on the other hand , `` blessed '' simply indicates that they may be venerated despite not being officially canonized . Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her , but rather by God through her intercession . The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are : her status as Theotokos , or Mother of God ; her perpetual virginity ; her Immaculate Conception ; and her bodily Assumption into heaven . The Blessed Virgin Mary , the mother of Jesus has a more central role in Roman Catholic teachings and beliefs than in any other major Christian group . Not only do Roman Catholics have more theological doctrines and teachings that relate to Mary , but they have more festivals , prayers , devotional , and venerative practices than any other group . The Catechism of the Catholic Church states : `` The Church 's devotion to the Blessed Virgin is intrinsic to Christian worship . '' For centuries , Catholics have performed acts of consecration and entrustment to Mary at personal , societal and regional levels . These acts may be directed to the Virgin herself , to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and to the Immaculate Conception . In Catholic teachings , consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God , but enhances it , for all consecration is ultimately made to God . Following the growth of Marian devotions in the 16th century , Catholic saints wrote books such as Glories of Mary and True Devotion to Mary that emphasized Marian veneration and taught that `` the path to Jesus is through Mary '' . Marian devotions are at times linked to Christocentric devotions ( e.g. the Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary ) . The chapel based on the claimed House of Mary in Ephesus Key Marian devotions include : Seven Sorrows of Mary , Rosary and scapular , Miraculous Medal and Reparations to Mary . The months of May and October are traditionally `` Marian months '' for Roman Catholics , e.g. , the daily Rosary is encouraged in October and in May Marian devotions take place in many regions . Popes have issued a number of Marian encyclicals and Apostolic Letters to encourage devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary . Catholics place high emphasis on Mary 's roles as protector and intercessor and the Catechism refers to Mary as `` honored with the title ' Mother of God , ' to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs '' . Key Marian prayers include : Ave Maria , Alma Redemptoris Mater , Sub Tuum Praesidum , Ave Maris Stella , Regina Coeli , Ave Regina Coelorum and the Magnificat . Mary 's participation in the processes of salvation and redemption has also been emphasized in the Catholic tradition , but they are not doctrines . Pope John Paul II 's 1987 encyclical Redemptoris Mater began with the sentence : `` The Mother of the Redeemer has a precise place in the plan of salvation . '' In the 20th century both popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have emphasized the Marian focus of the Church . Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger ( later Pope Benedict XVI ) suggested a redirection of the whole Church towards the program of Pope John Paul II in order to ensure an authentic approach to Christology via a return to the `` whole truth about Mary , '' writing : `` It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that ' truth about Jesus Christ , ' ' truth about the Church ' and ' truth about man . ' '' Eastern Orthodox A mosaic from the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) , depicting Mary with Jesus , flanked by John II Komnenos ( left ) and his wife Irene of Hungary ( right ) , c. 1118 AD 15th - century icon of the Theotokos ( God - bearer ) Eastern Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary , the Theotokos . The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ 's birth . The Theotokia ( i.e. , hymns to the Theotokos ) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ . Within the Orthodox tradition , the order of the saints begins with : The Theotokos , Angels , Prophets , Apostles , Fathers , Martyrs , etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels . She is also proclaimed as the `` Lady of the Angels '' . The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective . However , the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological , rather than academic : they are expressed in hymns , praise , liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons . One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists ( i.e. standing hymns ) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn . Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary . The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary 's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration . A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos . The Orthodox view Mary as `` superior to all created beings '' , although not divine . The Orthodox does not venerate Mary as conceived immaculate . Gregory of Nazianzus , Archbishop of Constantinople in the 4th century AD , speaking on the Nativity of Jesus Christ argues that `` Conceived by the Virgin , who first in body and soul was purified by the Holy Ghost , He came forth as God with that which He had assumed , One Person in two Natures , Flesh and Spirit , of which the latter defined the former . '' The Orthodox celebrate the Dormition of the Theotokos , rather than Assumption . The Protoevangelium of James , an extra-canonical book , has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary . The account of Mary 's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three . The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations . Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar , whereby God gave her grace . While in the temple , Mary was miraculously fed by an angel , until she was twelve years old . At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel , who would be indicated . This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary , and icons of the feast depict the story . The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus , and after his Crucifixion , and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote : `` The Virgin Mary is the center , invisible , but real , of the Apostolic Church . '' Theologians from the Orthodox tradition have made prominent contributions to the development of Marian thought and devotion . John Damascene ( c. 650 ─ c. 750 ) was one of the greatest Orthodox theologians . Among other Marian writings , he proclaimed the essential nature of Mary 's heavenly Assumption or Dormition and her mediative role . It was necessary that the body of the one who preserved her virginity intact in giving birth should also be kept incorrupt after death . It was necessary that she , who carried the Creator in her womb when he was a baby , should dwell among the tabernacles of heaven . From her we have harvested the grape of life ; from her we have cultivated the seed of immortality . For our sake she became Mediatrix of all blessings ; in her God became man , and man became God . More recently , Sergei Bulgakov expressed the Orthodox sentiments towards Mary as follows : Mary is not merely the instrument , but the direct positive condition of the Incarnation , its human aspect . Christ could not have been incarnate by some mechanical process , violating human nature . It was necessary for that nature itself to say for itself , by the mouth of the most pure human being : `` Behold the handmaid of the Lord , be it unto me according to Thy word . '' Protestant Further information : Protestant views on Mary Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints . Protestants typically hold the view that Mary was the mother of Jesus , but unlike Catholics , they believe that she was an ordinary woman who was also devoted to God . Therefore , there is virtually no Marian veneration , Marian feasts , Marian pilgrimages , Marian art , Marian music or Marian spirituality in today 's Protestant communities . Within these views , Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected , e.g. , theologian Karl Barth wrote that `` the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology '' . Some early Protestants venerated and honored Mary . Martin Luther wrote that : `` Mary is full of grace , proclaimed to be entirely without sin . God 's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil . '' However , as of 1532 Luther stopped celebrating the feast of the Assumption of Mary and also discontinued his support of the Immaculate Conception . John Calvin remarked , `` It can not be denied that God in choosing and destining Mary to be the Mother of his Son , granted her the highest honor . '' However , Calvin firmly rejected the notion that anyone but Christ can intercede for man . Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century , they did so less than Martin Luther . Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants ; but , they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary . Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century , as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics , Protestant interest in Mary decreased . During the Age of the Enlightenment , any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared , although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her . Protestants acknowledge that Mary is `` blessed among women '' but they do not agree that Mary is to be venerated . She is considered to be an outstanding example of a life dedicated to God . In the 20th century , Protestants reacted in opposition to the Catholic dogma of the Assumption of Mary . The conservative tone of the Second Vatican Council began to mend the ecumenical differences , and Protestants began to show interest in Marian themes . In 1997 and 1998 ecumenical dialogs between Catholics and Protestants took place , but , to date , the majority of Protestants pay scant attention to Marian issues and often view them as a challenge to the authority of Scripture . Anglican Main article : Anglican Marian theology The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church ( the Church of England ) understands itself to be both `` Catholic '' and `` Reformed '' . Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large , the Anglican Communion ( which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States ) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary . Mary 's special position within God 's purpose of salvation as `` God - bearer '' ( Theotokos ) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians . All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary , and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple . This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2 . The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year 's Day in England . The Annunciation is called the `` Annunciation of our Lady '' in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer . Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May , though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept . The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption , August 15 . The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8 . The Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary is kept in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , on December 8 . In certain Anglo - Catholic parishes this feast is called the Immaculate Conception . Again , the Assumption of Mary is believed in by most Anglo - Catholics , but is considered a pious opinion by moderate Anglicans . Protestant minded Anglicans reject the celebration of these feasts . Prayers and venerative practices vary a great deal . For instance , as of the 19th century , following the Oxford Movement , Anglo - Catholics frequently pray the Rosary , the Angelus , Regina Caeli , and other litanies and anthems of Our Lady that are reminiscent of Catholic practices . On the other hand , Low - church Anglicans rarely invoke the Blessed Virgin except in certain hymns , such as the second stanza of Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones . The Anglican Society of Mary was formed in 1931 and maintains chapters in many countries . The purpose of the society is to foster devotion to Mary among Anglicans . The high - church Anglicans espouse doctrines that are closer to Roman Catholics , and retain veneration for Mary , e.g. , official Anglican pilgrimages to Our Lady of Lourdes have taken place since 1963 , and pilgrimages to Our Lady of Walsingham have gone on for hundreds of years . Historically , there has been enough common ground between Roman Catholics and Anglicans on Marian issues that in 2005 a joint statement called Mary : grace and hope in Christ was produced through ecumenical meetings of Anglicans and Roman Catholic theologians . This document , informally known as the `` Seattle Statement '' , is not formally endorsed by either the Catholic Church or the Anglican Communion , but is viewed by its authors as the beginning of a joint understanding of Mary . Lutheran Main article : Luther 's Marian theology Stained glass of Jesus leaving his mother in a Lutheran Church , South Carolina . Despite Martin Luther 's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints , theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church . He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and Mother of God . Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther , some three - hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854 , was a firm adherent of that view . Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception , which , at that time was undefined in the Church , maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life . For Luther , early in his life , the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact , although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast . Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death . `` Throughout his career as a priest - professor - reformer , Luther preached , taught , and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics . His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety . '' Luther , while revering Mary , came to criticize the `` Papists '' for blurring the line , between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being , and religious service given to another creature . He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints ' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry . His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death : Therefore , when we preach faith , that we should worship nothing but God alone , the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ , as we say in the Creed : ' I believe in God the Father almighty and in Jesus Christ , ' then we are remaining in the temple at Jerusalem . Again , ' This is my beloved Son ; listen to him . ' ' You will find him in a manger ' . He alone does it . But reason says the opposite : What , us ? Are we to worship only Christ ? Indeed , should n't we also honor the holy mother of Christ ? She is the woman who bruised the head of the serpent . Hear us , Mary , for thy Son so honors thee that he can refuse thee nothing . Here Bernard went too far in his Homilies on the Gospel : Missus est Angelus . God has commanded that we should honor the parents ; therefore I will call upon Mary . She will intercede for me with the Son , and the Son with the Father , who will listen to the Son . So you have the picture of God as angry and Christ as judge ; Mary shows to Christ her breast and Christ shows his wounds to the wrathful Father . That 's the kind of thing this comely bride , the wisdom of reason cooks up : Mary is the mother of Christ , surely Christ will listen to her ; Christ is a stern judge , therefore I will call upon St. George and St. Christopher . No , we have been by God 's command baptized in the name of the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit , just as the Jews were circumcised . Certain Lutheran churches such as the Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church however , continue to venerate Mary and the saints in the same manner that Roman Catholics do , and hold all Marian dogmas as part of their faith . Methodist Further information : Saints in Methodism § Virgin Mary Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds . As such , Methodists accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth , but reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception . John Wesley , the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England , believed that Mary `` continued a pure and unspotted virgin '' , thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary . Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before , during , and immediately after the birth of Christ . In addition , some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion . Non-trinitarian Nontrinitarians , such as Unitarians , Christadelphians , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Latter Day Saints also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ , but most reject any immaculate conception and do not recognize Marian titles such as `` Mother of God '' . The Latter Day Saint movement 's view affirms the virgin birth of Jesus and Christ 's divinity but only as a separate being than God the Father . The Book of Mormon refers to Mary by name in prophecies and describes her as `` most beautiful and fair above all other virgins '' and as a `` precious and chosen vessel . '' Since most Non-trinitarian groups are typically also Christian mortalists , Mary is not seen as an intercessor between humankind and Jesus , whom mortalists would consider `` asleep '' , awaiting resurrection . Jewish The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother . However , the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic . The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu , the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty , and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century , the time is now far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus . The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity . The tales from the Toledot Yeshu did impart a negative picture of Mary to ordinary Jewish readers . The circulation of the Toledot Yeshu was widespread among European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities since the 9th century . The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos ( virgin ) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus that includes very little historical evidence . Robert Van Voorst states that because Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document with its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience , it is `` most unlikely '' to have reliable historical information . Stacks of the copies of the Talmud were burnt upon a court order after the 1240 Disputation for allegedly containing material defaming the character of Mary . Islam Main article : Mary in Islam Persian miniature of Mary and Jesus The Virgin Mary holds a singularly exalted place in Islam and she is considered by the Qur'an to have been the greatest woman in the history of humankind . The Islamic scripture recounts the Divine Promise given to Mary as being : `` Mary ! God has chosen thee , and purified thee ; He hath chosen thee above all the women of creation '' ( 3 : 42 ) . Mary is often referred to by Muslims by the honorific title `` sayedetina '' ( our lady ) . She is mentioned in the Qur'an as the daughter of Imran . Moreover , Mary is the only woman named in the Qur'an and she is mentioned or referred to in the scripture a total of fifty times . Mary holds a singularly distinguished and honored position among women in the Qur'an . A Sura ( chapter ) in the Qur'an is titled `` Maryam '' ( Mary ) , which is the only Sura in the Qur'an named after a woman , in which the story of Mary ( Maryam ) and Jesus ( Isa ) is recounted according to the view of Jesus in Islam . Birth of Mary In a narration of Hadith from Imam Ja'far al - Sadiq , he mentions that Allah revealed to Imran , `` I will grant you a boy , blessed , one who will cure the blind and the leper and one who will raise the dead by My permission . And I will send him as an apostle to the Children of Israel . '' Then Imran related the story to his wife , Hannah , the mother of Mary . When she became pregnant , she conceived it was a boy , but when she gave birth to a girl , she stated `` Oh my Lord ! Verily I have delivered a female , and the male is not like the female , for a girl will not be a prophet , '' to which Allah replies in the Quran Allah knows better what has been delivered ( 3 : 36 ) . When Allah bestowed Jesus to Mary , he fulfilled his promise to Imran . Motherhood Mary was declared ( uniquely along with Jesus ) to be a `` Sign of God '' to humanity ; as one who `` guarded her chastity '' ; an `` obedient one '' ; `` chosen of her mother '' and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb ; uniquely ( amongst women ) `` Accepted into service by God '' ; cared for by ( one of the prophets as per Islam ) Zakariya ( Zacharias ) ; that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al - Mihrab ( understood to be the Holy of Holies ) , and was provided with heavenly `` provisions '' by God . Mary is also called a `` Chosen One '' ; a `` Purified One '' ; a `` Truthful one '' ; her child conceived through `` a Word from God '' ; and `` exalted above all women of The Worlds / Universes ( the material and heavenly worlds ) '' . The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam ( Mary ) in two places , Qur'an 3 : 35 -- 47 and 19 : 16 -- 34 . These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus . The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke , and both of these ( Luke , Sura 19 ) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya ( Zecharias ) and `` Good News of the birth of Yahya ( John ) '' , followed by the account of the annunciation . It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone . In the Islamic tradition , Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth , for God imposed a veil between them and Satan . According to author Shabbir Akhtar , the Islamic perspective on Mary 's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic . `` O People of the Book ! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion , and do not say anything of Allah but the truth . The Messiah , Jesus son of Mary , was but a Messenger of God , and a Word of His ( Power ) which He conveyed to Mary , and a spirit from Him . So believe in Allah ( as the One , Unique God ) , and His Messengers ( including Jesus , as Messenger ) ; and do not say : ( Allah is one of ) a trinity . Give up ( this assertion ) -- ( it is ) for your own good ( to do so ) . Allah is but One Allah ; All - Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son . To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth . And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on , to Whom affairs should be referred . '' Quran 4 / 171 The Qur'an says that Jesus was the result of a virgin birth . The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Suras 3 and 19 of the Qur'an , where it is written that God sent an angel to announce that she could shortly expect to bear a son , despite being a virgin . Bahá'í The Bahá'í Faith venerates Mary as the mother of Jesus . The Kitáb - i - Íqán , the primary theological work of the Baha'i religion , describes Mary as `` that most beauteous countenance , '' and `` that veiled and immortal Countenance . '' It claims that Jesus was `` conceived of the Holy Ghost . '' Others Biblical scholars The statement that Joseph `` knew her not till she brought forth her first born son '' ( Matthew 1 : 25 DouayRheims ) has been debated among scholars , with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin . Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos ( i.e. , until ) denotes a state up to a point , but does not mean that the state ended after that point , and that Matthew 1 : 25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus . According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah , meaning young woman of childbearing age , was translated into Greek as parthenos , which only means virgin , in Isaiah 7 : 14 , which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1 : 23 . While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth , John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus 's father . Other biblical verses have also been debated , e.g. , that the reference by Paul that Jesus was made `` of the seed of David according to the flesh '' ( Romans 1 : 3 ) may be interpreted as Joseph being the father of Jesus . However , most scholars reject this interpretation in the context of virgin birth given that Paul used the Greek word genomenos ( i.e. , becoming ) rather than the word gennetos ( i.e. , that is born , born ) and the reference to `` seed of David '' is likely to Mary 's lineage . Pre-christian Rome From the early stages of Christianity , belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus , as stated in the gospels , holy and supernatural , was used by detractors , both political and religious , as a topic for discussions , debates and writings , specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike . In the 2nd century , as part of his anti-Christian polemic The True Word , the pagan philosopher Celsus contended that Jesus was actually the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera . The church father Origen dismissed this assertion as a complete fabrication in his apologetic treatise Against Celsus . How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion . Christian devotion Main article : Marian devotions Icon with a Madonna and Child depiction , surrounded by key events in Mary 's life . Trsat , Croatia ( c. 12th century ) 2nd to 5th centuries Christian devotion to Mary goes back to the 2nd century and predates the emergence of a specific Marian liturgical system in the 5th century , following the First Council of Ephesus in 431 . The Council itself was held at a church in Ephesus which had been dedicated to Mary about a hundred years before . In Egypt the veneration of Mary had started in the 3rd century and the term Theotokos was used by Origen , the Alexandrian Father of the Church . The earliest known Marian prayer ( the Sub tuum praesidium , or Beneath Thy Protection ) is from the 3rd century ( perhaps 270 ) , and its text was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt . Following the Edict of Milan in 313 , by the 5th century artistic images of Mary began to appear in public and larger churches were being dedicated to Mary , e.g. , S. Maria Maggiore in Rome . 4th - century Arabia According to the 4th - century heresiologist Epiphanius of Salamis the Virgin Mary was worshipped as a mother goddess in the Christian sect of Collyridianism , which was found throughout Arabia sometime during the 300s AD . Collyridianism had women performing priestly acts . They made bread offerings to the Virgin Mary . The group was condemned as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church and was preached against by Epiphanius of Salamis , who wrote about the group in his writings titled Panarion . The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis . According to Sabrina Higgins , `` When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary , one may initially observe iconographic similarities . These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary . In fact , some scholars have gone even further , and have suggested , on the basis of this relationship , a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis . '' Conversely , Carl Olson and Sandra Miesel dispute the idea that Christianity copied elements of Isis 's iconography , saying that the symbol of a mother and her child is part of the universal human experience . Byzantium Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary , the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death . Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess ; the Temple of Artemis there is regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century . According to William E. Phipps , in the book Survivals of Roman Religion `` Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary . '' Middle Ages The Middle Ages saw many legends about Mary , her parents , and even her grandparents . The Virgin 's popularity increased dramatically from the 12th century . This rise in popularity was linked to the Vatican 's designation of Mary as the mediatrix . Depiction in Renaissance art Madonna of humility by Fra Angelico , c. 1430 . A traditional depiction of Mary wearing blue clothes . In paintings , Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue . This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire , from c. 500 AD , where blue was `` the colour of an empress '' . A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe , the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli , a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold . Beyond a painter 's retainer , patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting . Hence , it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue . Transformations in visual depictions of the Virgin from the 13th to 15th centuries mirror her `` social '' standing within the Church as well as in society . Since the reformation Over the centuries , devotion and veneration to Mary has varied greatly among Christian traditions . For instance , while Protestants show scant attention to Marian prayers or devotions , of all the saints whom the Orthodox venerate , the most honored is Mary , who is considered `` more honorable than the Cherubim and more glorious than the Seraphim '' . Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote : `` Love and veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the soul of Orthodox piety . A faith in Christ which does not include his mother is another faith , another Christianity from that of the Orthodox church . '' Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary , they do not view her as divine , nor do they worship her . Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ , but uniquely so , in that she is seen as above all other creatures . Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as `` superior to all created beings '' and `` ceaselessly pray for her intercession '' . However , she is not considered a `` substitute for the One Mediator '' who is Christ . `` Let Mary be in honor , but let worship be given to the Lord '' , he wrote . Similarly , Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being , but rather `` hyper - venerate '' her . In Roman Catholic theology , the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration , latria for the worship of God , and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels . The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria , hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 . Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions . There is a long tradition of Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child . The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church . Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary , given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents , and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same . According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice , however , believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat , two - dimensional icons , and not three - dimensional statues . The Anglican position towards Mary is in general more conciliatory than that of Protestants at large and in a book he wrote about praying with the icons of Mary , Rowan Williams , former Archbishop of Canterbury , said : `` It is not only that we can not understand Mary without seeing her as pointing to Christ ; we can not understand Christ without seeing his attention to Mary . '' On September 4 , 1781 , 11 families of pobladores arrived from the Gulf of California and established a city in the name of King Carlos III . The small town was named El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula ( after our Lady of the Angels ) , a city that today is known simply as Los Angeles . In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions within the Archdiocese of Los Angeles , in September 2011 the Queen of Angels Foundation , and founder Mark Anchor Albert , inaugurated an annual Grand Marian Procession in the heart of Downtown Los Angeles ' historic core . This yearly procession , held on the last Saturday of August and intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles , begins at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels and concludes at the parish of La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles which is part of the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District , better known as `` La Placita '' . Marian feasts Main article : Marian feast days The earliest feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the Nativity of Jesus . Given that according to the Gospel of Luke ( Luke 2 : 22 - 40 ) , forty days after the birth of Jesus , along with the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Mary was purified according to Jewish customs , the Feast of the Purification began to be celebrated by the 5th century , and became the `` Feast of Simeon '' in Byzantium . Village decorations during the Feast of the Assumption in Għaxaq , Malta In the 7th and 8th centuries four more Marian feasts were established in Eastern Christianity . In the West , a feast dedicated to Mary , just before Christmas was celebrated in the Churches of Milan and Ravenna in Italy in the 7th century . The four Roman Marian feasts of Purification , Annunciation , Assumption and Nativity of Mary were gradually and sporadically introduced into England by the 11th century . Over time , the number and nature of feasts ( and the associated Titles of Mary ) and the venerative practices that accompany them have varied a great deal among diverse Christian traditions . Overall , there are significantly more titles , feasts and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than any other Christians traditions . Some such feasts relate to specific events , e.g. , the Feast of Our Lady of Victory was based on the 1571 victory of the Papal States in the Battle of Lepanto . Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues -- the Feast of the Assumption is such an example . Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death , Dormition or Assumption of Mary , the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others . While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15 , some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos , and may do so on August 28 , if they follow the Julian calendar . The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos , one of their 12 Great Feasts . Protestants do not celebrate this , or any other Marian feasts . Catholic Mariology Mary with an inscription referencing Luke1 : 46 - 47 in St. Jürgen church in Gettorf ( Schleswig - Holstein ) Main articles : Mariology and Roman Catholic Mariology There is significant diversity in the Marian doctrines attributed to her primarily by the Catholic Church . The key Marian doctrines held primarily in Catholicism can be briefly outlined as follows : Immaculate Conception : Mary was conceived without original sin . Mother of God : Mary , as the mother of Jesus , is the Theotokos ( God - bearer ) , or Mother of God . Virgin birth of Jesus : Mary conceived Jesus by action of the Holy Spirit while remaining a virgin . Perpetual Virginity : Mary remained a virgin all her life , even after the act of giving birth to Jesus . Dormition : commemorates Mary 's `` falling asleep '' or natural death shortly before her Assumption . Assumption : Mary was taken bodily into Heaven either at , or before , her death . The acceptance of these Marian doctrines by Roman Catholics can be summarized as follows : Doctrine Church action Accepted by Mother of God First Council of Ephesus , 431 Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglicans , Lutherans , some Methodists Virgin birth of Jesus First Council of Nicaea , 325 Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Assyrians , Anglicans , Baptists , mainline Protestants Assumption of Mary Munificentissimus Deus encyclical Pope Pius XII , 1950 Catholics , Eastern and Oriental Orthodox ( only following her natural death ) , some Anglicans , some Lutherans Immaculate Conception Ineffabilis Deus encyclical Pope Pius IX , 1854 Catholics , some Anglicans , some Lutherans ( early Martin Luther ) Perpetual Virginity Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople , 553 Smalcald Articles , 1537 Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Assyrians , some Anglicans , some Lutherans ( Martin Luther ) The title `` Mother of God '' ( Theotokos ) for Mary was confirmed by the First Council of Ephesus , held at the Church of Mary in 431 . The Council decreed that Mary is the Mother of God because her son Jesus is one person who is both God and man , divine and human . This doctrine is widely accepted by Christians in general , and the term Mother of God had already been used within the oldest known prayer to Mary , the Sub tuum praesidium which dates to around 250 AD . The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century . It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds , which state that Jesus `` was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary '' ( the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form ) and the Apostles ' Creed . The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7 : 14 , mistranslating the Hebrew word alma ( `` young woman '' ) in Isaiah 7 : 14 as `` virgin '' , though . The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus ' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had `` no relations with man '' before Jesus ' birth . This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit , and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else . The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven . The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption , which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus . Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically , however , although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed , and celebrated with her Dormition , where they believe she died . Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary , as proclaimed ex cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854 , namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother 's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin . The Latin Church has a liturgical feast by that name , kept on December 8 . Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin ( the Greek term corresponding to the Latin `` original sin '' ) differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Catholic Church . The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary 's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man . The term Ever - Virgin ( Greek ἀειπάρθενος ) is applied in this case , stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life , making Jesus her biological and only son , whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous . While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus ' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed , step - siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed , Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus ' cousins . Cinematic portrayals Mary has been portrayed in various films and on television , including : The Miracle ( 1912 color silent film of the play The Miracle ( as a statue which comes to life ) ) Das Mirakel ( 1912 ) silent film ; a German version of the play The Miracle The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 film ) The Living Christ Series ( 1951 non-theatrical , non-television film twelve - part series ) The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima ( 1952 film ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 film ) The Miracle ( 1959 film ; a loose remake of the 1912 film Das Mirakel ) King of Kings ( 1961 film ) The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 film ) Jesus of Nazareth ( 1977 two - part television miniseries ) The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 film ) Mary , Mother of Jesus ( 1999 television film ) Saint Mary ( 2002 film ) The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 film ) Imperium : Saint Peter ( 2005 television film ) Color of the Cross ( 2006 film ) The Nativity Story ( 2006 film ) The Passion ( 2008 television miniseries ) The Nativity ( 2010 four - part miniseries ) Son of God ( 2014 film ) Image gallery See also : Life of the Virgin For a larger gallery , see Commons : Madonna structured gallery . Mary nursing the Infant Jesus . Early image from the Catacomb of Priscilla , Rome , c. 2nd century . Theotokos Panachranta , from the 11th century Gertrude Psalter Flight into Egypt by Giotto c. 1304 Lamentation by Pietro Lorenzetti , Assisi Basilica , c. 1310 -- 1329 Our Lady of Vladimir , a Byzantine representation of the Theotokos Michelangelo 's Pietà in St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City Visitation , from the St Vaast Altarpiece by Jacques Daret , 1434 -- 1435 Our Lady of La Naval de Manila statue in Quezon City , the Philippines , c. 1593 Adoration of the Magi , Rubens , 1634 Black Madonna and Child , Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion , Axum , Ethiopia Inside of the Tomb of Mary , on the foothills of Mount of Olives , Jerusalem Music Claudio Monteverdi : Vespro della Beata Vergine ( 1610 ) Johann Sebastian Bach : Magnificat ( 1723 , rev. 1733 ) Franz Schubert : Ave Maria ( 1835 ) Charles Gounod : Ave Maria ( 1859 ) See also Catholicism portal Christianity portal Book : Mary and Mariology Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission Christian mythology Fleur de lys History of Catholic Mariology Holy Name of Mary Hortus conclusus La Conquistadora Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Marian apparition Madonna ( art ) Marian and Holy Trinity columns May crowning Miraculous births Mother of the Church New Testament people named Mary Shrines to the Virgin Mary Society of Mary ( Marianists ) Notes Jump up ^ Undisputed according to the Bible and the Qur'an . Jump up ^ The parents of Mary are unknown , but according to apocryphal gospels and some denominational traditions , it is Joachim and Anne . Some denomination traditions believe Heli and his wife to be the parents of Mary . Both are highly disputed . See Genealogy of Jesus § Explanations for divergence . Jump up ^ ( Greek : Μαρία , translit . María ; Aramaic : ܡܪܝܡ ‎ , translit . Mariam ; Hebrew : מִרְיָם ‎ , translit . Miriam ; Coptic : Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ; Arabic : مريم ‎ , translit . Maryam ) , also known by various titles , styles and honorifics References Jump up ^ Pevehouse , James ( 2010 ) . Spiritual Truths ( 1st ed . ) . Pittsburgh : Dorrance Publishing Company . p. 110 . ISBN 9781434903044 . Jump up ^ Raymond Edward Brown ; Joseph A. Fitzmyer ; Karl Paul Donfried ( 1978 ) . `` consonant + with '' Mary in the New Testament . NJ : Paulist Press . p. 140 . consonant with Mary 's Jewish background Jump up ^ ( Greek : παρθένος , translit . parthénos ) Matthew 1 : 23 uses Greek parthénos virgin , whereas only the Hebrew of Isaiah 7 : 14 , from which the New Testament ostensibly quotes , as Almah young maiden . See article on parthénos in Bauercc / ( Arndt ) / Gingrich / Danker , A Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature , Second Edition , University of Chicago Press , 1979 , p. 627 . Jump up ^ Browning , W.R.F. A dictionary of the Bible . 2004 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860890 - X page 246 Jump up ^ Ruiz , Jean - Pierre . `` Between the Crèche and the Cross : Another Look at the Mother of Jesus in the New Testament '' . New Theology Review ; Aug. 2010 , Vol. 23 , Issue 3 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Munificentissimus Deus : Dogma of the Assumption by Pius XII , 1950 , 17 Jump up ^ Holweck , Frederick ( 1907 ) , The Feast of the Assumption , ( The Catholic Encyclopedia ) , 2 , New York : Robert Appleton Company , access date April 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page 178 Jump up ^ Mary for evangelicals by Tim S. Perry , William J. Abraham 2006 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2569 - X page 142 Jump up ^ `` Mary , the mother of Jesus . '' The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , Houghton Mifflin . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2002 . Credo Reference . Web . September 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Protestantism , Volume 3 2003 by Hans Joachim Hillerbrand ISBN 0 - 415 - 92472 - 3 p. 1174 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of First Names by Patrick Hanks , Kate Hardcastle and Flavia Hodges ( July 27 , 2006 ) Oxford University Press ISBN 0198610602 entry for Mary Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn , J. Gordon Melton 2007 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5455 - X pages 443 -- 444 ^ Jump up to : Hillerbrand , Hans Joachim . Encyclopedia of Protestantism , Volume 3 2003 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92472 - 3 page 1174 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 44 : 17 - 19 ^ Jump up to : Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22497 - 0 page 99 - 101 ^ Jump up to : Flinn , Frank K. , J. Gordon MeltonEncyclopedia of Catholicism. 2007 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5455 - X pages 443 -- 444 ^ Jump up to : `` The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus '' . Ccel.org . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M'Corry , John StewartTheotokos : Or , the Divine Maternity. 2009 ISBN 1 - 113 - 18361 - 6 page 10 Jump up ^ The Christian theology reader by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5358 - X page 273 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 32 Jump up ^ Isaiah 9 : 6 Jump up ^ 1Ki 2 : 19 - 20 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 2 : 19 - 20 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 13 : 18 - 19 Jump up ^ What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary by Terrence J. McNally ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 page 128 Jump up ^ Legends of the Madonna by Anna Jameson 2009 1406853380 page 50 Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 515 Jump up ^ Candice Lee Goucher , 2007 World history : journeys from past to present ISBN 0 - 415 - 77137 - 4 page 102 Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 525 Jump up ^ Glassé , Cyril ( 2008 ) . `` Mary '' . The New Encyclopedia of Islam ( 3rd ed . ) . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . pp. 340 -- 341 . ISBN 9780742562967 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 73 -- 75 Jump up ^ Quran 66 : 12 Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 42 Jump up ^ William Temple , Readings in St John 's Gospel . London : MacMillan , 1961 . p. 35 , 36 Jump up ^ Ruiz , Jean - Pierre . `` Between the Crèche and the Cross : Another Look at the Mother of Jesus in the New Testament . '' New Theology Review . Aug 2010 , Vol. 23 Issue 3 , pp. 5 - 15 Jump up ^ Smith , Scott . `` Proving the Assumption of Mary '' . All Roads Lead to Rome . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHURCH FATHERS : The Perpetual Virginity of Mary ( Jerome ) '' . www.newadvent.org . Jump up ^ The Blessed Virgin Mary -- Catholic Encyclopedia -- Catholic Online Jump up ^ Douglas ; Hillyer ; Bruce ( 1990 ) . New Bible Dictionary . Inter-varsity Press . p. 746 . ISBN 0 - 85110 - 630 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` New Advent Genealogy of Christ '' . Newadvent.org . September 1 , 1909 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew ( 1706 ) . Luke in Matthew Henry commentary on the whole Bible ( complete ) . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ An event described by some Christians as the Annunciation Luke 1 : 35 . Jump up ^ Mills , Watson E. , Roger Aubrey Bullard . Mercer dictionary of the Bible . 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 page 429 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 36 Jump up ^ Compare Luke 1 : 39 - 40 with Joshua 21 : 11 The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge says , `` This was most probably Hebron , a city of the priests , and situated in the hill country of Judea , ( Jos 11 : 21 ; 21 : 11 , 13 , ) about 25 miles south of Jerusalem , and nearly 100 from Nazareth . '' Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond Edward . Mary in the New Testament . 1978 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2168 - 7 Jump up ^ France 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Walvoord , John F. , Roy B. Zuck . The Bible Knowledge Commentary : New Testament edition . 1983 ISBN 0 - 88207 - 812 - 7 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible by D.N. Freedman , David Noel , Allen Myers and Astrid B. Beck ( December 31 , 2000 ) ISBN 9053565035 page 202 Jump up ^ The Bible : The Basics by John Barton ( March 2 , 2010 ) Routledge ISBN 0415411351 page 7 Jump up ^ Gaventa , Beverly Roberts . Mary : glimpses of the mother of Jesus . 1995 ISBN 1 - 57003 - 072 - 3 , p. 70 Jump up ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+3:21&version=NIV Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/religiousexplorations/home Jump up ^ de Bles , Arthur . How to Distinguish the Saints in Art by Their Costumes , Symbols and Attributes ' , 2004 ISBN 1 - 4179 - 0870 - X page 35 Jump up ^ Jameson , Anna . Legends of the Madonna : as represented in the fine arts . 2006 ISBN 1 - 4286 - 3499 - 1 page 37 Jump up ^ Stephen J. Shoemaker , Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary 's Dormition and Assumption Archived March 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2002 , 2006 ) ; De Obitu S. Dominae as noted in ; Holweck , F. ( 1907 ) . The Feast of the Assumption . In The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Munificentissimus Deus ' ' on the Assumption '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coptic Church website , Accessed 2010 / 10 / 6 . Jump up ^ Ronald Brownrigg , Canon Brownrigg Who 's Who in the New Testament 2001 ISBN 0 - 415 - 26036 - 1 page T - 62 Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : St. Joseph '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allison , Dale C. , Matthew : A Shorter Commentary , p. 12 Continuum International Publishing Group , 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 08249 - 0 Jump up ^ Rainer Riesner . Paul 's early period : chronology , mission strategy , theology . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Oxford handbook of early Christian studies by Susan Ashbrook Harvey , David G. Hunter 2008 ISBN 9780199271566 page 527 Jump up ^ The reception and interpretation of the Bible in late antiquity by Lorenzo DiTommaso , Lucian Turcescu 2008 ISBN 9004167153 page 507 Jump up ^ Maximus 's Mary , by Sally Cuneen , Commonweal Magazine , December 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Anna Katharina Emmerick ( 1774 - 1824 ) , biography '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Emmerich , Anna Catherine : The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ ISBN 978 - 0 - 89555 - 210 - 5 page viii Jump up ^ Frommer 's Turkey by Lynn A. Levine 2010 ISBN 0470593660 pages 254 - 255 Jump up ^ Home of the Assumption : Reconstructing Mary 's Life in Ephesus by V. Antony John Alaharasan 2006 ISBN 1929039387 page 38 Jump up ^ The Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary 's Dormition and Assumption by Stephen J. Shoemaker 2006 ISBN 0199210748 page 76 Jump up ^ Mary 's House by Donald Carroll ( April 20 , 2000 ) Veritas , ISBN 0953818802 Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Adversus haereses III , 1 , 1 ; Eusebius of Caesarea , Church History , III , 1 Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary '' . Newadvent.org . July 1 , 1912 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schroedel , Jenny The Everything Mary Book , 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 pages 81 -- 85 Jump up ^ Miegge , Giovanni , The Virgin Mary : Roman Catholic Marian Doctrine , pgs. 15 -- 22 , Westminster Press , Philadelphia , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Fahlbusch , Erwin , et al . The encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 3 2003 ISBN 90 - 04 - 12654 - 6 pages 403 -- 409 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's encyclopedia of world religions by Wendy Doniger , 1999 ISBN 0 - 87779 - 044 - 2 page 696 Jump up ^ `` Encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam '' . Vatican . ^ Jump up to : `` CCC , 971 '' . Vatican.va . Jump up ^ The Catholicism Answer Book by John Trigilio , Kenneth Brighenti 2007 ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0806 - 5 page 325 Jump up ^ `` Vatican website : Marian consecration and entrustment , item 204 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schroede , Jenny , The Everything Mary Book 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 page 219 Jump up ^ O'Carroll , Michael , The Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary 2007 , ISBN 1 - 882972 - 98 - 8 pages 10 -- 15 Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary '' . NewAdvent.org . October 1 , 1912 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Urges Devotion to Rosary and Scapular '' . Zenit.org . July 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Prayers by James Socías 2006 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 579 - 1 page 483 Jump up ^ The encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch , Geoffrey William Bromiley 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 page 575 Jump up ^ Pope Leo XIII . `` Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary '' . Octobri Mense . Vatican . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Beginner 's Book of Prayer : An Introduction to Traditional Catholic Prayers by William G. Storey 2009 ISBN 0 - 8294 - 2792 - 9 page 99 Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 365 Jump up ^ Our Sunday Visitor 's Catholic Almanac by Matthew Bunson 2009 ISBN 1 - 59276 - 441 - X page 122 Jump up ^ The Catholic Handbook for Visiting the Sick and Homebound by Corinna Laughlin , Sara McGinnis Lee 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56854 - 886 - 9 page 4 Jump up ^ Geoghegan . G.P. A Collection of My Favorite Prayers , 2006 ISBN 1 - 4116 - 9457 - 0 pages 31 , 45 , 70 , 86 , 127 Jump up ^ Mary , mother of the redemption by Edward Schillebeeckx 1964 ASIN B003KW30VG pages 82 -- 84 Jump up ^ Mary in the Redemption by Adrienne von Speyr 2003 ISBN 0 - 89870 - 955 - 5 pages 2 -- 7 Jump up ^ Salvation Through Mary by Henry Aloysius Barry 2008 ISBN 1 - 4097 - 3172 - 3 pages 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ The mystery of Mary by Paul Haffner 2004 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 650 - 0 page 198 Jump up ^ `` ' ' Redemptoris Mater ' ' at the Vatican website '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page xxi Jump up ^ McNally , Terrence , What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 pages 168 -- 169 ^ Jump up to : Ecclesiasticus II : Orthodox Icons , Saints , Feasts and Prayer by George Dion Dragas 2005 ISBN 0 - 9745618 - 0 - 0 pages 81 - 83 Jump up ^ The Everything Mary Book by Jenny Schroedel 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 page 90 Jump up ^ Vasilaka , Maria Images of the Mother of God : perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium 2005 ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3603 - 8 page 97 ^ Jump up to : The Orthodox Church by Serge ? Nikolaevich Bulgakov 1997 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 051 - 9 page 116 Jump up ^ Gregorius Nazianzenus . In theophania . Documenta Catholica Omnia . Jump up ^ Wybrew , Hugh Orthodox feasts of Jesus Christ & the Virgin Mary : liturgical texts 2000 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 203 - 1 pages 37 -- 46 Jump up ^ Damascene , John . Homily 2 on the Dormition 14 ; PG 96 , 741 B Jump up ^ Damascene , John . Homily 2 on the Dormition 16 ; PG 96 , 744 D Jump up ^ Barth , Karl , Church dogmatics , 1 , pp. 143 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 567 - 05069 - 6 Jump up ^ Lehmann , H. , ed . ' ' Luther 's Works , American edition , ' ' vol. 43 , p. 40 , Fortress , 1968 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 1993 ) , Catholic , Lutheran , Protestant : a doctrinal comparison , p. 249 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 Jump up ^ Alternately : `` It can not even be denied that God conferred the highest honour on Mary , by choosing and appointing her to be the mother of his Son . '' Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists , Matthew , Mark , and Luke , 1845 , Jean Calvin , Rev. William Pringle , Edinburgh , Volume 2 , page 87 quote . `` Neque etiam negari potest , quin Deus Mariam Filio suo matrem eligens ac destinans summo eam honore dignatus sit . '' Calvin 's Opera , vol. 45 ( Corpus Reformatorum , vol. 73 ) , p. 348 . no preview Jump up ^ McKim , Donald K ( 2004 ) , The Cambridge companion to John Calvin , ISBN 0 - 521 - 01672 - X Jump up ^ Haffner , Paul ( 2004 ) , The mystery of Mary , p. 11 , ISBN 0 - 85244 - 650 - 0 Jump up ^ Geisler , Norman L ; MacKenzie , Ralph E ( 1995 ) , Roman Catholics and Evangelicals : agreements and differences , p. 143 , ISBN 0 - 8010 - 3875 - 8 Jump up ^ Milton , Anthony Catholic and Reformed 2002 ISBN 0 - 521 - 89329 - 1 page 5 ^ Jump up to : Braaten , Carl , et al. Mary , Mother of God 2004 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2266 - 5 page 13 Jump up ^ Burnham , Andrew A Pocket Manual of Anglo - Catholic Devotion 2004 ISBN 1 - 85311 - 530 - 4 pages 1 , 266,310 , 330 Jump up ^ Duckworth , Penelope , Mary : The Imagination of Her Heart 2004 ISBN 1 - 56101 - 260 - 2 page 3 - 5 Jump up ^ Church of England yearbook : Volume 123 2006 ISBN 0 - 7151 - 1020 - 9 page 315 Jump up ^ Perrier , Jacques , Lourdes Today and Tomorrow 2008 1565483057 ISBN page 56 Jump up ^ Mary : grace and hope in Christ : the Seattle statement of the Anglican - Roman Catholics '' by the Anglican / Roman Catholic International Group 2006 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8155 - 8 pages 7 -- 10 Jump up ^ Bäumer , Remigius . Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe , Leo Scheffczyk , ed. , ( Regensburg : Institutum Marianum , 1994 ) , 190 . Jump up ^ Schroedel , Jenny ( 2006 ) , The Everything Mary Book , pp. 125 -- 6 , ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 Jump up ^ Jackson , Gregory Lee ( 1993 ) , Catholic , Lutheran , Protestant : a doctrinal comparison , p. 249 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 Jump up ^ Bäumer , 191 Jump up ^ Haffner , Paul ( 2004 ) , The mystery of Mary , p. 223 , ISBN 0 - 85244 - 650 - 0 Jump up ^ Bäumer , 190 . Jump up ^ Colonna , Vittoria ; Matraini , Chiara ; Marinella , Lucrezia ( 2009 ) . Who Is Mary ? . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 11400 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Gritsch ( 1992 ) . H. George Anderson ; J. Francis Stafford ; Joseph A. Burgess , eds . The One Mediator , The Saints and Mary , Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue . VII . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortress . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , 47 , pp. 45f . Jump up ^ Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue VIII , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Homiliae S. Bernardi super evangelio : `` Missus est angelus Gabriel '' - saint Bernard de Clairvaux - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Doberstein , John W ; Lehmann , Helmut T , eds. ( 1959 ) ( 1546 ) , `` Sermon on the Second Sunday after Epiphany '' , Luther 's Works , 51 Sermons I , Fortress Press , p. 375 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 0351 - 9 Jump up ^ Dr. Martin Luthers Werke , Kritische Gesamtausgabe , 51 , Weimar , 1883 , p. 128 Jump up ^ More FAQ The Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church archiveaccessdate = September 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Immaculate Conception and the Virgin Birth ? '' . Archives.umc.org . November 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wesley 's Letters , The Wesley Center Online , 1749 , archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Perpetual Virginity '' . Davidmacd.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Virgin Mary ? '' . Archives.umc.org . November 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Comparing Christian Denominations -- Beliefs : Nature of Mary '' . Christianity.about.com . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stepp , Todd ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Theotokos ; Mary , Mother of God '' . Wesleyan / Anglican Society . We Protestants ( for the most part ) tend to say something to the affect ( sic ) that , if it is not found in Scripture it is not held to be required as an article of faith . Thus , the assumption of Mary would not be held as an article of faith ( i.e. , as a required doctrine ) . However , in as much as the Scripture does not say that Mary was not assumed into heaven , and , in as much as we do have other instances of some sort of `` assumption '' in Scripture ( e.g. , Elijah , as mentioned , before ) , there seems to be nothing that would require that a Protestant Christian could not have a private `` opinion '' ( in the Wesleyan sense of the term ) that agrees with Rome or Constantinople ( at least regarding Mary 's assumption ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America 2006 Page 73 Eugene V. Gallagher , W. Michael Ashcraft `` Jehovah 's Witnesses pray to God in the name of Jesus , but insist that the Bible never identifies Christ as an eternal ... Jehovah God caused an ovum , or egg cell , in Mary 's womb to become fertile , accomplishing this by the transferal of '' Jump up ^ Colton , Eleanor ( 1992 ) , `` Virgin Birth '' , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , 4 , New York , NY : Macmillan Publishing Co. , p. 1510 Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 11 : 13 -- 20 Jump up ^ Alma 7 : 10 Jump up ^ Christian mortalism from Tyndale to Milton Norman T. Burns - 1972 Jump up ^ Fronk , Camille ( 1992 ) , `` Mary , Mother of Jesus '' , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , 2 , New York , NY : Macmillan Publishing Co. , pp. 863 -- 64 Jump up ^ The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco - Roman culture : Volume 3 - Page 369 Peter Schäfer , Catherine Hezser - 2002 The Mother of the Messiah in the Talmud Yerushalmi and Sefer Zerubbabel by Martha Himmelfarb `` Through the centuries the Virgin Mary has played a central role in Christian piety . Unlike so many aspects of Christianity , veneration of the ... '' Jump up ^ Peter Schäfer Mirror of His beauty : feminine images of God from the Bible to the ... 2002 Page 233 `` On the one hand , it mockingly disapproves of the idea of the mother of God ; on the other hand , it treats Mary considerately and by no means only polemically . The talmudic and post-talmudic discussions about the Virgin Mary are classic ... '' Jump up ^ Van Voorst , Robert E ( 2000 ) . Jesus Outside the New Testament : An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence WmB Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4368 - 9 pp. 122 and 127 Jump up ^ Michael J. Cook Jewish Perspectives on Jesus Chapter 14 in `` The Blackwell Companion to Jesus '' edited by Delbert Burkett 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 2794 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Amy G. Remensnyder ( March 2014 ) . La Conquistadora : The Virgin Mary at War and Peace in the Old and New Worlds . OUP USA . pp. 138 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 989300 - 3 . Jump up ^ Robert Van Voorst ( 13 April 2000 ) . Jesus Outside the New Testament : An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 122 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4368 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mary in the New Testament by Raymond Edward Brown , et al. 1978 ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2168 - 9 page 262 Jump up ^ Van Voorst , Robert E ( 2000 ) . Jesus Outside the New Testament : An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence WmB Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4368 - 9 page 128 ^ Jump up to : The new encyclopedia of Islam by Cyril Glassé , Huston Smith 2003 ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0190 - 6 page 296 sayyidatuna Jump up ^ See the following verses : 5 : 114 , 5 : 116 , 7 : 158 , 9 : 31 , 17 : 57 , 17 : 104 , 18 : 102 , 19 : 16 , 19 : 17 , 19 : 18 , 19 : 20 , 19 : 22 , 19 : 24 , 19 : 27 , 19 : 28 , 19 : 29 , 19 : 34 , 21 : 26 , 21 : 91 , 21 : 101 , 23 : 50 , 25 : 17 , 33 : 7 , 39 : 45 , 43 : 57 , 43 : 61 , 57 : 27 , 61 : 6 , 61 : 14 , 66 : 12 . Jump up ^ Jestice , Phyllis G. Holy people of the world : a cross-cultural encyclopedia , Volume 3 . 2004 ISBN 1 - 57607 - 355 - 6 page 558 Sayyidana Maryam Jump up ^ Qa'im , Mahdi Muntazir ( 2007 ) . Jesus Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations ( bilingual ed . ) . Queens , New York : Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1879402140 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Quran 23 : 50 ^ Jump up to : Quran 66 : 12 Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 36 ^ Jump up to : Quran 3 : 37 ^ Jump up to : Quran 3 : 42 Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 75 Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 45 Jump up ^ Jomier , Jacques . The Bible and the Qur'an. 2002 ISBN 0 - 89870 - 928 - 8 page 133 Jump up ^ Nazir - Ali , Michael . Islam , a Christian perspective . 1984 ISBN 0 - 664 - 24527 - 7 page 110 Jump up ^ `` The Virgin Mary In The Koran '' . EWTN.com. April 13 , 1978 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Montell . Islam Revealed. 2003 ISBN 1 - 59160 - 869 - 4 page 73 Jump up ^ Rodwell , J.M. The Koran. 2009 ISBN 0 - 559 - 13127 - 5 page 505 Jump up ^ Akhtar , Shabbir. The Quran and the secular mind : a philosophy of Islam . 2007 page 352 Jump up ^ Glassé , Cyril , Huston Smith . The new encyclopedia of Islam . 2003 ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0190 - 6 page 240 Jump up ^ Sarker , Abraham. Understand My Muslim People . 2004 ISBN 1 - 59498 - 002 - 0 page 260 no preview Jump up ^ The Kitáb - i - Íqán Part One . Baha'i Reference Library . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael ( October 2010 ) . God and Sex . What the Bible Really Says ( 1st ed . ) . New York , Boston : Twelve . Hachette Book Group . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54525 - 9 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNally , Terrence , What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 page 95 Jump up ^ Cradle of redeeming love by John Saward 2002 Ignatius Press ISBN 0 - 89870 - 886 - 9 page 17 Jump up ^ Mary in the New Testament by Raymond Edward Brown 1978 ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2168 - 9 page 86 Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart Did Jesus Exist page 294 Jump up ^ John 1 : 45 Jump up ^ John 6 : 42 Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2008 ) . Whose Word is It ? : The Story Behind who Changed the New Testament and why . A&C Black . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 314 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( July 26 , 1999 ) . Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium . Oxford University Press . pp. 96 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 983943 - 8 . Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael ( October 2010 ) . God and Sex . What the Bible Really Says ( 1st ed . ) . New York , Boston : Twelve . Hachette Book Group . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54525 - 9 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://classic.studylight.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=1084 Jump up ^ This Jesus by Markus Bockmuehl 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 08296 - 2 page 32 Jump up ^ Aquinas on doctrine : a critical introduction by Thomas Gerard Weinandy , John Yocum 2004 ISBN 0 - 567 - 08411 - 6 pages 245 - 246 Jump up ^ All the Doctrines of the Bible by Herbert Lockyer 1988 ISBN 0 - 310 - 28051 - 6 page 43 Jump up ^ Bennett , Clinton , In search of Jesus 2001 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 4916 - 6 pages 165 -- 170 Jump up ^ Also see : Schaberg , Jane . Illegitimacy of Jesus : A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives ( Biblical Seminar Series , No 28 ) , ISBN 1 - 85075 - 533 - 7 . Jump up ^ Contra Celsum by Origen , Henry Chadwick ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1953 ) reprint 1980 ISBN 0 - 521 - 29576 - 9 page 32 Jump up ^ John Patrick The Apology of Origen in Reply to Celsus 1892 reprint 2009 ISBN 1 - 110 - 13388 - X pages 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Baldovin , John and Johnson , Maxwell , Between memory and hope : readings on the liturgical year 2001 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 6025 - 8 page 386 Jump up ^ Dalmais , Irénée et al . The Church at Prayer : The liturgy and time 1985 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 1366 - 7 page 130 Jump up ^ McNally , Terrence , What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 page 186 Jump up ^ Benz , Ernst The Eastern Orthodox Church : Its Thought and Life 2009 ISBN 0 - 202 - 36298 - 1 page 62 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond et al. Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 page 178 Jump up ^ The encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 3 by Erwin Fahlbusch , Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 ISBN 90 - 04 - 12654 - 6 page 406 Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Constantine the Great '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Osborne , John L. `` Early Medieval Painting in San Clemente , Rome : The Madonna and Child in the Niche '' Gesta 20.2 ( 1981 : 299 -- 310 ) and ( note 9 ) referencing T. Klauser , Rom under der Kult des Gottesmutter Maria , Jahrbuch für der Antike und Christentum 15 ( 1972 : 120 -- 135 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Papal Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collyridianism - EWTN Retrieved September 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 3 -- 4 -- 2012 Sabrina Higgins : `` Divine Mothers : The Influence of Isis on the Virgin Mary in Egyptian Lactans - Iconography '' Jump up ^ Carl Olson ; Sandra Miesel ( 2004 ) . The Da Vinci Hoax : Exposing the Errors in The Da Vinci Code . Ignatius Press . ISBN 1 - 58617 - 034 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/did_you_know_ephesus.htm Jump up ^ http://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/dw/virgin-mary-justinian-theotokus-theodora-kate-cooper/ Jump up ^ Laing , Gordon . `` Survivals of Roman Religion '' . Jump up ^ Phipps , William E. ( 2008 ) . Supernaturalism in Christianity : Its Growth and Cure . Mercer University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0881460940 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Toronto Star article - In December 2010 , Catherine Lawless of the University of Limerick stated that by analyzing 15th - century Florentine manuscripts , she had concluded that Ismeria was the maternal grandmother of Mary . Toronto Star Dec 2010 Discovery News Jump up ^ Mâle , Emile ( 1978 ) . Religious Art in France : The Twelfth Century . Translated by Mathews , Marthiel . Jump up ^ Warner , Marina ( 1976 ) . Alone of All her Sex : The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary . Jump up ^ Pelikan , Jaroslav ( 1996 ) . Mary Through the Centuries : Her Place in the History of Culture . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Kugeares , Sophia Manoulian . Images Of The Annunciation Of The Virgin Mary Of The 13Th , 14Th And 15Th Century . n.p. : 1991. , 1991 . University of South Florida Libraries Catalog . Web . April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miravalle , Mark . Introduction to Mary ' '. 1993 Queenship Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 pages 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ The Orthodox word , Volumes 12 -- 13 , 1976 page 73 Jump up ^ Trigilio , John and Brighenti , Kenneth The Catholicism Answer Book 2007 ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0806 - 5 page 58 Jump up ^ The History of the Christian Church by Philip Smith 2009 ISBN 1 - 150 - 72245 - 2 page 288 Jump up ^ The Celebration of Faith : The Virgin Mary by Alexander Schmemann 2001 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 141 - 8 p. 11 Jump up ^ De Sherbinin , Julie Chekhov and Russian religious culture : the poetics of the Marian paradigm 1997 ISBN 0 - 8101 - 1404 - 6 p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Pope John Paul II , General Audience , 1997 '' . Vatican.va . October 29 , 1997 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilmartin Edward The Eucharist in the West 1998 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 6204 - 8 page 80 Jump up ^ Ciaravino , Helene How to Pray 2001 ISBN 0 - 7570 - 0012 - 6 page 118 Jump up ^ Williams , Rowan Ponder these things : praying with icons of the Virgin 2002 ISBN 1 - 85311 - 362 - X page 7 ^ Jump up to : Clayton , Mary . The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo - Saxon England . 2003 ISBN 0 - 521 - 53115 - 2 pages 26 -- 37 Jump up ^ EWTN on Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) Our Lady and Islam : Heaven 's Peace Plan - EWTN Jump up ^ by Butler , Alban , Peter Doyle . Butler 's Lives of the Saints. 1999 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 253 - 0 page 222 Jump up ^ Jackson , Gregory Lee , Catholic , Lutheran , Protestant : a doctrinal comparison . 1993 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 page 254 Jump up ^ Jackson , Gregory Lee. Catholic , Lutheran , Protestant : a doctrinal comparison . 1993 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 16635 - 3 page 254 Jump up ^ Miravalle , Mark . Introduction to Mary ' '. 1993 Queenship Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 page 51 Jump up ^ Miravalle , Mark Introduction to Mary , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 , pages 44 -- 46 Jump up ^ `` Virgin Birth '' britannica.com ' . ' Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Translation by the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation , given on page 17 of Praying Together , a literal translation of the original , `` σαρκωθέντα ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς Παρθένου '' archiveaccessdate September 11 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Miravalle , Mark Introduction to Mary , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 , pages 56 -- 64 Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Immaculate Conception '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ware , Timothy . The Orthodox Church ( Penguin Books , 1963 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 020592 - 6 ) , pp. 263 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` CCC , 499 '' . Vatican.va ... Jump up ^ TV airing for Islam 's story of Christ -- Media -- The Guardian featured in ITV documentary Retrieved September 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Muslim Jesus , ITV ─ Unreality Primetime '' . Primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk . August 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Kugeares , Sophia Manoulian . Images Of The Annunciation Of The Virgin Mary Of The 13Th , 14Th And 15Th Century . n.p. : 1991. , 1991 . University of South Florida Libraries Catalog . Web . April 8 , 2016 . Further reading Brown , Raymond , E. , Donfried , Karl , P. , Fitzmyer , Joseph A. , & Reumann , John , ( eds . ) , Mary in the New Testament , Fortress / Paulist Press , 1978 , ISBN 0 - 8006 - 1345 - 7 Hahn , Scott , Hail , Holy Queen : The Mother of God in the Word of God , Doubleday , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 385 - 50168 - 4 Pelikan , Jaroslav . Mary Through the Centuries : Her Place in the History of Culture , Yale University Press , 1998 , hardcover , 240 pages ISBN Tumanov , Vladimir . `` Mary versus Eve : Paternal Uncertainty and the Christian View of Women . '' Neophilologus 95 ( 2011 ) 4 : 507 - 521 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the mother of jesus in the bible	[ "Mary[c] was a 1st-century BC Galilean Jewish[2] woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran." ]	[ "Mary" ]
-1347924125894639796	List of women's One Day International cricket records	List of Women 's One Day International cricket records - wikipedia List of Women 's One Day International cricket records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Women 's One - Day International cricket records , that is record team and individual performances in Women 's One Day International cricket . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team records 1.1 Team wins , losses , and ties 1.1. 1 Most wins 1.1. 2 Most consecutive wins 1.1. 3 Most consecutive defeats 1.2 Team scoring records 1.2. 1 Highest innings totals 1.2. 2 Highest match aggregate 1.2. 3 Largest successful run chases 1.2. 4 Lowest team totals 2 Individual records 2.1 Batting 2.1. 1 Most career runs 2.1. 2 Highest career average 2.1. 3 Most career centuries 2.1. 4 Most career fifties 2.1. 5 Highest individual score 2.1. 6 Most runs in a calendar year 2.2 Bowling 2.2. 1 Best figures in a match 2.2. 2 Most career wickets 2.2. 3 Most wickets in a calendar year 2.3 Fielding records 2.3. 1 Most dismissals by a wicketkeeper in ODI career 2.3. 2 Most catches by a fielder in ODI career 2.4 Most matches played 3 Partnerships records 3.1 Highest wicket partnerships by wicket 4 References Team records ( edit ) Team wins , losses , and ties ( edit ) Most wins ( edit ) Teams are sorted by most wins , then most matches , then by alphabetical order . Ranking Team Span Matches Won Lost Tied NR % Win * Australia 1973 -- 2017 308 238 62 6 79.13 England 1973 -- 2017 320 188 120 10 60.96 New Zealand 1973 -- 2017 317 160 149 6 51.76 India 1978 -- 2017 247 136 106 56.17 5 South Africa 1997 -- 2017 170 82 79 7 50.90 6 West Indies 1979 -- 2017 156 74 77 49.01 7 Sri Lanka 1997 -- 2017 149 55 89 0 5 38.19 8 Pakistan 1997 -- 2017 144 40 102 0 28.16 9 Ireland 1987 -- 2017 145 39 100 0 6 28.05 10 Netherlands 1984 -- 2011 101 19 81 0 19.00 11 Bangladesh 2011 -- 2017 30 7 21 0 25.00 12 Denmark 1989 -- 1999 33 6 27 0 0 18.18 13 International XI 1973 -- 1982 18 14 0 17.64 14 Trinidad and Tobago 1973 - 1973 6 0 0 33.33 15 Scotland 2001 -- 2003 8 7 0 0 12.50 16 Young England 1973 - 1973 6 5 0 0 16.66 17 Jamaica 1973 - 1973 5 0 0 20.00 18 Japan 2003 - 2003 5 0 5 0 0 0.00 Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated 21 July 2017 . * The percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . Most consecutive wins ( edit ) Rank Wins Team Period 17 Australia 12 December 1997 to 7 February 1999 16 Australia 25 February 1999 to 18 December 2000 16 India 7 February 2016 to 17 May 2017 13 England 19 July 1989 to 20 July 1991 5 12 Australia 1 January 1978 to 30 January 1982 12 Sri Lanka 20 January 2002 to 23 March 2003 12 Australia 3 March 2002 to 17 February 2004 Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated 27 June 2017 . Most consecutive defeats ( edit ) Rank Defeats Team Period 22 Netherlands 19 August 2005 to 26 April 2011 20 Netherlands 26 July 1998 to 14 April 2001 19 Sri Lanka 18 May 2015 to 7 February 2017 15 Pakistan 28 January 1997 to 1 August 2000 15 Pakistan 29 March 2004 to 26 January 2007 Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated 27 June 2017 . Team scoring records ( edit ) Highest innings totals ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 455 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand v Pakistan Christchurch 1997 -- 1998 412 -- 3 ( 50 overs ) Australia v Denmark Mumbai 1997 -- 1998 397 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) Australia v Pakistan Melbourne 1996 -- 1997 378 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) England v Pakistan Worcester 2016 5 377 -- 7 ( 50 overs ) England v Pakistan Leicester 2017 Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated 27 June 2017 . Highest match aggregate ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 678 -- 14 ( 100 overs ) England v South Africa Bristol 2017 577 -- 12 ( 96.4 overs ) Australia v New Zealand Sydney 2012 -- 13 570 -- 14 ( 98.0 overs ) New Zealand v Australia Hamilton 2008 -- 09 563 -- 16 ( 98.2 overs ) England v New Zealand Chennai 2006 -- 07 5 551 -- 15 ( 97.5 overs ) New Zealand v Australia Auckland 2016 -- 17 Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated : 5 July 2017 . Largest successful run chases ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 289 -- 6 ( 46.4 overs ) Australia v New Zealand Sydney 2012 -- 13 276 -- 5 ( 49.1 overs ) New Zealand v Australia Auckland 2016 -- 17 273 -- 5 ( 49.2 overs ) Australia v New Zealand Mount Maunganui 2016 -- 17 269 -- 4 ( 46.4 overs ) Australia v England Chennai 2006 -- 07 269 -- 6 ( 49.3 overs ) Australia v England Hobart 2013 -- 14 Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated 27 June 2017 Lowest team totals ( edit ) Rank Score Teams Venue Season 22 ( 23.4 overs ) Netherlands v West Indies Deventer 2008 23 ( 24.1 overs ) Pakistan v Australia Melbourne 1996 -- 97 24 ( 21.3 overs ) Scotland v England Reading 26 ( 19.1 overs ) India v New Zealand St Saviour 2002 5 27 ( 13.4 overs ) Pakistan v Australia Hyderabad ( Deccan ) 1997 -- 98 Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated 27 June 2017 . Individual records ( edit ) This section shows individual players records . All players still available for selection on international matches appear in bold . Batting ( edit ) Most career runs ( edit ) Runs Player Innings Average ODI Career Span 6,190 Mithali Raj 167 51.58 1999 -- present 5,992 Charlotte Edwards 180 38.16 1997 -- 2016 4,844 Belinda Clark 114 47.49 1991 -- 2005 4,814 Karen Rolton 132 48.14 1995 -- 2009 4,101 Claire Taylor 120 40.20 1998 -- 2011 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 15 July 2017 . Highest career average ( edit ) Batting average Player Innings Career Runs ODI Career Span 58.45 Rachael Heyhoe - Flint 20 643 1973 -- 1982 57.44 Lindsay Reeler 23 1,034 1984 -- 1988 55.53 Meg Lanning 62 2,999 2011 -- present 53.40 Bronwyn Calver 21 534 1991 -- 1998 51.58 Mithali Raj 167 6,190 1999 -- present Qualification : Minimum of 20 innings . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 15 July 2017 Most career centuries ( edit ) Position Name Team 100 's Innings Meg Lanning Australia 11 62 Charlotte Edwards England 9 180 Suzie Bates New Zealand 8 99 Claire Taylor England 8 120 Karen Rolton Australia 8 132 6 Amy Satterthwaite New Zealand 6 95 Mithali Raj India 6 167 8 Jan Brittin England 5 59 Sarah Taylor England 5 101 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 5 104 Belinda Clark Australia 5 114 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Most career fifties ( edit ) Position Name Team 50 + 50 's 100 's Innings Mithali Raj India 55 49 6 159 Charlotte Edwards England 55 46 9 180 Karen Rolton Australia 41 33 8 132 Debbie Hockley New Zealand 38 34 115 5 Belinda Clark Australia 35 30 5 114 6 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 31 26 5 98 7 Claire Taylor England 31 23 8 120 8 Suzie Bates New Zealand 30 22 8 95 9 Alex Blackwell Australia 26 23 116 10 Lisa Keightley Australia 25 21 78 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Highest individual score ( edit ) Position Name Runs Team Opponent Date Belinda Clark 229 * Australia Denmark 16 December 1998 Deepti Sharma 188 India Ireland 15 May 2017 Chamari Atapattu 178 Sri Lanka Australia 29 June 2017 Charlotte Edwards 173 * England Ireland 16 December 1997 5 Harmanpreet Kaur 171 * India Australia 20 July 2017 Stafanie Taylor 171 West Indies Sri Lanka 3 February 2013 7 Tammy Beaumont 168 * England Pakistan 27 June 2016 Suzie Bates 168 New Zealand Pakistan 19 March 2009 9 Rachel Priest 157 New Zealand Sri Lanka 7 November 2015 10 Lisa Keightley 156 * Australia Pakistan 7 February 1997 Claire Taylor 156 * England India 14 August 2006 Source Cricinfo.com -- Updated 20 July 2017 Most runs in a calendar year ( edit ) Position Name Team Runs Year Belinda Clark Australia 970 1997 Debbie Hockley New Zealand 880 1997 Amy Satterthwaite New Zealand 853 2016 Belinda Clark Australia 842 2000 5 Claire Taylor England 807 2005 6 Meg Lanning Australia 761 2016 7 Ellyse Perry Australia 732 2016 8 Emily Drumm New Zealand 722 2000 9 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 707 2013 10 Mithali Raj India 684 2006 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Bowling ( edit ) Best figures in a match ( edit ) Position Name Figures ( wickets -- runs ) Team Opposition Date Sajjida Shah 7 -- 4 Pakistan Japan 21 July 2003 Jo Chamberlain 7 -- 8 England Denmark 19 July 1991 Anisa Mohammed 7 -- 14 West Indies Pakistan 26 November 2011 Shelley Nitschke 7 -- 24 Australia England 19 August 2005 5 Jackie Lord 6 -- 10 New Zealand India 14 January 1982 Mamatha Maben 6 -- 10 India Sri Lanka 25 April 2004 Shabnim Ismail 6 -- 10 South Africa Netherlands 18 November 2011 8 Glenys Page 6 - 20 New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago 23 June 1973 Deepti Sharma 6 -- 20 India Sri Lanka 19 February 2016 10 Jhulan Goswami 6 -- 31 India New Zealand 5 July 2011 Source Cricinfo.com -- Updated 27 June 2017 Most career wickets ( edit ) Position Name Team Wickets Average Best ( wickets - runs ) 5w Jhulan Goswami India 195 21.95 6 -- 31 Cathryn Fitzpatrick Australia 180 16.79 5 -- 14 Lisa Sthalekar Australia 146 24.97 5 -- 35 Neetu David India 141 16.34 5 -- 20 5 Anisa Mohammed West Indies 136 18.72 7 -- 14 5 6 Jenny Gunn England 123 27.99 5 -- 22 7 Katherine Brunt England 120 22.28 5 -- 18 8 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 116 18.73 4 -- 17 0 Ellyse Perry Australia 116 24.12 5 -- 19 10 Dane van Niekerk South Africa 120 17.66 5 -- 17 Shashikala Siriwardene Sri Lanka 106 25.20 4 -- 11 0 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Most wickets in a calendar year ( edit ) Position Name Team Wickets Year Anisa Mohammed West Indies 37 2011 Suné Luus South Africa 37 2016 Charmaine Mason Australia 36 2000 Neetu David India 33 2005 Neetu David India 33 6 Stefanie Taylor West Indies 32 2013 7 Dane van Niekerk South Africa 28 2013 Clare Taylor England 28 2000 9 Laura Marsh England 26 2009 Rachel Pullar New Zealand 26 2000 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Fielding records ( edit ) Most dismissals by a wicketkeeper in ODI career ( edit ) Position Name Team Dismissals Catches Stumpings Rebecca Rolls New Zealand 133 89 44 Trisha Chetty South Africa 131 90 41 Jane Smit England 114 69 45 Sarah Taylor England 113 73 40 5 Julia Price Australia 99 69 30 6 Batool Fatima Pakistan 97 51 46 7 Merissa Aguilleira West Indies 87 67 20 8 Rachel Priest New Zealand 86 67 19 9 Anju Jain India 81 30 51 10 Jodie Fields Australia 74 55 19 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 Most catches by a fielder in ODI career ( edit ) Position Name Team Catches Innings Jhulan Goswami India 59 162 Alex Blackwell Australia 54 141 Suzie Bates New Zealand 52 98 Lydia Greenway England 52 123 Charlotte Edwards England 52 187 6 Stafanie Taylor West Indies 49 99 Lisa Sthalekar Australia 49 125 8 Jenny Gunn England 47 135 10 Belinda Clark Australia 45 117 Mithali Raj India 45 186 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 20 July 2017 Most matches played ( edit ) Position Name Team Matches Mithali Raj India 186 Charlotte Edwards England 180 Jhulan Goswami India 158 Karen Rolton Australia 141 5 Alex Blackwell Australia 134 Sara McGlashan New Zealand 134 7 Jenny Gunn England 133 8 Anjum Chopra India 127 9 Lydia Greenway England 126 Claire Taylor England 126 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 < Partnerships records ( edit ) Highest wicket partnerships by wicket ( edit ) Wicket Runs Team Partners Opposition Date 1st . 320 India Poonam Raut & Deepti Sharma Ireland 15 May 2017 2nd . 275 England Tammy Beaumont & Sarah Taylor South Africa 5 July 2017 3rd . 244 Australia Karen Rolton & Lisa Sthalekar Ireland 31 July 2005 4th . 224 * South Africa Johmari Logtenberg & Mignon du Preez Netherlands 5 August 2007 5th . 188 * England Claire Taylor & Jane Smit Sri Lanka 12 December 2000 6th . 142 South Africa Suné Luus & Chloe Tryon Ireland 5 August 2016 7th . 104 * New Zealand Sarah Tsukigawa & Nicola Browne England 23 February 2007 104 England Natalie Sciver & Danielle Hazell Sri Lanka 17 November 2016 8th . 85 * England Sarah Clarke & Nicky Shaw Scotland 10 August 2001 9th . 73 England Lynsey Askew & Isa Guha New Zealand 3 March 2007 10th . 76 Australia Alex Blackwell & Kristen Beams India 20 July 2017 Source Cricinfo.com -- Last updated 27 June 2017 References ( edit ) Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Miscellaneous records 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_women%27s_One_Day_International_cricket_records&oldid=806487752 '' Categories : Cricket records and statistics Cricket - related lists Women 's One Day International cricket Women 's cricket Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 10 : 15 . About Wikipedia	highest individual score in women's odi cricket world cup	[ "\n\nPosition\nName\nRuns\nTeam\nOpponent\nDate\n\n\n1\nBelinda Clark\n229\n Australia\n Denmark\n16 December 1998\n\n\n2\nDeepti Sharma\n188\n India\n Ireland\n15 May 2017\n\n\n3\nChamari Atapattu\n178\n Sri Lanka\n Australia\n29 June 2017\n\n\n4\nCharlotte Edwards\n173\n England\n Ireland\n16 December 1997\n\n\n5\nHarmanpreet Kaur\n171\n India\n Australia\n20 July 2017\n\n\nStafanie Taylor\n171\n West Indies\n Sri Lanka\n3 February 2013\n\n\n7\nTammy Beaumont\n168\n England\n Pakistan\n27 June 2016\n\n\nSuzie Bates\n168\n New Zealand\n Pakistan\n19 March 2009\n\n\n9\nRachel Priest\n157\n New Zealand\n Sri Lanka\n7 November 2015\n\n\n10\nLisa Keightley\n156\n Australia\n Pakistan\n7 February 1997\n\n\nClaire Taylor\n156\n England\n India\n14 August 2006\n\n" ]	[ "229" ]
5377203350439720691	Internet Information Services	Internet Information Services - wikipedia Internet Information Services Jump to : navigation , search Internet Information Services Screenshot of IIS Manager console of Internet Information Services 8.5 Developer ( s ) Microsoft Initial release May 30 , 1995 ; 22 years ago ( 1995 - 05 - 30 ) Stable release 10 / 29 July 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) Development status Active Written in C++ Operating system Windows NT Available in Same languages as Windows Type Web server License Part of Windows NT ( same license ) Website iis.net Internet Information Services ( IIS , formerly Internet Information Server ) is an extensible web server created by Microsoft for use with the Windows NT family . IIS supports HTTP , HTTPS , FTP , FTPS , SMTP and NNTP . It has been an integral part of the Windows NT family since Windows NT 4.0 , though it may be absent from some editions ( e.g. Windows XP Home edition ) , and is not active by default . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 IIS Express 2.2 Extensions 3 Usage 4 Security 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The first Microsoft web server was a research project at the European Microsoft Windows NT Academic Centre ( EMWAC ) , part of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland , and was distributed as freeware . However , since the EMWAC server was unable to handle the volume of traffic going to Microsoft.com , Microsoft was forced to develop its own web server , IIS . Almost every version of IIS was released either alongside or with a version of Microsoft Windows : IIS 1.0 was initially released as a free add - on for Windows NT 3.51 . IIS 2.0 was included with Windows NT 4.0 . IIS 3.0 , which was included with Service Pack 2 of Windows NT 4.0 , introduced the Active Server Pages dynamic scripting environment . IIS 4.0 was released as part of the `` Option Pack '' for Windows NT 4.0 . It introduced the new MMC - based administration application . IIS 5.0 shipped with Windows 2000 and introduced additional authentication methods , support for the WebDAV protocol , and enhancements to ASP . IIS 5.0 also dropped support for the Gopher protocol IIS 5.1 was shipped with Windows XP Professional , and was nearly identical to IIS 5.0 on Windows 2000 . IIS 6.0 , included with Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition , added support for IPv6 and included a new worker process model that increased security as well as reliability . IIS 7.0 was a complete redesign and rewrite of IIS , and was shipped with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 . IIS 7.0 included a new modular design that allowed for a reduced attack surface and increased performance . It also introduced a hierarchical configuration system allowing for simpler site deploys , a new Windows Forms - based management application , new command - line management options and increased support for the . NET Framework . IIS 7.0 on Vista does not limit the number of allowed connections as IIS on XP did , but limits concurrent requests to 10 ( Windows Vista Ultimate , Business , and Enterprise Editions ) or 3 ( Vista Home Premium ) . Additional requests are queued , which hampers performance , but they are not rejected as with XP . IIS 7.5 was included in Windows 7 ( but it must be turned on in the side panel of Programs and Features ) and Windows Server 2008 R2 . IIS 7.5 improved WebDAV and FTP modules as well as command - line administration in PowerShell . It also introduced TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 support and the Best Practices Analyzer tool and process isolation for application pools . IIS 8.0 is only available in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 . IIS 8.0 includes SNI ( binding SSL to hostnames rather than IP addresses ) , Application Initialization , centralized SSL certificate support , and multicore scaling on NUMA hardware , among other new features . IIS 8.5 is included in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1 . This version includes Idle worker - Process page - out , Dynamic Site Activation , Enhanced Logging , ETW logging , and Automatic Certificate Rebind . IIS 10 is included in Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10 . This version includes support for HTTP / 2 . All versions of IIS prior to 7.0 running on client operating systems supported only 10 simultaneous connections and a single website . Microsoft was criticized by vendors of other web server software , including O'Reilly & Associates and Netscape Communications Corp. , for its licensing of early versions of Windows NT ; the `` Workstation '' edition of the OS permitted only ten simultaneous TCP / IP connections , whereas the more expensive `` Server '' edition , which otherwise had few additional features , permitted unlimited connections but bundled IIS . It was inferred that this was intended to discourage consumers from running alternative web server packages on the cheaper edition . Netscape wrote an open letter to the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice regarding this distinction in product licensing , which it asserted had no technical merit . Features ( edit ) IIS 6.0 and higher support the following authentication mechanisms : Anonymous authentication Basic access authentication Digest access authentication Integrated Windows Authentication UNC authentication . NET Passport Authentication ( Removed in Windows Server 2008 and IIS 7.0 ) Certificate authentication IIS 7.0 has a modular architecture . Modules , also called extensions , can be added or removed individually so that only modules required for specific functionality have to be installed . IIS 7 includes native modules as part of the full installation . These modules are individual features that the server uses to process requests and include the following : Security modules : Used to perform many tasks related to security in the request - processing pipeline , such as specifying authentication schemes , performing URL authorization , and filtering requests . Content modules : Used to perform tasks related to content in the request - processing pipeline , such as processing requests for static files , returning a default page when a client does not specify a resource in a request , and listing the contents of a directory . Compression modules : Used to perform tasks related to compression in the request - processing pipeline , such as compressing responses , applying Gzip compression transfer coding to responses , and performing pre-compression of static content . Caching modules : Used to perform tasks related to caching in the request - processing pipeline , such as storing processed information in memory on the server and using cached content in subsequent requests for the same resource . Logging and Diagnostics modules : Used to perform tasks related to logging and diagnostics in the request - processing pipeline , such as passing information and processing status to HTTP . sys for logging , reporting events , and tracking requests currently executing in worker processes . IIS 7.5 includes the following additional or enhanced security features : Client certificate mapping IP security Request filtering URL authorization Authentication changed slightly between IIS 6.0 and IIS 7 , most notably in that the anonymous user which was named `` IUSR_ ( machinename ) '' is a built - in account in Vista and future operating systems and named `` IUSR '' . Notably , in IIS 7 , each authentication mechanism is isolated into its own module and can be installed or uninstalled . IIS 8.0 offers new features targeted at performance and easier administration . The new features are : Application Initialization : a feature that allows an administrator to configure certain applications to start automatically with server startup . This reduces the wait time experienced by users who access the site for the first time after a server reboot . Splash page during application initialization : the administrator can configure a splash page to be displayed to the site visitor during an application initialization . ASP.NET 4.5 support : With IIS 8.0 , ASP.NET 4.5 is included by default , and IIS also offers several configuration options for running it side - by - side with ASP.NET 3.5 . Centralized SSL certificate support : a feature that makes managing certificates easier by allowing the administrator to store and access the certificates on a file share . Multicore scaling on NUMA hardware : IIS 8.0 provides several configuration options that optimize performance on systems that run NUMA , such as running several worker processes under one application pool , using soft or hard affinity and more . WebSocket Protocol Support Server Name Indication ( SNI ) : SNI is an extension to Transport Layer Security , which allows binding of multiple websites with different hostnames to one IP address ( similar to how Host Headers are used for non-SSL sites ) . Dynamic IP Address Restrictions : a feature that enables an administrator to dynamically block IPs or IP ranges that hit the server with a large number of requests CPU Throttling : a set of controls that allow the server administrator to control CPU usage by each application pool in order to optimize performance in a multi-tenant environment IIS 8.5 has several improvements related to performance in large - scale scenarios , such as those used by commercial hosting providers and Microsoft 's own cloud offerings . It also has several added features related to logging and troubleshooting . The new features are : Idle worker - Process page - out : a function to suspend idle site to reduce the memory footprint of idle sites Dynamic Site Activation : a feature that registers listening queues only to sites that have received requests Enhanced Logging : a feature to allow collection of Server variables , request headers and response headers in the IIS logs ETW logging : an ETW provider which allows collecting real - time logs using various Event - tracing tool Automatic Certificate Rebind : a feature that detects when a site certificate has been renewed , and automatically rebinds the site to it IIS Express ( edit ) IIS Express , a lightweight ( 4.5 -- 6.6 MB ) version of IIS , is available as a standalone freeware server and may be installed on Windows XP with Service Pack 3 and subsequent versions of Microsoft Windows . IIS 7.5 Express supports only the HTTP and HTTPS protocols . It is portable , stores its configuration on a per - user basis , does not require administrative privileges and attempts to avoid conflicting with existing web servers on the same machine . IIS Express can be downloaded separately or as a part of WebMatrix or Visual Studio 2012 and later . ( In Visual Studio 2010 and earlier , web developers developing ASP.NET apps used ASP.NET Development Server , codenamed `` Cassini '' . ) By default , IIS Express only serves local traffic . Extensions ( edit ) IIS releases new feature modules between major version releases to add new functionality . The following extensions are available for IIS 7.5 : FTP Publishing Service : Lets Web content creators publish content securely to IIS 7 Web servers with SSL - based authentication and data transfer . Administration Pack : Adds administration UI support for management features in IIS 7 , including ASP.NET authorization , custom errors , FastCGI configuration , and request filtering . Application Request Routing : Provides a proxy - based routing module that forwards HTTP requests to content servers based on HTTP headers , server variables , and load balance algorithms . Database Manager : Allows easy management of local and remote databases from within IIS Manager . Media Services : Integrates a media delivery platform with IIS to manage and administer delivery of rich media and other Web content . URL Rewrite Module : Provides a rule - based rewriting mechanism for changing request URLs before they are processed by the Web server . WebDAV : Lets Web authors publish content securely to IIS 7 Web servers , and lets Web administrators and hosters manage WebDAV settings using IIS 7 management and configuration tools . Web Deployment Tool : Synchronizes IIS 6.0 and IIS 7 servers , migrates an IIS 6.0 server to IIS 7 , and deploys Web applications to an IIS 7 server . Usage ( edit ) According to Netcraft , on 13 February 2014 , IIS had a market share of 32.80 % , making it the second most popular web server in the world , behind Apache HTTP Server at 38.2 % . Netcraft showed a rising trend in market share for IIS , since 2012 . A day later , however , the W3Techs shows different results . According to W3Techs , IIS is the third most used web server behind Apache HTTP Server ( 1st place ) and Nginx . Furthermore , it shows a consistently falling trend for IIS use since February 2013 . Netcraft data in February 2017 place indicate an IIS market share of 9.22 % , making it the third most popular web server in the world , behind Apache at 41.41 % and nginx at 28.34 % . Security ( edit ) IIS 4 and IIS 5 were affected by the CA - 2001 - 13 security vulnerability which led to the infamous Code Red attack ; however , both versions 6.0 and 7.0 have no reported issues with this specific vulnerability . In IIS 6.0 Microsoft opted to change the behaviour of pre-installed ISAPI handlers , many of which were culprits in the vulnerabilities of 4.0 and 5.0 , thus reducing the attack surface of IIS . In addition , IIS 6.0 added a feature called `` Web Service Extensions '' that prevents IIS from launching any program without explicit permission by an administrator . By default IIS 5.1 and earlier run websites in a single process running the context of the System account , a Windows account with administrative rights . Under 6.0 all request handling processes run in the context of the Network Service account , which has significantly fewer privileges , so that should there be a vulnerability in a feature or in custom code it wo n't necessarily compromise the entire system given the sandboxed environment these worker processes run in . IIS 6.0 also contained a new kernel HTTP stack ( http. sys ) with a stricter HTTP request parser and response cache for both static and dynamic content . According to Secunia , as of June 2011 , IIS 7 had a total of six resolved vulnerabilities while IIS 6 had a total of eleven vulnerabilities , out of which one was still unpatched . The unpatched security advisory has a severity rating of 2 out of 5 . In June 2007 , a Google study of 80 million domains concluded that while the IIS market share was 23 % at the time , IIS servers hosted 49 % of the world 's malware , the same as Apache servers whose market share was 66 % . The study also observed the geographical location of these dirty servers and suggested that the cause of this could be the use of unlicensed copies of Windows that could not obtain security updates from Microsoft . In a blog post on 28 April 2009 , Microsoft noted that it supplies security updates to everyone without genuine verification . The 2013 mass surveillance disclosures made it more widely known that IIS is particularly bad in supporting perfect forward secrecy ( PFS ) , especially when used in conjunction with Internet Explorer . Possessing one of the long term asymmetric secret keys used to establish a HTTPS session should not make it easier to derive the short term session key to then decrypt the conversation , even at a later time . Diffie -- Hellman key exchange ( DHE ) and elliptic curve Diffie -- Hellman key exchange ( ECDHE ) are in 2013 the only ones known to have that property . Only 30 % of Firefox , Opera , and Chromium Browser sessions use it , and nearly 0 % of Apple 's Safari and Microsoft Internet Explorer sessions . See also ( edit ) IIS Metabase Logparser Microsoft Personal Web Server Windows Activation Services Comparison of web servers List of mail servers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lextrait , Vincent ( February 2010 ) . `` The Programming Languages Beacon , v10. 0 '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Running IIS 6.0 as an Application Server ( IIS 6.0 ) '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Windows NT Internet Servers '' . Microsoft . 10 July 2002 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Dave ( 24 December 1999 ) . `` A Brief History of Microsoft on the Web '' . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft ASP.NET 2.0 Next Stop on Microsoft Web Development Roadmap '' . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 - Overview of Internet Information Services 5.0 '' . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 - Managing the Migration Process '' . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's New In IIS 6.0 ? '' . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IIS 7.0 : Explore The Web Server For Windows Vista and Beyond '' . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Web Server ( IIS ) Role in Windows 2008 R2 '' . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Bishop ; David So ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` HTTP / 2 on IIS '' . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Netscape goes to jail , does not collect $200 '' . InfoWorld . Archived from the original on 23 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Differences Between NT Server and Workstation Are Minimal '' . O'Reilly Media . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Authentication Methods Supported in IIS 6.0 ( IIS 6.0 ) '' . IIS 6.0 Documentation . Microsoft . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes Between IIS 6.0 and IIS 7 Security '' . iis.net . Microsoft . 7 February 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Templin , Reagan ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` Introduction to IIS 7 Architecture '' . iis.net . Microsoft . IIS 7 Modules . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Available Web Server ( IIS ) Role Services in IIS 7.5 '' . Microsoft TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan , Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` IIS 8.0 Application Initialization '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Won ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` IIS 8.0 ASP.NET configuration management '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagan , Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` IIS 8.0 Centralized SSL certificate support '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ McMurray , Robert ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` IIS 8.0 Multicore Scaling on NUMA Hardware '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IIS 8.0 WebSocket protocol support '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagan , Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` IIS 8.0 Server Name Indication '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ McMurray , Robert ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` IIS 8.0 Dynamic IP Address Restrictions '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagan , Shaun ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` IIS 8.0 CPU Throttling '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benari , Erez ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Idle Worker - process Page Out '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benari , Erez ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` Dynamic Site Activation '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benari , Erez ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Enhanced Logging '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benari , Erez ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` ETW Logging '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benari , Erez ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` Automatic Certificate rebind '' . IIS Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IIS Express FAQ '' . iis.net . Microsoft . 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Information Services ( IIS ) 7.5 Express '' . Download Center . Microsoft . 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IIS Express Overview '' . iis.net . Microsoft . 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hanselman , Scott ; Condron , Glen ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` 3 Introducing Model View Controller ( MVC ) '' . Introduction to ASP.NET . Microsoft . 0 : 14 : 02 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Scott ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Introducing IIS Express '' . ScottGu 's Blog . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Gopalakrishnan , Vaidy ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` Handling URL Binding Failures in IIS Express '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` FTP Publishing Service '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Administration Pack '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Application Request Routing '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Database Manager '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IIS Media Services '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` URL Rewrite '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WebDAV Extension '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Web Deploy 2.0 '' . iis.net . Microsoft . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 2014 Web Server Survey '' . news.netcraft.com . Netcraft. 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Usage statistics and market share of Microsoft - IIS for websites '' . w3techs . Q - Success . Jump up ^ `` February 2017 Web Server Survey '' . news.netcraft.com . Netcraft. 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA - 2001 - 13 Buffer Overflow In IIS Indexing Service DLL '' . CERT ® Advisory . Computer emergency response team . 17 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vulnerability Report : Microsoft Internet Information Services ( IIS ) 6 '' . Secunia . Secunia ApS . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vulnerability Report : Microsoft Internet Information Services ( IIS ) 7. x '' . Secunia . Secunia ApS . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IIS Installs in a Locked - Down Mode ( IIS 6.0 ) '' . Microsoft Developer Network ( MSDN ) . Microsoft . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How To : Run Applications Not in the Context of the System Account in IIS ( Revision 5.1 ) Microsoft Corporation '' . 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Henrickson , Hethe ; Hofmann , Scott R. ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 15 : ASP.NET Web Services '' . IIS 6 : the complete reference . New York City : McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 482 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 222495 - 5 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Henrickson , Hethe ; Hofmann , Scott R. ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 1 : IIS Fundamentals '' . IIS 6 : the complete reference . New York City : McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 222495 - 5 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Web Server Software and Malware '' . Jump up ^ `` Windows Pirates Encouraged to Install Security Updates '' . USA Today . Technology Live . February 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Paul ( 27 April 2009 ) . `` Who Gets Windows Security Updates ? '' . Windows Security Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ SSL : Intercepted today , decrypted tomorrow , Netcraft , 25 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Internet Information Services Official website IIS on Server and Cloud Platform portal Security Guidance for IIS on TechNet Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps 3D Builder Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub Get Help Groove Magnifier Mail Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal. dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX . NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax File Manager Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial - up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next - Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Windows Store DVD Player Hover ! Mahjong Minesweeper Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. Stanton Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . 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Microsoft Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat : Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi LinkedIn Category Portal Email servers Open source Apache James Courier Mail Server Cyrus IMAP server Dovecot Exim hMailServer Kolab Kopano OpenSMTPD Postfix Qmail Sendmail ( dual - licensed ) Zarafa Zentyal Zimbra Proprietary Axigen CommuniGate Pro Eudora Internet Mail Server Gordano Messaging Suite IBM / Lotus Notes / Domino IceWarp Mail Server Internet Information Services Ipswitch IMail Server Kerio Connect Mercury Mail Transport System Microsoft Exchange Server Novell GroupWise Unison ( collaboration software ) Discontinued Delivermail Hula Related technologies Extended SMTP IMAP POP Push - IMAP SMAP SMTP UUCP Related articles Email Unicode and email List of mail servers Comparison of mail servers Category Comparison List VIAF : 184787002 LCCN : n96081435 GND : 4779322 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Information_Services&oldid=797651199 '' Categories : FTP server software Message transfer agents Microsoft server technology Web server software Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the iis version in windows 10	[ "\nIIS 1.0 was initially released as a free add-on for Windows NT 3.51.\nIIS 2.0 was included with Windows NT 4.0.\nIIS 3.0, which was included with Service Pack 2 of Windows NT 4.0, introduced the Active Server Pages dynamic scripting environment.[5]\nIIS 4.0 was released as part of the \"Option Pack\" for Windows NT 4.0. It introduced the new MMC-based administration application.\nIIS 5.0 shipped with Windows 2000 and introduced additional authentication methods, support for the WebDAV protocol, and enhancements to ASP.[6] IIS 5.0 also dropped support for the Gopher protocol[7]\nIIS 5.1 was shipped with Windows XP Professional, and was nearly identical to IIS 5.0 on Windows 2000.\nIIS 6.0, included with Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, added support for IPv6 and included a new worker process model that increased security as well as reliability.[8]\nIIS 7.0 was a complete redesign and rewrite of IIS, and was shipped with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. IIS 7.0 included a new modular design that allowed for a reduced attack surface and increased performance. It also introduced a hierarchical configuration system allowing for simpler site deploys, a new Windows Forms-based management application, new command-line management options and increased support for the .NET Framework.[9] IIS 7.0 on Vista does not limit the number of allowed connections as IIS on XP did, but limits concurrent requests to 10 (Windows Vista Ultimate, Business, and Enterprise Editions) or 3 (Vista Home Premium). Additional requests are queued, which hampers performance, but they are not rejected as with XP.\nIIS 7.5 was included in Windows 7 (but it must be turned on in the side panel of Programs and Features) and Windows Server 2008 R2. IIS 7.5 improved WebDAV and FTP modules as well as command-line administration in PowerShell. It also introduced TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 support and the Best Practices Analyzer tool and process isolation for application pools.[10]\nIIS 8.0 is only available in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8. IIS 8.0 includes SNI (binding SSL to hostnames rather than IP addresses), Application Initialization, centralized SSL certificate support, and multicore scaling on NUMA hardware, among other new features.\nIIS 8.5 is included in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1. This version includes Idle worker-Process page-out, Dynamic Site Activation, Enhanced Logging, ETW logging, and Automatic Certificate Rebind.\nIIS 10 is included in Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10. This version includes support for HTTP/2.[11]\n" ]	[ "IIS 10" ]
-2873720001461405106	List of United States cities by crime rate	List of United States cities by crime rate - wikipedia List of United States cities by crime rate Jump to : navigation , search The following table of United States cities by crime rate is based on Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports statistics . The population numbers are based on U.S. Census estimates for the year end . The number of murders includes nonnegligent manslaughter . This list is based on the reporting . In most cases , the city and the reporting agency are identical . However , in some cases such as Charlotte , Honolulu , and Las Vegas , the reporting agency has more than one municipality . Murder is the only statistic that all agencies are required to report . Consequently , some agencies do not report all the crimes . If components are missing the total is adjusted to 0 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Note about population 2 Crime rates per 100,000 people 3 Criticism of ranking crime data 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Note About population Often , one obtains very different results depending on whether crime rates are measured for the city jurisdiction or the metropolitan area . Information is voluntarily submitted by each jurisdiction and some jurisdictions do not appear in the table because they either did not submit data or they did not meet deadlines . The FBI website has this disclaimer on population estimates : For the 2009 population estimates used in this table , the FBI computed individual rates of growth from one year to the next for every city / town and county using 2000 decennial population counts and 2001 through 2009 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau . Each agency 's rates of growth were averaged ; that average was then applied and added to its 2008 Census population estimate to derive the agency 's 2009 population estimate . Crime rates per 100,000 people State City Population Violent Crime Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Property Crime Burglary Larceny - Theft Motor Vehicle Theft Arson New Mexico Albuquerque 559,721 965.8 7.7 72.2 301.2 584.8 6073.2 1071.2 4076.7 925.3 15.9 California Anaheim 349,471 363.7 5.2 36.9 125.6 196.0 2872.3 422.4 1972.4 477.6 8.0 Alaska Anchorage 301,239 1070.9 8.6 171.6 206.1 684.5 3917.5 559.4 2975.0 383.1 35.2 Texas Arlington 387,565 502.1 53.7 136.5 309.9 3443.6 559.9 2657.1 226.5 7.5 Georgia Atlanta 464,710 1119.6 20.2 36.6 429.3 633.5 5499.3 1028.8 3549.1 921.4 10.8 Colorado Aurora 360,237 460.8 6.7 97.7 124.1 232.3 2936.7 467.2 2119.4 350.0 17.8 Texas Austin 938,728 372.5 2.5 51.9 99.0 219.2 3771.0 532.6 2990.0 248.3 9.7 California Bakersfield 373,887 484.1 5.9 19.0 175.2 284.0 4161.4 1036.9 2484.2 640.3 90.7 Maryland Baltimore 621,252 1535.9 55.4 46.2 694.2 740.1 4980.4 1248.6 2842.3 889.5 41.9 Massachusetts Boston 665,258 706.8 5.7 36.1 233.1 431.9 2316.1 354.3 1769.5 192.3 N / A New York Buffalo 258,096 1118.6 15.9 67.0 400.2 635.4 4330.2 1076.0 2875.3 378.9 67.0 Arizona Chandler 258,875 189.3 0.4 30.5 44.0 114.3 2083.2 297.4 1686.9 98.9 17.4 North Carolina Charlotte - Mecklenburg 877,817 677.6 6.9 24.6 221.8 424.2 3767.9 769.5 2744.4 253.9 24.6 Illinois Chicago 2,728,695 903.8 28.7 52.5 353.6 480.2 2946.3 482.0 2089.7 374.6 19.6 California Chula Vista 265,215 265.8 2.3 23.8 90.1 149.7 1741.6 267.7 1166.2 307.7 10.2 Ohio Cincinnati 298,478 925.0 22.1 79.1 423.1 400.7 5510.0 1478.5 3642.8 388.6 147.4 Ohio Cleveland * 388,655 1334.3 16.2 124.0 769.3 424.8 5434.4 1787.7 2659.2 987.5 78.2 Colorado Colorado Springs 452,410 438.3 5.5 75.4 83.1 274.3 3648.0 533.6 2732.7 381.7 27.9 Ohio Columbus 847,745 546.3 9.1 95.1 264.2 177.9 3934.3 851.6 2715.6 367.2 47.8 Texas Corpus Christi 324,326 645.0 5.2 86.9 121.5 431.4 3465.6 674.6 2632.8 158.2 18.2 Texas Dallas 1,301,977 694.2 10.4 60.1 320.8 302.8 3440.2 854.2 2002.8 583.3 26.8 Colorado Denver 682,418 673.9 7.8 80.3 180.2 405.6 3529.9 697.8 2192.5 639.6 16.4 Michigan Detroit 673,225 1759.6 43.8 78.7 513.5 1123.5 4093.6 1161.6 2157.2 774.8 125.1 North Carolina Durham 257,911 847.2 13.2 28.7 286.1 519.2 4115.8 1234.5 2644.7 236.5 12.0 Texas El Paso 686,077 366.6 2.5 46.9 59.8 257.4 1914.2 206.8 1591.1 116.3 8.3 Indiana Fort Wayne 259,712 378.9 9.6 37.3 171.7 160.2 3058.4 569.9 2360.7 127.8 18.9 Texas Fort Worth 829,731 525.4 6.7 62.2 118.2 338.2 3585.7 723.7 2589.9 272.1 17.1 California Fresno 520,837 551.2 7.5 32.1 194.3 317.4 4148.3 850.4 2723.3 574.7 49.0 North Carolina Greensboro 285,950 597.0 9.1 25.2 185.3 377.3 3568.5 828.5 2551.5 188.5 34.6 Nevada Henderson 282,554 168.5 1.4 34.7 63.7 68.7 1893.1 479.9 1225.6 187.6 7.1 Hawaii Honolulu 999,307 243.9 1.5 31.8 89.7 120.9 3110.7 428.7 2294.6 387.4 23.1 Texas Houston 2,275,221 966.7 13.3 43.3 451.7 458.3 4397.5 872.8 2928.7 596.0 29.5 Indiana Indianapolis 863,675 1288.0 17.1 78.4 440.2 752.3 4790.8 1283.5 2929.5 577.9 N / A California Irvine 258,198 55.8 0.8 10.5 22.1 22.5 1498.1 202.6 1217.7 77.8 3.1 Florida Jacksonville 867,258 648.3 11.2 54.3 161.2 421.6 3673.0 701.3 2704.6 267.0 8.2 New Jersey Jersey City 265,159 521.6 10.2 36.6 207.0 267.8 1594.9 368.1 998.6 228.2 23.4 Missouri Kansas City 473,373 1417.3 23.0 77.3 359.8 957.2 4441.3 1029.0 2587.6 824.7 41.8 Texas Laredo 256,280 379.3 3.1 51.9 63.2 261.0 3370.9 405.8 2843.8 121.4 34.3 Nevada Las Vegas 1,562,134 920.7 8.1 70.9 320.7 521.0 2995.3 952.3 1537.0 506.0 8.6 Kentucky Lexington 314,077 332.4 4.8 51.9 162.7 113.0 3949.7 797.6 2834.0 318.1 15.0 Nebraska Lincoln 276,585 370.6 0.4 69.8 77.4 223.1 3265.9 480.1 2655.2 130.5 32.9 California Long Beach 476,318 580.7 7.6 37.2 221.3 314.7 3010.0 649.6 1766.3 594.1 14.5 California Los Angeles 3,962,726 634.8 7.1 55.7 225.9 346.0 2359.6 407.8 1544.2 407.6 28.5 Kentucky Louisville Metro 680,550 631.8 11.9 30.1 227.0 362.8 4166.0 922.3 2769.8 473.9 N / A Tennessee Memphis 657,936 1740.1 20.5 80.6 475.9 1163.2 5630.8 1561.2 3655.2 414.3 45.9 Arizona Mesa 471,034 418.7 3.4 51.2 86.6 277.5 2527.4 471.1 1881.2 175.1 17.0 Florida Miami 437,969 1021.3 17.1 18.3 383.8 602.1 4367.4 709.9 3132.9 524.7 20.8 Wisconsin Milwaukee 600,400 1596.1 24.2 72.6 624.4 874.9 4264.2 912.9 2122.1 1229.2 37.1 Minnesota Minneapolis 413,479 1062.9 11.4 98.4 458.5 494.6 4193.9 859.8 2918.9 415.3 28.1 Alabama Mobile 250,346 610.8 9.6 46.3 160.6 394.3 4311.6 882.0 3186.4 243.3 N / A Tennessee Nashville Metropolitan 658,029 1101.0 10.9 77.0 280.7 732.3 3805.8 779.9 2805.8 220.1 8.1 Louisiana New Orleans 393,447 949.6 41.7 104.0 380.5 423.4 3874.2 736.6 2497.9 639.7 9.1 New York New York 8,550,861 585.8 3.0 14.0 198.2 357.2 1518.7 164.9 1267.4 86.4 N / A New Jersey Newark * 279,110 1077.7 33.3 17.6 688.6 338.2 2851.2 622.0 1365.1 864.2 14.0 California Oakland 419,481 1442.5 20.3 67.9 784.3 570.0 5856.8 794.6 3539.1 1523.1 42.7 Oklahoma Oklahoma City 630,621 765.6 11.6 76.1 189.0 488.9 3956.1 923.4 2573.3 459.4 14.7 Nebraska Omaha 452,252 515.0 10.6 38.5 144.8 321.1 3595.6 477.6 2555.7 562.3 17.9 Florida Orlando 268,438 940.6 11.9 67.8 194.5 666.4 6015.5 1267.0 4309.0 439.6 14.5 Pennsylvania Philadelphia 1,567,810 1029.0 17.9 84.3 431.5 495.3 3147.4 515.6 2310.7 321.1 21.0 Arizona Phoenix 1,559,744 593.8 7.2 65.1 193.6 327.8 3491.3 820.5 2198.3 472.5 N / A Pennsylvania Pittsburgh 306,870 706.2 18.6 26.7 279.6 381.3 3224.5 715.9 2312.7 195.8 56.0 Texas Plano 282,968 153.0 1.4 32.2 41.0 78.5 1799.1 260.1 1442.9 96.1 6.7 Oregon Portland * 615,672 472.8 4.2 42.6 137.6 288.5 5234.8 673.4 4013.0 548.3 27.0 North Carolina Raleigh * * 428,993 392.3 2.8 18.4 141.0 230.1 3063.0 735.9 2162.7 164.3 12.6 California Riverside 323,064 446.0 3.1 42.4 161.0 239.6 3259.7 505.5 2211.3 542.9 22.0 California Sacramento 489,717 737.4 8.8 21.4 239.7 467.4 3369.5 758.2 2014.4 596.9 28.6 Texas San Antonio 1,463,586 587.2 6.4 71.7 135.7 373.4 5029.5 794.8 3812.8 422.0 17.8 California San Diego 1,400,467 398.6 2.6 40.4 98.4 257.1 2082.0 366.2 1351.9 363.9 12.4 California San Francisco 863,782 776.8 6.1 39.8 417.9 312.9 6138.0 600.4 4737.1 800.5 31.5 California San Jose 1,031,458 329.6 2.9 36.4 110.5 179.8 2427.1 474.7 1273.7 678.7 9.0 California Santa Ana 337,304 482.1 3.6 45.7 155.1 277.8 2155.3 269.5 1332.3 553.5 11.0 Washington Seattle 683,700 598.7 3.4 21.1 224.1 350.2 5522.0 1122.9 3831.9 567.2 13.5 Missouri St. Louis 317,095 1817.1 59.3 82.9 564.5 1110.4 6316.1 1325.2 3998.8 992.1 70.3 Minnesota St. Paul 300,721 703.3 5.3 67.8 237.4 392.7 3282.1 706.6 1994.2 581.3 39.9 Florida St. Petersburg 255,821 741.9 5.5 53.2 224.0 459.3 5622.7 906.5 4120.9 595.3 25.0 California Stockton 304,890 1352.0 16.1 44.3 375.2 916.4 4263.2 948.2 2662.9 652.0 33.8 Florida Tampa 364,383 630.7 9.3 21.1 184.1 416.0 2295.9 503.0 1629.3 163.6 14.8 Ohio Toledo 279,552 1128.9 8.6 81.6 322.7 716.1 4475.0 1476.3 2676.8 321.9 N / A Arizona Tucson 529,675 655.5 5.9 79.7 199.9 370.0 6642.8 691.7 5586.8 364.2 22.1 Oklahoma Tulsa 401,520 903.6 13.7 90.9 212.7 586.3 5203.2 1372.8 3170.2 660.2 43.3 Virginia Virginia Beach 452,797 138.3 4.2 22.7 59.6 51.7 2205.6 211.1 1898.4 96.1 21.0 District Of Columbia Washington 672,228 1202.6 24.1 73.5 506.4 598.6 4516.2 442.0 3599.1 475.1 N / A Kansas Wichita 389,824 984.8 6.9 89.5 188.0 700.3 5041.2 892.7 3623.9 524.6 33.1 Notes : * 2014 Data * * 2013 Data The FBI does not publish arson data unless it receives data from either the agency or the state for all 12 months of the calendar year . The population for the city of Mobile , Alabama , includes 55,819 inhabitants from the jurisdiction of the Mobile County Sheriff 's Department . Criticism of ranking crime data The FBI web site recommends against using its data for ranking because these rankings lead to simplistic and / or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions adversely affecting cities and counties , along with their residents . The FBI web site also recommends against using its data to judge how effective law enforcement agencies are , since there are many factors that influence crime rates other than law enforcement . In November 2007 , the executive board of the American Society of Criminology ( ASC ) went further than the FBI itself , and approved a resolution opposing not only the use of the ratings to judge police departments , but also opposing any development of city crime rankings from FBI Uniform Crime Reports ( UCRs ) at all . The resolution opposed these rankings on the grounds that they `` fail to account for the many conditions affecting crime rates '' and `` divert attention from the individual and community characteristics that elevate crime in all cities '' , though it did not provide sources or further elaborate on these claims . The resolution states the rankings `` represent an irresponsible misuse of the data and do groundless harm to many communities '' and `` work against a key goal of our society , which is a better understanding of crime - related issues by both scientists and the public '' . The U.S. Conference of Mayors passed a similar statement , which also committed the Conference to working with the FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice `` to educate reporters , elected officials , and citizens on what the ( UCR ) data means and does n't mean . '' See also Shrinking cities in the United States Crime in the United States Demographics of the United States List of U.S. states by homicide rate Latin American cities by murder rate List of cities by murder rate Homicide in world cities References Jump up ^ `` Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area , 2015 '' . FBI . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crime Rankings 2011 - 2012 '' . CQ Press . Jump up ^ `` Table 08 , Data Declaration - Crime in the United States 2010 '' . Fbi.gov . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Caution Against Ranking '' . FBI . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Word About UCR Data '' . FBI . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Criminologists Condemn City crime rankings ( November 16 , 2008 ). PRNewswire . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . External links Murder rate by U.S. state , highest to lowest ( hide ) United States Crime Rates By City Population 250,000 and Above 100,000 to 250,000 60,000 to 100,000 40,000 to 60,000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_crime_rate&oldid=797194990 '' Categories : Crime rates in the United States Crime in the United States by city Lists of cities in the United States United States crime - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from December 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 14 : 21 . About Wikipedia	highest murders in us by city 2017 wikipedia	[ "\nMissouri\nSt. Louis\n317,095\n1817.1\n59.3\n82.9\n564.5\n1110.4\n6316.1\n1325.2\n3998.8\n992.1\n70.3\n" ]	[ "St. Louis" ]
-2335483379683605157	Zombies (2018 film)	Zombies ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia Zombies ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zombies Genre Musical Dance Based on Zombies & Cheerleaders by David Light & Joseph Raso Written by David Light & Joseph Raso Directed by Paul Hoen Starring Milo Manheim Meg Donnelly Composer ( s ) George S. Clinton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Effie Brown Paul Hoen Producer ( s ) Mary Pantelidis Cinematography Robert Drinkmann Editor ( s ) Lisa Jane Robison Running time 94 minutes Production company ( s ) Princessa Productions , LTD Release Original network Disney Channel Original release February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) External links Production website Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly , playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love , and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifty years ago in the planned community of Seabrook , an accident at the Seabrook power plant resulted in an explosion which caused half the population of Seabrook to turn into brain - eating zombies . Those that were n't affected constructed a wall to quarantine the zombies , in a territory called Zombietown , from the rest of Seabrook . The government later created bracelets for zombies , called Z - Bands , that deliver soothing electromagnetic pulses to keep zombies from craving brains . In the present day , zombie students from Zombietown transfer to the human high school , Seabrook High , where suburban life is filled with uniformity , traditions , and pep rallies . In Zombietown , Zed introduces himself to the viewers as he walks them through life in Zombietown , his sister Zoey who ca n't have a dog , and his father Zevon while making plans to join the football team . On the other side of the fence , Addison introduces herself to the viewers as she tells them of her cheer camp experience and reveals that she wears a wig to hide her naturally white hair , since nothing will stick to it . Her parents are Missy , who is the mayor of Seabrook , and her father is Dale , who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol which keeps the zombies in line . Addison and Zed meet in a Zombie Safe Room and they start talking . When Addison realizes that Zed is a zombie , she punches him in the face but later regrets it , and the two become friends and soon fall in love . The star - crossed lovers , who are not supposed to be together , keep their love a secret , but Zed 's friends , Eliza and Bonzo , come to know of it soon . To win football games , Zed makes Eliza hack into his Z - Band to make him ' a little more zombie ' . This leads to severe pain on his wrist and rashes on that area . Addison 's self - centered cousin Bucky becomes jealous that Zed is getting more attention than him . Addison is invited by Zed to attend the zombie party in Zombietown with Eliza and Bonzo . During the trip there , Addison meets Zoey where it is mentioned that about the zombies not having pets . After Eliza takes Zoey home , the party is crashed by the Zombie Patrol where Addison is taken home by Zombie Patrol member Gus . At home , Missy and Dale find out that she has a new crush and advise her not to do any cheering until they know who it is . On the big football match day , Addison tells Zed about her parents wanting to meet him . Bucky finds out about Zed 's Z - Band hack , and has his followers Stacey , Tracey and Lacey steal Eliza 's laptop and hack Zed 's band . When Addison and Bree start showing their sympathy to the zombies during a cheer , Bucky has them kicked off the cheer squad . Stacey , Tracey , and Lacey succeed in their plot turning Zed , Eliza , and Bonzo into complete zombies . The Zombie Patrol captures them and has them detained . Later , Addison shouts at the crowd , telling them it was their fault Zed transformed into a full zombie . She then rips off the wig she used to cover up her naturally white hair . Following the incident , Zed , Eliza , and Bonzo are returned to Zombietown . Addison states to the viewers that Bucky is changing the line - up for the cheer squad . Bucky is then shown cutting three members from his cheerleading group due to them sympathizing with the zombies . On the day of the cheerleader competition , Addison and Bree find Zed and Bonzo trying to stop Eliza from sabotaging the competition , and after Eliza talks with her friends , she realizes that doing so is not the right thing to do . Bucky 's team is failing because they do not have enough members , so Zoey tries to get in and help him . At first , Zoey is booed by the crowd , but with help from Addison and Zed , the zombies and cheerleaders come together to make a cheer routine during the Cheer competition . Zed and Addison tell each other they love each other . Later , everyone has a block party at Zombietown . As Zoey finally gets her dog , the zombies and humans mingle with each other freely . Cast ( edit ) Milo Manheim as Zed , a zombie who wishes to be on the football team . Meg Donnelly as Addison , a teenage cheerleader who wears a blonde wig to cover her naturally white hair . Trevor Tordjman as Bucky , Addison 's self - centered cousin who leads the Seabrook High School 's cheerleading team . Kylee Russell as Eliza , a zombie that is friends with Zed . Carla Jeffery as Bree , a girl and aspiring cheerleader whom Addison befriends . Kingston Foster as Zoey , Zed 's little sister who desires to have an actual dog since zombies are forbidden to have pets . James Godfrey as Bonzo , a zombie who is friends with Zed and mostly speaks zombie language that has to be translated by Zed and / or Eliza . Naomi Snieckus as Ms. Lee , the principal of Seabrook High School . Jonathan Langdon as Coach , the unnamed coach of the Seabrook High School 's football team . Paul Hopkins as Dale , the father of Addison who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol . Marie Ward as Missy , the mother of Addison who is the mayor of Seabrook . Tony Nappo as Zevon , Zed and Zoey 's father . Emilia McCarthy as Lacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Mickeey Nguyen as Tracey , a male cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Jasmine Renee Thomas as Stacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Production ( edit ) Production on the film began in May 2017 . The film was shot in Toronto over 10 weeks . Release ( edit ) The film premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) During its premiere in the 8 : 00 PM time slot , Zombies attracted a total of 2.57 million viewers with a 0.46 rating for people aged 18 -- 49 . Over its premiere weekend the movie reached 10.3 million viewers over 8 airings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Production Begins on Disney Channel 's Zombies for 2018 Premiere '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Has Begun on Disney 's Zombies , a Music - and Dance - Filled Movie , Set for 2018 on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . May 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Larsen ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Zombies arrives with hope that zombies and humans in high school can all get along '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Disney Sets Premiere Date for Zombies Original Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's Original Movie `` Zombies '' Reaches 10.3 Million Viewers Over the Holiday Weekend '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . February 20 , 2018 -- via The Futon Critic . External links ( edit ) Zombies on IMDb Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up , Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Films directed by Paul Hoen The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) The Mistle - Tones ( 2012 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombies_(2018_film)&oldid=837110657 '' Categories : 2010s dance films 2010s monster movies 2010s musical films 2010s teen films 2018 television films American dance films American films American teen musical films American television films American zombie films Cheerleading films Disney Channel Original Movie films English - language films Films directed by Paul Hoen Films shot in Toronto Musical television films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the movie zombies coming on disney channel	[ "Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly, playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love, and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other." ]	[ "February 16, 2018" ]
-5714569113161380041	Padma Sachdev	Padma Sachdev - wikipedia Padma Sachdev Jump to : navigation , search Padma Sachdev 1940 ( age 76 -- 77 ) purmandal Jammu , Jammu and Kashmir , India Occupation poet , writer Language Dogri language Nationality Indian Spouse First Vedpal Deep and later Surinder Singh ( 1966 - present ) Padma Sachdev ( born 1940 ) is an Indian poet and novelist . She is the first modern woman poet of the Dogri language . She also writes in Hindi . She has published several poetry collections , including Meri Kavita Mere Geet ( My Poems , My Songs ) , which won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1971 . She has also received the Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian award in 2001 , and the Kabir Samman for poetry for the year 2007 - 08 given by Government of Madhya Pradesh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Awards 4 Bibliography 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Further reading 7 External links Personal life ( edit ) Padma Sachdev was born in purmandal , Jammu in 1940 . She was the eldest of three children of a Sanskrit scholar , professor Jai Dev Badu , who was later killed during the partition of India in 1947 . She first married famous Dogri poet Vedpal Deep and later married singer Surinder Singh of the musical duo `` Singh Bandhu '' in 1966 . She lives in New Delhi . Career ( edit ) Sachdev worked in All India Radio , Jammu as an announcer since 1961 . Here she met Surinder Singh , Hindustani vocalist of the Singh Bandhu musical duo , who was a duty officer at the time . In the following years , she also worked with All India Radio , Mumbai . Some of her books are Tavi Te Chanhan ( Rivers Tawi and Chenab , 1976 ) , Nheriyan Galiyan ( Dark Lanes , 1982 ) , Pota Pota Nimbal ( Fingertipful Cloudless Sky , 1987 ) , Uttar Vahini ( 1992 ) and Tainthian ( 1992 ) . She wrote the lyrics of the song ' Mera chhota sa ghar baar ' from the 1973 Hindi film by Ved Rahi `` Prem Parbat '' which had music by Jaidev . Thereafter , she wrote the lyrics of two songs of the 1978 Hindi film `` Aankhin Dekhi '' , which had music by J.P. Kaushik including the famous duet `` Sona re , tujhe kaise miloo '' sung by Mohd Rafi and Sulakshana Pandit . She also wrote the lyrics along with Yogesh for the 1979 Hindi film `` Saahas '' , which had music by Ameen Sangeet . Awards ( edit ) Dinu Bhai Pant Life Time Achievement Award , 2017 by D.B. Pant Memorial Trust , Jammu , J&K Krutitava Smagra Samman , 2015 by Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad , West Bengal Saraswati Samman , 2015 for her autobiography `` Chitt - Chete '' in Dogri language Padma Shri Award. 2001 Sahitya Akademi Award 1971 Kabir Samman for poetry . 2007 - 08 Bibliography ( edit ) Naushin . Kitabghar , 1995 . Main Kahti Hun Ankhin Dekhi ( Travelogue ) . Bharatiya Gyanpith , 1995 . * Bhatko nahin Dhananjay . Bharatiya Gyanpith , 1999 . ISBN 8126301309 . Amrai . Rajkamal Prakashan , 2000 . ISBN 8171787649 . Jammu Jo Kabhi Sahara Tha ( Novel ) . Bharatiya Jnanapith , 2003 . ISBN 8126308869 . Phira kyā huā ? , with Jnaneśvara , and Partha Senagupta . National Book Trust , 2007 . ISBN 8123750420 . Translations Where Has My Gulla Gone ( Anthology ) . Prabhat Prakashan , 2009 . ISBN 8188322415 . A Drop in the Ocean : An Autobiography . tr. by Uma Vasudev , Jyotsna Singh . National Book Trust , India , 2011 . ISBN 8123761775 . See also ( edit ) List of Indian writers List of Indian poets References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : George , p. 522 ^ Jump up to : Mathur , p. 182 Jump up ^ `` Sahitya Akademi Award '' . Official website . Retrieved Feb 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards Directory ( 1954 -- 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs . Jump up ^ `` Rashtriya Mahatma Gandhi Award to be given to Seva Bharti '' . August 10 , 2008 . Retrieved Feb 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song of the Singhs '' . The Hindu . May 6 , 2004 . Retrieved Feb 26 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) K.M. George ; Sahitya Akademi ( 1992 ) . Modern Indian Literature , an Anthology : Plays and prose . Sahitya Akademi . ISBN 8172013248 . Shiv Nath ( 1997 ) . 2 Decades of Dogri Literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 19 . ISBN 8126003936 . Divya Mathur ( 2003 ) . `` Padma Sachdev : Introduction '' . Aashaa : Short Stories by Indian Women Writers : Translated from Hindi and Other Indian Languages . Star Publications . ISBN 8176500755 . Template : Url = https://www.google.co.in/?gfe rd = cr&ei = Kx4OV62XG - qK8Qez6oFI&gws rd = ssl External links ( edit ) Mother of Modern Dogri Poetry : A Literary Profile of Padma Sachdev VIAF : 116677537 LCCN : n84108982 ISNI : 0000 0000 8185 6134 GND : 1022634445 SUDOC : 094202230 BNF : cb131891883 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padma_Sachdev&oldid=804107088 '' Categories : 1940 births Living people People from Jammu ( city ) 20th - century Indian poets 20th - century Indian novelists Dogri language Hindi - language writers Indian women novelists Indian autobiographers Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi Indian women poets Indian women autobiographers Writers from Jammu and Kashmir Women writers from Jammu and Kashmir 20th - century Indian women writers 20th - century Indian writers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 19 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name the mother of modern poetry in dogri language	[ "Padma Sachdev (born 1940) is an Indian poet and novelist. She is the first modern woman poet of the Dogri language.[1] She also writes in Hindi. She has published several poetry collections, including Meri Kavita Mere Geet (My Poems, My Songs), which won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1971.[2][3] She has also received the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award in 2001,[4] and the Kabir Samman for poetry for the year 2007-08 given by Government of Madhya Pradesh.[5]" ]	[ "Padma Sachdev" ]
589326074613735344	2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship	2018 All - Ireland Senior hurling championship - wikipedia 2018 All - Ireland Senior hurling championship 2018 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Championship details Dates 12 May -- 19 August 2018 Teams 12 All - Ireland champions Winning team Limerick ( 8th win ) Captain Declan Hannon Manager John Kiely All - Ireland Finalists Losing team Galway Captain David Burke Manager Micheál Donoghue Provincial champions Munster Cork Leinster Galway Ulster Not Played Connacht Not Played Championship statistics No. matches played 27 Top Scorer Peter Duggan ( 3 - 76 ) All - Star Team See here ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 131st staging of the All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887 . It is the first tier of senior inter-county championship hurling . The championship began on 12 May 2018 and ended on 19 August 2018 . The draw for the championship round - robin fixtures was held off camera on 19 October 2017 and announced on the championship draw broadcast on RTÉ2 . The Championship was won by Limerick , who were crowned champions after overcoming Galway in the final by a score line of 3 -- 16 to 2 - 18 . Limerick 's victory was their eighth All - Ireland title and first since 1973 . The 2018 Championship has been described by many as one of the best ever . The 2018 championship saw the biggest change in format since the introduction of the qualifiers in 2002 . Contents 1 New 2018 Format 2 Teams 2.1 Teams and venues 2.2 Personnel and colours 3 Leinster Senior Hurling Championship 3.1 Leinster group table 3.2 Leinster rounds 1 to 5 3.2. 1 Leinster Round 1 3.2. 2 Leinster Round 2 3.2. 3 Leinster Round 3 3.2. 4 Leinster Round 4 3.2. 5 Leinster Round 5 3.3 Leinster final 3.4 Leinster final replay 4 Munster Senior Hurling Championship 4.1 Munster group table 4.2 Munster rounds 1 to 5 4.2. 1 Munster Round 1 4.2. 2 Munster Round 2 4.2. 3 Munster Round 3 4.2. 4 Munster Round 4 4.2. 5 Munster Round 5 4.3 Munster final 5 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup 6 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 6.1 Bracket 6.2 All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals 6.3 All - Ireland quarter - finals 6.4 All - Ireland semi-finals 6.5 All - Ireland final 7 Championship statistics 7.1 Top scorers overall 7.2 Top scorers in a single game 7.3 Scoring Events 8 Miscellaneous 9 Live Hurling on TV 10 Awards 11 Footnotes 12 References New 2018 format ( edit ) A new provincial hurling championship featuring five - team round - robin groups in both Leinster and Munster and the new Joe McDonagh Cup was introduced in 2018 for an initial three - year period . The proposal was carried by a narrow margin with 62 % voting in favour ( a majority of at least 60 % was required ) at the GAA 's Special Congress on 30 September 2017 . The top two teams in each provincial group contest the provincial final , with the provincial winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losing provincial finalists advancing to the two quarter - finals . An amendment to the motion from Laois , Offaly and Meath was carried by 87 % . The third - placed teams in Leinster and Munster compete in All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals against the two Joe McDonagh Cup finalists with the Joe McDonagh Cup teams having home advantage . If a non-Munster team wins the Joe McDonagh Cup , the bottom team in the Leinster championship will be relegated to next year 's Joe McDonagh Cup and will be replaced in next year 's Leinster championship by the Joe McDonagh Cup winners . If a Munster team wins the Joe McDonagh Cup , they will play off against the team who finished bottom in the Munster championship for the right to play in next year 's Munster championship , thereby ensuring that only teams based in the province of Munster compete in the Munster championship . The restructure of hurling involved the reduction of the Leinster championship from nine teams to five . The Joe McDonagh Cup was created , consisting of the four counties from the 2017 Leinster qualifier group plus Antrim and Carlow , the 2017 Christy Ring finalists . Teams ( edit ) A total of twelve teams compete in the championship -- five in the Leinster championship , five in the Munster championship , and the top two teams from the Joe McDonagh Cup who enter at the preliminary quarter - final stage . Teams and venues ( edit ) Each team has a nominal home stadium for the round - robin series of the provincial championships . However , Waterford will not play their `` home '' games at Walsh Park , instead playing in neutral venues for these fixtures , namely Limerick 's Gaelic Grounds and Semple Stadium in Thurles . In the knockout stage , teams from the provincial round - robin series will not have home advantage , if avoidable . The only teams to play knockout games at home are the two Joe McDonagh Cup finalists , who had home advantage in the preliminary quarter - finals . The Munster final was held at a neutral venue which was decided based on the qualifying teams , while the locations of the two quarter - finals were decided based on similar considerations . The Leinster final , and the semi-finals and final of the All - Ireland series are held in the 82,300 - capacity Croke Park in Dublin , headquarters of the GAA . Team Location Stadium Capacity From the Leinster Championship Dublin Donnycarney Parnell Park 7004134990000000000 ♠ 13,499 Galway Galway Pearse Stadium 7004261970000000000 ♠ 26,197 Kilkenny Kilkenny Nowlan Park 7004278000000000000 ♠ 27,800 Offaly Tullamore O'Connor Park 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Wexford Wexford Wexford Park 7004250000000000000 ♠ 25,000 From the Munster Championship Clare Ennis Cusack Park 7004190000000000000 ♠ 19,000 Cork Cork Páirc Uí Chaoimh 7004450000000000000 ♠ 45,000 Limerick Limerick Gaelic Grounds 7004498860000000000 ♠ 49,886 Tipperary Thurles Semple Stadium 7004530000000000000 ♠ 53,000 Waterford Waterford Walsh Park 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 From the Joe McDonagh Cup Carlow Carlow Dr. Cullen Park 7004210000000000000 ♠ 21,000 Westmeath Mullingar Cusack Park 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 Personnel and colours ( edit ) Team Colours Main Sponsor Captain ( s ) Manager ( s ) Most recent success All - Ireland Provincial League Clare Pat O'Donnell Patrick O'Connor Donal Moloney Gerry O'Connor 2013 1998 2016 Cork Chill Insurance Séamus Harnedy John Meyler 2005 2017 1998 Dublin AIG Liam Rushe Pat Gilroy 1938 2013 2011 Galway Supermac 's David Burke Micheal Donoghue 2017 2017 2017 Kilkenny Glanbia Cillian Buckley Brian Cody 2015 2016 2018 Limerick Sporting Limerick Declan Hannon John Kiely 2018 2013 1997 Offaly Carroll Cuisine David King Kevin Martin 1998 1995 1990 -- 91 Tipperary Intersport / Elverys Pádraic Maher Michael Ryan 2016 2016 2008 Waterford TQS Integration Derek McGrath 1959 2015 Wexford Gain Lee Chin Matthew O'Hanlon Davy Fitzgerald 1972 -- 73 Leinster Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : Leinster Senior Hurling Championship Leinster group table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Galway 0 0 7 - 89 ( 110 ) 6 - 62 ( 80 ) + 30 8 Kilkenny 0 5 - 76 ( 91 ) 6 - 69 ( 87 ) + 4 6 Wexford 0 6 - 81 ( 99 ) 5 - 68 ( 83 ) + 16 Dublin 0 9 - 73 ( 100 ) 1 - 85 ( 88 ) + 12 5 Offaly 0 0 5 - 50 ( 65 ) 14 - 85 ( 127 ) -- 62 0 Green background The top two teams contest the Leinster Final with the winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advancing to the All - Ireland quarter - finals . Yellow background The third - placed team advances to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals . Red background As the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup was won by Carlow ( a Leinster county ) , the bottom team in the Leinster group , Offaly , are relegated to the 2019 Joe McDonagh Cup . Leinster rounds 1 to 5 ( edit ) Leinster Round 1 ( edit ) Offaly v Galway 12 May 2018 Round 1 Offaly 2 - 15 ( 21 ) -- ( 33 ) 5 - 18 Galway show Tullamore 19 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 7 -- 2 - 9 ) Venue : O'Connor Park Gls : S Dooley 1 , J Bergin 1 Pts : S Dooley 9 ( 8f ) , D King 2 , J Bergin 1 , D Currams 1 , E Cahill 1 ( f ) , S Kinsella 1 Report Gls : B Concannon 2 , J Cooney 1 , C Whelan 1 , J Flynn 1 Pts : J Canning 8 ( 6f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , J Cooney 4 , C Cooney 2 , B Concannon 1 , C Whelan 1 , C Mannion 1 , S Loftus 1 Referee : Johnny Murphy ( Limerick ) Attendance : 8,330 Dublin v Kilkenny 13 May 2018 Round 1 Dublin 3 - 16 ( 25 ) -- ( 27 ) 1 - 24 Kilkenny show Dublin 14 : 00 ( HT : 2 - 7 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Parnell Park Gls : P Ryan 1 , F Whitely 1 , J Malone 1 Pts : P Ryan 6 ( 5f ) , C Keaney 4 , P Winters 3 ( 2f ) , T Connolly 1 , C Crummey 1 , F MacGibb 1 Report Gls : L Blanchfield 1 Pts : TJ Reid 12 ( 9f , 2 ' 65 ' ) , E Murphy 4 ( 4f ) , C Fennelly 3 , J Maher 2 , W Walsh 2 , J Donnelly 1 Referee : Diarmuid Kirwan ( Cork ) TV : RTÉ Leinster Round 2 ( edit ) Kilkenny v Offaly 20 May 2018 Round 2 Kilkenny 2 - 19 ( 25 ) -- ( 16 ) 1 - 13 Offaly show Kilkenny 15 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 7 ) Venue : Nowlan Park Gls : L Blanchfield 1 , TJ Reid 1 Pts : TJ Reid 5 ( 4f ) , L Scanlon 4 , L Blanchfield 2 , J Donnelly 2 , M Keoghan 2 , C Fennelly 2 , R Leahy 1 , E Murphy 1 ( f ) Report Gls : J Bergin 1 Pts : S Dooley 5 ( 4f ) , J Bergin 3 , S Kinsella 2 , O Kelly 1 , C Egan 1 , P Camon 1 Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 6,996 Wexford v Dublin 20 May 2018 Round 2 Wexford 0 - 22 ( 22 ) -- ( 20 ) 2 - 14 Dublin show Wexford 15 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 10 -- 1 - 6 ) Venue : Wexford Park Pts : R O'Connor 12 ( 11f ) , L Chin 2 , P Foley 2 ( 1f ) , D O'Keeffe 1 , K Foley 1 , A Nolan 1 , J O'Connor 1 , P Morris 1 , H Kehoe 1 Report Gls : P Ryan 1 , R McBride 1 Pts : P Ryan 7 ( 6f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , R McBride 1 , J Malone 1 , P Smyth 1 , C Boland 1 , L Rushe 1 , D Sutcliffe 1 , D Treacy 1 Referee : Colm Lyons ( Cork ) Attendance : 10,248 Leinster Round 3 ( edit ) Offaly v Wexford 26 May 2018 Round 3 Offaly 2 - 9 ( 15 ) -- ( 39 ) 5 - 24 Wexford show Tullamore 14 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 6 -- 3 - 12 ) Venue : O'Connor Park Gls : O Kelly 1 , S Dooley 1 Pts : S Dooley 5 ( 5f ) , O Kelly 1 , J Bergin 1 , K Dunne 1 , T Geraghty 1 Report Gls : M Fanning 1 ( pen ) , A Nolan 1 , J O'Connor 1 , L Chin 1 , C McDonald 1 Pts : R O'Connor 7 ( 5f ) , L Chin 4 ( 4f ) , H Kehoe 3 ( 2f ) , J O'Connor 3 , P Morris 2 , D Reck 1 , D O'Keeffe 1 , K Foley 1 , A Nolan 1 , C McDonald 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 6,186 Galway v Kilkenny 27 May 2018 Round 3 Galway 1 - 22 ( 25 ) -- ( 17 ) 2 - 11 Kilkenny show Salthill 16 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 9 -- 1 - 5 ) Venue : Pearse Stadium Gls : J Canning 1 ( pen ) Pts : J Canning 12 ( 7f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , C Cooney 4 , C Mannion 2 , B Concannon 1 , David Burke 1 , J Flynn 1 , N Burke 1 Report Gls : TJ Reid 1 ( pen ) , W Walsh 1 Pts : TJ Reid 9 ( 8f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , W Walsh 1 , L Scanlon 1 Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 18,775 TV : RTÉ Leinster Round 4 ( edit ) Wexford v Galway 2 June 2018 Round 4 Wexford 0 - 17 ( 17 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Galway show Wexford 17 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 9 -- 1 - 12 ) Venue : Wexford Park Pts : R O'Connor 12 ( 10f ) , A Nolan 2 , P Morris 2 , P Foley 1 Report Gls : C Whelan 1 Pts : J Canning 12 ( 8f , 2 sl ) , C Cooney 4 , D Burke 2 , C Whelan 2 , J Cooney 1 , J Flynn 1 ( 1f ) , N Burke 1 Referee : Johnny Murphy ( Limerick ) Attendance : 14,500 TV : Sky Sports Dublin v Offaly 3 June 2018 Round 4 Dublin 2 - 24 ( 30 ) -- ( 13 ) 0 - 13 Offaly show Dublin 15 : 00 ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 5 ) Venue : Parnell Park Gls : P Ryan 1 , F Whitley 1 Pts : P Ryan 5 ( 4f ) , S Barrett 4 , C Cummey 4 , L Rushe 2 , J Malone 2 , C Keaney 2 , C Boland 2 , F Whitley 1 , F McGibb 1 , R McBride 1 Report Pts : J Bergin 4 ( 4f ) , D Currams 2 , P Murphy 2 , S Dooley 2 ( 2f ) , J Gorman 1 , E Cahill 1 , K Dunne 1 Referee : Colm Lyons ( Cork ) Attendance : 6,000 Leinster Round 5 ( edit ) Kilkenny v Wexford 9 June 2018 Round 5 Kilkenny 0 - 22 ( 22 ) -- ( 21 ) 1 - 18 Wexford show Kilkenny 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 7 -- 1 - 11 ) Venue : Nowlan Park Pts : TJ Reid 11 ( 9f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , J Donnelly 2 , R Leahy 2 , W Walsh 1 , J Holden 1 , E Morrissey 1 , P Walsh 1 , C Fogarty 1 , J Maher 1 , E Murphy 1 ( f ) Report Gls : P Morris 1 Pts : R O'Connor 5 ( 2f ) , P Foley 5 ( 4f ) , L Chin 3 , C McDonald 2 , K Foley 1 , D O'Keeffe 1 , P Morris 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 17,516 TV : Sky Sports Galway v Dublin 9 June 2018 Round 5 Galway 0 - 26 ( 26 ) -- ( 25 ) 2 - 19 Dublin show Salthill 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 16 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Pearse Stadium Pts : J Flynn 11 ( 9f ) , J Cooney 3 , C Whelan 3 , P Mannion 3 , C Cooney 2 , David Burke 2 , S Loftus 1 , C Mannion 1 Report Gls : P Winter 2 Pts : D Treacy 4 ( 3f ) , R McBride 4 ( 1 sl ) , P Ryan 3 ( 3f ) , A Nolan 2 ( 2f ) , D Sutcliffe 1 , J Malone 1 , S Moran 1 , J Madden 1 , C Boland 1 , P Winters 1 Referee : Diarmuid Kirwan ( Cork ) Attendance : 9,957 Leinster final ( edit ) The winners advance to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advance to the All - Ireland quarter - finals . Main article : 2018 Leinster Senior Hurling Championship Final Galway v Kilkenny RTÉ 1 July 2018 16 : 00 Leinster Final Report Galway 0 - 18 ( 18 ) -- ( 18 ) 0 - 18 Kilkenny ( HT : 0 - 7 -- 0 - 8 ) Pts : J Canning 6 , N Burke 4 , C Whelan 3 , C Mannion 3 , C Cooney 1 , J Cooney 1 Pts : TJ Reid 10 , B Ryan 2 , E Murphy 1 ( f ) , E Morrissey 1 , J Maher 1 , G Aylward 1 , J Donnelly 1 , W Walsh 1 Croke Park , Dublin Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 40,703 Leinster final replay ( edit ) Galway v Kilkenny RTÉ 8 July 2018 15 : 00 Leinster Final Replay Report Galway 1 - 28 ( 31 ) -- ( 24 ) 3 - 15 Kilkenny ( HT : 1 - 16 -- 1 - 7 ) Gls : J Glynn 1 Pts : J Canning 10 ( 6f ) , C Mannion 6 , C Whelan 4 , N Burke 2 , A Harte 2 , J Cooney 1 , J Glynn 1 , C Cooney 1 , J Flynn 1 Gls : G Aylward 1 , R Hogan 1 , C Fennelly 1 Pts : TJ Reid 9 ( 6f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , J Holden 1 , C Fogarty 1 , J Maher 1 , J Donnelly 1 , R Hogan 1 , C Fennelly 1 Semple Stadium , Thurles Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 25,102 Munster Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : Munster Senior Hurling Championship Munster group table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Cork 0 5 - 94 ( 109 ) 4 - 89 ( 101 ) + 8 6 Clare 0 4 - 97 ( 109 ) 5 - 77 ( 92 ) + 17 6 Limerick 3 - 92 ( 101 ) 4 - 81 ( 93 ) + 8 5 Tipperary 0 7 - 77 ( 98 ) 5 - 91 ( 106 ) -- 8 5 Waterford 0 6 - 76 ( 94 ) 7 - 98 ( 119 ) -- 25 Green background The top two teams contest the Munster Final with the winners advancing to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advancing to the All - Ireland quarter - finals . Yellow background The third - placed team advances to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals . As the 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup was won by Carlow ( a Leinster county ) , there was no relegation / promotion play - off between the bottom team in the Munster group and the Joe McDonagh Cup winners for the right to compete in next year 's Munster championship . Cork are ranked ahead of Clare as they won the head - to - head game between the teams . Munster rounds 1 to 5 ( edit ) Munster Round 1 ( edit ) Limerick v Tipperary 20 May 2018 Round 1 Limerick 1 - 23 ( 26 ) -- ( 20 ) 2 - 14 Tipperary show Limerick 14 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 12 -- 1 - 10 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : B Murphy 1 Pts : A Gillane 8 ( 6f ) , G Mulcahy 4 , D Byrnes 3 ( 2 ' 65 ' , 1f ) , C Lynch 2 , G Hegarty 2 , T Morrissey 2 , D O'Donovan 1 , S Flanagan 1 Report Gls : D McCormack 1 , J Forde 1 Pts : J Forde 9 ( 9f ) , N McGrath 2 , J McGrath 2 , J O'Dwyer 1 Referee : James McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 20,403 TV : RTÉ Cork v Clare 20 May 2018 Round 1 Cork 2 - 23 ( 29 ) -- ( 24 ) 1 - 21 Clare show Cork 16 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 11 -- 0 - 10 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Gls : C Lehane 1 , S Harnedy 1 Pts : P Horgan 10 ( 6f ) , D Fitzgibbon 3 , C Lehane 2 , S Harnedy 2 , M Ellis 2 , M Coleman 1 , B Cooper 1 , R O'Flynn 1 , D Brosnan 1 Report Gls : T Kelly 1 Pts : J Conlon 5 , P Duggan 4 ( 4f ) , C Galvin 3 , D Reidy 3 ( 2f ) , T Kelly 3 ( 1f ) , S O'Donnell 2 , C McGrath 1 Referee : Sean Cleere ( Kilkenny ) Attendance : 24,490 TV : RTÉ Munster Round 2 ( edit ) Tipperary v Cork 27 May 2018 Round 2 Tipperary 2 - 20 ( 26 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Cork show Thurles 14 : 00 Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : J Forde 1 , N McGrath 1 Pts : J Forde 6 ( 4f , 2 ' 65 ' ) , J McGrath 5 , N McGrath 3 , B Maher 1 , S Callanan 1 , Patrick Maher 1 , B McCarthy 1 , J O'Dwyer 1 , J Morris 1 Report Gls : S Kingston 1 Pts : S Kingston 5 , P Horgan 5 ( 3f ) , S Harnedy 5 , D Kearney 4 , B Cooper 2 , C Lehane 2 Referee : James Keenan ( Wicklow ) Attendance : 22,456 TV : RTÉ Clare v Waterford 27 May 2018 Round 2 Clare 2 - 27 ( 33 ) -- ( 24 ) 2 - 18 Waterford show Ennis 15 : 30 Venue : Cusack Park Gls : P Duggan 1 ( pen ) , J Conlon 1 Pts : P Duggan 10 ( 9f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , T Kelly 6 , J Conlon 3 , J Shanahan 2 , C Galvin 2 , D Fitzgerald 1 , C McGrath 1 , S O'Donnell 1 , D Reidy 1 Report Gls : M Shanahan 1 , T Ryan 1 Pts : M Shanahan 6 ( 6f ) , Stephen Bennett 2 , Jake Dillon 2 , T de Burca 1 , C Gleeson 1 , Philip Mahony 1 , T Devine 1 , K Moran 1 , J Barron 1 , DJ Foran 1 , T Ryan 1 Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 13,736 Munster Round 3 ( edit ) Cork v Limerick 2 June 2018 Round 3 Cork 1 - 25 ( 28 ) -- ( 28 ) 0 - 28 Limerick show Cork 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 14 -- 0 - 12 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Gls : P Horgan 1 Pts : P Horgan 11 ( 8f , 3 ' 65 ' ) , D Fitzgibbon 4 , C Lehane 3 , D Kearney 2 , S Kingston 2 , L Meade 1 , M Coleman 1 , C Spillane 1 Report Pts : T Morrissey 8 ( 5f ) , S Flanagan 6 , C Lynch 3 , D O'Donovan 2 , G Mulcahy 2 , D Byrnes 2 ( 2f ) , K Hayes 2 , G Hegarty 1 , D Morrissey 1 , A Gillane 1 Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 34,607 TV : Sky Sports Waterford v Tipperary 3 June 2018 Round 3 Waterford 2 - 22 ( 28 ) -- ( 28 ) 2 - 22 Tipperary show Limerick 16 : 00 ( HT : 2 - 12 -- 0 - 12 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : Pauric Mahony 1 , T Devine 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 8 ( 5f ) , J Barron 3 , DJ Foran 3 , T Devine 2 , Philip Mahony 1 , S Bennett 1 , P Curran 1 , T Ryan 1 , J Dillon 1 Report Gls : J Forde 1 Pts : J Forde 14 ( 11f ) , R Maher 3 , S Callanan 2 , J McGrath 2 , B McCarthy 1 , N McGrath 1 , J O'Dwyer 1 P Maher 1 , C Barrett 1 Referee : Alan Kelly ( Galway ) Attendance : 10,237 TV : RTÉ Munster Round 4 ( edit ) Limerick v Waterford 10 June 2018 Round 4 Limerick 2 - 26 ( 32 ) -- ( 19 ) 1 - 16 Waterford show Limerick ( HT : 2 - 14 -- 0 - 7 ) Venue : Gaelic Grounds Gls : G Hegarty 1 , G Mulcahy 1 Pts : S Dowling 15 ( 13f ) , C Lynch 3 , T Morrissey 2 , K Hayes 2 , G Hegarty 1 , S Flanagan 1 , D O'Donovan 1 , D Dempsey 1 Report Gls : T Ryan 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 10 ( 9f ) , DJ Foran 1 , S Bennett 1 , T Devine 1 , M Shanahan 1 , M Kearney 1 , S O'Keeffe 1 Referee : Seán Cleere ( Kilkenny ) Attendance : 23,194 Tipperary v Clare 10 June 2018 Round 4 Tipperary 1 - 21 ( 24 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Clare show Thurles ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : B McCarthy 1 Pts : J Forde 10 ( 8f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , J McGrath 3 , S Callanan 2 , N McGrath 2 , R Maher 1 , C Barrett 1 , Pádraic Maher 1 , Patrick Maher 1 Report Gls : I Galvin 1 Pts : P Duggan 15 ( 13f ) , P Collins 3 , T Kelly 2 , J Conlon 2 , J Browne 1 Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 20,782 TV : RTÉ Munster Round 5 ( edit ) Clare v Limerick 17 June 2018 Round 5 Clare 0 - 26 ( 26 ) -- ( 15 ) 0 - 15 Limerick show Ennis ( HT : 0 - 13 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Cusack Park Pts : P Duggan 13 ( 10f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , T Kelly 5 ( 1 ' 65 ' ) , J Conlon 4 , D Fitzgerald 2 , J Shanahan 1 , C Galvin 1 Report Pts : S Dowling 4 ( 4f ) , T Morrissey 3 , K Hayes 1 , D O'Donovan 1 ( sl ) , C Lynch 1 , D Byrnes 1 , G Hegarty 1 , D Morrissey 1 , S Flanagan 1 , A Gillane 1 Referee : James Owens ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 18,803 TV : RTÉ Waterford v Cork 17 June 2018 Round 5 Waterford 1 - 20 ( 23 ) -- ( 26 ) 1 - 23 Cork show Thurles Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : T Ryan 1 Pts : Pauric Mahony 8 ( 4f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , T Ryan 3 , B O'Halloran 2 , J Dillon 2 , T Devine 1 , J Barron 1 , A Gleeson 1 , DJ Foran 1 , M Shanahan 1 Report Gls : S Harnedy 1 Pts : P Horgan 5 ( 2f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , S Harnedy 3 , B Cooper 4 , C Lehane 3 , M Coleman 2 ( 1 sl ) , S Kingston 2 , D Kearney 2 , D Fitzgibbon 1 , C Joyce 1 Referee : John Keenan ( Wicklow ) Attendance : 14,737 Munster final ( edit ) The winners advance to the All - Ireland semi-finals and the losers advance to the All - Ireland quarter - finals . Main article : 2018 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final Cork v Clare RTÉ 1 July 2018 14 : 00 Munster Final Report Cork 2 - 24 ( 30 ) -- ( 28 ) 3 - 19 Clare ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 2 - 11 ) Gls : S Harnedy 1 , L Meade 1 Pts : P Horgan 11 ( 6f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , S Harnedy 4 , M Coleman 2 ( 1 sl ) , D Fitzgibbon 2 , D Kearney 2 , C Lehane 1 , L Meade 1 , B Cooper 1 Gls : P Duggan 1 , D Reidy 1 , I Galvin 1 Pts : P Duggan 7 ( 6f ) , J Conlon 5 , D Reidy 2 , P Collins 2 , C McGrath 1 , T Kelly 1 , C Galvin 1 Semple Stadium , Thurles Referee : J McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 45,364 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup The inaugural Joe McDonagh Cup , the second tier of senior inter-county championship hurling , was contested by Antrim , Carlow , Kerry , Laois , Meath and Westmeath . Each team played all the other teams once in a round - robin format , with the top two teams progressing to the Joe McDonagh Cup final and also advancing to the All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals , where they played the teams that finished third in the Leinster and Munster championships . Westmeath confirmed their place in the Joe McDonagh Cup final on 2 June 2018 after winning their first four matches , with Carlow confirming their place on 9 June after beating Westmeath . Pos Team Pld SF SA Diff Pts Carlow ( Q ) 5 0 122 102 20 8 Westmeath ( Q ) 5 0 130 115 15 8 Kerry 5 0 105 97 8 6 Laois 5 0 118 123 - 5 5 Antrim 5 0 130 116 14 6 Meath 5 0 0 5 94 146 - 52 0 Final The top two teams at the end of the round - robin , Westmeath and Carlow , faced each other in the final on 1 July 2018 . The game , which took place in Croke Park , saw Carlow emerge victorious by a margin of five points to claim the inaugural Joe McDonagh Cup title . Westmeath v Carlow 1 July 2018 13 : 45 Joe McDonagh Cup Final Report Westmeath 1 - 24 ( 27 ) -- ( 32 ) 2 - 26 Carlow ( HT : 0 - 13 -- 1 - 12 ) Gls : N O'Brien 1 Pts : A Devine 8 ( 8f ) , E Price 6 , A Clarke 3 , R Greville 2 , D McNicholas 2 ( 1f ) , N O'Brien 1 , D Clinton 1 , N Mitchell 1 Gls : J Doyle 1 , C Nolan 1 Pts : D Murphy 10 ( 9f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , C Nolan 4 , P Coady 4 , JM Nolan 3 , E Byrne 2 , J Doyle 1 , K McDonald 1 , D Byrne 1 Croke Park , Dublin Referee : Cathal McAllister ( Cork ) As a Leinster county , Carlow were automatically promoted to the Leinster championship for 2019 , taking the place of Offaly . All - Ireland Senior hurling championship ( edit ) Main article : All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Bracket ( edit ) Preliminary Quarter - Finals Quarter - Finals Semi-Finals All - Ireland Final Clare 0 - 27 Westmeath 0 - 16 Wexford 1 - 17 Wexford 2 - 21 Clare ( R ) 1 - 30 2 - 13 Galway ( R ) 1 - 30 1 - 17 Galway 2 - 18 Limerick 3 - 16 Cork 2 - 31 Limerick 5 - 22 Limerick 3 - 32 Carlow 0 - 13 Limerick 0 - 27 Kilkenny 1 - 22 All - Ireland preliminary quarter - finals ( edit ) The preliminary quarter - finals saw the third - placed teams from the two provincial round - robins play the two teams who competed in the Joe McDonagh Cup Final , with the two finalists having home advantage . Joe McDonagh champions Carlow faced third - placed Munster team Limerick in Dr Cullen Park , while runners - up Westmeath met Wexford , the third - place finished from Leinster , in Mullingar 's Cusack Park . Carlow v Limerick 7 July 2018 Preliminary quarter - final Carlow 0 - 13 ( 13 ) -- ( 37 ) 5 - 22 Limerick show Carlow 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 4 -- 3 - 9 ) Venue : Dr Cullen Park Pts : D Murphy 4 ( 3f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , P Abbey 2 , JM Nolan 2 , J Kavanagh 1 , D Byrne 1 , E Byrne 1 , C Nolan 1 , S Murphy 1 Report Gls : D Byrnes 1 , K Hayes 1 , A Gillane 1 , G Mulcahy 1 , P Casey 1 Pts : A Gillane 6 ( 2f ) , T Morrissey 5 , P Casey 3 , G Hegarty 2 , D Byrnes 1 ( 1 ' 65 ' ) , C Lynch 1 , S Flanagan 1 , G Mulcahy 1 , B Nash 1 , D O'Donovan 1 Referee : John Keenan ( Wicklow ) Westmeath v Wexford 7 July 2018 Preliminary quarter - final Westmeath 0 - 16 ( 16 ) -- ( 27 ) 2 - 21 Wexford show Mullingar 19 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 8 -- 1 - 12 ) Venue : Cusack Park Pts : A Devine 8 ( 7f ) , A Clarke 2 , E Price 2 , D McNicholas 1 , C Doyle 1 , C Boyle 1 , J Boyle 1 Report Gls : D Dunne 1 , C McDonald 1 Pts : L Chin 7 ( 6f , 1 ' 65 ' ) , A Nolan 4 , H Kehoe 2 , L Ryan 1 , D O'Keefe 1 , S Murphy 1 , J O'Connor 1 , P Morris 1 , D Dunne 1 , C McDonald 1 , S Tompkins 1 Referee : Diarmuid Kirwan ( Cork ) All - Ireland quarter - finals ( edit ) The two quarter - finals saw the losing provincial finalists play the winners of the two preliminary quarter - finals . As both third - place finishers from the provincial series won in the previous round , they were kept apart from the teams they had already met in the round - robin phase to prevent a repeat fixture . Munster runners - up Clare met Wexford , with beaten Leinster finalists Kilkenny facing Limerick the following day . Both games were held at neutral venues . Clare v Wexford 14 July 2018 Quarter - final Clare 0 - 27 ( 27 ) -- ( 20 ) 1 - 17 Wexford show Cork 15 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 16 -- 0 - 9 ) Venue : Páirc Uí Chaoimh Pts : P Duggan 7 ( 5f ) , T Kelly 5 , S O'Donnell 4 , J Conlon 3 , D Reidy 2 , P Collins 2 , S Morey 1 , C Malone 1 , C McGrath 1 , I Galvin 1 Report Gls : C McDonald 1 Pts : R O'Connor 10 ( 9f ) , C McDonald 3 , D Reck 1 , S Murphy 1 , L Chin 1 , D O'Keeffe 1 Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 10,255 TV : RTÉ Kilkenny v Limerick 15 July 2018 Quarter - final Kilkenny 1 - 22 ( 25 ) -- ( 27 ) 0 - 27 Limerick show Thurles 14 : 00 ( HT : 0 - 12 -- 0 - 15 ) Venue : Semple Stadium Gls : R Hogan 1 Pts : TJ Reid 7 ( 5f ) ( 1 65 ) , R Leahy 4 , R Hogan 3 , J Maher 3 , C Fennelly 2 , C Fogarty 1 , L Blanchfield 1 , J Donnolly 1 Report Pts : A Gillane 5 ( 2f ) , T Morrissey 4 , K Hayes 3 , G Mulcahy 3 , D O'Donnovan 3 ( 1 sl ) , G Hegarty 3 , P Casey 2 , S Flanagan 1 , D Byrnes 1 , D Hannon 1 , S Dowling 1 Referee : J McGrath ( Westmeath ) Attendance : 18,596 TV : RTÉ All - Ireland semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals will take place in Croke Park across the last weekend of July , with the Leinster ( Galway ) and Munster champions ( Cork ) playing the winners of the two quarter - finals -- Clare and Limerick respectively . Galway v Clare RTÉ Sky Sports 28 July 2018 17 : 00 Semi-final Report Galway 1 - 30 ( 33 ) -- ( 33 ) 1 - 30 ( a.e.t. ) Clare ( HT : 1 - 10 -- 0 - 9 ) ( FT : 1 - 23 -- 0 - 26 ) Gls : C Cooney 1 Pts : J Canning 12 ( 6f , 2 sl ) , C Mannion 4 , David Burke 3 , C Whelan 3 , J Flynn 3 ( 1f ) , J Coen 2 , C Cooney 1 , J Glynn 1 , N Burke 1 Gls : A Shanagher 1 Pts : P Duggan 14 ( 11f ) , J Conlon 4 , S O'Donnell 3 , T Kelly 3 ( 1 sl ) , I Galvin 2 , D Fitzgerald 1 , D Reidy 1 , J McCarthy 1 , C Galvin 1 Croke Park , Dublin Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 54,191 Cork v Limerick RTÉ Sky Sports 29 July 2018 15 : 30 Semi-final Report Cork 2 - 31 ( 37 ) -- ( 41 ) 3 - 32 ( a.e.t. ) Limerick ( HT : 0 - 14 -- 1 - 12 ) ( FT : 1 - 27 -- 1 - 27 ) Gls : P Horgan 1 ( 1f ) , C Lehane 1 Pts : P Horgan 0 - 11 ( 9f ) , D Fitzgibbon 4 , C Lehane 3 , D Kearney 3 , S Kingston 3 , S Harnedy 2 , M Coleman 2 ( 1s / l ) , C Joyce 1 , L Meade 1 , J O'Connor 1 Gls : S Dowling 1 ( 1p ) , C Lynch 1 , P Ryan 1 Pts : A Gillane 13 ( 7f ) , S Dowling 4 ( 1f ) , G Mulcahy 4 , G Hegarty 3 , C Lynch 1 , D O'Donovan 1 , D Byrnes 1 ( 1f ) , S Flanagan 1 , T Morrissey 1 , K Hayes 1 , B Nash 1 , D Reidy 1 Croke Park , Dublin Referee : Paud O'Dwyer ( Carlow ) Attendance : 71,073 Clare v Galway RTÉ Sky Sports 5 August 2018 14 : 00 Semi-final Replay Report Clare 2 - 13 ( 19 ) -- ( 20 ) 1 - 17 Galway ( HT : 0 - 6 -- 1 - 9 ) Gls : P Duggan 1 , S O'Donnell 1 Pts : P Duggan 6 ( 6f ) , I Galvin 2 , T Kelly , P Collins 1 , J Conlon 1 , A Shanagher 1 , S O'Donnell 1 Gls : J Glynn 1 Pts : J Canning 8 ( 4f , 1 sl ) , C Whelan 3 , N Burke 2 , D Burke 2 , C Mannion 1 , C Cooney 1 Semple Stadium , Thurles Referee : Fergal Horgan ( Tipperary ) Attendance : 44,246 All - Ireland final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final Galway v Limerick RTÉ Sky Sports 19 August 2018 15 : 30 All - Ireland Final Report Galway 2 - 18 ( 24 ) -- ( 25 ) 3 - 16 Limerick ( HT : 0 - 9 -- 1 - 10 ) Gls : C Whelan 1 , J Canning 1 ( 1f ) Pts : J Canning 10 ( 5f , 2 ' 65 ' ) , D Burke 3 , J Cooney 3 , P Mannion 1 , N Burke 1 Gls : G Mulcahy 1 , T Morrissey 1 , S Dowling 1 Pts : K Hayes 4 , A Gillane 3 ( 1f ) , G Mulcahy 2 , D Hannon 2 , T Morrisey 1 , D O'Donovan 1 , C Lynch 1 , D Byrnes 1 Croke Park , Dublin Referee : James Owens ( Wexford ) Attendance : 82,000 Championship statistics ( edit ) Top scorers overall ( edit ) Rank Player Club Tally Total Matches Average Peter Duggan Clare 3 - 76 85 8 10.60 Joe Canning Galway 2 - 78 84 8 10.50 T.J. Reid Kilkenny 2 - 63 69 7 9.85 Patrick Horgan Cork 2 - 53 61 6 10.17 5 Jason Forde Tipperary 3 - 39 48 12.00 6 Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 46 46 5 9.20 7 Aaron Gillane Limerick 1 - 37 40 7 5.71 8 Paul Ryan Dublin 3 - 21 30 7.50 9 Shane Dowling Limerick 2 - 24 30 5 6.00 10 Pauric Mahony Waterford 1 - 26 29 9.66 Top scorers in a single game ( edit ) Rank Player County Tally Total Opposition Jason Forde Tipperary 1 - 14 17 Waterford Joe Canning Galway 1 - 12 15 Kilkenny Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 15 15 Tipperary Shane Dowling Limerick 0 - 15 15 Waterford 5 Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 14 14 Galway 6 Patrick Horgan Cork 1 - 11 14 Limerick 7 Joe Canning Galway 1 - 10 13 Limerick Peter Duggan Clare 1 - 10 13 Waterford Peter Duggan Clare 0 - 13 13 Limerick Aaron Gillane Limerick 0 - 13 13 Cork 11 Jason Forde Tipperary 1 - 9 12 Limerick T.J. Reid Kilkenny 1 - 9 12 Galway Shane Dooley Offaly 1 - 9 12 Galway Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 12 12 Dublin T.J. Reid Kilkenny 0 - 12 12 Dublin Rory O'Connor Wexford 0 - 12 12 Galway Joe Canning Galway 0 - 12 12 Wexford Joe Canning Galway 0 - 12 12 Clare Scoring Events ( edit ) Widest winning margin : 24 points Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Carlow 0 - 13 -- 5 - 22 Limerick ( All - Ireland preliminary quarter - final ) Most goals in a match : 7 Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Offaly 2 - 15 -- 5 - 18 Galway ( Leinster round - robin ) Most points in a match : 63 Cork 2 - 31 -- 3 - 32 Limerick ( All - Ireland semi-final , after extra time ) Most goals by one team in a match : 5 Offaly 2 - 9 -- 5 - 24 Wexford ( Leinster round - robin ) Offaly 2 - 15 -- 5 - 18 Galway ( Leinster round - robin ) Carlow 0 - 13 -- 5 - 22 Limerick ( All - Ireland preliminary quarter - final ) Most goals by a losing team : 3 Dublin 3 - 16 -- 1 - 24 Kilkenny ( Leinster round - robin ) Cork 2 - 24 -- 3 - 19 Clare ( Munster final ) Kilkenny 3 - 15 -- 1 - 28 Galway ( Leinster final , replay ) Highest aggregate score : 78 points ( new all - time record ) Cork 2 - 31 -- 3 - 32 Limerick ( All - Ireland semi-final , after extra time ) Lowest aggregate score : 36 points Kilkenny 0 - 18 -- 0 - 18 Galway ( Leinster final , drawn match ) Miscellaneous ( edit ) The Munster round - robin game between Clare and Waterford was the first Munster Championship game to take place at Cusack Park in Ennis since 1997 . The Leinster round - robin game between Galway and Kilkenny at Pearse Stadium in Salthill was Galway 's first home Leinster Championship match . It was the first provincial championship game ( excluding the Connacht championship ) to take place in County Galway since 1965 . Clare 's defeat of Tipperary in the Munster round - robin game was their first victory over the team since 2003 . It is also their first defeat of Tipperary in Thurles since 1928 . Michael `` Brick '' Walsh of Waterford set a new record when he made his 74th championship appearance against Cork on 17 June 2018 . Cork won back - to - back Munster titles for the first time since 2005 / 06 . The Leinster final ended in a draw for the first time since 1993 . The Leinster final was played outside Leinster for the first time . For only the second year in a row , no county from Leinster reached the All - Ireland semi-final stage , with the four spots going to Clare , Cork , Galway and Limerick . ( Galway currently play in the Leinster Championship but are geographically in Connacht . ) Limerick defeated Kilkenny in the championship for the first time since 1973 . Kilkenny failed to win the All - Ireland for the third consecutive year . This is their worst titleless streak since 1994 -- 1999 , when they went six years without an All - Ireland . Limerick achieve victory in the All - Ireland final for the first time since 1973 . Limerick defeated Galway in the All - Ireland final for the very first time . Live hurling on tv ( edit ) RTÉ , the national broadcaster in Ireland , will provide the majority of the live television coverage of the hurling championship in the second year of a five - year deal running from 2017 until 2021 . Sky Sports will also broadcast a number of matches and will have exclusive rights to some games . Live Hurling On TV Schedule Date Fixture & Match Details RTÉ Sky Sports Provincial Championships 13 May Dublin v Kilkenny Leinster Round 1 RTÉ 20 May Limerick v Tipperary Munster Round 1 RTÉ 20 May Cork v Clare Munster Round 1 RTÉ 27 May Tipperary v Cork Munster Round 2 RTÉ 27 May Galway v Kilkenny Leinster Round 3 RTÉ 2 June Wexford v Galway Leinster Round 4 Sky Sports 2 June Cork v Limerick Munster Round 3 Sky Sports 3 June Waterford v Tipperary Munster Round 3 RTÉ 9 June Kilkenny v Wexford Leinster Round 5 Sky Sports 10 June Tipperary v Clare Munster Round 4 RTÉ 17 June Clare v Limerick Munster Round 5 RTÉ 1 July Cork v Clare Munster Final RTÉ 1 July Galway v Kilkenny Leinster Final RTÉ All - Ireland Hurling Championship 14 July Clare v Wexford All - Ireland Quarter - Final RTÉ 15 July Kilkenny v Limerick All - Ireland Quarter - Final RTÉ 28 July Galway v Clare All - Ireland Semi-Final RTÉ Sky Sports 29 July Cork v Limerick All - Ireland Semi-Final RTÉ Sky Sports 19 August Galway v Limerick All - Ireland Final RTÉ Sky Sports Awards ( edit ) Sunday Game Team of the Year The Sunday Game team of the year was picked on 19 August , which was the night of the final . The panel consisting of Brendan Cummins , Jackie Tyrrell , Anthony Daly , Eddie Brennan , Dónal O'Grady , Ken McGrath and Cyril Farrell unanimously selected Galway 's Pádraic Mannion as the Sunday game player of the year . 1 . Eoin Murphy ( Kilkenny ) 2 . Sean Finn ( Limerick ) 3 . Daithi Burke ( Galway ) 4 . Richie English ( Limerick ) 5 . Diarmaid Byrnes ( Limerick ) 6 . Declan Hannon ( Limerick ) 7 . Padraic Mannion ( Galway ) 8 . Darragh Fitzgibbon ( Cork ) 9 . Cian Lynch ( Limerick ) 10 . Peter Duggan ( Clare ) 11 . Joe Canning ( Galway ) 12 . Tom Morrissey ( Limerick ) 13 . Graeme Mulcahy ( Limerick ) 14 . John Conlon ( Clare ) 15 . Seamus Harnedy ( Cork ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sky Sports missed the first 22 minutes of the match because they showed extra time of Meath v Tyrone in the All - Ireland Senior Football Championship instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hurling tiers - 1 . All - Ireland ( Liam McCarthy Cup ) 2 . Joe McDonagh Cup 3 . Christy Ring Cup 4 . Nicky Rackard Cup 5 . Lory Meagher Cup Jump up ^ `` 2018 GAA Championship Draw : Recap '' . RTE Sport. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin v Kilkenny , Cork v Clare among the early standouts in revamped Hurling Championship draw '' . The 42 . 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limerick hang on against Galway to end 45 years of pain '' . RTE Sport. 19 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New green wave ends 45 years of heartache for Limerick '' . Irish Examiner. 20 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the top ten hurling games of 2018 '' . SKY Sports . 20 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hurling 's giddy summer : The Revolution Years mark II '' . RTE Sport. 20 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jamesie O'Connor : A summer of great memories and even greater champions '' . Irish Independent . 26 August 2018 . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Moran , Seán ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` GAA Congress approve round - robin provincial hurling championships '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GAA votes to change senior hurling championship '' . Irish Examiner. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historic day at Croke Park as Congress votes in hurling structure changes '' . RTE Sport. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Provincial finalists kept apart in All - Ireland hurling semi-finals '' . Irish Examiner. 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seats scarce for Clare 's first home Munster SHC game since 1997 '' . RTE Sport. 4 May 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historic day as Galway get to enjoy home comforts '' . Irish Examiner. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 0 - 15 for Duggan as Clare fight back to claim dramatic Munster win and knock out Tipp '' . The 42 . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Late push by Clare slams the trapdoor shut on Tipperary '' . Irish Times . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cork book Munster final place after dramatic late comeback denies Waterford '' . Irish Independent . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kilkenny and Galway to go again after first final draw in 25 years '' . Irish Times . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Semple Stadium to host Leinster hurling final replay '' . RTE Sport. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Limerick 's first win over the Cats in 45 years , Kilkenny show their heart and Cork up next '' . The 42 . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ( ( citeweb url = http://www.the42.ie/galway-limerick-all-ireland-final-4189637-Aug2018/ Jump up ^ `` ' We apologise ' - Sky Sports issues statement on 22 - minute delay showing Kilkenny and Wexford hurling clash - Independent.ie '' . Independent.ie . Archived from the original on 6 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Limerick rule in The Sunday Game team of the year '' . RTE Sport. 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's The Sunday Game 's Hurling Team of the Year for 2018 '' . The 42 . 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Game panel voted unanimously for Pádraic Mannion as their Player of the Year '' . Sportsjoe.ie. 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Quarter - finals Semi-finals Finals Qualification via Connacht via Leinster via Munster via Ulster via the Christy Ring Cup Championships 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics Finalists Hat - tricks Records Top scorers Winning captains Winning managers Winning players Winning teams Miscellaneous All Stars History Hurler of the Year Player of the Month Trophy 2018 GAA season Football Championship Connacht Championship Leinster Championship Munster Championship Ulster Championship All - Ireland Qualifiers All - Ireland All - Ireland Final NFL Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Division 4 Underage All - Ireland Under 20 All - Ireland Minor Early Season FBD League O'Byrne Cup McGrath Cup McKenna Cup Other Club Championship All Stars Seasons Down Ladies All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final League Hurling Championship Leinster Championship Munster Championship All - Ireland Knockout Stage All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final Tiers 2 to 5 Joe McDonagh Cup Christy Ring Cup Nicky Rackard Cup Lory Meagher Cup NHL Division 1A Division 1B Division 2A Division 2B Division 3A Division 3B Underage All - Ireland Under 21 All - Ireland Minor Early Season Walsh Cup Kehoe Cup Munster Senior Hurling League Ulster Championship ( cancelled ) Other Club Championship All Stars Hurling / Shinty International Series Camogie All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final League `` 2017 2019 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship&oldid=856898424 '' Categories : 2018 in hurling All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championships Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 07 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the all ireland hurling final on	[ "2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling ChampionshipChampionship detailsDates\n12 May – 19 August 2018Teams\n12All-Ireland championsWinning team\nLimerick (8th win)Captain\nDeclan HannonManager\nJohn KielyAll-Ireland FinalistsLosing team\nGalwayCaptain\nDavid BurkeManager\nMicheál DonoghueProvincial championsMunster\nCorkLeinster\nGalwayUlster\nNot PlayedConnacht\nNot PlayedChampionship statisticsNo. matches played\n27Top Scorer\n Peter Duggan (3-76)All-Star Team\nSee here\n← 2017 2019 → " ]	[ "12 May – 19 August 2018" ]
-706504127966544137	2017 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament	2017 ACC men 's basketball Tournament - wikipedia 2017 ACC men 's basketball Tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2017 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 ACC Tournament Logo Classification Division I Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 15 Site Barclays Center Brooklyn , New York Champions Duke ( 20th title ) Winning coach Mike Krzyzewski ( 14th title ) MVP Luke Kennard ( Duke ) Television ESPN and ACC Network ACC Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2016 2018 → 2016 -- 17 ACC men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 5 North Carolina 14 -- . 778 33 -- 7 . 825 No. 16 Florida State 12 -- 6 . 667 26 -- 9 . 743 No. 14 Notre Dame 12 -- 6 . 667 26 -- 10 . 722 No. 10 Louisville 12 -- 6 . 667 25 -- 9 . 735 No. 7 Duke † 11 -- 7 . 611 28 -- 9 . 757 No. 24 Virginia 11 -- 7 . 611 23 -- 11 . 676 Virginia Tech 10 -- 8 . 556 22 -- 11 . 667 Miami ( FL ) 10 -- 8 . 556 21 -- 12 . 636 Syracuse 10 -- 8 . 556 19 -- 15 . 559 Wake Forest 9 -- 9 . 500 19 -- 14 . 576 Georgia Tech 8 -- 10 . 444 21 -- 16 . 568 Clemson 6 -- 12 . 333 17 -- 16 . 515 NC State -- 14 . 222 15 -- 17 . 469 Pittsburgh -- 14 . 222 16 -- 17 . 485 Boston College -- 16 . 111 9 -- 23 . 281 † 2017 ACC Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men 's basketball tournament for the Atlantic Coast Conference and was held at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York from March 7 to 11 , 2017 . Duke became the first team in history to win four straight games in the ACC Tournament and received the conference 's automatic bid to the 2017 NCAA Tournament with a 75 -- 69 win over Notre Dame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Bracket 4 Awards and honors 5 See also 6 References Seeds ( edit ) All 15 ACC teams participated in the tournament . The top nine teams receive first - round byes and the top four teams received double - byes to the quarterfinals . Teams were seeded by record within the conference , with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records . Seed School Conference Tiebreaker North Carolina 14 -- 4 Florida State 12 -- 6 2 -- 1 vs. Notre Dame / Louisville Notre Dame 12 -- 6 2 -- 2 vs. Florida State / Louisville Louisville 12 -- 6 1 -- 2 vs. Florida State / Notre Dame 5 Duke 11 -- 7 1 -- 0 vs. Virginia 6 Virginia 11 -- 7 0 -- 1 vs. Duke 7 Virginia Tech 10 -- 8 2 -- 1 vs. Syracuse / Miami 8 Syracuse 10 -- 8 1 -- 1 vs. Virginia Tech / Miami 9 Miami 10 -- 8 1 -- 2 vs. Virginia Tech / Syracuse 10 Wake Forest 9 -- 9 11 Georgia Tech 8 -- 10 12 Clemson 6 -- 12 13 NC State 4 -- 14 1 -- 0 vs Pittsburgh 14 Pittsburgh 4 -- 14 0 -- 1 vs NC State 15 Boston College 2 -- 16 Schedule ( edit ) All games on ACC Network Session Game Time * Matchup Television Attendance First round -- Tuesday , March 7 Opening day noon 12 Clemson 75 vs 13 NC State 61 ESPN2 8,656 2 pm 10 Wake Forest 92 vs 15 Boston College 78 7 pm 11 Georgia Tech 59 vs 14 Pittsburgh 61 ESPNU Second round -- Wednesday , March 8 noon 8 Syracuse 57 vs 9 Miami 62 ESPN 17,732 5 2 pm 5 Duke 79 vs 12 Clemson 72 6 7 pm 7 Virginia Tech 99 vs 10 Wake Forest 90 ESPN2 7 9 pm 6 Virginia 75 vs 14 Pittsburgh 63 Quarterfinals -- Thursday , March 9 8 noon 1 North Carolina 78 vs 9 Miami 53 ESPN 17,732 9 2 pm 4 Louisville 77 vs 5 Duke 81 10 7 pm 2 Florida State 74 vs 7 Virginia Tech 68 11 9 pm 3 Notre Dame 71 vs 6 Virginia 58 Semifinals -- Friday , March 10 5 12 7 pm 1 North Carolina 83 vs 5 Duke 93 ESPN 18,109 13 9 pm 2 Florida State 73 vs 3 Notre Dame 77 Championship -- Saturday , March 11 6 14 9 pm 5 Duke 75 vs 3 Notre Dame 69 ESPN 18,109 * Game times in ET . Rankings denote tournament seed Bracket ( edit ) First round Tuesday , March 7 ESPN2 / ESPNU / ACCN Second round Wednesday , March 8 ESPN / ESPN2 / ACCN Quarterfinals Thursday , March 9 ESPN / ACCN Semifinals Friday , March 10 ESPN / ACCN Championship Saturday , March 11 ESPN / ACCN North Carolina 78 9 Miami 53 8 Syracuse 57 9 Miami 62 North Carolina 83 5 Duke 93 Louisville 77 5 Duke 81 5 Duke 79 12 Clemson 72 12 Clemson 75 13 NC State 61 5 Duke 75 Notre Dame 69 Florida State 74 7 Virginia Tech 68 7 Virginia Tech 99 10 Wake Forest 90 10 Wake Forest 92 15 Boston College 78 Florida State 73 Notre Dame 77 Notre Dame 71 6 Virginia 58 6 Virginia 75 14 Pittsburgh 63 11 Georgia Tech 59 14 Pittsburgh 61 Awards and honors ( edit ) Tournament MVP : Luke Kennard , Duke All - Tournament Teams : First Team Luke Kennard , Duke Jayson Tatum , Duke Bonzie Colson , Notre Dame Matt Farrell , Notre Dame Isaiah Hicks , North Carolina Second Team Grayson Allen , Duke Frank Jackson , Duke Amile Jefferson , Duke Steve Vasturia , Notre Dame Zach LeDay , Virginia Tech See also ( edit ) ACC portal College basketball portal 2017 ACC Women 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.theacc.com/news/blue-devils-duke-out-2017-acc-tournament-title-03-11-2017 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Champions Broadcasters 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_ACC_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837155179 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball season ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in New York City College sports in New York City Sports competitions in New York City Sports in Brooklyn 2017 in sports in New York City Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the acc basketball tournament last year	[ "The 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Atlantic Coast Conference and was held at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York from March 7 to 11, 2017. Duke became the first team in history to win four straight games in the ACC Tournament and received the conference's automatic bid to the 2017 NCAA Tournament with a 75–69 win over Notre Dame." ]	[ "Duke" ]
8360739743634630936	History of the petroleum industry in the United States	History of the Petroleum industry in the United States - wikipedia History of the Petroleum industry in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Natural oil seeps such as this in the McKittrick area of California were used by the Native Americans and later mined by settlers . Replica engine house and derrick at Oil Creek , Pennsylvania History of US Crude Oil Production , 1920 to 2014 Crude oil exports by the United States 1920 to 2017 The first successful oil well in North America was established in Oil Springs , Ontario , Canada in 1858 . The field is still in production although quantities are low . The history of the petroleum industry in the United States goes back to the early 19th century , although the indigenous peoples , like many ancient societies , have used petroleum seeps since prehistoric times ; where found , these seeps signaled the growth of the industry from the earliest discoveries to the more recent . Petroleum became a major industry following the oil discovery at Oil Creek Pennsylvania in 1859 . For much of the 19th and 20th centuries , the US was the largest oil producing country in the world . As of October 2015 , the US was the world 's third - largest producer of crude oil . Contents ( hide ) 1 19th century 1.1 Before the Drake well 1.2 Drake well , Titusville , Pennsylvania 1.3 Appalachian Basin 1.4 Lima - Indiana District 1.5 Mid-Continent 1.5. 1 Oklahoma 1.5. 2 East Texas 1.5. 3 North Louisiana 1.6 California 1.7 Rocky Mountains 1.8 Alaska 2 20th century 2.1 Gulf Coast 2.2 Federal price regulation 3 21st century 3.1 North Dakota 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links 19th century ( edit ) Before the Drake well ( edit ) Native Americans had known of the oil in western Pennsylvania , and had made some use of it for many years before the mid-19th century . Early European explorers noted seeps of oil and natural gas in western Pennsylvania and New York . Interest grew substantially in the mid-1850s as scientists reported on the potential to manufacture kerosene from crude oil , if a sufficiently large oil supply could be found . The Jesuit Relations of 1657 states : As one approaches nearer to the country of the Cats , one finds heavy and thick water , which ignites like brandy , and boils up in bubbles of flame when fire is applied to it . It is , moreover , so oily , that all our Savages use it to anoint and grease their heads and their bodies . Salt was a valuable commodity , and an industry developed near salt springs in the Ohio River Valley , producing salt by evaporating brine from the springs . Salt wells were sunk at the salt springs to increase the supply of brine for evaporation . Some of the wells were hand - dug , but salt producers also learned to drill wells by percussion ( cable tool ) methods . In a number of locations in western Virginia , Ohio , and Kentucky , oil and natural gas came up the wells along with the brine . The oil was mostly a nuisance , but some salt producers saved it and sold it as illuminating oil or medicine . In some locations , enough natural gas was produced to be used as fuel for the salt evaporating pans . Early salt brine wells that produced byproduct oil included the Thorla - McKee Well of Ohio in 1814 , a well near Burkesville , Kentucky , in 1828 , and wells at Burning Springs , West Virginia , by 1836 . The US natural gas industry started in 1821 at Fredonia , Chautauqua County , New York , when William Hart dug a well to a depth of 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) into gas - bearing shale , then drilled a borehole 43 feet ( 13 m ) further , and piped the natural gas to a nearby inn where it was burned for illumination . Soon many gas wells were drilled in the area , and the gas - lit streets of Fredonia became a tourist attraction . Drake well , Titusville , Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1879 retail brochure for various petroleum products Main article : Pennsylvania oil rush On August 28 , 1859 , George Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made the first successful use of a drilling rig on a well drilled especially to produce oil , at a site on Oil Creek near Titusville , Pennsylvania . The Drake partners were encouraged by Benjamin Silliman ( 1779 - 1864 ) , a chemistry professor at Yale , who tested a sample of the oil , and assured them that it could be distilled into useful products such as illuminating oil . The Drake well is often referred to as the `` first '' commercial oil well , although that title is also claimed for wells in Azerbaijan , Ontario , West Virginia , and Poland , among others . However , before the Drake well , oil - producing wells in the United States were wells that were drilled for salt brine , and produced oil and gas only as accidental byproducts . An intended drinking water well at Oil Springs , Ontario found oil in 1858 , a year before the Drake well , but it had not been drilled for oil . Historians have noted that the importance of the Drake well was not in being the first well to produce oil , but in attracting the first great wave of investment in oil drilling , refining , and marketing : `` The importance of the Drake well was in the fact that it caused prompt additional drilling , thus establishing a supply of petroleum in sufficient quantity to support business enterprises of magnitude . Appalachian Basin ( edit ) The success of the Drake well quickly led to oil drilling in other locations in the western Appalachian mountains , where oil was seeping to the surface , or where salt drillers had previously found oil fouling their salt wells . During the American Civil War , the oil - producing region spread over much of western Pennsylvania , up into western New York state , and down the Ohio River valley into the states of Ohio , Kentucky , and the western part of Virginia ( now West Virginia ) . The Appalachian Basin continued to be the leading oil - producing region in the United States through 1904 . The first commercial oil well in New York was drilled in 1865 . New York 's ( and Northwestern Pennsylvania ) crude oil is very high in paraffin . The principal product of the oil in the 19th century was kerosene , which quickly replaced whale oil for illuminating purposes in the United States . Originally dealing in whale oil which was widely used for illumination , Charles Pratt ( 1830 -- 1891 ) of Massachusetts was an early pioneer of the natural oil industry in the United States . He was founder of Astral Oil Works in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn , New York . Pratt 's product later gave rise to the slogan , `` The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil . '' He joined with his protégé Henry H. Rogers to form Charles Pratt and Company in 1867 . Both companies became part of John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil in 1874 . Lima - Indiana District ( edit ) See also : Indiana Gas Boom Mid-continent ( edit ) The Mid-continent area is an area generally including Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas , North Louisiana and the part of Texas away from the Gulf Coast . The first commercially successful oil well drilled in Kansas was the Norman No. 1 near Neodesha , Kansas , on November 28 , 1892 . Corsicana , Texas , 1894 , Texas , plus 44,000,000 barrels ( 7,000,000 m ) McCamey , 1928 , Baker No. 1. , Texas . Oklahoma ( edit ) Oil was discovered at Bartlesville and Burbank in 1897 . But the initial discoveries created no great excitement until the discovery gusher of the Glenn Pool in 1905 . The Glenn discovery came when Gulf Coast production was declining rapidly , and the operators were eager for new areas to drill . The increased drilling resulted in major discoveries at Cushing in 1912 and Healdton in 1913 . Greater Seminole , 1926 , Oklahoma , plus 200,000,000 barrels ( 32,000,000 m ) Oklahoma City , No. 1 Discovery Well , 1928 , Oklahoma . The Mary Sudik No. 1 , `` Wild Mary Sudik '' , gusher did not blow until March 25 , 1930 -- she sprayed an estimated 3,000 barrels ( 480 m ) an hour ( 133 L / s ) for the next 11 days . East Texas ( edit ) The largest oil field in the lower 48 states , the East Texas oil field , was not discovered until 1930 , when wildcatter Columbus Marion Joiner ( more commonly known as `` Dad '' Joiner ) drilled the Daisy Bradford No. 3 well , in Rusk County , Texas . North Louisiana ( edit ) In 1906 , the Caddo - Pine Island Field in northern Caddo Parish , Louisiana was discovered , and a rush of leasing and drilling activity ensued . In 1908 , the first natural gas pipeline was constructed to transport gas from Caddo - Pine Island to Shreveport , Louisiana . This was one of the earliest commercial uses of natural gas , which was commonly viewed as an undesirable by - product of oil production and often `` flared '' or burnt off at the well site . Other innovations in the Caddo - Pine Island Field included the first over-water oil platform , which was constructed in the field on Caddo Lake in 1910 . In that same year , a major oil pipeline was constructed from Caddo - Pine Island Field to a refinery built and operated by Standard Oil Company of Louisiana in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The refinery continues to operate today . Other early petroleum discoveries in North Louisiana included the Bull Bayou Field , Red River Parish , Louisiana ( 1913 ) , Monroe Gas Field , Ouachita Parish , Louisiana ( 1916 ) , Homer Field , Claiborne Parish , Louisiana ( 1919 ) and Haynesville Field , Claiborne Parish , Louisiana ( 1921 ) . California ( edit ) Main article : History of oil in California through 1930 Los Angeles City oil field , 1905 Native Americans had known of the tar seeps in southern California for thousands of years , and used the tar to waterproof their canoes . Spanish settlers also knew of the seeps , such as at Rancho La Brea ( Spanish for Tar Ranch ) in present - day Los Angeles , from which the priests obtained tar to waterproof the roofs of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel missions . Despite the abundance of well - known seeps in southern California , the first commercial oil well in California was drilled in Humboldt County , northern California in 1865 . Some attempts were made in the 1860s to exploit oil deposits under tar seeps in the Ventura Basin of Ventura County and northeastern Los Angeles county . The early efforts failed because of complex geology , and , more importantly , because the refining techniques then available could not manufacture high - quality kerosene from California crude oil , which differed chemically from Pennsylvania crude oil . Most California crude oil in the early years was turned into the less lucrative products of fuel oil and asphalt . Oil production in the Los Angeles Basin started with the discovery of the Brea - Olinda Oil Field in 1880 , and continued with the development of the Los Angeles City Oil Field in 1893 , the Beverly Hills Oil Field in 1900 , the Salt Lake Oil Field in 1902 , and many others . The discovery of the Long Beach Oil Field in 1921 , which proved to be the world 's richest in production per - acre of the time , increased the importance of the Los Angeles Basin as a worldwide oil producer . This increased again with the discovery of the Wilmington Oil Field in 1932 , and the development of the Port of Los Angeles as a means of shipping crude oil overseas . Production in Santa Barbara County began in the 1890s with the development of the Summerland Oil Field , which included the world 's first offshore oil wells . With the discovery of the Orcutt and Lompoc fields , northern Santa Barbara County became a regional center of production ; towns such as Orcutt owe their existence to the quickly growing industry . Oil in the San Joaquin Basin was first discovered at the Coalinga field in 1890 . By 1901 , the San Joaquin Basin was the main oil - producing region of California , and it remains so in the 21st century , with huge oil fields including the Midway - Sunset , Kern River , and Belridge fields producing much of California 's onshore oil . Rocky mountains ( edit ) The first commercial oil well in the Rocky Mountains was drilled near Canon City , Colorado in 1862 . The wells in the Canyon City - Florence field , drilled near surface oil seeps , produced from fractures in the Pierre Shale . Bighorn Basin Denver Basin Green River Basin North Park ( Colorado basin ) Paradox Basin Piceance Basin Powder River Basin Raton Basin San Juan Basin Uinta Basin Alaska ( edit ) A Russian sea captain noted oil seeps along the shore of the Cook Inlet as early as 1853 , and oil drilling began in 1898 in a number of locations along the southern coast of Alaska . Production was relatively small , however , until huge discoveries were made on Alaska 's remote North Slope . Petroleum seeps on the North Slope have been known for many years , and in 1923 , the federal government created US Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 to cover the presumed oil fields beneath the seeps . Some exploration drilling was done in the reserve during World War II and the 1950s , but the remote location deterred intensive exploration until the 1960s . The Prudhoe Bay Oil Field , the largest oil field in the United States in terms of total oil produced , was discovered in 1968 . Production began in 1977 , following completion of the Trans - Alaska Pipeline . Through 2005 , the field has produced 13 billion barrels ( 2.1 × 10 ^ m ) of oil ( an average of 1.5 million barrels / day ) , and is estimated to contain another 2 billion barrels ( 320 × 10 ^ m ) of economically recoverable oil . 20th century ( edit ) Gulf Coast ( edit ) The Lucas gusher at Spindletop Capt . Anthony Francis Lucas , an experienced mining engineer and salt driller , drilled a well to find oil at Spindletop Hill . On the morning of January 10 , 1901 , the little hill south of Beaumont , Texas began to tremble and mud bubbled up over the rotary table . A low rumbling sound came from underground , and then , with a force that shot 6 tons of 4 - inch ( 100 mm ) diameter pipe out over the top of the derrick , knocking off the crown block , the Lucas Gusher roared in and the Spindletop oil field was born . Spindletop became the focus of frenzied drilling ; oil production from the field peaked in 1902 at 17,400,000 barrels ( 2,770,000 m ) , but by 1905 production had declined 90 % from the peak . Spindletop Hill turned out to be the surface expression of an underground salt dome , around which the oil accumulated . The Spindletop gusher started serious oil exploration of the Gulf Coast in Texas and Louisiana , an area that had previously been dismissed by oil men . Other salt dome mounds were quickly drilled , resulting in discoveries at Sour Lake ( 1902 ) , Batson ( 1904 ) and Humble ( 1905 ) . The Standard Oil Company was slow to appreciate the economic potential of the Spindletop oil field , and the Gulf Coast generally , which gave greater opportunity to others ; Spindletop became the birthplace of oil giants Texaco and Gulf Oil . Although in 1899 Standard Oil controlled more than 85 % of the oil production in the older oil regions in the Appalachian Basin and the Lima - Indiana trend , it never controlled more than 10 % of the oil production in the new Gulf Coast province . Federal price regulation ( edit ) By the Natural Gas Act of 1938 , the federal government imposed price controls on natural gas in interstate commerce . The Federal Power Commission was mandated to set interstate gas prices at `` just and reasonable '' rates . The FPC at first only regulated the price at which pipelines sold gas to utilities and industry , but later put limits on the wellhead price of gas sold to an interstate pipeline . Gas producers challenged the controls , but lost in the Supreme Court in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin ( 1954 ) . The federal government had controlled the price of natural gas that crossed state lines , but not of gas produced and sold within a state . In the 1970s , the low interstate price set by the federal government caused supply shortages of gas in consuming states , because gas producers sold as much as they could of their product for higher prices in the local markets within gas - producing states . In the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 , the federal government extended price controls to all natural gas in the country . At the same time , the government created a complex price system in which the price paid to the producer depended on the date the well was drilled , the depth of the well , the geological formation , the distance to other gas wells , and several other factors . The price system was an attempt to keep the average price low while encouraging new production . The last federal price controls on natural gas were removed by the Natural Gas Decontrol Act of 1989 , which phased out the last remaining price control as of 1 January 1993 . 21st century ( edit ) North Dakota ( edit ) As of December , 2012 , North Dakota was producing oil at the rate of 750,000 barrels / day . See also ( edit ) The Seven Sisters Offshore oil and gas in the United States Oil industry Petroleum industry in the United States Petroleum refining in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , International Energy Statistics : Crude oil including lease condensate , accessed 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_43.html Jump up ^ Edgar Wesley Owen ( 1975 ) Trek of the Oil Finders , Tulsa , Okla. : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , p. 9 - 10 . Jump up ^ Guy Clifton Bell , Kentucky Petroleum , Owensboro , Kentucky : Bell Publishing , 1930 , p. 35 - 36 . Jump up ^ Edgar Wesley Owen ( 1975 ) Trek of the Oil Finders , Tulsa , Okla. : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry , 1899 - 1959 , the Age of Energy , Evanston , Ill. : Northwestern Univ . Press , p. 16 . Jump up ^ New York State Oil , Gas and Mineral Reserves , 2001 ; New York State Department of Environmental Conservation , Division of Mineral Resources , Nineteenth Annual Report Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry , 1899 - 1959 , the Age of Energy , Evanston , Ill. : Northwestern Univ . Press , p. 21 - 24 . Jump up ^ James A. Clark and Michael Halbouty ( 1972 ) The Last Boom , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 394 - 48232 - 8 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Oil & Gas Association , `` Louisiana Oil and Gas History '' ; ExxonMobil , `` Baton Rouge Refinery , Fact Sheet '' Jump up ^ Henry G. Hanks , 1884 , Fourth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist , California State Mining Bureau , p. 287 . Jump up ^ W.A. Ver Wiebe ( 1950 ) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields , Wichita , Kans. : W.A. Ver Wiebe , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Gerald T. White ( 1962 ) Formative Years in the Far West , New York : Appleton - Crofts , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , R.J. , Dugan , J.E. , and M.R. Adamson . `` Industrial Activity and Its Socioeconomic Impacts : Oil and Three Coastal California Counties . '' MMS OCS Study 2002 - 049 . Coastal Research Center , Marine Science Institute , University of California , Santa Barbara , California . MMS Cooperative Agreement Number 14 - 35 - 01 - 00 - CA - 31603 . 244 pages ; p. 44ff . Jump up ^ W.A. Ver Wiebe ( 1950 ) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields , Wichita , Kans. : W.A. Ver Wiebe , p. 232 - 236 . Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry , 1899 - 1959 , the Age of Energy , Evanston , Ill. : Northwestern Univ . Press , p. 22 . Jump up ^ W.A. Ver Wiebe ( 1950 ) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields , Wichita , Kans. : W.A. Ver Wiebe , p. 147 - 148 . Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson and others ( 1963 ) The American Petroleum Industry , 1899 - 1959 , the Age of Energy , Evanston , Ill. : Northwestern Univ . Press , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Natural gas rate regulation , Tulsa Law Journal , 1976 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Natural Gas Policy Act , accessed 13 Sept. 2013 . Jump up ^ Price controls Archived 2011 - 07 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 12 Sept. 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/december-north-dakota-oil-production-2012-12 Further reading ( edit ) Nevins , Alan . John D. Rockefeller The Heroic Age Of American Enterprise ( 1940 ) ; 710pp ; favorable scholarly biography ; online External links ( edit ) American Oil and Gas Historical Society Handbook of Texas Online : Oil and gas industry Utah History to Go : The growth of Utah 's petroleum industry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States&oldid=832468433 '' Categories : History of the petroleum industry in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 05 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first oil refinery built in the us	[ "Other innovations in the Caddo-Pine Island Field included the first over-water oil platform, which was constructed in the field on Caddo Lake in 1910. In that same year, a major oil pipeline was constructed from Caddo-Pine Island Field to a refinery built and operated by Standard Oil Company of Louisiana in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The refinery continues to operate today." ]	[ "1910" ]
2346067922609377662	Samsung Galaxy Note series	Samsung Galaxy Note series - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy Note series Jump to : navigation , search `` Samsung Galaxy Note '' redirects here . For the smartphone introduced in 2011 , see Samsung Galaxy Note ( original ) . Samsung Galaxy Note Top : New Logo introduced with the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 Left to right : original , Note II , Note 3 displaying their current software version Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Type Phablet smartphone , Tablet Release date October 29 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) Operating system Android Input Touch screen , Stylus Related articles Samsung Galaxy Samsung Galaxy Note ( stylized as SΛMSUNG Galaxy Note , previously as Samsung GALAXY Note ) is a series of Android - based high - end smartphones and high - end tablets developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics . The line is primarily oriented towards pen computing ; all Galaxy Note models ship with a stylus pen and incorporate a pressure - sensitive Wacom digitizer . All Galaxy Note models also include software features that are oriented towards the stylus and the devices ' large screens , such as note - taking and digital scrapbooking apps , and split - screen multitasking . The Galaxy Note smartphones have been considered the first commercially successful examples of `` phablets '' -- a class of smartphone with large screens that are intended to straddle the functionality of a traditional tablet with that of a phone . Samsung sold over 50 million Galaxy Note devices between September 2011 and October 2013 . 10 million units of the Galaxy Note 3 have been sold within its first 2 months , 30 million were of the Note II , while the original Galaxy Note sold around 10 million units worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Models 1.1 Smartphones 1.1. 1 Galaxy Note 1.1. 2 Galaxy Note II 1.1. 3 Galaxy Note 3 1.1. 4 Galaxy Note 3 Neo 1.1. 5 Galaxy Note 4 1.1. 6 Galaxy Note Edge 1.1. 7 Galaxy Note 5 1.1. 8 Galaxy Note 7 1.1. 9 Galaxy Note FE 1.1. 10 Galaxy Note 8 1.2 Tablets 1.2. 1 Samsung Galaxy Note 1.2. 1.1 Galaxy Note 8.0 1.2. 1.2 Galaxy Note 10.1 1.2. 1.3 Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition 1.2. 2 Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 1.2. 2.1 Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 2 Other Samsung Devices equipped with S - Pen stylus 2.1 Galaxy Tab 3 Comparison 3.1 Phablets 3.2 Tablets 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Models ( edit ) Smartphones ( edit ) Galaxy Note ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note ( original ) At IFA Berlin in 2011 , Samsung announced the original Galaxy Note . While some media outlets questioned the viability of the device due to its 5.3 - inch ( 135 - mm ) screen ( which was , at the time , considered extremely large for a phone ) , the Note received positive reception for its stylus functionality , the speed of its 1.4 GHz dual - core processor , and the advantages of such a large screen size . The Galaxy Note was a commercial success : released October 2011 , Samsung announced in December 2011 , that the Galaxy Note had sold 1 million units in two months . In February 2012 , Samsung debuted a Note version with LTE support , and by August 2012 , the Note had sold 10 million units worldwide . Galaxy Note II ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note II On August 29 , 2012 , at IFA Berlin , Samsung unveiled a successor to the Galaxy Note , the Galaxy Note II . The new model , released September 2012 , featured improvements to the original Note 's hardware ( with a quad - core processor and a larger 5.5 inches ( 140 mm ) display , a revised stylus and an upgraded digitizer with 1,024 levels of pressure sensitivity for more precise pen input , a new hardware design based on that of the Galaxy S III ) , along with new features such as pen gestures , split - screen multitasking , Air View ( which allows previews of content to be displayed by hovering the pen above the screen ) , and other new features also introduced by the S III . Galaxy Note 3 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 3 On September 4 , 2013 , Samsung unveiled the Galaxy Note 3 , which introduced a more `` premium '' design with a plastic leather backing , a 5.7 inch ( 145 mm ) 1080p display , up to 5 minutes of 4K video recording , USB 3.0 connector , and expanded stylus pen functionality . Galaxy Note 3 Neo ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo In January 2014 , Samsung for the first time released a `` downgraded '' version of the Note 3 , the Galaxy Note 3 Neo . It features the S - Pen stylus , 8 MP camera , 5.5 '' Super AMOLED HD 720p display , 16 GB storage , 2 GB RAM as well as all of the Note 3 's software features . For the first time , it has a Samsung Exynos Hexa 5260 ( 6 core ) processor with a quad core 1.3 GHz Cortex A7 CPU and a dual core 1.7 GHz Cortex A15 CPU with support for HMP and a Mali - T624 GPU . Galaxy Note 4 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 4 On September 3 , 2014 , at IFA Berlin , Samsung unveiled a successor to the Galaxy Note 3 , the Galaxy Note 4 . The new model , released October 2014 , introduced a new design with a plastic leather backing and metal frame , a 5.7 - inch ( 145 mm ) QHD display , a 16 MP camera with OIS , improved S - Pen stylus , an upgraded digitizer with 2,048 levels of pressure sensitivity and expanded functionality , fingerprint scanner , and other features taken from the Galaxy S5 . Galaxy Note Edge ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note Edge Alongside the Galaxy Note 4 , Samsung also unveiled the Galaxy Note Edge , which features a display with a curved portion that wraps around the right bezel of the device . The curved area can be used as a sidebar to display news and information tickers , application shortcuts , and other tools . Galaxy Note 5 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 5 The Galaxy Note 5 was announced on 13 August 2015 . It is based upon the specifications and hardware design of the Galaxy S6 , including its metal frame and glass backing , a 5.7 - inch 1440p display , Exynos 7 Octa 7420 system - on - chip , as well as a new spring - loaded stylus slot . As with the S6 and unlike previous Note models , the Note 5 does not offer a user - replaceable battery or expandable storage . The new `` Screen off memo '' feature allows the phone to be awoken directly to a note screen when the stylus is removed , and the camera app allows public and private livestreaming directly to YouTube . Galaxy Note 7 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 7 The Galaxy Note 7 was announced during a press event in New York City on 2 August 2016 . It is largely based on the hardware of the Galaxy S7 , inheriting its processor , camera , and the restoration of IP68 water resistance and expandable storage . It is also Samsung 's first device to feature a USB - C connector . The Galaxy Note 7 's display is curved across the sides of the device , and its stylus features higher degrees of pressure sensitivity and a finer tip . Samsung branded the device as the Note 7 rather than 6 in order to synchronize its branding with the flagship Samsung Galaxy S7 . The Galaxy Note 7 was afflicted by repeated manufacturing problems with their internal batteries , which led to incidents in which they overheated and combusted . After replacement models experienced similar incidents , the Note 7 was officially discontinued on 11 October 2016 , and all devices were recalled globally . Galaxy Note FE ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note FE After the recall of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Samsung decided to release the Note FE as the new Note 7 being released in selected countries on July 7 , 2017 . It comes with a smaller battery than the Note 7 due to safety reasons . Galaxy Note 8 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 8 The Samsung Galaxy Note 8 was announced on 23 August 2017 at a Samsung Unpacked event . It features a 6.3 '' 1440p Super AMOLED Infinity Display , Snapdragon 835 / Exynos 8895 processor ( depending on location ) , an iris scanner , IP68 dust and water resistance , a new dual - lens camera setup with a telephoto lens and support for Samsung DeX . Tablets ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy Note ( edit ) Galaxy Note 8.0 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 At the Mobile World Congress 2013 , Samsung announced the Galaxy Note 8.0 . It has an 8 - inch display and uses a quad - core 1.6 GHz processor and , like the Galaxy Note 10.1 , supports the Samsung S - Pen stylus . Galaxy Note 10.1 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 At the Mobile World Congress 2012 , Samsung announced the Galaxy Note 10.1 , as an alternative to the Galaxy Tab 10.1 . It has a 10.1 - inch display and uses a quad - core 1.4 GHz processor and supports the Samsung S - Pen stylus input as seen on the original Galaxy Note phone . Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition At the 2013 Samsung Unpacked Episode 2 event on Berlin and New York , Samsung announced the successor to the original Galaxy Note 10.1 inch tablet dubbed as the Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition . Like its predecessor , it has a 10.1 inch display and now supports the improved Samsung S - Pen stylus input also seen in the Note III and it copies the design cue of its lower - end sibling the Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 10.1 which sports the unified Samsung design first used on the Samsung Galaxy S4 . Samsung Galaxy Note Pro ( edit ) Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 At the 2014 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas , Samsung announced the first Pro line of tablets which included a bigger Samsung Galaxy Note Pro tablet with a 12.2 inch display and also comes with the same S - Pen stylus the Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition is sporting which is the standard on the Note Series . Its design is similar to the Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition which has the Samsung standard simulated stitched - leather back . Other Samsung devices equipped with S - Pen stylus ( edit ) Galaxy Tab ( edit ) Main article : Samsung Galaxy Tab series Subsequently , released together with the first regular Tab A 8.0 and 9.7 models in 2015 , Samsung released a model of the Tab A 9.7 equipped with an S - Pen stylus making it the first Samsung Galaxy device to be equipped with the Samsung stylus outside of the Note series . Comparison ( edit ) This table is primarily intended to show the differences between the model families of the Galaxy Note series . The list only covers unlocked and international devices . Phablets ( edit ) Galaxy Note / Galaxy Note LTE ( GT - N7000 / 3G ) ( GT - N7005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note II ( GT - N7100 / 3G ) ( GT - N7105 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 ( SM - N9000 / 3G ) ( SM - N9005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 Neo ( SM - N7500 / 3G ) ( SM - N7505 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 4 ( SM - N910G ) Galaxy Note Edge ( SM - N915G ) Galaxy Note 5 ( SM - N920 ) Release date 000000002011 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2011 000000002012 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2012 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2013 000000002014 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2014 000000002015 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2015 Dimensions H 146.9 mm ( 5.78 in ) W 83 mm ( 3.27 in ) D 9.7 mm ( 0.38 in ) H 151.1 mm ( 5.95 in ) W 80.5 mm ( 3.17 in ) D 9.4 mm ( 0.37 in ) H 151.2 mm ( 5.95 in ) W 79.2 mm ( 3.12 in ) D 8.3 mm ( 0.33 in ) H 148.4 mm ( 5.84 in ) W 77.4 mm ( 3.05 in ) D 8.6 mm ( 0.34 in ) H 153.5 mm ( 6.04 in ) W 78.6 mm ( 3.09 in ) D 8.5 mm ( 0.33 in ) H 151.3 mm ( 5.96 in ) W 82.4 mm ( 3.24 in ) D 8.3 mm ( 0.33 in ) H 153.2 mm ( 6.03 in ) W 76.1 mm ( 3.00 in ) D 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) Weight w / battery 178 g ( 6.3 oz ) 180 g ( 6.3 oz ) 168 g ( 5.9 oz ) 163 g ( 5.7 oz ) 176 g ( 6.2 oz ) 174 g ( 6.1 oz ) 171 g ( 6.0 oz ) Android OS 2.3 4.1 4.3 4.4 5.1. 1 Lollipop Upgradable to 4.1 Jelly Bean 4.4. 2 KitKat 5.1. 1 Lollipop 6.0. 1 Marshmallow Display 5.3 - inch HD WXGA ( 800x1280 ) Super AMOLED 5.55 - inch HD 720p ( 720x1280 ) Super AMOLED Plus 5.7 - inch Full HD 1080p ( 1080x1920 ) Super AMOLED 5.5 - inch HD 720p ( 720x1280 ) Super AMOLED 5.7 - inch Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 1440x2560 ) Super AMOLED 5.6 - inch Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 1440x2560 ) Super AMOLED 5.7 - inch Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 1440x2560 ) Super AMOLED SoC Samsung Exynos 4210 Samsung Exynos 4412 Quad Samsung Exynos 5 Octa 5420 ( LTE Cat4 or 6 version ) Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 ( LTE Cat6 version ) Samsung Exynos 5 Quad 5260 Samsung Exynos 5433 ( LTE / LTE - A ) or Snapdragon 805 ( LTE Cat 6 ) Exynos 7 Octa 5433 ( LTE version ) Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 ( LTE+ ) Exynos 7 Octa 7420 CPU 1.4 GHz dual - core ARM Cortex - A9 1.6 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 2.3 GHz quad - core Krait 400 ( 4G / LTE ) or 1.9 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A15 & 1.3 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A7 ( 3G ) 1.3 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A7 & 1.7 GHz dual - core ARM Cortex - A15 1.3 GHz quad - core Cortex - A53 1.9 GHz quad - core Cortex - A57 ( LTE Cat4 model ) , 2.7 GHz quad - core Krait 450 ( LTE Cat6 model ) 2.7 GHz quad - core Krait 450 ( LTE+ version ) 1.3 GHz quad - core Cortex - A53 1.9 GHz quad - core Cortex - A57 GPU ARM Mali - 400MP4 ( 266 MHz ) ARM Mali - 400MP4 ( 400 MHz ) ARM Mali - T628MP6 ( 3G version ) ( 600 MHz ) ARM Mali - T624 ( 400 MHz ) ARM Mali T760 - GPU ( LTE models ) - Adreno 330 ( 450 MHz ) - Mali T760 ( Cat4 / Cat9 version ) Adreno 420 ( Cat6 version ) ARM Mali - TT760MP8 RAM 1 GB 2 GB 3 GB 2 GB 3 GB 4 GB Storage 16 or 32 GB 16 or 32 or 64 GB 16 GB 32 or 64 GB Expandable memory microSD slot ( up to 64 GB ) microSD slot ( up to 128 GB ) ( not expandable ) 2G GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850 / 900 / 1,800 / 1,900 MHz 3G WCDMA / HSPA Yes 4G LTE Optional WiFi 802.11 a / b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac 802.11 a / b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac WLAN Wi - Fi hotspot , Wi - Fi Direct , DLNA Wi - Fi hotspot , Wi - Fi Direct , DLNA ( Cert . not listed ) Wi - Fi hotspot , Wi - Fi Direct , DLNA Bluetooth 3.0 + HS 4.0 + LE Connectivity HDMI support HDMI support NFC - micro USB Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) B port 3.0 ( Via MHL 2 ) Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) B port 2.0 ( Via MHL 2 ) Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) USB OTG Supported Basic Sensors Accelerometer , 3 - axis Gyroscope , Proximity , Ambient Light , Compass , Barometer Additional Sensors - Magnetometer GLONASS Temperature Humidity Gesture Magnetometer GLONASS Magnetometer GLONASS Gesture Geo - magnetic RGB ambient light GLONASS Hall Sensor , Finger Scanner Radio Stereo FM radio with RDS NO ANT+ Support NO YES Rear Camera ( Video Recording ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) 13 MP ( 4K ( 4G version ) ) ( 1080p in 60fps ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) 16 MP Smart OIS ( 4K ( 4G version ) ) ( 1080p HD in 60fps ) ( 720p hd in 120fps ) 16 MP Smart OIS Front Camera 2 MP ( with VGA video recording ) 1.9 MP ( with 720p video recording ) 2 MP ( with 1080p video recording ) 3.7 MP with 1.9 f ( with 1440p HD video recording ) 5 MP ( video 1440p HD ) Battery 2,500 mAh 3,100 mAh 3,200 mAh 3,100 mAh 3,220 mAh 3,000 mAh 3,000 mAh ( not removable ) Galaxy Note / Galaxy Note LTE ( N7000 / 3G ) ( N7005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note II ( N7100 / 3G ) ( N7105 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 ( N9000 / 3G ) ( N9005 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 3 Neo ( N7500 / 3G ) ( N7505 / LTE ) Galaxy Note 4 ( SM - N910G ) Galaxy Note Edge ( SM - N915G ) Galaxy Note 5 ( SM - N920 ) Tablets ( edit ) Galaxy Note 8.0 ( GT - N5100 / N5110 / N5120 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 ( GT - N8000 / N8010 / N8020 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition ( SM - P600 / P601 / P605 ) Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 ( SM - P900 / P905 ) Release date 000000002013 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 2013 000000002012 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2012 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2013 February 2014 Dimensions H 210.8 mm ( 8.30 in ) W 135.9 mm ( 5.35 in ) D 8.1 mm ( 0.32 in ) H 262 mm ( 10.31 in ) W 180 mm ( 7.09 in ) D 8.9 mm ( 0.35 in ) H 243.1 mm ( 9.57 in ) W 171.4 mm ( 6.75 in ) D 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) H 295.6 mm ( 11.64 in ) W 204 mm ( 8.0 in ) D 7.95 mm ( 0.313 in ) Weight w / battery 338 g ( 11.9 oz ) 599 g ( 21.1 oz ) 537 g ( 18.9 oz ) 750 g ( 1.65 lb ) Android OS 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.4. 2 Upgradable to 4.4 KitKat 5.0 Lollipop 5.0. 2 Lollipop Display 8.0 - inch HD WXGA ( 800x1280 ) TFT 10.1 - inch HD WXGA ( 800x1280 ) Super PLS TFT 10.1 - inch HD WQXGA ( 2560x1600 ) Super Clear PLS TFT 12.2 - inch HD WQXGA ( 2560 × 1600 ) TFT SoC Samsung Exynos 4412 Quad Samsung Exynos 5420 ( Wi - Fi & Wi - Fi + 3G ) or Snapdragon 800 ( LTE ) Samsung Exynos 5420 ( Wi - Fi ) or Snapdragon 800 ( LTE ) CPU 1.6 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 1.4 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 2.1 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A57 & 1.5 GHz quad - core ARM Cortex - A53 GPU ARM Mali - 400MP4 ( 400 MHz ) ARM Mali - T628MP6 ( 600 MHz ) Wi - Fi & Wi - Fi + 3G model ARM Mali - T628MP6 ( Wi - Fi model ) GPU ( LTE models ) - Adreno 330 ( 450 MHz ) Adreno 330 Wi - Fi + 4G model RAM 2 GB 3 GB Storage 16 or 32 GB 16 or 32 or 64 GB 32 or 64 GB Expandable memory microSD slot ( up to 64 GB ) microSDXC slot ( up to 128 GB ) 2G GSM / GPRS / EDGE Optional 3G WCDMA / HSPA Optional 4G LTE Optional WiFi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac 802.11 a / b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5 GHz ) WLAN Wi - Fi hotspot , Wi - Fi Direct , DLNA Bluetooth 4.0 + LE Connectivity HDMI support micro USB Standard 5 - pin 2.0 ( Via MHL ) Standard 10 - pin 3.0 ( Via MHL ) USB OTG Supported Basic Sensors Accelerometer , 3 - axis Gyroscope , Proximity , Ambient Light , Compass , Barometer Additional Sensors Magnetometer GLONASS Temperature Humidity Gesture Magnetometer GLONASS Radio NO ANT+ Support YES Rear Camera ( Video Recording ) 5 MP ( 1080p HD ) 8 MP ( 1080p HD ) Front Camera 1.3 MP ( with 720p video recording ) 1.9 MP ( with 720p video recording ) 2 MP ( with 1080p video recording ) Battery 4,600 mAh 7,000 mAh 8,220 mAh 9,500 mAh Galaxy Note 8.0 ( N5100 / N5110 / N5120 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 ( N8000 / N8010 / N8020 ) Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition ( P600 / P601 / P605 ) Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 ( P900 / P905 ) See also ( edit ) Samsung Galaxy S series Samsung Galaxy Tab series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note Android phone '' . PC World Australia . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grabham , Dan ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Hands on : Samsung Galaxy Note review '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung : 10M Galaxy Notes sold in nine months '' . CNET . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mat Smith ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` 1 million Galaxy Notes shipped worldwide , US fans throw money at their screens '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note II review '' . Engadget . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Review : Powerful new Note wields mightier pen skills '' . CNET . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For the new Galaxy Note , USB 3 is the magic number '' . The Verge . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With Galaxy Note Edge , Samsung returns to comfort zone : hardware '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge review : The other side '' . GSM Arena . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Note 5 review '' . Techradar . Future . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung fixes the Galaxy Note 5 's backwards pen problem '' . Engadget . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inserting your S Pen backwards could damage your phone '' . Phonearena. 24 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung on Galaxy Note 5 broken stylus slot : Read the manual '' . The Verge. 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note7 with 5.7 inch Quad HD display , S Pen stylus and iris scanner announced '' . MobiGyaan.com. 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note 7 arrives August 19th with curved display , iris scanner '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Note 7 hands - on : Samsung goes full sci - fi with an iris scanner '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung will announce the Galaxy Note 7 on August 2nd '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung says bad batteries and rushed manufacturing doomed the Galaxy Note 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung says two separate battery issues were to blame for all of its Galaxy Note 7 problems '' . Recode . Vox Media . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Galaxy Note 7 is dead '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung permanently stops Galaxy Note 7 production '' . BBC News . 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Note FE is a Captivating Re-Do That 's Still Worth Considering , Even in 2017 '' . xda - developers . 2017 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note N7000 , GSMArena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note II N7100 , GSMarena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 3 N9000 , GSMarena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo N7500 , GSMarena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 4 , samsung.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note Edge , samsung.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note5 , GSMarena.com ^ Jump up to : https://www.dlna.org/products/ ^ Jump up to : Smart OIS = Optical Image Stabilization + software image stabilisation Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 N5100 , GSMArena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 N8000 , GSMArena.com Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition N8100 , GSMArena.com Jump up ^ `` Android Central '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsung Galaxy Note . Samsung Galaxy Note series Phablets Note ( original ) Note II Note 3 Neo Note 4 Note Edge Note 5 Note 7 FE Note 8 Tablets Note 8.0 Note 10.1 Note 10.1 2014 Note Pro 12.2 Android phablets and tablet computers Phablets Asus Fonepad Dell Streak HTC One Max Huawei Ascend Mate Ascend Mate2 4G Ascend Mate7 Nexus 6P LG G2 G3 G3 Stylus G4 G4 Stylus G5 G6 Gx G Flex G Flex 2 Optimus G Pro G Pro Lite G Pro 2 Optimus Vu II Vu 3 V10 V20 Motorola Nexus 6 Moto X Style Moto X Play Moto Z Moto Z Play Moto G4 Plus Moto M OnePlus One 3T Samsung Galaxy Grand Galaxy Mega Mega 2 Galaxy Note series Original II Neo Edge 5 7 8 Galaxy Round Sony Xperia Z Ultra T2 Ultra C5 Ultra Z5 Premium ZUK ZUK Z1 Tablets Acer Acer Iconia Tab A500 Ainol NOVO7 Amazon Kindle Fire HD HDX Archos Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 6 ) Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 7 ) Archos 43 Archos 70 Archos 101 Asus Eee Pad Transformer ( TF101 ) Eee Pad Transformer Prime ( TF201 ) Transformer Pad ( TF300T ) Transformer Pad Infinity ( TF700T ) Transformer Pad TF701T Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Barnes & Noble Nook Color Nook Tablet Nook HD / HD+ Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook DataWind Aakash Google Pixel C HP Slate 7 HTC Flyer / EVO View 4G Jetstream Nexus 9 Kobo Arc LeapFrog Epic Lenovo IdeaPad series LePad ThinkPad Tablet LG Optimus Pad LTE G Pad 7.0 8.0 8.3 10.1 Motorola Xoom Xyboard Nokia N1 Notion Ink Adam tablet NVIDIA Shield Tablet Pakistan Aeronautical Complex PAC - PAD 1 PAC - PAD Takhti 7 PocketBook IQ 701 A 10 '' Samsung Galaxy Tab series 7.0 7.7 8.9 10.1 Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab 3 7.0 8.0 10.1 Lite 7.0 Galaxy Tab 4 7.0 8.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4 10.1 12.2 Galaxy Tab S S 8.4 S 10.5 S2 8.0 S2 9.7 Galaxy Tab A A 8.0 A 9.7 A 10.1 Galaxy Tab E E 9.6 Galaxy Note series 8.0 10.1 10.1 2014 Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 Nexus 10 Sony Sony Tablet Xperia Tablet Z Z2 Z4 Toshiba Toshiba Thrive ViewSonic G Tablet Android smartphones Other Android devices List of features in Android E-books Formats ePub FictionBook CBR / CBZ Kindle File Format Mobipocket PDF Plain text Reading Devices Amazon Kindle Barnes & Noble Nook Bookeen Elonex ebook enTourage eDGe Hanlin eReader iriver Story Kobo eReader Onyx Boox Plastic Logic Reader PocketBook eReader Rocket eBook SoftBook Smartphones Tablets Tolino Software Adobe Acrobat Adobe Digital Editions Aldiko Blio Bluefire Reader Calibre FBReader Google Play Books iBooks Kindle app Kitabu Kobo Lektz Lucifox Mantano Reader Okular OverDrive Media Console Snapplify STDU Viewer Sumatra PDF Editing ABBYY FineReader AbiWord Adobe InDesign Adobe RoboHelp Atlantis Word Processor Booktype Calibre Calligra Author eXeLearning Help & Manual HelpNDoc iBooks Author iStudio Publisher LaTeX LibreOffice MadCap Flare Oxygen XML Editor PagePlus Pages QuarkXPress Scrivener Sigil Writer2epub Sources Amazon Kindle Store Baen Free Library Barnes & Noble Booktrack Feedbooks Google Play HathiTrust iBooks Store Internet Archive Kobo Bookstore Project Gutenberg Australia Canada Sony Reader Store Smashwords Wikisource Related topics Academic journal publishing reform Braille e-book Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of iOS e-book reader software Comparison of Android e-book reader software E-book lending Electronic publishing iBooks Author Conference International Digital Publishing Forum Kindle single OPDS Reflowable document Semantic publishing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy_Note_series&oldid=804705643 '' Categories : Samsung Galaxy Note series Android ( operating system ) devices Samsung mobile phones Samsung Galaxy Tablet computers Phablets Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski ไทย Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 16 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first samsung galaxy note come out	[ "\nSamsung Galaxy Note\n\n\n\n\n\nTop: New Logo introduced with the Samsung Galaxy Note 5\nLeft to right: original, Note II, Note 3 displaying their current software version\n\n\n\nManufacturer\nSamsung Electronics\n\n\nType\nPhablet smartphone, Tablet\n\n\nRelease date\nOctober 29, 2011; 6 years ago (2011-10-29)\n\n\nOperating system\nAndroid\n\n\nInput\nTouch screen, Stylus\n\n\nRelated articles\nSamsung Galaxy\n\n" ]	[ "October 29, 2011" ]
8383603340527240769	Religion in Australia	Religion in Australia - Wikipedia Religion in Australia Religion in Australia as declared in the census ( 2016 ) Catholic Church ( 22.6 % ) Other Christian ( 16.3 % ) Anglicanism ( 13.3 % ) Islam ( 2.6 % ) Buddhism ( 2.4 % ) Hinduism ( 1.9 % ) Other religions ( 1.7 % ) No religion ( 30.1 % ) Not stated or unclear ( 9.6 % ) St Peter 's Cathedral , Adelaide . Religion in Australia is diverse . Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901 prohibits the Commonwealth government from establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of religion . In an optional question on the 2016 Census , 52.1 % of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity . Historically the percentage was far higher ; now , the religious landscape of Australia is changing and diversifying . In 2016 , 30.1 % of Australians stated `` no religion '' and a further 9.6 % chose not to answer the question . Other faiths include Muslims ( 2.6 % ) , Buddhists ( 2.4 % ) , Hindus ( 1.9 % ) , Sikhs ( 0.5 % ) , and Jews ( 0.4 % ) . Australia 's Aboriginal people developed the animist spirituality of the Dreaming and some of the earliest evidence on earth for religious practices among humans has been found in the archaeological record of their ancestors . Torres Strait Islander religion bore similarities to broader Melanesian spirituality . The general isolation of indigenous Australian religion ended with the arrival of the first British settlers in 1788 , whereafter subsequent immigrants and their descendants have been predominantly Christian . While the Church of England originally held a position of privilege in early colonial Australia , a legal framework guaranteeing religious equality evolved within a few decades . Large numbers of Irish Catholics were transported to Australia through the criminal justice system . British Nonconformist Methodist , Presbyterians , Congregationalists and Baptists set up their own churches in the 19th century , as did Lutherans from Germany . Smaller groups also arrived and established their churches . Jews started arriving in the early 19th century . The Australian gold rushes brought in workers from China and the Pacific islands , as well as specialised workers from British India , such as the mainly Muslim `` Afghan Cameleers '' . While Australia has a strong tradition of secular government , religious organisations have played a significant role in public life . The Protestant and Catholic churches played an integral role in the development of education , health and welfare services . Today , around a quarter of Christians attend church weekly ; around a quarter of all school students attend church - affiliated schools . The Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Indigenous Australian Religion 1.2 Christianity 1.3 Other religions 2 Constitutional status 3 Demographics 3.1 Censuses ' data 3.2 Line and bar charts 4 Indigenous Australian traditions 4.1 Since British settlement 5 Religions 5.1 Abrahamic religions 5.1. 1 Bahá'í Faith 5.1. 2 Christianity 5.1. 3 Islam 5.1. 4 Judaism 5.2 Indian religions 5.2. 1 Buddhism 5.2. 2 Hinduism 5.2. 3 Sikhism 5.2. 4 Jainism 5.3 Paganism 6 Irreligion 6.1 Non-religious 6.2 Atheism 7 Other religions 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Anglicans 11.2 Catholics 11.3 Protestants 12 External links History ( edit ) W.R. Thomas , A South Australian Corroboree , 1864 , Art Gallery of South Australia Indigenous Australian religion ( edit ) At the time of British settlement , the Indigenous Australians had their own religious traditions of the Dreaming ( as Mircea Eliade put it ) `` There is a general belief among the ( indigenous ) Australians that the world , man , and the various animals and plants were created by certain Supernatural beings who afterwards disappeared , either ascending to the sky or entering the earth . '' and ritual systems , with an emphasis on life transitions such as adulthood and death . Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony , Forrest River , Western Australia . Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the Dreaming have been practised for tens of thousands of years . Richard Johnson , Anglican priest and chaplain to the First Fleet Hermannsburg Aboriginal Mission , Northern Territory 19th Century mosque , Bourke , New South Wales Phap Hoa Vietnamese Buddhist Temple , Adelaide , South Australia Pope Benedict XVI arriving at Barangaroo , Sydney for World Youth Day 2008 Prior to European colonisation in 1788 there was contact with Indigenous Australians from people of various faiths . These contacts were with explorers , fishermen and survivors of the numerous shipwrecks . There have been countless artifacts retrieved from these contacts . The Aborigines of Northern Australia ( Arnhem Land ) retain stories , songs and paintings of trade and cultural interaction with boat - people from the north . These people are generally regarded as being from the east Indonesian archipelago . ( See : Macassan contact with Australia . ) There is some evidence of Islamic terms and concepts entering northern Aboriginal culture via this interaction . Centuries before European sailors reached Australia , Christian theologians already speculated whether the region , located on the opposite side of the world from Europe , had human inhabitants and , if so , whether the Antipodes descended from Adam and have been redeemed by Jesus . The prevailing point of view , expressed by St. Augustine of Hippo , was that `` it is too absurd to say that some men might have set sail from this side and , traversing the immense expanse of ocean , have propagated there a race of human beings descended from that one first man . '' A dissenting view , held by the Irish - Austrian St. Vergilius of Salzburg , was `` that beneath the earth there was another world and other men '' ; while not much is known about Vergilius ' views , the Catholic Encyclopedia speculates that he was able to clear himself from accusations of heresy by explaining that the people of the hypothetical Australia were descended from Adam and redeemed by Christ . By the early 18th century , Christian leaders felt that the natives of the little - known Terra Australis Incognita and Hollandia Nova ( still often thought as two distinct land masses ) were in need of conversion to Christianity . In 1724 , a young Jonathan Edwards wrote : And what is peculiarly glorious in it , is the gospelizing the new and before unknown world , that which is so remote , so unknown , where the devil had reigned quietly from the beginning of the world , which is larger -- taking in America , Terra Australis Incognita , Hollandia Nova , ... -- is far greater than the old world . I say , that this new world should all worship the God of Israel , whose worship was then confined to so narrow a land , is wonderful and glorious ! Christianity ( edit ) Christianity came to Australia with the first British settlers on the First Fleet . Of the convicts and settlers most were Catholics ( largely Irish convicts ) and Anglicans and a number of them Methodists . The First Fleet brought tensions to Australia fuelled by historical grievances between Catholics and other Christians , tensions that would continue into the 20th century . The first chaplain , Richard Johnson , a Church of England cleric , was charged by Governor Arthur Phillip with improving `` public morality '' in the colony , but he was also heavily involved in health and education . Christian leaders have remained prominent in health and education in Australia ever since , with over a fifth of students attending church schools at the beginning of the 21st century and a number of the nation 's hospitals , care facilities and charities having been founded by Christian organisations . Though free settlers began to arrive in the late 18th century , it was the gold rush of the 1850s that led to radically increased immigration . The new settlers brought with them their religious traditions , such as Irish Catholicism , Scottish Presbyterianism and English Anglicanism among others . Australian Aborigines suffered a decline during this period as they were dispossessed of their lands and diseases spread among their population . Christian churches organised missions during this period , formally intended to `` civilise '' Aboriginal communities and spread Christianity . The overall consequences of this activity are still disputed , but it contributed to the decline of indigenous languages and beliefs . In Western Australia , the Anglican clergy saw themselves as pioneering a new society . Besides the usual religious roles of leading church building and public worship they took a major part in charity , education and public debate . They attempted to refashion it in their own ecclesiastical image based on English models . The Church of England was disestablished in the colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836 . Drafted by the reformist attorney - general John Plunkett , the act established legal equality for Anglicans , Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists . Freedom of Religion was enshrined in Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901 . By 1901 apart from the indigenous population and the descendants of gold rush migrants , Australian society was predominantly Anglo - Celtic , with 40 % of the population being Anglican , 23 % Catholic , 34 % other Christian and about 1 % professing non-Christian religions . There was a Lutheran population of German descent in South Australia . Other religions ( edit ) There were at least 15 Jews in the First Fleet , 14 convicts and one `` free '' child . Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced to penal transportation to Australia because friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the predominant role of trade unions . Before 1901 , some Muslim sailors and prisoners came to Australia on convict ships . `` Afghan cameleers '' settled in Australia from the 1860s onwards ; a number of them being Sikh . From the 1870s Malay divers were recruited ( with most subsequently repatriated ) . In 1901 , the government passed an act limiting immigration to those of European descent in what came to be known as the White Australia Policy . By effectively limiting the immigration of practitioners of different faiths , this policy ensured that Christianity remained the religion of the overwhelming majority of Australians for the foreseeable future and , indeed , to the present day . The first census in 1911 showed 96 % identified themselves as Christian . The tensions that came with the First Fleet continued into the 1960s : job vacancy advertisements sometimes included the stipulation of `` Protestant preferred '' or that `` Catholics Need Not Apply '' . Nevertheless , Australia elected its first Catholic prime minister , James Scullin , in 1929 and Sir Isaac Isaacs , a Jew , was appointed governor - general in 1930 . Constitutional status ( edit ) The Australian constitution consists of several documents , including the Statute of Westminster and the Australia Act of 1986 , but there is only one reference to religion in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia , signed into law in 1900 . Notably , the constitution does not include a Bill Of Rights and , as a result , Australia 's fundamental law has been criticised for its lack of explicit protection for several rights and freedoms . However , Section 116 of the 1900 Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia ( Australian Constitution ) provides that : The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion , or for imposing any religious observance , or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion , and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth . Technically , this article does not affect the states ' authority to legislate on religion , nor would it block federal legislation on religion aside from that establishing an official religion of Australia . In practice , though , the government respects these rights and contributes to the generally free practice of religion . In 1983 , the High Court of Australia defined religion as a complex of beliefs and practices which point to a set of values and an understanding of the meaning of existence . The ABS 2001 Census Dictionary defines `` No Religion '' as a category of religion which has subcategories such as agnosticism , atheism , Humanism and rationalism . The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( HREOC ) is able to inquire into allegations of discrimination on religious grounds . HREOC 's 1998 addressing the human right to freedom of religion and belief in Australia against article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights stated that despite the legal protections that apply in different jurisdictions , many Australians suffer discrimination on the basis of religious belief or non-belief , including members of both mainstream and non-mainstream religions , and those of no religious persuasion . An example of an HREOC response to such views is the IsmaU project , which examines possible prejudice against Muslims in Australia since the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US , and the Bali bombings . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demography of Australia People who identify as Christian as a percentage of the total population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area , as of the 2011 census A question on religion has been asked in every census taken in Australia , with the voluntary nature of this question having been specifically stated since 1933 . In 1971 , the instruction `` if no religion , write none '' was introduced . This saw a sevenfold increase from the previous census year in the percentage of Australians stating they had no religion . Since 1971 , this percentage has progressively increased to 30.1 % in 2016 . The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS ) 2006 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information : Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities , aged persons ' care and other social services provided by religion - based organisations ; the location of church buildings ; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals , prisons , armed services and universities ; the allocation of time on public radio and other media ; and sociological research . The census question about religion is optional , and asks `` What is the person 's religion ? '' , giving respondents a choice of nine religions , `` Other '' and `` No religion '' . At the 2016 census 9.6 % of people declined to answer , or they did not give a response adequate for interpretation . The religious views of those people are not known , so it is not proper to group them together with people who state that they have no religion -- instead , all the census figures about religion should be treated with corresponding confidence levels . The 2016 census identified that 52.1 % of Australians classify themselves Christian : 22.6 % identifying themselves as Catholic and 13.3 % as Anglican . Another 8.2 % of Australians identify themselves as followers of non-Christian religions . The second - largest classification was the 30.1 % who categorised themselves as having `` No religion '' ; this is most evident amongst younger people , with 39 % of people aged 18 -- 34 choosing that option ( it was 12 % in 1976 ) . As in many Western countries , the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this ; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million , about 7.5 % of the population . According to the time series data released with the 2016 census , the fastest growing religious classifications over the ten years between 2006 and 2016 were : No religion -- up from 18.7 % to 30.1 % Hinduism -- up from 0.7 % to 1.9 % Islam -- up from 1.7 % to 2.6 % Sikhism -- up from 0.1 % to 0.5 % Meanwhile , the greatest decreases were in the major Christian denominations ; all Christian denominations combined decreased from 63.9 % to 52.1 % . Censuses ' data ( edit ) Religious affiliation in Australia according to the censuses 1986 -- 2016 Affiliation 1986 ( ' 000 ) 1986 % 1996 ( ' 000 ) 1996 % 2006 ( ' 000 ) 2006 % 2011 ( ' 000 ) 2011 % 2016 ( ' 000 ) 2016 % 10 Anglican 3,723.4 23.9 3,903.3 22.0 3,718.3 18.7 3,680.0 17.1 3,101.2 13.3 10 Baptist 196.8 1.3 295.2 1.7 316.7 1.6 352.5 1.6 345.1 1.5 10 Catholic Catholic 4,064.4 26.1 4,799.0 27.0 5,126.9 25.8 5,439.2 25.3 5,291.8 22.6 10 Churches of Christ 88.5 0.6 75.0 0.4 54.8 0.3 49.7 0.2 39.6 0.2 10 Jehovah 's Witnesses 66.5 0.4 83.4 0.5 80.9 0.4 85.6 0.4 82.5 0.4 10 Latter Day Saints 35.5 0.2 45.2 0.3 53.1 0.3 59.8 0.3 61.6 0.3 10 Lutheran 208.3 1.3 250.0 1.4 251.1 1.3 251.9 1.2 174 0.7 10 Eastern Orthodox 427.4 2.7 497.3 2.8 544.3 2.7 563.1 2.6 582.8 2.7 10 Pentecostal 107.0 0.7 174.6 1.0 219.6 1.1 238.0 1.1 260.6 1.1 10 Presbyterian and Reformed Churches 560.0 3.6 675.5 3.8 596.7 3.0 599.5 2.8 526.7 2.3 10 Salvation Army 77.8 0.5 74.1 0.4 64.2 0.3 60.2 0.3 48.9 0.2 10 Seventh - day Adventist 48.0 0.3 52.7 0.3 55.3 0.3 63.0 0.3 62.9 0.3 10 Uniting Church 1,182.3 7.6 1,334.9 7.5 1,135.4 5.7 1,065.8 5.0 870.2 3.7 12 Other Christian 596.0 3.8 322.7 1.8 468.6 2.4 642.4 3.0 833.5 3.6 15 Christian total 11,381.9 73.0 12,582.9 70.9 12,685.9 63.9 13,150.6 61.1 12,201.6 52.1 20 Buddhism 80.4 0.5 199.8 1.1 418.8 529.0 2.5 563.7 2.4 20 Hinduism 21.5 0.1 67.3 0.4 148.1 0.7 275.5 1.3 440.3 1.9 20 Sikhism 12.0 < 0.1 26.4 0.1 72.3 0.4 125.9 0.5 20 Islam 109.5 0.7 200.9 1.1 340.4 1.7 476.3 604.2 2.6 20 Judaism 69.1 0.4 79.8 0.4 88.8 0.4 97.3 0.5 91 0.4 20 Other non-Christian 35.7 0.2 56.6 0.3 82.6 0.4 95.9 0.4 95.7 0.4 25 Non-Christian total 316.2 2.0 616.4 3.5 1,105.1 5.6 1,546.3 7.2 1,920.8 8.2 30 No religion 1,977.5 12.7 2,948.9 16.6 3,706.5 18.7 4,796.8 22.3 7,040.7 30.1 20 Jedi No stats 58.0 0.3 65.0 0.3 40 Not stated / Inadequately described 1,926.6 12.3 1,604.8 9.0 2,357.8 11.9 2,014.0 9.4 2,345.5 10 Total 15,602.1 100.0 17,753.0 100.0 19,855.3 100.0 21,507.7 100.0 23,401.4 100.0 Note : Due to rounding , figures may not add up to the totals shown . Line and bar charts ( edit ) Major religious affiliations in Australia by census year Christianity Other No religion Not stated Indigenous Australian traditions ( edit ) Main articles : Indigenous Australians , Australian Aboriginal mythology , and Dreaming ( spirituality ) Illustration of an Aboriginal Corroboree ceremony by William Barak c. 1898 . Prior to British settlement in Australia , the animist beliefs of Australia 's indigenous people had been practised for millennia . In the case of mainland Aboriginal Australians , their spirituality is known as the Dreaming and it places a heavy emphasis on belonging to the land . The collection of stories which it contains shaped Aboriginal law and customs . Aboriginal art , story and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions . In the case of the Torres Strait Islanders who inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea , spirituality and customs reflected their Melanesian origins and dependence on the sea . Indigenous Australians have a complex oral tradition and spiritual values based upon reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreaming . The Dreaming is at once the ancient time of creation and the present day reality of Dreaming . There were a great many different groups , each with their own individual culture , belief structure , and language . These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent , and evolved over time . The Rainbow Serpent is a major dream spirit for Aboriginal people across Australia . The Yowie and Bunyip are other well known dream spirits . At the time of the British settlement , traditional religions were animist and also tended to have elements of ancestor worship . According to the 2001 census , 5,244 persons or less than 0.03 percent of respondents reported practising Aboriginal traditional religions . Aboriginal beliefs and spirituality , even among those Aborigines who identify themselves as members of a traditional organised religion , are intrinsically linked to the land generally and to certain sites of significance in particular . The 1996 census reported that almost 72 percent of Aborigines practised some form of Christianity and 16 percent listed no religion . The 2001 census contained no comparable updated data . Since British settlement ( edit ) Statue of Christian pastor , Aboriginal activist and former Governor of South Australia , Sir Douglas Nicholls European culture and Christianity have had a significant impact on Indigenous Australians . As in many colonial situations the churches both facilitated the loss of Indigenous Australian culture and religion and also facilitated its maintenance . The involvement of Christians in Aboriginal affairs has evolved significantly since 1788 . Around the year 2000 , many churches and church organisations officially apologised for past failures to adequately respect indigenous cultures and address the injustices of the dispossession of indigenous people . In the Torres Strait Islands , the Coming of the Light Festival marks the day the Christian missionaries first arrived on the islands on 1 July 1871 and introduced Christianity to the region . This is a significant festival for Torres Strait Islanders , who are predominantly Christian . Religious and cultural ceremonies are held across Torres Strait and mainland Australia . Prominent Aboriginal activist Noel Pearson , himself raised at a Lutheran mission in Cape York , has written that missions throughout Australia 's colonial history `` provided a haven from the hell of life on the Australian frontier while at the same time facilitating colonisation '' . Prominent Aboriginal Christians have included Pastor David Unaipon , the first Aboriginal author ; Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls , athlete , activist and former Governor of South Australia ; Mum ( Shirl ) Smith , a celebrated Redfern community worker who , assisted by the Sisters of Charity , work to assist Aborigines. ; and former Senator Aden Ridgeway , the first Chairman of the Aboriginal Catholic Ministry . In recent times , Christians such as Fr Ted Kennedy of Redfern , Jesuit human rights lawyer Fr Frank Brennan and the Josephite Sisters have been prominent in working for Aboriginal rights and improvements to standards of living . Religions ( edit ) Abrahamic religions ( edit ) Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) Sydney Bahá'í Temple Main article : Bahá'í Faith in Australia The Bahá'í Faith first arrived in Australia in 1922 , and at less than 0.1 % of the total population , is one of the smaller religious minorities . The Sydney Bahá'í Temple is situated in Ingleside , a northern suburb of Sydney . According to Jennifer Taylor , a historian at Sydney University , it is among Sydney 's four most significant religious buildings constructed in the twentieth century . Dedicated in 1961 , it was also the world 's fourth Bahá'í House of Worship to be completed . The 1996 Australian Census lists Bahá'í membership at just under 9,000 . In 2001 , the second edition of A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services added the Bahá'í Faith to its coverage of religions in Australia and noted that the community had grown to over 11,000 . The Association of Religion Data Archives ( relying on World Christian Encyclopedia ) estimated some 17,700 Bahá'ís in 2005 , and over 19,300 in 2010 . However , census data from 2016 reported a much lower population of only 13,988 . Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in Australia St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney Since the arrival of the first Christian settlers on the First Fleet of British ships in 1788 , Christianity has grown to be the major religion in Australia . Consequently , the Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are public holidays , the skylines of Australian cities and towns are marked by church and cathedral spires and the Christian churches have played an integral role in the development of education , health and welfare services in Australia . The churches with the largest number of members are the Catholic Church , the Anglican Church of Australia and the Uniting Church in Australia . Pentecostal churches are also present with megachurches being found in most states ( for example , Hillsong Church and Paradise Community Church ) . The National Council of Churches in Australia is the main Christian ecumenical body . Christian denominations in Australia Australian interchurch ( show ) Australian Evangelical Alliance website National Council of Churches Catholic and Anglican ( show ) Anglican Church of Australia Roman Catholic Church Holiness and Pietist ( show ) Christian and Missionary Alliance Christian Outreach Centre Church of the Nazarene Salvation Army Seventh - day Adventist Church Historical Protestantism ( show ) Australian Friends Australian Baptist Ministries Open Brethren Christian Reformed Churches of Australia Churches of Christ Fellowship of Congregational Churches Lutheran Church of Australia Presbyterian Church of Australia Uniting Church in Australia Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia Orthodox ( show ) Antiochian Orthodox of Australia and New Z . Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia Serbian Orthodox of Australia and New Z . Non-Chalcedonic Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia Pentecostal and related ( show ) Australian Christian Churches ( AOG ) Christian City Church Intl . CRC Churches International Revival Centres International Vineyard Churches Australia Worldwide Church of God Other ( show ) LDS Church St Vincent 's Hospital , Sydney in the 1900s . The Christian churches have played an integral role in the development and provision of welfare services in Australia . Mary MacKillop became the first Australian to be canonised as a saint of the Catholic Church in 2010 . Presbyterian minister John Flynn , founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service . Catholic primary school at Broken Hill . Australia has an extensive network of Christian schools and around 20 % of children attend Catholic schools . For much of Australian history , the Church of England in Australia , now known as the Anglican Church of Australia , was the largest religious affiliation , however multicultural immigration has contributed to a decline in its relative position , with the Catholic Church benefiting from the opening of post-war Australia to multicultural immigration and becoming the largest group . The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and other congregations associated with non-British cultures have also expanded . In his welcoming address to the Catholic World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney , the Prime Minister of Australia , Kevin Rudd , said that Christianity had been a positive influence on Australia : `` It was the '' ( Christian ) `` church that began first schools for the poor , it was the church that began first hospitals for the poor , it was the church that began first refuges for the poor and these great traditions continue for the future . '' Christian charitable organisations , hospitals and schools have played a prominent role in welfare and education since Colonial times , when First Fleet chaplain Richard Johnson was credited as `` the physician both of soul and body '' during the famine of 1790 , and was charged with general supervision of schools . Today , the Catholic education system is the second biggest sector after government schools , with more than 650,000 students ( and around 21 per cent of all secondary school enrolments ) . The Anglican Church educates around 105,000 students and the Uniting Church has around 48 schools . Smaller denominations , including the Lutheran Church also have a number of schools in Australia . There are two Catholic Universities in Australia , Australian Catholic University opened in 1991 following the amalgamation of four Catholic tertiary institutions in eastern Australia and the University of Notre Dame Australia which is based in Perth . Catholic Social Services Australia 's 63 member organisations help more than a million Australians every year . Anglican organisations work in health , missionary work , social welfare and communications ; and the Uniting Church does extensive community work , in aged care , hospitals , nursing , family support services , youth services and with the homeless , and especially throughout inland Australia . Christian charities such as the Saint Vincent de Paul Society , the Salvation Army , Anglicare , and Youth Off the Streets receive considerable national support . Religious orders founded many of Australia 's hospitals , such as St Vincent 's Hospital , Sydney , which was opened as a free hospital in 1857 by the Sisters of Charity and is now Australia 's largest not - for - profit health provider and has trained prominent Australian surgeons such as Victor Chang . Notable Australian Christians have included : Mary MacKillop -- educator , founder of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart and the first Australian to be recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church ; David Unaipon -- an Aboriginal writer , inventor and Christian preacher currently featured on the Australian $50 note ; Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne -- a controversial voice against Conscription during World War I and against British policy in Ireland ; the Reverend John Flynn -- founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service , currently featured on the Australian $20 note ; and Sir Douglas Nicholls -- Aboriginal rights activist , athlete , pastor and former Governor of South Australia . Sectarianism in Australia tended to reflect the political inheritance of Britain and Ireland . Until 1945 , the vast majority of Catholics in Australia were of Irish descent , causing the British majority to question their loyalty to the British Empire . The first Catholic priests arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 , but the Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and no further priests were allowed in the colony until 1820 , when London sent John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly . In 1901 , the Australian Constitution guaranteed Separation of Church and State . A notable period of sectarianism re-emerged during the First World War and the 1916 Easter Uprising in Ireland , but the significance of sectarian division declined dramatically after World War II . There was a growth in non-religious adherence , but also a diversification of Christian churches ( especially the growth of Greek , Macedonian , Serbian and Russian Orthodox churches ) , together with an increase in ecumenism among Christians , through organisations such as the National Council of Churches in Australia . One of the most visible signs of the historical importance of Christianity to Australia is the prominence of churches in most Australian towns and cities . Among Australia 's oldest are Ebenezer Chapel , and the Anglican St Matthew 's , Windsor , St Luke 's , Liverpool , St Peter 's , Campbelltown and St James Church , Sydney , built between 1819 and 1824 by Governor Macquarie 's architect , Francis Greenway . St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney was built to a design by William Wardell from a foundation stone laid in 1868 , the spires of the cathedral were not finally added until the year 2000 . Wardell also worked on the design of St Patrick 's Cathedral , Melbourne -- among the finest examples of ecclesiastical architecture in Australia . The Anglican St Paul 's Cathedral , Melbourne in the iconic hub of the city opposite Flinders Street Station . Adelaide is known as the `` City of Churches '' , but churches extend far into the Australian Outback , as at the historic Lutheran Mission Chapel at Hermannsburg , Northern Territory . Along with community attitudes to religion , church architecture changed significantly during the 20th century . Urban churches , such as the Wayside Chapel ( 1964 ) in Sydney , differed markedly from traditional ecclesiastical designs . In the later 20th century , distinctly Australian approaches were applied at places such as Jambaroo Benedictine Abbey , where natural materials were chosen to `` harmonise with the local environment '' and the chapel sanctuary is of glass overlooking rainforest . Similar design principles were applied at Thredbo Ecumenical Chapel built in the Snowy Mountains in 1996 . The Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are national public holidays in Australia . Christmas , which recalls the birth of Jesus Christ , is celebrated on 25 December during the Australian summer ( although on 7 January by some Eastern Orthodox ) and is an important cultural festival even for many non-religious Australians . The European traditions of Christmas trees , roast dinners , carols and gift giving are all continued in Australia , but they might be conducted between visits to the beach , and Santa Claus is said in song to be drawn on his sleigh by six white boomer kangaroos . Here are some Christian denominations with Australian articles : Anglican Church of Australia ( formerly the Church of England in Australia ) Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia Australian Christian Churches ( formerly the Assemblies of God in Australia ) Australian Union Conference of Seventh - day Adventists Baptist Union of Australia Christian City Churches , started in Australia Churches of Christ in Australia The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Australia Fellowship of Congregational Churches , Australian only Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia CRC Churches International Lutheran Church of Australia Presbyterian Church of Australia Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia Presbyterian Reformed Church ( Australia ) Catholic Church in Australia Uniting Church in Australia Two by Twos Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Australia Grave of Afghan camel driver Zeriph Khan ( 1871 -- 1903 ) at Bourke Cemetery , New South Wales Australia . Muslims from British India formed some of Australia 's earliest Islamic communities . Auburn Gallipoli Mosque was built in the classical Ottoman style by Sydney 's Turkish Muslim community . Rugby League player Hazem El Masri , is a member of Australia 's large Lebanese - Australian Muslim community . The first contacts that Islam had with Australia was when Muslim fishermen native to Makassar , which is today a part of Indonesia , visited North - Western Australia long before British settlement in 1788 . This contact of South East Asian ethnic groups of Islamic faith can be identified from the graves they dug for their comrades who died on the journey , being that they face Mecca ( in Arabia ) , in accordance with Islamic regulations concerning burial , as well as evidence from Aboriginal cave paintings and religious ceremonies which depict and incorporate the adoption of Makassan canoe designs and words . In later history , throughout the 19th century following British settlement , other Muslims came to Australia including the Muslim ' Afghan ' cameleers , who used their camels to transport goods and people through the otherwise unnavigable desert and pioneered a network of camel tracks that later became roads across the Outback . Australia 's first mosque was built for them at Marree , South Australia in 1861 . Between the 1860s and 1920s around 2000 cameleers were brought from Afghanistan and the north west of British India ( now Pakistan ) and perhaps 100 families remained in Australia . Other outback mosques were established at places like Coolgardie , Cloncurry , and Broken Hill -- and more permanent mosques in Adelaide , Perth and later Brisbane . A legacy of this pioneer era is the presence of wild camels in Outback and the oldest Islamic structure in the southern hemisphere , at Central Adelaide Mosque . Nonetheless , despite their significant role in Australia prior to the establishment of rail and road networks , the formulation of the White Australia policy at the time of Federation made immigration difficult for the ' Afghans ' and their memory slowly faded during the 20th century , until a revival of interest began in the 1980s . Successive Australian governments dismantled the White Australia Policy in the Post-WW2 period . From the 1970s onwards , under the leadership of Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser , Australia began to pursue multiculturalism . Australia in the later 20th century became a refuge for many Muslims fleeing conflicts including those in Lebanon , the former Yugoslavia , Iraq , Iran , Sudan and Afghanistan . General immigration , combined with religious conversion to Islam by Christians and other Australians , as well as Australia 's participation in UN refugee efforts has increased the overall Muslim population . Around 36 % of Muslims are Australian born . Overseas born Muslims come from a great variety of nations and ethnic groups -- with large Lebanese and Turkish communities . Following the 11 September attacks , associations drawn between the political ideology of Osama Bin Laden and the religion of Islam have stirred debate in some quarters in Australia regarding Islam 's relationship with the wider community -- with some advocating greater emphasis on assimilation , and others supporting renewed commitment to diversity . The deaths of Australians in bombings by militant Islamic fundamentalists in New York in 2001 , Bali in 2002 -- 5 and London in 2005 ; as well as the sending of Australian troops to East Timor in 1999 , Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 ; the arrest of bomb plotters in Australia ; and concerns about certain cultural practices such as the wearing of the Burkha have all contributed to a degree of tension in recent times A series of comments by a senior Sydney cleric , Sheikh Taj El - Din Hilaly also stirred controversy , particularly his remarks regarding `` female modesty '' following an incident of gang rape in Sydney Australians were among the targets of Islamic Fundamentalists in the Bali bombings in Indonesia and attack on Australian Embassy in Jakarta and the South East Asian militant group Jemaah Islamiyah has been of particular concern to Australians . The Australian government 's mandatory detention processing system for asylum seekers became increasingly controversial after the 11 September attacks . A significant proportion of recent Asylum seekers arriving by boat have been Muslims fleeing the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and elsewhere . Some Islamic leaders and social commentators claim that Islam has suffered from unfair stereotyping Violence and intimidation was directed against Muslims and people of Middle Eastern appearance during southern Sydney 's Cronulla riots in 2005 . In 2005 , the Howard Government established the Muslim Community Reference Group to advise on Muslim community issues for one year , chaired by Ameer Ali . Inter-faith dialogues were also established by Christian and Muslim groups such as The Australian Federation of Islamic Councils and the National Council of Churches in Australia . Australia and Indonesia co-operated closely following the Bali - bombings , not only in law - enforcement but in improving education and cross-cultural understanding , leading to a marked improvement in relations . After a series of controversies , Sheikh Taj El - Din Hilaly retired as Grand mufti of Australia in 2007 and was replaced by Fehmi Naji El - Imam AM . Today , over 370,000 people in Australia identify as Muslim , with diverse communities concentrated mainly in Sydney and Melbourne . More than half are non-practising cultural Muslims . Since the 1970s Islamic schools have been established as well as more than 100 mosques and prayer centres . Many notable Muslim places of worship are to be found in large Australian cities , including the Central Adelaide Mosque , which was constructed during the 1880s ; and Sydney 's Classical Ottoman style Auburn Gallipoli Mosque , which was largely funded by the Turkish community and the name of which recalls the shared heritage of the foundation of modern Turkey and the story of the ANZACs . 1,140 people identified as Aboriginal Muslims in the 2011 census , almost double the number recorded in the 2001 census . Notable Australian Muslims include boxer Anthony Mundine ; community worker and rugby league star Hazem El Masri ; cricketer Usman Khawaja and academic Waleed Aly . In 2013 , Labor MP Ed Husic became Australia 's first Muslim member of Cabinet , briefly serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister and for Broadband in the short lived Second Rudd Government . Judaism ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jews in Australia The Great Synagogue , Sydney . Sir Isaac Isaacs was the first Australian born Governor General of Australia and was the first Jewish vice-regal representative in the British Empire . At least eight Jewish convicts are believed to have been transported to Sydney aboard the First Fleet in 1788 , when the first British settlement was established on the continent . An estimated 110,000 Jews currently live in Australia , the majority being Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern European descent , with many being refugees and Holocaust survivors who arrived during and after World War II . The Jewish population has increased slightly in recent times due to immigration from South Africa and the former Soviet Union . The largest Jewish community in Australia is in Melbourne , with about 60,000 , followed by Sydney with about 45,000 members . Smaller communities are dispersed among the other state capitals . Following the conclusion of the British colonial period , Jews have enjoyed formal equality before the law in Australia and have not been subject to civil disabilities or other forms of state - sponsored anti-Semitism which exclude them from full participation in public life . Sydney 's gothic design Great Synagogue , consecrated in 1878 , is a notable place of Jewish worship in Australia . Notable Australian Jews have included the Sir John Monash , the notable World War I general who opened the Maccabean Hall in Sydney in 1923 to commemorate Jews who fought and died in the First World War and who is currently featured on the Australian $100 note ; and Sir Isaac Isaacs who became the first Australian born governor general in 1930 . Sir Zelman Cowen also served as Governor - General , between 1977 and 1982 . The Sydney Jewish Museum opened in 1992 to commemorate the Holocaust `` challenge visitors ' perceptions of democracy , morality , social justice and human rights '' . Until the 1930s , all synagogues in Australia were nominally Orthodox , with most acknowledging leadership of the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom . To this day the vast majority of synagogues in Australia are Orthodox . However , there is a wide range of Orthodox congregations , including Mizrachi , Chabad and Adass Israel congregations . There are also Sephardi congregations . There had been short - lived efforts to establish Reform congregations as early as the 1890s . However , under the leadership of Ada Phillips , a sustained liberal congregation , Temple Beth Israel , was established in Melbourne . Subsequently , another synagogue linked to the United States Reform Movement , Temple Emanuel , was established in Sydney . Following these two congregations , a number of other Liberal synagogues have been founded in other cities . Since 1992 Conservative ( Masorti ) services have been held as an alternative service usually in the Neuweg , the smaller second synagogue within Temple Emanuel , Woollahra , Sydney . In 1999 , Kehilat Nitzan , Melbourne 's first Conservative ( Masorti ) congregation was established , with foundation president John Rosenberg . The congregation appointed its first rabbi , Ehud Bandel in 2006 . In 2010 Beit Knesset Shalom became Brisbane 's first Conservative ( Masorti ) synagogue . In 2012 , the first humanistic Jewish congregation , known as Kehilat Kolenu , was established in Melbourne with links to the cultural Jewish youth movement Habonim Dror . Later in 2012 , a similar congregation was established in Sydney , known as Ayelet HaShachar . The services are loosely based on the Humanistic Jewish movement in the United States and the musical - prayer group Nava Tehila in Israel . Indian religions ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhism in Australia Nan Tien Temple of Fo Guang Shan Chinese Buddhism , in Wollongong . Buddhists began arriving in Australia in significant numbers during the goldrush of the 1850s with an influx of Chinese miners . However , the population remained low until the 1960s . Buddhism is now one of the fastest growing religions in Australia . Immigration from Asia has contributed to this , but some people of non-Asian origin have also converted . The three main traditions of Buddhism -- Theravada , East Asian and Tibetan -- are now represented in Australia . According to the 2016 census , Buddhism has 563,700 adherents , or 2.4 % of the total population . Buddhist temples can be very active . Quang Minh temple in Braybrook , Melbourne , Victoria gets about 2,000 people through every Sunday and gives a free vegetarian meal to about 600 people . For important events , more than 20,000 people come . Even more come to the Nan Tien Temple , or `` Southern Paradise Temple '' , in Wollongong , New South Wales , began construction in the early 1990s , adopting the Chinese palace building style and is now the largest Buddhist temple in the Southern Hemisphere . The temple follows the Venerable Master Hsing Yun of the Fo Guang Shan Buddhist order . Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : Hinduism in Australia Shiva Vishnu Temple in Melbourne . Hindus number 440,300 according to the 2016 census , making Hinduism the fifth largest and the second fastest growing religion in Australia ( 12.0 % per year since 2011 ) . In the 19th century , Hindus first came to Australia to work on cotton and sugar plantations . Many who remained worked in small business , as camel drivers , merchants and hawkers , selling goods between small rural communities . Their population increased dramatically from the 1960s and 1970s and more than doubled between the 1996 and 2006 census to around 148,000 people . Most were migrants from countries such as Fiji , India , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , Singapore and South Africa . At present many Hindus are well - educated professionals in fields such as medicine , engineering , commerce and information technology . Among Australia 's best - known Hindus is the singer Kamahl . There are around forty - three Hindu temples in Australia , the Sri Mandir Temple in Auburn , Sydney , being the first temple . It was established in 1977 to meet the needs of the growing Hindu community . Sikhism ( edit ) Sri Guru Singh Sabha Gurudwara ( Temple ) , Glenwood , New South Wales . Main article : Sikhism in Australia Sikhism is currently the fastest growing religion in Australia . According to census data , Australia 's Sikh population grew from 72,000 to 126,000 between 2011 and 2016 , an average growth rate of 14.8 % per year . Around 42 % of Australia 's Sikhs live in the state of Victoria . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism in Australia Jainism is currently the fourth fastest growing religion in Australia , recording 4,050 adherents in 2016 and growing an average of 7.7 % per year . The overwhelming majority ( 94.7 % ) of Jains live inside the state capitals , primarily Sydney , Melbourne and Perth . Paganism ( edit ) Main article : Paganism in Australia Alexandrian Wiccans and Gardnerian Wiccans arrived in Australia from England and the United States around the late 1960s . In the 2011 census , 32,083 Australians identified their religion as a Pagan religion including 8,413 people who identified their religion as Wicca or Witchcraft . Irreligion ( edit ) Main article : Irreligion in Australia Non-religious ( edit ) Australia is one of the least religious nations in the developed world , with religion not described as a central part in many people 's lives . This view is prominent among Australia 's youth , who were ranked as the least religious worldwide in a 2008 survey conducted by The Christian Science Monitor . In the 2016 census , the ABS categorised 7,040,700 Australians ( 30.1 % ) as having no religion , up from 4,796,800 ( 22.3 % ) in 2011 . This category includes agnosticism , atheism , humanism , rationalism , and people who are unaffiliated with any particular religion . Atheism ( edit ) While people with no religion are more than 30 % of the Australian population , the Australian Bureau of Statistics does not provide information in the annual `` 1301.0 -- Year Book Australia '' on religious affiliation as to how many people fall into each sub-category . Data on religious affiliation is only collected by the ABS at the five yearly population census . Atheist interests in Australia are represented nationally by the Atheist Foundation of Australia . Humanist interests in Australia are represented nationally by the Council of Australian Humanist Societies . Rationalist interests in Australia are represented nationally by the Rationalist Society of Australia . The Global Atheist Convention , a prominent atheist event , has been held in Melbourne . Other religions ( edit ) The 2006 census shows 53 listed groups down to 5000 members , most of them Christian denominations , many of them national versions such as Greek , Serbian Orthodox and Assyrian Orthodox . Of the smaller religions , Pagan religions 29,328 , Bahá'í at 12,000 , Humanism about 7000 . Between 1000 and 5000 , are the following religions -- Taoist , Druse , Satanism , Zoroastrian , Rationalism , Creativity , Theosophy , Jainism . There are also adherents of Tenrikyo , Shinto , Unitarian Universalism , Eckankar , Cao Dai , Rastafarianism , Pantheism , Scientology and Raelianism . In general , non-Christian religions and those with no religion have been growing in proportion to the overall population . With fewer classifications , data from 1996 and 2001 showed Aboriginal religion decreasing from 7000 to 5000 while Bahá'í grew from just under 9000 to over 11,000 and the rest of the `` Other '' category growing from about 69,000 to about 92,000 . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Religion portal Freedom of religion in Australia A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Section 116 states that `` The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion , or for imposing any religious observance , or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion , and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth . '' Jump up ^ Prior to 1971 , people describing themselves as more than 50 % Aboriginal were excluded from counts of the population . In the 1933 Census the public was specifically informed there was no legal obligation to answer the question on religion . ' Not stated ' responses jumped at this point . In 1971 , the instruction ' If no religion , write none ' was introduced to the Census . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Census of Population and Housing : Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census , 2016 : Religion in Australia '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Archived from the original on 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cultural diversity in Australia '' . 2071.0 -- Reflecting a Nation : Stories from the 2011 Census , 2012 -- 2013 . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 21 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Meredith Lake , `` Provincialising God : Anglicanism , Place , and the Colonisation of Australian Land . '' Journal of Religious History 35.1 ( 2011 ) : 72 - 90 . Jump up ^ Babette Smith , The Luck of the Irish : How a Shipload of Convicts Survived the Wreck of the Hive to Make a New Life in Australia ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Robert Humphreys , and Rowland S. Ward , Religious bodies in Australia : a comprehensive guide ( New Melbourne Press , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Hartmut Lehmann , `` South Australian German Lutherans in the second half of the nineteenth century : A case of rejected assimilation ? . '' Journal of Intercultural Studies 2.2 ( 1981 ) : 24 - 42 . Jump up ^ Shurlee Swain , `` Do you want religion with that ? Welfare history in a secular age . '' History Australia 2.3 ( 2005 ) : 79 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rodney Sullivan , `` The Queensland Irish Association : Origins and consolidation , 1898 - 1908 . '' Queensland History Journal 22.5 ( 2014 ) : 401 . Jump up ^ Debbie Schipp . `` Faith in the spotlight as Australians tipped to lose their religion '' June 6 , 2016 ; news.com.au Jump up ^ See Australian government , `` Public holidays '' Jump up ^ Eliade , M. , Australian Religions : An Introduction , Oxford University Press , London , 1973 ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0729 - X , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Berndt , R.M. , Australian Aboriginal Religion , E.J. Brill , Leiden , 1974 ISBN 90 - 04 - 03861 - 2 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal painting `` Coming of the Macassan traders '' `` . Cs.nga.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Article about Islam in Australia Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . from Connecticut College Jump up ^ A History of Islam in Australia from islamfortoday.com Jump up ^ Saint Augustine , De Civitate Dei , xvi , 9 . Quoted from Catholic Encyclopedia : Antipodes . Jump up ^ ABC Boyer Lectures , 2004 . Lecture 1 : Antipodes Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Antipodes . There is also an article on JSTOR : John Carey , `` Ireland and the Antipodes : The Heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg '' . Speculum , Vol. 64 , No. 1 ( January 1989 ) , pp. 1 -- 10 Jump up ^ Jonathan Edwards , Sermons and Discourses 1720 -- 1723 , ed . Wilson H. Kimnach , The Works of Jonathan Edwards , vol. 10 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1992 ) , p. 279 . Quoted from http://rspas.anu.edu.au/pah/TransTasman/papers/Piggin_Stuart.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Marrying Out -- Part One : Not in Front of the Altar '' . Hindsight . ABC Radio National . 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ On Anglican history see B. Kaye , ed. , Anglicanism in Australia : a History ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2002 ) ; D. Hilliard , Godliness and Good Order : A History of the Anglican Church in South Australia ( Adelaide : Wakefield Press , 1986 ) ; S. Judd and K.J. Cable , Sydney Anglicans : A History of the Diocese ( Sydney : Anglican Information Office , 1987 ) ; B. Porter , ed. , Melbourne Anglicans : The Diocese of Melbourne 1847 -- 1978 ( Melbourne : Mitre Books , 1997 ) ; T. Frame , A Church for the Nation : a History of the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn ( Sydney : Hale & Iremonger , 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : K.J. Cable . `` Biography -- Richard Johnson -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 4102.0 -- Australian Social Trends , 2006 '' . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rowan Strong , `` The Colonial Religion of the Anglican Clergy : Western Australia 1830 to c. 1870 '' , Journal of Religious History ( 2014 ) 38 # 1 pp. 91 -- 114 . Jump up ^ T.L. Sutter . `` Biography -- John Hubert Plunkett -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` JewishHistoryAustralia.net '' . JewishHistoryAustralia.net . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Davis , Graham ( 2011 ) . In Search of a Better Life : British and Irish Migration . The History Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780752474601 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in Religious Affiliation 2006 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Jump up ^ `` Fast facts -- James Scullin -- Fast facts -- Australia 's Prime Ministers '' . Primeministers.naa.gov.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Cowen , Zelman . `` Biography -- Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Article 18 Freedom of religion and belief '' . Hreoc.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Executive Summary : Isma -- Listen Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/lookup/2903.0main%20features162011/$file/SAMPLE_PRINT_VERSION_F1.pdf Jump up ^ NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance , National Church Life Survey , Media release , 28 February 2004 . 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Jump up ^ `` Indigenous and non-Indigenous reconciliation for the wellbeing of the Australian nation -- Reconciliation Australia '' . Reconciliation.org.au . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torres Strait Regional Authority '' . Tsra.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Noel ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Contradictions cloud the apology to the Stolen Generations '' . The Australian . ^ Jump up to : `` Aboriginal Involvement with the Church '' . Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au . Archived from the original on 22 April 2002 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A father to the poor and dispossessed '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 19 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Father Frank Brennan AO -- Chair '' . 152.91. 15.57 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia '' . Sosj.org.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` SBS Census Explorer '' . SBS Online . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rafati , V. ; Sahba , F. ( 1996 ) . `` BAHAISM ix . Bahai Temples '' . In Yarshater , Ehsan . Encyclopaedia Iranica. 3 ( Online ed . ) . New York . pp. 465 -- 467 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Sydney staff writer . `` Baha'i House of Worship '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Practical Reference for Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services : 2nd Ed '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 June 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most Baha'i Nations ( 2005 ) '' . QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > . The Association of Religion Data Archives . 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most Baha'i Nations ( 2010 ) '' . QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > . The Association of Religion Data Archives . 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Mass underway '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived 6 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary -- sth.stvincents.com.au '' . Exwwwsvh.stvincents.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ A list of Influential Australian Christians , 2011 , retrieved 4 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` Beginnings Saint Mary MacKillop '' . Marymackillop.org.au . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Philip . `` Biography -- David Unaipon -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , James . `` Biography -- Daniel Mannix -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bucknall , Graeme . `` Biography -- John Flynn -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Civics Sir Douglas Nicholls '' . Curriculum.edu.au. 14 June 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Catholic Community in Australia '' . Catholic Australia . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCCA Story '' . Ncca.org.au . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage branch NSW Environment & Heritage '' . Heritage.nsw.gov.au. 2013 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ D.I. McDonald . `` Biography -- William Wilkinson Wardell -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adb.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Benedictine Abbey , Jamberoo , New South Wales , Australia '' . Jamberooabbey.org.au . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thredbo Chapel -- Thredbo Ecumenical Church '' . Thredboweddings.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cabinet , Department of the Prime Minister and . `` Christmas season celebrations in Australia australia.gov.au '' . www.australia.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morissey et al. ( 1993 , 2001 ) , Living Religion , Pearson Education Australia Pty Ltd , ( Malaysia ) . Jump up ^ Hussein Abdulwahid Ameen , ' Muslims in Our Near North ' , http://www.islamfortoday.com/australia03.htm#nearnorth , ( viewed ) 7 May 2008 Jump up ^ `` reCollections -- Australia 's Muslim cameleer heritage '' . Recollections.nma.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A Multicultural Timeline of Australia : The end of White Australia '' . Multiculturalaustralia.edu.au. 1972 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 30 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Muslim Australians Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tedmanson , Sophie ( 15 February 2010 ) . `` Australias jihad attack plotters jailed for up to 28 years '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Muslim leader blames women for sex attacks . ^ Jump up to : `` New mufti ' a gentle soul ' '' . The Age . Melbourne . 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Jemaah Islamiah '' . BBC News . 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Govt considers Muslim advisory body '' . News.smh.com.au. 2008 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Simon . `` Muslim leaders back advisory body plan '' . News.smh.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Whites fleeing racially mixed schools in Australia : report '' . News.smh.com.au. 2008 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 10 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia country brief -- Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Dfat.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . 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Jump up ^ Serle , Geoffrey . `` Biography -- Sir John Monash -- Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . Sydney Jewish Museum . 1992 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein and Freeman , ( Editors ) , `` A Time to Keep : The story of Temple Beth Israel : 1930 to 2005 '' A Special publication of the Australian Jewish Historical Society , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Nan Tien Temple Southern Paradise '' . Nantien.org.au . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Hindu Temples '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` General Community Profile ( Australia ) 2016 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census Table Builder ; id '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Sorted Sikhism by State and Territory and calculated percentages . Jump up ^ `` Census Table Builder '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Sorted Jainism by rest of State and Territory and calculated percentages . Jump up ^ Douglas Ezzy ( 2009 ) . `` Australian Paganisms '' . In Pizza , Murphy ; Lewis , James R. Handbook of Contemporary Paganism . Leiden : BRILL . p. 465 . ISBN 9789004163737 . Jump up ^ `` PAGANDASH -- STAND UP AND BE COUNTED Results of the 2011 Census '' . pagandash.org.au. 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` God 's OK , it 's just the religion bit we do n't like '' , Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Lampman , Jane . `` Global survey : youths see spiritual dimension to life '' , The Christian Science Monitor , 2008 , Retrieved on 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1301.0 -- Year Book Australia , 2012 '' . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Census Table 2006 -- 20680 - Religious Affiliation ( full classification list ) by Sex -- Australia '' . Censusdata.abs.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.adherents.com/loc/loc_australia.html Jump up ^ http://australia.raelians.org/ Jump up ^ `` Census shows non-Christian religions continue to grow at a faster rate '' , Media Fact Sheet , 27 June 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Berndt , R.M. Australian Aboriginal Religion , E.J. Brill , Leiden , 1974 ISBN 90 - 04 - 03861 - 2 Bouma , Gary , ed . Many Religions All Australian : Religious Settlement , Identity and Cultural Diversity . Melbourne : Christian Research Association , 1997 . ISBN 1 - 875223 - 14 - 2 Carey , Hilary M. Believing in Australia . Sydney : Allen & Unwin , 1992 . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 950 - 5 Eliade , M. , Australian Religions : An Introduction , Oxford University Press , London , 1973 ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0729 - X Hilliard , David . `` Popular Religion in Australia in the 1950s : A Study of Adelaide and Brisbane . '' Journal of religious history 15.2 ( 1988 ) : 219 -- 235 . Hilliard , David . `` The religious crisis of the 1960s : the experience of the Australian churches . '' Journal of religious history 21.2 ( 1997 ) : 209 -- 227 . Humphreys , Robert , and Rowland S. Ward . Religious bodies in Australia : a comprehensive guide ( New Melbourne Press , 1995_ . Hunt , A.D. `` For God , King , and country '' : A study of the attitudes of the Methodist and Catholic press in South Australia ( 1979 ) Jupp , James , ed . The Encyclopedia of Religion in Australia , Melbourne : Cambridge University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86407 - 7 Lovat , Terence . New Studies in Religion . Social Science Press pg 148 ( 2002 ) O'Brien , Anne . God 's Willing Workers : Women and Religion in Australia ( University of New South Wales Press , 2005 ) O'Brien , Anne . `` Historical overview spirituality and work Sydney women , 1920 -- 1960 . '' Australian Historical Studies 33.120 ( 2002 ) : 373 -- 388 . Thompson , Roger C. Religion in Australia : A history ( Melbourne : Oxford University Press , 1994 ) , a standard scholarly survey Anglicans ( edit ) B. Kaye , ed. , Anglicanism in Australia : a History ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2002 ) T. Frame , A Church for the Nation : a History of the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn ( Sydney : Hale & Iremonger , 2000 ) . D. Hilliard , Godliness and Good Order : A History of the Anglican Church in South Australia ( Adelaide : Wakefield Press , 1986 ) S. Judd and K.J. Cable , Sydney Anglicans : A History of the Diocese ( Sydney : Anglican Information Office , 1987 ) B. Porter , ed. , Melbourne Anglicans : The Diocese of Melbourne 1847 -- 1978 ( Melbourne : Mitre Books , 1997 ) Catholics ( edit ) Campion , Edmund . Rockchoppers : Growing Up Catholic in Australia ( 1983 ) Dixon , Robert E. The Catholics in Australia ( 1996 ) Hamilton , Celia . `` Irish - Catholics of New South Wales and the Labor Party , 1890 -- 1910 , '' Historical Studies : Australia & New Zealand ( 1958 ) 8 ( 31 ) : 254 -- 267 Laffin , Josephine . `` ' Sailing in Stormy Waters ' : Archbishop Matthew Beovich and the Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide in the 1960s . '' Journal of Religious History 34.3 ( 2010 ) : 289 -- 311 . McGrath , Sophie . `` Women Religious in the History of Australia 1888 -- 1950 : a Case Study -- the Sisters of Mercy Parramatta , '' Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society ( 1995 ) 81 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212 Murtagh , James G. Australia : The Catholic Chapter ( 1959 ) O'Donoghue , Thomas A. Upholding the Faith : The Process of Education in Catholic Schools in Australia , 1922 -- 1965 ( 2001 ) O'Farrell , Patrick . The Irish in Australia : 1798 to the Present Day ( 3rd ed . Cork University Press , 2001 ) Protestants ( edit ) Brauer , Alfred . Under the Southern Cross : History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia ( Lutheran Publishing House , 1985 ) Ellis , Julie - Ann . `` ' Cross-Firing over the Gulf ' : The Rift between Methodism and the Labour Movement in South Australia in the 1890s '' Labour History ( 1993 ) : 89 -- 102 . in JSTOR Hardgrave , Donald W. For Such a Time : A History of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia ( 1988 ) Harrison , John . Baptism of Fire : The first ten years of the Uniting Church in Australia ( 1986 ) Hunt , Arnold Dudley . This Side of Heaven : A History of Methodism in South Australia ( Lutheran Publishing House , 1985 ) External links ( edit ) Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups ( ASCRG ) , 1266.0 , 1996 1996 Census Dictionary -- Religion category 2001 Census Dictionary -- Religion category Year Book Australia , 2006 . Religious Affiliation section Australia in USA Department of State International Religious Freedom Report Hilary M Carey - University of Newcastle ( 2008 ) . `` Religion '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . ( History of Religion in Sydney ) ( CC - By - SA ) Religion in Australia Ranked in order per 2011 census Christianity Roman Catholic Protestant Anglican Eastern Orthodox No religion Buddhism Islam Hinduism Judaism Sikhism Neopaganism Aboriginal Freedom of religion Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Religion in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&oldid=849340502 '' Categories : Religion in Australia Demographics of Australia Religion in the British Empire Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2011 ID not in Wikidata Use Australian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 09 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the most practiced religion in australia	[ "Religion in Australia is diverse. Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901 prohibits the Commonwealth government from establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of religion.[note 1] In an optional question on the 2016 Census, 52.1% of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity. Historically the percentage was far higher; now, the religious landscape of Australia is changing and diversifying.[1] In 2016, 30.1% of Australians stated \"no religion\" and a further 9.6% chose not to answer the question.[1] Other faiths include Muslims (2.6%), Buddhists (2.4%), Hindus (1.9%), Sikhs (0.5%), and Jews (0.4%).[1]\n" ]	[ "Christianity" ]
-2806998823493461964	List of Ultimate X-Men characters	List of Ultimate X-Men characters - wikipedia List of Ultimate X-Men characters The Ultimate X-Men are a team of mutant superheroes that appear in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The codenames listed under `` Character '' are those used during the time frame of the particular iteration . Characters with more than one codename for that period have them listed chronologically and separated by a slash ( / ) . Bolded names in the most recent iteration published are the current team members . Contents 1 X-Men 1.1 Kitty Pryde 's Free Mutants 1.2 Original X-Men 1.3 Colossus 's X-Men 2 Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow 3 Karen Grant 's The Runaways 4 Enemies 4.1 Nomi Blume 's Renegades 4.2 The Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy 4.3 Weapon X 4.4 The Morlocks 4.5 Alpha Flight 5 Other Teams 5.1 Bishop 's X-Men 5.2 Xavier Institute Student Body 5.3 Xavier Institute Teaching Staff 5.4 Other villains 6 X-Men allies 7 Neutral characters 8 References X-Men ( edit ) Kitty Pryde 's free mutants ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Founding members Shadowcat Katherine `` Kitty '' Pryde Ultimate X-Men # 21 Having reunited with her fellow mutants after the death of Peter Parker , Kitty helps spearhead a campaign to protect mutants who are being hunted down by Sentinels . After striking a deal with President Captain America , she ( and the mutants who did not want to take a cure to rid them of their powers ) were allowed to live `` freely '' on a reservation dubbed Utopia . She was elected leader of the group , although her approach causes friction with Nomi Blume , who eventually defects along with a number of mutants . Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Having been imprisoned after the events of Ultimatum along with Colossus , she eventually makes her way to the Mutant haven Utopia , and sides with Kitty in deciding who would be the leader over the small remaining group of mutants . Rogue Marian Carlyle Ultimate X-Men # 32 Having been in hiding after the events of Ultimatum , she eventually reappears , seemingly on William Stryker 's side . However , it was a ruse to stop his killing of mutants . She eventually joins Kitty 's team in Utopia . Wolverine Jimmy Hudson Ultimate X # 1 The son of Wolverine , and adopted son of the Hudsons . He has a healing factor and retractable claws , which he is able to cover with organic metal , much like Colossus . After leaving Karen Grant 's X-Team , he eventually stumbles upon Kitty and the rest of the mutants . He eventually begins a romantic relationship with Kitty , and is second - in - command . It is revealed in Ultimate Comics : Wolverine # 2 that his mother is Madga , and is half - siblings with Pietro and Wanda Lensherr . Blackheath Samuel Smithers Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 18 A mutant whose powers is related to botany , he originally sided with Nomi during the initial vote over who would be leader in Utopia . He continued to work with Kitty for a time , although it was to spy for Nomi . He eventually defected from Nomi 's group and joined with Kitty . Black Box Seth Vale Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 19 Although a minor character in Utopia , he has become close friends with Jimmy , and co-starred with him in Ultimate Comics : Wolverine # 2 . Armor Hisako Ichiki Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 17 She first appears as a young Japanese child being held captive in one of William Stryker 's Mutant internment camps . After being rescued by Iceman and Husk , she joins their Mutant resistance movement . In this continuity , Hisako 's energy armor takes the form of animals including a large , glowing dragon and a panda bear . Magma Amara Aquilla Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 19 A former mutant prisoner of Camp : Angel ( along with Storm and Colossus ) , she joined Kitty Pryde 's resistance in the Ultimate Marvel title , Ultimate Comics : X-Men . Her powers include fire and mantle manipulation . Zero Kenji Uedo Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 18 Although initially part of Nomi 's rebellious mutants and leaving the settlement , for unknown reasons , he defected to Kitty 's group . Micromax Scott Wright Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 19 Although initially part of Nomi 's rebellious mutants and leaving the settlement , for unknown reasons , he defected to Kitty 's group . His powers include mass / size manipulation . Original X-Men ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Founding members Professor X Charles Xavier Ultimate X-Men # 1 Team founder , headmaster of the Xavier Institute for Gifted Youngsters ( now the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning ) . Presumed to have died in issue # 78 and revealed to be alive in the future in issue # 80 . Rejoined the X-Men as headmaster and mentor once again in issue # 93 . Deceased : Magneto snapped his neck . Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 1 Team 's medical doctor and biologist . Thought dead , but revealed to be alive and working for S.H.I.E.L.D. in issue # 81 . Rejoined the X-Men in issue # 88 . Deceased : Confirmed by Jean Grey in issue # 98 after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave . Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Ultimate X-Men # 1 Left the X-Mansion in issue # 80 to live with Northstar . Returned to the X-Men in issue # 94 with no explanation to his return and an addiction to `` Banshee '' . After battling the X-Men , Jean Grey revealed Northstar to still be alive after his supposed death . Colossus then returns ( alongside his X-Men team ) to Xavier 's X-Men . Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 1 Field leader . Left the team for a short while to join the Brotherhood , but later returned to the X-Men . Broke up the X-Men when Xavier `` died '' . After Xavier 's `` death '' , Cyclops became headmaster of the Institute along with Jean Grey . Following Xavier 's return , he returned to the X-Men . He began using Banshee and officially left Xavier 's team for Colossus 's team , before eventually returning . Deceased : Killed by Quicksilver . Iceman Robert `` Bobby '' Drake Ultimate X-Men # 1 Youngest member of the original team . Student at the Xavier Institute . Left the X-Men when Cyclops disbanded them , without joining Bishop 's new team . Returned as an X-Man after Xavier 's return in issue # 93 . Marvel Girl Jean Grey Ultimate X-Men # 1 Girlfriend of Cyclops . Former teacher and former headmistress of the Xavier Institute . Went missing after issue # 93 . Returned in issue # 94 . Featured in Ultimate Comics : X Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Second field leader . Helped Bishop make a new team of X-Men following Xavier 's `` death '' , before eventually returning . Longtime member of the X-Men . Later recruits Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Ultimate X-Men # 3 Formerly Magneto 's assassin and the original Weapon X . Left in issue # 80 to find answers about his past . Joined Bishop 's X-Men in issue # 83 and returned to the Institute after Xavier 's return . Deceased : Killed by Magneto in Ultimatum Shadowcat Katherine `` Kitty '' Pryde Ultimate X-Men # 21 Spider - Man 's ex-girlfriend . Left the team in issue # 79 , featured in Ultimate Comics Spiderman . Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Ultimate X-Men # 32 Former member of Weapon X . He was previously psychically incapacitated by Professor X for kidnapping Dazzler , but escaped in issue # 79 following Xavier 's death . Was made leader of the Morlocks afterward , but returned to the X-Men in issue # 94 with no explanation on his return . Currently is an X-Man . He was revealed to be part of Colossus 's team , but later returned to Xavier 's X-Men . He was also thought to have been deceased by Jean in issue # 98 after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave . Rogue Marian Ultimate X-Men # 32 Currently a student at the Xavier Institute and a member of the X-Men . She was revealed to be part of Colossus 's team . She eventually returned to Xavier 's X-Men after battling her teammates . Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 40 Was expelled from the X-Men by Professor X as a cover for him to join Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow as a spy . He joined as a member of Bishop 's new X-Men . He was shot and killed by Mister Sinister in issue # 90 and later revived in issue # 93 by Jean Grey / Phoenix , and is now an X-Man again . He was revealed to be part of Colossus 's team . He soon returned to the X-Mansion and Xavier 's X-Men . Deceased : Killed by Sabretooth during Ultimatum . Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 48 Left the X-Men after Nightcrawler kidnapped her in Ultimate X-Men Annual # 2 . Joined the new X-Men in issue # 82 . Returned to the Institute following Xavier 's return . She was then revealed to be part of Colossus 's team . After a battle against Xavier 's X-Men , the separate X-Men teams conjoined into one again . Deceased : In issue # 98 , after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave . Syndicate Luke and Matthew ( surname unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 58 Conjoined twins , working as a private agent for Professor X . Never seen with the rest of the team until issue # 93 where they became X-Men . Deceased : One head was shot off by William Stryker , and then they both died of blood loss . Magician Elliot Boggs Ultimate X-Men # 69 Current whereabouts unknown . Bishop Bishop ( full name unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 77 Time traveler from the future . Leader and founder of the new X-Men . Deceased : Killed by Wolverine in issue # 90 . Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Ultimate X-Men # 82 Former Morlock . Recruited into the new X-Men by Bishop and Storm in issue # 82 . Defected to the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy . Had both his hands cut off by Valkyrie , and following Ultimatum is possibly dead . Psylocke Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock Ultimate X-Men # 84 Former S.T.R.I.K.E. agent . Inherited the body of a woman known as Kwannon after being possessed by Proteus and then killed by Colossus . Joined Bishop 's team as a member of the new X-Men . Returned to the X-Mansion as one of Xavier 's X-Men . Current whereabouts unknown . Toad Mortimer Toynbee Ultimate X-Men # 93 Former Brotherhood member . Became a teacher at the Xavier Institute after Cyclops disbanded the X-Men in issue # 81 . After Xavier was revealed to be alive and returned as Headmaster of the Institute , Toad became one of Xavier 's X-Men . Current whereabouts unknown . Firestar Elizabeth `` Liz '' Allan Ultimate X-Men # 94 Friend of Mary Jane and Peter Parker from the Ultimate Spider - Man series . Joined the Xavier Institute and the X-Men after she found out she was a mutant . Was revealed to have returned to civilian life with her half - brother , Blob II , and later joined the Jeany Grey 's new X-Team Colossus 's X-Men ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Ultimate X-Men # 94 Created his own X-Men team when he was revealed by Jean Grey to be taking the mutant enhancing drug , Banshee . He made the team go on a mission to save his boyfriend , Northstar ; but , unfortunately , Northstar became paraplegic due to an overdose on Banshee . Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight . His appearance on Banshee is altered , making him look like a bald eagle . Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight . Her powers are now greatly enhanced . Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight . His costume is altered , covering him in leather , and he now has cosmic swords . His teleportation abilities have greatly enhanced beyond anything he has ever imagined . Rogue Marian Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined Colossus 's team and began using Banshee in order to save Northstar and defeat Alpha Flight . She can now control her powers and permanently has Colossus 's steel skin , Angel 's feathered wings , and Nightcrawler 's yellow eyes . She kissed Cyclops , possibly trying to start a relationship . Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 95 Joined Colossus 's team as an undercover agent for Xavier and Jean Grey . He faked his doses of Banshee until he met his match against Vindicator . He took Banshee and was able to absorb solar energy throughout his body , enabling him to control his optic blasts and fly . This knowledge was discovered by the X-Men , and Cyclops temporally left Xavier 's team for Colossus 's team . Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Emma Frost Emma Frost Headmistress of the Academy of Tomorrow . Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man . Havok Alex Summers Cyclops ' brother . Field leader and student of the Academy of Tomorrow . Was put in a mental hospital following the Ultimatum . Was later taken by the U.S. Government for unknown reasons . Is currently under the watch of Layla Miller . Cannonball Sam Guthrie Student at the Academy of Tomorrow . Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man . Cypher Douglas Ramsey Non-mutant genius . Student at the Academy of Tomorrow . Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man . Northstar Jean - Paul Beaubier Son of Canada 's ambassador to the U.S. Colossus 's boyfriend . Former student at the Academy of Tomorrow until he was kidnapped by Alpha Flight . Alpha Flight overdosed him with Banshee , which resulted in him becoming paralyzed from the waist down . It is unknown whether he returned to the Academy or stayed with Colossus at the X-Mansion . He was killed during the Ultimatum . Polaris Lorna Dane Havok 's girlfriend . Student at the Academy of Tomorrow . Was briefly imprisoned in the same cell as Magneto . Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man . Sunspot Roberto DaCosta Mutant vigilante from Harlem . Student at the Academy of Tomorrow . Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man . Angel Warren Worthington III Joined the Academy of Tomorrow to act as a spy for Professor X . Later returned to the X-Men . Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Former X-Man . Presumed dead , but was working for S.H.I.E.L.D. and later returned to the X-Men . Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Punk rock singer . Left the Academy to join the X-Men . Karma Xi'an `` Shan '' Coy Mahn S.H.I.E.L.D. Psi - Ops operative placed on the team as a mole for the U.S. government . Left the team after her mission was accomplished . Current whereabouts unknown . Shinobi Shaw Shinobi Shaw Emma Frost 's boyfriend . Leader of the Hellfire Club . Revealed to still be alive following the Ultimatum Wave in Ultimates # 1 . Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Northstar 's boyfriend . He moved to the Academy after Xavier 's death and left when Xavier returned . Karen Grant 's the runaways ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Karen Grant Jean Grey A former member of the X-Men , Jean assumes the name of Karen Grant and forms a new X-Team following Ultimatum Jimmy Hudson The son of Wolverine , and adopted son of the Hudsons . He has a healing factor and retractable claws , which he is able to cover with organic metal , much like Colossus . Guardian Derek Morgan A young mutant from Chicago . He is able to fly by growing a pair of birdlike wings which can be retracted . When he grows his wings out , his eyes turn red , his fingernails grow into talons , and his canine teeth appear to become sharp . Firestar Elizabeth `` Liz '' Allan Spider - Man 's former classmate who vanished to Southern California after Ultimatum . Hulk Bruce Banner First introduced to the series in the fifth and final issue of Ultimate Comics : X Enemies ( edit ) Nomi Blume 's renegades ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Founding members Mach II Nomi Blume Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 13 Wielding the power of magnetism , Nomi was initially hiding in the Morlock Tunnels along other mutants who were protected by the X-Men . After the war is over and the mutants move to Utopia , Nomi 's hatred for Kitty is very apparent . It originated from Kitty 's actions of leaving any mutant who wanted to take the government 's cure to remove their powers , and for `` abandoning '' her during the war against the Sentinels ( although Kitty actually denied her help because Nomi was too young ) . She challenged Kitty 's authority . After the `` destruction '' of the Seed , she ( and a small group of like - minded mutants ) defect , and leads her group out of Utopia with the intent to fight for freedom . Iceman Robert `` Bobby '' Drake Ultimate X-Men # 1 After the death of Peter Parker , Bobby rejoins the X-Men . Initially siding with Kitty after the events of the war , he eventually defected to Nomi 's team after he was convinced by his girlfriend Husk of a better future with Nomi leading the charge . Psylocke Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock Ultimate X-Men # 84 Although having been listed as dead after the events of Ultimatum , it appears that Psylocke is alive , having `` jumped '' her consciousness into another body before her death ( however , oddly no one recognizes or remembers her ) . She sides with Nomi after the events of the war , and eventually leaves with Nomi after the Seed was `` destroyed '' . In Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 24 , it is revealed that she has enlisted Warpath ( who is in love with her ) to betray both Kitty and Nomi . In Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 27 , Jean Grey ( herself in disguise ) unmasked Psylocke as being a fake , revealed her to be Mothervine , who set out to destroy both Utopia and Tian . Warpath James Proudstar Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 18 Warpath is a mutant who possesses superhuman physical ability in virtually all areas . So far , he has demonstrated the following abilities : Superhuman Reflexes , Superhuman Strength , and Superhuman Sense of Smell . He is one of the mutants seen in the mutant resistance against William Stryker , and later one of the twenty mutants who decided to retain their powers instead of taking the `` cure '' , and inhabited the new mutant nation `` Utopia '' . In Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 24 , it is revealed that he is working with Psylocke to betray both Kitty and Nomi . Shola Inkosi Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 17 A Mutant with the power of combat telekinesis . Husk Paige Gunthrie Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 15 A mutant from The Southwest . Husk was brainwashed by William Stryker to infiltrate Kitty Pryde 's mutant resistance . She led Pryde and her party to the mutant underground . During this time , Husk began a relationship with Bobby Drake . Following Pryde 's defeat of Stryker , Husk killed 5 mutants by setting off a bomb while in line for `` the cure '' . After being arrested and rehabilitated , Husk joined the other mutants in Utopia where she chose to side with Mach II over Pryde . The Brotherhood of mutant Supremacy ( edit ) Character Real name Status Notes Founding members Magneto Erik Lensherr Killed by Cyclops Founder of the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy . Lost his arm , but replaced it with a new metal arm . Thought to be alive in Ultimate Comics : X-Men # 7 , but late revealed to be an illusion by Sinister . Blob Frank ( full name unknown ) Deceased : Killed by Hank Pym Obese mutant with super strength , and a cannibal . Hank Pym bit his head off , killing him . Detonator Ricky Gibson Deceased : Killed by Multiple Man Rescued by Magneto and Xavier from a lynch mob . Killed by Multiple Man . Mastermind Unknown Deceased : Killed by Valkyrie Mutant illusionist . He was decapitated by Valkyrie . Quicksilver Pietro Lensherr ( Ultimates background , falsified for public consumption , listed real name as Pietro Lensherr Maximoff ) Leader of the new Brotherhood Magneto 's son . Former member of the Ultimates . Rejoined forces with his father following Scarlet Witch 's death . Thought to have been Killed by Hawkeye while saving his father , but somehow survived . Scarlet Witch Wanda Lensherr ( Ultimates background , falsified for public consumption , listed real name as Wanda Lensherr Maximoff ) Deceased : Killed by Ultron Magneto 's daughter . Former member of the Ultimates and killed in Ultimates # 3 by a lovelorn Ultron in a plot by Doctor Doom . She appeared to be alive in Ultimate X , however it is eventually revealed she is nothing but an illusion created by Sinister . Toad Mortimer Toynbee Deceased Mutant with toad - like powers and appearance . After briefly returning to the Brotherhood , he eventually defected to the X-Men following Xavier 's death . Died from unknown reasons following the Ultimatum Wave . Mystique Raven Darkhölme Working for the Brotherhood . Shapeshifting mutant . Xavier 's former lover . Helped Magneto escape from prison . Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Deceased ( killed by Magneto ) Disillusioned and betrayed Magneto . Longtime member of the X-Men , but Magneto ripped the adamantium off of his bones following the Ultimatum Wave , which killed him . Later recruits Cyclops Scott Summers Deceased ( killed by Quicksilver ) Joined the Brotherhood as a mole for Professor X . After surviving the Ultimatum Wave and the war against Magneto , he was assassinated by Quicksilver during a speech to the public . Forge ( Presumably ) Jonathon Silvercloud Deceased ( killed by Multiple Man ) The Brotherhood 's tech sage . Hard - Drive Unknown Deceased ( killed by Multiple Man ) Was presumed a prisoner in Camp X-Factor . Juggernaut Cain Marko Deceased Former Weapon X prisoner . Longshot Arthur Centino Deceased ( killed by Multiple Man ) Wanted murderer . Lorelei Unknown , possibly Lorelei Deceased ( killed by Wolverine ) Formerly in Brotherhood and attacked the Ultimates in Ultimatum # 3 alongside Magneto . Multiple Man Madrox ( full name unrevealed ) Deceased ( killed by Wolverine ) Stem cells were grafted onto the Schizoid Man of the Liberators by the French military . Rogue Marian ( full name unrevealed ) Current member of the X-Men . Former Weapon X prisoner . Sabretooth Victor Creed Working for the Brotherhood . Brother of Wolverine . High - ranking officer of Weapon X . Stacy X Unknown Whereabouts and status is unknown . Replaced Mystique in Triskelion along with her boyfriend Mastermind . Unknown if dead or alive . Unus Unknown Deceased ( killed by Thor ) Magneto 's psi - talent . Presumably was a prisoner in Camp X-Factor , but later returned to Magneto . Killed by Thor in Ultimates 3 # 4 . Vanisher Unknown Whereabouts and status is unknown . Mutant with teleporting powers . Presumably was a prisoner in Camp X-Factor , but later returned to Magneto . Unknown if dead or alive following the Ultimatum Wave . Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Unknown Pyrokinetic . Former Morlock and X-Man . Presumed deceased after Valkyrie chopped off his hands . Mutant animals Orb Weaver Unknown Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor . A spider - like mutant . Prosimian Unknown Deceased : killed by Magneto . Evolved primate . One of the mutant animals rescued by the Brotherhood . Saluki Unknown Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor . A dog - like mutant . One of the mutant animals rescued by the Brotherhood . Sumatran Unknown Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor . A rhino - like mutant . Kathleen Kathleen ( full name unrevealed ) Presumably a prisoner in Camp X-Factor . A centipede - like mutant . Weapon X ( edit ) Character / Real name Status Notes Willing members Col. John Wraith / Vindicator Shot by Nick Fury . Revived by Canadian government . Current leader of Alpha Flight as Vindicator . Former leader of Weapon X . Dr. Abraham Cornelius Currently heading the revamped Weapon X . Chief scientist for Weapon X . Sabretooth Formerly working for Dr. Cornelius . Rejoined the Brotherhood during Ultimatum and current whereabouts and status is unknown . Tara ( full name unrevealed ) Deceased : Committed suicide . A rogue Weapon X agent , was apparently present during Wolverine 's adamantium bonding . Deathstrike / Yuriko Oyama Neck snapped by Longshot while he was escaping . An old acquaintance of Storm , codenamed Project `` Y '' . Prisoners Wolverine / James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Current whereabouts are unknown Canadian paratrooper captured and experimented on during the Gulf War . The original Weapon X . Nightcrawler / Kurt Wagner Deceased , ( killed by Ultimatum Wave ) Mutant teleporter kidnapped from Bavaria . Former X-Man and Morlock leader . Rogue / Marian ( full name unrevealed ) Current member of the X-Men . Mutant kidnapped from Mississippi . Juggernaut / Cain Marko Former boyfriend of Rogue Rogue 's cellmate . X-Men Escaped Weapon X with the help of the Brotherhood and Nick Fury . Were kidnapped from their mansion in Westchester . The roster at the time consisted of Professor X , Cyclops , Marvel Girl , Storm , Beast , Colossus , and Iceman . The Morlocks ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Sunder Unknown Former leader of the Morlocks . Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave . Leech Unknown Former member of the Morlocks . Deceased : He was recently shot and killed by Sinister as a sacrifice for Apocalypse . Callisto Unknown Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave . Sparks Unknown She uses her abilities to provide electricity . When she sleeps , there is no power in the sewers . Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave . Caliban Unknown Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave . Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Former Morlock . Recruited into the new X-Men by Bishop and Storm in Ultimate X-Men # 82 . Later joins the Brotherhood . Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Former member of Weapon X . Previously was psychically incapacitated by Professor X for kidnapping Dazzler , but escaped in Ultimate X-Men # 79 following Xavier 's death . Former leader of the Morlocks . Returned to the X-Men in issue # 94 with no explanation for his return to the X-Men and departure with the Morlocks . Many other unnamed Morlocks Various Alpha Flight ( edit ) Character Real name Notes Vindicator Col. John Wraith Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game . He is the leader of Ultimate Alpha Flight . He has enhanced his powers by using the drug Banshee . He was revealed to be John Wraith from Weapon X . Shaman John Proudstar Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game . Jubilee ( Presumably ) Jubilation Lee Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game . Appears to have the powers of Boom Boom from Earth - 616 . Sunfire ( Presumably ) Shiro Yoshida Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game . Sasquatch Rahne Sinclair Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game . Presumably not the same Sasquatch that was mentioned to have been killed off - panel by former Ultimate X-Men writer , Brian Vaughan . Snowbird Danielle `` Dani '' Moonstar Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game . Aurora Jeanne - Marie Beaubier Debuted in Ultimate X-Men # 94 to fight the X-Men and interrupt their softball game . Sister of Northstar , who attends the Academy of Tomorrow . Other teams ( edit ) Bishop 's X-Men ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Bishop Bishop ( full name unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 81 Time traveller from the future . Leader and founder of the new X-Men . Killed by Wolverine in issue # 90 . Storm Ororo Monroe Ultimate X-Men # 81 Second field leader . Helped Bishop make a new team of X-Men following Xavier 's `` death '' . Now lives at X-Mansion and is the second field leader to the X-Men . Pyro ( Presumably ) John Allerdyce Ultimate X-Men # 82 Former Morlock . Recruited into the new X-Men by Bishop and Storm in issue # 82 . Was part of Xavier 's X-Men , but joined the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy . Dazzler Alison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 82 Left the X-Men after Nightcrawler kidnapped her in Ultimate X-Men Annual # 2 . Joined Bishop 's X-Men in issue # 82 , and forced Bishop to take Angel as a member of his team . She went on to join Colossus 's X-Men , but eventually switched back to Xavier 's cause . Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 83 Was expelled from the X-Men by Professor X as a cover for him to join Emma Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow as a spy . He joined as a member of Bishop 's new X-Men . He died , but was later revived by Jean Grey . Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Ultimate X-Men # 84 Formerly Magneto 's assassin and the original Weapon X . Left in issue # 80 to find answers about his past . Joined Bishop 's X-Men in issue # 83 . Psylocke Elisabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock ( in Kwannon 's body ) Ultimate X-Men # 84 After hearing the news of Professor X 's death , she returns to the mansion and learns that the X-Men are being disbanded . She joins Bishop 's team as a member of the new X-Men . Currently a part of Xavier 's team . Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 88 Thought dead , but revealed to be alive and working for S.H.I.E.L.D. in issue # 81 . Joined Bishop 's X-Men to be with Storm in Ultimate X-Men # 88 . Currently a part of Xavier 's team . Xavier Institute student body ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Original student body Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student of the Institute until his departure in issue # 40 . He later returned to the X-Men , but was killed by the Ultimatum Wave . Colossus Piotr `` Peter '' Nikolaievitch Rasputin Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student of the Institute until his departure in issue # 80 for the Academy of Tomorrow . He now leads his own X-Men , taking the drug Banshee to enhance their powers . Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student of the Institute until Xavier 's death in issue # 78 , after which he was named Co-Headmaster of the Institute alongside Jean Grey and Storm . He remained with the X-Men until his assassination by Quicksilver in Ultimatum # 5 . Iceman Robert `` Bobby '' Drake Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student at the Institute and former boyfriend of Rogue until she began taking Banshee . He is an X-Man as well , but he is considered to be only a junior X-Man . Still a member of the X-Men , but the Xavier Institute 's status is unknown following the Ultimatum Wave . Jean Grey Jean Grey Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student at the Institute until Xavier 's death in issue # 78 , after which she was named Co-Headmistress of the Institute alongside Cyclops and Storm . Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Former student at the Institute until later on in the series when she graduated ( off - panel ) and began training . She later became Co-Headmistress of the Institute alongside Cyclops and Jean Grey following Xavier 's `` death '' . Later recruited students Shadowcat Katherine `` Kitty '' Pryde Ultimate X-Men # 21 Former student at the Institute until she departed in issue # 79 to be with Spider - Man . Nightcrawler Kurt Wagner Ultimate X-Men # 32 Former student at the Institute . He went crazy and kidnapped Dazzler in Ultimate X-Men Annual # 2 and left the X-Men . He came back only to begin abusing the drug Banshee and leave again . He rejoined the Institute later only to be killed by the Ultimatum Wave . Rogue Marian ( full name unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 32 Former student at the Institute . Briefly left when she began using Banshee and joined Colossus 's X-Men . She is still a member of the X-Men , but the Xavier Institute 's status is unknown following the Ultimatum Wave . Angel Warren Worthington III Ultimate X-Men # 40 Former student at the Institute until he was expelled in issue # 65 . He later returned only to begin using Banshee and join Colossus 's X-Men . He once again returned soon after . He was brutally murdered by Sabretooth during Ultimatum . Dazzler Allison `` Ali '' Blaire Ultimate X-Men # 48 Former student at the Institute . Former student of the Academy of Tomorrow . She became comatose in issue # 65 . She later returned only to begin using Banshee and join Colossus 's X-Men to save Northstar . She returned again thereafter . Killed by the Ultimatum Wave . Syndicate Luke and Matthew ( surname unrevealed ) Ultimate X-Men # 58 Began working for Xavier undercover without the X-Men knowing , until Xavier returned . They then joined the X-Men and the student body . Killed during the Purifier raid on the Xavier Institute . Magician Elliot Boggs Ultimate X-Men # 68 Brainwashed the X-Men into letting him join , until it was discovered and he was defeated by them in issue # 72 . Current whereabouts and status is unknown . Psylocke Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Braddock ( in Kwannon 's body ) Ultimate X-Men # 84 Revealed to be a student when Bishop and Storm picked her up from the Institute to join the new X-Men team . She had since returned to the Institute along with the rest of the X-Men . However , she is believed to be deceased following the Ultimatum Wave or may just be missing in action . Firestar Elizabeth `` Liz '' Allen Ultimate X-Men # 94 Joined the Institute and X-Men when Xavier resumed his position as Headmaster and after she discovered she was a mutant . She currently resides on Tian . Various unidentified students Various Xavier Institute teaching staff ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes Professor X Charles Xavier Ultimate X-Men # 1 Founder of the Xavier Institute and founder of the X-Men . Original and current reigning Headmaster of the Institute . Killed by the Phoenix ( Jean Grey ) with her mind . Storm Ororo Munroe Ultimate X-Men # 1 Began training students in the Danger Room and later teaching them . Former Co-Headmistress alongside Cyclops and Jean Grey following Xavier 's death . Wolverine James `` Lucky Jim '' Howlett / Logan Ultimate X-Men # 1 Began training students in the Danger Room and later teaching them strategic moves . Killed by Magneto , who ripped the adamantium off of his bones . Cyclops Scott Summers Ultimate X-Men # 78 Began as a Co-Headmaster alongside Jean Grey and Storm , later only Jean Grey , and remained in a teaching role after Xavier returned . He went undercover in Colossus 's X-Men , but took a dose of Banshee . He returned to the X-Men only to be assassinated by Quicksilver in Ultimatum # 5 . Jean Grey Jean Grey Ultimate X-Men # 78 Began as a Co-Headmistress alongside Cyclops and Storm , later only Cyclops , and became second - in - command to Xavier when he returned . Toad Mortimer Toynbee Ultimate X-Men # 81 Cyclops hired him in a teaching position following Xavier 's `` death '' . He became an X-Man when Xavier returned . Presumed deceased following the Ultimatum Wave , but may just be missing in action . Beast Henry `` Hank '' J. McCoy Ultimate X-Men # 94 Began teaching when he returned with the X-Men to the Institute following Xavier 's return . Killed by the Ultimatum Wave . Other villains ( edit ) Apocalypse Arcade Crimson Dynamo Fenris Hellfire Club ( led by Shinobi Shaw ) Major Domo Mojo Adams Moira MacTaggert Proteus Omega Red Reavers Sentinels Sinister Stryfe Bolivar Trask Shen - Yin Zorn Magician ( Elliot Boggs ) - first appears in Ultimate X-Men # 66 . X-Men allies ( edit ) Dai Thomas Spider - Man ( Peter Parker ) Fantastic Four Lilandra and the Shi'ar Daredevil ( Matt Murdock ) Ultimates Neutral characters ( edit ) Gambit Spiral Ultimates S.H.I.E.L.D. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ultimate X-Men # 94 Ultimate X-Men Bill Jemas Joe Quesada Mark Millar Adam Kubert Andy Kubert X-Men Angel Beast Bishop Cable Colossus Cyclops Dazzler Deadpool Firestar Jimmy Hudson Human Torch Husk Iceman Magician Marvel Girl Nightcrawler Professor X Psylocke Pyro Rogue Shadowcat Storm Toad Wolverine Kuan - Yi Xorn Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy Avalanche Blob Forge Juggernaut Longshot Lorelei Magneto Mastermind Multiple Man Mystique Pyro Quicksilver Rogue Sabretooth Scarlet Witch Stacy X Toad Unus Vanisher Wolverine Opponents and villains Acolytes Mojo Adams Alpha Flight Apocalypse Arcade Fenris Lady Deathstrike Marauders Proteus Omega Red Sebastian Shaw Sentinels Shadow King Sinister William Stryker Jr . Stryfe Weapon X Shen - Yin Zorn Frost 's Academy of Tomorrow Angel Beast Cannonball Colossus Cypher Emma Frost Havok Karma Northstar Polaris Shinobi Shaw Sunspot Supporting characters Nick Fury Gambit Moira MacTaggert Morlocks Lilandra Numara Spider - Man Fantastic Four Locations Academy of Tomorrow Genosha Muir Island Hospital for Mutants Savage Land Sydney X-Mansion Technology Cerebro Danger Room X-Wing ( Blackbird ) Related books Ultimate War Ultimate Galactus Trilogy Ultimate X4 Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimatum : X-Men Requiem Ultimate Comics : X Ultimate Comics : X-Men Miscellaneous Ultimate X-Men Story Arcs Church of Shi'ar Enlightenment Banshee Hellfire Club Phoenix God Runaways Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ultimate_X-Men_characters&oldid=833924794 '' Categories : Lists of Ultimate Marvel characters Lists of X-Men characters Hidden categories : Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 01 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	which superhero is the medical doctor for the x-men	[ "\n\nCharacter\n\nReal name\n\nJoined in\n\nNotes\n\n\nFounding members\n\n\nProfessor X\n\nCharles Xavier\n\nUltimate X-Men #1\n\nTeam founder, headmaster of the Xavier Institute for Gifted Youngsters (now the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning). Presumed to have died in issue #78 and revealed to be alive in the future in issue #80. Rejoined the X-Men as headmaster and mentor once again in issue #93.\nDeceased: Magneto snapped his neck.\n\n\n\nBeast\n\nHenry \"Hank\" J. McCoy\n\nUltimate X-Men #1\n\nTeam's medical doctor and biologist. Thought dead, but revealed to be alive and working for S.H.I.E.L.D. in issue #81. Rejoined the X-Men in issue #88.\nDeceased: Confirmed by Jean Grey in issue #98 after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave.\n\n\n\nColossus\n\nPiotr \"Peter\" Nikolaievitch Rasputin\n\nUltimate X-Men #1\n\nLeft the X-Mansion in issue #80 to live with Northstar. Returned to the X-Men in issue #94 with no explanation to his return and an addiction to \"Banshee\". After battling the X-Men, Jean Grey revealed Northstar to still be alive after his supposed death. Colossus then returns (alongside his X-Men team) to Xavier's X-Men.\n\n\nCyclops\n\nScott Summers\n\nUltimate X-Men #1\n\nField leader. Left the team for a short while to join the Brotherhood, but later returned to the X-Men. Broke up the X-Men when Xavier \"died\". After Xavier's \"death\", Cyclops became headmaster of the Institute along with Jean Grey. Following Xavier's return, he returned to the X-Men. He began using Banshee and officially left Xavier's team for Colossus's team, before eventually returning.\nDeceased: Killed by Quicksilver.\n\n\n\nIceman\n\nRobert \"Bobby\" Drake\n\nUltimate X-Men #1\n\nYoungest member of the original team. Student at the Xavier Institute. Left the X-Men when Cyclops disbanded them, without joining Bishop's new team. Returned as an X-Man after Xavier's return in issue #93.\n\n\nMarvel Girl\n\nJean Grey\n\nUltimate X-Men #1\n\nGirlfriend of Cyclops. Former teacher and former headmistress of the Xavier Institute. Went missing after issue #93. Returned in issue #94. Featured in Ultimate Comics: X\n\n\nStorm\n\nOroro Munroe\n\nUltimate X-Men #1\n\nSecond field leader. Helped Bishop make a new team of X-Men following Xavier's \"death\", before eventually returning. Longtime member of the X-Men.\n\n\n\n\nLater recruits\n\n\nWolverine\n\nJames \"Lucky Jim\" Howlett / Logan\n\nUltimate X-Men #3\n\nFormerly Magneto's assassin and the original Weapon X. Left in issue #80 to find answers about his past. Joined Bishop's X-Men in issue #83 and returned to the Institute after Xavier's return.\nDeceased: Killed by Magneto in Ultimatum\n\n\n\nShadowcat\n\nKatherine \"Kitty\" Pryde\n\nUltimate X-Men #21\n\nSpider-Man's ex-girlfriend. Left the team in issue #79, featured in Ultimate Comics Spiderman.\n\n\nNightcrawler\n\nKurt Wagner\n\nUltimate X-Men #32\n\nFormer member of Weapon X. He was previously psychically incapacitated by Professor X for kidnapping Dazzler, but escaped in issue #79 following Xavier's death. Was made leader of the Morlocks afterward, but returned to the X-Men in issue #94 with no explanation on his return. Currently is an X-Man. He was revealed to be part of Colossus's team, but later returned to Xavier's X-Men. He was also thought to have been deceased by Jean in issue #98 after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave.\n\n\nRogue\n\nMarian\n\nUltimate X-Men #32\n\nCurrently a student at the Xavier Institute and a member of the X-Men. She was revealed to be part of Colossus's team. She eventually returned to Xavier's X-Men after battling her teammates.\n\n\nAngel\n\nWarren Worthington III\n\nUltimate X-Men #40\n\nWas expelled from the X-Men by Professor X as a cover for him to join Emma Frost's Academy of Tomorrow as a spy. He joined as a member of Bishop's new X-Men. He was shot and killed by Mister Sinister in issue #90 and later revived in issue #93 by Jean Grey/Phoenix, and is now an X-Man again. He was revealed to be part of Colossus's team. He soon returned to the X-Mansion and Xavier's X-Men.\nDeceased: Killed by Sabretooth during Ultimatum.\n\n\n\nDazzler\n\nAllison \"Ali\" Blaire\n\nUltimate X-Men #48\n\nLeft the X-Men after Nightcrawler kidnapped her in Ultimate X-Men Annual #2. Joined the new X-Men in issue #82. Returned to the Institute following Xavier's return. She was then revealed to be part of Colossus's team. After a battle against Xavier's X-Men, the separate X-Men teams conjoined into one again.\nDeceased: In issue #98, after being hit by the Ultimatum Wave.\n\n\n\nSyndicate\n\nLuke and Matthew (surname unrevealed)\n\nUltimate X-Men #58\n\nConjoined twins, working as a private agent for Professor X. Never seen with the rest of the team until issue #93 where they became X-Men.\nDeceased: One head was shot off by William Stryker, and then they both died of blood loss.\n\n\n\nMagician\n\nElliot Boggs\n\nUltimate X-Men #69\n\nCurrent whereabouts unknown.\n\n\nBishop\n\nBishop (full name unrevealed)\n\nUltimate X-Men #77\n\nTime traveler from the future. Leader and founder of the new X-Men.\nDeceased: Killed by Wolverine in issue #90.\n\n\n\nPyro\n\n(Presumably) John Allerdyce\n\nUltimate X-Men #82\n\nFormer Morlock. Recruited into the new X-Men by Bishop and Storm in issue #82. Defected to the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy. Had both his hands cut off by Valkyrie, and following Ultimatum is possibly dead.\n\n\nPsylocke\n\nElizabeth \"Betsy\" Braddock\n\nUltimate X-Men #84\n\nFormer S.T.R.I.K.E. agent. Inherited the body of a woman known as Kwannon after being possessed by Proteus and then killed by Colossus. Joined Bishop's team as a member of the new X-Men. Returned to the X-Mansion as one of Xavier's X-Men. Current whereabouts unknown.\n\n\nToad\n\nMortimer Toynbee\n\nUltimate X-Men #93\n\nFormer Brotherhood member. Became a teacher at the Xavier Institute after Cyclops disbanded the X-Men in issue #81. After Xavier was revealed to be alive and returned as Headmaster of the Institute, Toad became one of Xavier's X-Men. Current whereabouts unknown.\n\n\nFirestar\n\nElizabeth \"Liz\" Allan\n\nUltimate X-Men #94\n\nFriend of Mary Jane and Peter Parker from the Ultimate Spider-Man series. Joined the Xavier Institute and the X-Men after she found out she was a mutant. Was revealed to have returned to civilian life with her half-brother, Blob II, and later joined the Jeany Grey's new X-Team\n" ]	[ "Beast" ]
8063688354798713356	Bee hummingbird	Bee hummingbird - wikipedia Bee hummingbird Jump to : navigation , search Bee hummingbird immature male Female in flight Both at Palpite , Cuba Conservation status Near Threatened ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Apodiformes Family : Trochilidae Genus : Mellisuga Species : M. helenae Binomial name Mellisuga helenae ( Lembeye , 1850 ) Adult male non-breeding Cuba Adult male in flight Cuba The bee hummingbird , zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) is a species of hummingbird which is the world 's smallest bird . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Diet 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Breeding 5 Coevolution with flowers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The bee hummingbird is the smallest living bird . Females weigh 2.6 g ( 0.092 oz ) and are 6.1 cm ( 2.4 in ) long , and are slightly larger than males , with an average weight of 1.95 g ( 0.069 oz ) and length of 5.5 cm ( 2.2 in ) . As its name suggests , it is scarcely larger than a bee . Like all hummingbirds , it is a swift , strong flier . The male has a green pileum and fiery red throat , iridescent gorget with elongated lateral plumes , bluish upper parts , and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white . The male is smaller than the female . The female is green above , whitish below , with white tips to the outer tail feathers . Compared to other small hummingbirds , which often have a slender appearance , the bee hummingbird looks rounded and chunky . Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside . The tips of their tail feathers have white spots . During the mating season , males have a reddish to pink head , chin , and throat . The female lays only two eggs at a time , each about the size of a coffee bean . The brilliant , iridescent colors of the bee hummingbird 's feathers make the bird seem like a tiny jewel . The iridescence is not always noticeable , but depends on the viewing angle . The bird 's slender , pointed bill is adapted for probing deep into flowers . The bee hummingbird feeds mainly on nectar , and an occasional insect or spider , by moving its tongue rapidly in and out of its mouth . In the process of feeding , the bird picks up pollen on its bill and head . When it flies from flower to flower , it transfers the pollen . In this way , it plays an important role in plant reproduction . In one day , the bee hummingbird may visit 1,500 flowers . Using bits of cobwebs , bark , and lichen , the female bee hummingbird builds a cup - shaped nest that is only about 2.5 cm ( 0.98 in ) in diameter . Nests have been built on single clothespins . She lines the nest with soft plant fibers . In this nest she lays her eggs , which are no bigger than peas . She alone incubates the eggs and raises the young . Diet ( edit ) The bee hummingbird has been reported to visit 10 plant species ; nine of them were found to be endemic to Cuba . These flowers include Hamelia patens ( Rubiaceae ) , Chrysobalanus icaco ( Chrysobalanaceae ) , Pavonia paludicola ( Malvaceae ) , Forsteronia corymbosa ( Apocynaceae ) , Lysiloma latisiliquum ( Mimosaceae ) , Turnera ulmifolia ( Passifloraceae ) , Antigonon leptopus ( Polygonaceae ) , Clerodendrum aculeatum ( Verbenaceae ) , Tournefortia hirsutissima ( Boraginaceae ) , and Cissus obovata ( Vitaceae ) . Habitat and distribution ( edit ) The bee hummingbird is endemic to the entire Cuban archipelago , including the main island of Cuba and the Isle of Youth in the West Indies . It is found mainly in Cuba 's mogote area and uncommonly in Playa Larga near Zapata Swamp , but has been spotted in western Cuba . Breeding ( edit ) Sideview of the nest The bee hummingbird 's breeding season is March -- June . They lay up to 2 eggs at a time . Coevolution with flowers ( edit ) The bee hummingbird interaction with the flowers that supply nectar is a notable example of bird -- plant coevolution with its primary food source ( flowers for nectar ) . See also ( edit ) Hummingbird moth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Mellisuga helenae '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Matt ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` Absurd Creature of the Week : The World 's Tiniest Bird Weighs Less Than a Dime '' . Wired . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dalsgaard , B ; Martín González , A.M. ; Olesen , J.M. ; Ollerton , J ; Timmermann , A ; Andersen , L.H. ; Tossas , A.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Plant - hummingbird interactions in the West Indies : Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size '' . Oecologia. 159 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 66 . doi : 10.1007 / s00442 - 008 - 1255 - z . PMID 19132403 . ^ Jump up to : Adrienne Glick . `` Mellisuga helenae '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ T.S. Schulenber , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Bee Hummingbird , Mellisuga helenae '' . Ithaca , N.Y. : Neotropical Birds Online , Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) . Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals ' . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0313339226 . ^ Jump up to : Dalsgaard , Bo , et al. `` Floral traits of plants visited by the bee hummingbird ( Mellisuga helenae ) '' . Ornitologia Neotropical 23.1 ( 2012 ) : 143 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Elena . `` Bird Surveys In The Mogote Vegetational Complex In The Sierra Del Infierno , Pinar del Rio , Cuba , June 2000 '' . El Pitirre : 7 . Jump up ^ Garrido , O.H. , & A. Kirkconnell. 2000 . Field guide to the birds of Cuba . Cornell University Press , New York Jump up ^ Martínez García , Orestes ; Bacallao Mesa , Loraiza ; Nieves Lorenzo , Elio ( 1998 ) . `` Estudio preliminar de la conducta reproductiva de Mellisuga helenae ( Aves , Apodiformes ) en condiciones naturales '' ( Preliminary study on the reproductive behaviour of Mellisuga helenae ( Aves , Apodiformes ) in natural conditions ) . El Pitirre ( in Spanish ) ( Winter ) : 102 -- 106 . External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to : Mellisuga helenae Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mellisuga helenae . Bee Hummingbird videos , photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Bee Hummingbird photo gallery VIREO Article with synopsis ( with photos ) ; Photo BeautyofBirds / Avian Web - Bee Hummingbird ARKive Bee Hummingbird Fact File Taxon identifiers Wd : Q213036 ADW : Mellisuga_helenae EoL : 914480 GBIF : 5228500 iNaturalist : 6425 ITIS : 555310 IUCN : 22688214 Species+ : 10117 ARKive : bee - hummingbird / mellisuga - helenae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bee_hummingbird&oldid=809693948 '' Categories : IUCN Red List near threatened species Mellisuga Birds of Cuba Birds described in 1850 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 20 : 15 . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the smallest hummingbird	[ "The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird which is the world's smallest bird.[2][3]" ]	[ "bee hummingbird" ]
1901780307236220100	ABO blood group system	ABO blood group system - wikipedia ABO blood group system Jump to : navigation , search `` ABO '' redirects here . For other uses , see ABO ( disambiguation ) . `` H substance '' redirects here . For use in inflammation , see histamine . For hydrogen atom , see hydrogen . ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one , both , or neither of the AB antigens found on epithilia tissue and cells other than erythrocytes . In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 35 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized . A very rare ( in modern medicine ) miss - match in this , or any other serotype , can cause a serious , potentially fatal , adverse reaction after a transfusion , or an contra - indicated immune response to a organ transplant . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies , which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances , such as food , bacteria , and viruses . ABO blood types are also present in some other animals , for example rodents and apes , such as chimpanzees , bonobos , and gorillas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discoveries of the blood types 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 3 Genetics 3.1 Subgroups 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history 3.3 Origin theories 4 Clinical relevance 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) 4.2 Disease risks 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4.4 Clinical applications 4.5 Clinical marker 5 Pseudoscience 6 Data tables 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of discoveries of the blood types ( edit ) Czech serologist Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I , II , III , IV ) The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner , who identified the O , A , and B blood types in 1900 . Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type `` C '' , and in parts of Europe it is rendered as `` 0 '' ( zero ) , signifying the lack of A or B antigen . Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work . Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type , AB , in 1902 . Ukraine marine uniform imprint , showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907 , but Landsteiner 's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity . However , in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský 's classification . Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I , II , III , IV ) . Janský 's classification remains in use today . In Russia and states of the former USSR , blood types O , A , B , and AB are respectively designated I , II , III , and IV . The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Ludwik Hirszfeld . In America , W.L. Moss published his own ( very similar ) work in 1910 . Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910 -- 11 . Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924 . Watkins and Morgan , in England , discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars , to be specific , N - acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B - type . After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids , Finne et al. ( 1978 ) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens . The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin . Later , Yamamoto 's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A , B and O epitopes . Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Student blood test . Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B ( left ) and anti-A ( right ) serum . Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A . There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different . Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen - binding site ( sometimes called the antibody - combining site ) of human immunoglobulin . Notice the O - type antigen does not have a binding site . Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion ( edit ) In April 2007 , an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A , B , and AB blood into type O . This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells . The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals , and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used . Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations . Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood , which could act as a substitute in emergencies . Genetics ( edit ) A and B are codominant , giving the AB phenotype . Blood groups are inherited from both parents . The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene ( the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i , I , and I . The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen , another term for antigen . The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase -- that is , an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens . The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) . The I allele gives type A , I gives type B , and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i , only ii people have type O blood . Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood , and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes , because A and B express a special dominance relationship : codominance , which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child . A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i , I i ) The cis - AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens . The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A or B red blood cells , which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group . Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O , A , B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A , B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O , A , B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A , B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A , B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A , B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A , B , or AB AA AB AB BB The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents . Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring : AO and AA both test as type A ; BO and BB test as type B . The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent ; each has a 25 % chance , but some occur more than once . Blood group inheritance by phenotype only Blood type O AB O O O or A O or B A or B O or A O or A O , A , B or AB A , B or AB O or B O , A , B or AB O or B A , B or AB AB A or B A , B or AB A , B or AB A , B or AB Historically , ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing , but in 1957 only 50 % of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity . Occasionally , the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations -- for example , a type O child can be born to an AB parent -- due to rare situations , such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB . Subgroups ( edit ) The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups , of which A1 and A2 are the most common ( over 99 % ) . A1 makes up about 80 % of all A-type blood , with A2 making up almost all of the rest . These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned , as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen . Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood . With the development of DNA sequencing , it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus , each of which can be categorized as A , B , or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion , but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence . There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one 's blood type : A O A101 ( A1 ) A201 ( A2 ) B101 ( B1 ) O01 ( O1 ) O02 ( O1v ) O03 ( O2 ) The same study also identified 18 rare alleles , which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity . People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies , though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature . Cis AB is another rare variant , in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent . Distribution and evolutionary history ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country The distribution of the blood groups A , B , O and AB varies across the world according to the population . There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations . In the UK , the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen , Danes , Saxons , Celts , and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population . The two common O alleles , O01 and O02 , share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01 . However , unlike the group A allele , a guanosine base is subsequently deleted . A premature stop codon results from this frame - shift mutation . This variant is found worldwide , and likely predates human migration from Africa . The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele . Some evolutionary biologists theorize that the I allele evolved first , followed by O ( by the deletion of a single nucleotide , shifting the reading frame ) and then I . This chronology accounts for the percentage of people worldwide with each blood type . It is consistent with the accepted patterns of early population movements and varying prevalent blood types in different parts of the world : for instance , B is very common in populations of Asian descent , but rare in ones of Western European descent . Another theory states that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans . From oldest to youngest , these lineages comprise the following alleles : A101 / A201 / O09 , B101 , O02 and O01 . The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection . Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first . Origin theories ( edit ) It is possible that food and environmental antigens ( bacterial , viral , or plant antigens ) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens . The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO - incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life . Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus , whose epitopes are similar enough to the α - D-N - galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction . Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram - negative bacteria , such as E. coli , cross-reacting with the α - D - galactose on the B glycoprotein . However , it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency - dependent selection ; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts . Thus , individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens . The high within - population diversity observed in human populations would , then , be a consequence of natural selection on individuals . HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV - producing cell lines . Clinical relevance ( edit ) The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity , cell adhesion , membrane transportation of molecules , and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands , and enzymes . ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells . Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) ( edit ) The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) glycoprotein , which participates in hemostasis ( control of bleeding ) . In fact , having type O blood predisposes to bleeding , as 30 % of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group , and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF ( and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals . In addition , vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF ( an amino acid polymorphism in VWF ) : the gene for ADAMTS13 ( vWF - cleaving protease ) maps to the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) , the same locus as ABO blood type . Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke ( from blood clotting ) for the first time . The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism , and the only significant genetic factor was the person 's blood group . Disease risks ( edit ) Compared to O group individuals , non-O group ( A , AB , and B) individuals have a 14 % reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4 % reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma . Conversely , type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer . The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer . Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O . According to Glass , Holmgren , et al. , those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera , and those O - group individuals who are infected have more severe infections . The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature . ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( ABO ) ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type , which do not cross the placenta . However , in an O - type mother , IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn . Clinical applications ( edit ) In human cells , the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions . Using anti-GTA / GTB monoclonal antibodies , it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia . Furthermore , the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium . In most human carcinomas , including oral carcinoma , a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens . Several studies have observed that a relative down - regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development . More recently , a genome wide association study ( GWAS ) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer . Clinical marker ( edit ) A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci , including the ABO gene , identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events , as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy . The study was based on a community cohort study ( the Malmo Diet and Cancer study ) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts ( JUPITER and ASCOT ) and secondary prevention cohorts ( CARE and PROVE IT - TIMI 22 ) . Pseudoscience ( edit ) During the 1930s , connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world . There are some positive science studies . Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet , claims that group A causes severe hangovers , group O is associated with perfect teeth , and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs . Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent . Data tables ( edit ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean , Japanese and German populations . Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) O Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.001 . Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.001 . Korean versus German , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ) . Fukumori et al. , 1996 . Nishimukai et al. , 1996 . Source : Table 2 , Page 333 , Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Kidd blood group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ISBT ( 2014 ) . `` Table of Blood Group Systems v4. 0 ( November ) '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Blood Transfusion . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Muramatsu M , Gonzalez HD , Cacciola R , Aikawa A , Yaqoob MM , Puliatti C ( 2014 ) . `` ABO incompatible renal transplants : Good or bad ? '' . WORLD JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION. 4 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 29 . PMC 3964193 . 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( 1995 ) . `` ABO blood group genotype and plasma von Willebrand factor in normal individuals '' . Vox Sang. 68 ( 4 ) : 236 -- 40 . PMID 7660643 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.1995. tb02579. x . Jump up ^ Bowen , DJ ; Collins PW ; et al. ( March 2005 ) . `` The prevalence of the cysteine1584 variant of von Willebrand factor is increased in type 1 von Willebrand disease : co-segregation with increased susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis but not clinical phenotype '' . Br J Haematol . Blackwell Synergy. 128 ( 6 ) : 830 -- 6 . PMID 15755288 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2005. 05375. x . Jump up ^ Bongers T ; de Maat M ; van Goor M ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke : influence of ADAMTS13 , inflammation , and genetic variability '' . Stroke. 37 ( 11 ) : 2672 -- 7 . PMID 16990571 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. STR. 0000244767.39962. f7 . Jump up ^ Xie J , Qureshi AA , Li Y , Han J ( 2010 ) . `` ABO Blood Group and Incidence of Skin Cancer '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e11972 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 511972X . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011972 . Jump up ^ Wolpin , B.M. ; Kraft , P. ; Gross , M. ; Helzlsouer , K. ; Bueno - De-Mesquita , H.B. ; Steplowski , E. ; Stolzenberg - Solomon , R.Z. ; Arslan , A.A. ; Jacobs , E.J. ; Lacroix , A. ; Petersen , G. ; Zheng , W. ; Albanes , D. ; Allen , N.E. ; Amundadottir , L. ; Anderson , G. ; Boutron - Ruault , M. - C. ; Buring , J.E. ; Canzian , F. ; Chanock , S.J. ; Clipp , S. ; Gaziano , J.M. ; Giovannucci , E.L. ; Hallmans , G. ; Hankinson , S.E. ; Hoover , R.N. ; Hunter , D.J. ; Hutchinson , A. ; Jacobs , K. ; Kooperberg , C. ( 2010 ) . `` Pancreatic Cancer Risk and ABO Blood Group Alleles : Results from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium '' . Cancer Research . 70 ( 3 ) : 1015 -- 1023 . PMC 2943735 . PMID 20103627 . doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 09 - 2993 . 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Jump up ^ American Red Cross , Southern California Blood Services Region ( n.d. ) . `` Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking '' ( PDF ) . Blood : the Basics : 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu , Young Woo Sohn ( 2007 ) , A Review of Sociocultural , Behavioral , Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood - Groups Typology , The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology . Jump up ^ Hobgood , Donna K. ( 2011 ) . `` Personality traits of aggression - submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities '' . Medical Hypotheses. 77 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 300 . PMID 21601990 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2011.04. 039 . Jump up ^ Klein , Harvey G ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` Why Do People Have Different Blood Types ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Kang , Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) . Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population . In Japanese Journal of Human Genetics , 42 ( 2 ) , Page 333 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 Retrieved July 24 , 2017 , from link . Further reading ( edit ) Dean L ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The ABO blood group . '' . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Farr A ( 1 April 1979 ) . `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) '' . Med Hist. 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383 . External links ( edit ) ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI , NIH ABO blood groups , antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video Encyclopædia Britannica , ABO blood group system National Blood Transfusion Service Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO ( hide ) Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=804647187 '' Categories : Blood antigen systems Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ 日本語 Plattdüütsch Português Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 08 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the four blood types in the abo system	[ "It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907,[8] but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity. However, in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský's classification. Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (I, II, III, IV)." ]	[ "I, II, III, IV" ]
6053199580074040734	I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus	I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus - wikipedia I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the film , see I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus ( film ) . `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' Song by Jimmy Boyd Language English Released 1952 ( 1952 ) Recorded 15 July 1952 ( 1952 - 07 - 15 ) Composer ( s ) Tommie Connor Lyricist ( s ) Tommie Connor `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' is a Christmas song with music and lyrics by British songwriter Tommie Connor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Jimmy Boyd original version 2 Spike Jones version 3 Cover versions 3.1 International versions 4 Film adaptation 5 Notes and references 6 External links Jimmy Boyd original version ( edit ) The original recording by Jimmy Boyd , recorded on July 15 , 1952 when he was 13 years old , reached No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart in December 1952 , and on the Cash Box chart at the beginning of the following year . It later reached Number 3 in the UK Charts when issued there in November 1953 . The song was commissioned by Saks Fifth Avenue to promote the store 's Christmas card for the year , which featured an original sketch by artist Perry Barlow , who drew for The New Yorker for many decades . The song describes a scene where a child walks downstairs from his bedroom on Christmas Eve to see the mother kissing `` Santa Claus '' under the mistletoe . Boyd 's record was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church in Boston when it was released on the grounds that it mixed kissing with Christmas . Boyd was photographed meeting with the Archdiocese to explain the song . After the meeting , the ban was lifted . Spike Jones version ( edit ) A less successful version of the song was released in 1952 by Spike Jones ( with vocal by George Rock in the little boy voice used in Spike 's hit `` All I Want For Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth '' ) . Jones also recorded a parody for his personal pleasure titled `` I Saw Mommy Screwing Santa Claus . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Popular versions of the song were released by the Ronettes , Molly Bee , Bobby Sherman , Andy Williams , The Beverley Sisters , The Four Seasons , and The Jackson 5 . Reba McEntire , Homer and Jethro , Amy Winehouse , John Mellencamp , Mitch Miller , John Prine , Sammi Sanchez , Tiny Tim , The Cheetah Girls , Bif Naked , Jessica Simpson , Teresa Brewer , Rica Fukami , Secret Chiefs 3 and Dionne Bromfield have also covered it . The Dollyrots recorded a variation ( titled `` I Saw Mommy Biting Santa Claus '' ) with humorous lyrics . RuPaul and Kip Addotta both recorded versions with changed lyrics titled `` I Saw Daddy Kissing Santa Claus . '' John Mellencamp also filmed a music video to promote his recording for the 1987 Special Olympics charity album , A Very Special Christmas . International versions ( edit ) Danish : `` Jeg så julemanden kysse mor '' ( Danish text : Susanne Palsbo ) Finnish : `` Kun joulupukki suukon sai '' ( Finnish text : Saukki ) French : `` J'ai vu maman embrasser le Père Noël '' ( French text : Louis Gasté ) Norwegian : `` Jeg så mamma kysse nissen '' ( Norwegian text : Philip A. Kruse ) Swedish : `` Jag såg mamma kyssa tomten '' ( Swedish text : Ingrid `` Ninita '' Reuterskiöld ) Mexican : `` Hoy vi a Santa Claus besar a mamá '' ( Spanish text : Anibal Pastor ) Icelandic : `` Ég sá mömmu kyssa jólasvein '' ( Icelandic text : Hinrik Bjarnason ) Film adaptation ( edit ) A made - for - television movie based on the song was released in 2001 . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 40 Christmas Oldies Songs '' . Oldies.about.com. 1952 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 1952 - 12 - 06 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Young , Jordan R. ( 1984 ) . Spike Jones and his City Slickers . ISBN 9780940410732 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` John Mellencamp - I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus - Video '' . YouTube . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics to I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus Preceded by `` Why Do n't You Believe Me ? '' by Joni James U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single December 27 , 1952 -- January 3 , 1953 Succeeded by `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' by Perry Como Preceded by `` Why Do n't You Believe Me ? '' by Joni James U.S. Cash Box Best Selling Records Chart number - one record January 3 , 1953 Succeeded by `` Why Do n't You Believe Me ? '' by Joni James Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Saw_Mommy_Kissing_Santa_Claus&oldid=818317729 '' Categories : Number - one singles in the United States 1952 singles American Christmas songs Songs written by Tommie Connor Jimmy Boyd songs Christmas novelty songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Italiano 日本語 Norsk Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote i saw mommy kissing santa claus	[ "\"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" is a Christmas song with music and lyrics by British songwriter Tommie Connor." ]	[ "Tommie Connor" ]
-2232174251792443114	Women's suffrage in the United States	Women 's suffrage in the United states - wikipedia Women 's suffrage in the United states Jump to : navigation , search Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with the signatures of more than a million women . 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The demand for women 's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s , emerging from the broader movement for women 's rights . In 1848 , the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , passed a resolution in favor of women 's suffrage despite opposition from some of its organizers , who believed the idea was too extreme . By the time of the first National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 , however , suffrage was becoming an increasingly important aspect of the movement 's activities . The first national suffrage organizations were established in 1869 when two competing organizations were formed , one led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the other by Lucy Stone . After years of rivalry , they merged in 1890 as the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) with Anthony as its leading force . Hoping that the U.S. Supreme Court would rule that women had a constitutional right to vote , suffragists made several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed lawsuits when they were turned away . Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum . After the Supreme Court ruled against them in 1875 , suffragists began the decades - long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women . Much of the movement 's energy , however , went toward working for suffrage on a state - by - state basis . In 1916 Alice Paul formed the National Woman 's Party ( NWP ) , a militant group focused on the passage of a national suffrage amendment . Over 200 NWP supporters , the Silent Sentinels , were arrested in 1917 while picketing the White House , some of whom went on hunger strike and endured forced feeding after being sent to prison . Under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt , the two - million - member NAWSA also made a national suffrage amendment its top priority . After a hard - fought series of votes in the U.S. Congress and in state legislatures , the Nineteenth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution on August 26 , 1920 . It states , `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 National history 1.1 Early voting activity 1.2 Emergence of the women 's rights movement 1.3 Early backing for women 's suffrage 1.4 Early women 's rights conventions 1.4. 1 Seneca Falls convention 1.4. 2 National conventions 1.5 Anthony - Stanton collaboration 1.6 Women 's Loyal National League 1.7 American Equal Rights Association 1.8 New England Woman Suffrage Association 1.9 The Fifteenth Amendment 1.10 New Departure 1.11 United States v. Susan B. Anthony 1.12 History of Woman Suffrage 1.13 Introduction of the women 's suffrage amendment 1.14 Early female candidates for national office 1.15 Initial successes 2 1890 -- 1919 2.1 Merger of rival suffrage organizations 2.2 National American Woman Suffrage Association 2.3 Opposition to women 's suffrage 2.3. 1 Women against suffrage 2.4 Southern strategy 2.5 New Woman 2.6 New suffrage organizations 2.6. 1 College Equal Suffrage League 2.6. 2 Equality League of Self - Supporting Women 2.6. 3 National Woman 's Party 2.7 Suffrage periodicals 2.8 Turn of the tide 2.9 Nineteenth Amendment 3 Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment 3.1 Immediate effects 3.1. 1 Changes in the voting population 3.1. 2 Changes in representation and government programs 3.1. 3 Notable legislation 3.1. 4 Socio - economic effects 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Anti-suffrage 6.2 Primary sources 7 Further reading 8 External links National History ( edit ) See also : Women 's suffrage in states of the United States Early voting activity ( edit ) Lydia Taft ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , a wealthy widow , was allowed to vote in town meetings in Uxbridge , Massachusetts in 1756 . No other women in the colonial era are known to have voted . The New Jersey constitution of 1776 enfranchised all adult inhabitants who owned a specified amount of property . Laws enacted in 1790 and 1797 referred to voters as `` he or she '' , and women regularly voted . A law passed in 1807 , however , excluded women from voting in that state . Kentucky passed the first statewide woman suffrage law in the New Republic Era ( since New Jersey revoked their woman suffrage rights in 1807 ) -- allowing any widow or feme sole ( legally , the head of household ) over 21 who paid property taxes for the new county `` common school '' system . This partial suffrage right for women was not expressed as for whites only . Emergence of the women 's rights movement ( edit ) Margaret Fuller The demand for women 's suffrage emerged as part of the broader movement for women 's rights . In England in 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a pioneering book called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . In Boston in 1838 Sarah Grimké published The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women , which was widely circulated . In 1845 Margaret Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth Century , a key document in American feminism that first appeared in serial form in 1839 in The Dial , a transcendentalist journal that Fuller edited . `` The very truths you are now contending for , will , in fifty years , be so completely imbedded in public opinion that no one need say one word in their defense ; whilst at the same time new forms of truth will arise to test the faithfulness of the pioneer minds of that age , and so on eternally . '' Angela Grimké , 1851 , in a letter to Elizabeth Cady Stanton Significant barriers had to be overcome , however , before a campaign for women 's suffrage could develop significant strength . One barrier was strong opposition to women 's involvement in public affairs , a practice that was not fully accepted even among reform activists . Only after fierce debate were women accepted as members of the American Anti-Slavery Society at its convention of 1839 , and the organization split at its next convention when women were appointed to committees . Opposition was especially strong against the idea of women speaking to audiences of both men and women . Frances Wright , a Scottish woman , was subjected to sharp criticism for delivering public lectures in the U.S. in 1826 and 1827 . When the Grimké sisters , who had been born into a slave - holding family in South Carolina , spoke against slavery throughout the northeast in the mid-1830s , the ministers of the Congregational Church , a major force in that region , published a statement condemning their actions . Despite the disapproval , in 1838 Angelina Grimké spoke against slavery before the Massachusetts legislature , the first woman in the U.S. to speak before a legislative body . Other women began to give public speeches , especially in opposition to slavery and in support of women 's rights . Early female speakers included Ernestine Rose , a Jewish immigrant from Poland ; Lucretia Mott , a Quaker minister and abolitionist ; and Abby Kelley Foster , a Quaker abolitionist . Toward the end of the 1840s Lucy Stone launched her career as a public speaker , soon becoming the most famous female lecturer . Supporting both the abolitionist and women 's rights movements , Stone played a major role in reducing the prejudice against women speaking in public . Opposition remained strong , however . A regional women 's rights convention in Ohio in 1851 was disrupted by male opponents . The National Women 's Rights Convention in 1852 was similarly disrupted , and mob action at the 1853 convention came close to violence . The World 's Temperance Convention in New York City in 1853 bogged down for three days in a dispute about whether women would be allowed to speak there . Susan B. Anthony , a leader of the suffrage movement , later said , `` No advanced step taken by women has been so bitterly contested as that of speaking in public . For nothing which they have attempted , not even to secure the suffrage , have they been so abused , condemned and antagonized . '' Laws that sharply restricted the independent activity of married women also created barriers to the campaign for women 's suffrage . According to William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , an authoritative commentary on the English common law on which the American legal system is modeled , `` by marriage , the husband and wife are one person in law : that is , the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage '' , referring to the legal doctrine of coverture that was introduced to England by the Normans in the Middle Ages . In 1862 the Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court denied a divorce to a woman whose husband had horsewhipped her , saying , `` The law gives the husband power to use such a degree of force necessary to make the wife behave and know her place . '' Married women in many states could not legally sign contracts , which made it difficult for them to arrange for convention halls , printed materials and other things needed by the suffrage movement . Restrictions like these were overcome in part by the passage of married women 's property laws in several states , supported in some cases by wealthy fathers who did n't want their daughters ' inheritance to fall under the complete control of their husbands . Sentiment in favor of women 's rights was strong within the radical wing of the abolitionist movement . William Lloyd Garrison , the leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society , said `` I doubt whether a more important movement has been launched touching the destiny of the race , than this in regard to the equality of the sexes '' . The abolitionist movement , however , attracted only about one per cent of the population at that time , and radical abolitionists were only one part of that movement . Early backing for women 's suffrage ( edit ) The New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846 received petitions in support of women 's suffrage from residents of at least three counties . Several members of the radical wing of the abolitionist movement supported suffrage . In 1846 , Samuel J. May , a Unitarian minister and radical abolitionist , vigorously supported women 's suffrage in a sermon that was later circulated as the first in a series of women 's rights tracts . In 1846 , the Liberty League , an offshoot of the abolitionist Liberty Party , petitioned Congress to enfranchise women . A convention of the Liberty Party in Rochester , New York in May 1848 approved a resolution calling for `` universal suffrage in its broadest sense , including women as well as men . '' Gerrit Smith , its candidate for president , delivered a speech shortly afterwards at the National Liberty Convention in Buffalo , New York that elaborated on his party 's call for women 's suffrage . Lucretia Mott was suggested as the party 's vice-presidential candidate -- the first time that a woman had been proposed for federal executive office in the U.S. -- and she received five votes from delegates at that convention . Early women 's rights conventions ( edit ) Women 's suffrage was not a major topic within the women 's rights movement at that point . Many of its activists were aligned with the Garrisonian wing of the abolitionist movement , which believed that activists should avoid political activity and focus instead on convincing others of their views with `` moral suasion '' . Many were Quakers whose traditions barred both men and women from participation in secular political activity . A series of women 's rights conventions did much to alter these attitudes . Seneca Falls convention ( edit ) Elizabeth Cady Stanton The first women 's rights convention was the Seneca Falls Convention , a regional event held on July 19 and 20 , 1848 , in Seneca Falls in the Finger Lakes region of New York . Five women called the convention , four of whom were Quaker social activists , including the well - known Lucretia Mott . The fifth was Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who had discussed the need to organize for women 's rights with Mott several years earlier . Stanton , who came from a family that was deeply involved in politics , became a major force in convincing the women 's movement that political pressure was crucial to its goals , and that the right to vote was a key weapon . An estimated 300 women and men attended this two - day event , which was widely noted in the press . The only resolution that was not adopted unanimously by the convention was the one demanding women 's right to vote , which was introduced by Stanton . When her husband , a well - known social reformer , learned that she intended to introduce this resolution , he refused to attend the convention and accused her of acting in a way that would turn the proceedings into a farce . Lucretia Mott , the main speaker , was also disturbed by the proposal . The resolution was adopted only after Frederick Douglass , an abolitionist leader and a former slave , gave it his strong support . The convention 's Declaration of Sentiments , which was written primarily by Stanton , expressed an intent to build a women 's rights movement , and it included a list of grievances , the first two of which protested the lack of women 's suffrage . The grievances were aimed at the United States government `` demanded government reform and changes in male roles and behaviors that promoted inequality for women . '' This convention was followed two weeks later by the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention of 1848 , which featured many of the same speakers and likewise voted to support women 's suffrage . It was the first women 's rights convention to be chaired by a woman , a step that was considered to be radical at the time . That meeting was followed by the Ohio Women 's Convention at Salem in 1850 , the first women 's rights convention to be organized on a statewide basis , which also endorsed women 's suffrage . National conventions ( edit ) The first in a series of National Women 's Rights Conventions was held in Worcester , Massachusetts on October 23 -- 24 , 1850 , at the initiative of Lucy Stone and Paulina Wright Davis . National conventions were held afterwards almost every year through 1860 , when the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) interrupted the practice . Suffrage was a preeminent goal of these conventions , no longer the controversial issue it had been at Seneca Falls only two years earlier . At the first national convention Stone gave a speech that included a call to petition state legislatures for the right of suffrage . Reports of this convention reached Britain , prompting Harriet Taylor , soon to be married to philosopher John Stuart Mill , to write an essay called `` The Enfranchisement of Women , '' which was published in the Westminster Review . Heralding the women 's movement in the U.S. , Taylor 's essay helped to initiate a similar movement in Britain . Her essay was reprinted as a women 's rights tract in the U.S. and was sold for decades . Lucy Stone Wendell Phillips , a prominent abolitionist and women 's rights advocate , delivered a speech at the second national convention in 1851 called `` Shall Women Have the Right to Vote ? '' Describing women 's suffrage as the cornerstone of the women 's movement , it was later circulated as a women 's rights tract . Several of the women who played leading roles in the national conventions , especially Stone , Anthony and Stanton , were also leaders in establishing women 's suffrage organizations after the Civil War . They also included the demand for suffrage as part of their activities during the 1850s . In 1852 Stanton advocated women 's suffrage in a speech at the New York State Temperance Convention . In 1853 Stone became the first woman to appeal for women 's suffrage before a body of lawmakers when she addressed the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention . In 1854 Anthony organized a petition campaign in New York State that included the demand for suffrage . It culminated in a women 's rights convention in the state capitol and a speech by Stanton before the state legislature . In 1857 Stone refused to pay taxes on the grounds that women were taxed without being able to vote on tax laws . The constable sold her household goods at auction until enough money had been raised to pay her tax bill . The women 's rights movement was loosely structured during this period , with few state organizations and no national organization other than a coordinating committee that arranged the annual national conventions . Much of the organizational work for these conventions was performed by Stone , the most visible leader of the movement during this period . At the national convention in 1852 , a proposal was made to form a national women 's rights organization , but the idea was dropped after fears were voiced that such a move would create cumbersome machinery and lead to internal divisions . Anthony - Stanton collaboration ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton met in 1851 and soon became close friends and co-workers . Their decades - long collaboration was pivotal for the suffrage movement and contributed significantly to the broader struggle for women 's rights , which Stanton called `` the greatest revolution the world has ever known or ever will know . '' They had complementary skills : Anthony excelled at organizing while Stanton had an aptitude for intellectual matters and writing . Stanton , who was homebound with several children during this period , wrote speeches that Anthony delivered to meetings that she herself organized . Together they developed a sophisticated movement in New York State , but their work at this time dealt with women 's issues in general , not specifically suffrage . Anthony , who eventually became the person most closely associated in the public mind with women 's suffrage , later said `` I was n't ready to vote , did n't want to vote , but I did want equal pay for equal work . '' In the period just before the Civil War , Anthony gave priority to anti-slavery work over her work for the women 's movement . Women 's Loyal national League ( edit ) Over Anthony 's objections , leaders of the movement agreed to suspend women 's rights activities during the Civil War in order to focus on the abolition of slavery . In 1863 Anthony and Stanton organized the Women 's Loyal National League , the first national women 's political organization in the U.S. It collected nearly 400,000 signatures on petitions to abolish slavery in the largest petition drive in the nation 's history up to that time . Susan B. Anthony Although it was not a suffrage organization , the League made it clear that it stood for political equality for women , and it indirectly advanced that cause in several ways . Stanton reminded the public that petitioning was the only political tool available to women at a time when only men were allowed to vote . The League 's impressive petition drive demonstrated the value of formal organization to the women 's movement , which had traditionally resisted organizational structures , and it marked a continuation of the shift of women 's activism from moral suasion to political action . Its 5000 members constituted a widespread network of women activists who gained experience that helped create a pool of talent for future forms of social activism , including suffrage . American equal rights Association ( edit ) The Eleventh National Women 's Rights Convention , the first since the Civil War , was held in 1866 , helping the women 's rights movement regain the momentum it had lost during the war . The convention voted to transform itself into the American Equal Rights Association ( AERA ) , whose purpose was to campaign for the equal rights of all citizens , especially the right of suffrage . In addition to Anthony and Stanton , who organized the convention , the leadership of the new organization included such prominent abolitionist and women 's rights activists as Lucretia Mott , Lucy Stone and Frederick Douglass . Its drive for universal suffrage , however , was resisted by some abolitionist leaders and their allies in the Republican Party , who wanted women to postpone their campaign for suffrage until it had first been achieved for male African Americans . Horace Greeley , a prominent newspaper editor , told Anthony and Stanton , `` This is a critical period for the Republican Party and the life of our Nation ... I conjure you to remember that this is ' the negro 's hour , ' and your first duty now is to go through the State and plead his claims . '' They and others , including Lucy Stone , refused to postpone their demands , however , and continued to push for universal suffrage . In April 1867 Stone and her husband Henry Blackwell opened the AERA campaign in Kansas in support of referenda in that state that would enfranchise both African Americans and women . Wendell Phillips , an abolitionist leader who opposed mixing those two causes , surprised and angered AERA workers by blocking the funding that the AERA had expected for their campaign . After an internal struggle , Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for black men only and formed an `` Anti-Female Suffrage Committee '' to oppose the AERA 's efforts . By the end of summer the AERA campaign had almost collapsed , and its finances were exhausted . Anthony and Stanton were harshly criticized by Stone and other AERA members for accepting help during the last days of the campaign from George Francis Train , a wealthy businessman who supported women 's rights . Train antagonized many activists by attacking the Republican Party , which had won the loyalty of many reform activists , and openly disparaging the integrity and intelligence of African Americans . After the Kansas campaign , the AERA increasingly divided into two wings , both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches . One wing , whose leading figure was Lucy Stone , was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first , if necessary , and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement . The other , whose leading figures were Anthony and Stanton , insisted that women and black men be enfranchised at the same time and worked toward a politically independent women 's movement that would no longer be dependent on abolitionists for financial and other resources . The acrimonious annual meeting of the AERA in May 1869 signaled the effective demise of the organization , in the aftermath of which two competing woman suffrage organizations were created . New England Woman suffrage Association ( edit ) Petition from the citizens of Massachusetts in support of woman suffrage Partly as a result of the developing split in the women 's movement , in 1868 the New England Woman Suffrage Association ( NEWSA ) , the first major political organization in the U.S. with women 's suffrage as its goal , was formed . The planners for the NEWSA 's founding convention worked to attract Republican support and seated leading Republican politicians , including a U.S. senator , on the speaker 's platform . Amid increasing confidence that the Fifteenth Amendment , which would in effect enfranchise black men , was assured of passage , Lucy Stone , a future president of the NEWSA , showed her preference for enfranchising both women and African Americans by unexpectedly introducing a resolution calling for the Republican Party to `` drop its watchword of ' Manhood Suffrage ' '' and to support universal suffrage instead . Despite opposition by Frederick Douglass and others , Stone convinced the meeting to approve the resolution . Two months later , however , when the Fifteenth Amendment was in danger of becoming stalled in Congress , Stone backed away from that position and declared that `` Woman must wait for the Negro . '' The Fifteenth amendment ( edit ) In May 1869 , two days after the final AERA annual meeting , Anthony , Stanton and others formed the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) . In November 1869 , Lucy Stone , Julia Ward Howe , Henry Blackwell and others , many of whom had helped to create the New England Woman Suffrage Association a year earlier , formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . The hostile rivalry between these two organizations created a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades , affecting even professional historians of the women 's movement . Frederick Douglass The immediate cause for the split was the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , a reconstruction amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race . Stanton and Anthony opposed its passage unless it was accompanied by another amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex . They said that by effectively enfranchising all men while excluding all women , the amendment would create an `` aristocracy of sex '' by giving constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior to women . Male power and privilege was at the root of society 's ills , Stanton argued , and nothing should be done to strengthen it . Anthony and Stanton also warned that black men , who would gain voting power under the amendment , were overwhelmingly opposed to women 's suffrage . They were not alone in being unsure of black male support for women 's suffrage . Frederick Douglass , a strong supporter of women 's suffrage , said , `` The race to which I belong have not generally taken the right ground on this question . '' Douglass , however , strongly supported the amendment , saying it was a matter of life and death for former slaves . Lucy Stone , who became the AWSA 's most prominent leader , supported the amendment but said she believed that suffrage for women would be more beneficial to the country than suffrage for black men . The AWSA and most AERA members also supported the amendment . Both wings of the movement were strongly associated with opposition to slavery , but their leaders sometimes expressed views that reflected the racial attitudes of that era . Stanton , for example , believed that a long process of education would be needed before what she called the `` lower orders '' of former slaves and immigrant workers would be able to participate meaningfully as voters . In an article in The Revolution , Stanton wrote , `` American women of wealth , education , virtue and refinement , if you do not wish the lower orders of Chinese , Africans , Germans and Irish , with their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for you and your daughters ... demand that women too shall be represented in government . '' In another article she made a similar statement while personifying those four ethnic groups as `` Patrick and Sambo and Hans and Yung Tung '' . Lucy Stone called a suffrage meeting in New Jersey to consider the question , `` Shall women alone be omitted in the reconstruction ? Shall ( they ) ... be ranked politically below the most ignorant and degraded men ? '' Henry Blackwell , Stone 's husband and an AWSA officer , published an open letter to Southern legislatures assuring them that if they allowed both blacks and women to vote , `` the political supremacy of your white race will remain unchanged '' and `` the black race would gravitate by the law of nature toward the tropics . '' The AWSA aimed for close ties with the Republican Party , hoping that the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment would lead to a Republican push for women 's suffrage . The NWSA , while determined to be politically independent , was critical of the Republicans . Anthony and Stanton wrote a letter to the 1868 Democratic National Convention that criticized Republican sponsorship of the Fourteenth Amendment ( which granted citizenship to black men but for the first time introduced the word `` male '' into the Constitution ) , saying , `` While the dominant party has with one hand lifted up two million black men and crowned them with the honor and dignity of citizenship , with the other it has dethroned fifteen million white women -- their own mothers and sisters , their own wives and daughters -- and cast them under the heel of the lowest orders of manhood . '' They urged liberal Democrats to convince their party , which did not have a clear direction at that point , to embrace universal suffrage . The two organizations had other differences as well . Although each campaigned for suffrage at both the state and national levels , the NWSA tended to work more at the national level and the AWSA more at the state level . The NWSA initially worked on a wider range of issues than the AWSA , including divorce reform and equal pay for women . The NWSA was led by women only while the AWSA included both men and women among its leadership . Events soon removed much of the basis for the split in the movement . In 1870 debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified . In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short - lived Liberal Republican Party . The rivalry between the two women 's groups was so bitter , however , that a merger proved to be impossible until 1890 . New Departure ( edit ) In 1869 Francis and Virginia Minor , husband and wife suffragists from Missouri , outlined a strategy that came to be known as the New Departure , which engaged the suffrage movement for several years . Arguing that the U.S. Constitution implicitly enfranchised women , this strategy relied heavily on Section 1 of the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment , which reads , `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . '' Votes for Women pennant In 1871 the NWSA officially adopted the New Departure strategy , encouraging women to attempt to vote and to file lawsuits if denied that right . Soon hundreds of women tried to vote in dozens of localities . In some cases , actions like these preceded the New Departure strategy : in 1868 in Vineland , New Jersey , a center for radical spiritualists , nearly 200 women placed their ballots into a separate box and attempted to have them counted , but without success . The AWSA did not officially adopt the New Departure strategy , but Lucy Stone , its leader , attempted to vote in her home town in New Jersey . In one court case resulting from a lawsuit brought by women who had been prevented from voting , the U.S. District Court in Washington , D.C. , ruled that women did not have an implicit right to vote , declaring that , `` The fact that the practical working of the assumed right would be destructive of civilization is decisive that the right does not exist . '' In 1871 Victoria Woodhull , a stockbroker , was invited to speak before a committee of Congress , the first woman to do so . Although she had little previous connection to the women 's movement , she presented a modified version of the New Departure strategy . Instead of asking the courts to declare that women had the right to vote , she asked Congress itself to declare that the Constitution implicitly enfranchised women . The committee rejected her suggestion . The NWSA at first reacted enthusiastically to Woodhull 's sudden appearance on the scene . Stanton in particular welcomed Woodhull 's proposal to assemble a broad - based reform party that would support women 's suffrage . Anthony opposed that idea , wanting the NWSA to remain politically independent . The NWSA soon had reason to regret its association with Woodhull . In 1872 she published details of a purported adulterous affair between Rev. Henry Ward Beecher , president of the AWSA , and Elizabeth Tilton , wife of a leading NWSA member . Beecher 's subsequent trial was reported in newspapers across the country , resulting in what one scholar has called `` political theater '' that badly damaged the reputation of the suffrage movement . The Supreme Court in 1875 put an end to the New Departure strategy by ruling in Minor v. Happersett that `` the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone '' . The NWSA decided to pursue the far more difficult strategy of campaigning for a constitutional amendment that would guarantee voting rights for women . United states v. Susan B. Anthony ( edit ) In a case that generated national controversy , Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting in the presidential election of 1872 . The judge directed the jury to deliver a guilty verdict . When he asked Anthony , who had not been permitted to speak during the trial , if she had anything to say , she responded with what one historian has called `` the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage '' . She called `` this high - handed outrage upon my citizen 's rights '' , saying , `` ... you have trampled under foot every vital principle of our government . My natural rights , my civil rights , my political rights , my judicial rights , are all alike ignored . '' The judge sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100 , she responded , `` I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty '' , and she never did . However the judge did not order her to be imprisoned until she paid the fine , for Anthony could have appealed her case . History of Woman suffrage ( edit ) In 1876 Anthony , Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage began working on the History of Woman Suffrage . Originally envisioned as a modest publication that would be produced quickly , the history evolved into a six - volume work of more than 5700 pages written over a period of 41 years . Its last two volumes were published in 1920 , long after the deaths of the project 's originators , by Ida Husted Harper , who also assisted with the fourth volume . Written by leaders of one wing of the divided women 's movement ( Lucy Stone , their main rival , refused to have anything to do with the project ) , the History of Woman Suffrage preserves an enormous amount of material that might have been lost forever , but it does not give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned . Because it was for years the main source of documentation about the suffrage movement , historians have had to uncover other sources to provide a more balanced view . Introduction of the women 's suffrage amendment ( edit ) In 1878 Senator Aaron A. Sargent , a friend of Susan B. Anthony , introduced into Congress a women 's suffrage amendment . More than forty years later it would become the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution with no changes to its wording . Its text is identical to that of the Fifteenth Amendment except that it prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex rather than `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . It Does n't Unsex Her -- a women 's suffrage postcard from 1915 Early female candidates for national office ( edit ) Calling attention to the irony of being legally entitled to run for office while denied the right to vote , Elizabeth Cady Stanton declared herself a candidate for the U.S. Congress in 1866 , the first woman to do so . In 1872 Victoria Woodhull formed her own political party and declared herself to be its candidate for President of the U.S. even though she was ineligible because she was not yet 35 years old . In 1884 Belva Ann Lockwood , the first female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court , became the first woman to conduct a viable campaign for president . She was nominated , without her advance knowledge , by a California group called the Equal Rights Party . Lockwood advocated women 's suffrage and other reforms during a coast - to - coast campaign that received respectful coverage from at least some major periodicals . She financed her campaign partly by charging admission to her speeches . Neither the AWSA nor the NWSA , both of whom had already endorsed the Republican candidate for president , supported Lockwood 's candidacy . Initial successes ( edit ) An act of the Territory of Wyoming enfranchised women on December 10 , 1869 , which is commemorated as Wyoming Day in the state . Women were enfranchised in frontier Wyoming Territory in 1869 and in polygamous Utah in 1870 . The short - lived Populist Party endorsed women 's suffrage , contributing to the enfranchisement of women in Colorado in 1893 and Idaho in 1896 . In some localities , women gained various forms of partial suffrage , such as voting for school boards . According to a 2018 study in The Journal of Politics , states with large suffrage movements and competitive political environments were more likely to extend voting rights to women ; this is one reason why Western states were quicker to adopt women 's suffrage than states in the East . In the late 1870s , the suffrage movement received a major boost when the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) , the largest women 's organization in the country , decided to campaign for suffrage and created a Franchise Department to support that effort . Frances Willard , its pro-suffrage leader , urged WCTU members to pursue the right to vote as a means of protecting their families from alcohol and other vices . In 1886 the WCTU submitted to Congress petitions with 200,000 signatures in support of a national suffrage amendment . In 1885 the Grange , a large farmers ' organization , officially endorsed women 's suffrage . In 1890 the American Federation of Labor , a large labor alliance , endorsed women 's suffrage and subsequently collected 270,000 names on petitions supporting that goal . 1890 -- 1919 ( edit ) Merger of rival suffrage organizations ( edit ) The AWSA , which was especially strong in New England , was initially the larger of the two rival suffrage organizations , but it declined in strength during the 1880s . Stanton and Anthony , the leading figures in the competing NWSA , were more widely known as leaders of the women 's suffrage movement during this period and were more influential in setting its direction . They sometimes used daring tactics . Anthony , for example , interrupted the official ceremonies of the 100th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence to present the NWSA 's Declaration of Rights for Women . The AWSA declined any involvement in the action . Susan B. Anthony in 1900 Over time , the NWSA moved into closer alignment with the AWSA , placing less emphasis on confrontational actions and more on respectability , and no longer promoting a wide range of reforms . The NWSA 's hopes for a federal suffrage amendment were frustrated when the Senate voted against it in 1887 , after which the NWSA put more energy into campaigning at the state level , as the AWSA was already doing . Work at the state level , however , also had its frustrations . Between 1870 and 1910 , the suffrage movement conducted 480 campaigns in 33 states just to have the issue of women 's suffrage brought before the voters , and those campaigns resulted in only 17 instances of the issue actually being placed on the ballot . These efforts led to women 's suffrage in two states , Colorado and Idaho . Alice Stone Blackwell , daughter of AWSA leaders Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell , was a major influence in bringing the rival suffrage leaders together , proposing a joint meeting in 1887 to discuss a merger . Anthony and Stone favored the idea , but opposition from several NWSA veterans delayed the move . In 1890 the two organizations merged as the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . Stanton was president of the new organization , and Stone was chair of its executive committee , but Anthony , who had the title of vice president , was its leader in practice , becoming president herself in 1892 when Stanton retired . National American Woman suffrage Association ( edit ) Although Anthony was the leading force in the newly merged organization , it did not always follow her lead . In 1893 the NAWSA voted over Anthony 's objection to alternate the site of its annual conventions between Washington and various other parts of the country . Anthony 's pre-merger NWSA had always held its conventions in Washington to help maintain focus on a national suffrage amendment . Arguing against this decision , she said she feared , accurately as it turned out , that the NAWSA would engage in suffrage work at the state level at the expense of national work . Stanton , elderly but still very much a radical , did not fit comfortably into the new organization , which was becoming more conservative . In 1895 she published The Woman 's Bible , a controversial best - seller that attacked the use of the Bible to relegate women to an inferior status . The NAWSA voted to disavow any connection with the book despite Anthony 's objection that such a move was unnecessary and hurtful . Stanton afterwards grew increasingly alienated from the suffrage movement . Carrie Chapman Catt The suffrage movement declined in vigor during the years immediately after the 1890 merger . When Carrie Chapman Catt was appointed head of the NAWSA 's Organization Committee in 1895 , it was n't clear how many local chapters the organization had or who their officers were . Catt began revitalizing the organization , establishing a plan of work with clear goals for every state every year . Anthony was impressed and arranged for Catt to succeed her when she retired from the presidency of the NAWSA in 1900 . In her new post Catt continued her effort to transform the unwieldy organization into one that would be better prepared to lead a major suffrage campaign . Catt noted the rapidly growing women 's club movement , which was taking up some of the slack left by the decline of the temperance movement . Local women 's clubs at first were mostly reading groups focused on literature , but they increasingly evolved into civic improvement organizations of middle - class women meeting in each other 's homes weekly . Their national organization was the General Federation of Women 's Clubs ( GFWC ) , founded in 1890 . The clubs avoided controversial issues that would divide the membership , especially religion and prohibition . In the South and East , suffrage was also highly divisive , while there was little resistance to it among clubwomen in the West . In the Midwest , clubwomen had first avoided the suffrage issue out of caution , but after 1900 increasingly came to support it . Catt implemented what was known as the `` society plan , '' a successful effort to recruit wealthy members of the women 's club movement whose time , money and experience could help build the suffrage movement . By in 1914 women 's suffrage was endorsed by the national General Federation of Women 's Clubs . Catt resigned her position after four years , partly because of her husband 's declining health and partly to help organize the International Woman Suffrage Alliance , which was created in Germany , Berlin in 1904 with Catt as president . In 1904 Anna Howard Shaw , another Anthony protégée , was elected president of the NAWSA . Shaw was an energetic worker and a talented orator but not an effective administrator . Between 1910 and 1916 the NAWSA 's national board experienced a constant turmoil that endangered the existence of the organization . Although its membership and finances were at all - time highs , the NAWSA decided to replace Shaw by bringing Catt back once again as president in 1915 . Authorized by the NAWSA to name her own executive board , which previously had been elected by the organization 's annual convention , Catt quickly converted the loosely structured organization into one that was highly centralized . Opposition to women 's suffrage ( edit ) Brewers and distillers , typically rooted in the German American community , opposed women 's suffrage , fearing that women voters would favor the prohibition of alcoholic beverages . German Lutherans and German Catholics typically opposed prohibition and woman suffrage ; they favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs . Their opposition to women 's suffrage was subsequently used as an argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I . Defeat could lead to allegations of fraud . After the defeat of the referendum for women 's suffrage in Michigan in 1912 , the governor accused the brewers of complicity in widespread electoral fraud that resulted in its defeat . Evidence of vote stealing was also strong during referenda in Nebraska and Iowa . Headquarters of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage . Some other businesses , such as southern cotton mills , opposed suffrage because they feared that women voters would support the drive to eliminate child labor . Political machines , such as Tammany Hall in New York City , opposed it because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters . By the time of the New York State referendum on women 's suffrage in 1917 , however , some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage , leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum 's passage . Although the Catholic Church did not take an official position on suffrage , very few of its leaders supported it , and some of its leaders , such as Cardinal Gibbons , made their opposition clear . The New York Times after first supporting suffrage reversed itself and issued stern warnings . A 1912 editorial predicted that with suffrage women would make impossible demands , such as , `` serving as soldiers and sailors , police patrolmen or firemen ... and would serve on juries and elect themselves to executive offices and judgeships . '' It blamed a lack of masculinity for the failure of men to fight back , warning women would get the vote `` if the men are not firm and wise enough and , it may as well be said , masculine enough to prevent them . '' . Women against suffrage ( edit ) Anti-suffrage forces , initially called the `` remonstrants '' , organized as early as 1870 when the Woman 's Anti-Suffrage Association of Washington was formed . Widely known as the `` antis '' , they eventually created organizations in some twenty states . In 1911 the National Association Opposed to Women 's Suffrage was created . It claimed 350,000 members and opposed women 's suffrage , feminism , and socialism . It argued that woman suffrage `` would reduce the special protections and routes of influence available to women , destroy the family , and increase the number of socialist - leaning voters . '' Middle and upper class anti-suffrage women were conservatives with several motivations . Society women in particular had personal access to powerful politicians , and were reluctant to surrender that advantage . Most often the antis believed that politics was dirty and that women 's involvement would surrender the moral high ground that women had claimed , and that partisanship would disrupt local club work for civic betterment , as represented by the General Federation of Women 's Clubs . The best organized movement was the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage ( NYSAOWS ) . Its credo , as set down by its president Josephine Jewell Dodge , was : We believe in every possible advancement to women . We believe that this advancement should be along those legitimate lines of work and endeavor for which she is best fitted and for which she has now unlimited opportunities . We believe this advancement will be better achieved through strictly non-partisan effort and without the limitations of the ballot . We believe in Progress , not in Politics for women . The NYSAOWS New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage used grass roots mobilization techniques they had learned from watching the suffragists to defeat the 1915 referendum . They were very similar to the suffragists themselves , but used a counter-crusading style warning of the evils that suffrage would bring to women . They rejected leadership by men and stressed the importance of independent women in philanthropy and social betterment . NYSAOWS was narrowly defeated in New York in 1916 and the state voted to give women the vote . The organization moved to Washington to oppose the federal constitutional amendment for suffrage , becoming the `` National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage '' ( NAOWS ) , where it was taken over by men , and assumed a much harsher rhetorical tone , especially in attacking `` red radicalism '' . After 1919 the antis adjusted smoothly to enfranchisement and became active in party affairs , especially in the Republican Party . Southern strategy ( edit ) Vote for the Woman Suffrage Amendment , 1915 A promotional map of the woman 's suffrage movement in the U.S. and Canada by 1917 . The U.S. states and Canadian provinces that had adopted suffrage are colored white ( or dotted and crosses , in case of partial suffrage ) and the others black . The Constitution required 34 states ( three - fourths of the 45 states in 1900 ) to ratify an amendment , and unless the rest of the country was unanimous there had to be support from the 11 ex-Confederate states . Three more western territories became states by 1912 , helping the suffragist cause ; they now needed 36 states out of 48 . In the end Tennessee provided the critical 36th state . The South was the most conservative region and always gave the least support for suffrage . There was little or no suffrage activity in the region until the late nineteenth century . Aileen S. Kraditor identifies four distinctly Southern characteristics that were in play : 1 ) Southern white men held to traditional values regarding women 's public roles ; 2 ) the Solid South was tightly controlled by the Democratic Party , so playing the two parties against each other was not a feasible strategy ; 3 ) strong support for states ' rights meant there was automatic opposition to a federal constitutional amendment ; 4 ) Jim Crow attitudes meant that expansion of the black vote ( to black women ) was strongly opposed . Mildred Rutherford , president of the Georgia United Daughters of the Confederacy and a leaders of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage made clear the opposition of elite white women to suffrage in a 1914 speech to the state legislature : The women who are working for this measure are striking at the principle for which their fathers fought during the Civil War . Woman 's suffrage comes from the North and the West and from women who do not believe in state 's rights and who wish to see negro women using the ballot . I do not believe the state of Georgia has sunk so low that her good men can not legislate for women . If this time ever comes then it will be time for women to claim the ballot . Elna Green points out that , `` Suffrage rhetoric claimed that enfranchised women would outlaw child labor , pass minimum - wage and maximum - hours laws for women workers , and establish health and safety standards for factory workers . '' The threat of these reforms united planters , textile mill owners , railroad magnates , city machine bosses , and the liquor interest in a formidable combine against suffrage . Henry Blackwell , an officer of the AWSA before the merger and a prominent figure in the movement afterwards , urged the suffrage movement to follow a strategy of convincing southern political leaders that they could ensure white supremacy in their region without violating the Fifteenth Amendment by enfranchising educated women , who would predominantly be white . Shortly after Blackwell presented his proposal to the Mississippi delegation to the U.S. Congress , his plan was given serious consideration by the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 , whose main purpose was to find legal ways of further curtailing the political power of African Americans . Although the convention adopted other measures instead , the fact that Blackwell 's ideas were taken seriously drew the interest of many suffragists . Blackwell 's ally in this effort was Laura Clay , who convinced the NAWSA to launch a state - by - state campaign in the South based on Blackwell 's strategy . Clay was one of several southern NAWSA members who opposed the idea of a national women 's suffrage amendment on the grounds that it would impinge on states ' rights . ( A generation later Clay campaigned against the pending national amendment during the final battle for its ratification . ) Amid predictions by some proponents of this strategy that the South would lead the way in the enfranchisement of women , suffrage organizations were established throughout the region . Anthony , Catt and Blackwell campaigned for suffrage in the South in 1895 , with the latter two calling for suffrage only for educated women . With Anthony 's reluctant cooperation , the NAWSA maneuvered to accommodate the politics of white supremacy in that region . Anthony asked her old friend Frederick Douglass , a former slave , not to attend the NAWSA convention in Atlanta in 1895 , the first to be held in a southern city . Black NAWSA members were excluded from 1903 convention in the southern city of New Orleans , which marked the peak of this strategy 's influence . The leaders of the Southern movement were privileged upper - class belles with a strong position in high society and in church affairs . They tried to use their upscale connections to convince powerful men that suffrage was a good idea to purify society . They also argued that giving white women the vote would more than counterbalance giving the vote to the smaller number of black women . No southern state enfranchised women as a result of this strategy , however , and most southern suffrage societies that were established during this period lapsed into inactivity . The NAWSA leadership afterwards said it would not adopt policies that `` advocated the exclusion of any race or class from the right of suffrage . '' Nonetheless NAWSA reflected its white membership 's viewpoint by minimizing the role of black suffragists . At the 1913 suffrage march on Washington , Ida B. Wells - Barnett , a leader in the African American community , was asked to march in an all - black contingent to avoid upsetting white southern marchers . When the march got underway , however , she slipped into the ranks of the contingent from Illinois , her home state , and completed the march in the company of white supporters . New Woman ( edit ) The concept of the New Woman emerged in the late nineteenth century to characterize the increasingly independent activity of women , especially the younger generation . The move from households to public spaces was expressed in many ways . In the late 1890s , riding bicycles was a newly popular activity that increased women 's mobility even as it signaled rejection of traditional teachings about women 's weakness and fragility . Susan B. Anthony said bicycles had `` done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world '' . Elizabeth Cady Stanton said that `` Woman is riding to suffrage on the bicycle . Official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 . In the actual march , the woman on horseback was Inez Milholland . Play media Film of suffragettes marching from Newark , New Jersey to Washington , 1913 . Activists campaigned for suffrage in ways that were still considered by many to be `` unladylike , '' such as marching in parades and giving street corner speeches on soap boxes . In New York in 1912 , suffragists organized a twelve - day , 170 - mile `` Hike to Albany '' to deliver suffrage petitions to the new governor . In 1913 the suffragist `` Army of the Hudson '' marched 250 miles from New York to Washington in sixteen days , gaining national publicity . New suffrage organizations ( edit ) College equal suffrage League ( edit ) When Maud Wood Park attended the NAWSA convention in 1900 , she found herself to be virtually the only young person there . After returning to Boston , she formed the College Equal Suffrage League , which affiliated with the NAWSA . Largely through Park 's efforts , similar groups were organized on campuses in 30 states , leading to the formation of the National College Equal Suffrage League in 1908 . Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 Equality League of Self - Supporting Women ( edit ) The dramatic tactics of the militant wing of the British suffrage movement began to influence the movement in the U.S. Harriet Stanton Blatch , daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton , returned to the U.S. after several years in England , where she had associated with suffrage groups still in the early phases of militancy . In 1907 she founded the Equality League of Self - Supporting Women , later called the Women 's Political Union , whose membership was based on working women , both professional and industrial . The Equality League initiated the practice of holding suffrage parades and organized the first open air suffrage rallies in thirty years . As many as 25,000 people marched in these parades National Woman 's Party ( edit ) Work toward a national suffrage amendment had been sharply curtailed in favor of state suffrage campaigns after the two rival suffrage organizations merged in 1890 to form the NAWSA . Interest in a national suffrage amendment was revived primarily by Alice Paul . In 1910 , she returned to the U.S. from England , where she had been part of the militant wing of the suffrage movement . Paul had been jailed there and had endured forced feedings after going on a hunger strike . In January 1913 she arrived in Washington as chair of the Congressional Committee of the NAWSA , charged with reviving the drive for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women . She and her coworker Lucy Burns organized a suffrage parade in Washington on the day before Woodrow Wilson 's inauguration as president . Opponents of the march turned the event into a near riot , which ended only when a cavalry unit of the army was brought in to restore order . Public outrage over the incident , which cost the chief of police his job , brought publicity to the movement and gave it fresh momentum . In 1914 Paul and her followers began referring to the proposed suffrage amendment as the `` Susan B. Anthony Amendment , '' a name that was widely adopted . Paul argued that because the Democrats would not act to enfranchise women even though they controlled the presidency and both houses of Congress , the suffrage movement should work for the defeat of all Democratic candidates regardless of an individual candidate 's position on suffrage . She and Burns formed a separate lobbying group called the Congressional Union to act on this approach . Strongly disagreeing , the NAWSA in 1913 withdrew support from Paul 's group and continued its practice of supporting any candidate who supported suffrage , regardless of political party . In 1916 Blatch merged her Women 's Political Union into Paul 's Congressional Union . Alice Paul In 1916 Paul formed the National Woman 's Party ( NWP ) . Once again the women 's movement had split , but the result this time was something like a division of labor . The NAWSA burnished its image of respectability and engaged in highly organized lobbying at both the national and state levels . The smaller NWP also engaged in lobbying but became increasingly known for activities that were dramatic and confrontational , most often in the national capital . One form of protest was the watchfires , which involved burning copies of President Wilson 's speeches , often outside the White House or in the nearby Lafayette Park . The NWP continued to hold watchfires even as the war began , drawing criticism from the public and even other suffrage groups for being unpatriotic . Suffrage periodicals ( edit ) Stanton and Anthony launched a sixteen - page weekly newspaper called The Revolution in 1868 . It focused primarily on women 's rights , especially suffrage , but it also covered politics , the labor movement and other topics . Its energetic and broad - ranging style gave it a lasting influence , but its debts mounted when it did not receive the funding they had expected , and they had to transfer the paper to other hands after only twenty - nine months . Their organization , the NWSA , afterwards depended on other periodicals , such as The National Citizen and Ballot Box , edited by Matilda Joslyn Gage , and Women 's Tribune , edited by Clara Bewick Colby , to represent its viewpoint . In 1870 , shortly after the formation of the AWSA , Lucy Stone launched an eight - page weekly newspaper called the Woman 's Journal to advocate for women 's rights , especially suffrage . Better financed and less radical than The Revolution , it had a much longer life . By the 1880s it had become an unofficial voice of the suffrage movement as a whole . In 1916 the NAWSA purchased the Woman 's Journal and spent a significant amount of money to enhance it . It was renamed Woman Citizen and declared to be the official organ of the NAWSA . Alice Paul began publishing a newspaper called The Suffragist in 1913 when she was still part of the NAWSA . Editor of the eight - page weekly was Rheta Childe Dorr , an experienced journalist . Turn of the tide ( edit ) New Zealand enfranchised women in 1893 , the first country to do so on a nationwide basis . In the U.S. women gained the franchise in the states of Washington in 1910 ; in California in 1911 ; in Oregon , Kansas and Arizona in 1912 ; and in Illinois in 1913 . Some states allowed women to vote in school elections , municipal elections , or for members of the Electoral College . Some territories , like Washington , Utah , and Wyoming , allowed women to vote before they became states . As women voted in an increasing number of states , Congressmen from those states swung to support a national suffrage amendment , and paid more attention to issues such as child labor . The status of women 's suffrage before passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 Full suffrage Presidential suffrage ( vote only for President ) Primary suffrage ( vote only in primary elections ) Municipal suffrage ( vote only in city elections ) School , bond , or tax suffrage ( vote only in special elections ) Municipal suffrage in some cities Primary suffrage in some cities No suffrage The reform campaigns of the Progressive Era strengthened the suffrage movement . Beginning around 1900 , this broad movement began at the grassroots level with such goals as combating corruption in government , eliminating child labor , and protecting workers and consumers . Many of its participants saw women 's suffrage as yet another progressive goal , and they believed that the addition of women to the electorate would help their movement achieve its other goals . In 1912 the Progressive Party , formed by Theodore Roosevelt , endorsed women 's suffrage . The socialist movement supported women 's suffrage in some areas . By 1916 suffrage for women had become a major national issue , and the NAWSA had become the nation 's largest voluntary organization , with two million members . In 1916 the conventions of both the Democratic and Republican parties endorsed women 's suffrage , but only on a state - by - state basis , with the implication that the various states might implement suffrage in different ways or ( in some cases ) not at all . Having expected more , Catt called an emergency NAWSA convention and proposed what became known as the `` Winning Plan '' . For several years the NAWSA had focused on achieving suffrage on a state - by - state basis , partly to accommodate members from southern states who opposed the idea of a national suffrage amendment , considering it an infringement on states ' rights . In a strategic shift , the 1916 convention approved Catt 's proposal to make a national amendment the priority for the entire organization . It authorized the executive board to specify a plan of work toward this goal for each state and to take over that work if the state organization refused to comply . In 1917 Catt received a bequest of $900,000 from Mrs. Frank ( Miriam ) Leslie to be used for the women 's suffrage movement . Catt formed the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission to dispense the funds , most of which supported the activities of the NAWSA at a crucial time for the suffrage movement . `` Kaiser Wilson '' banner held by an NWP member picketing the White House The entry of the U.S. into World War I in April 1917 had a significant impact on the suffrage movement . To replace men who had gone into the military , women moved into workplaces that did not traditionally hire women , such as steel mills and oil refineries . The NAWSA cooperated with the war effort , with Catt and Shaw serving on the Women 's Committee for the Council of National Defense . The NWP , by contrast , took no steps to cooperate with the war effort . Jeannette Rankin , elected in 1916 by Montana as the first woman in Congress , was one of fifty members of Congress to vote against the declaration of war . In January 1917 the NWP stationed pickets at the White House , which had never before been picketed , with banners demanding women 's suffrage . Tension escalated in June as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House and NPW members unfurled a banner that read , `` We , the women of America , tell you that America is not a democracy . Twenty million American women are denied the right to vote . President Wilson is the chief opponent of their national enfranchisement '' . In August another banner referred to `` Kaiser Wilson '' and compared the plight of the German people with that of American women . Some of the onlookers reacted violently , tearing the banners from the picketers ' hands . The police , whose actions had previously been restrained , began arresting the picketers for blocking the sidewalk . Eventually over 200 were arrested , about half of whom were sent to prison . In October Alice Paul was sentenced to seven months in prison . When she and other suffragist prisoners began a hunger strike , prison authorities force - fed them . The negative publicity created by this harsh practice increased the pressure on the administration , which capitulated and released all the prisoners . In November 1917 a referendum to enfranchise women in New York - at that time the most populous state in the country - passed by a substantial margin . In September 1918 , President Wilson spoke before the Senate , calling for approval of the suffrage amendment as a war measure , saying `` We have made partners of the women in this war ; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right ? '' By the end of 1919 , women effectively could vote for president in states with 326 electoral votes out of a total of 531 . Political leaders who became convinced of the inevitability of women 's suffrage began to pressure local and national legislators to support it so that their respective party could claim credit for it in future elections . The war served as a catalyst for suffrage extension in several countries , with women gaining the vote after years of campaigning partly in recognition of their support for the war effort , which further increased the pressure for suffrage in the U.S. About half of the women in Britain had become enfranchised by January 1918 , as had women in most Canadian provinces , with Quebec the major exception . Nineteenth amendment ( edit ) Main article : Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution A chorus of disreputable men supports an anti-suffrage woman in this 1915 cartoon from Puck magazine . The caption `` I did not raise my girl to be a voter '' parodies the antiwar song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' . World War I had a profound impact on woman suffrage across the belligerents . Women played a major role on the home fronts and many countries recognized their sacrifices with the vote during or shortly after the war , including the U.S. , Britain , Canada ( except Quebec ) , Denmark , Austria , the Netherlands , Germany , Russia , Sweden ; and Ireland introduced universal suffrage with independence . France almost did so but stopped short . Despite their eventual success , groups like the National Woman 's Party that continued militant protests during wartime were criticized by other suffrage groups and the public , who viewed it as unpatriotic . On January 12 , 1915 , a suffrage bill was brought before the House of Representatives but was defeated by a vote of 204 to 174 , ( Democrats 170 - 85 against , Republicans 81 - 34 for , Progressives 6 - 0 for ) . President Woodrow Wilson held off until he was sure the Democratic Party was supportive ; the 1917 referendum in New York State in favor of suffrage proved decisive for him . When another bill was brought before the House in January , 1918 , Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the bill . Behn argues that : The National American Woman Suffrage Association , not the National Woman 's Party , was decisive in Wilson 's conversion to the cause of the federal amendment because its approach mirrored his own conservative vision of the appropriate method of reform : win a broad consensus , develop a legitimate rationale , and make the issue politically valuable . Additionally , I contend that Wilson did have a significant role to play in the successful congressional passage and national ratification of the 19th Amendment . The Amendment passed by two - thirds of the House , with only one vote to spare . The vote was then carried into the Senate . Again President Wilson made an appeal , but on September 30 , 1918 , the amendment fell two votes short of the two - thirds necessary for passage , 53 - 31 ( Republicans 27 - 10 for , Democrats 26 - 21 for ) . On February 10 , 1919 , it was again voted upon , and then it was lost by only one vote , 54 - 30 ( Republicans 30 - 12 for , Democrats 24 - 18 for ) . There was considerable anxiety among politicians of both parties to have the amendment passed and made effective before the general elections of 1920 , so the President called a special session of Congress , and a bill , introducing the amendment , was brought before the House again . On May 21 , 1919 , it was passed , 304 to 89 , ( Republicans 200 - 19 for , Democrats 102 - 69 for , Union Labor 1 - 0 for , Prohibitionist 1 - 0 for ) , 42 votes more than necessary being obtained . On June 4 , 1919 , it was brought the Senate , and after a long discussion it was passed , with 56 ayes and 25 nays ( Republicans 36 - 8 for , Democrats 20 - 17 for ) . Within a few days , Illinois , Wisconsin , and Michigan ratified the amendment , their legislatures being then in session . Other states followed suit at a regular pace , until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures . After Washington on March 22 , 1920 , ratification languished for months . Finally , on August 18 , 1920 , Tennessee narrowly ratified the Nineteenth Amendment , making it the law throughout the United States . Thus the 1920 election became the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state . `` To get the word male in effect out of the Constitution cost the women of the country fifty - two years of pauseless campaign ... During that time they were forced to conduct fifty - six campaigns of referenda to male voters ; 480 campaigns to get Legislatures to submit suffrage amendments to voters ; 47 campaigns to get State constitutional conventions to write woman suffrage into State constitutions ; 277 campaigns to get State party conventions to include woman suffrage planks ; 30 campaigns to get presidential party conventions to adopt woman suffrage planks in party platforms , and 19 campaigns with 19 successive Congresses . Millions of dollars were raised , mainly in small sums , and expended with economic care . Hundreds of women gave the accumulated possibilities of an entire lifetime , thousands gave years of their lives , hundreds of thousands gave constant interest and such aid as they could . '' Carrie Chapman Catt , president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association . Three other states , Connecticut , Vermont and Delaware , passed the amendment by 1923 . They were eventually followed by others in the south . Nearly twenty years later Maryland ratified the amendment in 1941 . After another ten years , in 1952 , Virginia ratified the Nineteenth Amendment , followed by Alabama in 1953 . After another 16 years Florida and South Carolina passed the necessary votes to ratify in 1969 , followed two years later by Georgia , Louisiana and North Carolina . Mississippi did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1984 , sixty four years after the law was enacted nationally . Effects of the Nineteenth amendment ( edit ) Immediate effects ( edit ) Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . Politicians responded to the newly enlarged electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , public schools , and world peace . Women did respond to these issues , but in terms of general voting they shared the same outlook and the same voting behavior as men . The suffrage organization NAWSA became the League of Women Voters and Alice Paul 's National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 ( but it was not ratified and never took effect ) . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , while rural drys mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Catholic women were reluctant to vote in the early 1920s , but they registered in very large numbers for the 1928 election -- the first in which Catholicism was a major issue . A few women were elected to office , but none became especially prominent during this time period . Overall , the women 's rights movement declined noticeably during the 1920s . Changes in the voting population ( edit ) Although restricting access to the polls because of sex was made unconstitutional in 1920 , women did not turn out to the polls in the same numbers as men until 1980 . From 1980 until the present , women have voted in elections in at least the same percentage as have men , and often more . This difference in voting turnout and preferences between men and women is known as the voting gender gap . The voting gender gap has impacted political elections and , consequently , the way candidates campaign for office . Changes in representation and government programs ( edit ) The presence of women in Congress has gradually increased since 1920 , with an especially steady increase from 1981 ( 23 female members ) to the present ( 97 female members ) . The 113th Congress , serving from 2013 - 2015 , includes a record 20 female senators and 77 female representatives . Notable Legislation ( edit ) Immediately following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment , many legislators feared a powerful women 's bloc would emerge as a result of female enfranchisement . The Sheppard - Towner Act of 1921 , which expanded maternity care during the 1920s , was one of the first laws passed appealing to the female vote . Socio - economic effects ( edit ) A paper by John Lott and Lawrence W. Kenny , published by the Journal of Political Economy , found that women generally voted along more liberal political philosophies than men . The paper concluded that women 's voting appeared to be more risk - averse than men and favored candidates or policies that supported wealth transfer , social insurance , progressive taxation , and larger government . A paper found that `` exposure to women 's political empowerment during childhood leads to large increases in educational attainment for children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds , in particular blacks and Southern whites . We also find improvements in employment outcomes among this group . '' See also ( edit ) African - American Woman Suffrage Movement Anti-suffragism California Proposition 4 ( 1911 ) League of Women Voters List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists National American Woman Suffrage Association Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Silent Sentinels Suffrage Suffrage Hikes Timeline of women 's rights ( other than voting ) Timeline of women 's suffrage Timeline of women 's suffrage in the United States Women 's suffrage in states of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue - 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Chapin , Judge Henry ( 1881 ) . Address Delivered at the Unitarian Church in Uxbridge , 1864 . Worcester , Massachusetts : Charles Hamilton Press ( Harvard Library ; from Google Books ) . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 138 Jump up ^ `` An Act to establish a system of Common Schools in the State of Kentucky , Chap. 898 , Sec. 37 '' . Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky , December Session , 1837 . Frankfort : A.G. Hodges State Printer. 1838 . p. 282 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Early activists tended to refer to `` woman suffrage , '' but historians usually call it `` women 's suffrage . '' See Gordon ( 1997 ) , p. xxiv n . 5 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 43 , 348 n. 19 . Flexner refers to it a pamphlet , but it has 128 pages . See The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women by Sarah Grimké , 1838 , Boston : Isaac Knapp . Jump up ^ Joan Von Mehren ( 1996 ) . Minerva and the Muse : A Life of Margaret Fuller , p. 166 . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 941 - 4 . Jump up ^ Quoted in DuBois , ed. ( 1992 ) , epigraph , prior to p. 1 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 40 , 45 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 , 42 , 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 120 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 1 , 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 117 -- 18 Jump up ^ Harper ( 1898 -- 1908 ) , Vol. 1 , pp. 101 -- 03 Jump up ^ Susan B. Anthony , `` Fifty Years of Work for Woman , '' Independent , 52 ( February 15 , 1900 ) , pp. 414 -- 17 . Quoted in Sherr , Lynn ( 1995 ) , Failure is Impossible : Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words , p. 134 . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2430 - 4 Jump up ^ Quoted in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Victoria E. Bynum ( 1992 ) . Unruly Women : The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South . University of North Carolina Press , p. 61 , 171 n . 8 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2016 - 4 Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 259 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , pp. 151 -- 52 . May condemned as `` all unequal , all unrighteous -- this utter annihilation , politically considered , of more than one half of the whole community . '' See Samuel J. May , `` The Rights and Conditions of Women '' , in Women 's Rights Tract No. 1 : Commensurate with her capacities and obligations , are Woman 's Rights ( Syracuse , N.Y. : N.M.D. Lathrop , 1853 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Quoted in Million ( 2003 ) , p. 99 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 176 . Gerrit Smith was a cousin and close friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Wellman says they spurred each other to develop ideas of inclusive politics and to publicly advocate voting rights for women , which Smith did before Stanton . Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 204 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 3 , 72 , 77 , 84 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , pp. 193 , 195 , 203 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 88 -- 89 , 238 -- 39 Jump up ^ `` Seneca Falls Convention - American Memory Timeline - Classroom Presentation '' . Teacher Resources - Library of Congress . Library of Congress . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 95 -- 97 Jump up ^ Wellman , Judith ( 2008 ) . `` The Seneca Falls Women 's Rights Convention and the Origin of the Women 's Rights Movement '' , pp. 15 , 84 . National Park Service , Women 's Rights National Historical Park . Wellman is identified as the author of this document here . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 104 , 106 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 41 . The conventions also discussed a variety of other issues , including dress reform and liberalization of divorce laws . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 109 -- 10 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 115 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 76 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ The first national convention was organized primarily by Davis . The next several conventions were organized primarily by Stone . After the birth of her daughter in 1857 , Stone withdrew from most public activity for several years . Anthony shared responsibilities for the 1858 and 1859 conventions . Stanton was the primary organizer of the 1860 convention . For details , see Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 105 -- 6 , 116 , 174 , 239 , 250 -- 52 , 260 , 263 -- 69 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 123 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 109 , 121 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 116 , 173 -- 74 , 264 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 113 Jump up ^ Sigerman , Harriet , Elizabeth Cady Stanton : The Right Is Ours , 2001 , p. 95 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195119695 Jump up ^ Ginzberg ( 2009 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Gordon ( 1997 ) , p. xxx Jump up ^ Dumenil , Lynn , Editor - in - Chief , The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History , 2012 , p. 59 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199743360 Jump up ^ National Woman Suffrage Association , Report of the International Council of Women , Volume 1 , 1888 , p. 327 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 234 -- 35 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 149 Jump up ^ Judith E. Harper . `` Biography '' . Not for Ourselves Alone : The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony . PBS ( Public Broadcasting System ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Venet ( 1991 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Venet ( 1991 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ For membership numbers , see Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 154 . For `` pool of talent , '' see Venet ( 1991 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 152 -- 53 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 270 . Greeley was referring to the 1867 AERA campaign in New York State for women 's suffrage and the removal of discriminatory property requirements for black voters . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 232 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 124 , 127 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 92 -- 94 . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 80 -- 81 , 189 , 196 . The AERA held no further annual meetings and went out of existence a year later . See Harper ( 1899 ) , pp. 348 - 49 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 164 , 168 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 164 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` Woman Suffrage , '' New York Tribune , November 21 , 1868 ; `` Mrs. Lucy Stone and Woman Suffrage , '' cited in Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p. 163 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p. 163 Jump up ^ `` Stones Holding Their Peace , '' and `` Lucy Stone and the Negro 's Hour , '' Revolution 3 ( February 4 , 1869 ) : 73 , 89 . Citied in Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p 165 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 173 , 189 , 196 . Jump up ^ Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ) , p. 47 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 174 -- 75 , 185 ^ Jump up to : Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Anniversaries '' . New York Tribune . May 15 , 1868 . Quoted in Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 382 -- 384 . Douglass and Stone are speaking here during the final AERA convention in 1869 . Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , pp. 194 , 208 . The 1869 AERA annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton , `` The Sixteenth Amendment , '' The Revolution , April 29 , 1869 , p. 266 . Quoted in DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton , `` Manhood Suffrage , '' The Revolution , December 24 , 1868 . Reproduced in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 196 Jump up ^ Quoted in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 190 Jump up ^ Henry B. Blackwell ( January 15 , 1867 ) . `` What the South can do '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Cited in Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 93 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . That did not happen ; the high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to women 's suffrage in the 1872 Republican platform . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 341 . This letter was signed by Anthony , who was requesting permission to present their views to the convention in person . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 109 -- 10 , 200 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 192 , 196 , 197 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 166 , 200 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 , 117 ^ Jump up to : Ann D. Gordon . `` The Trial of Susan B. Anthony : A Short Narrative '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . ( The name of this article 's author is here . ) Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ) , pp. 100 , 119 , 120 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 599 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ) , pp. 100 , 122 Jump up ^ DuBois , ed. ( 1992 ) , pp. 101 -- 06 Jump up ^ Amanda Frisken , Victoria Woodhull 's sexual revolution : Political theater and the popular press in nineteenth - century America ( 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ann D. Gordon . `` The Trial of Susan B. Anthony : Legal Questions Before the Federal Courts '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . This article also points out that Supreme Court rulings did not establish the connection between citizenship and voting rights until the mid-twentieth century . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 381 -- 82 . ISBN 9780195176612 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Susan B. `` Susan B. Anthony 's speech before the circuit court '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cullen - DuPont , Kathryn ( 2000 ) . `` History of Woman Suffrage '' in Encyclopedia of Women 's History in America , second edition , p. 115 . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4100 - 8 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 165 Jump up ^ Ginzberg ( 2009 ) , p. 120 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Norgren , Jill ( 2007 ) . Belva Lockwood : The Woman Who Would Be President , pp. x , 124 -- 142 . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5834 - 7 . Lockwood ran for president again in 1888 . Jump up ^ Dubois and Dumenil ( 2009 ) , p. 326 Jump up ^ `` An Act Conferring upon Women the Elective Franchise '' , approved February 12 , 1870 . Acts , Resolutions and Memorials of the Territory of Utah , Passed at the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Legislature , 1870 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Dubois and Dumenil ( 2009 ) , pp. 412 -- 13 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Teele , Dawn Langan ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` How the West Was Won : Competition , Mobilization , and Women 's Enfranchisement in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics : 000 -- 000 . doi : 10.1086 / 696621 . ISSN 0022 - 3816 . Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 174 -- 176 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 207 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 173 Jump up ^ American Federation of Labor , William Clark Roberts compiler , American Federation of Labor : History , Encyclopedia , Reference Book , 1919 , p. 367 . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2009 ) . pp. xxv , 55 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 163 -- 65 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 208 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Ann D , `` Woman Suffrage ( Not Universal Suffrage ) by Federal Amendment '' in Wheeler , Marjorie Spruill ( ed . ) , ( 1995 ) , Votes for Women ! : The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee , the South , and the Nation , pp. 8 , 14 -- 16 . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 836 - 3 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 213 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) pp. 178 -- 80 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 228 , 231 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) pp. 182 , 188 -- 91 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 22 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Stephen M. Buechler , The Transformation of the Woman Suffrage Movement : The Case of Illinois , 1850 - 1920 ( 1986 ) pp 154 - 57 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) p. 178 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 231 -- 232 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 25 , 31 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 81 , 86 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Richardson , Belinda ( 2007 ) . Christian Clergy Response to Intimate Partner Violence : Attitudes , Training , Or Religious Views ? . ProQuest . p. 55 . ISBN 9780549564379 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Lerner ( 2009 ) . Dry Manhattan : Prohibition in New York City . Harvard UP . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 9780674040090 . Jump up ^ Rose , Kenneth D. ( 1997 ) . American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition . NYU Press . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9780814774663 . Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 252 , 271 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 294 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 247 , 282 , 290 Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer , `` The New York City Woman Suffrage Party , 1909 - 1919 . '' New York History ( 1962 ) : 269 - 287 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 263 -- 64 , 290 Jump up ^ James J. Kenneally , `` Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts . '' Catholic Historical Review ( 1967 ) : 43 - 57 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` The Uprising of the Women , '' New York Times May 5 , 1912 , quoted in Sandra Adickes , `` Sisters , not demons : The influence of British suffragists on the American Suffrage Movement , '' Women 's History Review ( 2002 ) 11 # 4 pp : 675 - 690 at p 681 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 223 Jump up ^ Blee , Kathleen M. ( 1999 ) . `` Antifeminism '' . In Mankiller , Wilma P. ; et al . The Reader 's Companion to U.S. Women 's History . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 32 . ISBN 0618001824 . Jump up ^ Susan Goodier , No votes for women : the New York state anti-suffrage movement ( University of Illinois Press , 2013 ) pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` A Creed '' by Josephine Jewell Dodge , 1915 , cited in Susan Goodier , The other woman 's movement : Anti-suffrage activism in New York State , 1865 -- 1932 ( PhD dissertation , State University of New York at Albany , ProQuest , UMI Dissertations Publishing , 2007 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Goodier ( 2013 ) ch. 6 Jump up ^ Arkansas also ratified . A. Elizabeth Taylor , `` A short history of the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly ( 1943 ) pp : 195 - 215 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Johnson , `` Kate Gordon and the Woman - Suffrage Movement in the South , '' Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38 # 3 pp 365 - 392 Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1890 - 1920 ( 1971 ) pp. 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ Marjorie Spruill Wheeler ( 1993 ) . New Women of the New South : The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States . Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 9780195359572 . Jump up ^ Elna C. Green , Southern Strategies : Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question ( 1997 ) p 52 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ) , pp. 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ) , pp. 114 -- 18 , 177 Jump up ^ Evelyn A. Kirkley , `` ' This Work is God 's Cause ' : Religion in the Southern Woman Suffrage Movement , 1880 -- 1920 . '' Church history ( 1990 ) 59 # 4 pp : 507 - 522 esp p 508 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ) , pp. 121 , 120 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 298 -- 99 Jump up ^ New York World , February 2 , 1896 , quoted in Harper ( 1898 -- 1908 ) , Vol. 2 . p. 859 Jump up ^ Quoted in Schultz ( 2013 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Schultz ( 2013 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Maud Wood Park '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jana Nidiffer , `` Suffrage , FPS , and History of Higher Education '' , in Allen , Elizabeth J. , et al. ( 2010 ) , Reconstructing Policy in Higher Education , pp. 45 -- 47 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 99776 - 8 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 242 -- 51 Jump up ^ Frost - Knappman and Cullen - DuPont ( 2009 ) , p. 304 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 255 -- 57 Jump up ^ Ward ( 1999 ) , pp. 214 -- 15 Jump up ^ `` Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today ; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test '' . The New York Times . September 26 , 1918 . Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 133 , 158 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` National Woman 's Party 1912 - 1922 : Timeline Story Map '' . Jump up ^ Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 18 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 210 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 208 , 224 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , pp. 117 , 119 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 88 , 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 166 Jump up ^ `` Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838 - 1919 '' . Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 57 , 112 -- 13 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 , 88 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , p. 143 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , p. 87 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , pp. 118 -- 19 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 276 , 280 -- 81 Jump up ^ Norma Smith , Jeannette Rankin , America 's Conscience ( Montana Historical Society , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 275 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 277 -- 78 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 192 , 194 , 200 , 207 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson : War and peace , Baker and Dodd ( eds . ) , p. 265 , quoted in Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ The record of the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission , Inc. , 1917 - 1929 , by Rose Young , posted on the web by the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Susan Zeiger , `` She did n't raise her boy to be a slacker : Motherhood , conscription , and the culture of the First World War . '' Feminist Studies ( 1996 ) : 7 - 39 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 302 , 381 n . 6 Jump up ^ Palm , Trineke ( March 2013 ) . `` Embedded in social cleavages : an explanation of the variation in timing of women 's suffrage '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9477.2012. 00294. x . Jump up ^ `` National Woman 's Party : a year - by - year history 1913 - 1922 '' . Jump up ^ `` On passage of H.J. Res. 1 , proposing to the state legislatures a woman 's suffrage amendment to the constitution . ( P. 1483 ) '' . Jump up ^ Lunardini , Christine A. ; Knock , Thomas J. ( Winter 1980 -- 1981 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and woman suffrage : a new look '' . Political Science Quarterly . Academy of Political Science . 95 ( 4 ) : 655 -- 671 . doi : 10.2307 / 2150609 . Jump up ^ Behn , Beth ( 2012 ) . Woodrow Wilson 's conversion experience : the president and the federal woman suffrage amendment ( pdf ) ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Massachusetts Amherst . OCLC 813298690 . ( Quote from abstract . ) Jump up ^ `` S652146 Y = 53 , N = 31 JONES , N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200 . '' Jump up ^ `` S653037 Y = 55 , N = 29 JONES , N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200 . '' Jump up ^ `` To pass H.J. Res. 1 , proposing an amendment to the constitution extending the right to suffrage of women . ( P. 78 - 2 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` S661014 Y = 56 , N = 25 WATSON , IND . TO PASS HJR 1 '' . Jump up ^ Arendale , Marirose ( Spring 1980 ) . `` Tennessee and women 's rights '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . Tennessee Historical Society . 39 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 78 . JSTOR 42626045 . Jump up ^ Sherr , Lynn ( 1995 ) , `` Oh slavery , hateful thing '' , in Sherr , Lynn , Failure is impossible : Susan B. Anthony in her own words , New York : Crown / Archetype , p. 28 , ISBN 9781299008762 . Details . Jump up ^ Imsande , Jennifer Lynn ( 2006 ) . The perils of protection : gender and the recasting of rights in a nation at war , 1860 - 1898 ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Iowa via ProQuest . ISBN 9780542795619 . OCLC 75385271 . Details . ^ Jump up to : Spruill Wheeler , Marjorie ( 1995 ) . Votes for women ! : the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee , the South , and the nation . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 9780870498374 . Jump up ^ Scott , Thomas A. , ed. ( 1995 ) . Cornerstones of Georgia history documents that formed the state . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820340227 . Jump up ^ Payne , Elizabeth Anne ; Swain , Martha H. ( 2003 ) , `` The twentieth century '' , in Payne , Elizabeth Anne ; Swain , Martha H. ; Spruill , Majorie Julian , Mississippi women : their histories , their lives ( volume 2 ) , Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press , p. 154 , ISBN 9780820333939 . Preview . Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman , Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Center of American Women and Politics , `` Women in the U.S. Congress 2013 '' , Rutgers , ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s , Hill and Wang , ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Lott , John and Lawrence W. Kenny , `` Did Women 's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government ? '' , Journal of Political Economy , University of Chicago , 1999 , vol. 107 , no . 6 , pt. 1 Jump up ^ Kose , Esra ; Kuka , Elira ; Shenhav , Na'ama ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Women 's Enfranchisement and Children 's Education : The Long - Run Impact of the U.S. Suffrage Movement '' . Rochester , NY . Bibliography ( edit ) Baker , Jean , ed . Votes for Women : The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited ( 2002 ) 11 essays by scholars Barry , Kathleen ( 1988 ) . Susan B. Anthony : A Biography of a Singular Feminist . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 36549 - 6 . Corder , J. Kevin and Christina Wolbrecht , eds . Counting Women 's Ballots : Female Voters from Suffrage through the New Deal ( Cambridge UP , 2016 ) . xiv , 316 pp . Cott , Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism ( 1987 ) . DuBois , Ellen Carol ( 1978 ) . Feminism and Suffrage : The Emergence of an Independent Women 's Movement in America , 1848 -- 1869 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8641 - 6 . DuBois , Ellen Carol ( 1998 ) . Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1901 - 5 . Dudden , Faye E. ( 2011 ) . Fighting Chance : The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977263 - 6 . Flexner , Eleanor ( 1959 ) . Century of Struggle . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674106536 . Fowler , Robert Booth ( 1986 ) . Carrie Catt : Feminist Politician . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 86 - 3 . Frost - Knappman , Elizabeth and Cullen - DuPont , Kathryn ( 2009 ) . Women 's Suffrage in America . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5693 - 5 . Graham , Sara Hunter ( 1996 ) . Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06346 - 6 . Ginzberg , Lori D ( 2009 ) . Elizabeth Cady Stanton : An American Life . Hill and Wang , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9493 - 6 . Harper , Ida Husted ( 1898 -- 1908 ) . The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony , Vol 1 of 3. ; The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony , Vol. 2 of 3 . Hewitt , Nancy A. ( 2001 ) . Women 's Activism and Social Change : Rochester , New York , 1822 -- 1872 . Lexington Books , Lanham , Maryland . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0297 - 4 . Kraditor , Aileen S . The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1890 - 1920 ( 1971 ) , influential intellectual history McMillen , Sally Gregory ( 2008 ) . Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women 's Rights Movement . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518265 - 0 . Million , Joelle. ( 2003 ) . Woman 's Voice , Woman 's Place : Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman 's Rights Movement , Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97877 - X . Rakow , Lana F. and Kramarae , Cheris , editors ( 2001 ) . The Revolution in Words : Righting Women 1868 -- 1871 , Volume 4 of Women 's Source Library . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25689 - 6 . Schultz , Jaime ( 2013 ) . `` The Physical is Political : Women 's Suffrage , Pilgrim Hikes and the Public Sphere '' , in Women , Sport , Society : Further Reflections , Reaffirming Mary Wollstonecraft , edited by Roberta J. Park and Patricia Vertinsky . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9781317985808 Scott , Anne Firor and Scott , Andrew MacKay ( 1982 ) . One Half the People : The Fight for Woman Suffrage Chicago : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01005 - 1 . Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; Anthony , Susan B. ; Gage , Matilda Joslyn ; Harper , Ida ( 1881 -- 1922 ) . History of Woman Suffrage in six volumes . Rochester , NY : Susan B. Anthony ( Charles Mann Press ) . Venet , Wendy Hamand ( 1991 ) . Neither Ballots nor Bullets : Women Abolitionists and the Civil War . Charlottesville , VA : University Press of Virginia . ISBN 978 - 0813913421 . Walton , Mary ( 2010 ) . A Woman 's Crusade : Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot New York : Palgrave McMillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61175 - 7 . Ward , Geoffrey C. , with essays by Martha Saxton , Ann D. Gordon and Ellen Carol DuBois ( 1999 ) . Not for Ourselves Alone : The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony . New York : Alfred Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40560 - 7 . Wellman , Judith ( 2004 ) . The Road to Seneca Falls : Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Women 's Rights Convention , University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02904 - 6 . Wheeler , Marjorie Spruill ( 1993 ) . New Women of the New South : The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507583 - 8 . Anti-suffrage ( edit ) Benjamin , Anne M. A History of the Anti-Suffrage Movement in the United States from 1895 to 1920 ( Edwin Mellen Press , 1992 ) . Goodier , Susan . No votes for women : the New York state anti-suffrage movement ( University of Illinois Press , 2013 ) ; chapter summary ; excerpt and text search . J essica Brannon - Wranosky . `` Review of Goodier , Susan , No Votes for Women : The New York State Anti-Suffrage Movement '' . H - SHGAPE , H - Net Reviews . October 2014 . Green , Elna C. `` From Antisuffragism to Anti-Communism : The Conservative Career of Ida M. Darden '' . Journal of Southern History ( 1999 ) : 287 - 316 . in JSTOR Jablonsky , Thomas J. The home , heaven , and mother party : Female anti-suffragists in the United States , 1868 -- 1920 ( Carlson Pub. , 1994 ) . Kenneally , James J. `` Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts '' . Catholic Historical Review ( 1967 ) 8 # 1 pp : 43 - 57 . Maddux , Kristy . `` When Patriots Protest : The Anti-Suffrage Discursive Transformation of 1917 '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs ( 2004 ) 7 # 3 pp. 283 -- 310 . Marshall , Susan E. Splintered Sisterhood : Gender and Class in the Campaign against Woman Suffrage ( University of Wisconsin Press , 1997 ) Nielsen , Kim E. Un-American womanhood : Antiradicalism , antifeminism , and the first Red Scare ( Ohio State University Press , 2001 ) . Palczewski , Catherine H. `` The male Madonna and the feminine Uncle Sam : Visual argument , icons , and ideographs in 1909 anti-woman suffrage postcards '' . Quarterly Journal of Speech ( 2005 ) 91 # 4 pp. : 365 -- 394 . Stevenson , Louise L. `` Women Anti-Suffragists in the 1915 Massachusetts Campaign '' . New England Quarterly ( 1979 ) 52 # 1 pp. 80 -- 93 . in JSTOR Thurner , Manuela . `` ' Better Citizens Without the Ballot ' : American AntiSuffrage Women and Their Rationale During the Progressive Era '' . Journal of Women 's History ( 1993 ) 5 # 1 pp : 33 - 60 . online Vacca , Carolyn Summers . A reform against nature : woman suffrage and the rethinking of American citizenship , 1840 -- 1920 ( Peter Lang , 2004 ) Primary sources ( edit ) DuBois , Ellen Carol , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Elizabeth Cady Stanton -- Susan B. Anthony Reader . Boston : Northwestern University Press . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 143 - 1 . Dubois , Ellen Carol and Dumenil , Lynn ( 2009 ) . Through Women 's Eyes : An American History with Documents , Vol. 1 . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 46888 - 0 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 1997 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : In the School of Anti-Slavery , 1840 to 1866 . Vol. 1 of 6 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2317 - 6 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : Against an aristocracy of sex , 1866 to 1873 . Vol. 2 of 6 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2318 - 4 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 2009 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : Place Inside the Body - Politic , 1887 to 1895 . Vol. 5 of 6 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2321 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Knobe , Bertha Damaris ( August 1911 ) . `` Recent Strides Of Woman Suffrage '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXII ( 1 ) : 14733 -- 14745 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's suffrage in the United States . Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838 - 1919 Women of Protest : Photographs from the Records of the National Woman 's Party Detailed Chronology of National Woman 's Party Database of National Woman 's Party Actions Outside Washington D.C. 1914 - 1924 National Woman 's Party Offices and Actions ( Washington D.C. map ) National Woman 's Party : a year - by - year history 1913 - 1922 National Woman 's Party 1912 - 1922 : Timeline Story Map UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts International Woman Suffrage Timeline : Winning the Vote for Women Around the World provided by About.com The Liberator Files , Items concerning women 's rights from Horace Seldon 's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison 's The Liberator original copies at the Boston Public Library , Boston , Massachusetts . The Sewall - Belmont House & Museum -- Home of the historic National Woman 's Party Women of Protest : Photographs from the Records of the National Woman 's Party Women 's suffrage in the United States from 1908 - 1918 : Select `` Suffrage '' subject , at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution from the Library of Congress Maurer , Elizabeth . `` Pathways to Equality : The U.S. Women 's Rights Movement Emerges '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2014 . Mayo , Edith P. `` Creating a Female Political Culture '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2017 . ( hide ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was different about the election of 1920 concerning the 19th amendment	[ "There was considerable anxiety among politicians of both parties to have the amendment passed and made effective before the general elections of 1920, so the President called a special session of Congress, and a bill, introducing the amendment, was brought before the House again. On May 21, 1919, it was passed, 304 to 89, (Republicans 200-19 for, Democrats 102-69 for, Union Labor 1-0 for, Prohibitionist 1-0 for),[218] 42 votes more than necessary being obtained. On June 4, 1919, it was brought the Senate, and after a long discussion it was passed, with 56 ayes and 25 nays (Republicans 36-8 for, Democrats 20-17 for).[219] Within a few days, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan ratified the amendment, their legislatures being then in session. Other states followed suit at a regular pace, until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. After Washington on March 22, 1920, ratification languished for months. Finally, on August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, making it the law throughout the United States.[220] Thus the 1920 election became the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state." ]	[ "the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state" ]
-8707394735893373212	Pyotr Wrangel	Pyotr Wrangel - wikipedia Pyotr Wrangel Jump to : navigation , search Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel General Pyotr Wrangel ( 1878 - 08 - 27 ) 27 August 1878 Mukuliai , Kovno Governorate , Russian Empire 25 April 1928 ( 1928 - 04 - 25 ) ( aged 49 ) Brussels , Belgium Allegiance Russian Empire Russian Republic Service / branch Imperial Russian Army White Army Years of service 1902 -- 1920 Rank Lieutenant - general Commands held Russian Caucasus Army Battles / wars World War I Russian Civil War Awards see below Signature Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel , also Vrangel ; German : Freiherr Peter von Wrangel ; ( August 27 , 1878 -- April 25 , 1928 ) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and later commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War . After his side lost the civil war in 1920 , he left Russia and became one of the most prominent exiled White émigrés . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Death and burial 3 Honors 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Life ( edit ) Wrangel was born in Mukuliai , Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire ( in present - day Zarasai District Municipality , Lithuania ) . The Wrangel family was of the local Baltic German nobility . Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was only distantly related to the famed Arctic explorer Ferdinand von Wrangel . After graduating from the Rostov Technical High School in 1896 and the Institute of Mining Engineering in St. Petersburg in 1901 , Wrangel volunteered for the prestigious Life Guards cavalry and was commissioned a reserve officer in 1902 after graduating from the Nikolaev Cavalry School . He soon resigned his commission , and travelled to Irkutsk , where he was assigned to special missions by the Governor - General . At the start of the Russo - Japanese War , in February 1904 he reenlisted and was assigned to the 2nd Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossack Corps . In December 1904 , he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant . After the war ended , in January 1906 , he was reassigned to the 55th Finland Dragoon Regiment , which under General A.N. Orlov took part in pacifying rebels in Siberia . In 1907 , he returned to the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment . In 1908 he married Olga Mikhaylovna Ivanenko in St. Petersburg , and the marriage produced two sons and two daughters . Wrangel graduated from the Nicholas Imperial General Staff Academy in 1910 and the Cavalry Officers ' School in 1911 . Wrangel and Prince Sidamon - Eristavi at a captured German cannon in 1914 With the start of World War I , Wrangel was promoted to captain and assigned command of a cavalry squadron . On October 13 , 1914 he became one of the first Russian officers to be awarded the Order of St. George ( 4th degree ) in the war , the highest military decoration of the Russian Empire . In December 1914 , he was promoted to the rank of colonel . In October 1915 Wrangel was transferred to the Southwestern Front and was appointed commander of the 1st Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossacks . This unit was very active in Galicia against the Austrians , and Wrangel distinguished himself especially during the Brusilov Offensive . He was promoted to the rank of major general in January 1917 , and took command of the 2nd Brigade of the Ussuri Cavalry Division , which was merged with other cavalry units to become the Consolidated Cavalry Corps in July of the same year . He was further decorated with the George Cross ( 4th degree ) for his defense of the Zbruch River in the summer of 1917 . White propaganda poster , c. 1919 Following the end of Russia 's participation in the war , Wrangel resigned his commission and went to live at his dacha at Yalta in the Crimea . Arrested by the Bolsheviks at the end of 1917 , he was released and escaped to Kiev , where he joined Pavlo Skoropadskyi 's Ukrainian State . However , it was soon apparent to him that the new government existed only through the waning support of Germany , and in August 1918 , he joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army based at Yekaterinodar , where he was given command of the 1st Cavalry Division and the rank of major general in the White movement . After the Second Kuban Campaign in late 1918 , he was promoted to lieutenant general , and his Division was raised to that of a corps . As an aggressive commander , he won a number of victories in the north Caucasus . From January 1919 , his military force was renamed the Caucasus Volunteer Army . Wrangel soon clashed politically with Armed Forces of South Russia leader Anton Denikin , who demanded a quick march on Moscow . Wrangel insisted instead that his forces should take Tsaritsyn first , to join up with the army of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak , which his troops accomplished on June 30 , 1919 after three previous attempts by Pyotr Krasnov had failed in 1918 . The Government of South Russia established in Sevastopol , Crimea in April 1920 Wrangel gained a reputation as a skilled and just administrator , who , in contrast to some other White Army generals , did not tolerate lawlessness or looting by his troops . However , after he was unable to join forces with Admiral Kolchak and at the insistence of Denikin , he led his forces north towards Moscow on a failed attempt by the Whites to take the capital in November 1919 . Continuing disagreement with Denikin led to his removal from command , and Wrangel departed for exile to Constantinople on February 8 , 1920 . Yet Denikin was forced to resign on March 20 , 1920 and a military committee led by General Abram Dragomirov in Sevastopol asked that Wrangel return as Commander - in - Chief of the White forces in Crimea . He assumed the post on April 4 , 1920 and put forth a coalition government which attempted to institute sweeping reforms ( including land reforms ) . He also recognized and established relations with the new ( and short lived ) anti-Bolshevik independent republics of Ukraine and Georgia , among others . However , by this stage in the Russian Civil War , such measures were too late , and the White movement was rapidly losing support both domestically and overseas . Wrangel is immortalized by the nickname of `` Black Baron '' in the marching song The Red Army is the Strongest composed as a rallying call for a final effort on the part of the Bolsheviks to end the war ; the song became immensely popular in the early Soviet Union during the 1920s . At a prayer vigil upon accepting command . After defeats in which he lost half his standing army , and facing defeat in Northern Tavria and the Crimea , Wrangel organized a mass evacuation on the shores of the Black Sea . Wrangel gave every officer , soldier , and civilian the choice to evacuate and go with him into the unknown , or remain in Russia and face the wrath of the Red Army . Wrangel evacuated the White forces from the Crimea in 1920 in remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy that became known as Wrangel 's fleet . The last military and civilian personnel left Russia with Wrangel on board the General Kornilov on November 14 , 1920 . Initially , Wrangel lived on his yacht Lucullus at Constantinople , which was rammed and sunk by the Italian steamer Adria , which had sailed from Soviet - held Batum . Wrangel , who was on shore at the time , escaped with his life in what was widely regarded as an assassination attempt . In 1922 , he moved to the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes as the head of all Russian refugees , and arguably became the most prominent of all exiled White emigres . In 1924 , in the Serbian town of Sremski Karlovci he established the Russian All - Military Union , an ostensibly non-military organization designed to embrace all Russian military émigrés the world over with a view to preserving a Russian military organisation for the eventuality of having to fight Bolshevism again . In September 1927 , Wrangel and his family settled in Brussels , Belgium , where he worked as a mining engineer . Wrangel 's memoirs were published in the magazine White Cause ( Белое дело ) in Berlin in 1928 . Death and burial ( edit ) Wrangel , Metropolitan Anthony , Metropolitan Anastasius and other Russian émigrés in Yugoslavia , 1927 Wrangel died suddenly on 25 April 1928 , and Wrangel 's family believed that he had been poisoned by his butler 's brother , who lived in the Wrangel household in Brussels briefly and was allegedly a Soviet agent . Pyotr Wrangel 's burial took place in Brussels ; however , more than a year later , on 6 October 1929 , his body was brought to Belgrade , where in a solemn public ceremony it was re-interred in the Russian church in Belgrade , in accordance with his wishes . The town of Sremski Karlovci , which served as his headquarters and was at the time of his death the location of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia and the Russian Ministry of Culture , erected a monument in his honour . Honors ( edit ) Statue of Wrangel in Sremski Karlovci , Serbia Order of St. Anne 4th class , 4 July 1904 Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd class , with swords and bow , 6 January 1906 . Order of St. Anne 3rd degree , 9 May 1906 Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd class , 6 December 1912 Order of St. George , 4th class , 13 October 1914 Order of St Vladimir , 4th class with swords and bow , 24 October 1914 Golden Sword of St George `` for courage '' , 10 June 1915 Order of St Vladimir , 3rd class with swords , 8 December 1915 Cross of St. George , 4th class , 24 July 1917 Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker , 2nd degree See also ( edit ) Russian Civil War White Army , Black Baron White movement Wrangel 's fleet Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ New York Times obituary of his last surviving child Jump up ^ Lincoln , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Luckett , pp. 359 - 360 . Jump up ^ Luckett , pp. 381ff . Jump up ^ Wrangel , Petr Nikolaevich , Baron Jump up ^ '' Главни војни циљ барона Врангела '' . / / Politika , 7 December 2017 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Volodarsky , Boris . `` The KGB 's Poison Factory , from Lenin to Litvinenko '' . Frontline Books : 2009 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ '' Смрт и сахрана генерала Врангела у Београду : Чувени бели генерал је , по сопственој жељи , сахрањен у руској Цркви Свете Тројице на Ташмајдану . '' / / Politika , 18 January 2018 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Споменик белом барону Politika , 13 September 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Lincoln , W. Bruce . Red Victory : A History of the Russian Civil War . New York , Simon and Schuster , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 63166 - 7 Luckett , Richard . The White Generals : An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War . New York , Viking , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 76265 - 2 Wrangel , Alexis , General Wrangel - Russia 's White Crusader , London , 1987 ( reprint 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 85052 - 890 - 9 Always With Honour . By General Baron Peter N Wrangel . Robert Speller & sons . New York . 1957 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Pyotr Wrangel at Wikimedia Commons Vinogradoff , Paul ( 1922 ) . `` Wrangel , Peter Nicholaievich , Baron '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed . ) . ( hide ) Russian Revolution / Russian Civil War Events Revolution February Revolution July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Junker mutiny Civil War Russian Civil War Ukrainian War of Independence Ukrainian -- Soviet War Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Polish -- Ukrainian War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Polish -- Soviet War Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian Wars of Independence Red Army invasion of Georgia Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Siberian Intervention Groups Provisional Committee of the State Duma Russian Provisional Government White movement Pro-independence movements Petrograd Soviet Council of the People 's Commissars Military Revolutionary Committee Russian Constituent Assembly elections Black Guards Red Guards Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia Tsentralna Rada Ukrainian People 's Republic Parties Kadets Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks Mensheviks Socialist Revolutionary Party Left SRs Union of October 17 Figures Monarchists Nicholas II of Russia Provisional Government Georgy Lvov Pavel Milyukov Alexander Guchkov White movement Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel Alexander Kolchak Anton Denikin Pyotr Krasnov Nikolai Yudenich Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Lev Kamenev Grigory Zinoviev Leon Trotsky Mikhail Frunze Joseph Stalin Semyon Budyonny Right SRs Alexander Kerensky Stepan Petrichenko Boris Savinkov International Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian -- Romanian War Workers ' Councils in Poland Polish -- Ukrainian War Polish -- Soviet War Slovak Soviet Republic Finnish Civil War Finnish Socialist Workers ' Republic VIAF : 14948283 LCCN : n85289371 ISNI : 0000 0001 2121 7442 GND : 118643185 SELIBR : 237053 SUDOC : 056571623 BNF : cb136162255 ( data ) NLA : 35942734 NKC : ola2002106437 RLS : 000079599 SNAC : w6w67gk1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Wrangel&oldid=836222615 '' Categories : 1878 births 1928 deaths People from Zarasai District Municipality People from Kovno Governorate Baltic - German people Members of the Russian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lithuania Russian military personnel of the Russo - Japanese War Imperial Russian Army generals Russian Provisional Government generals Russian anti-communists Russian All - Military Union members Russian military personnel of World War I People of the Russian Civil War Russian nobility White movement generals Wrangel 's fleet Russian monarchists Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus ( Russian ) , 2nd class Recipients of the Order of St. Anna , 3rd class Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir , 3rd class Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery Recipients of the Cross of St. George Russian exiles White Russian emigrants to Belgium White Russian emigrants to Yugoslavia White Russian emigrants to Turkey Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which side of the civil war does baron represent	[ "Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, also Vrangel; German: Freiherr Peter von Wrangel; (August 27, 1878 – April 25, 1928) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and later commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War. After his side lost the civil war in 1920, he left Russia and became one of the most prominent exiled White émigrés." ]	[ "White Army" ]
-6528451066361203624	Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)	Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) - wikipedia Theme from the Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Music Man B - side `` It 's Alright '' Released August 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Country Length 2 : 06 Label RCA 12067 Songwriter ( s ) Waylon Jennings Producer ( s ) Richie Albright Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( 1981 ) `` Clyde '' ( 1980 ) `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Storms Never Last '' ( duet with Jessi Colter ) ( 1981 ) The `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings . It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man . Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard , the song became a # 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1980 . Contents 1 Song history 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Charts 3 Other versions 4 Other artists 5 References 6 Further reading Song History ( edit ) As the narrator for the movie Moonrunners ( 1975 ) , Jennings was tapped to serve in the same capacity for The Dukes of Hazzard which premiered on CBS in 1979 and was based on Moonrunners . Jennings wrote the theme song for the show and recorded two versions : the television theme version and a slightly different version made commercially available on both single and album which received radio airplay . The television show version features Larry McNeely 's banjo work which the commercially available version does not . Additionally , the television version 's third verse contains the lyric , `` Fightin ' the system like two modern - day Robin Hoods '' , which is accompanied by a `` Yee - haw ! '' said by characters , Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) and Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ) , though it is in fact Schneider 's vocal used twice . The commercially available version receiving radio airplay contains a musical bridge which follows the first verse and chorus . Also , following the commercial version 's second chorus , Jennings makes a tongue - in - cheek reference to his faceless appearance in the credits by singing , `` I 'm a good ol ' boy , you know my mama loves me , but she do n't understand why they keep showing my hands and not my face on TV '' ( a statement referring to the opening shot in the television theme version where Jennings is only shown below the neck playing guitar ) . Most of Jennings ' greatest hits albums and various compilation releases containing the `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' feature the commercially available version . Commercial performance ( edit ) In November 1980 , `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' became Jennings ' twelfth # 1 country hit overall ( tenth as a solo recording act ) . The song spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts and became his biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 21 . It also appeared on several other music charts . The original 1980 single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales over a million . Subsequent to the 2005 movie , the song was certified platinum in 2007 for a million ringtone sales . Note : the certification sales qualification levels had been changed in 1989 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position New Zealand Singles Chart 26 Canadian RPM Country Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) U.S. Cashbox Top 100 22 Other versions ( edit ) The song was covered by the Swedish Lo - fi - group Loosegoats on their demo For Sale by Owner but has never been featured on any of their full - length albums . Rapper Lil Wyte sampled the song on his song `` Comin ' Yo Direction '' off his album Doubt Me Now . The song was frequently covered live by Ween during their brief country phase . Other Artists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Waylon Jennings ' son Shooter Jennings is known for singing `` Good ol ' Boys '' at the Dukefests , which honor the series , and his late father . Along with Willie Nelson and Ben L. Jones ( Cooter on the series ) , Waylon Jennings sang the song in an extended version . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song while driving The General Lee for their album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ( 1982 ) . In 2006 , John Schneider ( Bo Duke ) , Tom Wopat ( Luke Duke ) , and Catherine Bach ( Daisy Duke ) made a music video , as seen on the 7th Season DVD of the series . Schneider also covered the song . In The Dukes of Hazzard film adaptation ( 2005 ) , a recording of Waylon Jennings was used in one scene , also , as heard on the soundtrack , by Willie Nelson ( Uncle Jesse in the film ) . In the film The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) , country singer John Anderson sings the theme . Rock band Cage9 , performed a cover version of the song was heard in the trailers from the same two films . Nike used the song in an advertising campaign featuring NFL star Randy Moss and NBA star Jason Williams , who were teammates in the same high school in rural Belle , West Virginia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roland , Tom , `` The Billboard of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) ) , p. 426 - 427 Jump up ^ Bruce Eder ( 1996 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Television 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 6 - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Certification - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Good Ol ' Boys by John Schneider '' . YouTube . 2013 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Pop Singles : 1955 - 2006 , '' 2007 . Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)&oldid=852429021 '' Categories : 1980 singles Waylon Jennings songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Television theme songs The Dukes of Hazzard Songs written by Waylon Jennings RCA Records singles 1980 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 23 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the dukes of hazzard theme song	[ "The \"Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)\" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings. It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man. Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard, the song became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1980.\n" ]	[ "Waylon Jennings" ]
-3248618077098507068	Ink sac	Ink sac - Wikipedia Ink sac Ventral view of the viscera of Chtenopteryx sicula showing the position of the ink sac An ink sac is an anatomical feature that is found in many cephalopod mollusks used to produce the defensive cephalopod ink . With the exception of nocturnal and very deep water cephalopods , all coeloids ( squid , octopus and cuttlefish ) which dwell in light conditions have an ink sac , which can be used to expel a cloud of dark ink in order to confuse predators . The ink sac is a muscular bag which originated as an extension of the hind gut ; it is a modified hypobranchial gland . It lies beneath the gut and opens into the anus , into which its contents -- almost pure melanin -- can be squirted ; its proximity to the base of the funnel means that the ink can be distributed by ejected water as the cephalopod uses its jet propulsion . The ejected cloud of melanin is bound by mucus particles , so it forms a lump approximately the size and shape of the cephalopod , fixing the predator 's attention while the mollusc itself makes a hasty escape . A general level of provocation is necessary to trigger an octopus to release its ink , as it is biologically costly to produce . Some species can even use their ink to stun or numb their predators . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Boyle , Peter ; Rodhouse , Paul ( 2004 ) . Cephalopods : ecology and fisheries . Ames , Iowa : Blackwell . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470995310. ch2 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 06048 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nair , J.R. , D. Pillai , S.M. Joseph , P. Gomathi , P.V. Senan & P.M. Sherief ( 2011 ) . `` Cephalopod research and bioactive substances '' ( PDF ) . Indian Journal of Geo - Marine Sciences 40 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 27 . Cephalopod anatomy Shell Shell types External shells : Ammonoid shell Argonautid eggcase Nautiloid shell Orthocone Internal shells : Belemnoid guard Cirrate shell Cuttlebone Gladius ( pen ) Spirula shell Stylet External features Aperture Apex Callus Lirae Periostracum Sculpture Spire Sutures Umbilicus Internal features Body chamber Camerae Nacre Phragmocone Septa Siphuncle Whorls Mantle and funnel External anatomy Dermal structures Fins ( wings ) Flotation devices ( `` secondary fins '' ) Funnel -- mantle locking apparatus Tail Internal anatomy Branchial hearts Ctenidia ( gills ) Hepatopancreas ( digestive gland ) Ink sac and ink Needham 's sac Nephridia ( `` kidneys '' ) Nidamental glands Osphradium Pericardial glands Head and limbs Brachial crown Arms Hectocotylus Tentacles Carpus Dactylus Manus Suckers and hooks Buccal region Aptychus Beak Odontophore Radula Spadix and antispadix Occipital region Nuchal crest ( occipital crest ) Nuchal folds ( occipital folds ) Occipital membrane Olfactory organ Nuchal organ Other parts Eyes Statocysts General Chromatophores Photophores Nervous system Squid giant axon Squid giant synapse Developmental stages : Spawn → Paralarva ( Doratopsis stage ) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult Egg fossils Protoconch ( embryonic shell ) This cephalopod - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_sac&oldid=841321709 '' Categories : Cephalopod stubs Cephalopod zootomy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the ink sac of a squid empty into	[ "The ink sac is a muscular bag which originated as an extension of the hind gut; it is a modified hypobranchial gland.[2] It lies beneath the gut and opens into the anus, into which its contents – almost pure melanin – can be squirted; its proximity to the base of the funnel means that the ink can be distributed by ejected water as the cephalopod uses its jet propulsion.[1] The ejected cloud of melanin is bound by mucus particles, so it forms a lump approximately the size and shape of the cephalopod, fixing the predator's attention while the mollusc itself makes a hasty escape.[1]" ]	[ "into the anus" ]
2065300981087131766	Dynamics (music)	Dynamics ( Music ) - wikipedia Dynamics ( Music ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Crescendo '' redirects here . For other uses , see Crescendo ( disambiguation ) . `` Fortissimo '' redirects here . For other uses , see Fortissimo ( disambiguation ) . `` Diminuendo '' redirects here . For the Lowlife album , see Diminuendo ( album ) . For the Thoroughbred racehorse , see Diminuendo ( horse ) . Same motif repeated at various quiet and loud dynamics Play ( help info ) In music , the dynamics of a piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases . Dynamics are indicated by specific musical notation , often in some detail . However , dynamics markings still require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context : for instance a piano ( quiet ) marking in one part of a piece might have quite different objective loudness in another piece , or even a different section of the same piece . The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in timbre and sometimes tempo rubato . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose and interpretation 2 Dynamic markings 2.1 Changes 2.2 Extreme dynamic markings 3 History 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Purpose and interpretation ( edit ) Dynamics are one of the expressive elements of music . Used effectively , dynamics help musicians sustain variety and interest in a musical performance , and communicate a particular emotional state or feeling . Dynamic markings are always relative . p never indicates a precise level of loudness , it merely indicates that music in a passage so marked should be considerably quieter than f . There are many factors affecting the interpretation of a dynamic marking . For instance , the middle of a musical phrase will normally be played louder than the beginning or ending , to ensure the phrase is properly shaped , even where a passage is marked p throughout . Similarly , in multi-part music , some voices will naturally be played louder than others , for instance to emphasis the melody and the bass line , even if a whole passage is marked at one dynamic level . Some instruments are naturally louder than others - for instance , a tuba playing piano will likely be louder than a guitar playing fortissimo , while a high - pitched instrument piccolo playing in its upper register can usually sound loud even where its actual decibel level is lower than that of other instruments . Further , a dynamic marking does not necessarily only affect loudness of the music . A forte passage is not usually `` the same as a piano passage but louder '' . Rather , a musician will often use a different approach to other aspects of expression like timbre or articulation to further illustrate the differences . Sometimes this might also extend to tempo . It 's important for a performer to be able to control dynamics and tempo independently , and thus novice musicians are often instructed `` do n't speed up just because it 's getting louder ! '' . However , in some circumstances , a dynamic marking might also indicate a change of tempo . In some music notation programs , there are default MIDI key velocity values associated with these indications , but more sophisticated programs allow users to change these as needed . Apple 's Logic Pro 9 ( 2009 - 2013 ) and Avid 's Sibelius 5 ( 2007 - 2009 ) use the following values : Sibelius 5 defines the following values , though these may be adjusted in Sibelius , within the range 0 - 127 : Letters ppp pp p mp mf f ff fff Logic Pro 9 dynamics 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 127 Sibelius 5 dynamics 20 39 61 71 84 98 113 127 Sibelius 5 attacks 15 30 50 60 75 90 105 119 Dynamic markings ( edit ) See also : Glossary of musical terminology Scale of dynamic markings Name Letters Level fortissississimo ffff maximum fortississimo fff fortissimo ff forte f mezzo - forte mf average mezzo - piano mp piano p pianissimo pp pianississimo ppp pianissississimo pppp pianississississimo ppppp pianissississississimo pppppp minimum The two basic dynamic indications in music are : p or piano , meaning `` soft '' . for forte , meaning `` loud '' . More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by : mp , standing for mezzo - piano , meaning `` half soft '' . mf , standing for mezzo - forte , meaning `` half loud '' . più p , standing for più piano and meaning `` softer '' . più f , standing for più forte and meaning `` louder '' . Use of up to three consecutive fs or ps is also common : pp , standing for pianissimo and meaning `` very soft '' . ff , standing for fortissimo and meaning `` very loud '' . ppp , standing for pianississimo and meaning `` very very soft '' ( or alternatively pianissimo possibile , `` as soft as possible '' ) . fff , standing for fortississimo and meaning `` very very loud '' . The overall ranking of these is : ppp pp più p p mp mf f più f ff fff softest mid dle loudest Note Velocity is a MIDI measurement of the speed that the key travels from its rest position to completely depressed , with 127 , the largest value in a 7 - bit number , being instantaneous , and meaning as strong as possible . Play a C major chord at each dynamic from fff to ppp ( help info ) Changes ( edit ) `` Crescendo '' redirects here . For other uses , see Crescendo ( disambiguation ) . Three Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume : crescendo ( abbreviated cresc . ) translates as `` increasing '' ( literally `` growing '' ) . decrescendo ( abbreviated to decresc . ) translates as `` decreasing '' . diminuendo ( abbreviated dim . ) translates as `` diminishing '' . Signs sometimes referred to as `` hairpins '' are also used to stand for these words ( See image ) . If the angle lines open up ( ) , then the indication is to get louder ; if they close gradually ( ) , the indication is to get softer . The following notation indicates music starting moderately strong , then becoming gradually stronger and then gradually quieter : Hairpins are usually written below the staff ( or between the two staves in a grand staff ) , but are sometimes found above , especially in music for singers or in music with multiple melody lines being played by a single performer . They tend to be used for dynamic changes over a relatively short space of time ( at most a few bars ) , while cresc. , decresc. and dim . are generally used for changes over a longer period . Word directions can be extended with dashes to indicate over what time the event should occur , which may be as long as multiple pages . For greater changes in dynamics , cresc . molto and dim . molto are often used , where the molto means `` much '' . Similarly , for more gradual changes poco cresc. and poco dim . are used , where `` poco '' translates as a little , or alternatively with poco a poco meaning `` little by little . Sudden changes in dynamics may be notated by adding the word subito ( meaning `` suddenly '' ) as a prefix or suffix to the new dynamic notation . Accented notes can be notated sforzando , sforzato , forzando or forzato ( abbreviated sfz , sf , or fz ) ( `` forcing '' or `` forced '' ) , or using the sign > , placed above or below the head of the note . Sforzando ( sfz ) notation Sforzando ( or sforzato , forzando , forzato ) indicates a forceful accent and is abbreviated as sf , sfz or fz . There is often confusion surrounding these markings and whether or not there is any difference in the degree of accent . However , all of these indicate the same expression , depending on the dynamic level , and the extent of the sforzando is determined purely by the performer . The fortepiano notation fp indicates a forte followed immediately by piano . By contrast , pf is an abbreviation for poco forte , literally `` a little loud '' but ( according to Brahms ) meaning with the character of forte , but the sound of piano , though rarely used because of possible confusion with pianoforte ) . Extreme dynamic markings ( edit ) Dynamics softer than ppp or louder than fff are impractical , although theoretically any dynamic is possible . While the typical range of dynamic markings is from ppp to fff , some pieces use additional markings of further emphasis . Extreme dynamic markings imply an extreme range of loudness , or , alternatively , imply an extremely subtle distinction between very small differences of loudness within a normal range . This kind of usage is most common in orchestral works from the late 19th - century onwards . Generally , these markings are supported by the orchestration of the work , with heavy forte markings brought to life by having many loud instruments like brass and percussion playing at once . An early example of a decrescendo across 72 bars , from f to pppppp , is found in the fifth piece ( `` The Indian '' ) of Walter William Stockhoff 's In the Mountains : 7 Impressions for Pianoforte , op . 2 ( 1914 ) . For instance , in Holst 's The Planets , ffff occurs twice in `` Mars '' and once in `` Uranus '' , often punctuated by organ . It also appears in Heitor Villa - Lobos ' Bachianas Brasileiras No. 4 ( Prelude ) , and in Liszt 's Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale `` Ad nos , ad salutarem undam '' . The Norman Dello Joio Suite for Piano ends with a crescendo to a ffff , and Tchaikovsky indicated a bassoon solo pppppp ( 6 p ) in his Pathétique Symphony and ffff in passages of his 1812 Overture and the 2nd movement of his Fifth Symphony . Igor Stravinsky used ffff at the end of the finale of the Firebird Suite . ffff is also found in a prelude by Rachmaninoff , op. 3 - 2 . Shostakovich even went as loud as fffff ( 5 fs ) in his fourth symphony . Gustav Mahler , in the third movement of his Seventh Symphony , gives the celli and basses a marking of fffff ( 5 fs ) , along with a footnote directing ' pluck so hard that the strings hit the wood ' . On the other extreme , Carl Nielsen , in the second movement of his Symphony No. 5 , marked a passage for woodwinds a diminuendo to ppppp ( 5 ps ) . Another more extreme dynamic is in György Ligeti 's Études No. 13 ( Devil 's Staircase ) , which has at one point a ffffff ( 6 fs ) and progresses to a ffffffff ( 8 fs ) . In Ligeti 's Études No. 9 , he uses pppppppp ( 8 ps ) . In the baritone passage `` Era la notte '' from his opera Otello , Verdi uses pppp . In the full score the same spot is marked ppp . Steane ( 1971 ) and others suggest that such markings are in reality a strong reminder to less than subtle singers to at least sing softly rather than an instruction to the singer actually to attempt a pppp . History ( edit ) On Music , one of the ' ' Moralia ' ' attributed to the philosopher Plutarch in the first century AD , suggests that ancient Greek musical performance included dynamic transitions - though dynamics receive far less attention in the text than does rhythm or harmony . The Renaissance composer Giovanni Gabrieli was one of the first to indicate dynamics in music notation , but dynamics were used sparingly by composers until the late 18th century . Bach used some dynamic terms , including forte , piano , più piano , and pianissimo ( although written out as full words ) , and in some cases it may be that ppp was considered to mean pianissimo in this period . The fact that the harpsichord could play only `` terraced '' dynamics ( either loud or soft , but not in between ) , and the fact that composers of the period did not mark gradations of dynamics in their scores , has led to the `` somewhat misleading suggestion that baroque dynamics are ' terraced dynamics ' , '' writes Robert Donington . In fact , baroque musicians constantly varied dynamics . `` Light and shade must be constantly introduced ... by the incessant interchange of loud and soft , '' wrote Johann Joachim Quantz in 1752 . In addition to this , the harpsichord in fact becomes louder or softer depending on the thickness of the musical texture ( four notes are louder than two ) . This allowed composers such as Bach to build dynamics directly into their compositions , without the need for notation . In the Romantic period , composers greatly expanded the vocabulary for describing dynamic changes in their scores . Where Haydn and Mozart specified six levels ( pp to ff ) , Beethoven used also ppp and fff ( the latter less frequently ) , and Brahms used a range of terms to describe the dynamics he wanted . In the slow movement of the trio for violin , horn and piano ( Opus 40 ) , he uses the expressions ppp , molto piano , and quasi niente to express different qualities of quiet . Many Romantic and later composers added più p and più f , making for a total of ten levels between ppp and fff . See also ( edit ) Look up fortissimo or decrescendo in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Accent ( music ) Glossary of musical terminology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For instance , in Schubert 's string quartet Death and the Maiden , the dimenuendo marking is followed by a tempo , indicating that the dimenuendo is a reduction in speed as well as in loudness . In the same work Schubert uses decrescendo to indicate a reduction in loudness with no change in speed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thiemel , Matthias . `` Dynamics '' . Grove Music Online ( subscriber only access ) . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Logic Pro 9 User Manual for MIDI Step Input Recording '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Spreadbury , Daniel ; Eastwood , Michael ; Finn , Ben ; and Finn , Jonathan ( March 2008 ) . Sibelius 5 Reference . Edition 5.2 . Sibeilus Software . Jump up ^ Read , Gardner ( 1969 / 1979 ) . Music Notation : A Manual of Modern Practice , p. 250 . 2nd edition . Crescendo Publishing , part of Taplinger Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8008 - 5453 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Randel , Don Michael ( 2003 ) . The Harvard Dictionary of Music ( 4th ed . ) . Cambridge , MA , US : Harvard University Press Reference Library . Jump up ^ `` Piano '' . Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Forte '' . Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dynamics '' . Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael and Bourne , Joyce : The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music ( 1996 ) , entry `` Hairpins '' . Jump up ^ Gerou , Tom ; Lusk , Linda ( 1996 ) . Essential Dictionary of Music Notation : The Most Practical and Concise Source for Music Notation. Van Nuys , CA : Alfred Music Publishing . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0882847306 . Jump up ^ An Enigmatic Marking Explained , by Jeffrey Solow , Violoncello Society Newsletter , Spring 2000 Jump up ^ Gerou , Tom and Lusk , Linda ( 1996 ) . The Essential Dictionary of Music Notation , p. 133 . Alfred . ISBN 0 - 88284 - 730 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1965 ) . The Musical Times , Vol. 106 . Novello . Jump up ^ Donington , Robert : Baroque Music ( 1982 ) WW Norton , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30052 - 8 . Page 32 . Jump up ^ Donington , Robert : Baroque Music ( 1982 ) WW Norton , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30052 - 8 . Page 33 . Dynamics Accent Fortepiano Hauptstimme Niente Pensato Sotto voce Musical notation Staff 8 15 Abbreviation Bar / barline / measure Clef Da capo Dal segno Key signature Ledger line Mode Ossia Scale Rehearsal letter Repeat sign Tempo Time signature Transposition Transposing instrument Musical notes Accidental ( flat natural sharp ) Cue note Dotted note Grace note Note value ( beam notehead stem ) Pitch Rest Tacet Tuplet Tremolo Interval Helmholtz pitch notation Letter notation Scientific pitch notation Articulation Accent Sforzando ( musical direction ) Caesura Damping Dynamics Fermata Fingering Legato Marcato Ornament ( appoggiatura glissando grace note mordent slide trill ) Portato Slur Staccato Tenuto Tie Tonguing Sheet music History of music publishing Music engraving Popular - music publisher Sheet - music publisher Scorewriter Alternative Braille music Chord chart Fake book Figured bass Graphic notation Lead sheet Eye music Nashville number system Numbered musical notation Klavarskribo Tablature ( `` Tab '' ) Parsons Percussion notation Simplified Non-Western and ancient Chinese Kepatihan Kunkunshi Neume Swaralipi Shakuhachi Znamenny Related Mensural notation Music stand Sight - reading Sight singing Transcription List of musical symbols Category : Musical notation Musical technique General Articulation Bariolage Circular breathing Col legno Damping Embouchure Extended technique Fingering Finger substitution Finger vibrato Flutter - tonguing Free bowing Growling Intonation Martelé Overblowing Position Prepared guitar Slap tonguing Stopped note Third bridge Tonguing Thumb position Tremolo Vibrato By instrument Harmonica Piano Finger tapping Piano extended technique Three - hand technique Violin Bowing Pizzicato Voice Sprechgesang Related articles Étude Category : Musical performance techniques Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&oldid=804776921 '' Categories : Musical notation Musical terminology Elements of music Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 02 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the definition of forte in music	[ "\np or piano, meaning \"soft\".[5][6]\nf or forte, meaning \"loud\".[5][7]\n" ]	[ "loud" ]
5181088673230283328	List of largest companies by revenue	List of largest companies by revenue - wikipedia List of largest companies by revenue Jump to : navigation , search This list comprises the world 's largest businesses by consolidated revenue as of 2016 , according to the Fortune Global 500 tally . The list is limited to 35 companies , all of which have annual revenues exceeding $100 billion US dollars . The availability and reliability of up - to - date information on prior state - owned companies is limited and varies from country to country ; thus , this list may be incomplete . This list is shown in U.S. dollars , but many of the companies on it prepare their accounts in other currencies . The dollar value of their revenue may change substantially in a short period of time due to exchange rate fluctuations . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of largest companies by revenue 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of largest companies by revenue ( edit ) State - owned enterprise Rank Name Industry Revenue ( USD Million ) Revenue growth Employees Country Headquarters CEO Ref Walmart General merchandisers $485,873 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 % 2,300,000 Bentonville , Arkansas Doug McMillon State Grid Utilities $315,199 2999560000000099999 ♠ 4.4 % 926,067 Beijing Shu Yinbiao Sinopec Group Petroleum refining $267,518 2999090000000000000 ♠ 9.1 % 713,288 Beijing Wang Yupu China National Petroleum Petroleum refining $262,573 2998877000000000000 ♠ 12.3 % 1,512,048 Beijing Wang Yilin Toyota Motor vehicles and parts $254,694 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 % 364,445 Toyota , Aichi Akio Toyoda 6 Volkswagen Group Automotive $240,264 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 626,715 Wolfsburg Matthias Müller 7 Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum refining $240,033 2998882000000000000 ♠ 11.8 % 89,000 The Hague Ben van Beurden 8 Berkshire Hathaway Conglomerate $223,604 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 % 367,700 Omaha , Nebraska Warren Buffett 9 Apple Computers , consumer electronics , and entertainment $215,639 2999230000000099999 ♠ 7.7 % 116,000 Cupertino , California Tim Cook 10 Exxon Mobil Petroleum refining $205,004 2998833000000000000 ♠ 16.7 % 72,700 Irving , Texas Darren Woods 11 McKesson Healthcare $198,533 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 64,500 San Francisco , California John Hammergren 12 BP Petroleum refining $186,606 2998826009999900000 ♠ 17.4 % 74,500 London Bob Dudley 13 United Health Healthcare $184,840 7001177000000000000 ♠ 17.7 % 230,000 Minnetonka , Minnesota Stephen Hemsley 14 CVS Health Healthcare $177,526 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 % 204,000 Woonsocket , Rhode Island Larry Merlo 15 Samsung Electronics Electronics and electrical equipment $173,957 2999800000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 325,000 Suwon Oh - Hyun Kwon 16 Glencore Mining and crude oil production $173,883 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 93,123 Baar Ivan Glasenberg 17 Daimler Automotive $169,483 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 % 282,488 Stuttgart Dieter Zetsche 18 General Motors Automotive $166,380 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 % 225,000 Detroit , Michigan Mary Barra 19 AT&T Telecommunications $163,786 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 % 268,540 Dallas , Texas Randall L. Stephenson 20 Exor Diversified financials $154,894 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 302,562 Turin John Elkann 21 Ford Motor Automotive $151,800 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 201,000 Dearborn , Michigan James Hackett 22 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Financial services $147,675 7001117000000000000 ♠ 11.7 % 461,749 Beijing Yi Huiman 23 AmerisourceBergen Pharmaceuticals $146,850 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 % 18,500 Chesterbrook , Pennsylvania Steven H. Collis 24 China Construction Engineering Construction $144,505 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 263,915 Beijing Guan Qing 25 AXA Financial services $143,722 7001112000000000000 ♠ 11.2 % 97,707 Paris Thomas Buberl 26 Amazon Internet $135,987 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % 341,400 Seattle , Washington Jeff Bezos 27 Foxconn Electronics $135,129 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 724,772 New Taipei Terry Gou 28 China Construction Bank Financial services $135,093 2999130000000000000 ♠ 8.7 % 362,482 Beijing Wang Zuji 29 Honda Automotive $129,198 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 % 211,915 Tokyo Takahiro Hachigo 30 Total Oil and gas $127,925 2998892000000000000 ♠ 10.8 % 102,168 Courbevoie Patrick Pouyanné 31 General Electric Conglomerate $126,661 2999019999999999999 ♠ 9.8 % 295,000 Boston , Massachusetts John Flannery 32 Verizon Telecommunications $125,980 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 160,900 New York City Lowell McAdam 33 Japan Post Conglomerate $122,990 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 % 248,384 Tokyo Masatsugu Nagato 34 Allianz Financial services $122,196 3000400000000000000 ♠ 0.6 % 140,253 Munich Oliver Bäte 35 Cardinal Health Pharmaceuticals $121,546 7001185000000000000 ♠ 18.5 % 37,300 Dublin , Ohio George S. Barrett See also ( edit ) Forbes Global 2000 Forbes 500 List of companies by employees List of corporations by market capitalization List of wealthiest organizations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Walmart '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Grid Corporation of China '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sinopec Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China National Petroleum '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen - Germany '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Dutch Shell '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Mobil '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McKesson '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BP '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UnitedHealth Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CVS Health '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Electronics '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glencore '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daimler '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Motors '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXOR Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial & Commercial Bank of China '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AmerisourceBergen '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China State Construction Engineering '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AXA '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hon Hai Precision Industry '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China Construction Bank '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Electric '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Post Holdings '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allianz '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Health '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Fortune Global 500 List ( hide ) Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue&oldid=810880173 '' Categories : Lists of companies by revenue Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns the biggest companies in the world	[ "\n\nRank\nName\nIndustry\nRevenue (USD Million)\nRevenue growth\nEmployees\nCountry\nHeadquarters\nCEO\nRef\n\n\n1\nWalmart\nGeneral merchandisers\n$485,873\n 6999800000000000000♠ 0.8%\n2,300,000\n\nBentonville, Arkansas\nDoug McMillon\n[1]\n\n\n2\nState Grid\nUtilities\n$315,199\n 2999560000000099999♠ 4.4%\n926,067\n\nBeijing\nShu Yinbiao\n[2]\n\n\n3\nSinopec Group\nPetroleum refining\n$267,518\n 2999090000000000000♠ 9.1%\n713,288\n\nBeijing\nWang Yupu\n[3]\n\n\n4\nChina National Petroleum\nPetroleum refining\n$262,573\n 2998877000000000000♠ 12.3%\n1,512,048\n\nBeijing\nWang Yilin\n[4]\n\n\n5\nToyota\nMotor vehicles and parts\n$254,694\n 7000770000000000000♠ 7.7%\n364,445\n\nToyota, Aichi\nAkio Toyoda\n[5]\n\n\n6\nVolkswagen Group\nAutomotive\n$240,264\n 7000150000000000000♠ 1.5%\n626,715\n\nWolfsburg\nMatthias Müller\n[6]\n\n\n7\nRoyal Dutch Shell\nPetroleum refining\n$240,033\n 2998882000000000000♠ 11.8%\n89,000\n \nThe Hague\nBen van Beurden\n[7]\n\n\n8\nBerkshire Hathaway\nConglomerate\n$223,604\n 7000610000000000000♠ 6.1%\n367,700\n\nOmaha, Nebraska\nWarren Buffett\n[8]\n\n\n9\nApple\nComputers, consumer electronics, and entertainment\n$215,639\n 2999230000000099999♠ 7.7%\n116,000\n\nCupertino, California\nTim Cook\n[9]\n\n\n10\nExxon Mobil\nPetroleum refining\n$205,004\n 2998833000000000000♠ 16.7%\n72,700\n\nIrving, Texas\nDarren Woods\n[10]\n\n\n11\nMcKesson\nHealthcare\n$198,533\n 7000310000000000000♠ 3.1%\n64,500\n\nSan Francisco, California\nJohn Hammergren\n[11]\n\n\n12\nBP\nPetroleum refining\n$186,606\n 2998826009999900000♠ 17.4%\n74,500\n\nLondon\nBob Dudley\n[12]\n\n\n13\nUnited Health\nHealthcare\n$184,840\n 7001177000000000000♠ 17.7%\n230,000\n\nMinnetonka, Minnesota\nStephen Hemsley\n[13]\n\n\n14\nCVS Health\nHealthcare\n$177,526\n 7001158000000000000♠ 15.8%\n204,000\n\nWoonsocket, Rhode Island\nLarry Merlo\n[14]\n\n\n15\nSamsung Electronics\nElectronics and electrical equipment\n$173,957\n 2999800000000000000♠ 2.0%\n325,000\n\nSuwon\nOh-Hyun Kwon\n[15]\n\n\n16\nGlencore\nMining and crude oil production\n$173,883\n 7000200000000000000♠ 2.0%\n93,123\n\nBaar\nIvan Glasenberg\n[16]\n\n\n17\nDaimler\nAutomotive\n$169,483\n 7000220000000000000♠ 2.2%\n282,488\n\nStuttgart\nDieter Zetsche\n[17]\n\n\n18\nGeneral Motors\nAutomotive\n$166,380\n 7000920000000099999♠ 9.2%\n225,000\n\nDetroit, Michigan\nMary Barra\n[18]\n\n\n19\nAT&T\nTelecommunications\n$163,786\n 7001116000000000000♠ 11.6%\n268,540\n\nDallas, Texas\nRandall L. Stephenson\n[19]\n\n\n20\nExor\nDiversified financials\n$154,894\n 7000150000000000000♠ 1.5%\n302,562\n\nTurin\nJohn Elkann\n[20]\n\n\n21\nFord Motor\nAutomotive\n$151,800\n 7000150000000000000♠ 1.5%\n201,000\n\nDearborn, Michigan\nJames Hackett\n[21]\n\n\n22\nIndustrial & Commercial Bank of China\nFinancial services\n$147,675\n 7001117000000000000♠ 11.7%\n461,749\n\nBeijing\nYi Huiman\n[22]\n\n\n23\nAmerisourceBergen\nPharmaceuticals\n$146,850\n 7000800000000000000♠ 8.0%\n18,500\n\nChesterbrook, Pennsylvania\nSteven H. Collis\n[23]\n\n\n24\nChina Construction Engineering\nConstruction\n$144,505\n 7000310000000000000♠ 3.1%\n263,915\n\nBeijing\nGuan Qing\n[24]\n\n\n25\nAXA\nFinancial services\n$143,722\n 7001112000000000000♠ 11.2%\n97,707\n\nParis\nThomas Buberl\n[25]\n\n\n26\nAmazon\nInternet\n$135,987\n 7001271000000000000♠ 27.1%\n341,400\n\nSeattle, Washington\nJeff Bezos\n[26]\n\n\n27\nFoxconn\nElectronics\n$135,129\n 2999570000000000000♠ 4.3%\n724,772\n\nNew Taipei\nTerry Gou\n[27]\n\n\n28\nChina Construction Bank\nFinancial services\n$135,093\n 2999130000000000000♠ 8.7%\n362,482\n\nBeijing\nWang Zuji\n[28]\n\n\n29\nHonda\nAutomotive\n$129,198\n 7000620000000000000♠ 6.2%\n211,915\n\nTokyo\nTakahiro Hachigo\n[29]\n\n\n30\nTotal\nOil and gas\n$127,925\n 2998892000000000000♠ 10.8%\n102,168\n\nCourbevoie\nPatrick Pouyanné\n[30]\n\n\n31\nGeneral Electric\nConglomerate\n$126,661\n 2999019999999999999♠ 9.8%\n295,000\n\nBoston, Massachusetts\nJohn Flannery\n[31]\n\n\n32\nVerizon\nTelecommunications\n$125,980\n 2999570000000000000♠ 4.3%\n160,900\n\nNew York City\nLowell McAdam\n[32]\n\n\n33\nJapan Post\nConglomerate\n$122,990\n 7000360000000000000♠ 3.6%\n248,384\n\nTokyo\nMasatsugu Nagato\n[33]\n\n\n34\nAllianz\nFinancial services\n$122,196\n 3000400000000000000♠ 0.6%\n140,253\n\nMunich\nOliver Bäte\n[34]\n\n\n35\nCardinal Health\nPharmaceuticals\n$121,546\n 7001185000000000000♠ 18.5%\n37,300\n\nDublin, Ohio\nGeorge S. Barrett\n[35]\n\n" ]	[ "Walmart" ]
4177279460380901052	List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks	List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season . Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay , Wisconsin . They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and are the third - oldest franchise in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The club was founded in 1919 by coach , player , and future Hall of Fame inductee Curly Lambeau and sports and telegraph editor George Whitney Calhoun . The Packers competed against local teams for two seasons before entering the NFL in 1921 . The Packers have had 46 starting quarterbacks ( QB ) in the history of their franchise . The Packers ' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Curly Lambeau , Tony Canadeo , Arnie Herber , Bart Starr and Brett Favre . The team 's first starting quarterback was Norm Barry , while the longest serving was Brett Favre . The Packers ' starting quarterback for the 2016 season was Aaron Rodgers , who was playing in his 12th season in the NFL . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Packers . Regular season ( edit ) Tobin Rote ( 1950 -- 1956 ) Bart Starr ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Don Majkowski ( right ) ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Brett Favre ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Matt Flynn ( 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 ) Scott Tolzien ( 2013 ) Brett Hundley ( 2017 -- present ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( Games ) References 1921 Adolph Kliebhan ( 5 ) 1921 Norm Barry ( 5 ) 1922 Charlie Mathys ( 10 ) 1923 Charlie Mathys ( 10 ) 1924 Charlie Mathys ( 11 ) 1925 Charlie Mathys ( 11 ) / Curly Lambeau ( 1 ) 1926 Pid Purdy ( 8 ) / Charlie Mathys ( 3 ) 1927 Red Dunn ( 10 ) 1928 Red Dunn ( 12 ) / Bullet Baker ( 1 ) 1929 Red Dunn ( 8 ) / Bullet Baker ( 2 ) / Jack Evans ( 2 ) 1930 Red Dunn ( 10 ) / Arnie Herber ( 4 ) 1931 Paul Fitzgibbon ( 7 ) / Red Dunn ( 4 ) / Roger Grove ( 3 ) 1932 Arnie Herber 1933 Arnie Herber 1934 Arnie Herber 1935 Arnie Herber 1936 Arnie Herber 1937 Arnie Herber 1938 Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell 1939 Arnie Herber / Cecil Isbell 1940 Cecil Isbell / Arnie Herber / Hal Van Every 1941 Cecil Isbell 1942 Cecil Isbell / Tony Canadeo 1943 Tony Canadeo / Irv Comp 1944 Irv Comp 1945 Irv Comp / Roy McKay 1946 Irv Comp / Cliff Aberson 1947 Jack Jacobs 1948 Jack Jacobs / Irv Comp / Perry Moss 1949 Jug Girard ( 10 ) / Stan Heath ( 1 ) / Jack Jacobs ( 1 ) 1950 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1951 Tobin Rote ( 11 ) / Bobby Thomason ( 4 ) 1952 Tobin Rote ( 8 ) / Babe Parilli ( 4 ) 1953 Tobin Rote ( 7 ) / Babe Parilli ( 5 ) 1954 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1955 Tobin Rote ( 12 ) 1956 Tobin Rote ( 11 ) / Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1957 Bart Starr ( 11 ) / Babe Parilli ( 1 ) 1958 Bart Starr ( 7 ) / Babe Parilli ( 4 ) / Joe Francis ( 1 ) 1959 Bart Starr ( 5 ) / Lamar McHan ( 7 ) 1960 Bart Starr ( 8 ) / Lamar McHan ( 4 ) 1961 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1962 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1963 Bart Starr ( 10 ) / John Roach ( 4 ) 1964 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1965 Bart Starr ( 14 ) 1966 Bart Starr ( 13 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 1 ) 1967 Bart Starr ( 12 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 2 ) 1968 Bart Starr ( 9 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 5 ) 1969 Bart Starr ( 9 ) / Don Horn ( 5 ) 1970 Bart Starr ( 13 ) / Don Horn ( 1 ) 1971 Scott Hunter ( 10 ) / Bart Starr ( 3 ) / Zeke Bratkowski ( 1 ) 1972 Scott Hunter ( 14 ) 1973 Jerry Tagge ( 6 ) / Scott Hunter ( 5 ) / Jim Del Gaizo ( 3 ) John Hadl ( 6 ) / Jerry Tagge ( 6 ) / Jack Concannon ( 2 ) John Hadl ( 13 ) / Don Milan ( 1 ) 1976 Lynn Dickey ( 10 ) / Carlos Brown ( 3 ) / Randy Johnson ( 1 ) 1977 Lynn Dickey ( 9 ) / David Whitehurst ( 5 ) 1978 David Whitehurst ( 16 ) 1979 David Whitehurst ( 13 ) / Lynn Dickey ( 3 ) 1980 Lynn Dickey ( 16 ) 1981 Lynn Dickey ( 13 ) / David Whitehurst ( 3 ) 1982 Lynn Dickey ( 9 ) Lynn Dickey ( 16 ) 1984 Lynn Dickey ( 15 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1985 Lynn Dickey ( 10 ) / Jim Zorn ( 5 ) / Randy Wright ( 1 ) 1986 Randy Wright ( 16 ) Randy Wright ( 7 ) / Don Majkowski ( 5 ) / Alan Risher ( 3 ) 1988 Don Majkowski ( 9 ) / Randy Wright ( 7 ) 1989 Don Majkowski ( 16 ) 1990 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Anthony Dilweg ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1991 Don Majkowski ( 8 ) / Mike Tomczak ( 7 ) / Blair Kiel ( 1 ) 1992 Brett Favre ( 13 ) / Don Majkowski ( 3 ) 1993 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1994 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1995 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1997 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1998 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 1999 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2000 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2001 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2002 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2003 Brett Favre ( 16 ) Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2005 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2006 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2007 Brett Favre ( 16 ) 2008 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2009 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 15 ) / Matt Flynn ( 1 ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( 15 ) / Matt Flynn ( 1 ) 2012 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2013 Aaron Rodgers ( 9 ) / Matt Flynn ( 4 ) / Scott Tolzien ( 2 ) / Seneca Wallace ( 1 ) 2014 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2015 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2016 Aaron Rodgers ( 16 ) 2017 Aaron Rodgers ( 6 ) / Brett Hundley ( 1 ) Postseason ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( Games ) 1936 Herber , Arnie Arnie Herber ( 2 ) 1938 Herber , Arnie Arnie Herber ( 2 ) 1939 Herber , Arnie Arnie Herber ( 1 ) 1941 Isbell , Cecil Cecil Isbell ( 1 ) 1944 Comp , Irv Irv Comp ( 1 ) 1960 Starr , Bart Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1961 Starr , Bart Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1962 Starr , Bart Bart Starr ( 1 ) 1965 Starr , Bart Bart Starr ( 2 ) 1966 Starr , Bart Bart Starr ( 2 ) 1967 Starr , Bart Bart Starr ( 3 ) 1972 Hunter , Scott Scott Hunter ( 1 ) 1982 Dickey , Lynn Lynn Dickey ( 2 ) 1993 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 1994 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 1995 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 3 ) Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 3 ) 1997 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 3 ) 1998 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2001 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 2002 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2003 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 1 ) 2007 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) 2009 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 4 ) 2011 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) 2012 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2013 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 1 ) 2014 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2015 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) 2016 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 3 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1921 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 Green Bay Packers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . 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Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Packs Stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Packs Stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Packs Stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Packs Stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 23 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Norman Barry ( 1921 ) Charlie Mathys ( 1922 -- 1926 ) Curly Lambeau ( 1925 ) Pid Purdy ( 1926 ) Red Dunn ( 1927 -- 1931 ) Bullet Baker ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Jack Evans ( 1929 ) Arnie Herber ( 1930 -- 1940 ) Paul Fitzgibbon ( 1931 ) Roger Grove ( 1931 ) Cecil Isbell ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Hal Van Every ( 1940 ) Tony Canadeo ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Irv Comp ( 1943 -- 1948 ) Roy McKay ( 1945 ) Cliff Aberson ( 1946 ) Jack Jacobs ( 1947 -- 1949 ) Perry Moss ( 1948 ) Earl Girard ( 1949 ) Stan Heath ( 1949 ) Tobin Rote ( 1950 -- 1956 ) Bobby Thomason ( 1951 ) Babe Parilli ( 1952 -- 1953 , 1957 -- 1958 ) Bart Starr ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Joe Francis ( 1958 ) Lamar McHan ( 1959 -- 1960 ) John Roach ( 1963 ) Zeke Bratkowski ( 1966 -- 1968 , 1971 ) Don Horn ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Scott Hunter ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Jerry Tagge ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Jim Del Gaizo ( 1973 ) John Hadl ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Jack Concannon ( 1974 ) Don Milan ( 1975 ) Lynn Dickey ( 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1985 ) Carlos Brown ( 1976 ) Randy Johnson ( 1976 ) David Whitehurst ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1981 ) Randy Wright ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Jim Zorn ( 1985 ) Don Majkowski ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Alan Risher ( 1987 ) Anthony Dilweg ( 1990 ) Blair Kiel ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1991 ) Brett Favre ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Matt Flynn ( 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2013 ) Scott Tolzien ( 2013 ) Brett Hundley ( 2017 -- present ) List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 7 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Green_Bay_Packers_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=806536575 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Green Bay Packers players Green Bay Packers lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 17 : 35 . About Wikipedia	who was green bay packers quarterback before brett favre	[ "\n\nSeason(s)\nQuarterback (Games)\nReferences\n\n\n1921\nAdolph Kliebhan (5)\n[1]\n\n\n1921\nNorm Barry (5)\n[1]\n\n\n1922\nCharlie Mathys (10)\n[2]\n\n\n1923\nCharlie Mathys (10)\n[3]\n\n\n1924\nCharlie Mathys (11)\n[4]\n\n\n1925\nCharlie Mathys (11) / Curly Lambeau (1)\n[5]\n\n\n1926\nPid Purdy (8) / Charlie Mathys (3)\n[6]\n\n\n1927\nRed Dunn (10)\n[7]\n\n\n1928\nRed Dunn (12) / Bullet Baker (1)\n[8]\n\n\n1929\nRed Dunn (8) / Bullet Baker (2) / Jack Evans (2)\n[9]\n\n\n1930\nRed Dunn (10) / Arnie Herber (4)\n[10]\n\n\n1931\nPaul Fitzgibbon (7) / Red Dunn (4) / Roger Grove (3)\n[11]\n\n\n1932\nArnie Herber\n[12]\n\n\n1933\nArnie Herber\n[13]\n\n\n1934\nArnie Herber\n[14]\n\n\n1935\nArnie Herber\n[15]\n\n\n1936\nArnie Herber\n[16]\n\n\n1937\nArnie Herber\n[17]\n\n\n1938\nArnie Herber / Cecil Isbell\n[18]\n\n\n1939\nArnie Herber / Cecil Isbell\n[19]\n\n\n1940\nCecil Isbell / Arnie Herber / Hal Van Every\n[20]\n\n\n1941\nCecil Isbell\n[21]\n\n\n1942\nCecil Isbell / Tony Canadeo\n[22]\n\n\n1943\nTony Canadeo / Irv Comp\n[23]\n\n\n1944\nIrv Comp\n[24]\n\n\n1945\nIrv Comp / Roy McKay\n[25]\n\n\n1946\nIrv Comp / Cliff Aberson\n[26]\n\n\n1947\nJack Jacobs\n[27]\n\n\n1948\nJack Jacobs / Irv Comp / Perry Moss\n[28]\n\n\n1949\nJug Girard (10) / Stan Heath (1) / Jack Jacobs (1)\n[29]\n\n\n1950\nTobin Rote (12)\n[30]\n\n\n1951\nTobin Rote (11) / Bobby Thomason (4)\n[31]\n\n\n1952\nTobin Rote (8) / Babe Parilli (4)\n[32]\n\n\n1953\nTobin Rote (7) / Babe Parilli (5)\n[33]\n\n\n1954\nTobin Rote (12)\n[34]\n\n\n1955\nTobin Rote (12)\n[35]\n\n\n1956\nTobin Rote (11) / Bart Starr (1)\n[36]\n\n\n1957\nBart Starr (11) / Babe Parilli (1)\n[37]\n\n\n1958\nBart Starr (7) / Babe Parilli (4) / Joe Francis (1)\n[38]\n\n\n1959\nBart Starr (5) / Lamar McHan (7)\n[39]\n\n\n1960\nBart Starr (8) / Lamar McHan (4)\n[40]\n\n\n1961\nBart Starr (14)\n[41]\n\n\n1962\nBart Starr (14)\n[42]\n\n\n1963\nBart Starr (10) / John Roach (4)\n[43]\n\n\n1964\nBart Starr (14)\n[44]\n\n\n1965\nBart Starr (14)\n[45]\n\n\n1966\nBart Starr (13) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)\n[46]\n\n\n1967\nBart Starr (12) / Zeke Bratkowski (2)\n[47]\n\n\n1968\nBart Starr (9) / Zeke Bratkowski (5)\n[48]\n\n\n1969\nBart Starr (9) / Don Horn (5)\n[49]\n\n\n1970\nBart Starr (13) / Don Horn (1)\n[50]\n\n\n1971\nScott Hunter (10) / Bart Starr (3) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)\n[51]\n\n\n1972\nScott Hunter (14)\n[52]\n\n\n1973\nJerry Tagge (6) / Scott Hunter (5) / Jim Del Gaizo (3)\n[53]\n\n\n1974\nJohn Hadl (6) / Jerry Tagge (6) / Jack Concannon (2)\n[54]\n\n\n1975\nJohn Hadl (13) / Don Milan (1)\n[55]\n\n\n1976\nLynn Dickey (10) / Carlos Brown (3) / Randy Johnson (1)\n[56]\n\n\n1977\nLynn Dickey (9) / David Whitehurst (5)\n[57]\n\n\n1978\nDavid Whitehurst (16)\n[58]\n\n\n1979\nDavid Whitehurst (13) / Lynn Dickey (3)\n[59]\n\n\n1980\nLynn Dickey (16)\n[60]\n\n\n1981\nLynn Dickey (13) / David Whitehurst (3)\n[61]\n\n\n1982\nLynn Dickey (9)\n[62]\n\n\n1983\nLynn Dickey (16)\n[63]\n\n\n1984\nLynn Dickey (15) / Randy Wright (1)\n[64]\n\n\n1985\nLynn Dickey (10) / Jim Zorn (5) / Randy Wright (1)\n[65]\n\n\n1986\nRandy Wright (16)\n[66]\n\n\n1987\nRandy Wright (7) / Don Majkowski (5) / Alan Risher (3)\n[67]\n\n\n1988\nDon Majkowski (9)/ Randy Wright (7)\n[68]\n\n\n1989\nDon Majkowski (16)\n[69]\n\n\n1990\nDon Majkowski (8) / Anthony Dilweg (7) / Blair Kiel (1)\n[70]\n\n\n1991\nDon Majkowski (8) / Mike Tomczak (7) / Blair Kiel (1)\n[71]\n\n\n1992\nBrett Favre (13) / Don Majkowski (3)\n[72]\n\n\n1993\nBrett Favre (16)\n[73]\n\n\n1994\nBrett Favre (16)\n[74]\n\n\n1995\nBrett Favre (16)\n[75]\n\n\n1996\nBrett Favre (16)\n[76]\n\n\n1997\nBrett Favre (16)\n[77]\n\n\n1998\nBrett Favre (16)\n[78]\n\n\n1999\nBrett Favre (16)\n[79]\n\n\n2000\nBrett Favre (16)\n[80]\n\n\n2001\nBrett Favre (16)\n[81]\n\n\n2002\nBrett Favre (16)\n[82]\n\n\n2003\nBrett Favre (16)\n[83]\n\n\n2004\nBrett Favre (16)\n[84]\n\n\n2005\nBrett Favre (16)\n[85]\n\n\n2006\nBrett Favre (16)\n[86]\n\n\n2007\nBrett Favre (16)\n[87]\n\n\n2008\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[88]\n\n\n2009\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[89]\n\n\n2010\nAaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)\n[90]\n\n\n2011\nAaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)\n[91]\n\n\n2012\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[92]\n\n\n2013\nAaron Rodgers (9) / Matt Flynn (4) / Scott Tolzien (2) / Seneca Wallace (1)\n[93]\n\n\n2014\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[94]\n\n\n2015\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[95]\n\n\n2016\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[96]\n\n\n2017\nAaron Rodgers (6) / Brett Hundley (1)\n[97]\n\n", "\n\nSeason(s)\nQuarterback (Games)\nReferences\n\n\n1921\nAdolph Kliebhan (5)\n[1]\n\n\n1921\nNorm Barry (5)\n[1]\n\n\n1922\nCharlie Mathys (10)\n[2]\n\n\n1923\nCharlie Mathys (10)\n[3]\n\n\n1924\nCharlie Mathys (11)\n[4]\n\n\n1925\nCharlie Mathys (11) / Curly Lambeau (1)\n[5]\n\n\n1926\nPid Purdy (8) / Charlie Mathys (3)\n[6]\n\n\n1927\nRed Dunn (10)\n[7]\n\n\n1928\nRed Dunn (12) / Bullet Baker (1)\n[8]\n\n\n1929\nRed Dunn (8) / Bullet Baker (2) / Jack Evans (2)\n[9]\n\n\n1930\nRed Dunn (10) / Arnie Herber (4)\n[10]\n\n\n1931\nPaul Fitzgibbon (7) / Red Dunn (4) / Roger Grove (3)\n[11]\n\n\n1932\nArnie Herber\n[12]\n\n\n1933\nArnie Herber\n[13]\n\n\n1934\nArnie Herber\n[14]\n\n\n1935\nArnie Herber\n[15]\n\n\n1936\nArnie Herber\n[16]\n\n\n1937\nArnie Herber\n[17]\n\n\n1938\nArnie Herber / Cecil Isbell\n[18]\n\n\n1939\nArnie Herber / Cecil Isbell\n[19]\n\n\n1940\nCecil Isbell / Arnie Herber / Hal Van Every\n[20]\n\n\n1941\nCecil Isbell\n[21]\n\n\n1942\nCecil Isbell / Tony Canadeo\n[22]\n\n\n1943\nTony Canadeo / Irv Comp\n[23]\n\n\n1944\nIrv Comp\n[24]\n\n\n1945\nIrv Comp / Roy McKay\n[25]\n\n\n1946\nIrv Comp / Cliff Aberson\n[26]\n\n\n1947\nJack Jacobs\n[27]\n\n\n1948\nJack Jacobs / Irv Comp / Perry Moss\n[28]\n\n\n1949\nJug Girard (10) / Stan Heath (1) / Jack Jacobs (1)\n[29]\n\n\n1950\nTobin Rote (12)\n[30]\n\n\n1951\nTobin Rote (11) / Bobby Thomason (4)\n[31]\n\n\n1952\nTobin Rote (8) / Babe Parilli (4)\n[32]\n\n\n1953\nTobin Rote (7) / Babe Parilli (5)\n[33]\n\n\n1954\nTobin Rote (12)\n[34]\n\n\n1955\nTobin Rote (12)\n[35]\n\n\n1956\nTobin Rote (11) / Bart Starr (1)\n[36]\n\n\n1957\nBart Starr (11) / Babe Parilli (1)\n[37]\n\n\n1958\nBart Starr (7) / Babe Parilli (4) / Joe Francis (1)\n[38]\n\n\n1959\nBart Starr (5) / Lamar McHan (7)\n[39]\n\n\n1960\nBart Starr (8) / Lamar McHan (4)\n[40]\n\n\n1961\nBart Starr (14)\n[41]\n\n\n1962\nBart Starr (14)\n[42]\n\n\n1963\nBart Starr (10) / John Roach (4)\n[43]\n\n\n1964\nBart Starr (14)\n[44]\n\n\n1965\nBart Starr (14)\n[45]\n\n\n1966\nBart Starr (13) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)\n[46]\n\n\n1967\nBart Starr (12) / Zeke Bratkowski (2)\n[47]\n\n\n1968\nBart Starr (9) / Zeke Bratkowski (5)\n[48]\n\n\n1969\nBart Starr (9) / Don Horn (5)\n[49]\n\n\n1970\nBart Starr (13) / Don Horn (1)\n[50]\n\n\n1971\nScott Hunter (10) / Bart Starr (3) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)\n[51]\n\n\n1972\nScott Hunter (14)\n[52]\n\n\n1973\nJerry Tagge (6) / Scott Hunter (5) / Jim Del Gaizo (3)\n[53]\n\n\n1974\nJohn Hadl (6) / Jerry Tagge (6) / Jack Concannon (2)\n[54]\n\n\n1975\nJohn Hadl (13) / Don Milan (1)\n[55]\n\n\n1976\nLynn Dickey (10) / Carlos Brown (3) / Randy Johnson (1)\n[56]\n\n\n1977\nLynn Dickey (9) / David Whitehurst (5)\n[57]\n\n\n1978\nDavid Whitehurst (16)\n[58]\n\n\n1979\nDavid Whitehurst (13) / Lynn Dickey (3)\n[59]\n\n\n1980\nLynn Dickey (16)\n[60]\n\n\n1981\nLynn Dickey (13) / David Whitehurst (3)\n[61]\n\n\n1982\nLynn Dickey (9)\n[62]\n\n\n1983\nLynn Dickey (16)\n[63]\n\n\n1984\nLynn Dickey (15) / Randy Wright (1)\n[64]\n\n\n1985\nLynn Dickey (10) / Jim Zorn (5) / Randy Wright (1)\n[65]\n\n\n1986\nRandy Wright (16)\n[66]\n\n\n1987\nRandy Wright (7) / Don Majkowski (5) / Alan Risher (3)\n[67]\n\n\n1988\nDon Majkowski (9)/ Randy Wright (7)\n[68]\n\n\n1989\nDon Majkowski (16)\n[69]\n\n\n1990\nDon Majkowski (8) / Anthony Dilweg (7) / Blair Kiel (1)\n[70]\n\n\n1991\nDon Majkowski (8) / Mike Tomczak (7) / Blair Kiel (1)\n[71]\n\n\n1992\nBrett Favre (13) / Don Majkowski (3)\n[72]\n\n\n1993\nBrett Favre (16)\n[73]\n\n\n1994\nBrett Favre (16)\n[74]\n\n\n1995\nBrett Favre (16)\n[75]\n\n\n1996\nBrett Favre (16)\n[76]\n\n\n1997\nBrett Favre (16)\n[77]\n\n\n1998\nBrett Favre (16)\n[78]\n\n\n1999\nBrett Favre (16)\n[79]\n\n\n2000\nBrett Favre (16)\n[80]\n\n\n2001\nBrett Favre (16)\n[81]\n\n\n2002\nBrett Favre (16)\n[82]\n\n\n2003\nBrett Favre (16)\n[83]\n\n\n2004\nBrett Favre (16)\n[84]\n\n\n2005\nBrett Favre (16)\n[85]\n\n\n2006\nBrett Favre (16)\n[86]\n\n\n2007\nBrett Favre (16)\n[87]\n\n\n2008\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[88]\n\n\n2009\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[89]\n\n\n2010\nAaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)\n[90]\n\n\n2011\nAaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)\n[91]\n\n\n2012\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[92]\n\n\n2013\nAaron Rodgers (9) / Matt Flynn (4) / Scott Tolzien (2) / Seneca Wallace (1)\n[93]\n\n\n2014\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[94]\n\n\n2015\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[95]\n\n\n2016\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[96]\n\n\n2017\nAaron Rodgers (6) / Brett Hundley (1)\n[97]\n\n", "\n\nSeason(s)\nQuarterback (Games)\nReferences\n\n\n1921\nAdolph Kliebhan (5)\n[1]\n\n\n1921\nNorm Barry (5)\n[1]\n\n\n1922\nCharlie Mathys (10)\n[2]\n\n\n1923\nCharlie Mathys (10)\n[3]\n\n\n1924\nCharlie Mathys (11)\n[4]\n\n\n1925\nCharlie Mathys (11) / Curly Lambeau (1)\n[5]\n\n\n1926\nPid Purdy (8) / Charlie Mathys (3)\n[6]\n\n\n1927\nRed Dunn (10)\n[7]\n\n\n1928\nRed Dunn (12) / Bullet Baker (1)\n[8]\n\n\n1929\nRed Dunn (8) / Bullet Baker (2) / Jack Evans (2)\n[9]\n\n\n1930\nRed Dunn (10) / Arnie Herber (4)\n[10]\n\n\n1931\nPaul Fitzgibbon (7) / Red Dunn (4) / Roger Grove (3)\n[11]\n\n\n1932\nArnie Herber\n[12]\n\n\n1933\nArnie Herber\n[13]\n\n\n1934\nArnie Herber\n[14]\n\n\n1935\nArnie Herber\n[15]\n\n\n1936\nArnie Herber\n[16]\n\n\n1937\nArnie Herber\n[17]\n\n\n1938\nArnie Herber / Cecil Isbell\n[18]\n\n\n1939\nArnie Herber / Cecil Isbell\n[19]\n\n\n1940\nCecil Isbell / Arnie Herber / Hal Van Every\n[20]\n\n\n1941\nCecil Isbell\n[21]\n\n\n1942\nCecil Isbell / Tony Canadeo\n[22]\n\n\n1943\nTony Canadeo / Irv Comp\n[23]\n\n\n1944\nIrv Comp\n[24]\n\n\n1945\nIrv Comp / Roy McKay\n[25]\n\n\n1946\nIrv Comp / Cliff Aberson\n[26]\n\n\n1947\nJack Jacobs\n[27]\n\n\n1948\nJack Jacobs / Irv Comp / Perry Moss\n[28]\n\n\n1949\nJug Girard (10) / Stan Heath (1) / Jack Jacobs (1)\n[29]\n\n\n1950\nTobin Rote (12)\n[30]\n\n\n1951\nTobin Rote (11) / Bobby Thomason (4)\n[31]\n\n\n1952\nTobin Rote (8) / Babe Parilli (4)\n[32]\n\n\n1953\nTobin Rote (7) / Babe Parilli (5)\n[33]\n\n\n1954\nTobin Rote (12)\n[34]\n\n\n1955\nTobin Rote (12)\n[35]\n\n\n1956\nTobin Rote (11) / Bart Starr (1)\n[36]\n\n\n1957\nBart Starr (11) / Babe Parilli (1)\n[37]\n\n\n1958\nBart Starr (7) / Babe Parilli (4) / Joe Francis (1)\n[38]\n\n\n1959\nBart Starr (5) / Lamar McHan (7)\n[39]\n\n\n1960\nBart Starr (8) / Lamar McHan (4)\n[40]\n\n\n1961\nBart Starr (14)\n[41]\n\n\n1962\nBart Starr (14)\n[42]\n\n\n1963\nBart Starr (10) / John Roach (4)\n[43]\n\n\n1964\nBart Starr (14)\n[44]\n\n\n1965\nBart Starr (14)\n[45]\n\n\n1966\nBart Starr (13) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)\n[46]\n\n\n1967\nBart Starr (12) / Zeke Bratkowski (2)\n[47]\n\n\n1968\nBart Starr (9) / Zeke Bratkowski (5)\n[48]\n\n\n1969\nBart Starr (9) / Don Horn (5)\n[49]\n\n\n1970\nBart Starr (13) / Don Horn (1)\n[50]\n\n\n1971\nScott Hunter (10) / Bart Starr (3) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)\n[51]\n\n\n1972\nScott Hunter (14)\n[52]\n\n\n1973\nJerry Tagge (6) / Scott Hunter (5) / Jim Del Gaizo (3)\n[53]\n\n\n1974\nJohn Hadl (6) / Jerry Tagge (6) / Jack Concannon (2)\n[54]\n\n\n1975\nJohn Hadl (13) / Don Milan (1)\n[55]\n\n\n1976\nLynn Dickey (10) / Carlos Brown (3) / Randy Johnson (1)\n[56]\n\n\n1977\nLynn Dickey (9) / David Whitehurst (5)\n[57]\n\n\n1978\nDavid Whitehurst (16)\n[58]\n\n\n1979\nDavid Whitehurst (13) / Lynn Dickey (3)\n[59]\n\n\n1980\nLynn Dickey (16)\n[60]\n\n\n1981\nLynn Dickey (13) / David Whitehurst (3)\n[61]\n\n\n1982\nLynn Dickey (9)\n[62]\n\n\n1983\nLynn Dickey (16)\n[63]\n\n\n1984\nLynn Dickey (15) / Randy Wright (1)\n[64]\n\n\n1985\nLynn Dickey (10) / Jim Zorn (5) / Randy Wright (1)\n[65]\n\n\n1986\nRandy Wright (16)\n[66]\n\n\n1987\nRandy Wright (7) / Don Majkowski (5) / Alan Risher (3)\n[67]\n\n\n1988\nDon Majkowski (9)/ Randy Wright (7)\n[68]\n\n\n1989\nDon Majkowski (16)\n[69]\n\n\n1990\nDon Majkowski (8) / Anthony Dilweg (7) / Blair Kiel (1)\n[70]\n\n\n1991\nDon Majkowski (8) / Mike Tomczak (7) / Blair Kiel (1)\n[71]\n\n\n1992\nBrett Favre (13) / Don Majkowski (3)\n[72]\n\n\n1993\nBrett Favre (16)\n[73]\n\n\n1994\nBrett Favre (16)\n[74]\n\n\n1995\nBrett Favre (16)\n[75]\n\n\n1996\nBrett Favre (16)\n[76]\n\n\n1997\nBrett Favre (16)\n[77]\n\n\n1998\nBrett Favre (16)\n[78]\n\n\n1999\nBrett Favre (16)\n[79]\n\n\n2000\nBrett Favre (16)\n[80]\n\n\n2001\nBrett Favre (16)\n[81]\n\n\n2002\nBrett Favre (16)\n[82]\n\n\n2003\nBrett Favre (16)\n[83]\n\n\n2004\nBrett Favre (16)\n[84]\n\n\n2005\nBrett Favre (16)\n[85]\n\n\n2006\nBrett Favre (16)\n[86]\n\n\n2007\nBrett Favre (16)\n[87]\n\n\n2008\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[88]\n\n\n2009\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[89]\n\n\n2010\nAaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)\n[90]\n\n\n2011\nAaron Rodgers (15) / Matt Flynn (1)\n[91]\n\n\n2012\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[92]\n\n\n2013\nAaron Rodgers (9) / Matt Flynn (4) / Scott Tolzien (2) / Seneca Wallace (1)\n[93]\n\n\n2014\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[94]\n\n\n2015\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[95]\n\n\n2016\nAaron Rodgers (16)\n[96]\n\n\n2017\nAaron Rodgers (6) / Brett Hundley (1)\n[97]\n\n" ]	[ "Don Majkowski", "Mike Tomczak", "Blair Kiel" ]
-7613141830975427936	American Horror Story	American Horror Story - wikipedia American Horror Story Jump to : navigation , search American Horror Story Genre Horror Anthology Supernatural Slasher Drama Created by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Starring Connie Britton Dylan McDermott Evan Peters Taissa Farmiga Denis O'Hare Jessica Lange Zachary Quinto Joseph Fiennes Sarah Paulson Lily Rabe Lizzie Brocheré James Cromwell Frances Conroy Emma Roberts Kathy Bates Michael Chiklis Finn Wittrock Angela Bassett Wes Bentley Matt Bomer Chloë Sevigny Cheyenne Jackson Lady Gaga Cuba Gooding Jr . André Holland Billie Lourd Alison Pill Theme music composer Cesar Davila - Irizarry Charlie Clouser Composer ( s ) James S. Levine Mac Quayle Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 84 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Dante Di Loreto Tim Minear James Wong Jennifer Salt Bradley Buecker Alexis Martin Woodall Producer ( s ) Alexis Martin Woodall ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Patrick McKee Robert M. Williams Jr . Ned Martel Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California ( seasons 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Santa Clarita , California ( season 6 ) Orange , California ( season 7 ) Cinematography Christopher Baffa ( pilot ) Michael Goi Nelson Cragg Editor ( s ) Bradley Buecker Doc Crotzer Adam Penn Camera setup Single camera Running time 37 -- 73 minutes Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Ryan Murphy Productions Brad Falchuk Teley - Vision Distributor 20th Television Release Original network FX Original release October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) -- present External links Website American Horror Story is an American anthology horror television series created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk . Each season is conceived as a self - contained miniseries , following a different set of characters and settings , and a storyline with its own `` beginning , middle , and end . '' Some plot elements of each season are loosely inspired by true events . The only actors to appear in all iterations of the show are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson . The first season , retroactively subtitled Murder House , takes place in Los Angeles , California , during the year 2011 , and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants . The second season , subtitled Asylum , takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964 , and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane . The third season , subtitled Coven , takes place in New Orleans , Louisiana , during the year 2013 , and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them . The fourth season , subtitled Freak Show , takes place in Jupiter , Florida , during the year 1952 , and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows . The fifth season , subtitled Hotel , takes place in Los Angeles , California , during the year 2015 , and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel . The sixth season , subtitled Roanoke , takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016 , and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse . The seventh season , subtitled Cult , takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights , Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election . The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States . On January 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season . Although reception to individual seasons has varied , American Horror Story has , overall , been well received by television critics , with the majority of the praise going towards the cast , particularly Jessica Lange , who won two Emmy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performances . Additionally , Kathy Bates and James Cromwell each won an Emmy Award for their performances , while Lady Gaga won a Golden Globe Award . The series draws consistently high ratings for the FX network , with its first season being the most - viewed new cable series of 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Murder House ( 2011 ) 1.2 Asylum ( 2012 -- 13 ) 1.3 Coven ( 2013 -- 14 ) 1.4 Freak Show ( 2014 -- 15 ) 1.5 Hotel ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.6 Roanoke ( 2016 ) 1.7 Cult ( 2017 ) 1.8 Season 8 1.8. 1 Production 1.8. 2 Casting 1.9 Season 9 1.9. 1 Production 2 Production 2.1 Conception 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 2.4 Title sequences 3 Promotion 3.1 Universal 's Halloween Horror Nights 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of American Horror Story episodes Season Title Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Murder House 12 October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) December 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 21 ) Asylum 13 October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) Coven 13 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) Freak Show 13 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 5 Hotel 12 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 6 Roanoke 10 September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 7 Cult 11 September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Murder House ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Murder House Set in the year 2011 , the season follows the Harmons , consisting of psychiatrist Ben ( Dylan McDermott ) , his wife Vivien ( Connie Britton ) , and their teenage daughter Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) , as they move from Boston to Los Angeles to make a fresh start after Vivien 's miscarriage led to Ben having an affair with one of his students ; which almost tore their family apart . They move into a restored mansion and soon encounter the residence 's housekeeper , Moira O'Hara ( Frances Conroy ) , as well as their neighbors -- the eccentric Langdon family consisting of Constance ( Jessica Lange ) and her daughter Adelaide ( Jamie Brewer ) . The Harmons ' lives are troubled by the meddling Langdons , the incompetent realtor Marcy ( Christine Estabrook ) , as well as by the disfigured Larry Harvey ( Denis O'Hare ) , a former resident of the mansion who is secretly in love with Constance , and the scorned Hayden McClaine ( Kate Mara ) , Ben 's student who follows him to Los Angeles and is pregnant from their affair . Ben and Vivien try to rekindle their relationship as Violet , suffering from depression , finds comfort with Tate ( Evan Peters ) , the ghost of Constance 's psychopathic son . The family soon discovers that the home is haunted by the ghosts of anyone who has ever died on the property , including its creators Charles ( Matt Ross ) and Nora Montgomery ( Lily Rabe ) ; and their deformed son Thaddeus ( Ben Woolf ) . Flashbacks depict the mansion 's previous homeowners throughout the last century , dating back to its construction in the 1920s . The season deals with infidelity , as well as other themes including depression , family , school violence , religion , and sexuality . Asylum ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Asylum Set in the year 1964 , the season follows the patients and staff members of the church - owned Briarcliff Manor , located in Massachusetts , which was founded to treat and house the criminally insane . Kit Walker ( Evan Peters ) , of being prolific serial killer `` Bloody Face '' after the disappearance of his wife Alma ( Britne Olford ) -- though he claims she was abducted by aliens -- is incarcerated at Briarcliff . This piques the interest of ambitious journalist Lana Winters ( Sarah Paulson ) , who is yearning to find a story for her big break . At Briarcliff , Kit meets the other patients , many of whom claim to be unjustly institutionalized , including microcephaly Pepper ( Naomi Grossman ) , who was framed for her nephew 's murder ; nymphomaniac Shelley ( Chloe Sevigny ) ; and the unassuming Grace Bertrand ( Lizzie Brocheré ) from France , who appears to be harboring a deep secret of her own . Believed to be a violent serial killer , he becomes the subject of interest of pragmatic psychiatrist Oliver Thredson ( Zachary Quinto ) and the sadistic Dr. Arthur Arden ( James Cromwell ) , the latter of whom routinely conducts scientific operations on patients . The institution is run under the watchful eye of the stern Sister Jude ( Jessica Lange ) , as well as her second - in - command , the naive Sister Mary Eunice ( Lily Rabe ) , and the founder of the institution , Monsignor Timothy Howard ( Joseph Fiennes ) . Briarcliff 's inhabitants are routinely subject to supernatural and scientific influences , including demonic possession and extraterrestrial abduction . The season mostly deals with insanity , with other themes including female sexuality , corrupt ambition , religion versus science , racism , prejudice , death , and faith . Coven ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Coven Set in the year 2013 , the season follows the dwindling descendants of the witches who survived the Salem Witch Trials and their struggle to hide their identity in the modern world . Those who share this genetic affliction are being subjected to violent attacks from outside forces , such as religious townspeople and witch hunters . Zoe Benson ( Taissa Farmiga ) , a young teenager completely unaware of the existence of witches , discovers her identity as a Salem descendent after a violent accident that causes the death of her boyfriend . She is sent to an all - girls boarding school in New Orleans which aims to protect and house young women who carry this unique bloodline , and keep them from the dangers of the outside world . There , she meets the other students , narcissistic film star Madison Montgomery ( Emma Roberts ) , outspoken Queenie ( Gabourey Sidibe ) , and enigmatic Nan ( Jamie Brewer ) , and gets romantically entangled with Kyle Spencer ( Evan Peters ) , a non-witch and good - natured college student . The school is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx ( Sarah Paulson ) , head of the Witches Council and eccentric fashionista Myrtle Snow ( Frances Conroy ) , and the mute butler Spalding ( Denis O'Hare ) . Cordelia 's mother , Fiona Goode ( Jessica Lange ) , is the Supreme and most powerful witch of her generation , though she regularly avoids her responsibilities , much to the chagrin of Cordelia and her long - time rival Myrtle . After a mob of townspeople discover and nearly kill a young witch living in the swamps named Misty Day ( Lily Rabe ) , Fiona returns to the school to ensure the safety of the other young witches , but also to fulfill her own hidden agenda . Events reveal a long - held rivalry between the witches of Salem and the voodoo practitioners of New Orleans , as well as a historic grudge between Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau ( Angela Bassett ) and socialite serial killer Delphine LaLaurie ( Kathy Bates ) . This season mostly deals with oppression , with other themes including witchcraft , voodoo , racism , prejudice , death , and the relationships between mothers and daughters . Freak show ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Freak Show Set in the year 1952 in the quiet town of Jupiter , Florida , the season follows a struggling freak show led by Elsa Mars ( Jessica Lange ) . Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment , but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her `` monsters '' , as well as for her own fame and fortune . Other members of her troupe include Jimmy Darling ( Evan Peters ) , a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of living a normal life , and his mother Ethel ( Kathy Bates ) , a bearded lady who is Elsa 's second - in - command by maintaining law and order under the tent . A strongman from Ethel 's troubled past named Dell Toledo ( Michael Chiklis ) , and his three - breasted wife Desiree Dupree ( Angela Bassett ) , make waves when they arrive to join the freak show . To drum up business and save her troupe once and for all , Elsa also recruits conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler ( Sarah Paulson ) to perform for her show . In a time when the era of television is beginning to reign high above sideshow acts , these individuals must overcome those who persecute them based on their looks . However , as events unfold , it is revealed that multiple dark entities have taken up residence in Jupiter , with all of their eyes being set on the freaks . A conman named Stanley ( Denis O'Hare ) , posing as a Hollywood executive , arrives with his young protege Maggie Esmerelda ( Emma Roberts ) , with the intention of murdering the freaks and sending their bodies to a museum for profit . The wealthy and spoiled Dandy Mott ( Finn Wittrock ) , enabled by his doting mother Gloria ( Frances Conroy ) , develops an unhealthy obsession with the freaks , particularly Bette and Dot . Perhaps most dangerous of all is a mysterious , deformed killer clown , only known as Twisty ( John Carroll Lynch ) , who wreaks havoc among the town and appears to be targeting freaks and townspeople alike . This season mostly deals with discrimination , with other themes including prejudice , acceptance , exploitation , entertainment , television , and medical oddities . Hotel ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Hotel Set in the year 2015 , the season follows the strange and dangerous happenings that seem to center around the retro Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles , California , initially built as a secret torture chamber to fulfill the violent desires of founder James March ( Evan Peters ) . Detective John Lowe ( Wes Bentley ) arrives at the hotel , based on intel from an anonymous tip , to investigate a grisly string of murders , each of which exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments . He has become estranged from his wife Alex ( Chloe Sevigny ) , who suffers from depression , and his daughter Scarlett ( Shree Crooks ) , after the disappearance of their son Holden ( Lennon Henry ) . As the season unfolds , the Lowes discover that the disappearance of Holden may be related to the strange activities at the hotel , led by March 's fashionista widow Elizabeth Johnson ( Lady Gaga ) , also known as the Countess -- who was turned into a vampire by her former lovers , actor Rudolph Valentino ( Finn Wittrock ) and his wife Natacha Rambova ( Alexandra Daddario ) -- and her current lover Donovan ( Matt Bomer ) . Throughout his investigation , John also becomes entangled with the spirits of heroin junkie named Sally ( Sarah Paulson ) , hotel maid Hazel Evers ( Mare Winningham ) , and James March , who is looking for a protege to continue the violent acts he started when he was alive . The hotel 's tireless staff includes the surly front desk manager Iris ( Kathy Bates ) , Donovan 's mother who took the job to be close to her son , and her best friend , the transgender bartender Liz Taylor ( Denis O'Hare ) , both of whom hesitantly cater to Elizabeth and her vampiric children . Elizabeth 's relationship with Donovan becomes troubled with the arrival of male model and cocaine addict Tristan Duffy ( Wittrock ) , New York fashion designer Will Drake ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , and her scorned ex-lover Ramona Royale ( Angela Bassett ) , all of whom become entangled in her violent life . This season mostly deals with addiction , with other themes including sexuality , insanity , revenge , debauchery , religion , sin , drug use , forgiveness , and death . Roanoke ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Roanoke Set in the year 2016 , the season follows the supernatural events that occur in a renovated farmhouse in North Carolina , which is situated on the land where the Roanoke Colony moved after their infamous disappearance . Shelby Miller ( Lily Rabe ) , her husband Matt ( André Holland ) , along with Matt 's sister Lee Harris ( Adina Porter ) recount their harrowing experience living in the farmhouse a year prior in a popular documentary titled My Roanoke Nightmare , including their encounters with the ghosts of the house 's previous residents , the violent ghosts of the Roanoke Colony , the cannibalistic Polk family who live nearby , and the beautiful , yet terrifying Celtic goddess , Scáthach ( Lady Gaga ) . The documentary becomes a huge success , featuring dramatic reenactments of the Millers ' story starring Audrey Tindall ( Sarah Paulson ) as Shelby , Dominic Banks ( Cuba Gooding Jr . ) as Matt , Monet Tumusiime ( Angela Bassett ) as Lee , Agnes Mary Winstead ( Kathy Bates ) as Thomasin White , leader of the ghost colony , Audrey 's husband Rory Monahan ( Evan Peters ) as Edward Philippe Mott , the creator and first owner of the house , William van Henderson ( Denis O'Hare ) as Dr. Elias Cunningham , a professor who becomes entranced with the paranormal happenings of the area , and Dylan ( Wes Bentley ) as Ambrose White , Thomasin 's son and accomplice . The success of the documentary leads to a sequel titled Return to Roanoke : Three Days In Hell , spearheaded by the producer of the original series , Sidney Aaron James ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , who invites the Millers , as well as many of the reenactment actors , to return to the farmhouse for three days , where all their actions will be captured by hidden cameras . Although the Millers are aware of the entities that reside in the house , all three agree to return , each with their own agenda . The production eventually descends into disaster , however , as cast and crew alike are quickly targeted when the violent entities begin to surface . This season mostly deals with exploitation , with other themes including reality , fame , motherhood , family , drug abuse , publicity , revenge , the media , and television . Cult ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Horror Story : Cult Set in the year 2017 , the fictitious town of Brookfield Heights , Michigan , is left divided upon the wake of Donald Trump 's presidential election . Local restaurant owner Ally Mayfair - Richards ( Sarah Paulson ) is left utterly distraught , along with her wife Ivy ( Alison Pill ) . Despite the help of her psychiatrist , Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , Ally becomes increasingly unstable in the following weeks , her long repressed phobias begin to re-emerge , and they begin to affect her relationships with her wife as well as their son Oz ( Cooper Dodson ) . Across town , misogynistic alt - righter Kai Anderson ( Evan Peters ) rejoices at the election results , enticing him to pursue political power by running for city council , led by Bebe Babbitt ( Frances Conroy ) -- the former follower and lover of radical feminist Valerie Solanas ( Lena Dunham ) -- with the help of his reluctant , liberal sister Winter ( Billie Lourd ) , who was also hired by the Mayfair - Richards household as their nanny . As Ally attempts to adjust to regular life despite her growing anxiety and paranoia , she becomes terrorized by a group of masked assailants in clown attire who are only present when she is alone , leaving those around her to wonder if she was truly attacked , or if they were merely hallucinations . Kai 's faithful followers include Ally 's eccentric neighbors Harrison ( Billy Eichner ) and Meadow Wilton ( Leslie Grossman ) , newscast reporter Beverly Hope ( Adina Porter ) , rogue detective Jack Samuels ( Colton Haynes ) , as well as local grocery cashier Gary K. Longstreet ( Chaz Bono ) . With Kai 's rise to power revealing sinister motives , amplifying her growing distrust of those around her , such as her neighbors , Ally starts to draw connections between her alleged clown attackers and the many strange incidents occurring in Brookfield Heights , and she begins to fear that everyone in town is out to get her . This season mostly deals with marginalization , with other themes including politics , government , conspiracies , the media , fear , power , disenfranchisement , revenge , sexism , and oppression . Season 8 ( edit ) Production ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth season , set to air in 2018 . On January 5 , 2018 , series creator and executive producer Ryan Murphy announced the season would be set in the future . On April 6 , 2018 , it was revealed that the eighth season will be set 18 - months in the future , in October 2019 , and will feature an Asylum and Coven tone . Filming for the season begins on June 16 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) On October 1 , 2017 , it was announced that series mainstay Sarah Paulson will return for the eighth season , and will be wearing dental appliances . On March 20 , 2018 , it was announced that Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would return , and would be leading the season with Paulson . On April 4 , 2018 , it was announced that actress Joan Collins had joined the cast in an unspecified capacity . Peters will portray a comedic hairdresser and Collins will portray his grandmother . Adina Porter , Cheyenne Jackson , Billy Eichner , and Leslie Grossman were also confirmed to return . On May 18 , 2018 , it was announced that actress Billie Lourd would return for the eighth season . Season 9 ( edit ) Production ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a ninth season , set to air in 2019 . On January 5 , 2018 , Murphy announced that the ninth season would most likely be the crossover between Murder House and Coven . The crossover season was first announced on October 30 , 2016 . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) What you saw in the finale was the end of the Harmon house . The second season of the show will be a brand - new home or building to haunt . Just like this year , every season of this show will have a beginning , middle and end . ( The second season ) wo n't be in L.A. It will obviously be in America , but in a completely different locale . `` '' -- Murphy on the series ' anthology format Creators Murphy and Falchuk began working on American Horror Story before their Fox series Glee began production . Murphy wanted to do the opposite of what he had done previously and thus began his work on the series . He stated : `` I went from Nip / Tuck to Glee , so it made sense that I wanted to do something challenging and dark . And I always had loved , as Brad had , the horror genre . So it just was a natural for me . '' Falchuk was intrigued by the idea of putting a different angle on the horror genre , stating that their main goal in creating the series was to scare viewers . `` You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards , '' he said . In February 2011 , FX officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series from Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk , with both Murphy and Falchuk writing and Murphy directing . Dante Di Loreto was announced as executive producer . Production on the series began in April 2011 . In July 2011 , FX officially announced the project had been picked up to series . From the beginning , Murphy and Falchuk planned that each season of the series would tell a different story . After the first season finale aired , Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season . He did say , however , that some actors who starred in the first season would be returning . `` The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters , creatures , monsters , etc . ( The Harmons ' ) stories are done . People who are coming back will be playing entirely new characters , '' he announced . In November 2012 , FX chief executive , John Landgraf , described the unique format of the series stating : `` ( T ) he notion of doing an anthological series of miniseries with a repertory cast -- has proven groundbreaking , wildly successful and will prove to be trendsetting . '' At the 2013 PaleyFest , Falchuk compared the series to horror films : `` It does demand a little bit of compassion at the end because you fall in love with these characters in a different way than you would in a movie , '' he said . `` If you want to kill everybody in a movie except one person , you can kind of get away with that , but if you 're looking to do a horror TV show , you have a different responsibility to the characters because the audience has a different affection for them . '' Murphy then explained the process of planning a series ' season takes about a year . `` We come up with story first and then we come up with the characters , '' he said . `` It is a repertory company , so we 'll move people around and sometimes there wo n't yet be a role for somebody . Like when we started ( the second season ) , I really had no idea that Dylan ( McDermott ) would be the person to play Sarah 's son , but the deeper we got , I thought , that would work great . '' In an August 2015 article for Entertainment Weekly , Murphy revealed that the show is mulling producing two seasons a year . The first being broadcast in the spring and the second in the fall . He explained , `` We 're doing something that we 've never done before on the show where we 're doing two different groups of writers rooms . Some of our writers will be bouncing around but a whole different group coming in late August . The next thing we 're crafting up is very , very different than ( Hotel ) . Not smaller . But just not opulent . More rogue and more dark . '' Casting ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story cast members Connie Britton was first to be cast in the series , portraying female lead Vivien Harmon on Murder House . Denis O'Hare joined second as Larry Harvey . Jessica Lange soon followed as Constance , her first regular role on television . Dylan McDermott joined the cast soon after Lange as the male lead Ben Harmon . Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last actors to be added to the main cast , portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon , respectively . In March 2012 , Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange who portrays Sister Jude , a sadistic nun who runs the asylum . Evan Peters , Sarah Paulson , Lily Rabe and Zachary Quinto also return , with the latter three joining the main cast . Peters portrays Kit Walker , an inmate accused of murdering his wife . Paulson portrays Lana , a lesbian reporter who gets committed to the asylum because of her sexuality and intent to snoop around the sanitorium . Rabe 's character is Sister Mary Eunice , clumsy second - in - charge to Sister Jude . Quinto portrays Dr. Thredson , a psychiatrist at the asylum . Lizzie Brocheré stars as Grace Bertrand , a character described originally as `` a fierce , ferocious , extremely sexual , and dangerous wild - child sexpot '' , but the role was later heavily revamped . James Cromwell co-stars as Dr. Arthur Arden , who proclaims to be in charge of the asylum and performs dark experiments on its patients . Joseph Fiennes starred as Monsignor Timothy Howard , a possible love interest for Sister Jude . For the third season , series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that , as with the second season , `` many actors '' would return in different roles , beginning with Jessica Lange . Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson were confirmed to return , portraying Kyle Spencer and Cordelia Foxx , respectively . Murphy added that Lange would portray a `` real glamour - cat lady '' , later revealed to be named Fiona Goode . Taissa Farmiga , Violet in the first season , starred as Zoe Benson , a character that is involved in a prominent romance during the season . Lily Rabe co-starred as Misty Day . Recurring cast member Frances Conroy joined as a main cast member , playing the character of Myrtle Snow . Oscar - winning actress Kathy Bates was confirmed to co-star . It was first reported that she would portray `` a woman who , at the start , is Lange 's character 's best friend , but will become her worst enemy '' , but this was altered . Murphy stated that Bates ' character will be `` five times worse than ( her ) Misery character '' and is also inspired by a `` true event '' . She portrayed Madame Delphine LaLaurie , an immortal racist . It was announced in May 2013 that Emma Roberts had been added to the cast . Roberts played Madison Montgomery , a `` self - involved party girl '' . In July 2013 , season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role , later revealed as Spalding . In November 2013 , Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season , although in a reduced capacity . It was later revealed she would be playing Freak Show owner Elsa Mars . Kathy Bates returned in a main role , portraying bearded lady Ethel Darling . On March 29 , 2014 , Murphy announced that Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Frances Conroy , Emma Roberts , Denis O'Hare , and Angela Bassett would all return for the fourth season . Paulson portrayed conjoined sisters Bette and Dot Tattler ; Peters portrayed `` Lobster Boy '' Jimmy Darling ; Conroy played the well - off Gloria Mott ; Bassett portrayed three - breasted hermaphrodite Desiree Dupree ; and O'Hare played Stanley , a conman working with Roberts ' Maggie Esmerelda . At PaleyFest 2014 , it was revealed that Michael Chiklis would be joining the cast as Dell Toledo , the father of Jimmy , ex-husband of Ethel , and current husband of Desiree . Finn Wittrock later joined the main cast as Gloria 's spoiled son , Dandy Mott . For the series ' fifth cycle , singer - songwriter Lady Gaga was announced as the first and newest main cast member on February 25 , 2015 . After a special guest appearance on the previous season , Matt Bomer joined the fifth season 's cast along with series newcomer Cheyenne Jackson during PaleyFest 2015 . Chloë Sevigny and Wes Bentley were promoted as main cast members , after they appear as recurring special guests in Asylum and Freak Show respectively . Murphy later announced the returns of Kathy Bates , Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters and Angela Bassett . In June 2015 , it was announced Denis O'Hare would also return for the fifth season . In August 2015 , Murphy announced the character roles for the cast : Gaga 's Elizabeth Johnson also known as `` The Countess '' , a fashionista vampire who owns the Hotel Cortez ; Jackson 's Will Drake , a desperate fashion designer ; O'Hare's Liz Taylor , a transsexual bartender who works at the hotel 's Blue Parrot Lounge bar ; Sevigny 's Alex Lowe , a pediatrician who was the wife of Bentley 's John Lowe , a detective who investigates the murders inside the hotel ; Bomer 's Donovan , the lover to the Countess whom often had conflict with his mother and hotel manager , Bates ' Iris ; Bassett 's Ramona Royale , a former actress who was the former lover of Elizabeth ; Paulson 's Sally , a drug addict who had a rivalry with Iris and forms a bond with John since his visit in the hotel . Peters co-starred as serial killer James Patrick March and the original hotelier of the Hotel Cortez . In February 2016 , Angela Bassett confirmed she would return to join the main cast of the sixth season during an interview with Larry King . Denis O'Hare announced that he will also appear in the season in a May 2016 interview . In June 2016 , Cheyenne Jackson , Evan Peters , Wes Bentley , and Kathy Bates announced their returns for the sixth season . In August 2016 , Sarah Paulson announced that she would return to the series in the sixth season and Ryan Murphy announced that Oscar winner Cuba Gooding Jr. had joined the main cast . In September 2016 , the full main cast was announced after the first episode with the inclusion of André Holland and returning series veteran Lily Rabe . On Halloween 2016 , Murphy announced that Paulson 's Asylum character , Lana Winters would also appear in the series after the recent appearance of the actress ' first role Billie Dean Howard from Murder House in the final episode of the fifth season . For the seventh season , Paulson and Peters were set to return to the series , as announced during the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour . Billie Lourd , who made her breakout appearance with Murphy in 2015 , was confirmed to join the main cast in April , while Jackson was the next series regular to return in the next month . In June , Alison Pill was announced to co-star in the season , portraying the partner of Paulson 's character . For the series ' eighth season , it was announced in October 2017 that series mainstay Sarah Paulson will return for the eighth season , and will be wearing dental appliances . In March 2018 , it was announced Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would return , and would be leading the season with Paulson . In April , it was announced that actress Joan Collins had joined the cast . Peters will portray a comedic hairdresser and Collins will portray his grandmother . Adina Porter , Cheyenne Jackson , Billy Eichner , and Leslie Grossman were also confirmed to return . Billie Lourd , who appeared in Cult , has also been confirmed to appear . Filming ( edit ) The pilot episode was shot on location in a house in Country Club Park , Los Angeles , California , which serves as the haunted house and crime scene in the series . Designed and built in 1908 by Alfred Rosenheim , the president of the American Institute of Architects ' Los Angeles chapter , the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic - style single family home was previously used as a convent . The first season was filmed on sets which are an exact replica of the house . Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows and hammered bronze light fixtures were re-created to preserve the look of the house . Production and shooting for the second season began in late July 2012 for a scheduled premiere in mid October . The exteriors for the second season were filmed in Hidden Valley , Ventura County , California , a rural area outside Los Angeles , although the season took place in Massachusetts . Principal photography for the third season began on July 23 , 2013 , in New Orleans , Louisiana . It was first reported that the season would film in multiple locations , but filming primarily took place in New Orleans . Principal photography for the fourth season began on July 15 , 2014 , in New Orleans , though the story takes place in Jupiter , Florida . Principal photography for the fifth season began on July 14 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California , where the story also takes place . Murphy revealed a six - story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot . A dummy set of the hotel was built at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s , inspired by the old Hollywood era . Filming for the sixth season began on July 6 , 2016 at Santa Clarita , California . Set constructions include a colonial settler home to speculate the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony . Filming for the seventh season was originally planned to begin in Orange , California on June 2017 before it was moved to May instead . Filming for the eighth season is set to begin on June 16 , 2018 . Title sequences ( edit ) American Horror Story 's title screens offer vague hints to important plot elements and events that compose each season . For Murder House , Murphy described the sequence as a mini-mystery and stated that : `` By the time you see the ninth episode of this season , every image in that title sequence will be explained , '' establishing the purpose of the title sequence for future seasons . The opening title sequence was created by Kyle Cooper and his company Prologue . He also created the title sequence for the AMC series The Walking Dead and the 1995 film Seven . The theme music was composed by sound designer Cesar Davila - Irizarry and musician Charlie Clouser . The cinematography was done by Juan Ruiz Anchía and the editing by Gabriel J. Diaz . For the first season , the sequence is set in the Harmons ' basement and includes images of postmortem young children , fetuses in jars , skulls , a christening dress , a nurse 's uniform , and a figure holding a pair of bloody hedge clippers . A photo of alleged axe murderer Lizzie Borden is shown . The second season 's opening sequence is done by the same creative team . `` We are shooting a new title sequence with the same team that did last year 's , '' series creator Ryan Murphy said . `` The song may stay ... not sure . '' The music was kept , and the new title sequence was set around the Asylum , using shots of inmates raving and surgeons operating on patients with bandages obscuring their faces . Elements include a young girl walking backwards on her hands and feet up a staircase and a shot of the Virgin Mary 's smile changing from one of benevolence to one of spite . The third season 's opening sequence keeps the same music , and this sequence is the first one to be filmed primarily outside and not in an enclosed location . Shots include figures wearing black robes and capirotes , a bony - skeleton creature with wings and shots of dead goats , the Minotaur from the season also appears . For the first time , there are actual backgrounds that appear with the actor names instead of an all - black background , some of these images include witches hanging and Santa Muerte . Other elements include a black man with piercing eyes and a disturbing smile as well as voodoo dolls . The final shot continues after the figures in black capirotes seize one of their own who is later seen burning at a stake where young , dress - clad witches dance around . The fourth season 's opening sequence changed things up , the series theme music remains intact albeit with an added carnival - like soundscape . The sequence is composed of both CGI and stop - motion animation and features strange characters such as a skeleton chimera of a human being and an elephant riding a bicycle , a skeleton of what appears to be a single head but two bodies , a devil - like man , a boy in a wheel chair with deformed legs , a character with severe syndactyly of the hands and feet , a clown who can twist his head around , a woman with a third leg where her genitalia should be , and a demonic cymbal - banging monkey toy . There are also shots of side show attractions like the Human Blockhead , knife throwing and sword swallowing . The main recurring element features a balloon twister popping balloons with a knife . The fifth season 's opening sequence also was very different from previous seasons ' , taking a more biblical approach . The font , while remaining the same as the first four seasons , glow in red against a hotel wallpaper . The Ten Commandments are also shown throughout the video . The intro returns to live - action like the first three seasons . Visuals include many people scrubbing blood all over the walls and the floor , strange things shown through peepholes , people being victims to the hotel , little kids running around the hotel , as well as many different creatures . The sixth season featured no title sequence or opening credits , instead opting for a simple title card ( from the first season ) which read `` American Horror Story '' , while the series theme music plays over the end credits . At the end of the finale 's credits , the title of the season `` American Horror Story : Roanoke '' was revealed . In the deveploment of the seventh season , Ryan Murphy confirmed that the opening sequence will return . The seventh season 's opening sequence features the series theme music played by a marching band . The sequence is live - action . Visuals include : a gang of clowns rises from a casket , Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton masks , a George Washington statue , a dead dog killed by toxic gas , a Merry Go Round , bloody hands that can not be washed , beehive , toxic smoke released from a grenade , holes in several forms , bloody US flag with sound of a xylophone playing The Star - Spangled Banner , blood covered couple having sex and a handcuffed pinky promise . Clowns also appear throughout the sequence . The title sequence for all seasons of the show use a variation of the Willow typeface that very closely resembles a style for which Scottish designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh was known . Promotion ( edit ) As part of the promotion for the series , FX launched a `` House Call '' campaign , in which viewers at home could sign up and come face - to - face with a character from the series . Prior to the series premiere , FX released several clues to shine light on the series . They were offered on the show 's official YouTube channel . Ten clues were released . In September 2011 , FX launched a website which allows visitors to tour the Murder House throughout the decades and look for clues . In August 2012 , the first promo for the second season was released on the American Horror Story Facebook page entitled `` Special Delivery '' , in which a nun carries a couple of buckets filled with body parts through a field . As a church bell rings , the nun empties one bucket 's bloody contents , leaving the empty bucket behind , and resumes her trek . Over 20 subsequent teasers were released . Four photos were also released on EW.com . Two televised teasers , titled `` Meet the Residents '' , were released on August 31 , 2012 . They feature the patients and some staff ( such as Dr. Thredson , played by Zachary Quinto , and Sister Mary Eunice , played by Lily Rabe ) lying in twin beds and dealing with their individual issues as the heads of the asylum ( Jessica Lange , Joseph Fiennes and James Cromwell ) look on . The song `` Que Sera , Sera '' , mixed with the show 's theme music , plays . To promote Cult , a competition was set up where fans who donated to the Children 's Hospital Los Angeles could get a chance to get a walk - on role in an episode , and lunch with Evan Peters . Universal 's Halloween Horror Nights ( edit ) On August 16 , 2016 , FX announced a deal had been struck to feature an American Horror Story exhibit at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando for their Halloween Horror Nights . The maze will feature sets and themes from Murder House , Freak Show , and Hotel . Universal said of the experience , `` Twisted scenes from Murder House will unleash the evil spirits that possess the Harmon estate , spiraling guests through decades of the tortured dead who previously resided there . In Freak Show , guests will join a troupe of biological misfits in a sinister sideshow where they 'll be stalked by the murderous and deformed Twisty the Clown . Finally , guests will succumb to the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez , conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers . '' In 2017 , the show returned as haunted attractions to both parks , with Universal Orlando having an attraction based on Asylum , Coven , and Roanoke , and Universal Studios Hollywood basing their attraction solely on Roanoke . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on October 5 , 2011 , and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States . In November 2011 , it premiered internationally on the respective countries ' Fox Networks Group . The first season premiered on October 5 , 2011 , and concluded on December 21 , 2011 . The second season premiered on October 17 , 2012 , and concluded on January 23 , 2013 . The third season premiered on October 9 , 2013 , and concluded on January 29 , 2014 . The fourth season premiered on October 8 , 2014 , and concluded on January 21 , 2015 . The fifth season premiered on October 7 , 2015 , and concluded on January 13 , 2016 . The sixth season premiered on September 14 , 2016 , and concluded on November 16 , 2016 . The seventh season premiered on September 5 , 2017 , and concluded on November 14 , 2017 . The latter three seasons premiered on the same day and same time with the American broadcasts on FX in Canada , though the first season followed a slightly different schedule as that network launched on October 31 , 2011 . The series is aired in India on STAR World Premiere HD shortly after its U.S. airing . Along with it , it airs on FX India on standard definition and Fox in UK and Ireland in October 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Murder House 74 % ( 38 reviews ) 62 ( 30 reviews ) Asylum 84 % ( 43 reviews ) 65 ( 23 reviews ) Coven 84 % ( 34 reviews ) 71 ( 24 reviews ) Freak Show 79 % ( 33 reviews ) 69 ( 19 reviews ) Hotel 64 % ( 44 reviews ) 60 ( 24 reviews ) Roanoke 78 % ( 13 reviews ) 72 ( 9 reviews ) Cult 72 % ( 42 reviews ) 66 ( 24 reviews ) Average 76 % 67 The first season of American Horror Story : Murder House received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 74 % of 38 critics gave the first season a positive review . The site 's consensus stated : `` Convoluted yet effective , American Horror Story is strange , gory , and twisted enough to keep viewers hooked . '' The first season scored 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly awarded the pilot episode a B+ , stating : `` AHS is pretty much all scare , all the time : a whole lotta screams , sex , jolts , mashed faces , psychotic behavior , and dead babies . '' Hank Stuever from The Washington Post said in his review that : `` Overdoing things is one of Murphy 's trademark flaws , but this show has a captivating style and giddy gross - outs . '' Not all reviews were favorable : Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the series a D − , saying : `` It is so far over the top that the top is a microscopic speck in its rearview mirror , and so full of strange sounds , sights and characters that you likely wo n't forget it -- even though many of you will wish you could . '' Sepinwall would later go on to call it one of the worst TV shows of 2011 . The Los Angeles Times ' Mary McNamara gave it a mixed review , stating that it `` collapses into camp ... upon more than one occasion '' but also noting that it is `` hard to look away . '' The second season , American Horror Story : Asylum , received mostly positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84 % of 43 critics gave the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : `` American Horror Story : Asylum crosses boundaries to shock and scare with sexy subplots and some innovative takes on current social issues . '' It scored 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 23 reviews . James Poniewozik from Time stated : `` AHS : Asylum feels like a more focused , if equally frenetic , screamfest . It 's also gorgeously realized , with a vision of its ' 60s institution setting so detailed you can smell the stale air and incense . '' Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post said : `` It 's to the credit of Asylum 's writers , directors and cast that the emotional pain of the characters often feels as real as their uncertainty and terror . '' Verne Gay from Newsday gave the season a C grade , stating it `` has some good special effects , just not much of a story to hang them on . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post thought the season was `` over the top , '' adding : `` I need to enter ( an asylum ) myself after two hours of this craziness . '' The third season , American Horror Story : Coven , received positive reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84 % of 34 critics gave the season a positive review . The site 's consensus reads : `` A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy , outrageous thrills make American Horror Story : Coven a potently structured fright-fest . '' It scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews , the highest score for the show to that point . Not all reviews were positive , however , with criticism focused mainly in regards to the progression of both the story and certain character arcs in the second half of the season . The A.V. Club gave this season the low rating of a D+ , with critic Todd Van DerWerff remarking : `` It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea , never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth . '' The fourth season , American Horror Story : Freak Show , received mostly positive reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79 % of 32 critics gave the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : `` Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness , Freak Show still brings the thrills , thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast . '' It scored 69 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 19 `` generally favorable '' reviews . The fifth season , American Horror Story : Hotel , received mixed reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63 % of 43 critics gave the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : `` Favoring garish style over effective storytelling , the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy 's Hotel . '' Audience reception on the same website was also mixed , with 57 % of viewers giving the show a favorable review . Hotel scored a 60 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 `` mixed or average '' reviews . The sixth season , American Horror Story : Roanoke , received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports that 78 % of 13 critics gave the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : `` American Horror Story : My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats , revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier , smaller scale , even if the true - crime format feels overdone . '' It scored a 72 on Metacritic based on six reviews . The seventh season , American Horror Story : Cult , received generally positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports that 72 % of 42 critics gave the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : `` American Horror Story : Cult intrigues with timely , over-the - top creepiness -- and lots of clowns -- despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative 's logic . '' It scored a 66 on Metacritic based on 24 `` generally favorable '' reviews . Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk have been credited with creating a successful tv series that increases both the LGBT creators in the industry , but also story lines . Harriet Earle has stated that they utilize `` the formal structure of the serialized anthology , but it does so to present serial narratives made by and about `` queers , '' openly subverting gender and sexual norms that define the majority of television `` . Upon its origin , the show had positive critical response from its graphic images of sex and violence . Ryan Murphy , who identifies as gay , has stated in interviews that `` I would stand in church with my arms spread for an hour , doing penance for my sins . The nuns told my parents there was something wrong with me . '' Using his own experience of heteronormative fixations , and knowing that what we truly fear are things that show otherness from ourselves , he creates complicated stories that showcase alternative gender and sexual norms that celebrate people who differ from what is normalized using horror tropes . While the show has received negative criticism for its representation of fetishes and sexuality , with Mike Hale writing that `` The show has always been all on the surface -- paper - thin in terms of ideas and drama but drenched in creepy atmosphere and peekaboo depravity '' , others have praised the show as embracing of non-normative sexuality and representation of LGBT characters . Ratings ( edit ) The pilot episode of American Horror Story was watched by 3.2 million viewers and averaged a 1.6 rating in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic , the most sought after by advertisers . These were the best numbers FX had ever received for a series premiere . The episode was seen by 3.2 million total viewers in 59 countries . Ratings increased as the season progressed , with the season finale being watched by 3.22 million viewers and receiving a 1.7 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic . The series premiere aired in November 2011 across Europe and Latin America on Fox International Channels , and ranked as first or second most watched telecast in its timeslot among all paid television in most metered markets . `` Numbers so strong , it 's scary . American Horror Story has brought droves of new viewers to a killer global lineup , '' said Hernan Lopez , the president of Fox International Channels . The second season 's premiere gained a 2.2 18 -- 49 ratings share and gathered 3.85 million viewers , marking the highest numbers for the series . By the season 's sixth episode , the numbers dropped to a series - low 0.9 18 -- 49 ratings share and 1.89 million viewers ; however , they rebounded to above two million viewers for the subsequent episodes , and reached 2.29 million viewers for the season 's finale . The premiere of the fifth season of the series became the second most - watched telecast in the network 's history , only behind the premiere episode of the previous season , which was watched by 6.13 million viewers . The show was subsequently renewed for another season ; John Landgraf , the CEO of the network , commented on the show 's success by saying that American Horror Story , the network 's highest rated series , `` has unquestionably joined the ranks of television 's landmark series . '' In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike a lot of shows about the supernatural '' , American Horror Story was `` more popular in cities , but also throughout parts of the Southwest '' . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 10 : 00 p.m. 12 October 5 , 2011 3.18 December 21 , 2011 3.22 2011 -- 12 2.82 13 October 17 , 2012 3.85 January 23 , 2013 2.29 2012 -- 13 2.53 13 October 9 , 2013 5.54 January 29 , 2014 4.24 2013 -- 14 4.00 13 October 8 , 2014 6.13 January 21 , 2015 3.27 2014 -- 15 3.85 5 12 October 7 , 2015 5.81 January 13 , 2016 2.24 2015 -- 16 2.89 6 10 September 14 , 2016 5.14 November 16 , 2016 2.45 2016 -- 17 2.93 7 Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 11 September 5 , 2017 3.93 November 14 , 2017 1.97 2017 -- 18 2.22 American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 1.97 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story American Horror Story has won 59 of its 230 award nominations . The franchise has garnered 28 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , with Jessica Lange winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie , James Cromwell winning for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie , and Kathy Bates winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . It received an additional 50 Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations , winning eleven times , including Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie , Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special , Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special , and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie or a Special . It has received nine Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lange winning for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film , and Lady Gaga winning for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film . The series has also received three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations , with Lange winning for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series . Additional accolades include eighteen Critics ' Choice Television Awards nominations , with four wins , the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding TV Miniseries , four Costume Designers Guild Awards nominations , winning three times , eight wins out of ten nominations at the Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild , five People 's Choice Awards nominations , winning once , and eleven Satellite Awards nomination , with three wins . See also ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal American Crime Story , a spin - off series focusing on true crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Droesch , Paul . `` American Horror Story TV Series ( 2011 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story 6 Seasons 2011 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pehanick , Maggie ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` The True Stories Behind 18 American Horror Story Characters '' . Popsugar.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Lucy ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` DID YOU KNOW THESE AMERICAN HORROR STORY PLOTLINES ARE BASED ON TRUE EVENTS ? '' . Sugarscape.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Real - Life Inspirations Behind American Horror Story : Hotel '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` And the Title of American Horror Story Season 7 Is ... '' . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed For Two More Seasons at FX '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed For Seasons 8 & 9 By FX - TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story shock : Season 8 is set in the future '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Confirms ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Is Set `` 18 Months From Today '' ; Joan Collins To Play Evan Peters ' Grandmother `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Jason ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Paulson Has Taken FX , the Emmys and Movie Studios by Storm . Next up : Netflix '' . Adweek . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates to return for season 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Murphy on ' American Crime Story ' Future and Scrapping Monica Lewinsky Season '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Evan Peters , Billy Eichner , Cheyenne Jackson , More Returning '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Billie Lourd To Return To ' American Horror Story ' For Season 8 , Joins ' Booksmart ' Movie '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy announces Murder House , Coven season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mullins , Jenna ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Season Two Scoop : New House and ( Mostly ) New Faces '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' co-creator Ryan Murphy talks premiere , his favorite scene , and identity of Rubber Man -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Juergens , Brian ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk Talk `` American Horror Story '' : Blood , Infidelity , and Zachary Quinto `` . NewNowNext . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` FX orders ' American Horror Story ' from ' Glee ' pair '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FX Orders `` American Horror Story '' to Series `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . Futon Media . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Will Scare Up a New Cast and New Haunted Home for Season 2 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` FX picks up third season of ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Luna , Keri ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` American Horror Story Creators , Cast Tease Season 3 '' . Spinoff.ComicBookResources.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` There could be TWO seasons of American Horror Story in 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Friday Night Lights ' star Connie Britton cast in Ryan Murphy 's ' American Horror Story ' pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Denis O'Hare Joins Ryan Murphy 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Jessica Lange To Star in Ryan Murphy / Brad Falchuk 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Dylan McDermott To Star in Ryan Murphy 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Casts Young Leads '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sister Jude ( Jessica Lange ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` American Horror Story Season Two Scoop : Three More Castmembers Confirmed to Return ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Kit ( Evan Peters ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Lana ( Sarah Paulson ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sister Eunice ( Lily Rabe ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Thredson ( Zachary Quinto ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Zachary Quinto Returning to FX 's ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : American Horror Story Casts French Actress in Major ( and Mysterious ) Season 2 Role '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` American Horror Story : Asylum Photos '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Arden ( James Cromwell ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' scoop : James Cromwell in talks for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals Title of New Chapter of ' American Horror Story ' '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Monsignor Timothy Howard ( Joseph Fiennes ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' scoop : Joseph Fiennes in talks for season 2 -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed : FX Orders Season 3 With Jessica Lange '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 3 to Take Place in Multiple Cities ; First Plot Details Revealed ! '' . TV Web . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds Frances Conroy , Taissa Farmiga for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Lily Rabe Returning for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : American Horror Story Season 3 Pits Jessica Lange Against ... Kathy Bates ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` American Horror Story Scoop : Ryan Murphy Teases Kathy Bates ' Turn as a ' Bad , Bad Woman ! ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` American Horror Story Exclusive : Emma Roberts Joins the FX Spookfest 's Coven '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Horror Story Vet Denis O'Hare Joins Coven '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 4 : Jessica Lange 's Final Year '' . ScreenCrush.com . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' : Kathy Bates , Angela Bassett season 4 return '' . Hypable.com . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Chiklis Joins FX 's ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perlman , Jake ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Chiklis joins the cast of ' American Horror Story : Freak Show ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga to star in American Horror Story next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' adds to cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Chloe Sevigny cast in ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Finn Wittrock joins American Horror Story : Hotel ... and a Lady Gaga love triangle '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy On Jessica Lange 's ' AHS ' Exit & Possible Return , Building His ' Hotel ' & Next ' American Crime Story ' -- Emmys '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lily Rabe confirmed to play serial killer , Aileen Wuornos '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Confirms She 'll Be In ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 '' . Ora TV . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Is Your Confirmed Cast For Season 6 Of ' AHS ' '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Marcus James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 : Evan Peters to return , but what about Finn Wittrock , Denis O'Hare ? '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Cheyenne Jackson Confirms Season 6 Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Roberts Teases ' American Horror Story ' Return : See Her Mysterious Comments ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' Brand New Haunted House Unveiled '' . TMZ . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branch , Kate ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson on Playing American Horror Story and American Crime Story Characters at the Same Time '' . Glamour . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story 's Season 6 Cast Is Finally Revealed '' . E ! # E ! Online . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson 's ASYLUM ultimate survivor LANA WINTERS returns this season on `` AHS : ROANOKE . '' Happy Halloween ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story exclusive : Sarah Paulson to reprise season one 's Billie Dean Howard in Hotel finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters to Return for ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Billie Lourd To Star In ' American Horror Story ' Season 7 On FX '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 7 Adds Scream Queens Vet Billie Lourd '' . E !. Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Cheyenne Jackson @ cheyennejackson - On Set of `` American Horror Story '' - May 26 # AHS # AHS7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AHStoryNet ( @ AHStoryNet ) ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Alison Pill is officially joining the cast of # AHS7 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Keeps , David A. ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Set Pieces : The haunted house of ' American Horror Story ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kudler , Adrian Glick ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Gave Alfred Rosenheim House in Country Club Park an Early Halloween Costume '' . Curbed.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Connie Britton on ' American Horror Story , ' ' Friday Night Lights ' and what she learned from Rob Zombie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jessica Lange will return to ' American Horror Story ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` American Horror Story Casting Scoop : Jenna Dewan to Be Lovers With Adam Levine '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 3 Supports New Orleans Film Industry With Crew , Casting Call : Coven Cast Travel To Louisiana To Begin Shooting '' . KPopStarz.com . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Coven ' : Kathy Bates To Star In Season 3 , Featuring Witches And Filming In New Orleans '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' at PaleyFest : Season 3 Title Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' At PaleyFest : Season 3 Has Witches , Kathy Bates Comes Onstage ; Vampire Series Teased '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Goi on Twitter : `` To the fans of American Horror Story , who made us the # 1 show in FX 's history , we dedicate this season to you '' . Twitter . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Go inside the American Horror Story : Hotel , built just for San Diego Comic - Con '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Finally , An American Horror Story Season 6 Update '' . E !. Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' New Set Photos Hint At Lost Colony '' . TMZ . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals ' American Horror Story ' Will Tackle 2016 Presidential Election '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Billy Eichner Cast In Season 7 Of FX Anthology Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crider , Michael ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Opening Credits Are Totally Creepy ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Watch the terrifying opening credits sequence -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` The New Rubber Man , Lange 's Character and More American Horror Story : Asylum Spoilers '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Opening Sequence Gets Biblical '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Shawn ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why Is The ' American Horror Story ' Font So Creepy ? '' . The Inquisitr News . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Jesse ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Continues Creepy Promos Plus A Horror House Call Campaign '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carp , Jesse ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Promos Are Creepy Clues '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanley , T.L. ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` FX 's ' American Horror Story ' Just as Upsetting Online '' . Adweek . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 2 Promo : Buckets of Body Parts '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 2 Spoilers : ' Asylum 's ' Premiere Date , New Photos And Haunting 8th Teaser , ' White Rave , ' Released ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : See 4 terrifying images from season 2 ' Asylum ' -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Meet the Residents ' '' . YouTube . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Be in American Horror Story * & Get Lunch with Evan Peters - Omaze.com '' . Omaze . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' will come alive at Universal Studios ' Halloween Horror Nights '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : AHS ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 TV season : Few smooth takeoffs , many bumpy arrivals '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Review : FX 's ' American Horror Story ' an overwrought mess '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Lumps of coal : The worst TV I watched in 2011 '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` TV review : ' American Horror Story ' on FX '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Asylum ( 2012 -- 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` TV Tonight : American Horror Story : Asylum '' . Time . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Asylum ' Review : Scary , Freaky And Surprisingly Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Asylum ' not much of a story '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Asylum ' is a ' Horror ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven ( 0 -- 0 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` American Horror Story : `` The Seven Wonders '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Roanoke ( 2016 ) '' . RottenTomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Roanoke '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Earle , Harriet E.H. `` ' THAT MAGIC BOX LIES ' : Queer Theory , Seriality , and American Horror Story . '' Velvet Light Trap : A Critical Journal of Film & Television , 1 Mar. 2018 , web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.aacc.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer ? vid = 3&sid = 282420e2 - 8f69 - 43f7 - 9bf9 - 74a09799fb3d % 40sessionmgr102 . Jump up ^ Subramanian , Janani . `` The monstrous makeover : American Horror Story , femininity and special effects . '' Critical Studies in Television , vol. 8 , no . 3 , 2013 , p. 108 + . Academic OneFile , http://link.galegroup.com.ezproxy.aacc.edu/apps/doc/A376672257/AONE?u=aacc_ref&sid=AONE&xid=49fa688d . Accessed 26 Apr. 2018 . Jump up ^ Carman , Colin . `` Weird Wonders on Cable TV . '' Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide , vol. 19 , no . 4 , Jul / Aug2012 , p. 50 . EBSCOhost , ezproxy.aacc.edu/login ? url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=77373506&site=ehost-live&scope=site . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike . `` Review : ' American Horror Story : Hotel , ' as Depraved as Ever . '' Oct 06 2015 . Web . ProQuest. 26 Apr. 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable : ' American Horror Story ' Premiere , ' South Park ' Return Top MLB Playoffs + ' Ghost Hunters , ' ' Nick Swardson ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Is No. 1 Series Premiere in FX History '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` International Premiere Of ' American Horror Story ' Scares Up Big Numbers On Fox International Channels '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Finale Rises , Leads Night + ' Sons Of Guns , ' ' Moonshiners , ' ' Top Chef ' , ' Hot In Cleveland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' South Park ' , ' The Daily Show ' , Baseball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Asylum ' Premieres to Insane Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Moonshiners ' & ' Duck Dynasty ' Win Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' Restaurant Impossible ' , ' South Beach Tow ' , ' Conan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Challenge ' , ' Hot in Cleveland ' , ' South Beach Tow ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night + ' American Horror Story : Asylum ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' Smurfs Christmas Carol ' , ' Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Moonshiners ' Wins Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' Necessary Roughness ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Top Chef ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings : Viewers Go Gaga for FX 's ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Premiere '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` FX Renews ' American Horror Story ' for Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Emmy Awards nominations and wins : `` 64th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 65th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 66th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Carol , ' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nominations '' . Variety . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Critics ' Choice Awards nominations and wins : `` 2012 / / Winners of the 2nd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 2013 / / Winners for the 3rd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 2014 / / Winners and Nominees from the 4th Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` The Critics ' Choice Television Awards Winners '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Nominees '' . GLAAD . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Costume Designers Guild Awards nominations and wins : `` Winners of the 15th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Barnes , Bronwyn ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Catching Fire , ' ' Breaking Bad ' among nominees for 16th Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . McNary , Dave ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Top Costume Designer Guild Awards : Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Empire ' Land Costume Designers Guild Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards nominations and wins : Giardina , Carolyn ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` ' Mad Max , ' ' American Horror Story ' Lead Makeup and Hair Stylists Guild Nominations '' . Variety . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's People 's Choice Awards nominations and wins : `` 2014 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 2015 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` 2016 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ American Horror Story 's Satellite Awards nominations and wins : `` View Awards by Year : 2011 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` View Awards by Year : 2012 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` View Awards by Year : 2013 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` View Awards by Year : 2014 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . `` View Awards by Year : 2015 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAmerican Horror Storyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website American Horror Story on IMDb American Horror Story at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Ryan Murphy Television series Popular ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2003 -- 10 ) Glee ( 2009 -- 15 ) American Horror Story ( 2011 -- present ) The New Normal ( 2012 -- 13 ) Scream Queens ( 2015 -- 16 ) American Crime Story ( 2016 -- present ) Feud ( 2017 -- present ) 9 - 1 - 1 ( 2018 -- present ) Pose ( 2018 ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) Television pilots Pretty / Handsome ( 2008 ) Films directed Running with Scissors ( 2006 ) Eat Pray Love ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2014 ) Films produced The Town That Dreaded Sundown ( 2014 ) FX original programming Current American Crime Story ( since 2016 ) American Horror Story ( since 2011 ) The Americans ( since 2013 ) Atlanta ( since 2016 ) Baskets ( since 2016 ) Better Things ( since 2016 ) Fargo ( since 2014 ) Feud ( since 2017 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Snowfall ( since 2017 ) Trust ( since 2018 ) You 're the Worst ( since 2014 ) Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . ( 2006 ) Damages ( 2007 -- 12 ) Dirt ( 2007 -- 08 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2005 -- 12 ) The League ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lucky ( 2003 ) NASCAR Drivers : Non-Stop ( 2004 -- 06 ) NASCAR on Fox ( 2001 -- 06 ) The New Movie Show with Chris Gore ( 2000 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2003 -- 10 ) Over There ( 2005 ) Rescue Me ( 2004 -- 11 ) The Riches ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Shield ( 2002 -- 08 ) Son of the Beach ( 2000 -- 02 ) Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) Starved ( 2005 ) Testees ( 2008 ) Thief ( 2006 ) 2010s debuts Anger Management ( 2012 -- 14 ) The Bastard Executioner ( 2015 ) Brand X with Russell Brand ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Bridge ( 2013 -- 14 ) Chozen ( 2014 ) The Comedians ( 2015 ) Justified ( 2010 -- 15 ) Legit ( 2013 ) Lights Out ( 2011 ) Louie ( 2010 -- 15 ) Married ( 2014 -- 15 ) Partners ( 2014 ) Saint George ( 2014 ) Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) Terriers ( 2010 ) Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell ( 2012 -- 13 ) Tyrant ( 2014 -- 16 ) UFC on FX ( 2012 -- 13 ) Unsupervised ( 2012 ) Wilfred ( 2011 -- 13 ) Upcoming Pose ( 2018 ) Mayans MC ( 2018 ) What We Do in the Shadows ( 2019 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre American Horror Story ( 2011 ) The Walking Dead ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) The Walking Dead ( 2015 ) Outlander ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story&oldid=842863507 '' Categories : American Horror Story 2010s American horror television series 2010s American drama television series 2011 American television series debuts American anthology television series American horror fiction television series American LGBT - related television shows American supernatural television series English - language television programs FX network shows Nonlinear narrative television series Serial drama television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series created by Ryan Murphy ( writer ) Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series created by Brad Falchuk Television shows filmed in New Orleans Television shows filmed in Santa Clarita , California Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 05 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the names of the american horror story seasons	[ "The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]" ]	[ "Murder House", "Asylum", "Coven", "Freak Show", "Hotel", "Roanoke", "Cult" ]
885992041710137036	Boston Marathon	Boston Marathon - wikipedia Boston Marathon For the rowing event , see Boston Rowing Marathon . Boston Marathon The Boston Marathon logo Date Third Monday of April ( Patriots ' Day ) Location Eastern Massachusetts , ending in Boston Event type Road Distance Marathon Established 1897 ; 121 years ago ( 1897 ) Course records Men : 2 : 03 : 02 ( 2011 ) Geoffrey Mutai Women : 2 : 19 : 59 ( 2014 ) Buzunesh Deba Official site www.bostonmarathon.org The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by several cities in greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts , United States . It is always held on Patriots ' Day , the third Monday of April . Begun in 1897 , the event was inspired by the success of the first marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics . The Boston Marathon is the world 's oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world 's best - known road racing events . It is one of six World Marathon Majors . Its course runs from Hopkinton in southern Middlesex County to Copley Square in Boston . The Boston Athletic Association ( B.A.A. ) has organized this event since 1897 , and it has been managed by DMSE Sports , Inc. since 1988 . Amateur and professional runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon each year , braving the hilly Massachusetts terrain and varying weather to take part in the race . The event attracts 500,000 spectators each year , making it New England 's most widely viewed sporting event . Though starting with 15 participants in 1897 , the event now attracts an average of about 30,000 registered participants each year , with 30,251 people entering in 2015 . The Centennial Boston Marathon in 1996 established a record as the world 's largest marathon with 38,708 entrants , 36,748 starters , and 35,868 finishers . Contents 1 History 1.1 Bobbi Gibb and Kathrine Switzer 1.2 Rosie Ruiz , the impostor 1.3 Participant deaths 1.4 2011 Boston Marathon 1.5 2013 bombing 1.6 2014 drug case 1.7 2016 2 Race 2.1 Qualifying 2.2 Race day 2.3 Starting times 2.4 Course 2.4. 1 Heartbreak Hill 2.5 Records 3 The B.A.A. 4 Divisions 5 Memorial 6 Notable features 6.1 Spectators 6.2 Scream Tunnel 6.3 Boston Red Sox 6.4 Dick and Rick Hoyt 6.5 Bandits 6.6 Costumes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 General reference 10.2 Photo and video stories History ( edit ) See also : List of winners of the Boston Marathon Boston Marathon Finish Line , 1910 . The Boston Marathon was first run in April 1897 , having been inspired by the revival of the marathon for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . It is the oldest continuously running marathon , and the second longest continuously running footrace in North America , having debuted five months after the Buffalo Turkey Trot . On April 19 , 1897 , ten years after the establishment of the B.A.A. , the association held the 24.5 miles ( 39.4 km ) marathon to conclude its athletic competition , the B.A.A. Games . The inaugural winner was John J. `` JJ '' McDermott , who ran the 24.5 mile course in 2 : 55 : 10 , leading a field of 15 . The event was scheduled for the recently established holiday of Patriots ' Day , with the race linking the Athenian and American struggles for liberty . The race , which became known as the Boston Marathon , has been held every year since then , even during the World War years , making it the world 's oldest annual marathon . In 1924 , the starting line was moved from Metcalf 's Mill in Ashland to Hopkinton Green and the course was lengthened to 26 miles 385 yards ( 42.195 km ) to conform to the standard set by the 1908 Summer Olympics and codified by the IAAF in 1921 . The Boston Marathon was originally a local event , but its fame and status have attracted runners from all over the world . For most of its history , the Boston Marathon was a free event , and the only prize awarded for winning the race was a wreath woven from olive branches . However , corporate - sponsored cash prizes began to be awarded in the 1980s , when professional athletes refused to run the race unless they received a cash award . The first cash prize for winning the marathon was awarded in 1986 . Walter A. Brown was the President of the Boston Athletic Association from 1941 to 1964 . During the height of the Korean War in 1951 , Brown denied Koreans entry into the Boston Marathon . He stated : `` While American soldiers are fighting and dying in Korea , every Korean should be fighting to protect his country instead of training for marathons . As long as the war continues there , we positively will not accept Korean entries for our race on April 19 . '' Bobbi Gibb and kathrine Switzer ( edit ) Women were not allowed to officially enter the Boston Marathon until 1972 . Roberta `` Bobbi '' Gibb is recognized by the race organizers as the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon ( in 1966 ) . In 1967 , Kathy Switzer , who had registered as `` K.V. Switzer '' , was the first woman to run and finish with a race number . She finished despite an infamous incident in which race official Jock Semple tried to rip off her numbers and eject her from the race . In 1996 the B.A.A. retroactively recognized as champions the unofficial women 's leaders of 1966 through 1971 . In 2015 , about 46 percent of the entrants were female . Rosie Ruiz , the impostor ( edit ) In 1980 , amateur runner Rosie Ruiz crossed the finish line first in the women 's race . Marathon officials became suspicious when it was discovered that Ruiz did not appear in race videotapes until near the end of the race . A subsequent investigation concluded that Ruiz had skipped most of the race and blended into the crowd about one mile ( 1.6 km ) from the finish line , where she then ran to her bogus victory . Ruiz was officially disqualified , and Canadian Jacqueline Gareau was proclaimed the winner . Participant deaths ( edit ) In 1905 , James Edward Brooks of North Adams , Massachusetts died of pneumonia shortly after running the marathon . In 1996 , a 61 - year - old Swedish man , Humphrey Siesage , died of a heart attack during the 100th running . In 2002 , Cynthia Lucero , 28 , died of hyponatremia . 2011 Boston Marathon ( edit ) On Monday , April 18 , 2011 Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya won the Boston Marathon in a time of 2 : 03 : 02 . Although this was the fastest marathon ever run at the time , the International Association of Athletics Federations noted that the performance was not eligible for world record status given that the course did not satisfy rules that regarded elevation drop and start / finish separation ( the latter requirement being intended to prevent advantages gained from a strong tailwind , as was the case in 2011 ) . The Associated Press reported that Mutai had the support of other runners who describe the IAAF 's rules as `` flawed '' . According to the Boston Herald , race director Dave McGillivray said he was sending paperwork to the IAAF in an attempt to have Mutai 's mark ratified as a world record . Although this was not successful , the AP indicated that the attempt to have the mark certified as a world record `` would force the governing bodies to reject an unprecedented performance on the world 's most prestigious marathon course '' . 2013 bombing ( edit ) Main article : Boston Marathon bombing On April 15 , 2013 , the Boston Marathon was still in progress at 2 : 49 p.m. EDT ( nearly three hours after the winner crossed the finish line ) , when two homemade bombs were set off about 200 yards ( 180 m ) apart on Boylston Street , in approximately the last 225 yards ( 200 m ) of the course . The race was halted , preventing many from finishing . Three spectators were killed and an estimated 264 were injured . Entrants who completed at least half the course and did not finish due to the bombing were given automatic entry in 2014 . In 2015 , Dzhokhar Tsarnaev , one of the perpetrators of the bombing , was found guilty of 30 federal offenses in connection with the attack and was sentenced to death . 2014 drug case ( edit ) Buzunesh Deba of Ethiopia was eventually named women 's winner of the 2014 Boston Marathon , following the disqualification of Rita Jeptoo from the event . Deba finished in a time of 2 : 19 : 59 . As a result , she became the course record holder . Her performance bested that of Margaret Okayo , who ran a time of 2 : 20 : 43 in 2002 . 2016 ( edit ) In 2016 , Jami Marseilles , an American , became the first female double amputee to finish the Boston Marathon . Bobbi Gibb was the grand marshal of the race . The Women 's Open division winner , Atsede Baysa , gave Gibb her trophy ; Gibb said that she would go to Baysa 's native Ethiopia in 2017 and return it to her . Race ( edit ) Qualifying ( edit ) Boston Marathon qualifying standards ( effective for 2014 race ) Age Men Women 18 -- 34 3 h 05 min 3 h 35 min 35 -- 39 3 h 10 min 3 h 40 min 40 -- 44 3 h 15 min 3 h 45 min 45 -- 49 3 h 25 min 3 h 55 min 50 -- 54 3 h 30 min 4 h 00 min 55 -- 59 3 h 40 min 4 h 10 min 60 -- 64 3 h 55 min 4 h 25 min 65 -- 69 4 h 10 min 4 h 40 min 70 -- 74 4 h 25 min 4 h 55 min 75 -- 79 4 h 40 min 5 h 10 min ≥ 80 4 h 55 min 5 h 25 min The Boston Marathon is open to runners 18 or older from any nation , but they must meet certain qualifying standards . To qualify , a runner must first complete a standard marathon course certified by a national governing body affiliated with the International Association of Athletics Federations within a certain period of time before the date of the desired Boston Marathon ( usually within approximately 18 months prior ) . In the 1980s and 1990s , membership in USA Track & Field was required of all runners , but this requirement has been eliminated . Qualifying standards for the 2013 race were tightened on February 15 , 2011 , by 5 minutes in each age - gender group for marathons run after September 23 , 2011 . Prospective runners in the age range of 18 -- 34 must run a time of no more than 3 : 05 : 00 ( 3 hours 5 minutes ) if male , or 3 : 35 : 00 ( 3 hours 35 minutes ) if female ; the qualifying time is adjusted upward as age increases . In addition , the 59 - second grace period on qualifying times has been completely eliminated ; for example , a 40 - to 44 - year - old male will no longer qualify with a time of 3 : 15 : 01 . For many marathoners , to qualify for Boston ( to `` BQ '' ) is a goal and achievement in itself . An exception to the qualification times is for runners who receive entries from partners . About one - fifth of the marathon 's spots are reserved each year for charities , sponsors , vendors , licensees , consultants , municipal officials , local running clubs , and marketers . In 2010 , about 5,470 additional runners received entries through partners , including 2,515 charity runners . The marathon currently allocates spots to two dozen charities who in turn are expected to raise more than $10 million a year . In 2017 , charity runners raised $34.2 million for more than 200 non-profit organizations . The Boston Athletic Association 's Official Charity Program raised $17.96 million , John Hancock 's Non-Profit Program raised $12.3 million , and the last $3.97 million was raised by other qualified and invitational runners . On October 18 , 2010 , the 20,000 spots reserved for qualifiers were filled in a record - setting eight hours and three minutes . The speed of registration prompted the B.A.A. to change its qualifying standards for the 2013 marathon onward . In addition to lowering qualifying times , the change includes a rolling application process , which gives faster runners priority . Organizers decided not to significantly adjust the number of non-qualifiers . Race Day ( edit ) The race has traditionally been held on Patriots ' Day , a state holiday in Massachusetts , and until 1969 that was every April 19 , whichever day of the week that fell on . Starting in 1969 , the holiday was observed on the third Monday in April and so the marathon date was correspondingly fixed to that Monday , often referred to by local residents as `` Marathon Monday '' . Starting times ( edit ) Through 2005 , the race began at noon ( wheelchair race at 11 : 25 am , and elite women at 11 : 31 am ) , at the official starting point in Hopkinton , Massachusetts . In 2006 , the race used a staggered `` wave start '' , where top - seeded runners ( the elite men 's group ) and a first batch of up to 10,000 runners started at noon , with a second group starting at 12 : 30 . The next year the starting times for the race were moved up , allowing runners to take advantage of cooler temperatures and enabling the roads to be reopened earlier . The marathon later added third and fourth waves to help further stagger the runners and reduce congestion . The starting times for 2017 and announced for 2018 were : 8 : 50 a.m. : Mobility Impaired 9 : 17 a.m. : Wheelchair Division 9 : 22 a.m. : Handcycle Participants 9 : 32 a.m. : Elite Women 10 : 00 a.m. : Elite Men and Wave One 10 : 25 a.m. : Wave Two 10 : 50 a.m. : Wave Three 11 : 15 a.m. : Wave Four Course ( edit ) Course map The course runs through 26 miles 385 yards ( 42.195 km ) of winding roads , following Route 135 , Route 16 , Route 30 and city streets into the center of Boston , where the official finish line is located at Copley Square , alongside the Boston Public Library . The race runs through eight Massachusetts cities and towns : Hopkinton , Ashland , Framingham , Natick , Wellesley , Newton , Brookline , and Boston . Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot on his way to winning the 2006 Boston Marathon , where he set a new course record . The Boston Marathon is considered to be one of the more difficult marathon courses because of the Newton hills , which culminate in Heartbreak Hill near Boston College . While the three hills on Commonwealth Avenue ( Route 30 ) are better known , a preceding hill on Washington Street ( Route 16 ) , climbing from the Charles River crossing at 16 miles ( 26 km ) , is regarded by Dave McGillivray , the long - term race director , as the course 's most difficult challenge . This hill , which follows a 150 - foot ( 46 m ) drop in a ⁄ mile ( 800 m ) stretch , forces many lesser - trained runners to a walking pace . Heartbreak Hill ( edit ) Heartbreak Hill is an ascent over 0.4 - mile ( 600 m ) between the 20 - and 21 - mile ( 32 - and 34 - km ) marks , near Boston College . It is the last of four `` Newton hills '' , which begin at the 16 - mile ( 26 km ) mark and challenge contestants with late ( if modest ) climbs after the course 's general downhill trend to that point . Though Heartbreak Hill itself rises only 88 feet ( 27 m ) vertically ( from an elevation of 148 to 236 feet ( 45 to 72 m ) ) , it comes in the portion of a marathon distance where muscle glycogen stores are most likely to be depleted -- a phenomenon referred to by marathoners as `` hitting the wall '' . It was on this hill that , in 1936 , defending champion John A. `` Johnny '' Kelley overtook Ellison `` Tarzan '' Brown , giving him a consolatory pat on the shoulder as he passed . This gesture renewed the competitive drive in Brown , who rallied , pulled ahead of Kelley , and went on to win -- thereby , it was said , breaking Kelley 's heart . Records ( edit ) Participants in the 2010 Boston Marathon in Wellesley , just after the halfway mark Because the course drops 459 feet ( 140 m ) from start to finish and the start is quite far west of the finish , allowing a helpful tailwind , the Boston Marathon does not satisfy two of the criteria necessary for the ratification of world or American records . On April 18 , 2011 , Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya ran the fastest marathon ever in a time of 2 : 03 : 02 at the 2011 Boston Marathon ( since surpassed by Dennis Kipruto Kimetto 's 2 : 02 : 57 in Berlin 2014 ) . Bezunesh Deba from Ethiopia set the women 's course record with a 2 : 19 : 59 performance on April 21 , 2014 . This was declared after Rita Jeptoo from Kenya was disqualified following a confirmed doping violation . Other course records include : Men 's Masters : John Campbell ( New Zealand ) , 2 : 11 : 04 ( set in 1990 ) Women 's Masters : Mary Hannah ( United States ) , 2 : 27 : 58 ( set in 2012 ) Men 's Push Rim Wheelchair : Joshua Cassidy ( Canada ) , 1 : 18 : 25 ( set in 2012 ) Women 's Push Rim Wheelchair : Jean Driscoll ( United States ) , 1 : 34 : 22 ( set in 1994 ) On only four occasions have world record times for marathon running been set in Boston . In 1947 , the men 's record time set was 2 : 25 : 39 , by Suh Yun - Bok of South Korea . In 1975 , a women 's world record of 2 : 42 : 24 was set by Liane Winter of West Germany , and in 1983 , Joan Benoit Samuelson of the United States ran a women 's world record time of 2 : 22 : 43 . In 2012 Joshua Cassidy of Canada set a men 's wheelchair marathon world - record time of 1 : 18 : 25 . In 2007 , astronaut Sunita Williams was an official entrant of the race , running a marathon distance while on the International Space Station , becoming the first person to run a marathon in space . She was sent a specialty bib and medal by the BAA on the STS - 117 flight of the Space Shuttle Atlantis . The race 's organizers keep a standard time clock for all entries , though official timekeeping ceases after the six - hour mark . The B.A.A. ( edit ) Main article : Boston Athletic Association The Boston Athletic Association is a non-profit , organized sports association that organizes the Boston Marathon and other events . Divisions ( edit ) In 1975 , the Boston Marathon became the first major marathon to include a wheelchair division competition . Bob Hall wrote race director Will Cloney to ask if he could compete in the race in his wheelchair . Cloney wrote back that he could not give Hall a race number , but would recognize Hall as an official finisher if he completed the race in under 3 hours and 30 minutes . Hall finished in 2 hours and 58 minutes , paving the way for the wheelchair division . In addition to the push rim wheelchair division , the Boston Marathon also hosts a blind / visually impaired division and a mobility impaired program . Similar to the running divisions , a set of qualifying times has been developed for these divisions to motivate aspiring athletes and ensure competitive excellence . In 1986 , the introduction of prize money at the Boston Marathon gave the push rim wheelchair division the richest prize purse in the sport . More than 1,000 people with disabilities and impairments have participated in the wheelchair division , while the other divisions have gained popularity each year . In 2013 , 40 blind runners participated . Memorial ( edit ) The Boston Marathon Memorial in Copley Square , which is near the finish line , was installed to mark the one - hundredth running of the race . A circle of granite blocks set in the ground surrounds a central medallion that traces the race course and other segments that show an elevation map of the course and the names of the winners . Notable features ( edit ) Spectators ( edit ) With approximately 500,000 spectators , the Boston Marathon is New England 's most widely viewed sporting event . About 1,000 media members from more than 100 outlets received media credentials in 2011 . For the entire distance of the race , thousands line the sides of the course to cheer the runners on , encourage them , and provide free water and snacks to the runners . Scream Tunnel ( edit ) Along the course at Wellesley College At Wellesley College , a women 's college , it is traditional for the students to cheer on the runners in what is referred to as the Scream Tunnel . For about a quarter of a mile ( 400 m ) , the students line the course , scream , and offer kisses . The Scream Tunnel is so loud runners claim it can be heard from a mile away . The tunnel is roughly half a mile ( 0.8 km ) prior to the halfway mark of the course . Boston Red Sox ( edit ) Every year , the Boston Red Sox play a home game at Fenway Park , starting at 11 : 05 am . When the game ends , the crowd empties into Kenmore Square to cheer as the runners enter the final mile . This tradition started in 1903 . In the 1940s , the Red Sox from the American League and the Boston Braves from the National League ( who moved to Milwaukee after the 1953 season ) alternated yearly as to which would play the morning game . In 2007 , the game between the Red Sox and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim was delayed until 12 : 18 pm due to heavy rain . The marathon , which had previously been run in a wide variety of weather conditions , was not delayed . The 2018 game hosting the Baltimore Orioles was postponed into May due to rain . Dick and Rick Hoyt ( edit ) Team Hoyt at ~ 12.8 miles on the Marathon course on April 16 , 2012 Dick and Rick Hoyt are one of the most recognized duos each year at the Boston Marathon . Dick is the father of Rick , who has cerebral palsy . While doctors said he would never have a normal life and thought that institutionalizing Rick was the best option , Dick and his wife disagreed and raised him as an ordinary child . Eventually , a computer device was developed that helped Rick communicate with his family , and they learned that one of his biggest passions was sports . `` Team Hoyt '' ( Dick and Rick ) started competing in charity runs , with Dick pushing Rick in a wheelchair . Dick and Rick have competed in 66 marathons and 229 triathlons ( as of August 2008 ) . Their top marathon finish was 2 : 40 : 47 . The team completed their 30th Boston Marathon in 2012 , when Dick was 72 and Rick was 50 . They had intended the 2013 marathon to be their final one , but due to the Boston Marathon bombings were stopped a mile short of completing their run , and decided to run one more marathon the following year . They completed the 2014 marathon on April 21 , 2014 , having previously announced that it would be their last . In tribute to his connection with the race , Dick Hoyt was named the Grand Marshal of the 2015 marathon . Bandits ( edit ) Unlike many other races , the Boston Marathon tolerated `` bandits '' ( runners who do not register and obtain a bib number ) . They used to be held back until after all the registered runners had left the starting line , and then were released in an unofficial fourth wave . They were generally not pulled off the course and mostly allowed to cross the finish line . For decades , these unofficial runners were treated like local folk heroes , celebrated for their endurance and spunk for entering a contest with the world 's most accomplished athletes . Boston Marathon race director Dave McGillivray was once a teenage bandit . Given the increased field that was expected for the 2014 Marathon , however , organizers planned `` more than ever '' to discourage bandits from running . As of September 2015 the B.A.A. website states : Q : Can I run in the Boston Marathon as an unofficial or `` bandit '' runner ? A : No , please do NOT run if you have not been officially entered in the race . Race amenities along the course and at the finish , such as fluids , medical care , and traffic safety , are provided based on the number of expected official entrants . Any addition to this by way of unofficial participants , adversely affects our ability to ensure a safe race for everyone . Costumes ( edit ) A number of people choose to run the course in a variety of costumes each year . During the 100th running in 1996 , one runner wore a scale model of the Old North Church steeple on his back . Old North Church is where the signal was lit that set Paul Revere off on his midnight ride , which is commemorated each year on the same day as the Marathon . During the 2014 marathon , runners and spectators were discouraged from wearing `` costumes covering the face or any non-form fitting , bulky outfits extending beyond the perimeter of the body , '' for security reasons following the 2013 bombings . However , state authorities and the Boston Athletic Association did not outright ban such costumes . See also ( edit ) List of winners of the Boston Marathon List of marathon races The Sports Museum ( at TD Garden ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The First Boston Marathon '' . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Athletic Association : Established March 15 , 1887 '' . Boston Athletic Association . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DMSE Sports , Inc . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Marathon History : Boston Marathon Facts '' . Boston Athletic Association . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Race Statistics , 2015 '' . Race Statistics , 2015 . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the United States or the world ? Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Pollow takes third consecutive Turkey Trot amid the goofballs '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Boston Marathon : A Perfect Way to Celebrate Patriot 's Day '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Events '' . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : The Boston Marathon '' . Wasabi Media Group . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` De Castella and Kristiansen Win First Cash Prize '' . NY Times Co . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pave , Marvin ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Legacy on the line '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport : Banned in Boston '' . Time . February 12 , 1951 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPR : Marathon Women '' . NPR. April 15 , 2002 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boston Athletic Association ( 2011 ) . `` Boston Marathon History : 1976 -- 1980 '' . baa.org . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston disqualifies Rosie Ruiz '' . Boca Raton News . April 30 , 1980 . p. 3C . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johanne Grewell . `` Eleanor Brooks Fairs . '' American Communal Societies Quarterly , October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbreak Hill Claims Another Victim '' . Associated Press . April 16 , 1996 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fluid Cited in Marathoner 's Death '' . Associated Press . August 13 , 2002 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly , John ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` BAA on record : Geoffrey Mutai 's No. 1 '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Monti , David ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Strong winds and ideal conditions propel Mutai to fastest Marathon ever -- Boston Marathon report '' . iaaf.org . International Association of Athletics Federations . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Golen , Jimmy ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Boston wants Mutai 's 2 : 03 : 02 to be world record '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Explosions rock Boston Marathon , several injured '' . CNN . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Two explosions at Boston marathon finish line '' . AP Newswire . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kotz , Deborah ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264 '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks , to 264 . Jump up ^ Stableford , Dylan ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Runners who did n't finish Boston Marathon due to bombings to get automatic entry in 2014 '' . The Lookout . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened To Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ? Update On Boston Marathon Bomber Sentenced To Death '' . International Business Times . 2017 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Boston Athletic Association . `` Buzunesh Deba Named 2014 Boston Marathon Champion '' . B.A.A . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruce Gellerman ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Bilateral Amputee Jami Marseilles Makes Boston Marathon History '' . wbur . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Amputee Jami Marseilles Completes the Chicago Marathon '' . Runner 's World . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Bobbi Gibb serves as grand marshal of 2016 Boston Marathon '' . Wicked Local Rockport . Jump up ^ `` Atsede Baysa gives her Boston Marathon trophy to Bobbi Gibb - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Jump up ^ `` Participant Information : Qualifying '' . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Qualifying Times in Effect for 2013 Boston Marathon '' . Boston Athletic Association . February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burfoot , Amby ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` All in the Timing '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannes , George ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` B.Q. or Die '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hohler , Bob ; Springer , Shira ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Marathon qualifying is revised '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Official Charity Program '' . BAA . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Boston Marathon Charity Runners Raised $34.2 Million '' . Competitor.com. 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shira Springer ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Online , sprinters win race : Marathon fills its field in a record 8 hours '' . NY Times Co . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Marathon Is Held on Patriots ' Day , Which Has Become an Unofficial Anti-Government Day of Action '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot 's Day in United States '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Amy ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Potter Twp . native recalls Marathon Monday '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Set to Begin Two Hours Earlier '' . VisitingNewEngland.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Time lapse video of 2008 marathon start '' . The New York Times . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Start Structure for the 2011 Boston Marathon '' . March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Race Day Schedule '' . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Event Information : Spectator Information '' . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bakken , Marius . `` Boston Marathon : Pros and Cons '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Michael ( 1998 ) . 26 Miles to Boston . Parnassus Imprints . pp. 105 -- 06 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Course Tips '' . Rodale Inc . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boston Marathon Official Program , April 2005 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Michael Vega ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` At Heartbreak Hill , a salute to a marathoner for the ages '' . Boston.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recalling The Most Memorable Boston Moments '' . Competitor Group , Inc . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Scott ; Krasny , Ros ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Mutai runs fastest marathon ever at Boston '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USATF Rule 265 ( 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . USATF . p. 9 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Marathon History : Course Records '' . Boston Athletic Association website . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Golen for The Associated Press ( 2007 ) . `` Astronaut to run Boston Marathon -- in space '' . MSNBC . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2007 ) . `` NASA Astronaut to Run Boston Marathon in Space '' . NASA . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hanc , John ( 2012 ) . The B.A.A. at 125 : The Official History of the Boston Athletic Association , 1887 - 2012 . Sports Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1613211984 . Jump up ^ Savicki , Mike . `` Wheelchair Racing in the Boston Marathon '' . Disaboom . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paving the way for disabled athletes since 1975 '' . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Running blind : 40 sightless runners competing in Boston marathon '' . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon Memorial '' . Boston Art Commission . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Public Artworks '' ( PDF ) . Boston Marathon Memorial . Boston Art Commission . p. 3 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Driven to Repeat '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pave , Marvin ( April 22 , 2003 ) . `` Resounding Wellesley message : voices carry '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Runner 's World Slideshow : 2008 Boston Marathon '' . Runnersworld.com. 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon Monday '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Support , kisses at marathon 's Scream Tunnel '' . The Boston Globe . April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Move Over Marathon : Red Sox Share the Tradition of Patriots ' Day '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots ' Day Weather '' . April 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox announce postponement of Monday 's game '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bousquet , Josh ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dick and Rick Hoyt are Boston Marathon fixtures '' . Telegram & Gazette . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dick And Rick Hoyt Complete 30th Boston Marathon '' . April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Hoyt -- father and son Dick and Rick Hoyt -- finish final Boston Marathon '' . MassLive.com ( Associated Press ) . April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Helliker , Kevin . `` Fleet of Foot and Blissfully Bold , Freeloaders at the Marathon Wear Fake Bibs -- but Win No Prizes '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon bandits will be missed this year '' , The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Running Last , But Not Least '' , The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ McGoldrick , Hannah . `` Q&A with B.A.A. Executive Director and Boston Marathon Race Director '' . Runners World . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Boston Athletic Association . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Costumed runners '' . Boston.com. April 17 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Marathon 2013 costumed runners '' . Boston.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Can Expect Some Changes at Boston Marathon '' Archived December 25 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Runner 's World . Further reading ( edit ) History of the Boston Marathon , Boston Marathon : The First Century of the World 's Premier Running Event , by Tom Derderian , Human Kinetics Publishers , 1996 , 634 pages , ISBN 0 - 88011 - 479 - 7 Boston Marathon , updated third edition , by Tom Derderian 2017 , 827 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5107 - 2428 - 0 , EBook , 978 - 1 - 5107 - 2429 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Marathon . Wikinews has news related to : Boston Marathon General reference ( edit ) Official Website of the Boston Marathon History of the Boston Marathon `` Boston Marathon '' . MarathonGuide.com . Boston Marathon : What to Expect on Race Day Boston Marathon Course Pace Band Weather history Course map and elevation Course elevation The 1918 Boston Marathon Military Relay Photo and video stories ( edit ) Boston Marathon Photos - 2005 Boston Marathon Photos - 2008 Boston Marathon Course Photos : Runner 's View from Start to Finish Boston Marathon List of winners Qualifying standards By year ... 1970 ... 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 bombings Perpetrators Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ( alive ) trial Tamerlan Tsarnaev ( deceased ) Popular culture and adaptations Boston Strong Boston Strong ( book ) Digital Archive Patriots Day ( film ) Stronger ( film ) Related people George V. Brown Rosie Ruiz Jock Semple Edward F. Sheehan Kathrine Switzer Boston Athletic Association 10K event World Marathon Majors Marathons Tokyo winners Boston winners London winners Berlin winners Chicago winners New York City winners Results Final standings IAAF World Championships World Marathon Cup Marathons at the Olympics IAAF Gold Label Road Races Marathons Amsterdam Beijing Berlin Boston Cape Town Chicago Dubai Frankfurt Fukuoka Gold Coast Hong Kong Istanbul Lake Biwa Lisbon London Madrid Nagoya New York City Ottawa Paris Prague Rotterdam Seoul Shanghai Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Valencia Vienna Xiamen Yellow River Estuary Half marathons Bogotá České Budějovice Copenhagen Delhi Gifu Seiryu Istanbul Karlovy Vary Lisbon Rock ' n ' Roll Lisbon Olomouc Prague Roma - Ostia Ústí nad Labem Valencia Yangzhou Jianzhen 10 km Ottawa 10K Prague Grand Prix San Juan World 's Best 10K LCCN : n2002114394 VIAF : 151466472 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Marathon&oldid=851924943 '' Categories : Marathons in the United States Boston Marathon Recurring sporting events established in 1897 Annual events in Boston Annual sporting events in the United States 1897 establishments in Massachusetts World Marathon Majors April sporting events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 13 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is the boston marathon finish line located	[ "The course runs through 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km) of winding roads, following Route 135, Route 16, Route 30 and city streets into the center of Boston, where the official finish line is located at Copley Square, alongside the Boston Public Library. The race runs through eight Massachusetts cities and towns: Hopkinton, Ashland, Framingham, Natick, Wellesley, Newton, Brookline, and Boston.[48]\n" ]	[ "at Copley Square, alongside the Boston Public Library" ]
-9192408804395182862	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' , the first of which saw the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to deep space in the year 2091 . The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series , and will feature Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez , and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team are heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith not only transported them through space , but also through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control on the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempt to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meet Tess , who saves them during the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who 've arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated about their whereabouts , including the assassination attempt on General Talbot , and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges that would hopefully allow him to locate the team but fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles from Spacetime , who can also tell the future but through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod . In the warehouse , they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Back in the secret bunker , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years and is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station , the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony . Flint , a friend of Tess , experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo . Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance . During a dinner with the other bidders , Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character , earning Kasius ' respect . The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May , resulting in May being sent to the surface , while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation . Meanwhile , Grill finds the team and holds them captive , until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill , killing him . The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition . During which , Fitz , Simmons , and Johnson are able to subdue the others and escape . 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) TBD 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBD 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBD The season 's 12th episode , which is also the series ' 100th , is scheduled to air on March 9 , 2018 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Samuel Roukin as Faulnak Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter Patrick Fabian as Senator Gaius Ponarian Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs with different emphases , with Bell adding the whole season would `` have an arc that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . In September 2017 , it was revealed that former series regular Nick Blood would be returning to reprise his role as Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star on the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season to star on Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series include Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears in the season , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character previously made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' . Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , while Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . Other recurring guests include Dominic Rains as Kasius , and Florence Faivre as Sinara . Design ( edit ) After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for the season is reminiscent of the sequence used for the episode `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the series ' typeface silently fading onto the screen . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which was the sixth of the season , `` Fun & Games '' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do , ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory . They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me . '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier season because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience , just digging that stuff up . No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes . The fifth season is moving to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.25 out of 10 based on 5 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' I Love Lucy ' special and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 509 ) `` Best Laid Plans '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road To 100 ' Art Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Writer 's Room Starts Work on Season 5 '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Jeff Ward Set To Recur In Season 5 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the new season 5 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. cast members -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 501 / 502 ) `` Orientation , Part One & Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 505 ) `` Rewind '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' American Housewife , ' ' Designated Survivor ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday , black - ish Shifts to Tuesday , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; McClintock , Pamela ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's Marvel Drama ' Inhumans ' Underwhelms in Imax Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Boss On Marvel 's Inhumans Medusa Wig Backlash , Giving Agents of SHIELD a Full Season '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Braces for Deep Impact With ' Idol , ' ' Inhuman ' Challenges '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on aftermath of Framework escape '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on those shocking finale twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` How The Framework Will Continue To Impact Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. In Season 5 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is headed to space in season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` How Agents of SHIELD Season 5 Ties - In to the Marvel Studios Movies '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of SHIELD Is Going To Space For Season 5 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ' Agents Of SHIELD ' Return '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` World 's End '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ann Foley ( @ @ afoley24 ) ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm back for the first 2 eps & then @ whitney_hg who assisted me S3 & 4 will be taking over w / help from @ Christann -- They 're gon na do great ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Goes to Infinity and Beyond in Season 5 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wen , Ming - Na ( @ MingNa ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` First Day of school with these badass babes ! We 're back ! Season 5 # AgentsofSHIELD '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tancharoen , Maurissa ( @ MoTancharoen ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` # TBT to last year 's # comiccon . We 're on Day 1 of S5 of # agentsofshield but we 're with you in ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` This is Clark '' . Reddit ( / r / MarvelStudios subreddit ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . I may direct an episode in season 5 . if I do n't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( @ clarkgregg ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm directing my first one starting this week . # DaisyDatesanAlien '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Shares His Experience On ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Directorial Debut '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel 's Inhumans series '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the first 17 minutes of the new season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. 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Book Category Portal Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` 0 - 8 - 4 '' `` The Asset '' `` Eye Spy '' `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' `` FZZT '' `` The Hub '' `` The Well '' `` Repairs '' `` The Bridge '' `` The Magical Place '' `` Seeds '' `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' `` Yes Men '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' `` Providence `` The Only Light in the Darkness '' `` Nothing Personal `` Ragtag '' `` Beginning of the End '' Season 2 `` Shadows '' `` Heavy Is the Head '' `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' `` Face My Enemy '' `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' `` A Fractured House '' `` The Writing on the Wall '' `` The Things We Bury '' `` ... Ye Who Enter Here '' `` What They Become '' `` Aftershocks '' `` Who You Really Are '' `` One of Us '' `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' `` One Door Closes '' `` Afterlife '' `` Melinda '' `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' `` Scars '' `` S.O.S. '' Season 3 `` Laws of Nature '' `` Purpose in the Machine '' `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' `` Devils You Know '' `` 4,722 Hours '' `` Among Us Hide ... '' `` Chaos Theory '' `` Many Heads , One Tale '' `` Closure '' `` Maveth '' `` Bouncing Back '' `` The Inside Man '' `` Parting Shot '' `` Watchdogs '' `` Spacetime '' `` Paradise Lost '' `` The Team '' `` The Singularity '' `` Failed Experiments '' `` Emancipation '' `` Absolution '' `` Ascension '' Season 4 `` The Ghost '' `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Uprising '' `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' `` Lockup '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' `` Broken Promises '' `` Self Control '' Season 5 See also Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&oldid=819406084 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is season 5 of marvel's agents of shield coming out	[ "\n\nAgents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)\n\n\n\nPromotional poster\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nClark Gregg\nMing-Na Wen\nChloe Bennet\nIain De Caestecker\nElizabeth Henstridge\nHenry Simmons\nNatalia Cordova-Buckley\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n6\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC\n\n\nOriginal release\nDecember 1, 2017 (2017-12-01) – present (present)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 4\n\n\n\n\nList of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes\n\n" ]	[ "December 1, 2017" ]
3417688147090320543	Legion of Doom	Legion of Doom - Wikipedia Legion of Doom For other uses , see Legion of Doom ( disambiguation ) . `` League of Evil '' redirects here . For the video game , see League of Evil ( video game ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legion of Doom From left to right : Black Manta , Giganta , Toyman , the Riddler , Bizarro , the Scarecrow , Lex Luthor , Captain Cold , Cheetah , Solomon Grundy , Gorilla Grodd , Brainiac , and Sinestro . Publication information First appearance `` Wanted : The Super Friends '' ( Challenge of the Super Friends , Episode 1 - September 9 , 1978 ) In - story information Base ( s ) Hall of Doom Member ( s ) Bizarro Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Giganta Gorilla Grodd Lex Luthor Riddler Scarecrow Sinestro Solomon Grundy Toyman The Legion of Doom is a group of supervillains that originated in Challenge of the Super Friends , an animated series from Hanna - Barbera based on DC Comics ' Justice League . The Legion of Doom has since been incorporated into the main DC Universe , appearing in comics , as well as further animated and live - action adaptations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Development 3 The Hall of Doom 4 Members 5 Other Legion episodes 6 Appearances in comics 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Legends of the Superheroes 7.1. 2 The Aquaman & Friends Action Hour 7.1. 3 Justice League Unlimited 7.1. 4 Smallville 7.1. 5 Batman : The Brave and the Bold 7.1. 6 Young Justice 7.1. 7 Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 7.1. 8 Legends of Tomorrow 7.2 Gotham 7.2. 1 Teen Titans Go ! 7.3 Six Flags 7.4 Film 7.4. 1 Justice League : Doom 7.4. 2 JLA Adventures : Trapped In Time 7.4. 3 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom 7.4. 4 Justice League vs. Teen Titans 7.4. 5 Justice League 7.5 Video games 7.6 Miscellaneous 8 Cultural references 9 References History ( edit ) In each episode of Challenge of the Super Friends that they appeared , the Legion of Doom would enact a plot against the Super Friends and a plot to take over the world only to be met with defeat by the end of the story . In some episodes , they would escape capture through a last - minute escape plan often contrived by Luthor . Other times , the Legion of Doom ( or portions of it ) would end up apprehended . The episode `` History of Doom '' showed that Lex Luthor assembled 12 supervillains in order to form the most powerful and sinister group the world has ever seen . Development ( edit ) When the Challenge of the Super Friends season was originally conceived , it was named Battle of the Superheroes and featured the introduction of Captain Marvel to the Super Friends . The group that challenged the heroes was to be called the `` League of Evil '' , led by Captain Marvel 's nemesis Doctor Sivana . However , Filmation was producing Shazam ! and The New Adventures of Batman which prevented the use of characters such as Mister Atom , King Kull , Beautia Sivana , Joker , Penguin , Mr. Freeze , and Catwoman . Early conceptual art drawn by Alex Toth also included Heat Wave , Poison Ivy , and Abra Kadabra . The Hall of Doom ( edit ) The Legion of Doom 's headquarters was the Hall of Doom that was located in Slaughter Swamp ( just outside Gotham City ) . The facility , which has a close resemblance to Darth Vader 's helmet , could be lowered or raised above the swamp water 's surface . It could fly or enter space using rockets . The Hall of Doom 's mobility could be controlled through remote control helping the Legion to escape on several occasions . Its defenses included laser weapons and the ability to time travel . In `` Doomsday '' after Sinestro , Black Manta and Cheetah are abandoned by the rest of the Legion after they take control of a mental device , they use it to create another Hall of Doom , which attacks the original one and enables the Legion to be captured . In `` History of Doom , '' the Hall is shown being constructed in a barn just after the Legion formed . Black Manta proposed that they have it in the ocean , Captain Cold proposes to have underneath the polar ice caps , and Gorilla Grodd proposes that they have it in the jungle . As a compromise , Lex Luthor decides to have it within the waters of Slaughter Swamp as it is then flown to that location . Members ( edit ) There were thirteen members of the Legion of Doom : Member Alter ego Description Powers Traditional enemy Voice actor Bizarro None Twisted duplicate of Superman from Bizarro World Same as Superman , but often behaves in an erratic and irrational manner Superman William Callaway Black Manta David Hyde Deep sea diver and would - be ocean conqueror Enhanced strength , water breathing ability ( through artificial gills ) , high tech equipment , laser beams Aquaman Ted Cassidy Brainiac Vril Dox Evil alien android Super-intelligence , advanced technology Superman Ted Cassidy Captain Cold Leonard Snart Blue - suited master of low temperatures Absolute - zero ray guns Flash Dick Ryal Michael Bell ( additional dialogue ) Cheetah Priscilla Rich Cheetah suit - wearing woman Cat - like reflexes , claw - tipped gloves Wonder Woman Marlene Aragon Giganta Doris Zeul Stole Apache Chief 's magic powder to duplicate his powers Ability to grow , super strength Wonder Woman and Apache Chief Ruth Forman Gorilla Grodd Grodd Megalomaniacal exile from Gorilla City Super-intelligence , super strength Flash Stanley Ralph Ross Lex Luthor Lex Luthor Mad scientist and founder / leader of the Legion of Doom Evil genius , highly advanced weaponry Superman Stanley Jones Riddler Edward Nygma Uses riddles to taunt and confuse adversaries while committing crimes Puzzle creation , problem solving , super intelligent evil genius , puzzle themed traps and gadgets . Batman and Robin Michael Bell Scarecrow Jonathan Crane Uses his fear gas to bring peoples ' worst fears to life Fear gas Batman and Robin Don Messick Sinestro Thaal Sinestro Renegade ex-Green Lantern Yellow power ring Green Lantern Vic Perrin Don Messick ( additional dialogue ) Solomon Grundy Cyrus Gold A super-powered gangster revived as a zombie in Slaughter Swamp Great strength , invulnerability Green Lantern , Batman , and Superman Jimmy Weldon Toyman Jack Nimball Dresses as a jester ; uses toy - based tactics to commit crimes Creates destructive toys Superman Frank Welker Despite the opening sequence for Challenge of the Super Friends claiming that the Legion 's members had `` banded together from remote galaxies '' , ten out of the thirteen are native to Earth ; only Bizarro ( from Bizarro World ) , Brainiac ( from Colu ) , and Sinestro ( from Korugar ) are extraterrestrials . In certain versions in the character 's history , Bizarro is native to Earth . He later emigrated to Bizarro World which Superman created for him . The episode `` Super Friends : Rest In Peace '' makes a reference to a former unseen member of the Legion of Doom , the only time such a reference has been made . This was Doctor Natas ( Satan spelled backwards ) , the inventor of the Noxium crystal that had the power to destroy all of the Super Friends like mimicking Kryptonite for Superman and mimicking a yellow energy for Green Lantern . The Super Friends knew of this crystal and tricked the Legion of Doom into thinking that it had killed all of them using android doubles of the Super Friends while the real ones hid in their space station . They anticipated that the Legion of Doom would throw away the crystal when they no longer needed it . The crystal was retrieved by Apache Chief in a hazmat suit and launched into deep space . It was not explained what happened to Doctor Natas . Prior to the first televised appearance of the Legion of Doom , a group called the Super Foes appeared in the first issue of the Super Friends comic book ( Nov 1976 ) . Its membership featured Toyman , the Penguin , Poison Ivy , the Cheetah , the `` Human Flying Fish '' , and their protégés Toyboy , Chick , Honeysuckle , Kitten , and Sardine , respectively , in keeping with the theme of trainees ala Wendy and Marvin . Other Legion episodes ( edit ) While Challenge of the Super Friends was the series spotlighting the Legion of Doom , they appear in a few Super Friends shorts . The Krypton Syndrome : After Superman saves Krypton in the past , he returns to an alternate present . Robin mentions that the Super Friends were defeated by the Legion of Doom . Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One : Though only Giganta and Gorilla Grodd appear , the Legion of Doom is mentioned where the Super Friends investigate rumors that the Legion of Doom are getting back together . Like in `` Super Friends : Rest in Peace '' , the Super Friends used androids to trick Giganta and Gorilla Grodd into thinking they were destroyed . The Revenge of Doom ( Super Friends short ) : All 13 members of the Legion of Doom appear after getting back together , but only Lex Luthor , Sinestro and Solomon Grundy have dialogue . In this appearance , they salvaged the Hall of Doom disguised as construction workers with the cover - up that they were going to turn it into a museum . Batman and Robin came upon the `` construction workers '' and demanded to see their permit which they did having been obtained by the Department of Parks . When there was a mentioning that the Ion Engines were removed by the Super Friends which would 've made it the first flying museum , the Dynamic Duo gets suspicious about the construction workers learning about the top secret operation as the lead construction worker claims that the info of that might 've been leaked to the news . With the plot exposed , Lex Luthor and the Legion of Doom shed their disguises and capture Batman and Robin . After refurbishing the Legion of Doom and equipping it with new weapons , they have developed a crystallizing ray to immobilize Superman and Wonder Woman . Batman and Robin eventually escape , reverse the effects of the crystallizing ray on Superman and Wonder Woman , and apprehend the Legion of Doom . Members of the team have solo appearances in later episodes . Lex Luthor appears in : Lex Luthor Strikes Back ( The World 's Greatest Super Friends ) -- Using a special camera that would enable him to assume the disguise of everyone , Lex Luthor escapes from prison . No Honor Among Thieves Super Friends ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Lex Luthor collaborates with Darkseid in order to steal the powers of the Super Friends . The Case of the Shrinking Super Friends ' ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Lex Luthor uses a shrink ray to shrink the Wonder Twins , Gleek , Robin , Ronnie Raymond , and Professor Martin Stein . The Mask of Mystery ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Lex Luthor steals data that the incompetent superhero wannabe Captain Mystery had tapped from the Hall of Justice 's computers in order to trap the Super Friends . The Seeds of Doom ( The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ) -- Lex Luthor attacks the city in a giant mechanical spider before he is defeated by the Super Powers Team and Cyborg . Brainiac appears in : Superclones ( Super Friends short ) - Brainiac clones Aquaman and El Dorado creating supervillain counterparts of them as part of a plot to discredit the Super Friends . The Wrath of Brainiac ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Brainiac collaborates with Darkseid to create android versions of Superman and Wonder Woman . Starting here , Brainiac takes up a more robotic form from this appearance to Brainchild matching his current comic counterpart at the time . The Village of Lost Souls ( Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ) -- Brainiac brainwashes a village of people to serve him and help him rebuild his ship . Brainchild ( The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ) -- Brainiac kidnaps Cyborg for an evil `` mind - blowing '' plan . Bizarro appears in : Revenge of Bizarro ( Super Friends short ) -- Bizarro makes the Super Friends his slaves . He also uses Red Krytonite on Superman causing him to sprout many arms and legs . Bazarowurld ( Super Friends short ) -- Bizarro tricks Superman and Black Vulcan into going to Bazarowurld where Black Vulcan is placed in a maze of mirrors and Superman is placed in a Red Kryptonite Mine where he becomes a skinny figure . Video Victims ( Super Friends short ) -- Bizarro zaps some of the Super-Friends into a Pac - Man - like video game with him controlling the Pac - Man - like creature . The Bizarro Super Powers Team ( The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ) - Mister Mxyzptlk brings Bizarro # 1 to Earth where he uses an invention that makes Bizarro versions of Wonder Woman , Firestorm , and Cyborg . He later accidentally creates a Bizarro version of Mister Mxyzptlk called Mister Kltpzyxm . Riddler appears in : `` Around the World in 80 Riddles '' ( Super Friends short ) -- Riddler infiltrates the Batcave and sprays Superman , Wonder Woman , Batman , and Robin with Stupid Spray that would decrease their intelligence and had to solve each riddle that would lead to the location of the antidote . Scarecrow makes an appearance in The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians episode `` The Fear '' which also introducing his real name of Jonathan Crane . Appearances in Comics ( edit ) Members of the Legion of Doom made some appearances in the Super Friends spin - off comic title based on the TV series . A version of the Legion of Doom appeared in Extreme Justice # 17 -- 18 ( June -- July 1996 ) , led by Brainwave Jr , during a time when he had become a villain . The other members were Killer Frost , Houngan , Major Force , the Madmen and a robot duplicate of Gorilla Grodd . The Legion of Doom in their Justice incarnation . From left to right : Clayface , Poison Ivy , Solomon Grundy , Parasite , Toyman , Sinestro , Black Manta , Scarecrow , Brainiac , Lex Luthor , Gorilla Grodd , Captain Cold , Cheetah , Riddler , Bizarro , Giganta , Black Adam and Metallo . Art by Alex Ross and Doug Braithwaite . The 2006 DC comic miniseries Justice features a version of the Legion of Doom . Series plotter / artist Alex Ross is a passionate Super Friends fan . In addition to Lex Luthor , Bizarro , Black Manta , Brainiac , Captain Cold , Cheetah , Giganta , Gorilla Grodd , Riddler , Scarecrow , Sinestro , Solomon Grundy , and Toyman , this version of the Legion of Doom also counts Black Adam , Metallo , Clayface , Parasite , and Poison Ivy as members . Joker and Doctor Sivana also make appearances . Sivana employs microscopic robots that resemble Mister Mind . The Hall of Doom serves as the headquarters for the Injustice League in Justice League of America : Injustice League Unlimited ( though , this Hall is located in the Florida swamplands ) . The headquarters of the Justice League in the future of the Sorcerer Kings arc in Superman / Batman is the Hall of Doom . An alternate version of the team appeared in the mini-series Flashpoint : Legion of Doom , part of the company - wide Flashpoint event . This iteration of the team consisted of supervillains interred in Doom Prison , which is based on the Legion headquarters from Super Friends . The membership consisted of Heat Wave , Plastic Man , Sportsmaster , Killer Wasp and Cluemaster . A new Legion of Doom led by Superboy - Prime appeared in a Teen Titans storyline that ran from issues # 98 -- 100 . The roster consisted of Sun Girl , Headcase , Persuader ( Elise Kimble ) , Indigo , Zookeeper , three Superboy clones , and an imposter Inertia . In the mini-series Super Powers , Lex Luthor introduces a Legion of Doom featuring Bizarro , Black Manta , Brainiac , Captain Cold , Cheetah , Gorilla Grodd , Pryme , Riddler , Scarecrow , Sinestro , and Starro . Rather than meet in the Hall of Doom , they have a Kryptonite fortress based upon the Fortress of Solitude and set upon the ocean . In the miniseries Kingdom Come , the gulag built to imprison the younger heroes bears a strong resemblance to the Hall of Doom . The first arc of Scott Snyder and Jim Cheung 's Justice League relaunch for DC Rebirth features the Legion of Doom as the main antagonists . The group consists of Lex Luthor , the Joker , Sinestro , Cheetah , Black Manta and Gorilla Grodd . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Legends of the Superheroes ( edit ) The two NBC televised specials of Legends of the Superheroes was based largely on Challenge of the Super Friends while featuring Adam West , Burt Ward , and Frank Gorshin of the 1966 Batman television series fame . The Legion of Doom featured Mordru leading Doctor Sivana , Riddler , Giganta , Sinestro , Weather Wizard , and Solomon Grundy ( Superman , Wonder Woman , and their associate characters were absent due to the Superman film and Wonder Woman television series licensing the rights , respectively ) . The Aquaman & Friends action Hour ( edit ) In 2003 , Cartoon Network Latin America aired the spoof series The Aquaman & Friends Action Hour that starred Aquaman as a children 's television show host and the Legion of Doom as his bankrupt villains . Justice League Unlimited ( edit ) An expanded version of the Secret Society is the primary focus of Season 3 of the 2000s animated series Justice League Unlimited . Although their swamp based headquarters is clearly based on the original Hall of Doom , the group is never called the Legion of Doom in the series , and is treated simply as an expanded version of the Secret Society previously formed by Gorilla Grodd in an earlier season and on camera referred to as such . Grodd is the leader of this `` Legion '' , who refers to the group as a co-operative , a loose organization of super-villains that primarily work on their own , but back each other up when a member is challenged by the Justice League for a 25 % portion of the requesting member 's take of the crime commissioned at that time . After the revelation that Grodd 's ultimate plan in the creation of the new Secret Society was the ludicrous transformation of humanity into apes , Lex Luthor ousted him and assumed the position as leader with no objections from the membership ( Luthor states he had planned this for a later time anyway ) . Solicitations for future episodes indicated that the team had a secret backer , but have turned out to be incorrect . Timm had also said he wanted to include Riddler and Scarecrow as villains in the group as a nod to the original Legion , but was prevented from doing this by the Bat - Embargo . Confirmed members of this `` Secret Society '' ( the DCAU take on the Legion ) are as follows : Lex Luthor -- Successor leader Gorilla Grodd -- Founder & original leader Angle Man Atomic Skull ( Joseph Martin ) Bizarro Black Mass Blockbuster Bloodsport Cheetah Copperhead Crowbar Devil Ray Doctor Cyber Doctor Destiny Doctor Polaris Doctor Spectro Dummy Electrocutioner Evil Star Fastball Gentleman Ghost Giganta Goldface Heat Wave Hellgrammite Javelin Key KGBeast Killer Frost Livewire Major Disaster Merlyn Metallo Mirror Master Monocle Neutron Nightfall Parasite Psycho - Pirate Puzzler Puppeteer Queen Bee Rampage Shade Shark Shatterfist Silver Banshee Sinestro Sonar Sportsmaster Star Sapphire Tala Tattooed Man Thinker Top Toyman Tsukuri Volcana Weather Wizard During the two - part series finale , Lex Luthor tried to resurrect Brainiac by ordering the crew to transform the base into a spaceship , so that they could travel to the site of Brainiac 's ruined asteroid base . With Tala 's help , Grodd attempted a coup to retake control of the Secret Society , leading to a battle between members loyal to either Grodd or Luthor . The Secret Society members loyal to Luthor were Atomic Skull , Bizarro , Cheetah , Evil Star , Giganta , Heat Wave , Toyman , Volcana , Star Sapphire , Sinestro , Doctor Destiny , KGBeast , Electrocutioner , Bloodsport , Major Disaster and Lady Lunar . The group loyal to Gorilla Grodd included Parasite , Shade , Copperhead , Weather Wizard , Blockbuster , Rampage , Key , Fastball , Goldface , Hellgrammite , Neutron , Silver Banshee , Monocle , Merlyn , Angle Man , Killer Frost , Crowbar , Doctor Cyber and Tala . After a pitched battle , Luthor defeated Grodd by turning his mental powers back on him and shunting the ape out an airlock as he swears for revenge . The 10 of Gorilla Grodd 's comrades were frozen solid by a defected Killer Frost to spare herself from any retribution from Luthor ( Parasite , Shade , Copperhead , Weather Wizard , Blockbuster , Rampage , Key , Fastball , Goldface , and Hellgrammite were shown being frozen ) after he questioned them to be allowed to live once they arrived before him . When the Secret Society reaches the site of Brainiac 's defeat , Luthor used Tala 's magic to restore Brainiac , apparently killing her , despite a sudden warning from the New God Metron . Luthor accidentally resurrected Darkseid merged with Brainiac instead , who rewards Luthor for his help by destroying the Secret Society 's base in a fiery explosion . Darkseid 's resurrection was possibly a last act of revenge from Tala . However , force fields produced by Star Sapphire and Sinestro saved Luthor 's crew . Lightray , another of the Gods of New Genesis , spotted the explosion , and was subsequently robbed of his Mother Box after Evil Star knocked him out from behind , which allowed the remnants of the Secret Society to make it back to Earth to warn the Justice League of Darkseid 's return . At the conclusion of `` Alive ! '' , the first part of the finale , the only remaining members of the team are : Atomic Skull , Bizarro , Cheetah , Evil Star , Giganta , Heat Wave , Killer Frost , Lex Luthor , Toyman , Volcana , Star Sapphire and Sinestro . They team up with the League to face Darkseid 's invasion of Earth by Parademons . Matt Wayne stated that he consciously tried to round up the original 13 Legion of Doom members in Luthor 's team , and for that he cited this English Wikipedia page as one source . In `` Destroyer '' , ( the series finale ) Luthor acquires the Anti-Life Equation after Metron takes him to the Source Wall , which Darkseid was searching for , and shares it with him -- or possibly uses it on him . Both villains disappear in a flash of light , and Darkseid 's forces leave Earth . The remaining members of the Legion survive the battle , and as a reward are given a five - minute head start by the Justice League . It is assumed that all other villains that were n't with Luthor were killed . Smallville ( edit ) An alternate version of the Legion of Doom ( referred only as Marionette Ventures ) appears in the final season episode `` Prophecy '' . Formed and led by Toyman , this group is composed of Metallo , Roulette , Dark Archer , Black Manta , Captain Cold and Solomon Grundy . Batman : the Brave and the Bold ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appear in the Batman : The Brave and the Bold series . In the teaser of `` Triumvirate of Terror '' , they play a game of baseball against the Justice League International . Members of the Legion of Doom are Lex Luthor , Joker , Cheetah , Weather Wizard , Felix Faust , Chronos , Clock King , and Amazo . Later , Lex Luthor , Joker , and Cheetah are shown at the Legion of Doom 's headquarters which is visually based on the Hall of Doom and in a swamp . Luthor and Cheetah are the only original members in the series . Young Justice ( edit ) In the Young Justice episode `` Revelation '' , the team battles the Light 's Injustice League in the Louisiana bayou . The group 's headquarters and location is a homage to the Hall of Doom . Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( edit ) The Legion of Doom fitted prominently in the ongoing story arc of the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special . In the meeting room of the Hall of Doom , the Joker and Penguin were provided seats alongside the thirteen traditional members of the group . The Legion of Doom also has a mailroom worker named Glen who has a glandular problem and later dies during the commercial . Aquaman joins the group giving them access to the Justice League Watchtower in the final act after he was pushed too far by the other members of the Justice League . For the finale , this Legion of Doom was joined by Bane , Catwoman , Two - Face , Icicle , Mirror Master , Harley Quinn , Deathstroke , Mr. Freeze , Mister Banjo , Chillblaine , Darkseid , and original Robot Chicken character Humping Robot . It is soon discovered during Aquaman 's `` Trojan Cake '' plan that the Justice League prepared a surprise party for Aquaman who ends up cutting into the cake which resulted in Toyman getting stabbed enough for the villains to come out and fight the Justice League . The fight ensues until only Superman , Aquaman , and Lex Luthor remain standing . When Superman and Lex Luthor try to get Aquaman to hand each one the Kryptonite , Aquaman throws the Kryptonite and punches Lex Luthor as it is shown that the Kryptonite hit Superman by accident ( yet Superman survived ) . Both sides attend the funeral of Glen . In the second Robot Chicken DC Comics Special , titled `` Villains in Paradise '' , the Legion of Doom is featured prominently . Lex Luthor is still the leader , but its core membership now features Bizarro , Poison Ivy , Black Manta , Joker , Penguin , Brainiac , Captain Cold , Scarecrow , Gorilla Grodd , Sinestro , Catwoman , Riddler , Toyman , and Two - Face while Weather Wizard , Black Adam , Darkseid , Harley Quinn , Mr. Freeze , Professor Zoom , Starro , Killer Croc , and Clayface make cameo appearances among the core members . The Legion of Doom 's members are shown as being overworked by the stress of their jobs along with Lex Luthor 's daughter Lena Luthor having to work at the Hall of Doom 's coffee shop called `` Hall of Doom Coffee '' on spring break when she wants to go to a beach resort with her boyfriend . During the meeting , the members of the Legion of Doom demand a vacation where Luthor states they have plenty of time off when they are in prison . Starro agreed with Lex Luthor where he stated how he is back to work after his defeat . Captain Cold then flushes Starro much to Brainiac 's warning since the same flushing resulted in sewer alligators . After Lena leaves to go to the beach anyway where she enlisted Scarecrow 's nephew Calvin to cover for her , Lex Luthor gets a hold of her location when Gorilla Grodd sees her Instagram profile being active . In retaliation , Luthor allows the rest of the Legion of Doom to go to Lena 's location with him provided that they help him find Lena and bring her back . When at the beach , the Legion of Doom members end up taking part in some spring break activities . After an incident where Penguin , Scarecrow , Brainiac , Riddler , and Black Manta mistook the Justice League 's private beach for a nude beach ( since Penguin thought that they were the same thing ) , Lex Luthor discovers that Lena 's boyfriend is actually Superboy ( who is at the beach with the Justice League ) . The Legion of Doom and the Justice League briefly do battle over this before teaming up to fight a giant - sized Starro . After Starro was slain by Batman riding in Green Lantern 's boat construct , both sides are present at Gorilla Grodd and Bizarro 's wedding . Legends of Tomorrow ( edit ) The Legion of Doom serve as the main antagonists for season 2 of Legends of Tomorrow . Drawing from Arrow and The Flash , this version is led by Reverse - Flash ( Matt Letscher ) and consists of Damien Darhk ( Neal McDonough ) , Malcolm Merlyn ( John Barrowman ) , and a time - displaced Captain Cold ( Wentworth Miller ) . For brief periods of time , the Legion is assisted by a brainwashed Rip Hunter ( Arthur Darvill ) and a reluctant Heat Wave ( Dominic Purcell ) . They are termed `` The Legion of Doom '' by Legends member Nate Heywood , after a cartoon he states he enjoyed as a kid , a reference to Challenge of the Super Friends . Reverse - Flash and Darhk are the first two members of the team , after the former cheats death as a result of Flashpoint and recruits Darhk from 1987 , with the goal of changing their destined deaths in conflict with Barry Allen and Oliver Queen , respectively . Thawne and Darhk recruit Malcolm Merlyn from 2016 , convincing him to help them change history to prevent the death of his family . Their ultimate goal is to obtain the Spear of Destiny to fulfill their wishes . After coming into conflict with the titular team of superheroes , the Legends of Tomorrow , they are dubbed `` Legion of Doom '' by Citizen Steel . Merlyn questions why Thawne needed to assemble a team given his own power , and Darhk eventually agrees that Thawne had been extremely secretive to them regarding his habit of randomly vanishing . As the duo retrieves a mimetic device containing Rip Hunter 's memories in 2025 to locate the Spear , Thawne arrives , and they lock themselves inside the vault containing Hunter 's device to corner him and re-negotiate their partnership . Thawne finally reveals that he has been running from the Black Flash , who has been sent after him by the Speed Force for cheating death . After finally agreeing to treat them as equals , Merlyn and Darhk help to incapacitate Black Flash using Thawne as bait . They seal Black Flash inside the vault and retreat to the Vanishing Point , which they utilize as their lair , as it exists outside of the timeline . They eventually capture Rip Hunter and use his memories to alter his personality , forcing him to serve the Legion . After the Legends rescue Hunter and retrieve the Spear , the Legion recruits a past version of the deceased Captain Cold , from a point before he joins the Legends and was at his most cold - hearted . Like Thawne and Darhk , Cold is motivated to prevent his future death . He also convinces Heat Wave to betray the Legends and join the Legion , bringing the Spear of Destiny with him and delivering it to the Legion . The Legion of Doom then successfully rewrites reality : Thawne becomes the director of S.T.A.R. Labs , Darhk becomes mayor of Star City , Merlyn reunites with his family and damns Nyssa Raatko to a depressing , closeted life in revenge for her disbanding the League of Assassins , and Rory and Snart control Central City . In this new reality , nearly all the heroic vigilantes are deceased and the former Legends are reduced to various demeaning positions , with Vixen and Canary acting as Darhk 's personal assassins , Commander Steel being a discredited conspiracy theorist , and Atom , Firestorm , and Rip Hunter employed by Thawne in S.T.A.R. Labs . However , Heat Wave comes to regret his decision and reunites the Legends , using a creation of Ray 's to restore their memories of the original timeline . The Legends eventually retrieve the Spear of Destiny thanks to the Legion of Doom turning on Thawne upon learning of his plans to destroy the Spear . In the ensuing battle , the Legends lose Martin Stein to Thawne and Vixen to Captain Cold . Thawne manages to the Spear , apparently stabilizing the altered reality . In the season finale , the Legends time travel back to paradoxically join forces with their past versions to combat the Legion of Doom before they can obtain the Spear . In the ensuing battle , the Legends are subdued but Sara obtains the Spear of Destiny . The Spear is used against itself by Canary to cancel its own power and summon the Black Flash , who kills Thawne . The rest of the Legion is taken back to their original places in the timeline . Gotham ( edit ) In the fourth season of Fox TV show Gotham , Jerome Valeska forms a team of villains he called the Legion of Horribles . Teen Titans go ! ( edit ) The Legion of Doom is referenced in the Teen Titans Go ! episode `` Snuggle Time . '' The Teen Titans decide to become supervillains and steal the name of the Legion of Doom ( instead spelling it `` Legion of Doooom '' ) . Each of the Teen Titans take on a new persona where Starfire becomes Starfire the Terrible ( which she previously was in the self - titled episode ) , Cyborg becomes The Cyborg , Raven becomes the Demon of Azarath , Robin becomes Dick Gravestone , and Beast Boy becomes Beast Monster . They hire an army of henchmen and construct their own Hall of Doom . After taking out Earth 's heroes , the Legion of Doooom draw in H.I.V.E. Five to combat them as they finalize plans to conquer the Earth . H.I.V.E. believes the Titans are trying to teach them a lesson , but instead the Legion wrap the planet in a blanket and detonate stink bombs in order to pull off a world - sized Dutch Oven . Six Flags ( edit ) In 2007 at Six Flags New England , a live show written by Brandon T. Snider featured the Legion of Doom . This incarnation of the group involved Lex Luthor , Sinestro , Cheetah , Captain Cold , Riddler , and Joker . Film ( edit ) Justice League : Doom ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appear as the central antagonists in the animated film Justice League : Doom led by Vandal Savage . The members here are Cheetah , Star Sapphire , Bane , Metallo , Mirror Master , and Ma'alefa'ak . Cheetah is the only original member in this film . JLA Adventures : Trapped in time ( edit ) In the animated film JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time , the Legion of Doom travel back in time to eliminate Superman with the help of Time Trapper . The members here are Lex Luthor , Bizarro , Toyman , Cheetah , Solomon Grundy , Captain Cold , Black Manta , and Gorilla Grodd . After Lex Luthor was apprehended and Time Trapper was defeated , Gorilla Grodd becomes the acting leader of the Legion of Doom . Lego DC Comics Super heroes : Justice League : attack of the Legion of Doom ( edit ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom features the Legion of Doom as the main antagonists . This version includes Lex Luthor , Cheetah , Captain Cold , Sinestro , Black Manta , and Gorilla Grodd . Other villains who auditioned to join the Legion of Doom and were rejected for various reasons included Joker , Penguin , Man - Bat , Giganta , and Deathstroke . While Luthor is the one that formed them , it is in fact Darkseid that ordered him to do so . The Legion of Doom first appears where they attack Area 52 in order to free a capsule containing a specific alien and get away after a fight with the Justice League . Upon releasing the alien , he introduces himself as J'onn J'onzz where he shows off his abilities . Lex Luthor persuades J'onn J'onzz to assist the Legion of Doom against the `` dastardly '' Justice League . With J'onn J'onzz's help , the Legion of Doom fools the Justice League into thinking that the prototype nuketron reactor core is going to explode as part of a plan to discredit them . Cyborg 's readings of the core not exploding was repeatedly unheeded . After the Justice League are banished from Earth , the Legion of Doom rejoices as Sinestro is sent to use the Father Box to send the Justice League to the other side of the universe . Upon getting the info needed upon posing as Black Manta , J'onn Jonzz saves Cyborg ( who had his dummy take his place in the Justice League 's exile ) by mind - controlling Sinestro ( who was sent to destroy the Hall of Justice ) into rescuing the Justice League from the black hole . Lex Luthor pilots the Hall of Doom as Darkseid sends some gifts to the Legion of Doom to help take over Earth . While Cyborg keeps an eye on J'onn J'onzz and Sinestro , the Justice League heads out to fight the Legion of Doom . Using the Hall of Justice 's flight mode , Cyborg uses it to fight the Hall of Doom and shoot it down . J'onn J'onzz then helps to defeat the Legion of Doom . Afterwards , the Justice League are cleared of all charges and the Legion of Doom are arrested by the police . Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appears in Justice League vs. Teen Titans . The members include Lex Luthor , Toymaster , Cheetah , Weather Wizard , and Solomon Grundy . The Legion of Doom fights the Justice League until they are defeated by them . Justice League ( edit ) The post-credit scene of Justice League features Lex Luthor and Deathstroke discussing the potential formation of their own league of super villains , a possible allusion to either the Legion of Doom , the Injustice League , or the Secret Society of Super Villains . Video games ( edit ) The Legion of Doom appears in DC Universe Online . It is one of the hubs for the players that are on the villain campaign . Black Manta , Giganta , Toyman , Riddler , Bizarro , the Scarecrow , Lex Luthor , Captain Cold , Cheetah , Solomon Grundy , Gorilla Grodd , Brainiac , and Sinestro are all playable characters in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham . The Hall of Doom also appears as an explorable hub location . The key members of this Legion ( referred to on screen ) are Lex Luthor , Joker , Cheetah , Killer Croc , Firefly and Solomon Grundy . Notably , the only members of this Legion that play key roles in the story ( with the exception of Joker ) are Lex Luthor , Cheetah , and Solomon Grundy ( actual members of the original Legion of Doom ) . Both Sinestro and Brainiac appear in the main story , although both play more villainous roles and are not explicitly said to be part of the Legion . The Headquarters also appears , with statues of the key members inside . Miscellaneous ( edit ) The Legion of Doom is named and pictured in the opening sequence for the direct - to - video original animation DC Super Friends : The Joker 's Playhouse ( 2010 ) . In the fourth season of Fox TV show Gotham , Jerome Valeska forms a team of villains he called the Legion of Horribles . Cultural references ( edit ) In the mid to late 1990s , the Philadelphia Flyers forward line of John LeClair , Eric Lindros , and Mikael Renberg was nicknamed the Legion of Doom . Professional wrestling manager Paul Ellering named his wrestling stable The Legion of Doom after the supervillain group , eventually using the name to refer to his chief -- and later sole -- protégés , the tag team of The Road Warriors . When the Road Warriors arrived in the World Wrestling Federation in 1990 , they changed their team name to The Legion of Doom . Two Cartoon Network bumpers featured the Legion of Doom . One had The Powerpuff Girls saving Aquaman and Wonder Woman from the Legion 's clutches . The other featured the membership annoying Luthor with petty demands . In Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 6 , Episode 17 `` Normal Again '' , Jonathan asks Andrew , `` Did you even read Legion of Doom ? '' An episode of The Drew Carey Show featured Drew and his friends getting in trouble being a `` gang '' . Drew gets sent to a counseling session for gangbangers and enters the room to see a group of imposing bikers and gang members sitting around a large table . He quips `` the reason I 've called you all here is to destroy Superman '' as Lex Luthor would do when leading a Legion meeting . In the Family Guy episode `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' , Lois , when trying to get money from the town to purify Lake Quahog during her time as the Mayor of Quahog , convinced the people in a press conference that the money would help to stop terrorists . One of these claims is that Adolf Hitler is conspiring with the Legion of Doom to assassinate Jesus while using Lake Quahog to conceal their base . The scene then jumps to the Hall of Doom where Lex Luthor shouts `` How did she discover our plan ? ! '' Solomon Grundy quotes `` Me Solomon Grundy kind of dropped the ball on that one . '' Almost all of the original Legion is portrayed except for the Riddler . In `` Something , Something , Something Dark Side '' ( which is a parody version of Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ) , there is a reference to `` The Legion of Doom '' when the Hall of Doom begins to rise out of the swamp on Dagobah shortly after Luke Skywalker ( portrayed by Family Guy character Chris Griffin ) has landed . An announcer bearing resemblance to the narrative voice on Super Friends begins by saying `` Meanwhile , at the Legion of Doom ... '' only to be cut off by Chris ( playing Luke Skywalker ) who says `` Not now ! '' The narration then quickly says `` OK '' as the apparent Hall of Doom sinks back beneath the water in the swamp . In the Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law episode `` Peanut Puberty , '' the headquarters for the Legion of Doom was used for a club called the `` Legion of Dance . '' South Park 's Legion of Doom . From left to right : Osama bin Laden , Doctor Doom , Black Manta , Saddam Hussein , Cheetah , Kim Jong - il , David Blaine , and Doctor Octopus . The Legion of Doom was referenced in the animated series South Park episode `` Krazy Kripples '' featuring Christopher Reeve ( who portrayed Superman in the movies ) forming his own version of the Legion of Doom , complete with the Hall of Doom as their headquarters ; its main goal , according to Reeve , was to kill Gene Hackman ( aka Lex Luthor in the movies : as a news reporter said `` if irony were made out of strawberries , we 'd all be drinking a lot of smoothies right now '' ) . It included both parodies of actual LoD villains ( Solomon Grundy , Cheetah , and Black Manta ) , at least two Marvel villain parodies ( Doctor Octopus and Doctor Doom ) and villains from the South Park universe ( such as Professor Chaos , General Disarray , David Blaine and Saddam Hussein , as well as Osama Bin Laden and Kim Jong Il ) . The first episode of Season 3 of Duck Dodgers titled `` Till Doom Do Us Part '' featured the Legion of Duck Doom , led by Agent Roboto and was composed of various villains from the earlier seasons made up of Crusher , Fudd , a Catapoid , Count Muerte , New Cadet , Nasty Canasta , Commandante Hilgalgo , Baby - Faced Moonbeam , Long John Silver the 23rd , K'chutha Sa'am , and Taz . A new villain that is part of the Legion of Duck Doom named Black Eel ( a parody of Black Manta ) makes his first appearance in this episode . In the Aqua Teen Hunger Force episode `` The Last One , '' the Mooninites tried to organize a league of every single villain that was from Season 1 to 3 . Among its members are the Mooninites , Rabbot , Mothmonsterman , Happy Time Harry , Cybernetic Ghost of Christmas Past from the Future , Travis of the Cosmos , Randy the Astonishing , the Brownie Monsters , Romulox , MC Pee Pants 's worm , the Trees , Frat Aliens , Oog , Dumbassahedratron , Ol'Drippy , and Major Shake . However , almost all of them got foolishly killed or asked to leave leaving only a small force led by the Mooninites . Afterwards , the Rabbot called the team `` Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday . '' In the Krypto the Superdog episode `` Mechanikalamity , '' the Intergalactic Villains Club that Mechanicat is a part of is a spoof of the Legion of Doom and has a base that is similar to the Hall of Doom . Due to Mechanicat 's repeated failure to defeat Krypto , he has been unable to get elected as leader with the recent election having the members voting for Glorg to be the leader of the Intergalactic Villains Club . The music video for the song `` P.I.M.P. '' by rappers 50 Cent , Snoop Dogg , Lloyd Banks , and Young Buck features 50 Cent seeking the join the `` P.I.M.P. Legion of Doom '' who are led by Snoop Dogg . The P.I.M.P Legion of Doom gathers around a round table and discuss criminal affairs amongst themselves . Despite not having a Cadillac or a perm , 50 Cent becomes a members by pleasing its members upon showing them his `` magic stick . '' In Johnny Test , The Evil Johnny Stopping Force Five have a secret base in a swamp that closely resembles the Legion of Doom 's secret headquarters . The song `` Trap or Die '' by rap artists Young Jeezy and Bun B contains the lyric `` I 've got my own Super Friends in a Legion of Doom '' , referencing the DC characters . In an April , 2018 episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , an opening sketch depicts the Legion of Doom as Donald Trump 's legal team . Among the members of this `` Law Office of Luther and Associates '' are original Legion members Lex Luthor , Sinestro , Bizarro , Solomon Grundy , and Black Manta , plus Trump 's actual lawyers Jay Sekulow , Ty Cobb , and then - recently added Rudy Giuliani . In the New Orleans region of ClubWAKA ( World Adult Kickball Association ) , there is a team named Legion of Doom . Their colors are Orange & Black , and they use a logo that incorporates the Hall of Doom in the imagery . Each member of the team chooses a villain from the DC roster , and one game a season they dress as their villainous alter egos while challenging their opponents to dress in costumes as DC heroes . They are currently in their 12th season and have had over 50 different villains represented . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Legion of Doom 's Comic Book History '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nobleman , Marc Tyler ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` Super ' 70s and ' 80s : `` Super Friends '' -- Darrell McNeil , animator `` . Noblemania . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Although she is depicted as an enemy of Apache Chief in Challenge of the Super Friends , Giganta first appeared as a Wonder Woman villain in 1944 . Jump up ^ Solomon Grundy was originally an enemy of the Golden Age Green Lantern Alan Scott Jump up ^ Extreme Justice # 17 Jump up ^ Extreme Justice # 18 Jump up ^ Justice # 10 ( April 2007 ) Jump up ^ Justice # 9 ( February 2007 ) Jump up ^ Justice League of America # 14 ( December 2007 ) Jump up ^ Superman / Batman # 83 ( April 2011 ) Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Legion of Doom # 1 Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Legion of Doom # 2 Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Legion of Doom # 3 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Teen Titans ( vol. 3 ) # 98 Jump up ^ Super Powers # 4 Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Covers Reveal Lex Luthor Goes Evil Again , Leads the Legion of Doom '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Season Five '' . Jl.toonzone.net . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Justice League Unlimited episode `` I Am Legion '' ^ Jump up to : Justice League Unlimited episode `` Dead Reckoning '' ^ Jump up to : Justice League Unlimited episode `` The Great Brain Robbery '' Jump up ^ Justice League Unlimited episode `` Alive ! '' Jump up ^ Justice League Unlimited episode `` Grudge Match '' Jump up ^ `` One of the nicest bits in `` Alive ! '' was consciously making Luthor 's team the villains that the audience had seen most of , more or less , and cared about . Which was good , since we were hopefully making the audience worry about and root for Luthor 's group . This also let us come as close as we could to the classic 13 LOD villains . Grodd was now the enemy and was dead ; Captain Cold was n't around ; Devil Ray and Grundy were gone and we could n't use Scarecrow or Riddler , so we were left with : Luthor ( who kind of counted as Brainiac ) , Bizarro , Giganta , Cheetah , Sinestro and Toyman . ( And no , I could n't keep all 13 straight two years later without referring to my script and Wikipedia . ) '' -- Matt Wayne ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brandon Vietti ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Brandon Vietti : Season One '' . Brandonvietti.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Legends of Tomorrow ' to Tackle Legion of Doom Villain Team In Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ http://www.supermanhomepage.com/news/2007-news/2007-news-merchandise.php?topic=2007-news-merchandise/0701ii Jump up ^ http://www.comicvine.com/news/nathan-fillion-joins-justice-league-doom-the-new-dc-animated-movie/143635/ Jump up ^ http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/news.php/news.php?action=fullnews&id=1135 Jump up ^ Harvey , Jim ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Logline , Character Details For `` JLA Adventures : Trapped In Time '' Animated Feature - The World 's Finest `` . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Voecks , Krystalle ( 15 January 2011 ) . `` Massively exclusive : A chat with DCUO 's Chris Cao , part two '' . Massively . Joystiq . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DC SUPER FRIENDS TM The Joker 's Playhouse DVD Episode Imaginext Fisher Price '' . YouTube . 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Justice League International Keith Giffen J.M. 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-3959276506567502938	The Shining (film)	The Shining ( film ) - wikipedia The Shining ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Shining Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass Directed by Stanley Kubrick Produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick Diane Johnson Based on The Shining by Stephen King Starring Jack Nicholson Shelley Duvall Scatman Crothers Danny Lloyd Music by Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Cinematography John Alcott Edited by Ray Lovejoy Production company The Producer Circle Company Peregrine Productions Hawk Films Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date May 23 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) October 2 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 02 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 146 minutes ( Premiere ) 144 minutes ( American ) 119 minutes ( European ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $44.4 million ( North America ) The Shining is a 1980 horror film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick and co-written with novelist Diane Johnson . The film is based on Stephen King 's 1977 novel The Shining . The Shining is about Jack Torrance ( Jack Nicholson ) , an aspiring writer and recovering alcoholic , who accepts a position as the off - season caretaker of the isolated historic Overlook Hotel in the Colorado Rockies . Wintering over with Jack is his wife Wendy Torrance ( Shelley Duvall ) and young son Danny Torrance ( Danny Lloyd ) , who possesses `` the shining '' , an array of psychic abilities that allow Danny to see the hotel 's horrific past . The hotel 's current cook , Dick Hallorann ( Scatman Crothers ) , also has this ability and is able to telepathically communicate with Danny . The hotel had a previous winter caretaker who went crazy and killed his wife , two daughters and then himself . After a winter storm leaves the Torrances snowbound , Jack 's sanity deteriorates due to the influence of the supernatural forces that inhabit the hotel , placing his wife and son in danger . Supporting roles are provided by Barry Nelson , Philip Stone , Joe Turkel , Anne Jackson , and Tony Burton . Production took place almost exclusively at EMI Elstree Studios with sets strongly based on real locations . Kubrick often worked with a small crew which allowed him to do many takes , sometimes to the exhaustion of the actors and staff . The new Steadicam was used in several scenes giving it an innovative and immersive look and feel . Because of inconsistencies , ambiguities , symbolism , and differences from the book , there has been much speculation into the meanings and actions in the movie . Unlike Kubrick 's previous works , which developed audiences gradually through word - of - mouth , The Shining was released as a mass - market film , initially opening in two U.S. cities on Memorial Day , then nationwide within a month . The European release of The Shining a few months later was 25 minutes shorter due to Kubrick 's removal of most of the scenes taking place outside the environs of the hotel . Although contemporary responses from critics were mixed , assessment became more favorable in following decades , and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made . American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time . Critics , scholars , and crew members ( such as Kubrick 's producer Jan Harlan ) have discussed the film 's enormous influence on popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Genesis 3.2 Casting 3.3 Shooting 3.3. 1 Interior sets 3.3. 2 Exterior locations 3.3. 3 Shooting 3.3. 4 Steadicam 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Post-release edit 6 European version 7 Home media 8 Reception 8.1 Initial reviews 8.2 Reappraisal 8.3 Analysis of change in perception 8.4 Response by Stephen King 8.5 Awards and nominations 9 Social interpretations 9.1 Native Americans 9.2 Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust 10 Literary allusions 11 Ambiguities in the film 11.1 Ghosts vs. cabin fever 11.2 The two Gradys 11.3 The photograph 11.4 Spatial layout of the Overlook Hotel 12 Comparison with the novel 12.1 Motivation of ghosts 12.2 Room number 12.3 Jack Torrance 12.4 Danny Torrance 12.5 Wendy Torrance 12.6 Stuart Ullman 12.7 Family dynamics 12.8 Plot differences 12.9 Film adaptation commentary 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain - isolated Overlook Hotel , which is twenty - five miles from the closest town , to be interviewed for the position of winter caretaker . Once hired , Jack plans to use the hotel 's solitude to write . The hotel , built on the site of a Native American burial ground , becomes snowed - in during the winter ; it is closed from October to May . Manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker , Charles Grady , developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself . In Boulder , Jack 's son , Danny Torrance , has a terrifying premonition about the hotel , viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door , and then falls into a trance . Jack 's wife , Wendy , tells a doctor that Danny has an imaginary friend named Tony , and that Jack has given up drinking because he dislocated Danny 's shoulder following a binge . The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour . The chef , Dick Hallorann , surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream . Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability , which he calls `` shining '' . Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel , particularly room 237 . Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a `` shine '' to it along with many memories , not all of which are good . He also tells Danny to stay away from room 237 . A month passes ; while Jack 's writing goes nowhere , Danny and Wendy explore the hotel 's hedge maze , and Hallorann goes to Florida . Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall , and Danny has frightening visions . Jack , increasingly frustrated , starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts . Danny 's curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the room 's door open . Later , Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter . After she awakens him , Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny . Danny arrives and is visibly traumatized with a bruise on his neck , causing Wendy to accuse Jack of abusing him . Jack wanders into the hotel 's Gold Room and meets a ghostly bartender named Lloyd . Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage . Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a `` crazy woman in one of the rooms '' attempted to strangle him . Jack investigates room 237 , encountering the ghost of a dead woman , but tells Wendy that he saw nothing . Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room , now filled with ghosts attending a ball . He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must `` correct '' his wife and child and that Danny has reached out to Hallorann using his `` talent '' . Meanwhile , Hallorann grows concerned about what 's going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado . Danny starts calling out `` redrum '' and goes into a trance , referring to himself as `` Tony '' . While searching for Jack , Wendy discovers he has been typing pages of a repetitive manuscript : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' . She begs Jack to leave the hotel with Danny , but he threatens her before she knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat . She drags him into the kitchen and locks him in the pantry , but she and Danny are both trapped at the hotel : Jack has disabled the hotel 's two - way radio and snowcat . Later , Jack converses through the pantry door with Grady , who unlocks the door . Danny writes `` REDRUM '' on the outside of the bathroom door in the family 's living quarters . When Wendy sees the word reversed in the bedroom mirror , the word is revealed to be `` MURDER '' . Jack begins hacking through the quarters ' main door with a firefighter 's axe . Wendy sends Danny through the bathroom window , but it will not open sufficiently for her to pass . Jack breaks through the bathroom door , shouting `` Here 's Johnny ! '' , but retreats after Wendy slashes his hand with a butcher 's knife . Hearing Hallorann arriving in a snowcat he borrowed , Jack leaves the room . He murders Hallorann with the axe in the lobby and pursues Danny into the hedge maze . Wendy runs through the hotel looking for Danny , encountering ghosts and the cascade of blood Danny envisioned in Boulder . She also finds Hallorann 's corpse in the lobby . Danny lays a false trail to mislead Jack , who is following his footprints , before hiding behind a drift . Danny escapes from the maze and reunites with Wendy ; they escape in Hallorann 's snowcat , while Jack freezes to death in the snow . In a photograph in the hotel hallway dated July 4 , 1921 , Jack Torrance smiles amid a crowd of party revelers . Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as Jack Torrance Shelley Duvall as Wendy Torrance Danny Lloyd as Danny Torrance Scatman Crothers as Dick Hallorann Barry Nelson as Stuart Ullman Philip Stone as ( Delbert ) Grady Joe Turkel as Lloyd Anne Jackson as Doctor Tony Burton as Larry Durkin Lia Beldam as Young Woman In Bath Billie Gibson as Old Woman In Bath Barry Dennen as Bill Watson David Baxt as Forest Ranger # 1 Manning Redwood as Forest Ranger # 2 Lisa Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 1 ) Louise Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 2 ) Robin Pappas as Nurse Alison Coleridge as Secretary ( Susie ) Burnell Tucker as Policeman Jana Sheldon as Stewardess Kate Phelps as Receptionist Norman Gay as Injured guest In the shorter European cut , all of the scenes involving Jackson and Burton are cut ( although their names still appear in the credits ) . Dennen is on - screen in both versions of the film , albeit to a limited degree ( and with no dialogue ) in the shorter cut . The actresses who played the ghosts of the murdered Grady daughters , Lisa and Louise Burns , are identical twins ; however , the characters in the book and film script are merely sisters , not twins . In the film 's dialogue , Mr. Ullman identifies them as `` about eight and ten . '' Nonetheless , they are frequently referred to in discussions about the film as `` the Grady twins . '' The resemblance in the staging of the Grady girls and the `` Twins '' photograph by Diane Arbus has been noted both by Arbus ' biographer , Patricia Bosworth , the Kubrick assistant who cast and coached them , Leon Vitali , and by numerous Kubrick critics . Although Kubrick both met Arbus personally and studied photography under her during his youthful days as photographer for Look magazine , Kubrick 's widow says he did not deliberately model the Grady girls on Arbus ' photograph , in spite of widespread attention to the resemblance . Production ( edit ) Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene of The Shining . Genesis ( edit ) Before making The Shining , Stanley Kubrick had directed the 1975 movie Barry Lyndon , a highly visual period film about an Irish man who attempts to make his way into the British aristocracy . Despite its technical achievements , the film was not a box office success in the United States and was derided by critics for being too long and too slow . Kubrick , disappointed with Barry Lyndon 's lack of success , realized he needed to make a film that would be commercially viable as well as artistically fulfilling . Stephen King was told that Kubrick had his staff bring him stacks of horror books as he planted himself in his office to read them all : `` Kubrick 's secretary heard the sound of each book hitting the wall as the director flung it into a reject pile after reading the first few pages . Finally one day the secretary noticed it had been a while since she had heard the thud of another writer 's work biting the dust . She walked in to check on her boss and found Kubrick deeply engrossed in reading The Shining . '' Speaking about the theme of the film , Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality . There 's an evil side to it . One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly '' . Casting ( edit ) Nicholson was Kubrick 's first choice for the role of Jack Torrance ; other actors considered included Robert De Niro ( who claims the film gave him nightmares for a month ) , Robin Williams , and Harrison Ford , all of whom met with Stephen King 's disapproval . In his search to find the right actor to play Danny , Kubrick sent a husband and wife team , Leon and Kersti Vitali , to Chicago , Denver , and Cincinnati to create an interview pool of 5,000 boys over a six - month period . These cities were chosen since Kubrick was looking for a boy with an accent which fell in between Jack Nicholson 's and Shelley Duvall 's speech patterns . Shooting ( edit ) Interior sets ( edit ) The set design for the interior scenes of the Overlook Hotel was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel ( It was renamed Majestic Yosemite Hotel on March 1 , 2016 . ) The Ahwahnee 's lobby was the model for the set of the lobby created at Elstree Studios . Having chosen King 's novel as a basis for his next project , and after a pre-production phase , Kubrick had sets constructed on soundstages at EMI Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , Britain . Some of the interior designs of the Overlook Hotel set were based on those of the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park . To enable him to shoot the scenes in chronological order , he used several stages at EMI Elstree Studios in order to make all sets available during the complete duration of production . The set for the Overlook Hotel was at the time the largest ever built at Elstree , including a life - size re-creation of the exterior of the hotel . In February 1979 , the set at Elstree was badly damaged in a fire , causing a delay in the production . Exterior locations ( edit ) Timberline Lodge in Oregon served as the exterior of the Overlook Hotel . While most of the interior shots , and even some of the Overlook exterior shots , were shot on studio sets , a few exterior shots were shot on location by a second - unit crew headed by Jan Harlan . Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park , Montana was the filming location for the aerial shots of the opening scenes , with the Volkswagen Beetle driving along Going - to - the - Sun Road . The Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was filmed for a few of the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel ; notably absent in these shots is the hedge maze , something the Timberline Lodge does not have . Outtakes of the opening panorama shots were later used by Ridley Scott for the closing moments of the original cut of the film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . Shooting ( edit ) Screenplay from The Shining at LACMA exhibit . William Beutler from Washinton , DC , USA The Shining had a prolonged and arduous production period , often with very long workdays . Principal photography took over a year to complete , due to Kubrick 's highly methodical nature . Actress Shelley Duvall did not get along with Kubrick , frequently arguing with him on set about lines in the script , her acting techniques and numerous other things . Duvall eventually became so overwhelmed by the stress of her role that she became physically ill for months . At one point , she was under so much stress that her hair began to fall out . The shooting script was being changed constantly , sometimes several times a day , adding more stress . Jack Nicholson eventually became so frustrated with the ever - changing script that he would throw away the copies that the production team would give to him to memorize , knowing that it was just going to change anyway . He learned most of his lines just minutes before filming them . Nicholson was living in London with his then - girlfriend Anjelica Huston and her younger sister , Allegra , who testified to his long shooting days . Joe Turkel stated in a 2014 interview that they rehearsed the `` bar scene '' for six weeks , starting at 9 a.m. and finishing at 10 : 30 p.m. each day , with Turkel recollecting that his clothes would be soaked in his own sweat by the end of every day 's shoot . He also added that it was his favorite scene in the film . For the final Gold Room sequence , Kubrick instructed the extras ( via megaphone ) not to talk , `` but to mime conversation to each other . Kubrick knew from years of scrutinizing thousands of films that extras could often mime their business by nodding and using large gestures that look fake . He told them to act naturally to give the scene a chilling sense of time - tripping realism as Jack walks from the seventies into the roaring twenties '' . Original typewriter from the film . For the international versions of the film , Kubrick shot different takes of Wendy reading the typewriter pages in different languages . For each language , a suitable idiom was used : German ( Was du heute kannst besorgen , das verschiebe nicht auf morgen -- `` Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today '' ) , Italian ( Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca -- `` The morning has gold in its mouth '' ) , French ( Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' -- `` One ' here you go ' is worth more than two ' you 'll have it ' '' , the equivalent of `` A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush '' ) , Spanish ( No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano -- `` No matter how early you get up , you ca n't make the sun rise any sooner . '' ) These alternate shots were not included with the DVD release , where only the English phrase `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was used . The door that Jack chops through with the axe near the end of the film was a real door . Kubrick had originally shot this scene with a fake door , but Nicholson , who had worked as a volunteer fire marshal , tore it down too quickly . Jack 's line , `` Heeeere 's Johnny ! '' , is taken from Ed McMahon 's famous introduction to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , and was improvised by Nicholson . Kubrick , who had lived in England for some time , was unaware of the significance of the line , and nearly used a different take . Carson later used the Nicholson clip to open his 1980 anniversary show on NBC . During production , Kubrick screened David Lynch 's Eraserhead ( 1977 ) to the cast and crew , to convey the mood he wanted to achieve for the film . Steadicam ( edit ) Similar 2007 Steadicam and video equipment . The Shining was among the first half - dozen films ( after the 1976 films Bound for Glory , Marathon Man , and Rocky ) , to use the newly developed Steadicam , a stabilizing mount for a motion picture camera , which mechanically separates the operator 's movement from the camera 's , allowing smooth tracking shots while the operator is moving over an uneven surface . It essentially combines the stabilized steady footage of a regular mount with the fluidity and flexibility of a handheld camera . The inventor of the Steadicam , Garrett Brown , was heavily involved with the production of The Shining . Brown has described his excitement taking his first tour of the sets which offered `` further possibilities for the Steadicam '' . This tour convinced Brown to become personally involved with the production . Kubrick was not `` just talking of stunt shots and staircases '' . Rather he would use the Steadicam `` as it was intended to be used -- as a tool which can help get the lens where it 's wanted in space and time without the classic limitations of the dolly and crane '' . Brown used an 18 mm Cooke lens that allowed the Steadicam to pass within an inch of walls and door frames . Brown published an article in American Cinematographer about his experience , and contributed to the audio commentary on the 2007 DVD release . The Overlook Hotel 's Colorado Lounge set was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel 's Great Lounge Kubrick personally aided in modifying the Steadicam 's video transmission technology . Brown states his own abilities to operate the Steadicam were refined by working on Kubrick 's film . For this film , Brown developed a two - handed technique , which enabled him to maintain the camera at one height while panning and tilting the camera . In addition to tracking shots from behind , the Steadicam enabled shooting in constricted rooms without flying out walls , or backing the camera into doors . Brown notes that : One of the most talked - about shots in the picture is the eerie tracking sequence which follows Danny as he pedals at high speed through corridor after corridor on his plastic Big Wheel tricycle . The soundtrack explodes with noise when the wheel is on wooden flooring and is abruptly silent as it crosses over carpet . We needed to have the lens just a few inches from the floor and to travel rapidly just behind or ahead of the bike . This required the Steadicam to be on a special mount modeled on a wheelchair in which the operator sat while pulling a platform with the sound man . The weight of the rig and its occupants proved to be too much for the original tires however , resulting in a blowout one day that almost caused a serious crash . Solid tires were then mounted on the rig . Kubrick also had a highly accurate speedometer mounted on the rig so as to duplicate the exact tempo of a given shot so that Brown could perform take after identical take . Brown also discusses how the scenes in the hedge maze were shot with a Steadicam . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The stylistically modernist art - music chosen by Kubrick is similar to the repertoire he first explored in 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Although the repertoire was selected by Kubrick , the process of matching passages of music to motion picture was left almost entirely at the discretion of music editor Gordon Stainforth , whose work on this film is known for the attention to fine details and remarkably precise synchronization without excessive splicing . The soundtrack album on LP was withdrawn due to problems with licensing of the music . It remains only available on vinyl ( there has never been a CD release ) and is difficult to find . The LP soundtrack omits some pieces heard in the film , and also includes complete versions of pieces of which only fragments are heard in the film . The non-original music on the soundtrack is as follows : `` Lontano '' by György Ligeti , Ernest Bour conducting the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra ( Wergo Records ) `` Music for Strings , Percussion and Celesta '' by Béla Bartók , Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra ( Deutsche Grammophon ) `` Utrenja '' -- excerpts from the `` Ewangelia '' and `` Kanon Paschy '' movements by Krzysztof Penderecki , Andrzej Markowski conducting the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra ( Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` The Awakening of Jacob '' , `` De Natura Sonoris No. 1 '' ( the latter not on the soundtrack album , Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ) and `` De Natura Sonoris No. 2 '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by Andrzej Markowski , Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` Home '' , performed by Henry Hall and the Gleneagles Hotel Band ( Columbia Records ) `` It 's All Forgotten Now '' by Al Bowlly , performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on the soundtrack album ) `` Masquerade '' , performed by Jack Hylton and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) `` Kanon ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( not on soundtrack ) `` Polymorphia ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki , Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ( not on soundtrack ) `` Midnight , the Stars and You '' by Al Bowlly , performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) Upon their arrival at Elstree Studios , Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind were shown the first version of the film by Kubrick : `` The film was a little on the long side . There were great gobs of scenes that never made it to the film . There was a whole strange and mystical scene in which Jack Nicholson discovers objects that have been arranged in his working space in the ballroom with arrows and things . He walks down and thinks he hears a voice and a ghost throws a ball back to him . None of that made it to the final film . We scored a lot of those . We did n't know what was going to be used for sure '' . Carlos has said that she was so disillusioned by Kubrick 's actions that she vowed never to work with him again . Her own music was released in its near entirety in 2005 as part of her Rediscovering Lost Scores compilation . Post-release edit ( edit ) After its premiere and a week into the general run ( with a running time of 146 minutes ) , Kubrick cut a scene at the end that took place in a hospital . The scene shows Wendy in a bed talking with Mr. Ullman who explains that Jack 's body could not be found ; he then gives Danny a yellow tennis ball , presumably the same one that Jack was throwing around the hotel . This scene was subsequently physically cut out of prints by projectionists and sent back to the studio by order of Warner Bros. , the film 's distributor . This cut the film 's running time to 144 minutes . As noted by Roger Ebert : If Jack did indeed freeze to death in the labyrinth , of course his body was found -- and sooner rather than later , since Dick Hallorann alerted the forest rangers to serious trouble at the hotel . If Jack 's body was not found , what happened to it ? Was it never there ? Was it absorbed into the past and does that explain Jack 's presence in that final photograph of a group of hotel party - goers in 1921 ? Did Jack 's violent pursuit of his wife and child exist entirely in Wendy 's imagination , or Danny 's , or theirs ? ... Kubrick was wise to remove that epilogue . It pulled one rug too many out from under the story . At some level , it is necessary for us to believe the three members of the Torrance family are actually residents in the hotel during that winter , whatever happens or whatever they think happens . European version ( edit ) For its release in Europe , Kubrick cut about 25 minutes from the film . The excised scenes included a longer meeting between Jack and Watson at the hotel , Danny being attended by a doctor ( Anne Jackson ) including references to Tony and how Danny was once injured by Jack in a drunken rage , more footage of Hallorann 's attempts to get to the hotel during the snowstorm including a sequence with a garage attendant ( Tony Burton ) , extended dialogue scenes at the hotel , and a scene where Wendy discovers a group of skeletons in the hotel lobby during the climax . Jackson and Burton are credited in the European print , despite their scenes being excised from the movie . According to Harlan , Kubrick decided to cut some sequences because the film was `` not very well received '' , and after Warner Bros. complained about its ambiguity and length . The scene where Jack writes obsessively on the typewriter `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was shot changing the language of the typescript in Italian , French , Spanish , and German , because the film would be dubbed in these languages in their respective countries : Italian : Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca ( `` The morning has gold in ( its ) mouth '' , the equivalent of the English proverb `` The early bird catches the worm '' ) Spanish : No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano ( `` Waking up earlier wo n't make the dawn come sooner . '' ) German : Was Du heute kannst besorgen , das verschiebe nicht auf Morgen ( `` Do n't put off until tomorrow what you can do today '' ) French : Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' ( `` One ' Yours ' is better than two ' You will have it ' `` ) In the Italian version , Nicholson was dubbed by Giancarlo Giannini ; Kubrick sent him a congratulations letter for his excellent work as voice actor . Two alternative takes were used in a British television commercial . Home media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The U.S. premiere by ABC on May 6 , 1983 started with a placard saying , `` TONIGHT 'S FILM DEALS WITH THE SUPERNATURAL , AS A POSSESSED MAN ATTEMPTS TO DESTROY HIS FAMILY . '' With the movie 's ambiguities , it is not known how Kubrick felt about or if he agreed with this proclamation . The placard also said that the film was edited for television and warned about the content . The U.S. region 1 DVD of the film is the longer ( 144 minute ) edit of the film . The European ( including UK ) region 2 DVD is the shorter ( 119 minute ) version . On British television , the short version played on Channel 4 once and on Sky Movies numerous times in the mid-nineties . All other screenings , before and since these , have been on either ITV or ITV4 and have been the longer U.S. edit . The German DVD shows the short version , as seen in German television screenings . In accordance with stipulations contained in Kubrick 's will , DVD releases show the film in open matte ( i.e. , with more picture content visible than in movie theaters ) . The scene in which Wendy discovers her husband 's work ( consisting only of a simple proverb : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' repeatedly typed on numerous pages ) was shot with different proverbs in at least five languages ( English , French , Spanish , Italian and German ) . Nevertheless , most DVD releases show the English version , disregarding the dub language . DVDs in both regions contain a candid fly - on - the - wall 33 - minute documentary made by Kubrick 's daughter Vivian ( who was 17 when she filmed it ) entitled Making The Shining , originally shown on British television in 1980 . She also provided an audio commentary track about her documentary for its DVD release . It appears even on pre-2007 editions of The Shining on DVD , although most DVDs of Kubrick films before then were devoid of documentaries or audio commentaries . It has some candid interviews and very private moments caught on set , such as arguments with cast and director , moments of a no - nonsense Kubrick directing his actors , Scatman Crothers being overwhelmed with emotion during his interview , Shelley Duvall collapsing from exhaustion on the set , and Jack Nicholson enjoying playing up to the behind - the - scenes camera . Reception ( edit ) Initial reviews ( edit ) The Shining had a slow start at the box office , but gained momentum , eventually doing well commercially during the summer of 1980 and making Warner Bros. a profit . It opened at first to mixed reviews . Janet Maslin of The New York Times lauded Nicholson 's performance and praised the Overlook Hotel as an effective setting for horror , but wrote that `` the supernatural story knows frustratingly little rhyme or reason ( ... ) Even the film 's most startling horrific images seem overbearing and perhaps even irrelevant . '' Variety was critical , saying , `` With everything to work with , ... Kubrick has teamed with jumpy Jack Nicholson to destroy all that was so terrifying about Stephen King 's bestseller . '' A common initial criticism was the slow pacing , which was highly atypical of horror films of the time . Roger Ebert did not review the film on his television show when first released , and in print complained that it was hard to connect with any of the characters . It was the only one of Kubrick 's last nine films to receive no nominations at all from either the Oscars or Golden Globes , but was nominated for a pair of Razzie Awards , including Worst Director and Worst Actress ( Duvall ) , in the first year that award was given . Reappraisal ( edit ) Tim Cahill of Rolling Stone noted in an interview with Kubrick that by 1987 there was already a `` critical reevaluation of ( The Shining ) in process '' . As with most Kubrick films , more recent analyses have treated the film more favorably . Viewers subsequently decided the slow pacing actually contributes to the film 's hypnotic quality . Film website Rotten Tomatoes , which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics , gives the film a score of 87 % `` Certified Fresh '' . In 2006 , Roger Ebert , who was initially critical of the work , inducted The Shining into his Great Movies series , saying , `` Stanley Kubrick 's cold and frightening The Shining challenges us to decide : Who is the reliable observer ? Whose idea of events can we trust ? ( ... ) It is this elusive open - endedness that makes Kubrick 's film so strangely disturbing . '' Horror film critic Peter Bracke reviewing the Blu - ray release in Hi - Def Digest writes : Just as the ghostly apparitions of the film 's fictional Overlook Hotel would play tricks on the mind of poor Jack Torrance , so too has the passage of time changed the perception of The Shining itself . Many of the same reviewers who lambasted the film for `` not being scary '' enough back in 1980 now rank it among the most effective horror films ever made , while audiences who hated the film back then now vividly recall being `` terrified '' by the experience . The Shining has somehow risen from the ashes of its own bad press to redefine itself not only as a seminal work of the genre , but perhaps the most stately , artful horror ever made . The Shining is widely acclaimed by today 's critics , and has become a staple of pop culture . In 2001 , the film was ranked 29th on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills list and Jack Torrance was named the 25th greatest villain on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains list in 2003 . In 2005 , the quote `` Here 's Johnny ! '' was ranked 68 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list . It was named the all - time scariest film by Channel 4 , Total Film labeled it the 5th greatest horror film , and Bravo TV named one of the film 's scenes 6th on their list of the 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In addition , film critics Kim Newman and Jonathan Romney both placed it in their top ten lists for the 2002 Sight & Sound poll . Director Martin Scorsese placed The Shining on his list of the 11 scariest horror films of all time . Mathematicians at London 's King 's College used statistical modeling in a study commissioned by Sky Movies to conclude that The Shining was the `` perfect scary movie '' due to a proper balance of various ingredients including shock value , suspense , gore and size of the cast . It was voted the 62nd greatest American film ever made in a 2015 poll conducted by BBC . Analysis of change in perception ( edit ) In 1999 , Jonathan Romney discussed Kubrick 's perfectionism and dispelled others ' initial arguments that the film lacked complexity : `` The final scene alone demonstrates what a rich source of perplexity The Shining offers ( ... ) look beyond the simplicity and the Overlook reveals itself as a palace of paradox '' . Romney further explains : The dominating presence of the Overlook Hotel -- designed by Roy Walker as a composite of American hotels visited in the course of research -- is an extraordinary vindication of the value of mise en scène . It 's a real , complex space that we do n't just see but come to virtually inhabit . The confinement is palpable : horror cinema is an art of claustrophobia , making us loath to stay in the cinema but unable to leave . Yet it 's combined with a sort of agoraphobia -- we are as frightened of the hotel 's cavernous vastness as of its corridors ' enclosure ... The film sets up a complex dynamic between simple domesticity and magnificent grandeur , between the supernatural and the mundane in which the viewer is disoriented by the combination of spaciousness and confinement , and an uncertainty as to just what is real or not . Response by Stephen King ( edit ) Author Stephen King was an executive producer for a faithful 1997 adaptation , and continues to hold mixed feelings regarding Kubrick 's version . Speaking about the theme of the film , Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality . There 's an evil side to it . One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly '' . Stephen King has been quoted as saying that although Kubrick made a film with memorable imagery , it was poor as an adaptation and that it is the only adaptation of his novels that he could `` remember hating '' . However , in King 's 1981 nonfiction book Danse Macabre , he listed Kubrick 's film among those he considered to have `` contributed something of value to the ( horror ) genre '' and mentioned it as one of his `` personal favorites '' . Before the 1980 movie King often said he gave little attention to the film adaptations of his work . King himself was suffering from alcoholism at the time he wrote the novel , therefore giving a strong autobiographical element to the story . He has expressed disappointment that his novel 's important themes , such as the disintegration of family and the dangers of alcoholism , are less prevalent in the film . King also viewed the casting of Nicholson as a mistake , arguing it would result in a rapid realization among audiences that Jack would ultimately go mad , due to Nicholson 's famous identification with the character of McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) . King had suggested that a more `` everyman '' - like actor such as Jon Voight , Christopher Reeve , or Michael Moriarty play the role , so that Jack 's subsequent descent into madness would be more unnerving . In an interview with the BBC , King also criticized Shelley Duvall 's performance in the film , stating `` ( S ) he 's basically just there to scream and be stupid , and that 's not the woman that I wrote about . '' Over the years , contradictions have arisen in the discussion of King 's criticisms . The author once suggested that he disliked the film 's downplaying of the supernatural ; King had envisioned Jack as a victim of the genuinely external forces haunting the hotel , whereas King felt Kubrick had viewed the haunting and its resulting malignancy as coming from within Jack himself . In October 2013 , however , journalist Laura Miller wrote that the discrepancy between the two was almost the complete opposite : the Jack Torrance of the novel was corrupted by his own choices -- particularly alcoholism -- whereas in Kubrick 's adaptation the causes are actually more surreal and ambiguous : King is , essentially , a novelist of morality . The decisions his characters make -- whether it 's to confront a pack of vampires or to break 10 years of sobriety -- are what matter to him . But in Kubrick 's The Shining , the characters are largely in the grip of forces beyond their control . It 's a film in which domestic violence occurs , while King 's novel is about domestic violence as a choice certain men make when they refuse to abandon a delusional , defensive entitlement . As King sees it , Kubrick treats his characters like `` insects '' because the director does n't really consider them capable of shaping their own fates . Everything they do is subordinate to an overweening , irresistible force , which is Kubrick 's highly developed aesthetic ; they are its slaves . In King 's `` The Shining '' , the monster is Jack . In Kubrick 's , the monster is Kubrick . King 's oft - cited remark about Kubrick being a man who `` thinks too much and feels too little '' is often misconstrued as a remark on Kubrick 's obsessive and detached approach to directing actors , but it is actually a less disparaging reference to Kubrick 's skepticism regarding the verisimilitude of the supernatural , which emerged in pre-production conversations between King and Kubrick . The full context of King 's well - known quote is : Parts of the film are chilling , charged with a relentlessly claustrophobic terror , but others fall flat . Not that religion has to be involved in horror , but a visceral skeptic such as Kubrick just could n't grasp the sheer inhuman evil of The Overlook Hotel . So he looked , instead , for evil in the characters and made the film into a domestic tragedy with only vaguely supernatural overtones . That was the basic flaw : because he could n't believe , he could n't make the film believable to others . What 's basically wrong with Kubrick 's version of The Shining is that it 's a film by a man who thinks too much and feels too little ; and that 's why , for all its virtuoso effects , it never gets you by the throat and hangs on the way real horror should . Mark Browning , a critic of King 's work , observed that King 's novels frequently contain a narrative closure that completes the story , which Kubrick 's film lacks . Browning has in fact argued that King has exactly the opposite problem of which he accused Kubrick . King , he believes , `` feels too much and thinks too little '' . King was also disappointed by Kubrick 's decision not to film at The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park , Colorado , which inspired the story ( a decision Kubrick made since the hotel lacked sufficient snow and electricity ) . However , King finally supervised the 1997 television adaptation also titled The Shining , filmed at The Stanley Hotel . The animosity of King toward Kubrick 's adaptation has dulled over time . During an interview segment on the Bravo channel , King stated that the first time he watched Kubrick 's adaptation , he found it to be `` dreadfully unsettling '' . Nonetheless , writing in the afterword of Doctor Sleep , King professed continued dissatisfaction with the Kubrick film . He said of it `` ... of course there was Stanley Kubrick 's movie which many seem to remember -- for reasons I have never quite understood -- as one of the scariest films they have ever seen . If you have seen the movie but not read the novel , you should note that Doctor Sleep follows the latter which is , in my opinion , the True History of the Torrance Family . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Razzie Award Worst Actress Shelley Duvall Nominated Worst Director Stanley Kubrick Saturn Award Best Director Best Supporting Actor Scatman Crothers Won Best Horror Film Nominated Best Music Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Social interpretations ( edit ) The film 's iconic sequence in which Jack places his head on the broken door and says , `` Here 's Johnny ! '' , echoes scenes in both D.W. Griffith 's Broken Blossoms and the Swedish horror film The Phantom Carriage . Film critic Jonathan Romney writes that the film has been interpreted in many different ways ; as being about the crisis in masculinity , sexism , corporate America , and racism : `` It 's tempting to read The Shining as an Oedipal struggle not just between generations but between Jack 's culture of the written word and Danny 's culture of images ... '' Romney writes , `` Jack also uses the written word to more mundane purpose -- to sign his ' contract ' with the Overlook . ' I gave my word , ' ( ... ) which we take to mean ' gave his soul ' in the ( ... ) Faustian sense . But maybe he means it more literally -- by the end ( ... ) he has renounced language entirely , pursuing Danny through the maze with an inarticulate animal roar . What he has entered into is a conventional business deal that places commercial obligation ( ... ) over the unspoken contract of compassion and empathy that he seems to have neglected to sign with his family . '' These varied interpretations spawned the 2012 documentary Room 237 , directed by Rodney Ascher , which provides an in - depth exploration of various interpretations of , and myths surrounding , the film . Native Americans ( edit ) Among interpreters who see the film reflecting more subtly the social concerns that animate other Kubrick films , one of the earliest and most well - known viewpoints was discussed in an essay by ABC reporter Bill Blakemore entitled `` Kubrick 's ' Shining ' Secret : Film 's Hidden Horror Is The Murder Of The Indian '' , first published in The Washington Post on July 12 , 1987 . He believes that indirect references to American killings of Native Americans pervade the film as exemplified by the Indian logos on the baking powder in the kitchen and Indian artwork that appears throughout the hotel , though no Native Americans are ever seen . Stuart Ullman tells Wendy that when building the hotel a few Indian attacks had to be fended off since it was constructed on an Indian burial ground . Blakemore 's general argument is that the film as a whole is a metaphor for the genocide of Native Americans . He notes that when Jack kills Hallorann , the dead body is seen lying on a rug with an Indian motif . The blood in the elevator shafts is , for Blakemore , the blood of the Indians in the burial ground on which the hotel was built . As such , the fact that the date of the final photograph is July 4 is meant to be deeply ironic . Blakemore writes , As with some of his other movies , Kubrick ends The Shining with a powerful visual puzzle that forces the audience to leave the theater asking , `` What was that all about ? '' The Shining ends with an extremely long camera shot moving down a hallway in the Overlook , reaching eventually the central photo among 21 photos on the wall . The caption reads : `` Overlook Hotel - July 4th Ball - 1921 . '' The answer to this puzzle , is that most Americans overlook the fact that July Fourth was no ball , nor any kind of Independence day , for native Americans ; that the weak American villain of the film is the re-embodiment of the American men who massacred the Indians in earlier years ; that Kubrick is examining and reflecting on a problem that cuts through the decades and centuries . Blakemore also sees this film as similar to other Kubrick films where evil forces get weak men to do their bidding . Film writer John Capo sees the film as an allegory of American imperialism . This is exemplified by many clues ; the closing photo of Jack in the past at a 4th of July party , or Jack 's earlier citation of the Rudyard Kipling poem `` The White Man 's Burden '' . The poem has been interpreted as rationalizing the European colonization of non-white people , while Jack 's line has been interpreted as referring to alcoholism , from which he suffers . Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust ( edit ) Film historian Geoffrey Cocks has extended Blakemore 's idea that the film has a subtext about Native Americans to arguing that the film indirectly reflects Stanley Kubrick 's concerns about the Holocaust ( Both Cocks ' book and Michael Herr 's memoir of Kubrick discuss how he wanted his entire life to make a film dealing directly with the Holocaust , but could never quite get the handle on it that satisfied him ) . Cocks is a cultural historian best known for describing the impact of the Holocaust on subsequent Western culture . Cocks , writing in his book The Wolf at the Door : Stanley Kubrick , History and the Holocaust , proposed a controversial theory that all of Kubrick 's work is informed by the Holocaust ; there is , he says , a strong ( though hidden ) holocaust subtext in The Shining . This , Cocks believes , is why Kubrick 's screenplay goes to emotional extremes , omitting much of the novel 's supernaturalism and making the character of Wendy much more hysteria - prone . Cocks places Kubrick 's vision of a haunted hotel in line with a long literary tradition of hotels in which sinister events occur , from Stephen Crane 's short story `` The Blue Hotel '' ( which Kubrick admired ) to the Swiss Berghof in Thomas Mann 's novel The Magic Mountain , about a snowbound sanatorium high in the Swiss Alps in which the protagonist witnesses a series of events which are a microcosm of the decline of Western culture . In keeping with this tradition , Kubrick 's film focuses on domesticity and the Torrances ' attempt to use this imposing building as a home which Jack Torrance describes as `` homey '' . Cocks claims that Kubrick has elaborately coded many of his historical concerns into the film with manipulations of numbers and colors and his choice of musical numbers , many of which are post-war compositions influenced by the horrors of World War II . Of particular note is Kubrick 's use of Penderecki 's The Awakening of Jacob to accompany Jack Torrance 's dream of killing his family and Danny 's vision of past carnage in the hotel , a piece of music originally associated with the horrors of the Holocaust . As such , Kubrick 's pessimistic ending in contrast to Stephen King 's optimistic one is in keeping with the motifs that Kubrick wove into the story . Cocks ' work has been anthologized and discussed in other works on Stanley Kubrick films , but sometimes with skepticism . In particular , Julian Rice writing in the opening chapter of his book Kubrick 's Hope believes Cocks ' views are excessively speculative and contain too many strained `` critical leaps '' of faith . Rice holds that what went on in Kubrick 's mind can not be replicated or corroborated beyond a broad vision of the nature of good and evil ( which included concern about the Holocaust ) , but Kubrick 's art is not governed by this one single obsession . Diane Johnson , co-screenwriter for The Shining , commented on Cocks ' observations and holds that preoccupation with the Jewish Holocaust on Kubrick 's part could very likely have motivated his decision to place the hotel on a Native American burial ground , although Kubrick never directly mentioned it to her . Literary allusions ( edit ) Geoffrey Cocks notes that the film contains many allusions to fairy tales , both Hansel and Gretel and the Three Little Pigs , with Jack Torrance identified as the Big Bad Wolf , which Bruno Bettelheim interprets as standing for `` all the asocial unconscious devouring powers '' that must be overcome by a child 's ego . The saying `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' appeared first in James Howell 's Proverbs in English , Italian , French and Spanish ( 1659 ) . Ambiguities in the film ( edit ) Roger Ebert notes that the film does not really have a `` reliable observer '' , with the possible exception of Dick Hallorann . Ebert believes various events call into question the reliability of Jack , Wendy , and Danny at various points . This leads Ebert to conclude that : Kubrick is telling a story with ghosts ( the two girls , the former caretaker and a bartender ) , but it is n't a `` ghost story '' , because the ghosts may not be present in any sense at all except as visions experienced by Jack or Danny . Ebert ultimately concludes that `` The movie is not about ghosts but about madness and the energies '' . Likewise , film critic James Berardinelli ( who is generally much less impressed with the film than Ebert ) , notes that `` King would have us believe that the hotel is haunted . Kubrick is less definitive in the interpretations he offers . '' He dubs the film a failure as a ghost story , but brilliant as a study of `` madness and the unreliable narrator . '' Ghosts vs. cabin fever ( edit ) In some sequences , there is a question of whether or not there are ghosts present . In the scenes where Jack sees ghosts he is always facing a mirror , or in the case of his storeroom conversation with Grady , a reflective , highly polished door . Film reviewer James Berardinelli notes `` It has been pointed out that there 's a mirror in every scene in which Jack sees a ghost , causing us to wonder whether the spirits are reflections of a tortured psyche . '' In Hollywood 's Stephen King , Tony Magistrale writes : Kubrick 's reliance on mirrors as visual aids for underscoring the thematic meaning of this film portrays visually the internal transformations and oppositions that are occurring to Jack Torrance psychologically . Through ... these devices , Kubrick dramatizes the hotel 's methodical assault on Torrance 's identity , its ability to stimulate the myriad of self - doubts and anxieties by creating opportunities to warp Torrance 's perspective on himself and ( his family ) . Furthermore the fact that Jack looks into a mirror whenever he `` speaks '' to the hotel means , to some extent , that Kubrick implicates him directly into the hotel 's `` consciousness '' , because Jack is , in effect , talking to himself . Ghosts are the implied explanation for Jack 's escape from the locked storeroom . In an interview by scholar Michel Ciment , Kubrick stated : It seemed to strike an extraordinary balance between the psychological and the supernatural in such a way as to lead you to think that the supernatural would eventually be explained by the psychological : ' Jack must be imagining these things because he 's crazy . ' This allowed you to suspend your doubt of the supernatural until you were so thoroughly into the story that you could accept it almost without noticing ... It 's not until Grady , the ghost of the former caretaker who axed to death his family , slides open the bolt of the larder door , allowing Jack to escape , that you are left with no other explanation but the supernatural . The two gradys ( edit ) Early in the film , Stuart Ullman tells Jack of a previous caretaker , Charles Grady , who , in 1970 , succumbed to cabin fever , murdered his family and then killed himself . Later , Jack meets a ghostly butler named Grady . Jack says he knows about the murders , claiming to recognize Grady from pictures ; however , the butler introduces himself as Delbert Grady . Gordon Dahlquist of The Kubrick FAQ argues that the name change `` deliberately mirrors Jack Torrance being both the husband of Wendy / father of Danny and the mysterious man in the July Fourth photo . It is to say he is two people : the man with choice in a perilous situation and the man who has ' always ' been at the Overlook . It 's a mistake to see the final photo as evidence that the events of the film are predetermined : Jack has any number of moments where he can act other than the way he does , and that his ( poor ) choices are fueled by weakness and fear perhaps merely speaks all the more to the questions about the personal and the political that The Shining brings up . In the same way Charles had a chance -- once more , perhaps -- to not take on Delbert 's legacy , so Jack may have had a chance to escape his role as ' caretaker ' to the interests of the powerful . It 's the tragic course of this story that he chooses not to . '' Dahlquist 's argument is that Delbert Grady , the 1920s butler , and Charles Grady , the 1970s caretaker , rather than being either two different people or the same are two ' manifestations ' of a similar entity ; a part permanently at the hotel ( Delbert ) and the part which is given the choice of whether to join the legacy of the hotel 's murderous past ( Charles ) , just as the man in the photo is not exactly Jack Torrance , but nor is he someone entirely different . Jack in the photo has ' always ' been at the Overlook , Jack the caretaker chooses to become part of the hotel . The film 's assistant editor Gordon Stainforth has commented on this issue , attempting to steer a course between the continuity - error explanation on one side and the hidden - meaning explanation on the other ; `` I do n't think we 'll ever quite unravel this . Was his full name Charles Delbert Grady ? Perhaps Charles was a sort of nickname ? Perhaps Ullman got the name wrong ? But I also think that Stanley did NOT want the whole story to fit together too neatly , so ( it is ) absolutely correct , I think , to say that ' the sum of what we learn refuses to add up neatly ' . '' Kubrick 's other doubling / mirroring effects in the film : `` Jack 's interview with Ullman , whose confident affability contrasts with Jack 's unconvincing nonchalance , pairs off with the meeting between Wendy and a female doctor , whose somber and professional womanhood reacts in stunned disbelief to Wendy 's explanation for an old injury inflicted on Danny by his drunken father . During the interview , Jack and Ullman are joined by a hotel employee named Bill Watson , whose only real distinction ( and function ) is his striking physical resemblance to Jack , especially when seen from behind . The Grady sisters who look like twins but who are actually doubles ( their ages of eight and ten are established in Jack 's interview with Ullman ) . On two occasions Ullman says goodbye to two young female employees . In the Miami bedroom , two paintings showing a black nude woman on opposite walls ( mirroring ) are seen just before Hallorann experiences a `` shining '' . Two versions of the same nude woman inhabit the green bathroom in Room 237 . The film not only contains two mazes ( the hedges outside , which are , appropriately , 13 feet high , and the model inside ) , but the Overlook itself is a maze and , significantly , breaks down into two sections , one old and one remodeled , one past , one present . ( During Wendy 's initial tour of the kitchen with Hallorann she remarks that it is like a maze , and she later characterizes the fast - emptying hotel as `` like a ghost ship '' . ) There are two Jack Torrances , the one who goes mad and freezes to death in present time and the one who appears in a 1921 photograph that hangs on the gold corridor wall inside the Overlook . '' The photograph ( edit ) At the end of the film , the camera moves slowly towards a wall in the Overlook and a 1921 photograph , revealed to include Jack Torrance seen at the middle of a 1921 party . In an interview with Michel Ciment , Kubrick overtly declared that the photograph suggests that Jack was a reincarnation of an earlier official at the hotel . Still , this has not stopped interpreters from developing alternative readings , such as that Jack has been `` absorbed '' into the Overlook Hotel . Film critic Jonathan Romney , while acknowledging the absorption theory , wrote As the ghostly butler Grady ( Philip Stone ) tells him during their chilling confrontation in the men 's toilet , ' You 're the caretaker , sir . You 've always been the caretaker . ' Perhaps in some earlier incarnation Jack really was around in 1921 , and it 's his present - day self that is the shadow , the phantom photographic copy . But if his picture has been there all along , why has no one noticed it ? After all , it 's right at the center of the central picture on the wall , and the Torrances have had a painfully drawn - out winter of mind - numbing leisure in which to inspect every corner of the place . Is it just that , like Poe 's purloined letter , the thing in plain sight is the last thing you see ? When you do see it , the effect is so unsettling because you realise the unthinkable was there under your nose -- overlooked -- the whole time . Spatial layout of the Overlook hotel ( edit ) Screenwriter Todd Alcott has noted : Much has been written , some of it quite intelligent , about the spatial anomalies and inconsistencies in The Shining : there are rooms with windows that should not be there and doors that could n't possibly lead to anywhere , rooms appear to be in one place in one scene and another place in another , wall fixtures and furniture pieces appear and disappear from scene to scene , props move from one room to another , and the layout of the Overlook makes no physical sense . Artist Juli Kearns first identified and created maps of spatial discrepancies in the overall layout of the Overlook Hotel location , the interiors of which were constructed in studios in England . These spatial discrepancies included windows appearing in impossible places , such as in Stuart Ullman 's office which is surrounded by interior hallways , and apartment doorways positioned in places where they can not possibly lead to apartments . Rob Ager is another proponent of this theory . Jan Harlan , an Executive Producer on The Shining , was asked about the discontinuity of sets by Xan Brooks of The Guardian and confirmed the discontinuity was intentional , `` The set was very deliberately built to be offbeat and off the track , so that the huge ballroom would never actually fit inside . The audience is deliberately made not to know where they 're going . People say The Shining does n't make sense . Well spotted ! It 's a ghost movie . It 's not supposed to make sense . '' Harlan further elaborated to Kate Abbot for the same newspaper , `` Stephen King gave him the go - ahead to change his book , so Stanley agreed -- and wrote a much more ambiguous script . It 's clear instantly there 's something foul going on . At the little hotel , everything is like Disney , all kitsch wood on the outside -- but the interiors do n't make sense . Those huge corridors and ballrooms could n't fit inside . In fact , nothing makes sense . '' Comparison with the novel ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film differs from the novel significantly with regard to characterization and motivation of action . The most obvious differences are those regarding the personality of Jack Torrance ( the source of much of author Stephen King 's dissatisfaction with the film ) . Motivation of ghosts ( edit ) In the film , the motive of the ghosts is apparently to `` reclaim '' Jack ( even though Grady expresses an interest in Danny 's `` shining '' ability ) , who seems to be a reincarnation of a previous caretaker of the hotel , as suggested by the 1920s photograph of Jack at the end of the film and Jack 's repeated claims to have `` not just a deja vu '' . The film is even more focused on Jack ( as opposed to Danny ) than the novel . Room number ( edit ) The room number 217 has been changed to 237 . Timberline Lodge , located on Mt . Hood in Oregon , was used for the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel . The Lodge requested that Kubrick not depict Room 217 ( featured in the book ) in The Shining , because future guests at the Lodge might be afraid to stay there , and a nonexistent room , 237 , was substituted in the film . Contrary to the hotel 's expectations , Room 217 is requested more often than any other room at Timberline . There are fringe analyses relating this number change to rumors that Kubrick faked the first moon landing , as there are approximately 237,000 miles between Earth and Moon ( average is 238,855 miles ) and the movie is a subtle confession of his involvement . Another theory is an obsession with the number 42 and its forms in the movie and the product of the digits in 237 is 42 . Jack Torrance ( edit ) The novel presents Jack as initially likable and well - intentioned but haunted by the demons of alcohol and authority issues . Nonetheless , he becomes gradually overwhelmed by the evil forces in the hotel . At the novel 's conclusion , the hotel forces have possessed Jack 's body and proceed to destroy all that is left of his mind during a final showdown with Danny , leaving a monstrous entity that Danny is able to divert while he , Wendy and Dick Halloran escape . The film 's Jack is established as somewhat sinister much earlier in the story and dies in a different manner . Jack actually kills Dick Hallorann in the film , but only wounds him in the novel . King attempted to talk Stanley Kubrick out of casting Jack Nicholson even before filming began , on the grounds that he seemed vaguely sinister from the very beginning of the film , and had suggested Jon Voight among others for the role . Only in the novel does Jack hear the haunting , heavy - handed voice of his father with whom he had a troubled relationship . In both the novel and film , Jack 's encounter with the ghostly bartender is pivotal to Jack 's deterioration . However , the novel gives much more detail about Jack 's problems with drinking and alcohol . The film prolongs Jack 's struggle with writer 's block . Kubrick 's co-screenwriter Diane Johnson believes that in King 's novel , Jack 's discovery of the scrapbook of clippings in the boiler room of the hotel which gives him new ideas for a novel catalyzes his possession by the ghosts of the hotel , while at the same time unblocking his writing . Jack is no longer a blocked writer , but now filled with energy . In her contribution to the screenplay , Johnson wrote an adaptation of this scene , which to her regret Kubrick later excised , as she felt this left the father 's change less motivated . Kubrick showed Jack 's continued blockage quite late in the film with the `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' scene , which does not appear in the novel . Stephen King has openly stated on the DVD commentary of the 1997 mini-series of The Shining that the character of Jack Torrance was partially autobiographical , as he was struggling with both alcoholism and unprovoked rage toward his family at the time of writing . Tony Magistrale wrote about Kubrick 's version of Jack Torrance in Hollywood 's Stephen King : Kubrick 's version of Torrance is much closer to the tyrannical Hal ( from Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey ) and Alex ( from Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange ) than he is to King 's more conflicted , more sympathetically human characterization . From Thomas Allen Nelson 's Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : `` When Jack moves through the reception area on his way to a ' shining ' over the model maze , he throws a yellow tennis ball past a stuffed bear and Danny 's Big Wheel , which rests on the very spot ( a Navajo circle design ) where Hallorann will be murdered . '' Jack 's tennis ball mysteriously rolls into Danny 's circle of toy cars just before the boy walks through the open door of Room 237 . `` In the film 's opening , the camera from above moves over water and through mountains with the ease of a bird in flight . Below , on a winding mountain road , Jack 's diminutive yellow Volkswagen journeys through a tree - lined maze , resembling one of Danny 's toy cars or the yellow tennis ball seen later outside of Room 237 . '' Danny Torrance ( edit ) Danny Torrance is considerably more open about his supernatural abilities in the novel , discussing them with strangers such as his doctor . In the film , he is quite secretive about them even with his prime mentor Dick Halloran , who also has these abilities . ( The same is true of Dick Halloran , who in his journey back to the Overlook in the book , talks with others with the `` shining '' ability , while in the film he lies about his reason for returning to the Overlook . ) Danny in the novel is generally portrayed as unusually intelligent across the board . In the film , he is more ordinary , though with a preternatural gift . In the novel , Danny is much more bonded to his father than in the film . Although Danny has supernatural powers in both versions , the novel makes it clear that his apparent imaginary friend `` Tony '' really is a projection of hidden parts of his own psyche , though heavily amplified by Danny 's psychic `` shining '' abilities . At the end it is revealed that Danny Torrance 's middle name is `` Anthony '' . Wendy Torrance ( edit ) Wendy Torrance in the film is relatively meek , submissive , passive , gentle , and mousy ; this is shown by the way she defends Jack even in his absence to the doctor examining Danny . It is implied she has perhaps been abused by him as well . In the novel , she is a far more self - reliant and independent personality who is tied to Jack in part by her poor relationship with her parents . In the novel , she never displays hysteria or collapses the way she does in the film , but remains cool and self - reliant . Writing in Hollywood 's Stephen King , author Tony Magistrale writes about the mini-series remake : De Mornay restores much of the steely resilience found in the protagonist of King 's novel and this is particularly noteworthy when compared to Shelley Duvall 's exaggerated portrayal of Wendy as Olive Oyl revisited : A simpering fatality of forces beyond her capacity to understand , much less surmount . Co-screenwriter Diane Johnson stated that in her contributions to the script , Wendy had more dialogue , and that Kubrick cut many of her lines , possibly due to his dissatisfaction with actress Shelley Duvall 's delivery . Johnson believes the earlier draft of the script portrayed Wendy as a more - rounded character . Stuart Ullman ( edit ) In the novel , Jack 's authority issues are triggered by the fact that his interviewer , Ullman , is highly authoritarian , a kind of snobbish martinet . The film 's Ullman is far more humane and concerned about Jack 's well - being , as well as smooth and self - assured . Only in the novel does Ullman state that he disapproves of hiring Jack but higher authorities have asked that Jack be hired . Ullman 's bossy nature in the novel is one of the first steps in Jack 's deterioration , whereas in the film , Ullman serves largely as an expositor . In Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation , author Greg Jenkins writes `` A toadish figure in the book , Ullman has been utterly reinvented for the film ; he now radiates charm , grace and gentility . '' From Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : Ullman tells Jack that the hotel 's season runs from May 15 to October 30 , meaning the Torrances moved in on Halloween . On Ullmann 's desk next to a small American flag sits a metal cup containing pencils and a pen -- and a miniature replica of an ax . `` When Ullman , himself all smiles , relates as a footnote the story about the former caretaker who ' seemed perfectly normal ' but nevertheless cut up his family with an ax , Jack 's obvious interest ( as if he 's recalling one of his own nightmares ) and his insincere congeniality ( early signs of a personality malfunction ) lead the viewer to believe that the film 's definition of his madness will be far more complex . '' Family dynamics ( edit ) Stephen King provides the reader with a great deal of information about the stress in the Torrance family early in the story , including revelations of Jack 's physical abuse of Danny and Wendy 's fear of Danny 's mysterious spells . Kubrick tones down the early family tension and reveals family disharmony much more gradually than does King . In the film , Danny has a stronger emotional bond with Wendy than with Jack , which fuels Jack 's rather paranoid notion that the two are conspiring against him . Plot differences ( edit ) In the novel Jack recovers his sanity and goodwill through the intervention of Danny while this does not occur in the film . Writing in Cinefantastique magazine , Frederick Clarke suggests `` Instead of playing a normal man who becomes insane , Nicholson portrays a crazy man attempting to remain sane . '' In the novel , Jack 's final act is to enable Wendy and Danny to escape the hotel before it explodes due to a defective boiler , killing him . The film ends with the hotel still standing . More broadly , the defective boiler is a major element of the novel 's plot , entirely missing from the film version . Because of the limitations of special effects at the time , the living topiary animals of the novel were omitted and a hedge maze was added , acting as a final trap for Jack Torrance as well as a refuge for Danny . In the film , the hotel possibly derives its malevolent energy from being built on an Indian burial ground . In the novel , the reason for the hotel 's manifestation of evil is possibly explained by a theme present in King 's previous novel Salem 's Lot as well as Shirley Jackson 's The Haunting of Hill House : a physical place may absorb the evils that transpire there and manifest them as a vaguely sentient malevolence . The film 's Hallorann speaks to Danny about that phenomenon occurring at the Overlook . In the novel , Jack does a great deal of investigation of the hotel 's past through a scrapbook , a subplot almost omitted from the film aside from two touches : a brief appearance of the scrapbook beside the typewriter , and Jack 's statement to the ghost of Grady that he knows his face from an old newspaper article describing the latter 's horrific acts . Kubrick in fact shot a scene where Jack discovers the scrapbook but removed it during post-production , a decision which co-screenwriter Diane Johnson lamented . Some of the film 's most famous iconic scenes , such as the ghost girls in the hallway and the torrent of blood from the elevators , are unique to the film . The most notable of these would be the typewritten pages Wendy discovers on Jack 's desk . Similarly , many of the most memorable lines of dialogue ( `` Words of wisdom '' and `` Here 's Johnny ! '' ) are heard exclusively in the film . Film adaptation commentary ( edit ) Although Stephen King fans were critical of the novel 's adaptation on the grounds that Kubrick altered and reduced the novel 's themes , a defense of Kubrick 's approach was made in Steve Biodrowski 's review of the film . He argues that as in earlier films , Kubrick stripped out the back story of the film , reducing it down to a `` basic narrative line '' , making the characters more like archetypes . His review of the film is one of the few to go into detailed comparison with the novel . He writes , `` The result ... ( is ) a brilliant , ambitious attempt to shoot a horror film without the Gothic trappings of shadows and cobwebs so often associated with the genre . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Both parodies and homages to The Shining are prominent in UK and U.S. popular culture , particularly in films , TV shows , video games and music . Images and scenes frequently referenced are : the Grady girls in the hallway , the word `` Redrum '' , the blood spilling out of the elevator doors and Jack sticking his head through the hole in the bathroom door , saying , `` Here 's Johnny . '' The tricycle scene in which Danny sees the Grady girls and the `` here 's Johnny '' scene are seen on a drive - in theatre screen in the movie Twister just before a tornado rips the screen down . Director Tim Burton ( who credits Kubrick as an influence ) modeled the characters of Tweedledum and Tweedledee on the Grady girls in his version of Alice in Wonderland ( like so many viewers of the film , Burton identifies the girls as twins in spite of Ullman 's dialogue to the contrary ) . The Simpsons episode `` Treehouse of Horror V '' includes a parody titled `` The Shinning '' . In addition , Sherri and Terri , the twins in Bart 's 4th grade class , are visually similar to the Grady girls . Remington Steele episode `` Etched In Steele '' includes a reference to The Shining when Steele uses one of his customary cinematic references to explain the concept of writer 's block to his colleague Laura Holt . Five episodes of the drama Gilmore Girls reference the film . One episode contains Lorelai 's line `` Well , we like our Internet slow , okay ? We can turn it on , walk around , dance , make a sandwich . With DSL , there 's no dancing , no walking , and we 'd starve . It 'd be all work and no play . Have you not seen The Shining , Mom ? '' Kate Bush 's 1982 album The Dreaming contains the song `` Get Out of My House '' , inspired primarily by the novel . Sound clips of Ullman warning Jack about cabin fever with Jack 's reassurances appear in Swedish goth band Katatonia 's song `` Endtime '' on the album Brave Murder Day . The plot of the film is the basis for the music video for `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars . American heavy metal band Slipknot pay homage to the film in their first music video for their song `` Spit It Out '' , directed by Thomas Mignone . The video consists of conceptual imagery of the bandmembers each portraying characters enacting iconic scenes from the film , with Joey Jordison as Danny Torrance ; Shawn Crahan and Chris Fehn as the Grady twins ; Corey Taylor as Jack Torrance ; Mick Thomson as Lloyd the Bartender ; Craig Jones as Dick Hallorann ; James Root as Wendy Torrance ; Paul Gray as Harry Derwent ; and Sid Wilson as the corpse in the bathtub . The video was banned from MTV for overtly graphic and violent depictions , including Corey Taylor 's smashing through a door with an axe and the scene wherein James Root viciously assaults Corey Taylor with a baseball bat . Mignone and the band eventually re-edited a less violent version , which was subsequently aired on MTV . `` Here 's Johnny ! '' was parodied by British comedian Lenny Henry in a controversial advertisement for Premier Inn . Johnny Cage parodies the `` here 's Johnny '' scene as part of his fatality in Mortal Kombat X where he shoves his hands behind the opponent in which he then says the line by peeping his face through the opened torso . In the Scream Queens episode `` Pumpkin Patch '' , Chanel demands that her pumpkin patch party have an exact replica of the hedge maze which plays a central part of the episode . Also in the episode , Chanel # 5 has two twin boyfriends , Rodger and Dodger . The Little Sisters in the fallen underwater utopia Rapture , introduced in the 2007 video game BioShock , were partly inspired by the Grady twins . The Angry Birds Movie contains a scene with two pigs dressed as the Grady sisters . The song `` Enjoy Your Slay '' by American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills is inspired primarily by the novel as well as the film adaption . The song also features Stanley Kubrick 's grandson Sam Kubrick as guest vocalist . The tv show `` Psych '' has an episode titled `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' in which the plot and characters are based on film . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal United Kingdom portal 1980s portal Horror portal List of ghost films A Nightmare on Face Time , a 2012 episode of South Park parodying the film Room 237 , a 2012 documentary about interpretations of The Shining Treehouse of Horror V , a 1994 episode of The Simpsons that features a sketch parodying the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` Nicholson and Shelley Duvall in Kubrick 's ' The Shining ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Derek ( October 2 , 1980 ) . `` From the archive , 2 October 1980 : Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining - review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent . Stanley Kubrick : A Biography , p. 449 Jump up ^ Martin Scorsese ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) . `` 11 Scariest Horror Movies of All Time '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kubrick # 3 -- The Shining ( 1980 ) The Hollywood Projects '' . Thehollywoodprojects.com. 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brent Wiese '' . Public.iastate.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ My Movie Mundo ( 2010 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Jan Harlan ( producer ) -- The Shining , Eyes Wide Shut , etc '' . My Movie Mundo . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Those Two Scary Girls from The Shining '' . weht.net . Jump up ^ Bosworth , Patricia ( 255 ) . Diane Arbus : a biography . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31207 - 2 . Jump up ^ Olson , Danel , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Shining : Studies in the Horror Film . Lakewood , CO : Centipede Press . pp. 503 -- 532 . ISBN 978 - 1613470695 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ including Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland . p. 115 . ISBN 9780786459162 . and Kolker , Robert ( 2011 ) . A Cinema of Loneliness : Penn , Stone , Kubrick , Scorsese , Spielberg , Altman . Oxford University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973888 - 5 . and several others . Jump up ^ Webster , p. 115 Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent , `` Stanley Kubrick , A Biography , '' ( 1997 ) , p. 412 ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Paul ( 2003 ) , Stanley Kubrick : The Complete Films , Taschen GmbH , p. 9 , ISBN 978 - 3836527750 Jump up ^ Robert De Niro ( speaking about which films scared him ) , B105 FM interview on September 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ Stephen King , B105 FM on November 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 420 Jump up ^ Kubrick 's The Shining - Closing Day idyllopuspress.com Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick on the burned down set of The Shining '' . FilmMaker IQ . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kubrick at Elstree : The fire that almost axed The Shining '' . BBC Arts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott Reveals Stanley Kubrick Gave Him Footage From ' The Shining ' for ' Blade Runner ' Ending '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Huston , Allegra . Love Child , a Memoir of Family Lost and Found . Simon & Schuster ( 2009 ) p. 214 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3B10XziCZU?t=50s Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 437 Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Read the alternative phrases to ' All work and no play makes Jack a '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jack Nicholson in interview with Michel Ciment in Kubrick : The Definitive Edition p. 198 Jump up ^ Roberts , Chris . `` Eraserhead , The Short Films Of David Lynch '' . uncut.co.uk . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Serena Ferrara , Steadicam : Techniques and Aesthetics ( Oxford : Focal Press , 2000 ) , 26 -- 31 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 426 Jump up ^ Brown , G. ( 1980 ) The Steadicam and The Shining . American Cinematographer . Reproduced at ( 1 ) without issue date or pages given Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 436 Jump up ^ `` Barham , Jeremy . `` Incorporating Monsters : Music as Context , Character and Construction in Kubrick 's The Shining . '' London : Equinox Press. `` . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84553 - 202 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gengaro , Christine Lee ( 2013 ) . Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 190 . ISBN 9780810885646 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent ( 1999 ) . Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films . Da Capo Press . p. 448 . ISBN 9780306809064 . Jump up ^ Sbravatti , Valerio ( 2010 ) . `` The Music in The Shining '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 447 Jump up ^ http://www.wendycarlos.com/+rls2.html Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . 47 ( 562 ) : 221 . Nov 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Shine On ... and Out '' . www.visual-memory.co.uk . Jump up ^ Wurm , Gerald . `` Shining ( Comparison : International Version - US Version ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . movie-censorship.com . Jump up ^ Wigley , Samuel . `` Producing The Shining : Jan Harlan on Kubrick '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shining on exxagon ^ Jump up to : Gerke , Greg ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) . `` On Newfound Footage from Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . BIG OTHER . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( April 30 , 1983 ) . `` This Week 's Movies '' . TV Guide : A5 -- A6 . Jump up ^ `` Opening teaser for the network television airing ... - the - overlook - hotel '' . Jump up ^ Stanley Kubrick ( 1980 ) . The Shining ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Warner Brothers . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Shining Anniversary : Stanley Kubrick & His Mysterious Classic '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` Movie Review : THE SHINING '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Shining -- Excerpt from Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray Review : The Shining ( 1980 ) High - Def Digest '' . Bluray.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak Previews : Titles and Airdate Guide '' . Epguides.com. 2013 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ DiMare , Philip ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 440 . ISBN 9781598842975 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Quelle horreur ! ' The Shining ' was not only snubbed , it was Razzed ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lindrea , Victoria ( February 25 , 2007 ) . `` Blowing raspberries at Tinseltown '' . BBC News Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Peter ( January 20 , 2005 ) . `` The Morning Read -- So bad , they 're almost good -- A love of movies lies behind the Razzies '' . The Orange County Register : p. 1 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( Associated Press ) ( February 26 , 2005 ) . `` 25 Years of Razzing Hollywood 's Stinkers '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel ( Sun - Sentinel Company ) : p. 7D . Jump up ^ Marder , Jenny ( February 26 , 2005 ) . `` Razzin ' The Dregs of Hollywood Dreck -- Film : Cerritos ' John Wilson Marks His Golden Raspberry Awards ' 25th Year With A Guide To Cinematic Slumming '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram : p . A1 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Tim ( August 27 , 1987 ) . `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Stanley Kubrick in 1987 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Great Movies : The Shining '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures '' . Documentaryfilms.net . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Scary Moments : Channel 4 Film '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jamie Graham ( 2005 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Total Film -- Shock Horror ! '' . Totalfilm.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kim Newman 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Jonathan Romney 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` 11 Scariest Horror Movies of All Time '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shining named perfect scary movie '' . BBC News . 2004 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` King 's College News `` Mathematicians declare The Shining perfect scary movie '' `` . Kcl.ac.uk. 2004 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sight & Sound Stanley Kubrick 1928 - 99 Resident Phantoms '' . BFI. 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Rapture : The WD Interview '' , Writer 's Digest , May / June 2009 Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1981 ) . Danse Macabre . Berkley Press . pp. 415 -- 417 . ISBN 0425104338 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick v. King '' . TheIntellectualDevotional.com . October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC News - Stephen King ' nervous ' about reaction to Shining sequel Jump up ^ Stephen King ( interviewee ) , Laurent Bouzerau ( writer , director , producer ) ( 2011 ) . A Night at the Movies : The Horrors of Stephen King ( Television production ) . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` What Stanley Kubrick got wrong about `` The Shining '' `` . Salon . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quoted in '' . Thewordslinger.com. 2008 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stephen King on the big screen by Mark Browning p. 239 Jump up ^ `` Den svenska filmens Guldålder '' ( in Swedish ) Thorellifilm Jump up ^ Original Scene from `` The Phantom Carriage '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Blakemore 's essay has gone on to be discussed in several books on Kubrick particularly Julien Rice 's Kubrick 's Hope as well as a study of Stephen King films Stephen King on the Big Screen by Mark Browning . It is also assigned in many college film courses , and discussed ubiquitously on the Internet Jump up ^ Blakemore is best known as a spearhead for global warming issues and having been ABC News ' Vatican Correspondent since 1970 . Jump up ^ Capo , John ( 2004 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Tailslate.net '' . Tailslate.net . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Cocks ; James Diedrick ; Glenn Perusek , eds. ( 2006 ) . Depth of Field : Stanley Kubrick , Film , and the Uses of History ( 1st ed . ) . Madison , Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0299216146 . Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , ch. 11 . Jump up ^ Rice , Julian ( 2008 ) . Kubrick 's Hope : Discovering Optimism from 2001 to Eyes Wide Shut . Scarecrow Press , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , p. 59 , Writing The Shining , essay by Diane Johnson . Jump up ^ `` James Howell Quotes '' . Famousquotesandauthors.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( June 18 , 2006 ) . `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . REELVIEWS.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollywood 's Stephen King by Tony Magistrale Palgrave Macmillan 2003 pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Kubrick by Michel Ciment , 1983 , Holt Rinehart Winston ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining Part 2 '' . Visual-memory.co.uk. 1921 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen , Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze , p. 206 - 207 Jump up ^ `` The Kubrick Site : Kubrick speaks in regard to ' The Shining ' '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Todd Alcott ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Todd Alcott : What Does the Protagonist Want ? '' . Todd Alcott . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 10 Most Outrageous Theories About What The Shining Really Means - Angela Watercutter 29 March 2013 Wired.com Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald ( 1 Aug 2011 ) . `` Spatial Awareness in The Shining '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Duke Nukem finally figures out what 's wrong in The Shining 's Overlook Hotel '' . Joystiq.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Xan ( 18 Oct 2012 ) . `` Shining a light inside Room 237 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Kate ( 29 Oct 2012 ) . `` How we made Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Movie Junk Archive : Stephen King 's The Shining Jump up ^ TV Guide , April 26 -- May 2 , 1997 Jump up ^ Among many other places , this is suggested in The Modern Weird Tale by S.T. Joshi , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . Timberline Lodge . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jr. , Thomas P. Deering , . `` Deering Thesis : Timberline Lodge Second Floor Plan '' . www.tomdeering.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How far away is the moon ? : : NASA Space Place '' . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Back . But What Does It Mean ? Aide to Kubrick on ' Shining ' Scoffs at ' Room 237 ' Theories '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze . Indiana University Press . p. 325 -- 326 . ISBN 0253213908 . Jump up ^ See Chapter 55 , That Which Was Forgotten . Jump up ^ King discusses this in an interview he gave at the time of the TV remake of The Shining in the New York Daily News `` The Shining By the Book '' . Jump up ^ Creepshows : The Illustrated Stephen King Movie Guide By Stephen Jones Published by Watson - Guptill , 2002 p. 20 Jump up ^ Magistrale , Tony . Stephen King : America 's Storyteller , p. 120 . ABC - CLIO , 2010 . ISBN 9780313352287 . See also novel , Chapter 26 , Dreamland . Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ DVD of The Shining TV mini-series directed by Mick Garris Studio : Warner Home Video DVD Release Date : January 7 , 2003 Jump up ^ p. 100 of Hollywood 's Stephen King By Tony Magistrale Published by Macmillan , 2003 Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen , Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze p. 203 , 209 , 214 Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Randy . Stanley Kubrick : Seven Films Analyzed p. 233 . McFarland . See novel 's Chapter 17 , The Doctor 's Office , and chapter 20 , Talking with Mr. Ullman Jump up ^ Rasmussen , 233 - 4 . See also novelChapter 16 , Danny . Jump up ^ Tony 's real identity is revealed in Chapter 54 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dale . American Nightmares : The Haunted House Formula in American Popular Fiction , p. 95 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 9780299268732 . See also the novel Chapter 5 , Phone Booth , and Chapter 6 , Night Thoughts . Jump up ^ Magistrale , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Jack 's disdain for Ullman is the main subject of Chapter 1 of the novel , setting up Jack 's authority issues . Jump up ^ p. 74 of Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation : Three Novels , Three Films by Greg Jenkins , published by McFarland , 1997 Jump up ^ Nelson , p. 200 , 206 , 210 Jump up ^ Rasmussen , 233 - 4 . See also novel Chapter 6 , Night Thoughts . ' Jump up ^ Clarke , Frederick ( 1996 ) . `` The Shining '' . Cinefastique. 28 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dale ( 1999 ) . American nightmares : the haunted house formula in American popular fiction . Popular Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 879727 - 89 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . Pages.prodigy.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's -- The Shining -- By Harlan Kennedy '' . Americancinemapapers.homestead.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cinema of the occult : new age , satanism , Wicca , and spiritualism in film , by Carrol Lee Fry , notes similarities to both the Jackson story and Poe 's The Fall of the House of Usher ( p. 230 ) . Jump up ^ The chapter is analyzed at length in Magistrale , Toney ( 1998 ) . Discovering Stephen King 's The shining : . Wildside Press . pp. 39 -- following . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55742 - 133 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining Adapted : An Interview with Diane Johnson '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` KevinBroome.com '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining ( 1980 ) Review '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Biodrowsky is a former editor of the print magazine Cinefantastique Jump up ^ `` ' Secret Window ' achieves horror with suspense , silence '' . Western Herald . 2004 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . `` The Shining '' has cemented a spot in horror pop culture . Jump up ^ Simon Hill . `` The Shining Review '' . Celluloid Dreams . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . This film has embedded itself in popular culture ... Jump up ^ Mark Blackwell ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Deep End : Christiane Kubrick '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Images from his films have made an indelible impression on popular culture . Think of ( ... ) Jack Nicholson sticking his head through the door saying ' Here 's Johnny ' in The Shining . Jump up ^ `` Shining tops screen horrors '' . BBC News . 2003 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . The scene in The Shining has become one of cinema 's iconic images ... Jump up ^ `` Stephen Chow 's `` Kungfu Hustle '' salutes to Kubrick 's `` The Shining '' ( in Chinese ) `` . 2004 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( May 10 , 1996 ) . `` Dorothy and Toto Had It Easier '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Mr. de Bont has the gleeful opportunity to stage an elaborate sequence at a drive - in theater playing `` The Shining '' , and then blow Mr. Nicholson 's famously evil grin right off the screen . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton took a ' Shining ' to Tweedledee and Tweedledum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy by Gary Westfahl states , `` While the scope of reference to fantastic fiction in The Simpsons is vast , there are two masters of the genre whose impact on The Simpson supersedes that of all others : Stanley Kubrick and Edgar Allan Poe . '' p. 1232 Jump up ^ `` The Family Dynamic '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2003 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Etched in Steele transcription '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Ritch ( 2008 ) . Gilmore girls and the politics of identity : Essays on Family and Feminism in the Television Series . McFarland . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3727 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gaffaweb - Kate Bush - THE GARDEN - Kate 's KBC article - Issue 12 ( Oct 1982 ) - About The Dreaming '' . Gaffa.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Katatonia -- Brave Murder Day '' . Hailmetal.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD , `` Making of The Kill music video '' -- Jared Leto and Matt Wachter talk about the song 's meaning . Jump up ^ Dirty Horror Spotlight : Slipknot Dirty Horror Posted January 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ 10 Great Pop Culture Homages To The Shining Flavorwire - Posted Sept 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Premier Inn ' horror ' ad banned from children 's network '' . BBC News . 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cage family reunites in Mortal Kombat X '' . Made For Gaming. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scream Queens tries to manufacture camp magic in `` Pumpkin Patch '' `` . www.avclub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ @ IGLevine ( 29 November 2014 ) . `` RT @ CanadianEm : @ IGLevine Did A Clockwork Orange inspire Bioshock in any way , shape or form ? -- - Not really , but : www.whorange.net/. a / 6a00e5506da997883301901e0ed31c970b - pi '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murthi , Vikram ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Movie : New TV Spot Features Bizarre ' Shining ' Reference We 're Sure Kids Will Understand & Enjoy '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills release ' Shining ' - inspired song featuring Sam Kubrick -- listen - News - Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills Celebrates The Shining Anniversary With Themed Track That Includes Stanley Kubrick 's Grandson ! - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heeeeere 's Lassie ! Psych 's James Roday Dishes on The Shining Tribute ; Plus , See Carlton Go Cray - Cray '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Psych : `` Heeeeere 's Lassie ! '' `` . 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Shining ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Shining ( film ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was opening scene of the shining filmed	[ "While most of the interior shots, and even some of the Overlook exterior shots, were shot on studio sets, a few exterior shots were shot on location by a second-unit crew headed by Jan Harlan. Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park, Montana was the filming location for the aerial shots of the opening scenes, with the Volkswagen Beetle driving along Going-to-the-Sun Road. The Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was filmed for a few of the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel; notably absent in these shots is the hedge maze, something the Timberline Lodge does not have." ]	[ "Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park, Montana" ]
-843571797122633103	Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)	Gaston ( Beauty and the Beast ) - wikipedia Gaston ( Beauty and the Beast ) This article is about the character . For the song , see Gaston ( song ) . Gaston Beauty and the Beast character Gaston in Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton Portrayed by Wolf Bauer ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Luke Evans ( 2017 ) Voiced by Richard White Gaston is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Voiced by American actor and singer Richard White , Gaston is an arrogant man whose unrequited feelings for the intellectual Belle drive him to murder his adversary , the Beast , once he realizes she cares for him instead . Gaston serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as vain as Gaston prior to his transformation . An original character who is not present in the Beauty and the Beast fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont upon which the film is based , Gaston was inspired by Avenant , a character filmmaker Jean Cocteau created specifically for his 1946 film adaptation of the story . Created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton , who based the character on some of the ex-boyfriends she dated in her past , Gaston was developed specifically for Disney 's adaptation of Beauty and the Beast because the studio felt that the film could benefit from a strong villain , who is lacking in the original fairy tale . As the character evolved from a nonthreatening aristocrat into an arrogant man relentlessly seeking Belle 's hand in marriage , Gaston ultimately replaced a female relative of Belle 's who the filmmakers had originally created to serve as the film 's villain . Both Disney and supervising animator Andreas Deja initially struggled with the concept of animating a handsome villain , which had never been attempted by the studio before . Deja ultimately based Gaston 's appearance on those of handsome soap opera actors in order to create a grotesque version of the Prince Charming stock character , while some of White 's own operatic mannerisms were incorporated into the character . Gaston both physically and emotionally embodies hypermasculinity . In direct contrast to his adversary the Beast , Gaston is depicted as handsome with an unattractive personality . Gaston has been generally positively received by film critics , although some of them dismissed the character as an inferior , less memorable villain than some of the studio 's previous efforts . Considered to be one of Disney 's most famous villains , Gaston is frequently ranked within the top - tens of Disney villain rankings released by several media publications . Contents 1 Development 1.1 Conception and writing 1.2 Voice and animation 2 Characteristics and themes 2.1 Inner beauty and superficiality 2.2 Masculinity and misogyny 3 Appearances 3.1 Films 3.2 Broadway musical 3.3 Miscellaneous 4 Reception and legacy 5 References Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) Gaston is one of several elements unique to Disney 's animated adaptation of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale , written by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont . Under Richard and Jill Purdum 's direction , Gaston originally resembled a `` foppish aristocrat '' as opposed to the strong , arrogant hunter he would ultimately be revised into ; The Huffington Post described early drafts of Gaston as `` a weaselly , sort of wimpy character '' . In fact , Gaston was originally intended to resemble more of an annoying than antagonistic character , while the main villainous role belonged to Belle 's aunt Marguerite instead , who plotted to force Belle into marrying Gaston . This version of Gaston was abandoned along with much of the original film treatment 's elements , including Marguerite , at the behest of Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg . An original character not present in the fairy tale , Gaston was based on Avenant , a character French filmmaker Jean Cocteau created for his 1946 live - action adaptation of the fairy tale . After Katzenberg insisted that development on the film be completely overhauled , the studio ultimately decided to incorporate elements from filmmaker Jean Cocteau 's 1946 film adaptation of the fairy tale into their own version of Beauty and the Beast . Gaston , a character who does not exist in the original fairy tale , was among several elements borrowed from the live - action version of the story , based on a character Cocteau himself had created specifically for his film : Avenant , portrayed by French actor Jean Marais who also plays the Beast in a duo role . Similar to Cocteau 's addition of Avenant , Gaston was created for the animated adaptation because Disney felt that the story could potentially benefit from a legitimate villain , which the original text lacks , in addition to instilling Beauty and the Beast with a more prominent element of danger . With Marguerite completely eliminated , Gaston replaced her and ultimately became a more formidable villain . Musicals in Film : A Guide to the Genre author Thomas S. Hischak observed that Gaston himself had been developed as `` a new kind of Disney villain '' because he is introduced as a harmless , comic individual who gradually changes and evolves into a much more sinister character as the film progresses . With its handsome villain and liberated heroine , both of whom had been developed into fully realized , multi-dimensional characters , finally established , Beauty and the Beast 's storyline began to solidify . However , some filmmakers continued to contest whether or not Gaston was actually a strong enough villain . In addition to eliminating Belle 's sisters , screenwriter and creator Linda Woolverton introduced Gaston as a `` blockheaded suitor '' for the heroine , basing the character on boyfriends she had dated in the past . Several darker elements originally conceived for the film were ultimately written out of the final version , among them the idea of Gaston himself first visiting the insane asylum in which he plans on imprisoning Belle 's father Maurice . After Woolverton re-wrote Belle into a more liberated Disney heroine , the animators struggled to realize the screenwriter 's vision and briefly depicted the character shoving Gaston into a closet after he proposes to her , an idea Woolverton strongly contested and fought to have written out of the film in favor of Belle rejecting her suitor 's proposal in a less `` bitchy '' way . During Gaston and the Beast 's climatic battle , the character was originally intended to yell `` Time to die ! '' to his opponent , but the writers ultimately replaced this line with `` Belle is mine ! '' in order to return some of the scene 's focus to the heroine of the story , over whom the two men are fighting . Additionally , Gaston 's death was originally intended to have resulted from him being eaten alive by wolves after surviving his fall from the Beast 's castle , suffering only a broken leg ; this idea was ultimately discarded and eventually resurrected for Scar 's death in The Lion King ( 1994 ) . The writers also briefly deliberated having Gaston kill himself once he realizes that Belle will never love him , but this idea was also quickly discarded . Small skulls were drawn in Gaston 's eyes as he descends from the Beast 's castle to confirm that he does , in fact , die from his fall . Voice and Animation ( edit ) Disney hosted an open casting call for the character , which several actors attended . Among the actors who auditioned for the role was Rupert Everett , who Disney decided not to cast because the filmmakers felt that he did not sound arrogant enough to voice such a proud character ; Everett would ultimately go on to voice Prince Charming , a similar character who appears in the Shrek film series , using the critique of not sounding arrogant enough to play Gaston to secure the role . American actor and opera singer Richard White was selected to voice Gaston . His initial audition was first recorded on audio cassette , a copy of which was then forwarded to Disney . White 's feature film debut , the actor recalled that lyricist and executive producer Howard Ashman guided him through discovering how he would approach voicing Gaston without telling him exactly how to do it , describing having the opportunity to voice a character like Gaston as `` freeing ... cathartic , in a way '' . Although White did not feel like it was necessary for him to physically `` become '' his character in order to voice him , in retrospect , he admits that he acted much more like Gaston during recording sessions . Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune compared White 's `` brash '' vocal performance to that of actor Howard Keel . Gaston was the first villain that supervising animator Andreas Deja animated for Disney . Deja originally struggled to realize executive Jeffrey Katzenberg 's vision of a handsome villain . Andreas Deja served as Gaston 's supervising animator . The first villainous character to whom Deja had been assigned by Disney , the animator immediately recognized that Gaston was unique in terms of Disney villains because he was not designed to frighten both the film 's hero and audience , as previous Disney villains had been . In the case of Gaston , Deja stated that viewers are unable to immediately decipher whether or not the character is actually an antagonist based on his physical appearance alone . White agreed that Gaston is `` full of himself , of course , but he 's not recognizably villainous '' until his opinions and expectations of Belle are further explored . Deja initially struggled with the idea of designing a `` supremely handsome '' villain , a specific instruction administered to him by Katzenberg , but he eventually grew to understand the concept upon studying the film 's underlying themes of not judging a book by its cover and `` deceptive appearances '' . Deja explained , `` I understood him from a story point of view , but visually was hard '' , and at times argued with Katzenberg over whether or not the character was handsome enough . Some Disney executives also shared Deja 's initial hesitation over the character 's appearance . Deja ultimately overcame his deliberations about the character 's appearance by modeling Gaston based on handsome soap opera actors , a creative decision Katzenberg approved of , explaining to the animator `` the story we 're trying to tell here is do n't judge a book by its cover , so Gaston has to have the opposite qualities of the Beast ... no one said it was going to be easy ! ' '' . White 's casting ultimately influenced Gaston 's design ; the animators adjusted the character 's appearance after hearing White 's operatic singing voice for the first time , making Gaston similarly operatic in his movements , gestures and mannerisms . According to White , Gaston 's early designs initially looked `` much more Brutish '' before the animators ultimately decided to go in a `` more beautiful '' direction , basing the character `` on a grotesque version '' of the Prince Charming character . Describing the design process as highly collaborative between actor and animator , White would record his lines while the animators drew his character , alternating back and forth for several months . This process allowed the animators to incorporate White 's acting performance into Gaston . Because White continued to perform on Broadway while working on Beauty and the Beast , Disney would accommodate his stage career by hiring a studio to work wherever he was located . White recalled , `` The experience is kind of like an actor 's sandbox . You 're in a room by yourself and are invited to be as creative as you can be . Anything you could imagine ... they could draw ! '' In his book Tradigital Animate CC : 12 Principles of Animation in Adobe Animate , author Stephen Brooks observed that Deja 's challenge `` was to let ( audiences ) know that Gaston is not as courageous as everyone says he is ... but also keep him a real and credible threat '' since he is a villain nonetheless . Both Gaston 's personality and physical appearance evolved dramatically during production over the course of two and a half years . Deja incorporated physical attributes of several of Disney 's `` classic '' villains into Gaston 's design , specifically the wide chest and square jawline of Captain Hook from Peter Pan ( 1953 ) . One particular challenge of animating a realistic - looking character like Gaston was the difficulty of having him express certain emotions that would not result in him looking too `` cartoony '' , but at the same time trying to instill the character 's performance with `` life '' . Gaston 's expressions were exaggerated to the point of which they exceeded normalcy , essentially `` overacting . '' Deja recalled that he was constantly `` walking a fine line by drawing and animating Gaston in subtle ways , yet he also had to be able to articulate emotions like arrogance , anger and evil . '' To make Gaston a multi-dimensional character , Deja worked to incorporate various `` expressions - the sarcasm , the broadness and the expressiveness - that the handsome leading man seldom gets to show '' . According to Den of Geek 's Simon Brew , Gaston is `` animated really carefully , as it would have been easy to slip , and allow us to see the less jovial , more sinister side of his character earlier . '' Deja maintains `` a real discipline here in holding Gaston back , to let the audience hook into him , before allowing his gradual slide . '' Deja also exaggerated Gaston 's proportions to help audiences believe that the character could actually physically face the beast head - on . In terms of research , Deja sought inspiration from male Los Angeles residents who constantly adore themselves , observing them as they fix their hair and admire themselves in mirrors , explaining , `` It was fun to observe them and bring some of that attitude to Gaston . '' Creating the character 's chest hair , which he exposes during his performance of `` Gaston '' , was a fiercely debated subject among animators . Deja described early renditions of the character 's chest hair as `` peculiar '' in design because of the way in which it was combed , `` from the inside out . '' The final version was decided via a contest , in which the animators vied to determine who could best design Gaston 's chest hair . Colors were used to indicate characters ' emotions and affiliations in the film ; while Gaston is dressed in red to represent evil , Belle and the Beast wear blue to depict goodness . Following Gaston 's success , Deja would develop a reputation of animating Disney villains , continuing with Jafar from Aladdin ( 1992 ) and Scar from The Lion King ( 1994 ) . Characteristics and themes ( edit ) Inner Beauty and superficiality ( edit ) Gaston is depicted as a very narcissistic , self - centered and superficial individual , motivated by extreme jealousy . Identified as the film 's villain by the Orlando Sentinel 's Joy Boyar , Gaston is not ugly in appearance , nor does he realize that he himself is a villain until approximately midway through the film and during `` The Mob Song '' , a musical number he uses to convince his loyal followers to storm the Beast 's castle and kill him , although traces of his villainy are first hinted after he proposes to Belle . Simon Brew of Den of Geek attributes Gaston 's increasing villainy to `` his raging jealousy and insecurity '' that ultimately `` transforms him into the story 's antagonist '' after he finally succumbs to `` circumstance ( s ) of his life '' . The character 's villainy peaks after he attempts to have Maurice incarcerated , although his transformation remains far from complete . Further distinguishing Gaston from the villains in Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) and Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) , respectively , the character does not undergo a hideous physical transformation before he dies . Mania. com 's Rob Vaux observed that Gaston is `` small - minded '' in comparison to other Disney villains because his ideas tend to resemble those of school bullies , particularly one whose ego has been inflated `` by the people around him '' , as opposed to `` grand schemes '' ; the character has no known desire to conquer the world , lacking ambitions beyond simply marrying the woman he is attracted to . The character is also void of both magical powers and political influence . The Huffington Post 's Lauren Duca agreed that Gaston is `` more aggressively intolerable than horrifying . '' Beloved by nearly every character in the film , most of whom revere him as the town 's most eligible bachelor , Decent Films film critic Steven D. Greydanus agreed that Gaston initially resembles `` merely the ultimate dumb jock '' . Gaston 's bodybuilder physique serves as a deliberate exaggeration upon `` the stereotyped image of male beauty '' ; The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold compared the character 's appearance to actors Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger , while the Chicago Tribune 's Gene Siskel described him as a `` Robert Goulet clone on steroids . '' Tradigital Animate CC : 12 Principles of Animation in Adobe Animate author Stephen Brooks likened Gaston 's exaggerated facial expressions to the way in which people `` give away their lies as they try to overcompensate . '' According to From Mouse to Mermaid : The Politics of Film , Gender , and Culture author Elizabeth Bell , Gaston `` functions ... to contrast to the Beast '' , whose personality ultimately helps make the Beast a more appealing hero despite the latter character 's own flaws . While the Beast maintains `` a heart of gold '' despite being hideous in appearance , Gaston boasts a handsome exterior but remains `` rotting on the inside '' ; the Beast risks becoming like Gaston on the inside if he fails to change his ways . Gaston represents `` the difference between outward beauty and beauty of the soul '' , one of the film 's central themes . The fact that Gaston 's cruel nature is not mirrored by his handsome exterior `` further emphasiz ( es ) the film 's message about inner beauty . '' A visual reference to the Beast 's `` half - man , half - animal '' appearance , Gaston 's body is temporarily attached to a pig 's head when he falls into a large mud puddle upon having his marriage proposal rejected by Belle . Ultimately , although Gaston mortally wounds the Beast , he is still unable to kill the human who continues to thrive within him . In the end , Gaston becomes the monster the Beast was originally depicted as , and his failure `` to transform into a New Man '' ultimately results in his own death . At the same time , Gaston 's cowardice is demonstrated by his decision to stab the Beast in the back immediately after the reformed creature offers him a choice to walk away unharmed . From very early during the film , audiences are led to expect that Gaston 's obsession with Belle will eventually drive him to battle the Beast , Belle 's love interest and protector . Despite their obvious differences , Gaston and the Beast boast several similarities , namely their shared interest in Belle -- Gaston 's climatic fight with the Beast is driven by the fact that both characters are in love with the same person , albeit differently -- exaggerated musculature , and respective goals motivated by their own insecurities . Additionally , both characters use Belle 's loyalty to her father to manipulate her . The scene in which Gaston sits in his large chair in the village tavern is a reference to him and the Beast 's similarities . Decorated with fur and horns , Gaston 's chair resembles the Beast when viewed from behind . In his book The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook , author Jerry Griswold observed that `` given the dramatic contrast between Gaston and the Beast ... the title of the film may actually refer to them alone . '' In her book Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works , author Phyllis Frus observed that the villain 's subtle , entirely non-physical transformation into a more demonic version of himself forces the character to suffer a `` loss of humanity '' , in the end justifying his ultimate death . By the end of the film , Gaston has essentially traded places with the Beast , the latter of whom was originally depicted as the story 's antagonist . Frus elaborated , `` few viewers predict that '' Gaston `` will finish the film snarling like an animal ... before falling to his death '' , concluding that the character `` does not need to magically turn into a beast at the end because , as a male , he is already ' beastly ' . '' Masculinity and misogyny ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast parodies the idea of excessive masculinity , a trait shared by both Gaston and the Beast . Obsessed with his own virility , Gaston shares several opinions associated with `` the hyper - masculine male '' , boasting many `` traditionally heroic '' qualities and beliefs . Representing `` everything that can go wrong in the heterosexual male '' according to The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold , Gaston is essentially a caricature of hypermasculinity ; he proudly hunts , drinks , fights , spits , bullies and lies in addition to being shallow and ignorant , exuding what are considered to be some of the worst masculine traits . Gaston intimidates and threatens anyone opposed to his ideas , and actively attends male social gatherings via which he can exercise his `` alpha male '' status . Extremely egotistical , Gaston appears to pride himself as the greatest at any task he attempts . Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun wrote , `` at the foundation of ( Gaston ) 's personality is something that is merely hinted at in conventional star personas : an overweening vanity . He 's in love with the face in the mirror , and the pathology of male vanity is a very ' 90s idea . '' Gaston is Disney 's most chauvinistic villain to - date , although this trait is approached with humor , making him at times a comic relief character early on , unlike Disney 's previous villains . According to Yahoo ! Movies ' Will Perkins , Gaston believes that `` he 's God 's gift to women and the world . '' Referred to as a personification of misogyny , Gaston is accustomed to acquiring anything he desires , and believes he deserves to marry Belle only because she is considered to be the most beautiful girl in his hometown , and thus `` the best . '' According to Practicing Passion : Youth and the Quest for a Passionate Church author Kenda Creasy Dean , the character `` only understands love as self - fulfillment , which allows him to perpetrate domination , viciousness and violence '' in pursuit of it . Greg Garrett , author of The Gospel According to Hollywood , determined that Gaston serves as `` a reminder that what the world loves is not worth emulating '' . Determined to win Belle as a trophy wife , Gaston never attains her ; the character 's ego is sorely bruised when his vision of a provincial life is threatened by Belle 's rejection , only augmenting his determination to marry her at whatever cost , and bringing his insecurities to the forefront for the first time . Gaston fails to understand Belle 's passion for reading . Gaston effectively uses his charm , good looks and a fabricated image of the Beast to rally the entire village against his opponent , demonstrating his ability to convince others that he is a gentleman despite never actually having shown concern for anyone other than himself ; only Belle remains unfazed by Gaston 's facade and uncovers his true nature , further highlighting the heroine 's strength and independence . Opposed to the idea of women reading , Gaston believes that he 'll be able to `` cure '' Belle of her thirst for intellect after marrying her , although at the same time these same passions appear to heighten his interest in her . The film makes sure that Gaston 's opinions about women are viewed as little more than `` boorish '' ; Woolverton wanted Gaston to teach young boys `` how not to treat women '' . As a strong leader , Gaston is able to convince a large following to do as he commands and trigger conformity and bigotry in others , although he remains incapable of implementing such ideas on his own . Richard Corliss of Time observed that the character 's `` bigotry , for wanting to marry Belle because she 's the prettiest girl in town ... corrodes into malevolence when he consigns Belle 's eccentric father to an asylum and leads the ignorant villagers on a torches - and - pitchforks crusade , '' which has been compared to scenes from the horror film Frankenstein ( 1931 ) . Brett Seegmiller of Medium compared Gaston 's leadership skills to those of German politician Adolf Hitler because he combines `` a call to action with the command to follow him ... after he 's whetted our appetites for some action . '' Additionally , author Jerry Griswold wrote in his book The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook that Gaston 's hypermasculinity potentially `` amounts to a resistance to his own homosexuality '' ( after all , he is in love with himself ) , comparing him to Lester Burnham 's homophobic neighbor in the film American Beauty ( 1999 ) . Toying with gender expectations , Gaston 's masculinity is depicted as ridiculous , while Belle becomes drawn to the Beast 's `` gentle vulnerability '' . The Beast gifting Belle a library further emphasizes the differences between the two male characters because Gaston frowns upon reading , accusing the activity of giving women ideas and allowing them to think for themselves as opposed to solely bearing children . Ultimately , Gaston and the Beast embody bad and good masculinity , respectively ; the characters are used `` to play the New Age sensitive man off against the macho man , '' according to Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature author John Stephens . Appearances ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Gaston debuted in Beauty and the Beast as an arrogant hunter who is determined to marry Belle , whom he considers to be the village 's most beautiful woman . However , she refuses his proposal when he throws a wedding party without her prior knowledge . Belle is the only one in town who actually dislikes Gaston for the person he is inside . Thoroughly humiliated , he sulks , but when her father Maurice shows up saying that she has been captured by a hideous Beast , he comes up with the idea of having him thrown into an insane asylum , unless Belle agrees to marry him . His plan fails when Belle proves the Beast does exist , and she says that he is her friend , and that he is a better person than Gaston . He becomes jealous , snaps , and decides to gather a band of villagers to kill the Beast , playing off their fears that the Beast might wreak havoc on their village . In the ensuing fight , he shoots the Beast with an arrow and beats him down , taunting him about his appearance , and still refusing to believe that Belle will not marry him . The Beast has no heart to fight until he sees that Belle came back for him , at which point he easily overpowers Gaston and intends to kill him . However , when Gaston begs for his life , the Beast decides to be the better man and have mercy , and climbs back up to Belle . Ungrateful and unrepentant , Gaston stabs the Beast in the back when he sees him embracing Belle , but loses his balance when the Beast swings his arm backwards at him ; consequently , Gaston falls to his death . Gaston appears in the 2017 remake as played by Welsh actor Luke Evans . During an interview with Empire magazine , Evans said that Gaston would retain his hunter background , yet would also be a former soldier in the French army . He also implied that this version of Gaston is darker than the original . In the film , Gaston plays out the same role as in the animated movie , though with a few differences . Bored with his peaceful life after returning from the war , Gaston pursues Belle , determined to marry her , as she is the most beautiful girl in the village and the only one good enough for him . He also finds her independence to be a thrilling challenge , and shows obvious disgust with the bimbettes who constantly fawn over him purely because of his appearance . He accosts her at her home , subtly offering his hand in marriage for when Maurice dies , but she turns him down . Gaston sulks in the tavern until LeFou cheers him up with a song . Maurice appears , claiming that Belle has been imprisoned by the Beast . Intrigued , Gaston offers to help Maurice free her as means of gaining both Maurice and Belle 's favor . Gaston comes to doubt Maurice 's claims and reveals the only reason for helping him was so he could give Gaston Belle 's hand in marriage . When Maurice refuses to allow Gaston to marry Belle , Gaston ties him to a tree , leaving him to the wolves . He hopes by doing this , it would coerce Belle into marrying him , as he tells Lefou that after Maurice dies there will be no one to take care of Belle except for him . Maurice later accuses Gaston of his crime , but Gaston fools the people into thinking Maurice is mad and arranges for him to be locked up in the asylum . He privately offers to put a stop to it if he lets him marry Belle , but Maurice still refuses . When Belle turns up and proves the Beast 's existence with the mirror , Gaston 's jealousy drives him to rally the people to storm the castle and kill the Beast , but not before he orders Tom , Dick , and Stanley to lock Belle alongside her father to prevent her from warning the Beast . He confronts the Beast alone and shoots him in the back . Belle appears and the Beast fights back , holding Gaston over a chasm , but Gaston begs for mercy and is spared . Instead of leaving , Gaston stands on a nearby stone bridge and shoots the Beast again , this time fatally . In response to the Beast 's life fading , the castle begins to crumble and the bridge where Gaston is standing breaks into pieces , sending Gaston falling to his death . Unlike in the animated movie , Gaston 's death is shown onscreen . Broadway musical ( edit ) Gaston appears in Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , which premiered at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on April 18 , 1994 . The role was originated by actor Burke Moses , who received a nomination for a Drama Desk Award and won a Theatre World Award . Besides the songs `` Belle '' , `` Gaston '' , and `` Kill the Beast '' ( which were from the Disney movie ) , Gaston performs `` Me '' ( in which he self - centeredly proposes to Belle ) , `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' ( which was expanded to have Gaston and Lefou sing about his wicked plan , with Gaston also admitting he `` wo n't feel the least bit remorseful '' so long as it works ) , and `` Maison de Lunes '' ( in which he recruits the asylum owner to have Maurice committed ) . In the Melbourne stage production of the film , he was played by Hugh Jackman . Notable actors who have played the role on Broadway include Burke Moses , Marc Kudisch , Christopher Sieber , and Donny Osmond . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Gaston is also featured in the Marvel Comics serial for Beauty and the Beast , taking place during Belle 's stay at the castle . He generally served as comic relief and effectively the `` protagonist '' of the village B - stories , where he is trying to come up with some scheme to get Belle to marry him , only for the triplets to interfere and sabotage his plans in order to get him to focus on them over Belle . He also appears in an expanded role in Serena Valentino 's 2014 book The Beast Within : A Tale Of Beauty 's Prince , which takes place prior to the start of the original film . In the novel , Gaston and the Beast are portrayed as childhood friends , with the curse erasing Gaston 's memory of the prince . He has a brief cameo in the fourth Kingdom Keepers book , where he alongside Prince John and Horned King were present with the Overtakers at Tom Sawyer Island . He also had a section dedicated to himself in the tongue - in - cheek book Villain Files alongside the other Disney Villains , with it implying that his meeting Belle was during archery practice . He also was in Descendants : Isle of the Lost , the tie - in novel to Descendants , where he haves three sons , two whom he evidently named after himself due to his egomania . They also shared his egomania to some extent , but were comparatively kinder than their father . Gaston has appeared in the television series Disney 's House of Mouse , and was voiced again by White . The character also makes sporadic appearances in Sing Me a Story with Belle , mostly acting as a comedic foil , always stating `` No one ( insert action ) like Gaston ! '' while walking by , rudely interrupting people 's conversations and this phrase is frequently used as rip - offs by other characters . A live - action version of Gaston appears in two episodes of the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time , in which he is first portrayed by Sage Brocklebank and later by Wes Brown . The first was in the first season , where he was Belle 's fiancé and attempted to save Belle from Rumplestiltskin , but got transfigured into a rose . The second time was in the fifth season , where he befriended Belle . He was depicted in a more lighter manner compared to the original movie , where it is implied that his love for Belle was genuine . He is included in the 1993 video game adaptations Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest and Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast . Although he acted as the main antagonist for both games , he also acted as an ally character in the former , using his strength to help in a task early in the game . In the Disney Princess video game , he acts as the main antagonist of Belle 's chapter . Like in the film , he attempts to rabblerouse the villagers into attacking the castle . This time , however , he simply tries to convince the villagers the castle was evil and of dark magic , and thus needed to be destroyed , and to that end tried to abduct Mrs. Potts , Chip , Cogsworth , and Lumiere to act as proof . However , Belle outsmarted him . He also had a mention in Kinect Disneyland Adventures , and also appeared briefly as a disguise for the villain Misrabel in Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion . Gaston also appears as a non-playable character in the Kingdom Hearts video game Kingdom Hearts χ as an antagonist who controls an army of Heartless . Reception and Legacy ( edit ) Gaston has received generally favorable reviews from film critics . Simon Brew of Den of Geek was very receptive towards the character : `` thanks to a mix of humour , believable character development , compelling motivation and the excellent voicing work of Richard White ( proving you do n't need a big movie star on voice duties ) , he 's an utterly compelling antagonist , and an extremely interesting one . '' Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman hailed Gaston as `` a wonderful character '' , while The Daily Beast lauded the character as `` a triumphantly funny villain '' . The New York Times ' Janet Maslin described Gaston 's `` fatuousness '' as `` well conveyed '' while praising White 's performance , writing that the actor `` do ( es ) wonders in bringing ... Gaston to life . '' Writing for IndieWire , Drew Taylor felt the fact that Gaston is `` a strapping cad '' as opposed to a witch or hideous creature contributes to making the film `` a wholly unique experience '' . Reviewing the film 25 years after its original theatrical release , Creative Loafing 's Matt Brunson admitted that he `` never grow ( s ) tired of watching the boorish Gaston '' . The Seattle Times ' John Hartl called White `` hilarious '' as Gaston . However , critical opinions of Gaston have been rather lackluster in comparison to those of other , more acclaimed Disney villains ; reviewers generally prefer Scar , Maleficent and Jafar . While dubbing Gaston 's characterization `` one of the movie 's cleverest touches '' , at the same time Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun felt that the character lacks the charisma of some of Disney 's earlier female villains , namely the Evil Queen and Cruella de Vil from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) and One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1964 ) , respectively . Times ' Richard Corliss called Gaston `` a way - too - handsome galoot '' and `` Dudley Do - Right gone wrong . '' Hal Hinson of The Washington Post felt that Gaston was `` overbearing '' because `` everything about him is comically exaggerated and satirized to the point that you feel as if the cleft in his chin might swallow you whole . '' In her book From Mouse to Mermaid : The Politics of Film , Gender , and Culture , author Elizabeth Bell reviewed Gaston as a `` Chauvinist Pig , the kind that would turn the women of any primetime talkshow audience into beasts themselves . '' Similarly , The Media and the Models of Masculinity author Mark Moss accused the character of uttering `` the most anachronistic nonsense heard on the screen for quite some time . '' JoBlo.com reviewed Gaston as an `` inferior villain '' , writing , `` While White 's performance is terrific , the character itself is ultimately basic and bland . '' Jaime N. Christley of Slant Magazine dismissed the character as juvenile and little more than the film `` reducing every aspect of its source material to the level a kindergartner would understand '' . Film critic Roger Ebert described Gaston as too `` insufferable '' as he `` degenerates ... from a chauvinist pig to a sadistic monster '' , but at the same time cited White among the film 's `` gifted cast '' . Gaston is considered to be one of Disney 's `` classic '' villains , as well as one of the studio 's most famous . Prior to Gaston 's debut , virtually every Disney villain before him had been unattractive in appearance ; Den of Geek writer Simon Brew holds Gaston accountable for changing the reputation of future Disney villains . The character 's villainy tends to resonate with audiences more than those of other Disney villains because fans can often identify someone similar to him in real life . Medium contributor Brett Seegmiller strongly believes that `` Gaston is one of the best villains in the Disney canon '' because audiences both respect and fear him , as well as the best leader in his opinion . MTV crowned Gaston `` Disney 's smarmiest villain '' , while Thomas S. Hischak , author of Musicals in Film : A Guide to the Genre , dubbed him `` one of Disney 's most fiendish human villains '' . Crowning the character the `` Most Terrifying Disney Villain of All '' , Bustle 's Mary Grace Garis praised Gaston 's depiction of a misogynistic villain : `` because Gaston is the walking embodiment of patriarchy at its most comically aggressive , anyone ... from a 3 - year - old to a 23 - year - old can look at him and be like , ' THAT . That 's the enemy . ' , '' with Gaston being easier to relate to than other Disney villains due to him lacking `` magic power or political influence '' and being `` just your everyday alpha - male trying to mansplain to you when you 're just trying to live your life '' . Gaston frequently appears within the top - tens of Disney villain rankings organized by various media publications ; however , he is usually placed closer towards the middle of these countdowns and seldom ranks number one . E ! ranked the character the sixth best Disney villain . TVOvermind also ranked Gaston sixth despite his lack of magical powers `` because of his overwhelming douchebaggery '' whose `` general intolerance makes for a terrific villain . '' On The Huffington Post 's `` Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains '' , Gaston was featured at number eight , while About.com placed the character ninth on a similar list . Yahoo ! Movies included Gaston at number 11 on their ranking of `` the 12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best '' , awarding him `` points for not only being a huge jerk , but for also trying to blackmail Belle into marrying him ... and for leading a mob to kill Beast . '' According to the Orlando Sentinel , Gaston is the 12th greatest Disney villain . Meanwhile , on Babble 's list of `` The Top 15 Disney Villains Ranked from Bad to Worst '' , which ranked the characters based on scariness , Gaston was placed 10th . CNN agreed that Gaston is one of `` Disney 's scariest villains '' , writing , `` the only thing worse than a cocky , demanding guy who ca n't take a hint is a cocky , demanding guy who organizes a mob to kill your boyfriend '' , concluding , `` He may not have looked scary , but he was obviously the movie 's real beast . '' Featured among Collider 's `` 9 Most Wicked Animated Villains '' , contributor Matt Goldberg hailed Gaston as `` a delightful caricature of an idiotic jock . '' Facetiously , Beamly considers Gaston to be among `` 8 Disney villains who are better than the heroes '' for catching their attention despite being an `` awful and sexist '' character . Moviefone was less receptive towards the character , ranking him 25th out of 30 on their list of the `` Top Disney Villains of All Time '' . Oh My Disney ranked Gaston 's line `` The most beautiful girl in town , that makes her the best ! And do n't I deserve the best ? '' the ninth most sinister quote uttered by a Disney villain . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Frus , Phyllis ; Williams , Christy ( 2010 ) . Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works . United States : McFarland . p. 179 . 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Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garis , Mary Grace ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Why Gaston Remains the Most Terrifying Disney Villain of All '' . Bustle . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Duca , Lauren ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Greg ( 2007 ) . `` Grace and Redemption '' . The Gospel According to Hollywood . United States : Westminster John Knox Press . p. 102 . ISBN 9780664230524 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` History Revisited '' . The Media and the Models of Masculinity . United States : Lexington Books . p. 92 . ISBN 9780739166277 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Elizabeth ; Haas , Lynda ; Sells , Laura ( 1995 ) . `` The Curse of Masculinity '' . From Mouse to Mermaid : The Politics of Film , Gender , and Culture . United States : Indiana University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 9780253209788 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Griswold , Jerry ( 2004 ) . The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook . Canada : Broadview Press . p. 244 . ISBN 9781551115634 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` ` Beauty And The Beast ` Has A Song In Its Heart '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , James ( 2008 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Reel Parables : Life Lessons from Popular Films . United States : Paulist Press . p. 81 . ISBN 9780809144587 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Bellin , Joshua David ( 2005 ) . Framing Monsters : Fantasy Film and Social Alienation . United States : SIU Press . p. 181 . ISBN 9780809326242 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Kenda Creasy ( 2004 ) . Practicing Passion : Youth and the Quest for a Passionate Church . United States : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 9780802847126 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Lind , Rebecca Ann ( 2016 ) . Race and Gender in Electronic Media : Content , Context , Culture . United States : Routledge . ISBN 9781317266129 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Nusair , David . `` Who Are the Top 10 Disney Villains of All Time ? '' . About.com . About.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stoner , Mark ; Perkins , Sally J ( 2015 ) . `` Feminist Approaches '' . Making Sense of Messages : A Critical Apprenticeship in Rhetorical Criticism . United Kingdom : Routledge . p. 269 . ISBN 9781317351054 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Stephen ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` ' BEAUTY and the BEAST ' Stunning animation fills characters with life '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Animated Disney Villains '' . Box Office Scoop . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Ranking the 12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Katherine ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` 20 Best Disney Villains Of All Time , Ranked '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Candice ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` Timeless Tale Taps Deep Emotions '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast 3D Movie Review '' . The Diva Review . The Diva Review.com . January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's 9 Most Wicked Animated Villains '' . Collider.com . Complex Media Inc . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoose , Bob . `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Plugged In . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flick , Timothy . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D '' . Christian Answers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seegmiller , Brett ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Does the Mob Song from Beauty and the Beast prove that Gaston is the best Disney villain ? '' . Medium . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Gaston never gets much love as a Disney villain . The Top 10 lists of the greats Disney villains always have Gaston somewhere in the middle , but never as the number one baddie . Everyone always seems to go for Scar , Maleficent , or Jafar , but those villains never scared me in the way that Gaston did . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast in 3 - D : Still an Enchantment '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 1991 ) '' . ReelViews . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swilder , Ann ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Codes , Contexts and Institutions '' . Talk of Love : How Culture Matters . United States : University of Chicago Press . p. 164 . ISBN 9780226786902 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales . England : OUP Oxford . ISBN 9780191004162 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stephens , John ( 2013 ) . `` Masculinity as Social Semiotic '' . Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature . United Kingdom : Routledge . p. 128 . ISBN 9781135363918 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Lyrics : `` Mob Song '' from Beauty and the Beast Jump up ^ Evans ' Gaston in New ' Beauty and the Beast ' Photo Jump up ^ `` Broadway Premiere '' . Broadway Musical Home . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Culwell - Block , Logan ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Where Are the Stars of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Now ? '' . Playbill . Philip S. Birsh . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Us Magazine Celebrity Bios : Hugh Jackman Jump up ^ `` The Beast Within : A Tale Of Beauty 's Prince '' . Amazon.com . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaston '' . Kingdom Hearts Insider . KHInsider . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( November 15 , 1991 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ames , Katrine ; Ansen , David ( November 17 , 1991 ) . `` Just The Way Walt Made ' Em '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 13 , 1991 ) . `` Review / Film ; Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Updated in Form and Content '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast 3D ' Is The Same Great Movie , With Some Added 3D Charm '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cat People , Free State of Jones , Twin Peaks among new home entertainment titles '' . Creative Loafing . Womack Newspapers , Inc . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hartl , John ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` A Classic Feel Already -- Voices , Visuals Fit Superbly In Disney 's ` Beast ' '' . The Seattle times . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bolton , H. Phillip ( 2000 ) . Women Writers Dramatized : A Calendar of Performances from Narrative Works Published in English to 1900 . United States : A&C Black . p. 193 . ISBN 9780720121179 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Review : Beauty and the Beast 3D '' . JoBlo.com . January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christley , Jaime N ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Roger Ebert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick . `` 11 Classic Disney Villains , Ranked By How Well They 'd Survive In Jail '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ; Mullins , Jenna ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` All of the Disney Villains , Ranked '' . E !. E ! Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures : Best Disney villains '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burdette , Kacy ; Respers , Lisa ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's scariest villains '' . CNN . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sophie ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` 8 Disney villains who are better than the heroes '' . Beamly . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Black , Jonny ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Top Disney Villains of All Time '' . Moviefone . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE DEFINITIVE RANKING OF THE MOST SINISTER DISNEY VILLAIN QUOTES '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaston_(Beauty_and_the_Beast)&oldid=854513225 '' Categories : Animated human characters Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) characters Disney animated villains Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional hunters Kingdom Hearts characters Male characters in film Narcissism in fiction Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voiced gaston in beauty and the beast 1991	[ "Gaston is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast (1991). Voiced by American actor and singer Richard White, Gaston is an arrogant man whose unrequited feelings for the intellectual Belle drive him to murder his adversary, the Beast, once he realizes she cares for him instead. Gaston serves as a foil personality to the Beast, who was once as vain as Gaston prior to his transformation.\n" ]	[ "American actor and singer Richard White" ]
6630194048485209838	Stop and identify statutes	Stop and identify statutes - wikipedia Stop and identify statutes Jump to : navigation , search States ( colored red ) in which Stop and Identify statutes are in effect as of February 20th , 2013 . `` Stop and identify '' statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime . If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , is being committed , or is about to be committed , an individual is not required to provide identification , even in `` Stop and ID '' states . In the case of Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer 's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law , but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant . Therefore , the pre-existing warrant `` attenuated '' the unlawful stop - and - identify . The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) established that it is constitutionally permissible for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , and to conduct a search for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed . The question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police to demand that a detainee provide his or her name was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 ( 2004 ) , which held that the name disclosure did not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures . The Hiibel Court also held that , because Hiibel had no reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him , the name disclosure did not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination ; however , the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment right might apply in situations where there was a reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating . The Court accepted the Nevada supreme court interpretation of the Nevada statute that a detained person could satisfy the Nevada law by simply stating his name . The Court did not rule on whether particular identification cards could be required , though it did mention one state law requiring `` credible and reliable '' identification had been struck down for vagueness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Police -- citizen encounters 1.1 Consensual 1.2 Reasonable Suspicion 1.3 Arrest 2 Obligation to identify 2.1 Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws 2.2 Interaction with other laws 2.3 Interpretation by courts 2.4 Recommendations of legal - aid organizations 3 Other countries 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Police -- citizen encounters ( edit ) In the United States , interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories : consensual ( `` contact '' or `` conversation '' ) , detention ( often called a Terry stop , after Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) ) , or arrest . `` Stop and identify '' laws pertain to detentions . Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles , who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver 's license to police upon request . Consensual ( edit ) At any time , police may approach a person and ask questions . The objective may simply be a friendly conversation ; however , the police also may suspect involvement in a crime , but lack `` specific and articulable facts '' that would justify a detention or arrest , and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning . The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions , and may leave at any time . Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business ; however , a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking , `` Am I free to go ? '' Reasonable suspicion ( edit ) A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave . Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed , is committing , or is about to commit a crime . Many state laws explicitly grant this authority . In Terry v. Ohio , the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons ( known as a `` frisk '' ) if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous . Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop , but in general , the detainee is not required to answer . However , many states have `` stop and identify '' laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police , and in some cases , provide additional information . Before Hiibel , it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name . Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal , and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question . In Hiibel , the Court held , in a 5 -- 4 decision , that a Nevada `` stop and identify '' law did not violate the United States Constitution . The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification , but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name . Some `` stop and identify '' laws do not require that a detainee identify himself , but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest . In some states , providing a false name is an offense . As of February 2011 , the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name , however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name . Arrest ( edit ) Main article : Arrest A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity . However , to make an arrest , an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime . Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest . But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest . After making an arrest , police may search a person , his or her belongings , and his or her immediate surroundings . Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs . If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him , they are required to inform the person of his Fifth - Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning . However , Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking . It is not clear whether a `` stop and identify '' law could compel giving one 's name after being arrested , although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information , and some state courts have held that refusal to give one 's name constitutes obstructing a public officer . As a practical matter , an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release . Obligation to identify ( edit ) States with `` stop and identify '' laws Alabama Ala . Code § 15 - 5 - 30 Arizona Ari. Rev. Stat . Tit. 13 , § 2412 ( enacted 2005 ) & Tit. 28 , § 1595 Arkansas Ark . Code Ann . ( 1 ) § 5 - 71 - 213 - Loitering Colorado Colo . Rev. Stat. § 16 - 3 - 103 ( 1 ) Delaware Del . Code Ann. , Tit. 11 , § § 1902 , 1321 ( 6 ) Florida Fla . Stat . § 901.151 ( Stop and Frisk Law ) ; § 856.021 ( 2 ) ( loitering and prowling ) Georgia Ga . Code Ann . § 16 - 11 - 36 ( b ) ( loitering ) Illinois Ill . Comp . Stat. , ch. 725 , § 5 / 107 - 14 Indiana Indiana Code § 34 - 28 - 5 - 3.5 Kansas Kan . Stat . Ann . § 22 - 2402 ( 1 ) Louisiana La . Code Crim . Proc. Ann. , Art . 215.1 ( A ) ; La . Rev. Stat. 14 : 108 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( c ) Missouri ( Kansas City Only ) Mo . Rev. Stat. § 84.710 ( 2 ) Montana Mont . Code Ann . § 46 - 5 - 401 Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29 - 829 Nevada Nev . Rev. Stat . § 171.123 New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 594 : 2 , § 644 : 6 New Mexico N.M. Stat . Ann . § 30 - 22 - 3 New York N.Y. Crim . Proc. Law § 140.50 North Dakota N.D. Cent . Code § 29 - 29 - 21 ( PDF ) Ohio Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.29 ( enacted 2006 ) Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 12 - 7 - 1 Utah Utah Code Ann . § 77 - 7 - 15 Vermont Vt . Stat . Ann. , Tit. 24 , § 1983 Wisconsin Wis . Stat . § 968.24 States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers . Some states listed have `` Stop and ID '' laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention . While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to `` demand '' ID , there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to , hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state ( Henes v. Morrissey ) . Annotations for Wisconsin § 968.24 , however , state `` The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so '' , citing Hiibel as authority . Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that `` A crime is made up of two parts : proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty . `` The former without the latter is no crime ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer , and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself . This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled `` Commencement of Criminal Proceedings . By its very terms sec . 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question `` in the vicinity where the person was stopped . '' The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest . '' Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name is n't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self is n't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty . Neither is Illinois , since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez , 2011 IL App ( 2d ) 100473 , which specifically states that section 107 - 14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 , not the Criminal Code of 1961 , and governs the conduct of police officers . The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself . By contrast , in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 , 181 ( 2004 ) , a Nevada statute ( Nev . Rev. Stat. § 171.123 ( 2003 ) ) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop `` shall identify himself . '' The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional . As of February 2011 , there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop , but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws , provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement , and 24 states have done so . The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional `` stop and identify '' laws listed are obligated to identify themselves , and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not . The issue may not be that simple , however , for several reasons : The wording of `` stop and identify '' laws varies considerably from state to state . Noncompliance with a `` stop and identify '' law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . State courts have made varying interpretations of both `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws . Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws ( edit ) Four states ' laws ( Arizona , Indiana , Louisiana , and Nevada ) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information . Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions , with varying wording , but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond : In Montana , police `` may request '' identifying information ; In Ohio , identifying information may be required `` when requested '' ; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing , has committed , or is about to commit a criminal offense , is witness to a felony offense , or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a felony offense ; In 12 states ( Alabama , Delaware , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Utah , Wisconsin ) , police `` may demand '' identifying information . Of note , though , in New Hampshire for example ( RSA 594 : 2 ) , statutory language authorizing a ' demand ' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity ( ID ) , or even a requirement to respond in the first place . Further , a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such ' demand ' only of individuals for `` whom he has reason to suspect is committing , has committed or is about to commit a crime . '' Identifying information varies , but typically includes Name , address , and an explanation of the person 's actions ; In some cases it also includes the person 's intended destination , the person 's date of birth ( Indiana and Ohio ) , or written identification if available ( Colorado ) . Ohio does not require the person 's intended destination . Ohio requires only name , address , or date of birth . Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime ( such as underage drinking , curfew violation , etc ... ) that the person is reasonably suspected of . Indiana requires either name , address , and date of birth , or driver 's license , if on the person 's possession , and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation . Arizona law , apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel , requires a person 's `` true full name '' . Nevada law , which requires a person to `` identify himself or herself '' , apparently requires only that the person state his or her name . Texas law requires a person to provide their name , residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police . ( A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information , however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name . ) In four states ( Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , and Rhode Island ) , failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest . In all but Rhode Island , the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling . Seven states ( Arizona , Florida , Indiana , Louisiana , New Mexico , Ohio , and Vermont ) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself . As of February 2011 , the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court . Interaction with other laws ( edit ) In states whose `` stop and identify laws '' do not directly impose penalties , a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . For example , the Nevada `` stop and identify '' law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply , but the Justice Court of Union Township , Nevada , determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself constituted a violation of Nevada `` obstructing '' law . A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) . Interpretation by courts ( edit ) `` Stop and identify '' laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts . For example , California `` stop and identify '' law , Penal Code § 647 ( e ) had wording similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel , but a California appellate court , in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) , 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 construed the law to require `` credible and reliable '' identification that carries a `` reasonable assurance '' of its authenticity . Using this construction , the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) . Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond . Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply . Wording and interpretation by state courts of `` obstructing '' laws also varies ; for example , New York `` obstructing '' law apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction ; likewise , a violation of the Colorado `` obstructing '' law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force . However , the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People , No. 04SC362 ( 2005 ) ( PDF ) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the `` totality of the circumstances '' that could constitute obstructing an officer , even when actual physical interference was not employed . Utah `` obstructing '' law does not require a physical act , but merely a failure to follow a `` lawful order ... necessary to effect the ... detention '' ; a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law . It is not universally agreed that , absent a `` stop and identify law '' , there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself . For example , as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel , California `` stop and identify '' statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson . But in People v. Long , decided four years after Kolender , a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer 's demand for written identification from a detainee . The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant 's wallet , so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed ; however , the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest . Nonetheless , some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer . Others disagree , and maintain that persons detained by police in California can not be compelled to identify themselves . Some courts , e.g. , State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and People v. Loudermilk ( Calif. 1987 ) have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it ; a later California decision , People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) strongly disagreed . Recommendations of legal - aid organizations ( edit ) Some legal organizations , such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California , recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a `` stop and identify '' law : And in any state , police do not always follow the law , and refusing to give your name may make them suspicious and lead to your arrest , so use your judgment . If you fear that your name may be incriminating , you can claim the right to remain silent , and if you are arrested , this may help you later . Giving a false name could be a crime . In a more recent pamphlet , the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further , recommending that a person detained by police should : ... give your name and the information on your drivers ' license . If you do n't , you may be arrested , even though the arrest may be illegal . Other countries ( edit ) Main article : List of national identity card policies by country Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any . Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards , which have the identity information the police would want to know , including citizenship . Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times . In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted . For example , in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times . This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information , id number , social security number , fiscal information , place of birth , etc . Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime . A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations . If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy , the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained . See also ( edit ) Brown v. Texas Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada Kolender v. Lawson Miranda v. Arizona Loitering Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although police and police officer are used throughout this article , most `` stop and identify '' laws use the term peace officer ( or sometimes law enforcement officer ) . In general , peace officers are state civil officers charged with preserving the public peace and granted the authority to do so . Peace officers normally include police officers , sheriffs and sheriffs ' deputies , marshals , constables , and often many other persons ; those included vary among the states . Jump up ^ In upholding Hiibel 's conviction , the Court noted , In this case petitioner 's refusal to disclose his name was not based on any articulated real and appreciable fear that his name would be used to incriminate him ... As best we can tell , petitioner refused to identify himself only because he thought his name was none of the officer 's business . -- 542 U.S. at 190 But the Court did leave open the possibility of different circumstances : Still , a case may arise where there is a substantial allegation that furnishing identity at the time of a stop would have given the police a link in the chain of evidence needed to convict the individual of a separate offense . In that case , the court can then consider whether the privilege applies , and , if the Fifth Amendment has been violated , what remedy must follow . We need not resolve those questions here . -- 542 U.S. at 191 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , Justice Kennedy stated , Here the Nevada statute is narrower and more precise . The statute in Kolender had been interpreted to require a suspect to give the officer `` credible and reliable '' identification . In contrast , the Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted NRS § 171.123 ( 3 ) to require only that a suspect disclose his name . -- 542 U.S. at 184 -- 185 Justice Kennedy continued , As we understand it , the statute does not require a suspect to give the officer a drivers license or any other document . Provided that the suspect either states his name or communicates it to the officer by other means -- a choice , we assume , that the suspect may make -- the statute is satisfied and no violation occurs . -- 542 U.S. at 185 Writing for the Nevada Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , Chief Justice Young said , The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background , but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists . -- 118 Nev . 868 at 875 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Terry v. Ohio , Chief Justice Warren stated , And in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which , taken together with rational inferences from those facts , reasonably warrant that intrusion . -- 392 U.S. at 21 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491 ( 1983 ) , Justice White stated , The person approached , however , need not answer any question put to him ; indeed , he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way . -- 460 U.S. at 497 -- 498 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated , Our conclusion that no seizure occurred is not affected by the fact that the respondent was not expressly told by the agents that she was free to decline to cooperate with their inquiry , for the voluntariness of her responses does not depend upon her having been so informed . -- 446 U.S. at 555 Jump up ^ The ACLU publication Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement states , You can say , `` I do not want to talk to you '' and walk away calmly . Or , if you do not feel comfortable doing that , you can ask if you are free to go . If the answer is yes , you can consider just walking away . Do not run from the officer . If the officer says you are not under arrest , but you are not free to go , then you are being detained . Jump up ^ If the encounter is consensual , a person approached need not actually leave to terminate the encounter , but may simply ignore police . In Michigan v. Chesternut , 486 U.S. 567 ( 1988 ) , Justice Blackmun explained the Court 's holding that Chesternut had not been detained , stating that the police conduct `` would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business . '' -- 486 U.S. at 569 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated : We conclude that a person has been `` seized '' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if , in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident , a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave . -- 446 U.S. at 554 Jump up ^ In a concurring opinion in Terry v. Ohio , Justice White stated that a person detained can be questioned but is `` not obliged to answer , answers may not be compelled , and refusal to answer furnishes no basis for an arrest . '' This opinion , in turn , was cited in many later cases , including Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ In describing the split authority among the federal appellate court circuits in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court stated : In Oliver v. Woods , ( 209 F. 3d 1179 , 1190 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) ) the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Utah statute that requires individuals to produce identification to an officer during an investigatory stop . However , in Carey v. Nevada Gaming Control Board ( 279 F. 3d 873 , 881 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ) , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that NRS 171.123 ( 3 ) violates the Fourth Amendment because `` ' the serious intrusion on personal security outweighs the mere possibility that identification ( might ) provide a link leading to arrest . ' '' Jump up ^ In Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to address the issue of identification in Brown v. Texas , 443 U.S. 47 ( 1979 ) , at 53 n. 3 ( `` We need not decide whether an individual may be punished for refusing to identify himself in the context of a lawful investigatory stop which satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements . '' ) ; and Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) , 361 -- 62 n. 10 ( holding that a California statute was unconstitutional on vagueness grounds , but refusing to consider whether the statute violated the Fourth Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Texas does not require a detainee to identify himself unless he has been lawfully arrested , but does make it a crime to provide a false name . Texas Penal Code § 38.02 reads , in relevant part , ( b ) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has : ( 1 ) lawfully arrested the person ; ( 2 ) lawfully detained the person ; or ( 3 ) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense . Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 841 , states , in relevant part , The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him , of the cause of the arrest , and the authority to make it ... Jump up ^ In Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ) , the Court cited the Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12 quoting United States v. Horton , 873 F. 2d 180 , 181 , n . 2 ( CA8 1989 ) ) , the questions fall within a `` routine booking question '' exception which exempts from Miranda coverage questions to secure the `` ' biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services . ' '' -- 496 U.S. at 601 -- 602 Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment prohibits only communication that is testimonial , incriminating , and compelled ; see United States v. Hubbell , 530 U.S. 27 ( 2000 ) , at 34 -- 38 . Hiibel held that , in the circumstances of the case , a person 's name is not incriminating , and consequently is not protected by the Fifth - Amendment privilege against self - incrimination. -- 530 U.S. at 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code , Title 8 , § 38.02 ( a ) , reads A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information . Giving false information is a related , and usually more serious offense ( under Subsection ( b ) , noted above ) , and applies to detainees as well as arrestees . Jump up ^ In People v. Quiroga ( 1993 ) 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , the Court held that refusal to disclose one 's identity following a felony arrest constituted obstructing an officer : These statutory provisions lead to the conclusion that a refusal to disclose personal identification following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction can not constitute a violation of ( California ) Penal Code section 148 ... Section 148 can reasonably be construed as applying to nondisclosure of identity following arrest for felonies , but not minor offenses , if this exception applies to the provisions cited above dealing with arrests for minor offenses. -- 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , 970 Similar refusal following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction did not violate the statute because the Legislature had `` established other ways of dealing with such nondisclosure '' . Jump up ^ In Burkes v. State ( Fla. 2d DCA 1998 ) , Case No. 97 - 00552 , the Court , in affirming the appellant 's conviction for violation of § 843.02 , Florida Statutes , `` Resisting officer without violence to his or her person '' , stated : The most compelling argument we discern for answering this question in the affirmative is that the right to remain silent means just that and has no exceptions . We , nevertheless , conclude that after an individual has been lawfully arrested , he must provide his name or otherwise identify himself when asked by law enforcement officers . Jump up ^ http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/2ndDistrict/December/2100473.pdf Jump up ^ The Hiibel Court held , `` The principles of Terry permit a State to require a suspect to disclose his name in the course of a Terry stop . '' -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ The opinion in Hiibel included a list of 21 states with `` stop and identify '' laws . For some reason , the Indiana law was not included in the list ; the Arizona and Ohio laws have been enacted since Hiibel was decided . The Texas law only applies to arrested persons . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional '' means that the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . See Hiibel . Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` the source of the legal obligation ( to identify oneself ) arises from Nevada state law '' . -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ In Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` In other States , a suspect may decline to identify himself without penalty . '' -- 542 U.S. at 183 Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC - 2921.29 Failure to disclose personal information '' . State of Ohio Codes . Jump up ^ Assembly , Indiana General . `` Indiana Code 2016 - Indiana General Assembly , 2016 Session '' . Jump up ^ The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification , which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver 's license or some other form of written identification , 11 different times ; however , it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself . Jump up ^ NRS § 199.280 provides a penalty for a person who `` willfully resists , delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office '' Jump up ^ California stop - and - identify law in Penal Code § 647 ( e ) was repealed several years after 1983 and the sub-sections re-lettered , so the current Penal Code § 647 ( e ) is what used to be Penal Code § 647 ( f ) . Also , do not confuse Penal Code § 647 ( e ) with Penal Code § 647e . Jump up ^ ( voided in Kolender v. Lawson ) , read , in relevant part , Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct , a misdemeanor : ... ( e ) who loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business and who refuses to identify himself and to account for his presence when requested by any peace officer so to do , if the surrounding circumstances are such as to indicate to a reasonable man that the public safety demands such identification . Jump up ^ In voiding California Penal Code § 647 ( e ) in Kolender v. Lawson , Justice O'Connor , writing for the Court , noted that Section 647 ( e ) , as presently drafted and as construed by the state courts , contains no standard for determining what a suspect has to do in order to satisfy the requirement to provide a `` credible and reliable '' identification . As such , the statute vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of the police to determine whether the suspect has satisfied the statute . -- 461 U.S. at 358 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in People v. Love , 318 Ill. App. 3d 534 ( 2000 ) , rev 'd on other grounds , People v. Love , No. 90806 ( 2002 ) , Justice O'Brien stated , The State next argues that the officer 's order was a justifiable means of compelling defendant to state her name pursuant to section 107 - 14 , which provides that an officer making a Terry stop may `` demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions . '' 725 ILCS 5 / 107 - 14 ( West 1992 ) . However , while section 107 - 14 states that an officer may `` demand '' the defendant 's name , it does not provide that the officer may compel a response . Further , the United States Supreme Court has stated in the context of a Terry stop : `` ( T ) he officer may ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer 's suspicions . But the detainee is not obliged to respond . '' ( Emphasis added . ) Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 438 , 82 L. Ed . 2d 317 , 334 , 104 S. Ct. 3138 , 3150 ( 1984 ) . Noting Berkemer v. McCarty ( and Justice White 's concurring opinion in Terry that Berkemer quoted ) , the Hiibel Court stated , `` We do not read these statements as controlling '' ( 542 U.S. at 187 ) , so Love is probably weakened to the extent that it relies on Berkemer . Jump up ^ In Cady v. Sheahan ( 7th Cir. 2006 ) , the Court stated , In Hiibel , the Supreme Court held that states are permitted to statutorily authorize the demand for identification during a Terry stop , and to require compliance with such demand . 542 U.S. at 188 , 124 S. Ct. 2451 . Cady 's identity was relevant to the purpose of the stop and the officers did not exceed the scope of the stop by requesting identification . ( footnotes omitted ) ^ Jump up to : Writing for the Court in Oliver v. Woods , 209 F. 3d 1179 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) , Judge Brorby stated , Section 76 - 8 - 305 does not require the use of force ; mere refusal to perform any act required by a lawful order necessary to effect the detention is sufficient to constitute a violation of § 76 - 8 - 305 . Moreover , an individual who merely refuses to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention violates this section ... Thus , Officer Woods gave a lawful order when he told Mr. Oliver to present identification and to remain in the parking lot while he conducted the investigation . By refusing to present identification , Mr. Oliver refused to perform an act required by lawful order , necessary to effect the detention . Jump up ^ New Yorks `` obstructing '' law , NY Consolidated Laws Penal ( PEN ) § 195.05 , reads , in relevant part , A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when he intentionally obstructs , impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function , or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from performing an official function , by means of intimidation , physical force or interference , or by means of any independently unlawful act Jump up ^ In People v. Offen , 408 N.Y.S. 2d 914 , 96 Misc. 2d 147 ( 1978 ) , Judge Hertz stated , An essential element of the crime of obstructing governmental administration , to be charged in an information , must be an act of either ( 1 ) intimidation or ( 2 ) physical force or interference or ( 3 ) an independently unlawful act . Plainly , ignoring an officer 's request for identification is not a crime , nor does that act supply any such element . Though it is clear that such conduct risks pursuit and arrest , no crime has been charged here . -- 96 Misc. 2d at 150 Jump up ^ See When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? under External links for an analysis of New York `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws by Just Cause Law Collective lawyer Katya Komisaruk . Jump up ^ Colorado `` obstructing '' law , Colorado Revised Statutes § 18 - 8 - 104 ( 1 ) , reads , in relevant part , A person commits obstructing a peace officer ... when by using or threatening to use violence , force , physical interference , or an obstacle , such person knowingly obstructs , impairs , or hinders the enforcement of the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer , acting under color of his or her official authority . Jump up ^ Utah `` obstructing '' law , Utah Code § 76 - 8 - 305 , reads as follows : Interference with arresting officer . A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge , or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge , that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by : ( 1 ) use of force or any weapon ; ( 2 ) the arrested person 's refusal to perform any act required by lawful order : ( a ) necessary to effect the arrest or detention ; and ( b ) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention ; or ( 3 ) the arrested person 's or another person 's refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention . Jump up ^ In People v. Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal. App. 3d 77 , Justice Agliano wrote , The voluntary display of identification is a routine experience for most of us . Measured against the obvious and substantial need for police recording the identity of a person suspected of having committed a crime , we find reasonable the minimal intrusion involved here in requiring the production of identification . In addition , defendant 's oral statement of his name was suspect when he insisted he had no identification while appearing to carry a wallet and , in addition , he seemed intoxicated. -- 189 Cal. App. 3d at 88 Jump up ^ In In re Gregory S. ( 1980 ) , 112 Cal. App. 3d 764 , Justice Agliano wrote We find no authority to support the court 's legal conclusion that a person who merely refuses to identify himself or to answer questions in a context similar to that before us thereby violates Penal Code section 148 or otherwise furnishes ground for arrest . The Legislature has required citizen self - identification in prescribed situations . Vehicle Code section 40302 calls for the production of a driver 's license or identification upon arrest for a violation of that code ; Vehicle Code section 12951 requires production of a driver 's license by the driver of a motor vehicle upon the request of an officer . Penal Code section 647 , subdivision ( e ) imposes a duty to identify oneself when such person loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business , and the surrounding circumstances reasonably indicate that the public safety demands identification . Section 647 , subdivision ( e ) was held valid in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 ( 108 Cal. Rptr. 867 ) , in which strong consideration was given to the legislatively declared governmental purpose to be served by identification when the conditions described in the statute exist . ( Id , at p. 436 ; see also California v. Byers ( 1971 ) 402 U.S. 424 ( 29 L. Ed. 2d 9 , 91 S. Ct. 1535 ) . ) None of the statutory conditions requiring identification existed in this case . -- 112 Cal. App. 3d at 779 Note : Penal Code 647 , subdivision ( e ) was voided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Shortly after Hiibel was decided , the Alameda County ( California ) District Attorney 's Office provided a case analysis ( PDF ) maintaining that refusal to identify oneself and provide written identification ( if available ) constitutes a violation of Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing an officer . The topic is further discussed in the 2010 edition of Point of View . Jump up ^ The California Peace Officers Legal Sourcebook ( `` CPOLS '' ; written by the office of the California Attorney General ) maintains that failure to identify oneself does not constitute a violation of California Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing a peace officer : Unlike Nevada and other states , California does not have a statute mandating that a detainee identify himself , and that obligation can not be read into Penal Code section 148 ... Hiibel does not provide a means of arresting someone for failing or refusing to identify himself . ( Revision 176 , 9 / 15 / 2014 , p. 2.14 a ; page last revised 1 / 10 ) Jump up ^ In State v. Flynn ( 1979 ) 92 Wis. 2d 427 ( 285 N.W. 2d 710 , 718 ) , cert. den . 449 U.S. 846 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Terry limitation of a search `` to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns , knives , clubs , or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer . '' ( 392 U.S. at 29 ) was limited to the specific circumstances of Terry . Chief Justice Beilfuss wrote , It is clear from the language itself that the court 's holding in Terry was limited to the precise situation before it . The court did not say that the sole justification for any search on less than probable cause is the protection of the police officer and others , but that that was the sole justification of the search in the situation then before it . The situation before us is significantly different . Jump up ^ In People v. Loudermilk ( 1987 ) 195 Cal. App. 3d 996 , Justice Low stated , Neither case ( Kolender v. Lawson or Brown v. Texas ) could be interpreted to prevent a police officer from demanding that a Terry suspect produce proof of identification . Further , nothing in those or other cases cited by defendant prevents an officer from seizing a wallet found during a lawful patdown search after that suspect has lied to the officer that he had no identification . -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1003 Justice Low noted the similarity to Flynn , and continued , We must emphasize that we do not hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification . Nor do we hold that each time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for identification . The rule we announce does not provide officers with unfettered discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1004 Jump up ^ In People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) 145 Cal. App. 4th 782 , Justice Yegan , noting State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and State v. Wilcox ( N.J. 1981 ) , stated , We need not look to other jurisdictions to decide this case . We would have to indulge in legal legerdemain to justify a patdown search for identification . In fact , it would require a rewriting of Terry v. Ohio , supra , which we could not and would not undertake even if we were so inclined . Here , the record is devoid of any concern that appellant was armed and dangerous . The sole reason for the patdown was to gather evidence of identification . A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio , and its reference to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry show that the `` frisk '' allowable upon a proper showing was `` ' ... only a `` frisk '' for a dangerous weapon . It by no means authorizes a search for contraband , evidentiary material , or anything else in the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest . Such a search is controlled by requirements of the Fourth Amendment , and probable cause is essential . ' `` ( Terry v. Ohio , supra , 392 U.S. at p. 16 , fn. 12 ( 20 L. Ed . 2d at p. 903 , fn. 12 . ) Our own Supreme Court has unanimously so held . ( People v. Lawler ( 1973 ) 9 Cal. 3d 156 , 161 ( pat - down search `` only '' for weapons ) . ) If stare decisis means anything ( and it does ) and if the word only means only ( and it does ) , the trial court was required to grant this suppression motion as a matter of law . ( Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court ( 1962 ) 57 Cal. 2d 450 . ) -- 145 Cal. App. 4th at 788 Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights ! What to Do if Questioned by Police , FBI , Customs Agents or Immigration Officers '' ( pdf ) . National Lawyers Guild , S.F. Bay Area Chapter ; ACLU of Northern California ; American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee . August 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights and the Police '' . ACLU of Northern California . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ www.view.pt ) , VIEW . ( [email protected] - . `` Um cidadão traz habitualmente consigo apenas uma fotocópia do cartão de cidadão ou do bilhete de identidade . Se a autoridade lhe exigir a identificação , pode estar descansado ? - Direitos e Deveres dos Cidadãos '' . External links ( edit ) ACLU `` Bust Card '' What To Do If You 're Stopped By The Police ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement 10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) educational nonprofit organization . California Codes Colorado Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws Stop - and - Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine The Identity Project : Hiibel When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? An analysis of New York 's `` stop and identify '' law . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&oldid=815799145 '' Categories : U.S. state criminal law Search and seizure case law United States Fourth Amendment case law United States Fifth Amendment self - incrimination case law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do you have to show id to police	[ "\"Stop and identify\" statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police[1] to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime. If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed, an individual is not required to provide identification, even in \"Stop and ID\" states. In the case of Utah v. Strieff (2016), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law, but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant. Therefore, the pre-existing warrant \"attenuated\" the unlawful stop-and-identify." ]	[ "reasonably suspect of having committed a crime" ]
-3475180897926495880	Scandal (season 7)	Scandal ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Scandal ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Scandal ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Starring Kerry Washington Scott Foley Darby Stanchfield Katie Lowes Guillermo Diaz Jeff Perry Joshua Malina Bellamy Young Joe Morton George Newbern Cornelius Smith Jr . Tony Goldwyn Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Scandal episodes The seventh and final season of the American television drama series Scandal was ordered on February 10 , 2017 by ABC . It was later announced that the seventh season will be the final season for Scandal . The season began airing on October 5 , 2017 , and will consist of 18 episodes , adding the total episode count of the show to 124 episodes . Cast member George Newbern was upgraded to a series regular after being a recurring cast member for the past six seasons . The season will be produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . The season focuses on the new direction of Olivia Pope 's crisis management firm , which is now headlined by Quinn Perkins , as well as staff at the White House in Washington , D.C. Season seven will have twelve series regulars , all returning from the previous season , out of which six are part of the original cast of eight regulars from the first season . The season will continue to air in the Thursday 9 : 00 pm timeslot , the same as the previous seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Final season 4.1. 2 How to Get Away with Murder crossover 4.2 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The season will focus on Olivia Pope and her new position as Chief of Staff of President Mellie Grant and the Command of B613 . It also depicts Quinn Perkins as the boss of her crisis management firm Quinn Perkins & Associates , and its team , as well as staff at the White House in Washington , D.C. , in their efforts to deal with and contain political scandals . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Scandal characters Regular ( edit ) Kerry Washington as Chief of Staff Olivia Pope Scott Foley as NSA Director Jacob `` Jake '' Ballard Darby Stanchfield as Abigail `` Abby '' Whelan Katie Lowes as Quinn Perkins Guillermo Diaz as Diego `` Huck '' Muñoz Jeff Perry as Vice President Cyrus Beene Joshua Malina as Attorney - General David Rosen Bellamy Young as President Melody Margaret `` Mellie '' Grant Joe Morton as Elijah `` Eli '' / `` Rowan '' Pope George Newbern as Charlie Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus Walker Tony Goldwyn as President Fitzgerald `` Fitz '' Thomas Grant III Recurring ( edit ) Jay Hernandez as Curtis Pryce Shaun Toub as Ambassador Marashi Guest ( edit ) Bess Armstrong as Senator Diane Greenwald Faran Tahir as President Rashad Dean Norris as Fenton Glackland Viola Davis as Annalise Keating Aja Naomi King as Michaela Pratt Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Scandal episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Watch Me '' Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 701 5.52 The episode begins with a montage depicting Luna 's death and Cyrus 's rise to the vice-presidency . Jake still has a cabinet position , and is still with Olivia . Olivia works with Cyrus and Mellie to get passed a bill that offers free college education to American citizens while QPA staff battle to find their first client . Olivia 's and Jake 's uncommitted relationship turns flamboyant when power rises to Olivia 's head and she begins to treat him as an employee . Cyrus thinks about becoming the next president , but his ideas fade after Mellie declares how grateful she is for all he has done . Olivia is interviewed by Curtis Pryce and the two end up in an affair . Mellie deals with a situation where a U.S. CIA agent is being held by terrorists in Bashran . Grant ca n't convice Ambassador Marachi , and Olivia threatens him in exchange of the citizen 's return to American soil . 108 `` Pressing the Flesh '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 702 5.00 The White House prepares a dinner to welcome the President of Bashran , during which Mellie talks to him to try to reach an agreement on the possession of nuclear weapons in his country through a treaty . Olivia asks Jake to investigate President Rashad and he finds out that Rashad sent his niece to study at a university in the United States , which sounds completely different from what he advocates in his country , which is filled with people who are anti-American . Olivia threatens him with the information , but the President claims to have expected something like that , saying that his ambassador had warned him that Olivia was `` the devil . '' Cyrus takes the millionaire Fenton Glackland on a tour of the White House ; Glackland mockingly reveals he will use his money to become President , and Cyrus screams with him , defending the White House . QPA staff get an invitation to the dinner , where they try to socialize with high - profile people and hopefully gather possible scandals . Huck discovers that one of the military men at dinner is actually a killer . This man takes President Rashad to a White House room to assassinate him , but is stopped by agents , quickly advised by Olivia , Huck , and Abby . After , Rashad reveals to Mellie that radicals of his country may be responsible . They talk about the threats they receive as presidents , and Mellie eventually convinces him to accept the treaty . Curtis Pryce also attends the dinner , and he follows Olivia until she asks him to go to her loft . Arriving there , they run into Fitz , who is expecting Olivia . 109 `` Day 101 '' Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 703 4.70 Marcus asks Fitz how he would like to have Olivia featured in his Presidential library . Fitz can not believe his Presidency is being reduced to him just being a man who loved a woman . After spending time with Fitz , Marcus finds him entitled and intolerable . Marcus states Fitz 's accomplishments are actually Olivia 's . He is close to quitting when Mellie assures him he is just going through the stages of Fitz and the best part is yet to come . Meanwhile , Fitz gets a startling visit from Rowan who needs help trying to handle Olivia . 110 `` Lost Girls '' Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 704 4.88 Fitz is at Olivia 's door , and he asks her to help him with a project to find missing girls . She tells him to ask Quinn . Mellie and Rashad are talking about how to solve nuclear problems when Olivia interrupts their meeting . Cyrus debates what to do with the painting from Fenton Glackland . QPA and Fitz look to find the poster girl for missing girls . Rowan tells Fitz that a missing girls case is n't enough to get Olivia back to the good side . Cyrus goes to Glackland 's house to return the painting , and they play with virtual reality . Marcus goes to the White House to see Mellie but Olivia wo n't let him . Olivia goes to QPA and tells them that the way to get attention . On the way out Olivia runs into Fitz who suggests they get a drink sometime . At the summit , the prime minister of Dacal is n't willing to work with Mellie or Rashad . Olivia tells Mellie that she noticed her flirting with Rashad . QPA and Fitz have one of the missing girls ' mother start making public statements . Mellie and Rashad have a drink together in the oval and have a romantic connection . Cyrus complains to Mellie that he deserves better than Glackland . Olivia visits Rowan and he tells her that she ca n't have both B613 and Fitz . Bashran is taken in coup , making Rashad not the president . Jake tells Olivia that she needs to choose whether or not she is Command . Mellie wants to send in troops to Bashran to help Rashad , but Olivia is against it . Olivia goes home and Fitz shows up . He tells her that he was a terrible president when he was n't with her , and that they are better together . Jake gives Olivia information on what Rowan has been up to . 111 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 705 4.89 Olivia and Mellie pushes their power like never before , while Cyrus works on a congressional approval to declare war in Bashran as the QPA keeps a close watch on President Rashad 's niece . 112 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 706 5.00 Olivia tells Mellie of Rashad 's death , and she immediately wants to send troops into Bashran . Olivia and Jake worked together to kill Rashad and Yasmin . Glackland and Cyrus have brunch while Glackland pressures Cyrus for information on what 's going on in the White House . Quinn gets ready for her wedding and then meets with Olivia and accuses her of being behind Rashad 's death . Mellie shows up at Andrews Air Force Base to say goodbye to Rashad . Huck fusses over Quinn and Charlie 's wedding as he is both best man and maid of honor . The ambassador meets with Mellie to try to negotiate peace , but she warns him that the rebels should run . Meanwhile , Quinn is missing and Olivia is worried that Quinn is going to tell that Olivia is behind Rashad 's death . Charlie insists that Quinn did n't get cold feet so QPA starts looking for her . Curtis visits QPA looking for Quinn because she called him about Rashad 's death . Olivia and Jake work to throw off QPA 's search for Quinn by planning to blame it on Glackland . Mellie asks Jake if he could do her a favor , but he says no so she calls Marcus for advice . Charlie , convinced that Glackland has Quinn , captures and tortures him , but Huck stops him before he can cut off Glackland 's arm . Mellie calls the new regime in Bashran and tells them that America will work with them for peace , under Mellie 's terms . Quinn is still missing , David and Abby reunite . Jake and Olivia look at footage of Quinn arriving to her wedding , meaning that she did n't bail to build a case against Olivia , but that she was kidnapped . 113 7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 At dinner Rowan reveals to Olivia that he has Quinn , and wants to exchange Quinn 's life for his freedom and dinosaur bones . Marcus tries to convince Mellie to work with Fitz 's foundation on mass incarceration . During a dispute with his daughter , Rowan leaves his living room and gun shots are heard , leaving Olivia to believe Quinn is dead . 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 Rowan has a body in a car which he burns . He calls the police to report a fire . QPA and Olivia gets word of Quinn 's death . Her DNA was found in a tooth from the car fire , along with a burned piece of her wedding dress . Mellie comes to QPA to offer her condolences . Charlie wants to have Quinn cremated and packed into bullet cases . Huck reads through the coroner 's report and finds out about the hairpin from the Smithsonian Olivia gave Quinn . Fitz comes to Olivia 's apartment to offer his condolences , but Olivia pushes him off , telling him that they are n't friends . Fenton Glackland breaks up with Cyrus because he knows that Charlie was Cyrus ' hitman . Huck goes to Fitz to ask for help in fixing Olivia . Huck then goes to an AA meeting . Abby and David talk at the crematory . Drunk and trying to write Quinn 's eulogy , Olivia goes to Quinn 's office and tries on the white hat . Meanwhile , Rowan is enjoying putting his bones back together . The gladiators say goodbye to Quinn as each of them says something about Quinn and then fires one of her bullets into the ground . Abby , Huck , Charlie , and Marcus get drunk and tell stories about Quinn . Emotional and still drunk , Olivia goes to Fitz 's apartment and they have sex . David and Abby rid Charlie 's apartment of baby stuff where they find a hidden flashdrive . Charlie arrives at Rowan 's door to ask to be reinstated as a B613 agent when he hears a baby crying . He runs up to the second floor of Rowan 's house to find a baby girl , he then starts choking Rowan . 115 9 `` Good People '' Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 708 5.19 This episode is a flashback to the events that occurred from Quinn 's point of view from her abduction to the end of episode 8 where Charlie discovers the baby girl in Rowan 's home . Rowan goes to a store to buy a suitcase and makes a friend in one of the employees , Marvin . He kidnaps Quinn from the QPA elevator and puts her in his basement . He goes to dinner with Olivia and says he will trade Quinn for his dinosaur bones , but she declines . Rowan heads to the store and buys a crib , again making conversation with Marvin . They meet in a pub where they have dinner , and Marvin offers Rowan his employee discount . Meanwhile , down in the basement Quinn hallucinates that her colleagues are talking to her . Rowan uses Marvin 's employee discount to buy a gun , making it registered in Marvin 's name . Olivia arrives at Rowan 's home and he barters Quinn for his bones again ; overhearing the dispute , Quinn also hears Olivia choose her power over saving Quinn . 116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' Kerry Washington Ameni Rozsa February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 5.62 A distraught Olivia spends the night with Fitz and leads to her agreeing to go with him to Vermont . Once there , she discovers her closest friends are there as well . Olivia is confronted on her role in Quinn and Rashad 's deaths . She locks herself in a bedroom as her friends each provide evidence and reasoning why she should step down from her role , offering her an out if she agrees to give up B613 . Olivia provides a single - paged statement of resignation from her Chief of Staff role in the White House and alludes to Jake being placed in control of shutting down B613 . The crew fly back to Washington and watch the evening 's televised press brief for Olivia 's formal resignation statement . 117 11 `` Army of One '' Allison Liddi - Brown Austin Guzman February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 711 4.63 Olivia confronts Mellie on her decision to name Jake as her new Chief of Staff ; Mellie tells Olivia that she must step down and resign , or be publicly terminated . QPA gains a new client , a government employee being accused of treason with Russian entities . The crew discovers he is in an affair with Jake 's wife upon Olivia leaking the news to the media . With rumors of the resignation in the media , Quinn encourages Rowan to see this as their time to step in and get revenge . However , Rowan disagrees and refuses to harm his own child . Cyrus gives Mellie and Jake a way to frame Olivia and spin her media story , but backstabs them when he provides Olivia with the documents proving the President 's media coverup . Cyrus offers Olivia to use the papers to bring down the Mellie presidency when she is scheduled to announce her resignation , but instead brings this information to light with Mellie as she is preparing for the first Presidential Mammogram . Quinn bargains with Rowan for her freedom in exchange for not going after Olivia . Olivia returns home and hears Robin 's cries ; Quinn shows herself and holds Olivia at gunpoint . Olivia warns Quinn of snipers and continuing to not believe the threat , Olivia is shot in the arm attempting to protect Quinn . Olivia gives her speech at a press conference , initially planning to use the files from Cyrus but instead giving her resignation . Charlie , Quinn , and Robin greet Huck and Abby at QPA . 118 12 `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' Tony Goldwyn Raamla Mohamed March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBA TBD This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on How to Get Away with Murder season 4 episode 13 . 119 13 `` Air Force Two '' TBA TBA March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBA TBD 120 14 `` The List '' TBA TBA March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) TBA TBD 121 15 TBA Darby Stanchfield TBA March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) TBA TBD 122 16 TBA Joe Morton TBA April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) TBA TBD Tom Verica will direct the eighteenth and final episode of the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Scandal was renewed for a seventh season on February 10 , 2017 , alongside with the rest of ShondaLand - shows . The series continued to air at Thursdays in the timeslot 9 p.m. E.T. like the previous seasons . It will premiere in the fall of 2017 , not airing in January like the previous season . ABC announced on June 26 , 2017 , that the seventh season will consist of 18 episodes . Long - time director Tom Verica shared on Twitter that he will only direct the series finale this season as well as the fact that Kerry Washington is set to direct her first episode . Actress Darby Stanchfield is also set to direct her first episode . Sharat Raju revealed on Twitter that he is set to direct an episode in October . Final season ( edit ) Speculations about the seventh season being the final season had started as the sixth season began airing . ABC entertainment president Channing Dungey commented in January 2017 that it had not been much discussion about the show 's future after the seventh season , but she would happily keep the show on as long as Rhimes `` feels that she has creative runway to write the show . '' Andy Swift from TVLine said that the show needed to end after the seventh season as he felt `` this once - great drama is simply spinning its wheels , serving us the same old flavors with only slightly different toppings . '' Before the sixth season finale , multiple sources reported that Scandal would be ending next season . ABC confirmed on May 16 , 2017 , that the seventh season would be the final season for the show . Shonda Rhimes released a statement about the ending of the show calling the seventh season `` Olivia 's Swan Song '' as she said : `` Deciding how to end a show is easy . Deciding when to finish is quite simple when the end date is years away . But actually going through with it ? Actually standing up to say : ' This is it ? ' Not so much . So , next year we are going all out . Leaving nothing on the table . Creating this world in celebration . We are going to handle the end the way we like to handle the important things in our Scandal family : all together , white hats on , gladiators running full speed over a cliff . '' How to get Away with Murder crossover ( edit ) On January 3 , 2018 , Kerry Washington tweeted out a photo to Viola Davis of herself in a `` familiar '' setting , that being a courthouse used for the set of How to Get Away with Murder . Fans began to speculate a possible crossover episode being in the works , which was only heightened when Davis tweeted out a photo in response , that being her on the set of Mellie Grant 's ( Bellamy Young ) Oval Office . Later that day , the crossover was officially confirmed through a tweet by Scandal creator Shonda Rhimes . How to Get Away with Murder creator Peter Nowalk later went on to share in an interview with Deadline : `` At the beginning of the season , my writers and I were planning out Viola 's entire arc and something in her story organically came up that was very appropriate for Scandal . When I went to Shonda , she heard it . I said , we do n't have to do it , Viola 's arc does n't need this , but it 's possible that their stories could cross really organically . She actually pulled up a clip of something from Scandal and their side of the story coalesced perfectly . So it was one of those serendipitous things where we both realized it was good for both characters , and it almost felt like we had been planning it since last season . '' Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , actor George Newbern , who has had recurring appearances since the show 's beginning as Charlie , was promoted to the regular cast . In August , Jay Hernandez and Shaun Toub were cast in unspecified , recurring roles . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Watch Me '' October 5 , 2017 1.4 / 5 5.52 1.1 3.09 2.5 8.61 `` Pressing the Flesh '' October 12 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.00 1.1 TBD 2.3 TBD `` Day 101 '' October 19 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.70 1.0 2.55 2.1 7.25 `` Lost Girls '' October 26 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' November 2 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' November 9 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.00 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Something Borrowed '' November 16 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.97 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Robin '' January 18 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.17 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Good People '' January 25 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.19 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The People vs. Olivia Pope '' February 1 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Army of One '' February 8 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.64 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.72 / 10 , based on 11 reviews . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 2017 Upfront Summary '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn Talks the End of Scandal '' . E ! News . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Scandal Farewell Update : Final Season Episode Count Revealed '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal recap : ' Lost Girls ' '' . ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Justin ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Scandal recap : ' Vampires and Bloodsuckers ' '' . ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` When Olivia met Annalise : A first look at the Scandal and HTGAWM crossover event '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 712 ) `` Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - scandal on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jann Turner ( @ JannTurner ) ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Oops I mean # Scandal715 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Joe Morton ( @ JOEtheMORTON ) ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` # Gladiators , I want to apologize for not live - tweeting on the last two episodes . I have n't abandoned you , I 've been directing ... Episode 716 . # ScandalSeason7 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tom Verica ( @ tomverica ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` I will be directing the final episode of the series . Shonda and I discussed that definitively . # Scandal # AskTom '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday , black - ish Shifts to Tuesday , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A. '' TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verica , Tom ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` I will be directing the series finale come Feb. # scandal . And I 'll still b stoppin by and # peepingtom ing . How about an # askTom to clear up ? '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verica , Tom ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` She is ... and @ tonygoldwyn and I are plotting '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' Star Darby Stanchfield to Direct Final Season Episode ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raju , Sharat ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` But then who will come taunt me and slow down production on set while I 'm directing in October ? '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Chief Channing Dungey Talks ' Scandal ' End Plan , TGIT 's Future '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Needs to End With Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal to End With Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Officially Ending , Season 7 Is Olivia 's Swan Song : ' We Are Leaving Nothing on the Table , ' Says Shonda '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington , Kerry ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hey Ms @ violadavis ❤ ️ check it out . This spot look familiar ? ! Where are you ? '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Viola ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hey @ KerryWashington , guess where I am ? ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` People . It 's happening . @ petenowalk , you ready for this ? # TGITCrossover # HowtoGetAwaywithScandal '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' / ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Crossover : Get Details On Big Shondaland Event From ' HTGAWM ' Creator -- Q&A '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Adds Homeland , Nashville Actors in Season 7 Mystery Roles '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scandal : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Scandal episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Scandal Episodes Season 1 `` Sweet Baby '' Season 2 `` Nobody Likes Babies '' `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' `` Top of the Hour '' `` Snake in the Garden '' `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' `` Seven Fifty - Two '' Season 3 `` It 's Handled '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' `` Icarus '' `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' `` YOLO '' `` A Door Marked Exit '' `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' Season 4 `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` Run '' `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' `` No More Blood '' Season 5 `` Heavy is the Head '' `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Season 6 `` Transfer of Power '' Season 7 `` Watch Me '' `` Day 101 '' Characters Olivia Pope Abby Whelan Quinn Perkins See also Judy Smith Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandal_(season_7)&oldid=828267163 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Scandal ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does scandal season 7 episode 8 come out	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n107\n1\n\"Watch Me\"\nJann Turner\nShonda Rhimes\nOctober 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)\n701\n5.52[6]\n\n\nThe episode begins with a montage depicting Luna's death and Cyrus's rise to the vice-presidency. Jake still has a cabinet position, and is still with Olivia. Olivia works with Cyrus and Mellie to get passed a bill that offers free college education to American citizens while QPA staff battle to find their first client. Olivia's and Jake's uncommitted relationship turns flamboyant when power rises to Olivia's head and she begins to treat him as an employee. Cyrus thinks about becoming the next president, but his ideas fade after Mellie declares how grateful she is for all he has done. Olivia is interviewed by Curtis Pryce and the two end up in an affair. Mellie deals with a situation where a U.S. CIA agent is being held by terrorists in Bashran. Grant can't convice Ambassador Marachi, and Olivia threatens him in exchange of the citizen's return to American soil.\n\n\n108\n2\n\"Pressing the Flesh\"\nTony Goldwyn\nMatt Byrne\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\n702\n5.00[7]\n\n\nThe White House prepares a dinner to welcome the President of Bashran, during which Mellie talks to him to try to reach an agreement on the possession of nuclear weapons in his country through a treaty. Olivia asks Jake to investigate President Rashad and he finds out that Rashad sent his niece to study at a university in the United States, which sounds completely different from what he advocates in his country, which is filled with people who are anti-American. Olivia threatens him with the information, but the President claims to have expected something like that, saying that his ambassador had warned him that Olivia was \"the devil.\" Cyrus takes the millionaire Fenton Glackland on a tour of the White House; Glackland mockingly reveals he will use his money to become President, and Cyrus screams with him, defending the White House. QPA staff get an invitation to the dinner, where they try to socialize with high-profile people and hopefully gather possible scandals. Huck discovers that one of the military men at dinner is actually a killer. This man takes President Rashad to a White House room to assassinate him, but is stopped by agents, quickly advised by Olivia, Huck, and Abby. After, Rashad reveals to Mellie that radicals of his country may be responsible. They talk about the threats they receive as presidents, and Mellie eventually convinces him to accept the treaty. Curtis Pryce also attends the dinner, and he follows Olivia until she asks him to go to her loft. Arriving there, they run into Fitz, who is expecting Olivia.\n\n\n109\n3\n\"Day 101\"\nScott Foley\nZahir McGhee\nOctober 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)\n703\n4.70[8]\n\n\nMarcus asks Fitz how he would like to have Olivia featured in his Presidential library. Fitz cannot believe his Presidency is being reduced to him just being a man who loved a woman. After spending time with Fitz, Marcus finds him entitled and intolerable. Marcus states Fitz's accomplishments are actually Olivia's. He is close to quitting when Mellie assures him he is just going through the stages of Fitz and the best part is yet to come. Meanwhile, Fitz gets a startling visit from Rowan who needs help trying to handle Olivia.\n\n\n110\n4\n\"Lost Girls\"\nNicole Rubio\nAmeni Rozsa & Austin Guzman\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\n704\n4.88[10]\n\n\nFitz is at Olivia's door, and he asks her to help him with a project to find missing girls. She tells him to ask Quinn. Mellie and Rashad are talking about how to solve nuclear problems when Olivia interrupts their meeting. Cyrus debates what to do with the painting from Fenton Glackland. QPA and Fitz look to find the poster girl for missing girls. Rowan tells Fitz that a missing girls case isn't enough to get Olivia back to the good side. Cyrus goes to Glackland's house to return the painting, and they play with virtual reality. Marcus goes to the White House to see Mellie but Olivia won't let him. Olivia goes to QPA and tells them that the way to get attention. On the way out Olivia runs into Fitz who suggests they get a drink sometime. At the summit, the prime minister of Dacal isn't willing to work with Mellie or Rashad. Olivia tells Mellie that she noticed her flirting with Rashad. QPA and Fitz have one of the missing girls' mother start making public statements. Mellie and Rashad have a drink together in the oval and have a romantic connection. Cyrus complains to Mellie that he deserves better than Glackland. Olivia visits Rowan and he tells her that she can't have both B613 and Fitz. Bashran is taken in coup, making Rashad not the president. Jake tells Olivia that she needs to choose whether or not she is Command. Mellie wants to send in troops to Bashran to help Rashad, but Olivia is against it. Olivia goes home and Fitz shows up. He tells her that he was a terrible president when he wasn't with her, and that they are better together. Jake gives Olivia information on what Rowan has been up to.[9]\n\n\n111\n5\n\"Adventures in Babysitting\"\nOliver Bokelberg\nServeriano Canales & Tia Napolitano\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\n705\n4.89[11]\n\n\nOlivia and Mellie pushes their power like never before, while Cyrus works on a congressional approval to declare war in Bashran as the QPA keeps a close watch on President Rashad’s niece.\n\n\n112\n6\n\"Vampires and Bloodsuckers\"\nJann Turner\nChris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\n706\n5.00[13]\n\n\nOlivia tells Mellie of Rashad's death, and she immediately wants to send troops into Bashran. Olivia and Jake worked together to kill Rashad and Yasmin. Glackland and Cyrus have brunch while Glackland pressures Cyrus for information on what's going on in the White House. Quinn gets ready for her wedding and then meets with Olivia and accuses her of being behind Rashad's death. Mellie shows up at Andrews Air Force Base to say goodbye to Rashad. Huck fusses over Quinn and Charlie's wedding as he is both best man and maid of honor. The ambassador meets with Mellie to try to negotiate peace, but she warns him that the rebels should run. Meanwhile, Quinn is missing and Olivia is worried that Quinn is going to tell that Olivia is behind Rashad's death. Charlie insists that Quinn didn't get cold feet so QPA starts looking for her. Curtis visits QPA looking for Quinn because she called him about Rashad's death. Olivia and Jake work to throw off QPA's search for Quinn by planning to blame it on Glackland. Mellie asks Jake if he could do her a favor, but he says no so she calls Marcus for advice. Charlie, convinced that Glackland has Quinn, captures and tortures him, but Huck stops him before he can cut off Glackland's arm. Mellie calls the new regime in Bashran and tells them that America will work with them for peace, under Mellie's terms. Quinn is still missing, David and Abby reunite. Jake and Olivia look at footage of Quinn arriving to her wedding, meaning that she didn't bail to build a case against Olivia, but that she was kidnapped.[12]\n\n\n113\n7\n\"Something Borrowed\"\nSharat Raju\nMark Fish\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\n707\n4.97[14]\n\n\nAt dinner Rowan reveals to Olivia that he has Quinn, and wants to exchange Quinn's life for his freedom and dinosaur bones. Marcus tries to convince Mellie to work with Fitz's foundation on mass incarceration. During a dispute with his daughter, Rowan leaves his living room and gun shots are heard, leaving Olivia to believe Quinn is dead.\n\n\n114\n8\n\"Robin\"\nDaryn Okada\nJuan Carlos Fernandez\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\n709\n5.17[15]\n\n\nRowan has a body in a car which he burns. He calls the police to report a fire. QPA and Olivia gets word of Quinn's death. Her DNA was found in a tooth from the car fire, along with a burned piece of her wedding dress. Mellie comes to QPA to offer her condolences. Charlie wants to have Quinn cremated and packed into bullet cases. Huck reads through the coroner's report and finds out about the hairpin from the Smithsonian Olivia gave Quinn. Fitz comes to Olivia's apartment to offer his condolences, but Olivia pushes him off, telling him that they aren't friends. Fenton Glackland breaks up with Cyrus because he knows that Charlie was Cyrus' hitman. Huck goes to Fitz to ask for help in fixing Olivia. Huck then goes to an AA meeting. Abby and David talk at the crematory. Drunk and trying to write Quinn's eulogy, Olivia goes to Quinn's office and tries on the white hat. Meanwhile, Rowan is enjoying putting his bones back together. The gladiators say goodbye to Quinn as each of them says something about Quinn and then fires one of her bullets into the ground. Abby, Huck, Charlie, and Marcus get drunk and tell stories about Quinn. Emotional and still drunk, Olivia goes to Fitz's apartment and they have sex. David and Abby rid Charlie's apartment of baby stuff where they find a hidden flashdrive. Charlie arrives at Rowan's door to ask to be reinstated as a B613 agent when he hears a baby crying. He runs up to the second floor of Rowan's house to find a baby girl, he then starts choking Rowan.\n\n\n115\n9\n\"Good People\"\nNzingha Stewart\nShonda Rhimes, Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\n708\n5.19[16]\n\n\nThis episode is a flashback to the events that occurred from Quinn's point of view from her abduction to the end of episode 8 where Charlie discovers the baby girl in Rowan's home. Rowan goes to a store to buy a suitcase and makes a friend in one of the employees, Marvin. He kidnaps Quinn from the QPA elevator and puts her in his basement. He goes to dinner with Olivia and says he will trade Quinn for his dinosaur bones, but she declines. Rowan heads to the store and buys a crib, again making conversation with Marvin. They meet in a pub where they have dinner, and Marvin offers Rowan his employee discount. Meanwhile, down in the basement Quinn hallucinates that her colleagues are talking to her. Rowan uses Marvin's employee discount to buy a gun, making it registered in Marvin's name. Olivia arrives at Rowan's home and he barters Quinn for his bones again; overhearing the dispute, Quinn also hears Olivia choose her power over saving Quinn.\n\n\n116\n10\n\"The People v. Olivia Pope\"\nKerry Washington\nAmeni Rozsa\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\n710\n5.62[17]\n\n\nA distraught Olivia spends the night with Fitz and leads to her agreeing to go with him to Vermont. Once there, she discovers her closest friends are there as well. Olivia is confronted on her role in Quinn and Rashad's deaths. She locks herself in a bedroom as her friends each provide evidence and reasoning why she should step down from her role, offering her an out if she agrees to give up B613. Olivia provides a single-paged statement of resignation from her Chief of Staff role in the White House and alludes to Jake being placed in control of shutting down B613. The crew fly back to Washington and watch the evening's televised press brief for Olivia's formal resignation statement.\n\n\n117\n11\n\"Army of One\"\nAllison Liddi-Brown\nAustin Guzman\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n711\n4.63[18]\n\n\nOlivia confronts Mellie on her decision to name Jake as her new Chief of Staff; Mellie tells Olivia that she must step down and resign, or be publicly terminated. QPA gains a new client, a government employee being accused of treason with Russian entities. The crew discovers he is in an affair with Jake's wife upon Olivia leaking the news to the media. With rumors of the resignation in the media, Quinn encourages Rowan to see this as their time to step in and get revenge. However, Rowan disagrees and refuses to harm his own child. Cyrus gives Mellie and Jake a way to frame Olivia and spin her media story, but backstabs them when he provides Olivia with the documents proving the President's media coverup. Cyrus offers Olivia to use the papers to bring down the Mellie presidency when she is scheduled to announce her resignation, but instead brings this information to light with Mellie as she is preparing for the first Presidential Mammogram. Quinn bargains with Rowan for her freedom in exchange for not going after Olivia. Olivia returns home and hears Robin's cries; Quinn shows herself and holds Olivia at gunpoint. Olivia warns Quinn of snipers and continuing to not believe the threat, Olivia is shot in the arm attempting to protect Quinn. Olivia gives her speech at a press conference, initially planning to use the files from Cyrus but instead giving her resignation. Charlie, Quinn, and Robin greet Huck and Abby at QPA.\n\n\n118\n12\n\"Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself\"[20]\nTony Goldwyn\nRaamla Mohamed\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\nThis episode begins a crossover event that concludes on How to Get Away with Murder season 4 episode 13.[19]\n\n\n119\n13\n\"Air Force Two\"[21]\nTBA\nTBA\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n120\n14\n\"The List\"[21]\nTBA\nTBA\nMarch 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n121\n15\nTBA\nDarby Stanchfield[22]\nTBA\nMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n122\n16\nTBA\nJoe Morton[23]\nTBA\nApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "January 18, 2018" ]
-457558323131385153	Brian Song	Brian song - Wikipedia Brian song Further information : Brian 's Song for the 1971 made for TV movie `` Brian / Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life '' Single by Monty Python from the album Monty Python 's Life of Brian Released 16 November 1979 Genre Comedy soundtrack Label Warner Brothers Songwriter ( s ) Michael Palin Andre Jacquemin Dave Howman Producer ( s ) Andre Jacquemin Dave Howman Monty Python singles chronology `` Python On Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Brian / Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life '' ( 1979 ) `` I Like Chinese '' ( 1980 ) `` Python On Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Brian / Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life '' ( 1979 ) `` I Like Chinese '' ( 1980 ) `` Brian Song '' is the title song from the 1979 film Monty Python 's Life of Brian . It was released as a single in the UK on 16 November 1979 as a Double A side with `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' . The song , which charts the growth of the Brian character to manhood , was composed by Andre Jacquemin and Dave Howman with lyrics by Michael Palin . It was performed by sixteen - year - old Sonia Jones with a string and brass accompaniment in the style of a John Barry film theme ( the entire brass section was performed via extensive multitracking by John Du Prez ) . It is included on the Monty Python 's Life of Brian album and on the CD Monty Python Sings . Martin Chilton , the Culture Editor for The Telegraph website , listed it as one of the five best Monty Python songs in 2013 . In 2009 , Jones re-recorded the song for the opening credits of the six - part documentary series Monty Python : Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ) , with altered lyrics referring to `` Python '' rather than `` Brian '' . Five different versions were used for the first five episodes , with Jones sounding increasingly fed up with performing the song . On the sixth and final episode she was replaced by Iron Maiden vocalist Bruce Dickinson . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Monty Python Reunion - Five Best Monty Python Songs at The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 June 2014 Jump up ^ Sonia Jones.com . Retrieved 20 July 2013 Jump up ^ Monty Python Sings - Monty Python : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards : AllMusic Monty Python Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Neil Innes Television series Flying Circus episodes Fliegender Zirkus Personal Best Films And Now for Something Completely Different Holy Grail Life of Brian Live at the Hollywood Bowl The Meaning of Life The Crimson Permanent Assurance Studio albums Another Record Previous Record Matching Tie and Handkerchief Holy Grail Life of Brian Contractual Obligation The Meaning of Life Compilation albums Instant Record Collection Final Rip Off Sings Ultimate Rip Off Instant CD Collection Total Rubbish Live albums Flying Circus Live at Drury Lane Live at City Center Specials Parrot Sketch Not Included Live at Aspen Python Night Documentaries The Pythons Life of Python Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ) And Now for Something Rather Similar The Meaning of Live Stage productions Spamalot Not the Messiah ( He 's a Very Naughty Boy ) An Evening Without Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) Literature Big Red Book Brand New Bok Holy Grail ( Book ) Life of Brian / SCRAPBOOK The Meaning of Life Just the Words Song Book A Pocketful of Python The Pythons Autobiography Live ! Video games Flying Circus Complete Waste of Time Quest for the Holy Grail The Meaning of Life Cow Tossing Characters Mr Praline Gumbys The Colonel Mr Creosote Rabbit of Caerbannog Ron Obvious Other characters Sketches Albatross ! Anne Elk 's Theory on Brontosauruses Architects Argument Clinic Bishop Bruces Cheese Shop Colin `` Bomber '' Harris vs Colin `` Bomber '' Harris Crunchy Frog Dead Parrot Dirty Fork Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook Election Night Special Fish Licence Fish - Slapping Dance Four Yorkshiremen The Funniest Joke in the World How Not to Be Seen Kilimanjaro Expedition Lifeboat Marriage Guidance Counsellor Ministry of Silly Walks Mouse Problem Nudge Nudge Patient Abuse Philosophers ' Football Match Piranha Brothers Sam Peckinpah 's `` Salad Days '' Seduced Milkmen Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit Spam Spanish Inquisition Undertakers Upper Class Twit of the Year Vocational Guidance Counsellor World Forum / Communist Quiz Songs `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' `` Brian Song '' `` Bruces ' Philosophers Song '' `` Decomposing Composers '' `` Eric the Half - a-Bee '' `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' `` Finland '' `` Galaxy Song '' `` I Bet You They Wo n't Play This Song on the Radio '' `` I Like Chinese '' `` I 've Got Two Legs '' `` The Lumberjack Song '' `` Medical Love Song '' `` Never Be Rude to an Arab '' `` Oliver Cromwell '' `` Sit on My Face '' Related articles Filmography The Foot of Cupid Cambridge Circus I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again The Frost Report At Last the 1948 Show Twice a Fortnight Do Not Adjust Your Set We Have Ways of Making You Laugh Broaden Your Mind How to Irritate People The Complete and Utter History of Britain Teach Yourself Heath Tiny Black Round Thing Bert Fegg 's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls Rutland Weekend Television Fawlty Towers Ripping Yarns Out of the Trees The Secret Policeman 's Ball Python On Song All You Need Is Cash The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album Monty Python Live Concert for George Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years The Seventh Python Holy Flying Circus A Liar 's Autobiography : The Untrue Story of Monty Python 's Graham Chapman This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Song&oldid=843044532 '' Categories : Monty Python songs Songs written for films Songs about fictional male characters Songs written by Michael Palin 1979 singles 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 13 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang the theme to life of brian	[ "\"Brian Song\" is the title song from the 1979 film Monty Python's Life of Brian.[1] It was released as a single in the UK on 16 November 1979 as a Double A side with \"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life\".\nThe song, which charts the growth of the Brian character to manhood, was composed by Andre Jacquemin and Dave Howman with lyrics by Michael Palin. It was performed by sixteen-year-old Sonia Jones[2] with a string and brass accompaniment in the style of a John Barry film theme (the entire brass section was performed via extensive multitracking by John Du Prez). It is included on the Monty Python's Life of Brian album and on the CD Monty Python Sings.[3] Martin Chilton, the Culture Editor for The Telegraph website, listed it as one of the five best Monty Python songs in 2013.[1]\n" ]	[ "Sonia Jones" ]

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